https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LouieWebb342 2026-08-06T08:35:01Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvidamarudur_Assembly_constituency&diff=541022 2026-05-06T18:35:21Z

<p>LouieWebb342: data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Thiruvidamarudur<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 170<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Thiruvidaimarudur.svg<br /> | established = 1977<br /> | district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | mla = [[Govi. Chezhian]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | electors = 256,930 <br /> }}<br /> '''Thiruvidaimarudur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Thanjavur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[S. Ramalingam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[M. Rajangam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | S. Ramalingam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | N. Panneerselvam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | S. Ramalingam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | G. Thavamani<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[R. K. Bharathi Mohan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | rowspan=4| [[Govi. Chezhian]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.26}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.93}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.22}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.51}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.31}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|32.59}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Govi. Chezhian]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ilamathi Subramanian]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Divya Bharathi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= S. Prabhakaran|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =254453 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Thiruvidamarudur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a170|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Govi. Chezhian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,763 |percentage=48.26% |change=+6.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Union Veeramani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,083 |percentage=42.87% |change=+1.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Divya Bharathi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,176 |percentage=5.63% |change=+4.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Puratchi Mani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,839 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Kudanthai Arasan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,746 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,240 |percentage=0.62% |change=-0.4 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,680 |percentage=5.38% |change= 5.09% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=198,446 |percentage=76.49% |change= -2.50% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=146|percentage=0.07% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,429 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.33% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Govi. Chezhian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,538 |percentage=41.93% |change=-6.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Settu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,006 |percentage=41.64% |change=-6.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Madahaiyan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=13,709 |percentage=7.41% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vivekanandan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=10,622 |percentage=5.74% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,899 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sulochana Devi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,437 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vasudevan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,321 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=532 |percentage=0.29% |change= 0.04% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=184,929 |percentage=78.99% |change= -2.56% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,108 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Govi. Chezhian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,175 |percentage=48.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Pandiyarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,781 |percentage=47.87% |change=+0.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kudanthai Arasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,646 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravi Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,253 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajavelu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=902 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Elangovan |party=Independent politician |votes=819 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=394 |percentage=0.25% |change= -2.55% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=160,392 |percentage=81.56% |change= 4.55% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,663 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. K. Bharathi Mohan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,231 |percentage=46.94% |change=-3.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Alayamani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=59,463 |percentage=44.14% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sankar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,261 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vasudevan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,014 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Ansar Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=1,127 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Elango |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,059 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Sowrirajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=806 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,768 |percentage=2.80% |change= -3.25% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=134,700 |percentage=77.01% |change= 3.99% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,917 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.27% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Thavamani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,235 |percentage=50.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,863 |percentage=44.17% |change=-15.5 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,172 |percentage=3.42% |change=-0.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. G. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,519 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. S. Janardhanan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,153 |percentage=0.95% |change=+0.42 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,372 |percentage=6.05% |change= -29.45% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=121,942 |percentage=73.02% |change= -1.71% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,543 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.45% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,500 |percentage=59.67% |change=+26.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Loganathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,559 |percentage=24.17% |change=-32.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Alayamani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=9,506 |percentage=8.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,684 |percentage=3.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gandhimathi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,168 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kannaiyan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=622 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,941 |percentage=35.50% |change= 12.89% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=118,155 |percentage=74.73% |change= 0.13% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,439 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.42% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Panneer Selvam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,523 |percentage=56.24% |change=+31.61 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,392 |percentage=33.64% |change=-10.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kesavan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=10,035 |percentage=9.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,131 |percentage=22.61% |change= 2.73% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=111,163 |percentage=74.60% |change= 0.93% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,316 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.73% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,914 |percentage=44.51% |change=+7.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Rajangam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,857 |percentage=24.64% |change=-26.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,434 |percentage=12.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Asaithambi |party=Independent politician |votes=10,416 |percentage=10.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Chitrarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,247 |percentage=7.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,057 |percentage=19.88% |change= 6.10% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=100,898 |percentage=73.67% |change= -8.06% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,862 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.66% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Rajangam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,002 |percentage=51.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,539 |percentage=37.40% |change=-15.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sowrirajan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,163 |percentage=11.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,463 |percentage=13.78% |change= 7.16% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=97,704 |percentage=81.73% |change= 5.91% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,072 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.13% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,943 |percentage=53.31% |change=+20.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajamaniekam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,111 |percentage=46.69% |change=+16.87 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,832 |percentage=6.62% |change= 4.37% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=88,054 |percentage=75.82% |change= 4.15% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,003 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 20.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvidamarudur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,304 |percentage=32.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Govindarajulu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,489 |percentage=30.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. C. Mahalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,067 |percentage=29.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. G. Rangarajan |party=Janata Party |votes=3,018 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nedunchezhian |party=Independent politician |votes=2,053 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=781 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,815 |percentage=2.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=80,712 |percentage=71.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,391 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|11.00|79.45|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Thanjavur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br /> [[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jehangir_H._Kothari&diff=506059 2026-04-29T07:12:35Z

<p>LouieWebb342: new the article nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian philanthropist (1857–1934)}}<br /> {{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = Sir<br /> | name = Jehangir Hormasji Kothari<br /> | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|size=100}}<br /> | image = Jehangir Hormasji Kothari 1857-1937.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1857|11|09}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[British India]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(now in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|11|01|1857|11|09|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Trieste]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(now in [[Italy]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | occupation = Merchant, landlord, philanthropist, world traveller<br /> }}<br /> '''Sir Jehangir Hormasji Kothari''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|size=100}} ({{langx|ur|ﺳﯾﭨﻬ جهانگیر هورموسجی کوٹهاری}}; 9 November 1857 – 1 November 1934), was a [[Parsi]] businessman, merchant and a prominent philanthropist from [[Karachi]] during [[British Raj|British colonial]] rule. Today, he is best remembered for the [[Jehangir Kothari Parade]], an elevated sandstone walkway used to walk to [[Clifton Beach, Karachi|Clifton Beach]], in Karachi, Pakistan, on the [[Arabian Sea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thekarachiwalla.com/2010/10/21/karachi-landmarks-the-kothari-parade/|title=Jehangir Kothari Parade|website=The Karachi Walla|date=21 October 2010|accessdate=30 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ancestry==<br /> Kothari's grandfather, Hormusji Sohrabji Kothari (d. 1876), accompanied General Sir [[Charles James Napier]] as a [[commissariat]] agent during the conquest of [[Sindh Province]] in 1842-3&lt;ref name=&quot;Whoswho&quot;/&gt; and subsequently emigrated from [[Surat]] to [[Karachi]], [[Gujarat]] in 1846 where he was eccentrically philanthropic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Charity Galore|journal=Journal of Informal Religious Meetings|volume=5|number=8|date=Oct–Nov 2004| url= http://www.zoroastrian.org.uk/vohuman/ushao/us73_08.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> Kothari was born on 9 November 1857,&lt;ref name=&quot;Whoswho&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/supplementtowhos00luckrich|page= 176|title=Supplement to Who's Who in India – Containing Lives and Photographs of the Recipients of Honours on 12th December 1911, Together with an Illustrated Account of the Visit of Their Imperial Majesties the King-Emperor and Queen-Empress to India and the Coronation Durbar|author=Prag Narain Bhargava|publisher=Newul Kishore Press|location=Lucknow |date=1912}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombstone&quot;&gt;There is said to be a tombstone in the main city cemetery of [[Trieste]], [[Italy]] bearing the inscription &quot;Sir Jehangir H. Kothari, Kt., O.B.E., K.I.H. Born 16 November 1855, Died 1 November 1934&quot;. This contradicts the date of birth but confirms the date of death.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Karachi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoWasWho&quot;&gt;''Who Was Who – A Companion to Who's Who containing the Biographies of those who died during the Period 1929-1940'', Adam and Charles, London 1941, pp 767b and 768a.&lt;/ref&gt; He was educated at home and in the Karachi High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whoswho&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari was a member of the [[Karachi Chamber of Commerce &amp; Industry|Karachi Chamber of Commerce]] and represented them at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago Exhibition]] in 1893&lt;ref&gt;''The Zoroastrian Diaspora'' by John R. Hinnells, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005&lt;/ref&gt; on the second of his eleven known voyages around the globe.&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH1932&quot;&gt;&quot;Sir Jehangir Kothari – Noted Indian Philanthropist&quot;, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 4 August 1932, page 8g&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Book&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/impressionsoffir00koth|title=Impressions of a First Tour Round the World in 1883 and 1884 – Embracing Travels in Europe, the United States of America, Canada, Japan, China, the Straits Settlements, and Northern Portions of India|author=Jehangir H. Kothari|publisher=Simmons &amp; Botten|location=London|date=1889}}&lt;/ref&gt; He published his reminiscences of his first voyage of 1883/4 when he traveled to [[Europe]], [[Great Britain]], [[United States]] of America, [[Canada]], [[Japan]], [[China]], [[Straits Settlements]], and northern portions of [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Book&quot;/&gt; Some of his subsequent voyages took him to more isolated regions, including the [[Society Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Falkland Islands]], [[Tierra del Fuego]], upper [[Amazon River|Amazon]], [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Yukon]], upper [[Manchuria]], [[Borneo]], [[Nova Zembla Island|Nova Zembla]] and [[Spitsbergen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH1930&quot;&gt;&quot;Great Traveller – Sir Jehangir Kothari – Distinguished Imperialist&quot;, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 April 1930, page 13e&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari was also a member of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] and [[North British Academy of Arts]], Life Governor of the [[Royal Masonic School for Boys|Royal Masonic Institution for Boys]] and [[Royal Masonic School|Royal Masonic Institution for Girls]], Honorary Special Magistrate in Karachi since 1892, member of the Cantonment Committee in Karachi since 1890 and Municipal Committees in Karachi since 1884, Lieutenant in the ''Sind Volunteer Rifle Corps'' since 1895,&lt;ref name=&quot;Whoswho&quot;/&gt; Life Governor of the [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]] and member of the Bombay Legislative Council&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Visit Brisbane – Sir J.H. Kothari&quot;, ''Brisbane Courier'', 27 July 1932, page 12f&lt;/ref&gt; in 1911, fellow of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] and vice-president of the [[Navy League of Great Britain|Navy League]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoWasWho&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Navy League of Great Britain, often referred to as the Navy League, was merged with [[The Marine Society]] and responsible for the Sea Cadet Corps and later the Girls' Nautical Training Corps in the [[United Kingdom]].&lt;/ref&gt; He was a patron, trustee and president of many charitable and other institutions in Karachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whoswho&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari demolished his house on [[Clifton, Karachi|Clifton Hill]] in 1907, and at that site he built a magnificent pavilion, [[Jehangir Kothari Parade|parade]] and pier, which he bequeathed to the people of Karachi to enjoy. Inspired by this generosity, [[Kavasji Katrak|Kavasji Hormusji Katrak]] built and gave to the people of Karachi the grand bandstand which looms over the cliff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Karachi and Its Parks |author=Aedeshir Cowasjee|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=4 March 2007|url= https://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/20070403.htm|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130121133411/http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/20070403.htm|url-status= live|archive-date= 21 January 2013|access-date=30 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also established a school for the blind and sanatorium in Karachi around this time.&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH1930&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari was awarded the gold [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] (first class) on the occasion of the [[Delhi Durbar]] to commemorate the coronation of King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] in 1911. He enjoyed sailing and was a member of the Ripon Club and Willingdon Sports Club of [[Mumbai|Bombay]], the Zoroastrian Club and Parsi Institute of [[Karachi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Whoswho&quot;/&gt; founding member of the [[Lloyd's]] Polo Club of [[Poona]] and member of the Circumnavigators Club.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoWasWho&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.circumnavigators.org/magellan/past.php Circumnavigators Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830193139/http://www.circumnavigators.org/magellan/past.php |date=30 August 2009 }} was founded in New York NY in 1902.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari contributed to [[World War I]] by investing 2,550,000 [[rupees]] or £175,000 in the Third War Loan raised in January 1917, and acting as honorary secretary and treasurer in India for the Imperial War Fund. He performed numerous other honorary duties for the British Government for which he maintained a large staff at his own expense.&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH1930&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari was appointed [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the [[1918 Birthday Honours]],&lt;ref&gt;''London Gazette'', Issue 30730, Supplement, 4 June 1918, page 6717a&lt;/ref&gt; and subsequently [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[1921 Birthday Honours]],&lt;ref&gt;''London Gazette'', Issue 32461, 20 September 1921, page 7382b&lt;/ref&gt; which was conferred at [[Buckingham Palace]] by King George V on 8 July 1922.&lt;ref&gt;''London Gazette'', Issue 32730, 18 July 1922, page 5354a&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari and his wife Goolbai visited [[Bangalore]] during a trip around South India in 1923. She suddenly became ill and died, and was subsequently interred in the Parsi Aramgah or burial ground.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoWasWho&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kotharihall&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = ''History from 'The Bangalore Parsis' – Establishing the Kothari Hall'' by Dasturji Nadirshah P. Unvalla|url= http://bpza.org/Properties/KothariHall.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kothari built a memorial, the Lady Jehangir Kothari Memorial Hall, to his wife in the Bangalore Cantonment in 1931/2.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kotharihall&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari commissioned the Jehangir Kothari Building or Mansion on the corner of Napier and Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road in Karachi during 1934. It was designed with balconies, pillars, spiral staircase and clock tower after the Gothic style with certain features indigenised in the old Karachi style by subsequent additions. Today it is an eclectic mix of shops and offices in a deteriorating condition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title =Some Mentionable Mansions|author= Peerzada Salman|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=7 December 2009|url=https://www.dawn.com/archives/156420|access-date=30 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari was an ardent believer in the imperial ideal of the [[British Empire]], for whom he acted as an unofficial world ambassador,&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH1932&quot;/&gt; and was a member of the British Empire Club.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoWasWho&quot;/&gt; He was convinced that &quot;the British love of sport is the strongest tie for peace&quot;, and promoted unity and peace in India through sport, especially [[cricket]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH1930&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Kothari died on 1 November 1934&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazette1937&quot;&gt;''London Gazette'', Issue 34403, 1 June 1937, page 3548b&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Trieste]], [[Italy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombstone&quot;/&gt;<br /> His estate was administered by Messrs. Barrow, Rogers &amp; Nevill of 26 Budge Row, London in 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazette1937&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Read also==<br /> <br /> *''[https://archive.org/details/impressionsoffir00koth Impressions of a First Tour Round the World in 1883 and 1884 – Embracing Travels in Europe, the United States of America, Canada, Japan, China, the Straits Settlements, and Northern Portions of India]'' by Jehangir H. Kothari, Simmons &amp; Botten, London 1889.<br /> * ''Kothari, Jehangir Hormusji'' page 176 in ''Supplement to Who's Who in India - Containing Lives and Photographs of the Recipients of Honours on 12th December 1911, Together with an Illustrated Account of the Visit of Their Imperial Majesties the King-Emperor and Queen-Empress to India and the Coronation Durbar'' by Prag Narain Bhargava, Newul Kishore Press, Lucknow 1912.<br /> * ''The Life History of Sir Jehangir H. Kothari'', Times Press, Karachi 1922.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kothari, Jehangir Hormasji}}<br /> [[Category:1857 births]]<br /> [[Category:1934 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Clifton, Karachi]]<br /> [[Category:Parsi businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]<br /> [[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_aerial_victories_during_the_Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965&diff=512801 2026-04-20T21:47:21Z

<p>LouieWebb342: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=February 2025}}<br /> The [[Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965]] was a military confrontation between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] that occurred after the failure of [[Operation Gibraltar]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 1 September 1965. [[Pakistan Air Force]] under [[Operation Grand Slam]] and [[Indian Airforce]] under Operation Riddle engaged with each other with the last aerial combat taking place on 23 September 1965.<br /> [[File:IAF Hunter being shot down by PAF F-86 Sabre (1965 War).jpg|thumb|Gun camera film from a F-86F Sabre of [[No. 26 Squadron PAF]] shows the last moments of an IAF [[Hawker Hunter]] before being shot down over [[Lahore District]].]]<br /> [[File:1965 War, Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini.jpg| From the gallery of 350 paintings by Rtd Grp Capt Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini, Tamgha-e-Bisalat, Member American Society of Aviation Artists &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A stroll through the PAF museum: When a soldier takes up brushes, art happens|date=3 February 2018 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1386928|publisher=dawn|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|thumb]]<br /> The sides claimed various numbers of kills and casualties. India claims to have lost 80&amp;ndash;93 aircraft&lt;ref name=&quot;The Age of Airpower&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khM5DgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA286 |title=The Age of Airpower |last=Creveld |first=Martin Van |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2012 |isbn=9781610391085 |edition=illustrated, reprint |pages=286–287 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Official History of IAF in 65 War&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter09.pdf |title=Official History of IAF in 65 War |access-date=27 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929074854/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter09.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; while Pakistan claims to have destroyed 110&amp;ndash;113;&lt;ref name=&quot;110losses&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pakistaniat.com/2007/09/06/1965-war-a-different-legacy/comment-page-6/ |title=1965 War: A Different Legacy |last=Osama |first=Athar |date=7 September 2007 |access-date=2009-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=O' Nordeen |first=Lon |title=Air Warfare in the Missile Age |year=1985 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-87474-680-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord/page/84 84–87] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord/page/84}}&lt;/ref&gt; neutral sources claim that India lost 110&amp;ndash;130 aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of the developing world&quot; /&gt; Pakistan claims to have lost 19 aircraft&lt;ref name=&quot;110losses&quot; /&gt; while India claims 20&amp;ndash;23 kills;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Age of Airpower&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune IAF's ground reality&quot;&gt;[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070506/spectrum/main1.htm The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum]. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict&quot; /&gt; neutral sources say Pakistan lost 19 aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of the developing world&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Thomas M. |last=Leonard |title=Encyclopedia of the developing world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC&amp;pg=PA806 |access-date=14 April 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97663-3 |page=806}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Aerial victories ==<br /> {{incomplete list|date=June 2024}}<br /> The following lists contains aerial victories credited to both Indian as well as Pakistani pilots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roll of Honour|date=30 November 1999 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/personnel/martyrs/1965-india-pakistan-war/|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chapter 6: The Lull – Air Operations (Sept 8th to 14th)|date=9 June 2013 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/book/chapter06/|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IAF History|date=12 March 2024 |url=https://iafhistory.in/2024/03/12/sabre-slayer-the-myth-and-reality-of-the-gnat/|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=F-86 Sabres of Pakistan Air Force|date=May 2021 |url=https://defence.pk/threads/f-86-sabres-of-pakistan-air-force.709277/|publisher=Pakistan Defense|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ![[File:Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg|Flag of Air Chief Marshal Indian Air Force|50px|thumb]]<br /> ![[File:Air Force Ensign of India.svg|Air Force Ensign of India|120px|thumb]]<br /> ![[File:Badge of the Pakistan Air Force.svg|Badge of the Pakistan Air Force|50px|thumb]]<br /> ![[File:Air Force Ensign of Pakistan.svg|Air Force Ensign of Pakistan|thumb]]<br /> ![[File:Flag of Air Marshal (Pakistan).svg|Flag of Air Marshal Pakistan Air Force|thumb]]<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Pilot<br /> !Pilot‘s Squadron <br /> !Country<br /> !Date<br /> !Fighter Type<br /> !Victim Pilot<br /> !Victim Pilot‘s Squadron <br /> !Victim Aircraft<br /> !Remarks<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr [[Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui]]<br /> |[[No. 5 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |1 Sep Air War over [[Chumb]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Flight Lieutenant (later Group Captain) Shrikrishna Vishnu Phatak (wingman) <br /> |[[No. 45 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[de Havilland Vampire]]<br /> |Phatak bailed out,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6358 |title=Group Captain Shrlkrishna Vishnu Phatak |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=2019-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rafiqui awarded [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://defencejournal.com/sept98/sarfaraz.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001063450/http://defencejournal.com/sept98/sarfaraz.htm|website=DefenceJournal.com|author=[[Kaiser Tufail]]|title=SQN LDR SARFARAZ AHMED RIAFIQUI (HILAL-E-JURAT)|archive-date=1 October 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/rafiqui.htm|title=Profile and awards of Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui|publisher= GlobalSecurity.com|access-date=6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr [[Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui]]<br /> |[[No. 5 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |1 Sep Air War over [[Chumb]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Squadron Leader Aspi Kekobad Bhagwagar (flight leader)<br /> |[[No. 45 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[de Havilland Vampire]]<br /> |Bhagwagar KIA&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/5284 |title=Squadron Leader Aspi Kekobad Bhagwagar |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=2019-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Cmdr [[Imtiaz Bhatti]]<br /> |[[No. 15 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |1 Sep Air War over [[Chumb]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Flight Lieutenant Satish Bharadwaj (element wingman) <br /> |[[No. 45 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[de Havilland Vampire]]<br /> |Bharadwaj KIA&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6348 |title=Flight Lieutenant Satish Bharadwaj |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=2019-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Heroes-Pakistan Air Force Museum, 1965 Gallantry Awards|url=https://www.pafmuseum.com.pk/heroes/|access-date=18 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Cmdr [[Imtiaz Bhatti]]<br /> |[[No. 15 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |1 Sep Air War over [[Chumb]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Flight Lieutenant Vijay Madhav Joshi (element leader) <br /> |[[No. 45 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[de Havilland Vampire]]<br /> |Joshi KIA&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6019 |title=Flight Lieutenant Vijay Madhav Joshi |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=2019-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhatti awarded [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Heroes-Pakistan Air Force Museum, 1965 Gallantry Awards|url=https://www.pafmuseum.com.pk/heroes/|access-date=18 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr later Wng Cmdr[[Trevor Keelor]]<br /> |[[No. 23 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |3 Sep Air War over [[Chicken's Neck (Pakistan)]] [[Akhnoor]]<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Cmdr Yousuf Ali Khan <br /> |[[No. 11 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Trevor awarded 1st [[Vir Chakra]] of war. Khan awarded [[Sitara-e-Jurat]] for surviving the dogfight against six Gnats and nursing the damaged Sabre back home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Run... It's a 104. |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p5.html |newspaper=Jang News |author=Air Commodore M. Kaiser Tufail |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319114802/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p5.html |archive-date=2007-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Air war over Kashmir|date=7 February 2017 |url=https://www.historynet.com/air-war-kashmir|access-date=7 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Grp Capt [[Virendera Singh Pathania]]<br /> |[[No. 23 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |4 Sep Air War over [[Chicken's Neck (Pakistan)]] [[Akhnoor]]<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]] <br /> |Flt Lt N.M Butt<br /> |[[No. 15 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Butt bailed out, Pathania awarded the [[Vir Chakra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The day nothing happened|url=https://www.ajaishukla.com/2014/09/the-day-nothing-happened.html?m=1 |first=Ajai|last=Shukla|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=2 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=br&gt;[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Awards/db/namepage.php Indian Air Force awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027070406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Awards/db/namepage.php |date=2007-10-27 }} {{Cite web|title=Group Captain Virendera Singh Pathania|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/5198|access-date=13 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Chief Marshall [[Hakimullah Khan Durrani]]<br /> |[[No. 9 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |4 Sep [[Pasrur]]<br /> |[[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]]<br /> |Sqn Ldr later Air Marshal Brij Pal Singh Sikand<br /> |[[No. 23 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |Starfighter forced the Gnat to land mistakenly at an abandoned airstrip. Durrani awarded [[Tamgha-e-Diffa]] and [[Sitara-e-Basalat]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html &quot;1965 War, Chapter 3.&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706030406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html |date=6 July 2013 }} ''bharat-rakshak.com.'' Retrieved: 4 November 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr later Air Cmdr [[Muhammad Mahmood Alam]] / Syed Saad Akhtar Hatmi<br /> |[[No. 11 Squadron PAF]] / [[No. 18 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan <br /> |6 Sep [[Tarn Taran district|Taran Taran]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Sqn Ldr Peter Rawley<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Aborted Halwara base attack at Taran Taran, Rawley misjudged his turn at low levels during the engagement and went into the ground, KIA. Hatmi awarded the kill disputed by Alam.&lt;ref name=Halwara1&gt;{{Cite web|title=1965 India-Pakistan war: How IAF's heroes slayed PAF's superior Sabre fighter jets|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=6 September 2019 |url=https://theprint.in/defence/1965-india-pakistan-war-how-iafs-heroes-slayed-pafs-superior-sabre-fighter-jets/287642/|access-date=15 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flg Offr later Air Marshal Adi Rustomji Ghandhi<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |6 Sep [[Halwara Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Sqn Ldr [[Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui]]<br /> |[[No. 5 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |[[Vir Chakra]] awarded to Ghandhi for hitting Rafiqui and another plane.&lt;ref name =Halwara1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt [[Yunus Hussain]]<br /> |[[No. 5 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |6 Sep [[Halwara Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[North American F-86 Sabre|F86]]<br /> |Fg Offr later Air Marshal Adi Rustomji Ghandhi<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Ghandhi bailed out, Yunus's kill disputed by [[Cecil Chaudhry]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiza'ya&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Fiza'ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force|author=Pushpindar Singh Chopra, Ravi Rikhye|year=1991|publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies|pages=207}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite podcast| url=https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/csio-ops.com/episodes/AIR-COMMODORE-SYED-SAJJAD-HAIDER-ON-CECIL-CHAUDHRY-RAFIQUI-AND-THE-MYTH-OF-JAMMED-GUNS-eob2c9/a-a47rk41| title=AIR COMMODORE SYED SAJJAD HAIDER ON CECIL CHAUDHRY RAFIQUI AND THE MYTH OF JAMMED GUNS|website=podcasters.spotify.com|publisher=[[Spotify]]| host=Strategicus| date=29 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|name=&quot;reference&quot;|group=&quot;ref&quot;|The specified timestamps for reference are 16:25-18:10, 20:26-21:07, and 29:00-31:17 in the podcast.}}<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr [[Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui]]<br /> |[[No. 5 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |6 Sep [[Halwara Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Flg Offr later Air Marshal Prakash Sadashivrao Pingale<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Pingale bailed out&lt;ref name =Halwara1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Off later Wng Cmdr [[Vinod Neb]]<br /> |[[No. 27 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |6 Sep [[Halwara Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Flt Lt [[Yunus Hussain]]<br /> |[[No. 5 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Yunus posthumously awarded [[Sitara-e-Jurat]], Neb awarded [[Vir Chakra]]&lt;ref name =Halwara1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flight Lieutenant later Air Marshal Dev Nath Rathore <br /> |[[No. 27 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |6 Sep [[Halwara Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Sqn Ldr [[Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui]]<br /> |[[No. 5 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Rafiqui posthumously awarded [[Hilal-e-Jurat]], Rathore awarded [[Vir Chakra]].&lt;ref name =Halwara1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr [[Ajjamada B. Devaiah]]<br /> |[[No. 1 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |7 Sep [[Sargodha Airfield Complex]]<br /> |[[Dassault Mystère IV]]<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Vice Marshal Amjad Hussain<br /> |[[No. 9 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]]<br /> |Both planes crashed, Devaiah KIA awarded [[Mahavir Chakra]] 23 years after war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/content/squadron-leader-ajjamada-bopayya-devayya-4810-vm|title=SQUADRON LEADER AJJAMADA BOPAYYA DEVAYYA (4810) VM|publisher=Indian Air Force official website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr later Air Cmdr [[Muhammad Mahmood Alam]]<br /> |[[No. 11 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |7 Sep [[Sargodha Airfield Complex]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Flt Lt later Wng Cmdr ‘Piloo’ Kacker<br /> |[[No. 27 Squadron IAF]]<br /> ||[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Kill disputed, crashed due to ack, ack fuel loss, Kacker became POW<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt Anwar-ul-Haq Malik<br /> |[[No. 26 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |7 Sep [[Sargodha Airfield Complex]]<br /> |[[F-86]] AAMs<br /> |Flt Lt U.Babul Guha<br /> |[[No. 1 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Dassault Mystère IV]]<br /> |KIA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flight Lieutenant Babul Guha|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/5105|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=15 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Sargodha1&gt;{{Cite web|title=1965 Sargodha attack: How IAF hit Pakistan's most protected base &amp; destroyed 10 aircraft|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=9 September 2019 |url=https://theprint.in/defence/1965-sargodha-attack-how-iaf-hit-pakistans-most-protected-base-destroyed-10-aircraft/288878/|access-date=15 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr later Air Cmdr [[Muhammad Mahmood Alam]]<br /> |[[No. 11 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |7 Sep [[Sargodha Airfield Complex]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Sqn Ldr S C Bhagwat<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |KIA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sqn Ldr S C Bhagwat|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4800|access-date=15 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Sargodha1/&gt; Alam conferred [[Sitara-e-Jurat]], [[Tamgha-e-Diffa]], [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr later Air Cmdr [[Muhammad Mahmood Alam]]<br /> |[[No. 11 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |7 Sep [[Sargodha Airfield Complex]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Fg Offr Jagdev Singh Brar<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Brar KIA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flying Officer Jagdev Singh Brar|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/7223|access-date=15 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Sargodha1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt[[Alfred Tyrone Cooke]]<br /> |[[No. 14 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |7 Sep [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Flying officer Afzal Khan<br /> |[[No. 14 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Khan KIA, Cooke awarded [[Vir Chakra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Story of Flt Lt Alfred Tyrone Cooke: IAF's unsung 1965 hero &amp; his classic 1 vs 4 air combat|date=12 May 2019 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/heroics-of-1965-war-an-indian-air-force-pilot-engaged-four-pakistani-sabre-jets-all-alone/234459/|publisher=The Print|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Fg Offr later Wing Commander Subodh Chandra Mamgain <br /> |[[No. 14 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India <br /> |7 Sep [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]] <br /> |Flight Lieutenant Tariq Habib (Leader)<br /> |[[No. 14 Squadron PAF]] <br /> |[[F-86]] <br /> |Mamgain awarded Vir Chakra for one hit and one unconfirmed kill.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wing Commander Subodh Chandra Mamgain |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6760|publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com|access-date=18 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://defencejournal.com/dec98/tailchoppers.htm<br /> |title=TAIL CHOPPERS-BIRTH OF A LEGEND<br /> |author=Group Captain SM HALI<br /> |publisher=Defence Journal<br /> |access-date=8 September 2022<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008032415/http://defencejournal.com/dec98/tailchoppers.htm<br /> |archive-date=8 October 1999<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Cmdr Yousuf Ali Khan<br /> |[[No. 11 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |13 Sep Katron, [[Sangroor]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Flt Lt later Wg Cmdr Arvind Kale<br /> |[[No. 2 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |Kale bailed out.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wing Commander Arvind Kale|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6359|access-date=18 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Jagan Mohan |first=P.V.S |author2=Chopra, Samir |title=The India-Pakistan air war of 1965 |year=2005 |publisher= Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-641-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=luJsUsrQDYPD4wTgioCABw}} pages=240–241&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Cmdr [[Imtiaz Bhatti]]<br /> |[[No. 15 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |13 Sep [[PAF Base Sargodha]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Sqn Ldr N K Malik<br /> |[[No. 2 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |Pilot nursed Gnat back to India but died next day, Bhatti awarded with hit&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert |title=F-86 Sabre: the operational record |year=1994 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=9781560985310 |page=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fricker |first=John |title=Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965 |year=1979 |publisher=Ian Allan Ltd. |isbn=9780711009295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ}} page=150&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/India.htm |title=Chronological Listing of Indian Air Force, Naval Air Force and related Losses &amp; Ejections |date=October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222165653/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/India.htm |archive-date=22 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr later Grp Capt Bharat Singh<br /> |[[No. 2 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India <br /> |14 Sep [[Khem Karan]] Sector<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |<br /> |Unidentified<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Indian Army confirmed wreckage and Singh awarded [[Vir Chakra]], [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] pilot nursed hit plane safely to ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Group Captain Bharat Singh|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/3582|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flg Offr later Air Marshal Prakash Sadashivrao Pingale<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |16 Sep<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Fg Offr M Shaukat<br /> |[[No. 11 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Pingale awarded Vir Chakra&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Air Marshal Prakash Sadashivrao Pingale|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/6755#google_vignette|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=2 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sqn Ldr later Air Cmdr [[Muhammad Mahmood Alam]]<br /> |[[No. 11 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |16 Sep<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Flg Offr Farokh Dara Bunsha<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]] <br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Bunsha KIA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flg Offr Farokh Dara Bunsha|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6751|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Wng Cmdr[[Amar Jit Singh Sandhu]]<br /> |[[No. 23 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |18 Sep [[Pathankot Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Cdr Syed Saad Akhtar Hatmi<br /> |[[No. 18 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Sandhu awarded [[Vir Chakra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wing Commander Amar Jit Singh Sandhu|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4705|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatmi bailed out and awarded [[Sitara-e-Jurat]], flew the captured plane to Sargodha from Pasrur. <br /> |-<br /> |Flight Lieutenant later Grp Capt [[Saiful Azam]] Bangladesh Air Force (BAF)<br /> |[[No. 17 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan <br /> |19 Sep[[Sargodha Airfield Complex]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Flight Lieutenant later Wg Cdr Maya Dev <br /> |[[No. 9 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |Dev bailed out and became POW,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wing Commander Maya Dev Chatterjee|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6508|publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date =18 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azam awarded [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN AIR FORCE - Official website |url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/air_warriors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224072303/http://www.paf.gov.pk/air_warriors.html |archive-date=24 February 2010 |access-date=2016-05-12 |website=Paf.gov.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A SPLIT second decision in air combat|date=2 November 2014 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/mayadev/|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Marshal [[Denzil Keelor]]<br /> |[[No. 9 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India<br /> |19 Sep [[Tezpur Air Force Station]]<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |Wng Cmdr Syed Mohammad Ahmed <br /> |[[No. 14 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Ahmad bailed out, Keelor awarded [[Vir Chakra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Air Marshal Denzil Joseph Keelor|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4805|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahmed awarded [[Sitara-i-Basalat]]<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Group Captain Ajay Kumar Mazumdar <br /> |[[No. 2 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |India <br /> |20 Sep Lahore &lt;ref name=&quot;Lahore&quot;/&gt;<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]] <br /> |Flight Lieutenant Anwar-ul-Haq Malik <br /> |[[No. 26 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |[[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] pilot bailed out. Mazumdar awarded [[Vir Chakra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wing Commander Ajay Kumar Mazumdar|url= https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/5071|publisher =Bharat Rakshak|access-date =19 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Squadron Leader later Air Chief Marshal [[Sharbat Ali Changezi]]<br /> |[[No. 26 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |20 Sep Lahore&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahore&quot;&gt;{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829175808/http://www.defencejournal.com/sept99/air-battle.htm|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/sept99/air-battle.htm|archive-date=29 August 2000|website=Defence Journal|title=Air Battle over Lahore 20 September, 1965|access-date=2 February 2025|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Squadron Leader S K Sharma <br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Sharma bailed out&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Squadron Leader Sarvan Kumar Sharma|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/18215|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Changezi awarded [[Tamgha-e-Basalat]]<br /> |-<br /> |Flight Lieutenant Syed Nazir Ahmed Jilani <br /> |[[No. 26 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |20 Sep Lahore &lt;ref name=&quot;Lahore&quot;/&gt;<br /> |[[F-86]]<br /> |Squadron Leader Deba Prasad Chatterjee<br /> |[[No. 7 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |Chatterjee KIA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Squadron Leader Deba Prasad Chatterjee|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4409|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jilani awarded [[Tamgha-e-Basalat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Heroes-Pakistan Air Force Museum, 1965 Gallantry Awards|url=https://www.pafmuseum.com.pk/heroes/|access-date=18 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Flt Lt later Air Chief Marshal [[Jamal A. Khan|Jamal Ahmad Khan Afridi]]<br /> |[[No. 9 Squadron PAF]]<br /> |Pakistan<br /> |21 Sep [[Fazilka]]<br /> |[[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]] Sidewinder AIM-9B<br /> |Flt Lt Manmohan Lowe<br /> Fg Offr Kewal Krishan Kapur<br /> |[[No. 5 Squadron IAF]]<br /> |[[English Electric Canberra]]<br /> |Lowe bailed out,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Squadron Leader Manmohan Lowe|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/7168|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapur KIA,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flying Officer Kewal Krishan Kapur|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/5121|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afridi awarded [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Indian Aircraft<br /> !Country of origin <br /> |-<br /> |Aérospatiale Alouette III<br /> |{{Flag|France}}<br /> |-<br /> |Bréguet Br.1050 Alizé<br /> |{{Flag|France}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dassault Mystère IV]]<br /> |{{Flag|France}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[de Havilland Vampire]]<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[English Electric Canberra]]<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Folland Gnat]]<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hawker Hunter]]<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |-<br /> |HAL HF-24 Marut<br /> |{{Flag|India}}<br /> |-<br /> |HAL Krishak<br /> |{{Flag|India}}<br /> |-<br /> |Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21FL<br /> |{{Flag|USSR}}<br /> |-<br /> |Sukhoi Su-7BMK<br /> |{{Flag|USSR}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Pakistan Aircraft<br /> !Country of origin<br /> |-<br /> |Canadair Sabre<br /> |{{Flag|Canada}}<br /> |-<br /> |Cessna O-1 Bird Dog<br /> |{{Flag|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> |Dassault Mirage III<br /> |{{Flag|France}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]]<br /> |{{Flag|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[North American F-86 Sabre]]<br /> |{{Flag|USA}}<br /> |-<br /> |Shenyang F6C<br /> |{{Flag|China}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aerial victories during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, List of}}<br /> [[Category:Military operations of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan military-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan history-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:India history-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:Aerial operations and battles of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of aerial victories|Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._Jagannadha_Das&diff=488636 2026-04-18T22:57:36Z

<p>LouieWebb342: adding data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judge}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice (Retd.)<br /> | name = Bachu Jagannadha Das<br /> | honorific_suffix =<br /> | image = Justice B Jagannadha Das.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]<br /> | term_start = 9 March 1953<br /> | term_end = 26 July 1958<br /> | nominator = [[M. Patanjali Sastri]]<br /> | appointer = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br /> | office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|2nd Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]]<br /> | term_start1 = 31 October 1951<br /> | term_end1 = 3 March 1953<br /> | nominator1 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;<br /> | appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Bira Kishore Ray]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Lingaraj Panigrahi]]<br /> | office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]]<br /> | term_start2 = 26 July 1948<br /> | term_end2 = 31 October 1950<br /> | nominator2 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;<br /> | appointer2 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1893|07|27|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Berhampur]], [[Ganjam]]<br /> | death_date = Not known<br /> | children = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Khallikote College]]&lt;br&gt;[[Madras Presidency College]]&lt;br&gt;[[Madras Law College]] <br /> }}<br /> '''Bachu Jagannadha Das''' (27 July 1893 – unknown) was the second Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]] and former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FORMER JUSTICES {{!}} SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/former-justices |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=main.sci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> He was born on 27 July 1893 at [[Berhampur]], [[Ganjam]] and had his early education in Berhampur. He passed Intermediate examination from the [[Khallikote College|Khalikote College]] in the First Division in 1909 and passed from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Madras Presidency College]] with 1st class in Mathematics in his [[B.A.|B.A.(Honours)]] examination. He is a M.L. of the [[Madras Law College]] and stood first in his examination in the Presidency Law College. He is also a gold medalist of the [[University of Madras|Madras University]] in [[Hindu law|Hindu Law]] and joined Madras Bar in 1917 and had his apprenticeship under Justice Ramesam. He was a practising advocate of Madras for nearly 30 years.<br /> <br /> Besides the legal practice in [[Madras High Court]] Jagannadha Das joined [[Indian National Congress]] in 1921. He took part in nationalist movement, social works along with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He was very intimately connected with various organizations of the Indian National Congress and of late Mahatma Gandhi such as Gandhi Seva Sangh, [[Harijan Sevak Sangh|Harijan Seba Sangh]], Hindi Prachar Sabha etc. He was a [[Councillor|councilor]] of the [[Madras Corporation]].<br /> <br /> He was called to the Bar at Madras 1918 and practiced in Appellate side till 1948 with a break of 2 years (1932–34) during which interned in connection with 1942 Congress Movement. He was a Member of Bar Council Madras from 1943 to 48.<br /> <br /> He was elevated to the Bench of Orissa High Court upon its establishment on 26 July 1948 and served as the Chief Justice of Orissa High Court from 31 October 1951&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Former Chief Justice {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack |url=https://orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-chief-justices/hon-ble-mr-justice-bachu-jagannadha-das/ |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=orissahighcourt.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; until his elevation as Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]] in 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jaitley criticises Congress for creating hue and cry over judicial appointment issue |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jaitley-criticises-congress-for-creating-hue-and-cry-over-judicial-appointment-issue/articleshow/64529496.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2021-06-07 |work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jagannadha Das, B}}<br /> [[Category:1893 births]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br /> [[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]<br /> [[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Brahmapur]]<br /> [[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billa_II&diff=491708 2026-04-16T02:19:46Z

<p>LouieWebb342: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Chakri Toleti}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Billa II poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Chakri Toleti]]<br /> | producer = Sunir Kheterpal&lt;br /&gt;[[Suresh Balaje]]&lt;br /&gt;George Pius&lt;br /&gt;Chakri Toleti<br /> | writer = Chakri Toleti&lt;br /&gt;[[Sarath Mandava]]&lt;br /&gt;Eric Felberg&lt;br /&gt;Jaffer Mohammed&lt;br /&gt;Era Murukan<br /> | starring = [[Ajith Kumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vidyut Jammwal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Parvathy Omanakuttan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bruna Abdullah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sudhanshu Pandey]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Manoj K. Jayan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Yog Japee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Krishnakumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rohit Khurana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dinesh Lamba]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]<br /> | music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]<br /> | editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br /> | studio = Wide Angle Creations&lt;br /&gt;[[Hinduja Group|IN Entertainment]]<br /> | distributor = [[Aascar Films]] &lt;small&gt;(India)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GK Media &lt;small&gt;(USA)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|2012|07|13|India|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 126 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Billa 2 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/billa-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mzawndk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022162615/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/billa-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mzawndk |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=10 November 2020 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | country = India<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Billa II''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Hardcore action is really tough' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-chakri-toleti/20120712.htm#7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628091925/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-chakri-toleti/20120712.htm |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |date=12 July 2012|last=Warrier|first=Shobha|author-link=Shobha Warrier}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed and co-written by [[Chakri Toleti]]. A [[prequel]] to ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007), it focuses on how David Billa, an ordinary man from the coastal region of [[Sri Lanka]], becomes a dreaded underworld [[Crime boss|don]]. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] reprising the role of the titular character, leading an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Vidyut Jammwal]], [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]], [[Bruna Abdullah]], [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Yog Japee]], [[Rohit Khurana]], [[Dinesh Lamba]], [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]], [[Sricharan]], [[Janaki Sabesh]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]. The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] handled the cinematography and [[Suresh Urs]] worked as the editor.<br /> <br /> The film, produced by Wide Angle Creations in association with the [[Hinduja Group]] company IN Entertainment, was officially announced in November 2010, with [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] as the director. Due to schedule clashes, Vishnuvardhan was replaced by Chakri Toleti, with a new script having been penned by a team involving Toleti, [[Sarath Mandava]] and Eric Felberg. Principal photography happened between July 2011 and December 2011. The filming primarily took place at [[Tamil Nadu]], Goa, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. <br /> <br /> Followed by multiple delays and an extensive marketing campaign, ''Billa II'' was released worldwide on 13 July 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2012 |title=Billa 2 to release wide in foreign languages! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-to-release-wide-in-foreign-languages-news-tamil-mg0jN1dcgjg.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107213055/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-to-release-wide-in-foreign-languages-news-tamil-mg0jN1dcgjg.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film received mixed reviews from critics praising Ajith's performance and technical aspects while criticism was directed towards the script and screenplay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 July 2022 |title=10 years of Ajith’s ‘Billa 2’; Reason why the film did not work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/10-years-of-ajiths-billa-2-reason-why-the-film-did-not-work/photostory/92848310.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221225315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/10-years-of-ajiths-billa-2-reason-why-the-film-did-not-work/photostory/92848310.cms |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> David Billa, a Sri Lankan refugee, along with several others, arrives at a camp in [[Rameswaram]], where he befriends Ranjith. The refugee camp is constantly terrorised by corrupt police Inspector Raghubir Sinha. Billa attacks Raghubir when he tries to forcefully detain one of his friends and, in return, gets tortured in a police cell. Billa vows to make him suffer. He goes to meet his widowed sister in Chennai as she is his sole living relative, but is shunned by her due to his criminal past in Lanka. A few days later, Billa and Ranjith are hired to transport fish from Rameswaram to Chennai, which is a plot by Raghubir to trap them as the truck they are driving has diamonds inside. Police intercept them to arrest them, but Billa realises the play and kills all the cops. Despite Ranjith advising fleeing with the Diamonds, Billa drives the truck to its destination, where they meet Hotel owner Selvaraj. Raghubir's ally Mustafa bai comes minutes later and tells him that Billa has escaped with the Diamonds. Selvaraj realises the ploy and kills Bhai. Selvaraj is pleased with Billa's loyalty and employs him and Ranjith in his illegal business. Days later, Billa murders Raghubir in a [[brothel]] and also kills an [[egoistic]] immigration officer who had insulted him earlier.<br /> <br /> Months later, Selvaraj's relative, [[Goan]] drug dealer Kotiswara Rao aka Koti, visits Selvaraj and asks for help in selling off the heroin he had brought along with him. Selvaraj refuses, but Billa volunteers to sell it off and tries to deal the heroin with a local thug who refuses to pay for it in return. In a brutal scuffle that ensues where one of Billa's friends is slaughtered, Billa kills them all and goes directly to Koti's boss Abbasi in [[Panaji]] with both the money and the heroin, who is very impressed and recruits him. Abbasi is a drug cartel leader and the boss of the biggest drug cartel in Goa. Abbasi is in business with powerful and dreaded Russian arms dealer, Dimitri.<br /> <br /> When Billa and Ranjith retrieve Dmitri's arms consignment held by the Indian coastal guard, they enter his good books. Billa climbs the ladder of Abbasi's gang quickly. He learns of his elder sister's death and brings his niece Jasmine with him. He provides her with a big house and servants, and enrolls her in a medical college. Billa and Koti travel to Russia to meet Dimitri, who own a large arms and ammunition manufacturing unit. Billa meets corrupted interpol officer Jagdish in Dimitri's mansion, and is astonished by the functioning of the mafia and its international network. Billa signs a larger deal with Dimitri without Abbasi's knowledge. at the same time, Dimitri kills Bobby, Abbasi's henchman who comes with Koti and Billa as a translator. Dimitri and Jagdish then reveals that Bobby is actually a [[Interpol|interpol spy]] who was really betraying Abbasi's gang. After coming back to Panaji, Koti misleads Abbasi as Billa kills Bobby and directly started business with Dimitri, which creates rivalry between Billa and Abbasi. Tensions further increase when Billa beats up Satish Kumar, son of influential minister, Praveen Kumar, when he tries to misbehave with Jasmine in a party. Abbasi expresses his discontent and vents at him. Billa, surprised and enraged at his ingratitude, walks away with Ranjith and two others. Billa, Ranjith, and ally Ram plot to venture into the drug business on their own during the carnival. At the carnival, Billa is betrayed by Ram and is brutally attacked. However, he survives and kills the assailants, Abbasi and Ram, eventually becoming Goa's most powerful gangster. He begins a relationship with Abbasi's girlfriend, Sameera.<br /> <br /> Dimitri arrives in Goa and finds himself in a fallout with Billa, when they try to re-negotiate a deal. Dimitri thereafter seeks to oust him, with the help of Koti, Satish, and Praveen. They proceed to assassinate Chief Minister Mohan Kanth, and the blame falls upon Billa. However, Billa is freed by Ranjith, who threatens the judge and his family. Billa rescues Jasmine from Koti's men and informs Sameera to take Jasmine to safety. But Sameera betrays Billa, informs the minister's son, who holds Billa and Jasmine captives. Billa, while being held to the ground and is mocked at by Satish, who slits Jasmine's throat. Enraged at her death, Billa overpowers and kills everyone.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, in Russia, Dimitri is having a meeting with the African warlords, and Koti is present with him. He shows his factory in his computer via a series of webcams, and much to everyone's shock, Billa is seen destroying his factory. He also sees his consignment train go off course. He gets angered and kills Koti for not killing Billa, and he sets out himself to finish the task. The arms factory is destroyed by Billa, Ranjith and their men. Dimitri arrives and follows his delivery train, when to his shock, the delivery train is blown by Billa, who is waiting for him on his own helicopter. After an intense battle, Billa throws Dmitri off the flying helicopter. In the epilogue, Billa and Ranjith board a plane out of the country, and Sameera, Police Officer R.K. De Silva, Billa's Lawyer and Minister Praveen Kumar are killed by Billa's assassins.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Ajith Kumar]] as David Billa / Ranga &quot;Rangayya&quot;<br /> * [[Vidyut Jammwal]] as Dimitri, a Russian arms dealer<br /> * [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]] as Jasmine, Billa's niece<br /> * [[Yog Japee]] as Ranjith, Billa's friend and right-hand man<br /> * [[Bruna Abdullah]] as Sameera, Billa's girlfriend <br /> * [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Abbasi, Billa's former boss<br /> * [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Kotiswara Rao alias &quot;Koti&quot;, Abbasi's deputy and the second antagonist<br /> * [[Ilavarasu]] as Selvaraj<br /> * [[Sricharan (actor)|Sricharan]] as Bobby<br /> * [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Billa's Lawyer<br /> * [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Goa Chief Minister Mohan Kanth<br /> * [[Dinesh Lamba]] as Praveen Kumar, an Influential and corrupt minister<br /> * [[Rohit Khurana]] as Satish Kumar, Praveen Kumar's son and a gangster<br /> * [[Sarath Mandava]] as Ram<br /> * [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Billa's sister<br /> * [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Raghubir Sinha, a corrupt inspector<br /> * [[Theepetti Ganesan]] as Muthu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title='Billa 2' actor Theepetti Ganesan passes away in Madurai |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/billa-2-actor-theepetti-ganesan-passes-away-madurai-145691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322073831/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/billa-2-actor-theepetti-ganesan-passes-away-madurai-145691 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |access-date=22 March 2021 |publisher=The News Minute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Ashok Bentwal<br /> * [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Jagadish (cameo, reprising his role from ''Billa'')<br /> * Byron Gibson as Russian Mafia Boss<br /> * Ron Smoorenburg as Russian Martial Artist<br /> * Balaji Shathivel as Billa's henchman<br /> * [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] in a special appearance <br /> * [[Meenakshi Dixit]] special appearance in the item number &quot;Madurai Ponnu&quot;<br /> * Nicole Amy Madell special appearance in the item number &quot;Yedho Mayakkam&quot; and &quot;Gangster&quot; <br /> * [[Gabriela Bertante]] special appearance in the item number &quot;Yedho Mayakkam&quot;<br /> * [[Ashok Selvan]] as young Billa in photograph (uncredited role)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 April 2015 |title=Ashok Selvan's picture was featured in Billa 2 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Ashok-Selvans-picture-was-featured-in-Billa-2/articleshow/46986564.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014094317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Ashok-Selvans-picture-was-featured-in-Billa-2/articleshow/46986564.cms |archive-date=14 October 2018 |access-date=30 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> <br /> ===Development===<br /> In 2010, it was confirmed that [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]], the director of ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007), had finished penning the script for a prequel, which would star [[Ajith Kumar]] as the title character again, and would commence in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2010 |title=Vishnuvardhan to make Billa prequel! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishnuvardhan-to-make-billa-prequel-news-tamil-kkfqe4cfeai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121008165517/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishnuvardhan-to-make-billa-prequel-news-tamil-kkfqe4cfeai.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 August 2010 |title=Itsy-Bitsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-Bitsy/article16148500.ece |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X|last=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225080842/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-Bitsy/article16148500.ece|archive-date=25 February 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The project was officially announced in late 2010, after Ajith Kumar signed up to the prequel and first production poster were published to the media.&lt;ref name=&quot;Billa2sify&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 November 2010 |title=Breaking News- Billa 2 confirmed |url=http://sify.com/movies/breaking-news-billa-2-confirmed-news-tamil-klel6kcbgfc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106004057/http://sify.com/movies/breaking-news-billa-2-confirmed-news-tamil-klel6kcbgfc.html |archive-date=6 November 2010 |access-date=4 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further details were disclosed, with [[Suresh Balaje]], son of producer and actor K. Balaji, who produced the original ''Billa'' with Rajinikanth, and George Pius from Wide Angle Creations banner, being confirmed as the producer, who would associate with Mumbai-based IN Entertainment Limited, a [[Hinduja Group|Hinduja group company]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Billa2sify&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2011 |title=IN Entertainment ties up with Wide Angle Creations |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/IN-Entertainment-ties-up-with-Wide-Angle-Creations/5071125059 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024938/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/IN-Entertainment-ties-up-with-Wide-Angle-Creations/5071125059 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=IndiaInfoline}}&lt;/ref&gt; The entire production team of the ''Billa'' remake, including cinematographer [[Nirav Shah]], editor [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] and music director [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], were announced to be retained for the prequel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 February 2011 |title=Vishnuvardhan's double dhamaka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vishnuvardhans-double-dhamaka/articleshow/7404551.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104194143/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/news-interviews/28372663_1_vishnu-telugu-film-heroine |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a turn of events, Vishnuvardhan opted out of the project since his dates clashed with the making of his Telugu film, ''[[Panjaa]]'' (earlier titled as ''The Shadow'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 February 2011 |title=Vishnu cancels billa date |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/news-interviews/28614918_1_director-vishnuvardhan-venkat-prabhu-directed-mankatha-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109043026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/news-interviews/28614918_1_director-vishnuvardhan-venkat-prabhu-directed-mankatha-film |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chakri Toleti]], who previously directed the 2009 film ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'', was subsequently signed on by the producers to direct the venture.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 February 2011 |title=Ajith gets new script, director for Billa 2 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/news-interviews/28624795_1_ajith-billa-thala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707085223/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/news-interviews/28624795_1_ajith-billa-thala |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2011, Toleti held his first press conference stating that production would begin in late June 2011 and revealing that &quot;''Billa 2'' would focus on how David, an ordinary man from the coastal [[Thoothukudi]] in South Tamil Nadu, becomes Billa, a dreaded underworld don&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2011 |title=Billa 2 to start by June end |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-to-start-by-june-end-news-kollywood-lfsoQhdhgia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521005744/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-to-start-by-june-end-news-kollywood-lfsoQhdhgia.html |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; David's character was afterwards widely reported to be either a refugee from [[Tamil Eelam]] or a Tamilian from [[Sri Lanka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Billa II': Ajith not playing Sri Lankan refugee |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ajith-not-a-sri-lankan-refugee-in-billa-ii/239098-62-128.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316222323/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ajith-not-a-sri-lankan-refugee-in-billa-ii/239098-62-128.html |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both the director and the producer refused to confirm the statements, disclosing only that the film would depict David's journey over a period of five years.&lt;ref name=&quot;articles.timesofindia.indiatimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 March 2012 |title=Death-defying stunts, Ajith style! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-13/news-interviews/31158865_1_billa-thala-ajith-death-defying-stunts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116191350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-13/news-interviews/31158865_1_billa-thala-ajith-death-defying-stunts |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With Vishnuvardhan's exit from the project, his script was also scrapped, and Toleti, along with Ajith Kumar, began penning a new script for the prequel.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes1&quot; /&gt; Yuvan Shankar Raja only was retained from the original production team, with the rest of the technical crew being finalised in the following weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 March 2011 |title=Ajith bonding with Yuvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ajith-bonding-with-Yuvan/articleshow/7601714.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922011601/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-02/news-interviews/28646721_1_mankatha-ajith-billa |archive-date=22 September 2013 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hemant Chaturvedi]], who hitherto had worked in [[Bollywood]] productions only, was signed on to replace [[Nirav Shah]] as the cinematographer after the latter's schedules clashed with the making of his other film, ''[[Vettai]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hemant Chaturvedi is Billa 2, cameraman |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hemant-chaturvedi-is-billa-2-cameraman-news-tamil-lehlhliadcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410205705/http://www.sify.com/movies/hemant-chaturvedi-is-billa-2-cameraman-news-tamil-lehlhliadcd.html |archive-date=10 April 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in July 2011, Hemant Chaturvedi too moved out of the project, fearing that the delay in commencement of ''Billa 2'' may hurt his chances in Bollywood,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2011 |title=Ajith to start Billa -2 soon |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-to-start-billa-2-soon-news-tamil-lhhjUIjcggb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710015722/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-to-start-billa-2-soon-news-tamil-lhhjUIjcggb.html |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] was appointed as the new cinematographer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 July 2012 |title=Showbitz: A blessed lot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz-a-blessed-lot/article3635629.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225081003/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz-a-blessed-lot/article3635629.ece |archive-date=25 February 2026 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=11 April 2012 |title=Shot Cuts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts/article3303485.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251023192157/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts/article3303485.ece |archive-date=23 October 2025 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; V. Selvakumar who had notably worked in ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' was selected as the art director. The crew also announced that the film would become the first Indian production to be filmed with a [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED EPIC Camera]], being shot at 5K resolution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 July 2012 |title=Red, now in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/red-now-in-india/article3650508.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225032004/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/red-now-in-india/article3650508.ece |archive-date=25 February 2026 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 May 2012 |title=Digital cinema breeds poor films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/digital-cinema-breeds-poor-films/articleshow/13217128.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928230744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/digital-cinema-breeds-poor-films/articleshow/13217128.cms |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writer Ee. Raa. Murugan, who had previously collaborated with Chakri Toleti in ''Unnaipol Oruvan'', was appointed to write the dialogues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Casting===<br /> From the previous film, the producers made it clear that apart from Ajith Kumar, and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], most of the other characters would not be retained.&lt;ref name=&quot;Billa2sify&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The female lead role was expected to be handed to [[Anushka Shetty]], but despite media speculation she was not signed on.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Will Anushka sign Billa-2 opposite Ajit? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/will-anushka-sign-billa-2-opposite-ajit-news-tamil-lb1ufQdjjhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130043613/http://www.sify.com/movies/will-anushka-sign-billa-2-opposite-ajit-news-tamil-lb1ufQdjjhj.html |archive-date=30 January 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=Most Wanted- Anushka |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/most-wanted-anushka-news-tamil-lcmlAiabeah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215050659/http://www.sify.com/movies/most-wanted-anushka-news-tamil-lcmlAiabeah.html |archive-date=15 February 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The female lead role was handed to debutant [[Huma Qureshi]], a Mumbai-based theatre actor who had previously been featured in commercials, with Toleti finalising Qureshi after a nationwide search for an actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2011 |title=Huma Qureshi opposite Ajit in Billa 2 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Huma-Qureshi-opposite-Ajit-in-Billa-2/785737/ |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 April 2011 |title=Meet Ajith's new heroine |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-ajiths-new-heroine/20110412.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427183900/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-ajiths-new-heroine/20110412.htm |archive-date=27 April 2013 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, she was removed from the project by September 2011, due to date clashes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 September 2011 |title=Huma Qureshi out of Billa 2? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Huma-Qureshi-out-of-Billa-2/articleshow/9933100.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713103052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/news-interviews/30138845_1_billa-ajith-50th-film |archive-date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and became replaced by [[Miss India World]] 2008 [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]] later that month,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2011 |title=Parvathy is Ajiths heroine in Billa-2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parvathy-is-ajiths-heroine-in-billa-2-news-tamil-lj3j5degaba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001111126/http://www.sify.com/movies/parvathy-is-ajiths-heroine-in-billa-2-news-tamil-lj3j5degaba.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=29 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; who the director had spotted and offered the role of Jasmine at a fashion show.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jiji Ann Cherian |date=6 April 2012 |title=Bowled over by Billa |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/bowled-over-billa-935 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406175351/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/bowled-over-billa-935 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parvathy described her character as a &quot;simple girl who transforms into a modern person&quot; and that Billa looks up to, adding that she had more scenes in the &quot;emotional part&quot; of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 December 2011 |title=Parvathy Omanakuttan signs Billa 2 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/view/regional/158051?device=iphone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216072853/http://www.ndtv.com/article/view/regional/158051?device=iphone |archive-date=16 December 2011 |access-date=28 March 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bollywood actress and model [[Bruna Abdullah]] was selected to portray another significant character,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Miss World runner-up in Billa 2 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/miss-world-runner-up-in-billa-two/20111018.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211064650/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/miss-world-runner-up-in-billa-two/20111018.htm |archive-date=11 December 2011 |access-date=17 December 2011 |publisher=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt; which she went on term as &quot;super powerful, very strong and sexy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 December 2011 |title=I'm here to stay: Bruna Abdullah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Im-here-to-stay-Bruna-Abdullah/articleshow/11190394.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707060930/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-21/news-interviews/30542105_1_billa-ajith-chakri-toleti |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides models Abdullah, and Parvathy Omanakuttan, [[Meenakshi Dixit]] was recruited for the item number &quot;Madurai Ponnu&quot;. Another three models including, [[Gabriela Bertante]], Nicole Amy Madell, and an unknown artist, was recruited to perform a dance number &quot;Yedho Mayakkam&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 April 2012 |title=Brazilian model for Ajith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Brazilian-model-for-Ajith/articleshow/12570697.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710164158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-08/news-interviews/31305238_1_billa-ajith-chakri-toleti |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 June 2012 |title=Billa II's Oomph factor! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Billa-IIs-Oomph-factor/articleshow/14182747.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126061401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-17/news-interviews/32269934_1_ajith-dancing-tamil-film |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=17 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Television actor [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]], was signed on to play a &quot;dirty cop&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 April 2011 |title=Krishnakumar is a happy man |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Krishnakumar-is-a-happy-man/articleshow/7914851.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919213544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/news-interviews/29397248_1_malayalam-film-kk-three-films |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2011, [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], a former model who had appeared in several Hindi films, was given the role of a &quot;greying ganglord&quot;, who becomes the mentor to the young David,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=Sudhanshu Pandey plays a baddie in Billa 2 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sudhanshu-pandey-plays-a-baddie-in-billa-2/885449/0 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Malayalam character actor [[Manoj K. Jayan]] was roped in for a &quot;key role&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajith's $7 million Billa 2 starts rolling |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajiths-7-million-billa-2-starts-rolling-news-tamil-lhorF9ecfia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715000615/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajiths-7-million-billa-2-starts-rolling-news-tamil-lhorF9ecfia.html |archive-date=15 July 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Actress [[Vimala Raman]] was signed on to make a special appearance in the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=2 July 2011 |title=Vimala Raman enters Bollywood |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/vimala-raman-enters-bollywood-078 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704110455/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/vimala-raman-enters-bollywood-078 |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; however she opted out in July 2011 citing schedulig conflicts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 July 2011 |title=Vimala says no to Billa 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vimala-says-no-to-Billa-2/articleshow/9209399.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701122317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-13/news-interviews/29768327_1_billa-tamil-film-vimala-raman |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Meenakshi Dixit]] was later finalised for that role and shot her scenes in July 2011 during the first schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 November 2011 |title=Meenaxi Dixit: Item girl for Billa 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Meenaxi-Dixit-Item-girl-for-Billa-2/articleshow/10765607.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708133524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-16/news-interviews/30410671_1_billa-girl-flick |archive-date=8 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vidyut Jamwal]], who played negative roles in the Hindi film ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'' (2011) and the Telugu film ''[[Oosaravelli]]'' (2011), was selected to play the villain, also making his debut in Tamil cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2011 |title=Vidyut takes on Ajith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vidyut-takes-on-ajith/articleshow/10737226.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709072723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-14/news-interviews/30402013_1_billa-ajith-martial-arts |archive-date=9 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2011 sources revealed that [[Sricharan (actor)|Sricharan]], who starred in ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'', was shooting for a supporting role in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 December 2011 |title=Sricharan's dramatic airport experience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Sricharans-dramatic-airport-experience/articleshow/10968116.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710141906/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-03/news-interviews/30471298_1_sricharan-tehran-flight |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=18 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports in February 2012 suggested that the team was trying to sign [[Nayantara]], who played the female lead in ''Billa'', for a [[cameo role]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=26 February 2012 |title=Nayanthara 's cameo in Billa 2 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/nayanthara-%E2%80%99s-cameo-billa-2-006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010151/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/nayanthara-%E2%80%99s-cameo-billa-2-006 |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=11 March 2012 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; the actress refuted the rumours.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 March 2012 |title=Nayanthara in the denial mode about Billa 2 Role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-in-the-denial-mode-about-billa-2-role/articleshow/12415842.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201100016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-in-the-denial-mode-about-billa-2-role/articleshow/12415842.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] on Toleti's insistence agreed to make a brief appearance in one of the songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Janani Karthik |date=16 April 2012 |title=Yuvan dances in Billa 2 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/yuvan-dances-billa-2-050 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418202454/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/yuvan-dances-billa-2-050 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Filming===<br /> The film's production was delayed as Ajith Kumar's previous film, ''[[Mankatha]]'', progressed beyond the anticipated completion dates. In March 2011, the producers released a press note that the film would begin in early May 2011, however this failed to happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Billa 2 – Press Release |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-press-release-news-tamil-ldbjoSbaije.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302103108/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-press-release-news-tamil-ldbjoSbaije.html |archive-date=2 March 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that period, it was also suggested that ''Billa II'' may not be Ajith Kumar's successive project and commence only after the actor completed a film with [[M. Raja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 April 2011 |title=Billa 2 isn't Ajith's 51sth film! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-20/news-interviews/29459707_1_billa-50th-film-mankatha-thala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508193318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-20/news-interviews/29459707_1_billa-50th-film-mankatha-thala |archive-date=8 May 2013 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eventually, a photo shoot was held in June 2011 with Ajith sporting an appearance of a man in his mid-twenties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=New stills of Ajith's 'Billa 2': The story of don David Billa |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/new-stills-of-ajiths-billa-2-the-story-of-don-david-billa-844978.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225082620/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/new-stills-of-ajiths-billa-2-the-story-of-don-david-billa-844978.html |archive-date=25 February 2026 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2011 |title=Billa 2 to start by June end |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-to-start-by-june-end-news-kollywood-lfsoQhdhgia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823233645/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-to-start-by-june-end-news-kollywood-lfsoQhdhgia.html |archive-date=23 August 2011 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Principal photography]] commenced on 14 July 2011 at the [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; Filming during the first 30-day schedule throughout July and August 2011 was held in Hyderabad and [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff&quot; /&gt; As part of the schedule, one song was shot in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] under the direction of choreographer [[Raju Sundaram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Both actresses Parvathy Omanakuttan and Bruna Abdullah joined the crew for the second schedule in [[Goa]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2011 |title=Ajith- The most wanted actor in K'wood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-the-most-wanted-actor-in-k-wood-news-tamil-ljuqx9abgig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172048/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-the-most-wanted-actor-in-k-wood-news-tamil-ljuqx9abgig.html |archive-date=23 September 2011 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; that lasted for 39 days and ended in the first week of November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2011 |title=Meet the {{sic|villian|nolink=y}} of Ajith's Billa 2 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-villian-of-ajiths-billa-two/20111117.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222172351/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-villian-of-ajiths-billa-two/20111117.htm |archive-date=22 December 2011 |access-date=17 December 2011 |publisher=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt; While filming an action sequence in this schedule, Ajith had injured his hands while smashing bottle in a stuntman's head and the bottle broke into pieces in his hands. However, he had completed the shot, despite the injuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2011 |title=Ajith does daring action scene and gets injured |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-does-daring-action-scene-and-gets-injured-news-tamil-lkrkuSjiicd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019142916/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-does-daring-action-scene-and-gets-injured-news-tamil-lkrkuSjiicd.html |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the third week of November, a unit of thirty-six members left for [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in Eastern Europe for the final 20-day schedule of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2011 |title=Billa 2, Goa schedule complete |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-goa-schedule-complete-news-tamil-llfkmHceidd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107163257/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-goa-schedule-complete-news-tamil-llfkmHceidd.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=17 December 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Georgia, the crew filmed at the country's capital, [[Tbilisi]], [[Borjomi]] and [[Rustavi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=K-Town goes to Europe |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-19/news-interviews/30533751_1_shot-shooting-songs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202193336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-19/news-interviews/30533751_1_shot-shooting-songs |archive-date=2 February 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Billa II'' became the first Indian film to be shot at the [[Likani|Likani Palace]], which functions as a summer residence of the [[President of Georgia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=Snowfall play games on the sets of Billa-2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/snowfall-play-games-on-the-sets-of-billa-2-news-tamil-mf4of4bhjaj.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517015153/http://www.sify.com/movies/snowfall-play-games-on-the-sets-of-billa-2-news-tamil-mf4of4bhjaj.html?ref=false |archive-date=17 May 2015 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Midway through the filming, heavy snowfall began. The crew, however, carried on shooting and later reshot the complete sequence with the snowy background to maintain the continuity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The climax portions were also filmed there against a snowy backdrop, for which [[aerial shot]]s were done from a helicopter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Janani Karthik |date=19 December 2011 |title=Billa 2 is done! |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/billa-2-done-967 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205064914/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/billa-2-done-967 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Approximately half a million dollars were spent for the whole schedule in Georgia, which was finished by mid-December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Billa-2 First &quot;Bollywood&quot; movie is shot in Georgia |url=http://www.investingeorgia.org/?107/1732/ |access-date=28 March 2012 |publisher=Invest in Georgia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In February 2012, the remaining scenes, including the film's title song,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 February 2012 |title=Billa 2 title song finally shot! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-18/news-interviews/31074689_1_billa-chakri-toleti-51st-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117025222/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-18/news-interviews/31074689_1_billa-chakri-toleti-51st-film |archive-date=17 January 2014 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 February 2012 |title=Billa 2 title song picturised |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-title-song-picturised-news-tamil-mctmocicbae.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516123157/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-title-song-picturised-news-tamil-mctmocicbae.html?ref=false |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; were canned at the [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]],&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 February 2012 |title=Billa 2 makes brisk progress |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-makes-brisk-progress-news-tamil-mcqlVwagfeb.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516065832/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-makes-brisk-progress-news-tamil-mcqlVwagfeb.html?ref=false |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=17 April 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; despite the ongoing strike in the film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 February 2012 |title=Billa 2 shoot despite strike |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-16/news-interviews/31066307_1_billa-chakri-toleti-strike |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707050350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-16/news-interviews/31066307_1_billa-chakri-toleti-strike |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An [[item number]] &quot;Yedo Mayakkam&quot; featuring three models was shot in a studio in Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The entire filming was completed over a period of 90 days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Three stunt choreographers were involved in the making of ''Billa II''. The stunt sequences in Georgia were partly choreographed by an award-winning German-based company led by stuntman Stefan Richter,&lt;ref name=&quot;articles.timesofindia.indiatimes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=K. R. Manigandan |date=11 April 2012 |title=Shot Cuts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3303485.ece |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the climax action scenes were done by Kecha Khamphakdee's Jaika Stunt team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 April 2012 |title=Billa 2 stunt master praises Ajit! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-stunt-master-praises-ajit-news-tamil-mesoqxgaeih.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410011933/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-stunt-master-praises-ajit-news-tamil-mesoqxgaeih.html?ref=false |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=28 April 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |date=29 June 2012 |title=When Billa got into action! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/When-Billa-got-into-action/articleshow/14467693.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103083306/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-29/news-interviews/32458399_1_chakri-toleti-stunt-action-sequences |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|first=V}}&lt;/ref&gt; K. Rajasekhar choreographed the fight sequences in Hyderabad and Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes2&quot; /&gt; Madhu Sudhanan, a [[VFX creative director]], said that VFX had been used in action sequences, in &quot;set extensions&quot; and in sequences involving [[3-D film|3D]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |date=30 June 2012 |title=Behind the Frames |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3588625.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204072159/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3588625.ece |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=K}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{main|Billa II (soundtrack)}}<br /> [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who had also worked on the score of ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007), composed the soundtrack and score of ''Billa II'', becoming his fifth project starring [[Ajith Kumar]]. The album consists of six tracks: five songs and a [[theme music]] track,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2012 |title=Sony Music snaps Billa 2 audio |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sony-music-snaps-billa-2-audio-news-tamil-mdglVqbcgaf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307223542/http://www.sify.com/movies/sony-music-snaps-billa-2-audio-news-tamil-mdglVqbcgaf.html |archive-date=7 March 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with an additional song composed for a [[belly dance]] sequence, albeit not included in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=K. R. Manigandan |date=25 June 2012 |title=Shot Cuts: A weird friendship |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3569004.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629041931/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3569004.ece |archive-date=29 June 2012 |access-date=13 July 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lyrics for the songs were written by [[Na. Muthukumar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2011 |title=I compete only with myself |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article432929.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221636/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article432929.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=The New Indian Express |location=India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following multiple delays, the album was eventually released to the market by [[Sony Music India]] on 1 May 2012 coinciding with Ajith's birthday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 April 2012 |title=Billa 2 audio, on Ajith's birthday? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-audio-on-ajiths-birthday-news-tamil-metlCHjcabj.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410015059/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-audio-on-ajiths-birthday-news-tamil-metlCHjcabj.html?ref=false |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=28 April 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Billa 2 audio online! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Billa-2-audio-online/articleshow/12863056.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922010822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-25/news-interviews/31398664_1_billa-ajith-s-birthday-new-song |archive-date=22 September 2013 |access-date=28 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Marketing==<br /> ''Billa II'' underwent an extensive marketing spree before its release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=28 April 2012 |title=The don of summer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3364380.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704093042/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3364380.ece |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=14 July 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India }}&lt;/ref&gt; A first [[teaser poster]] displaying the new logo design was published in [[Diwali]] 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2011 |title=Ajith's Billa 2 logo design unveiled |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-billa-2-logo-design-unveiled-news-tamil-lk5nb5ibbif.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008171540/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-billa-2-logo-design-unveiled-news-tamil-lk5nb5ibbif.html?ref=false |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the first posters depicting Ajith Kumar's look were released in January 2012 during the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2012 |title=Billa 2 first look unveiled |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-first-look-unveiled-news-tamil-mbpolSijdej.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008170035/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-first-look-unveiled-news-tamil-mbpolSijdej.html?ref=false |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; From late February onwards, further posters featuring Ajith were unveiled,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=Ajith's Billa- 2 latest update |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-billa-2-latest-update-news-tamil-mc3jo1cgafh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301205154/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-billa-2-latest-update-news-tamil-mc3jo1cgafh.html |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; with one poster in late March portraying a young Ajith carrying a kerosene can on a boat that led to speculations over the character's origin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=28 March 2012 |title=Young Ajith's first look from Billa 2 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/young-ajith%E2%80%99s-first-look-billa-2-552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329064207/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/young-ajith%E2%80%99s-first-look-billa-2-552 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=17 April 2012 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 April 2012, a one-minute [[teaser trailer]] was uploaded to YouTube.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 April 2012 |title=Billa 2 teaser sets records |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-15/news-interviews/31344917_1_billa-ajith-teaser |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928101127/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-15/news-interviews/31344917_1_billa-ajith-teaser |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The teaser garnered over 500,000 views within the first three days of its release, setting a new record for Tamil films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2012 |title=Billa 2 teaser creates a sensation |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-teaser-creates-a-sensation-news-tamil-meqk60eebhf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416233555/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-teaser-creates-a-sensation-news-tamil-meqk60eebhf.html |archive-date=16 April 2012 |access-date=17 April 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As part of the marketing, the makers planned to release a ''Billa 2'' calendar featuring the two lead actresses, Parvathy Omanakuttan and Bruna Abdulla; the stills were shot exclusively for the calendar in Goa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lata Srinivasan |date=22 April 2012 |title=Parvathy Omanakuttan sizzles in Billa 2 calendar |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-22/miss-india/31379326_1_billa-audio-release-parvathy-omanakuttan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117042241/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-22/miss-india/31379326_1_billa-audio-release-parvathy-omanakuttan |archive-date=17 January 2014 |access-date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An event to launch the official theatrical trailer was planned to be held on 2 July at the [[Anna Centenary Library]] auditorium in [[Kotturpuram]], Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2012 |title=Ajith's 'Billa 2' to have a new trailer launch |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-billa-2-to-have-a-new-trailer-launch-news-tamil-mg3iopecfih.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202112100/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-billa-2-to-have-a-new-trailer-launch-news-tamil-mg3iopecfih.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The entire cast and crew along with Russian dancers were expected to attend the function, which was to be telecast on television later.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lata Srinivasan |date=3 July 2012 |title=Billa II trailer launch cancelled; fans upset |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/news-interviews/32509437_1_trailer-ajith-venue |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206195106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/news-interviews/32509437_1_trailer-ajith-venue |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event was cancelled at short notice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Billa 2 trailer launch cancelled |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-trailer-launch-cancelled-news-tamil-mhcjXWidhdi.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516032728/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-trailer-launch-cancelled-news-tamil-mhcjXWidhdi.html?ref=false |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trailer was however uploaded to YouTube the same day, gaining record views.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2012 |title='Billa 2': Grand trailer launch on July 2 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/billa-2-grand-trailer-launch-on-july-2/268433-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701084838/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/billa-2-grand-trailer-launch-on-july-2/268433-71-180.html |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=Billa 2 new trailer rocks! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-new-trailer-rocks-news-tamil-mhdku4gjejg.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202105916/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-new-trailer-rocks-news-tamil-mhdku4gjejg.html?ref=false |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, a promotional video featuring Ajith with composer Yuvan Shankar Raja was shot as well, but was not released either.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes3&quot; /&gt; A [[video game]] based on the film was launched at the [[Sathyam Cinemas]], preceded by Abdulla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ajith Billa 2 Movie Grand Release in USA |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32588285_1_grand-release-screens-makers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118032135/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32588285_1_grand-release-screens-makers |archive-date=18 January 2014 |access-date=11 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A day before its release, the entire cast and crew of Billa II, excluding Ajith and Yuvan attended a press interaction in a star hotel in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Billa 2 holds its first press meet |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-holds-its-first-press-meet-news-tamil-mhmtB6bjddj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715050032/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-holds-its-first-press-meet-news-tamil-mhmtB6bjddj.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> <br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> ''Billa II'' was initially planned to release on 13 April 2012 coinciding with [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 March 2011 |title=Billa 2 release postponed further |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-release-postponed-further-news-kollywood-mdkj7kfbedg.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410004915/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-release-postponed-further-news-kollywood-mdkj7kfbedg.html?ref=false |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the release was postponed to 1 May 2012, coinciding with Ajith Kumar's 41st birthday, with the makers considering to bring forward the film by four days to release it on a Friday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajith's Billa II's title song to be released in March 2012 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/billa-iis-title-song-to-be-released-this-week/235197-8-68.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215215851/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/billa-iis-title-song-to-be-released-this-week/235197-8-68.html |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=CNN-IBN}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, due to the strike in the film industry, the film's release became further delayed and was pushed to the second half of May 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 March 2012 |title=Billa 2 release postponed further |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-release-postponed-further-news-kollywood-mdkj7kfbedg.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410004915/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-release-postponed-further-news-kollywood-mdkj7kfbedg.html?ref=false |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After considering the first four Fridays in June 2012 for the film's release,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2012 |title=Billa 2 re-recording in Mumbai? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-re-recording-in-mumbai-news-tamil-mfvrmEjheeb.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410003353/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-re-recording-in-mumbai-news-tamil-mfvrmEjheeb.html?ref=false |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2012 |title=Ajith's 'Billa- 2' on June 8? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-billa-2-on-june-8-news-tamil-mfsh7Kgebfa.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410010424/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-billa-2-on-june-8-news-tamil-mfsh7Kgebfa.html?ref=false |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=The Biggies are coming! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-biggies-are-coming-news-tamil-mgcmabddfjd.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410013445/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-biggies-are-coming-news-tamil-mgcmabddfjd.html?ref=false |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; the team had planned to release the film on 22 June.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 June 2012 |title=Ajith's 'Billa 2' to hit theatres on June 22 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajiths-billa-2-to-hit-theatres-on-june-22/articleshow/13847926.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225121901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajiths-billa-2-to-hit-theatres-on-june-22/articleshow/13847926.cms |archive-date=25 February 2026 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 June 2012 |title='Billa 2' to now release on Vijay's birthday |url=http://www.news18.com:80/news/india/billa-2-to-now-release-on-vijays-birthday-480995.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170505235744/http://www.news18.com:80/news/india/billa-2-to-now-release-on-vijays-birthday-480995.html |archive-date=5 May 2017 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was again delayed a week later, to avoid clash with [[Karthi]]'s ''[[Saguni]]'' which released on the same weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 June 2012 |title=Ajith's 'Billa 2' Movie Release Date Postponed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajiths-billa-2-movie-release-date-postponed/articleshow/14184287.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225122025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajiths-billa-2-movie-release-date-postponed/articleshow/14184287.cms |archive-date=25 February 2026 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Sunir Kheterpal announced that the censorship process was the reason for the delay, and claimed he could not announce the release date until the censor certificate has been received.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=19 June 2012 |title=Billa 2 release postponed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/billa-2-release-postponed/article3547210.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225122001/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/billa-2-release-postponed/article3547210.ece |archive-date=25 February 2026 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The makers finally zeroed in on 13 July as the release date.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 June 2012 |title=Billa 2 from July 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Billa-2-from-July-13/articleshow/14404611.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126044056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/news-interviews/32424299_1_wide-angle-creations-billa-aascar-films |archive-date=26 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Screenings and statistics ===<br /> ''Billa 2'' was released across over 2,500 screens worldwide, making it as the largest Tamil releases ever.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot; /&gt; In Tamil Nadu, the film opened in 550 screens with the first show beginning at 4:00 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2012 |title=Billa 2 confirmed for July 13 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-confirmed-for-july-13-news-tamil-mgyqOzhdiid.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522190517/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-confirmed-for-july-13-news-tamil-mgyqOzhdiid.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=22 May 2015 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Countdown- 1 day to Billa 2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/countdown-1-day-to-billa-2-news-tamil-mhml1Secchh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815101230/http://www.sify.com/movies/countdown-1-day-to-billa-2-news-tamil-mhml1Secchh.html |archive-date=15 August 2012 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the Mayajaal multiplex, the film opened in 102 shows across 14 screens, the highest single day release at the multiplex.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2012 |title=Friday Fury – July 13 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-13-news-tamil-mhniriihcah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713124018/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-13-news-tamil-mhniriihcah.html |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2012 |title=Ajith's Billa 2 releases today |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajiths-billa-2-releases-today-626440 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225130315/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajiths-billa-2-releases-today-626440 |archive-date=25 February 2026 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was released simultaneously in the four southern states, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala as well as in North India and international markets.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot; /&gt; A [[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] Telugu version of the film released in Andhra Pradesh as ''David Billa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 June 2012 |title=Billa 2 in multiple languages |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/news-interviews/32078091_1_chakri-toleti-tinsel-town-subtitles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126170006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/news-interviews/32078091_1_chakri-toleti-tinsel-town-subtitles |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=9 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Kerala, the Tamil version was screened and Karnataka saw the release of both the versions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The film was also released by Aanna Films in most of the major multiplexes in France with French subtitles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; in Malaysia, North India and the Gulf Nations, [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Hindi]] and [[Arabic]] subtitles were added to the film, respectively, while in other international markets, it was screened with English subtitles.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the film premiered in 34 screens in 28 states on 12 July and had a wide release in 59 states, the following day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Distribution ===<br /> The overseas distribution rights were sold for {{INRConvert|5.3|c|year=2012}} to the US-based company GK Media, the highest ever for an Ajith film.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2012 |title=Ajith joins the million dollar club |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-joins-the-million-dollar-club-news-tamil-mbskXciicja.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120225529/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-joins-the-million-dollar-club-news-tamil-mbskXciicja.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three prominent production houses were reportedly trying to purchase the domestical theatrical rights,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2012 |title=Billa 2 satellite rights sold |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-satellite-rights-sold-news-tamil-mdnro2fccdh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314122826/http://www.sify.com/movies/Billa-2-satellite-rights-sold-news-tamil-mdnro2fccdh.html |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; until [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]'s [[Aascar Films]] eventually acquired the theatrical distribution rights of Tamil Nadu for {{INRConvert|26|c|year=2012}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anupama Subramanian DC chennai |date=22 April 2012 |title='Billa 2 is worst film ever in Ajith's career |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/%E2%80%98billa-2-worth-shot%E2%80%99-877 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423051453/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/%E2%80%98billa-2-worth-shot%E2%80%99-877 |archive-date=23 April 2012 |access-date=28 April 2012 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Billa 2 records Rs 3Crore sales in rights! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-records-rs-40-crore-sales-in-rights-news-tamil-meyjRKidiae.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424234757/http://www.sify.com/movies/Billa-2-records-Rs-40-Crore-sales-in-rights-news-tamil-meyjRKidiae.html |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=28 April 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; All the distribution rights of the film, except the Kerala and Hindi dubbing rights had been sold at a record price of more than {{INRConvert|40|c|year=2012}}, making ''Billa II'' one of the top pre-release revenue generating films of all time in the Tamil film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Ajith-starrer Billa 2 sold at record price |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-ajith-starrer-billa-2-sold-for-record-price/20120424.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427093443/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-ajith-starrer-billa-2-sold-for-record-price/20120424.htm |archive-date=27 April 2012 |access-date=28 April 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early May 2012, the Kerala release rights were finally sold to Sagara Entertainment and Money Tree Entertainment for {{INRConvert|8|c|year=2012}}, likewise a new record for an Ajith film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2012 |title=Billa 2- Kerala rights sold |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-kerala-rights-sold-news-malayalam-mfdkE1fcaig.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410030644/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-2-kerala-rights-sold-news-malayalam-mfdkE1fcaig.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> === Censorship ===<br /> ''Billa II'' received an adult rating (&quot;A&quot; certificate) from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]; according to the director, this was achieved without any major cuts, while producer Sunir Kheterpal said that the censorship process was not yet complete, and commented on his reluctance to compromise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Billa 2 gets A certificate |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ibilla-2i--gets-a-certificate-imagegallery-kollywood-mgqnPKiccgfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424140036/https://www.sify.com/movies/ibilla-2i--gets-a-certificate-imagegallery-kollywood-mgqnPKiccgfsi.html |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United Kingdom, the film received an uncut [[15 (British Board of Film Classification)|15 classification]] from the [[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC (British Board of Film Classification)]], for ‘strong bloody violence and revenge theme’.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=British Board of Film Classification |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF291235/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715021705/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF291235/ |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=BBFC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> In March 2012, [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] bought the satellite rights for a record price, with sources estimating the price at {{INRConvert|6.5|c|year=2012}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2012 |title=New Censor laws -No 'A’ films on TV! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/new-censor-laws-no-a-films-on-tv-news-tamil-mi1vlhgeffh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103010412/http://www.sify.com/movies/new-censor-laws-no-a-films-on-tv-news-tamil-mi1vlhgeffh.html |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> <br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> ''Billa 2'' mainly received mixed reviews from critics and audience, with praise on cast's performances, Yuvan's music and cinematography, while the film's pace, screenplay and direction received criticism. Karthik Subramanian of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, &quot;Where the movie lacks in substance, it does try to score with technical aspects. The camerawork by R. D. Rajasekhar, background score by Yuvan Shankar Raja and editing by [[Suresh Urs]] are superlative for the most part&quot;, and that the film &quot;does live up to the hype&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karthik Subramanian |date=14 July 2012 |title=Arts / Cinema : Does 'Billa II' beckon? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3639256.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104132853/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3639256.ece |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[MSN|MSN India]] said &quot;'Billa 2' would be an interesting film only if you are an ardent fan of Ajith. Otherwise, it is an average film with a weak script spoiling the show.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MSN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2012 |title=Review: 'Billa 2' – Reviews |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/reviews/review-billa-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002190033/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/reviews/review-billa-2 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |publisher=MSN India Entertainment |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' recommended it with a 3 star rating, &quot;If you're {{sic|a|hide=yes}} Ajith fan—''Billa 2'' is a must. If you're an action aficionado, it's a treat. If you're neither, then don't bother.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Billa 2 movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Billa-2/movie-review/14864866.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114142518/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Billa-2/movie-review/14864866.cms |archive-date=14 November 2013 |access-date=9 November 2012 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prathibha Parameswaran of [[IBN Live]] said, &quot;If you liked ''[[Billa 2007|Billa]]'' and ''[[Mankatha]]'', and expected as much from the prequel, it falls well short of expectations.&quot; and further wrote, &quot;watch it only for Thala.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2012 |title=Tamil Review: 'Billa 2' lacks pace, but watch it for Ajith if you must- Tamil Reviews- IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-watch-sluggish-billa-2-only-for-ajith/271114-71-178.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715212615/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-watch-sluggish-billa-2-only-for-ajith/271114-71-178.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anupama Subramanian of [[Deccan Chronicle]] rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, &quot;The film works to a great extent because of the sheer screen presence of a star called Ajith Kumar. After all, it is his film all the way!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;DECCAN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=15 July 2012 |title=Billa 2 review: No message behind the violence |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/billa-2-review-no-message-behind-violence-749 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726114209/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/billa-2-review-no-message-behind-violence-749 |archive-date=26 July 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote: &quot;Don't go in expecting too much, perhaps you won't be too disappointed. Watch Billa-2 for its stylish presentation, it hasn’t got anything else to offer.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-13 |title=Billa-2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=15002888&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714173158/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=15002888&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2429 |archive-date=2012-07-14 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[NDTV]]''-based critic wrote &quot;''Billa 2'' can be watched for its action sequences, decent music and interesting locations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-13 |title=Movie Review: Billa 2 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/movie-review-billa-2-606087 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote &quot;''Billa 2'' is stylishly shot, and Ajith carries the film on his shoulders, but that's all there is to it. When it comes to screenplay, logical plots and characterisation, it fails to meet expectations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2012-07-13 |title=Review: Billa 2 fails to meet the expectations |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-billa-2-fails-to-meet-the-expectations/20120713.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720102057/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-billa-2-fails-to-meet-the-expectations/20120713.htm |archive-date=2012-07-20 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote &quot;Neither is the film an image booster for him, nor is he as fascinating to watch as he was in the earlier version. 'Billa 2' has less of style than the earlier one, and not even half its story content.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2012-07-14 |title='Billa II' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Jul/14/billa-ii-tamil-386817.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Box office===<br /> <br /> ====India====<br /> In the domestic market, ''Billa II'' had a great opening with 100% occupancy in single screens and multiplexes.In the opening weekend it collected {{INR}}34 crore becoming the best 3-day opening for a Tamil film that time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Billa 2 collection report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/billa-2-collection-report/articleshow/15001137.cms |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the opening week, it grossed around {{INR}} 4.79 crore at the Chennai box office, and after 5 weeks, it amounted to {{INR}} 77.9&amp;nbsp;million after tax deduction. It grossed around 410&amp;nbsp;million at Tamil Nadu, 24&amp;nbsp;million at Kerala, 21&amp;nbsp;million at Karnataka, 20&amp;nbsp;million at Andhra and 10&amp;nbsp;million at rest of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;OPEN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 July 2012 |title=Ajith Kumar's Billa 2 continues to get thumpdown response at box office : Bollywood, News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ajith-kumars-billa-2-109805-2012-07-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111030858/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ajith-kumars-billa-2/1/208645.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film did not get exemption from entertainment tax due to A certificate. It yielded {{INR}} 7 crore or 10 per cent of the total entertainment tax revenue of the year for the exchequer.<br /> <br /> ====Overseas====<br /> In Malaysia, ''Billa II'' collected US$348,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2012 Malaysia Yearly Box Office Results |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/yearly/?yr=2012&amp;p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211021341/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/yearly/?yr=2012&amp;p=.htm |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film grossed $78,000 in the UK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Billa 2 |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&amp;country=UK&amp;wk=2012W29&amp;id=_fBILLA201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002195014/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&amp;country=UK&amp;wk=2012W29&amp;id=_fBILLA201 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and approximately $20,000 in Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Billa 2 |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&amp;country=AU&amp;wk=2012W29&amp;id=_fBILLA201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002203850/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&amp;country=AU&amp;wk=2012W29&amp;id=_fBILLA201 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[The Times of India|The Chennai Times Film Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 4 November 2013<br /> | Best Actor<br /> | [[Ajith Kumar]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshowprint/20930588.cms |title=Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 nominations |work=The Times of India |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705054729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshowprint/20930588.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshowprint/25170374.cms |title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 goes to... |work=The Times of India |date=4 November 2013 |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705054736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshowprint/25170374.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Actor in a Negative Role<br /> | [[Vidyut Jammwal]]{{Efn|also for ''[[Thuppakki]]''}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |26 August 2013<br /> | Female Vocalist of the Year<br /> | [[Shweta Pandit]] for &quot;Idhayam&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/index.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Introduction | publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094729/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/index.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Nominations | publisher=Radio Mirchi | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094922/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/winners.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Winners | publisher=Radio Mirchi | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094940/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/winners.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Technical&amp;nbsp;– Sound Mixing of the Year<br /> | Kausikan Sivalingam and Ozrur Ikinci for &quot;Gangster&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> | [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|12{{ndash}}13 September 2013]]<br /> | Best Actor in a Negative Role&amp;nbsp;– Tamil<br /> | [[Sudhanshu Pandey]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode |title=2nd South Indian International Movie Awards |series=South Indian International Movie Awards |network=[[Sun TV Network]] |year=2013 |location=[[Emirate of Sharjah]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners List&amp;nbsp;– 2013 |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101950/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=18 February 2026 |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sudish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=15 September 2013 |title=Stars in Sharjah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219131946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Vijay Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | [[7th Vijay Awards|11 May 2013]]<br /> | [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> | [[Shweta Pandit]] for &quot;Idhayam&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY5eoO3MBxo |title=Vijay Awards 05/31/13 |date=31 May 2013 |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]] |access-date=18 February 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/vijay-awards-31-05-13 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=14 May 2013 |title=Stars, big and small |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307073045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Thuppakki sweeps Vijay Awards! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513173827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513210318/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero]]<br /> | [[Ajith Kumar]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Don film series|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Chakri Toleti}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010s gangster films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 crime action films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Interpol]]<br /> [[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the Sri Lankan civil war]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Chakri Toleti]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Russia]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Georgia (country)]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tbilisi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian prequel films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prabhas_Chandra_Lahiri&diff=526132 2026-04-15T02:16:44Z

<p>LouieWebb342: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bengali writer and politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | name = Prabhas Chandra Lahiri<br /> | image = <br /> | office = Provincial Minister of [[East Pakistan]]<br /> | governor = [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]<br /> | 1blankname = Department<br /> | 1namedata = Finance and Revenue<br /> | term_start = 15 August 1956<br /> | term_end = 30 August 1956<br /> | predecessor = [[Basanta Kumar Das (Pakistani politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | governor1 = <br /> | 1blankname1 = <br /> | 1namedata1 = <br /> | term_start1 = <br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = <br /> | successor1 = <br /> | birth_date = 1893<br /> | birth_place = [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1974|01|02|1893|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Berhampore]], [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | party = [[United Progressive Party (Pakistan)|UPP]] (1954–1958)<br /> | other_party = {{ubl|[[Pakistan Gana Samiti|PGS]] (1948–1954)|[[Pakistan National Congress|PNC]] (1947–1948)|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1921–1947)}}<br /> | resting_place = <br /> | relations = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Rajshahi College]]<br /> | occupation = Writer<br /> | education = <br /> | nickname = Shri Prabhas Lahiri <br /> }}<br /> '''Prabhas Chandra Lahiri''' (1893–1974) was a Bengali writer, revolutionary, and politician. He served twice as a provincial minister in [[East Pakistan]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Lahiri was born in 1893 in [[Arani, Bangladesh|Arani]] (located in present-day [[Bagha Upazila]], Bangladesh), Rajshahi District, [[Bengal Presidency]], British India, to Jyotish Chandra Lahiri. After receiving his education at [[Natore Government Boys High School|Natore High School]] and [[Rajshahi College]], Lahiri later enrolled at a college in Calcutta (present-day Kolkata, India).&lt;ref name=স/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Activism ==<br /> During student life, he joined the [[Swadeshi movement]]. He later came into close contact with revolutionary [[Trailokyanath Chakravarty]] and joined the armed anti-British organisation [[Anushilan Samiti]]. He became known as one of its leading organizers in [[North Bengal]] and played a significant role in the [[Dharail dacoity]]. During [[World War I]], as British authorities intensified repression against freedom fighters, he was relocated on the organisation's instructions to Calcutta and later to Gauhati (present-day Guwahati, India) in the [[Assam Province]]. However, the police raided the office of Anushilan Samiti there, prompting Lahiri to join the resistance against them, an episode known as the [[Gauhati struggle]]. After escaping from the incident, he was arrested in 1918 and imprisoned until 1921. He was arrested again in 1930 after participating in the [[Salt March]].&lt;ref name=স/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> In 1921, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).&lt;ref name=য/&gt; He contested the [[1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election|provincial elections of 1946]] and was elected as a member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the Rajshahi (general) constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Assembly Proceedings Official Report Bengal Legislative Assembly Second Session, 1946|volume=LXXI|publisher=Bengal Government Press|page=vi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=স/&gt; In the following year, after the [[partition of India]], Lahiri remained in the newly formed state of Pakistan.&lt;ref name=স/&gt; In 1948, he co-founded [[Pakistan Gana Samiti]] (PGS) which was later renamed to United Progressive Party (UPP).&lt;ref&gt;DR. KAUSAR PARVEEN, DR. SAMINA AWAN. ''[https://phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/download/225/111 ROLE OF PAKISTAN NATIONAL CONGRESS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN, 1947-1958]''. J.P.H.S., Vol. LXX, No. 2&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, during the 1950s, he became a member of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. He served twice as the acting provincial minister for the Jails and Finance departments.&lt;ref name=স&gt;{{cite book |title=সংসদ বাঙালী চরিতাভিধান |language=bn |year=1976 |page=301 |publisher=Sahitya Samsad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around 1956, Lahiri became the reason of the UPP's split when he took the offer of Chief Minister [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]] to accept the ministerial post in the [[First Abu Hussain Sarkar ministry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis|title=MINORITY POLITICS IN BANGLADESH, 1947-1971|first=Muhammad Ghulam|last=Kabir|year=1978|page=79–80|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Later life and death ==<br /> In 1962, Lahiri visited to Berhampore of the Indian state [[West Bengal]], to visit his ailing brother Jitesh Chandra Lahiri. He subsequently remained there and died in the town on 2 January 1974.&lt;ref name=য&gt;{{cite news |title=পরলোকে বিপ্লবী প্রভাসচন্দ্র লাহিড়ী |language=bn |page=1 |date=3 January 1974 |newspaper=[[Jugantar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> Lahiri's significant writings include:&lt;ref name=স/&gt;<br /> * ''বিপ্লবী জীবন'' ({{lit|Revolutionary life}})<br /> * ''India Partitioned and Minorities in Pakistan''<br /> * ''পাক-ভারতের রূপরেখা'' ({{lit|Outline of India-Pakistan}})<br /> * ''মুক্তি-সৈনিকের ডায়েরী'' ({{lit|Diary of a Freedom Fighter}})<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1893 births]]<br /> [[Category:1974 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Provincial ministers of East Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:East Pakistan MLAs 1954–1958]]<br /> [[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]<br /> [[Category:Rajshahi College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bagha Upazila]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani emigrants to India]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patkura_Assembly_constituency&diff=524795 2026-04-14T03:31:57Z

<p>LouieWebb342: starting new data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Patkura}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Patkura<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 96<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Central Division<br /> | district = [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Arabinda mohaptra MLA patkura 2024.jpg<br /> | mla = [[Arvind Mohapatra]]<br /> | party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,52,438{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Patkura''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kendrapara district]], [[Odisha]].<br /> <br /> This constituency includes Derabish block, Garadapur and 7 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Jalapoka, Karilopatna, Aitipur, Jamapada, Mehendinagar, Bachharai and Bandhakata) of Marshaghai block.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp34.htm|title= 34 - Patkura Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;|titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.91}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.57}}<br /> {{bar percent|2000|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|55.47}}<br /> {{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|50.83}}<br /> {{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|72.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|48.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980 (bypoll)|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|44.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|52.86}}<br /> {{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|65.50}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= BY-ELECTIONS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/449-450.pdf|accessdate= 23 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Patkura constituency are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=February 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=December 17, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Patkura Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/patkura.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patkura Assembly Election Results 2024: Patkura Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/patkura-constituency-result-18096 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Arvind Mohapatra]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Sabitri Agarwalla|Sabitri Agrawalla]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patkura Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patkura-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |[[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |Trilochan Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Bijoy Mohapatra]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |1980 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Biju Patnaik}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Patkura 1980 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1199 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |[[Biju Patnaik]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Prahlad Mallik<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rajakishore Nayak<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Utkal Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Chakradhar Satpathy<br /> |{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Lokanath Misra]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Arvind Mohapatra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Tejeswar Parida]] by a margin of 13,822 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Patkura}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Arvind Mohapatra]]<br /> |votes = 90,905<br /> |percentage = 49.64<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Tejeswar Parida<br /> |votes = 77,083 <br /> |percentage = 42.09<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Ratikanta Kanungo<br /> |votes = 12,091 <br /> |percentage = 6.60<br /> |change = {{increase}}5.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 564 <br /> |percentage = 0.31<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.10<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 13,822<br /> |percentage = 7.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,83,132<br /> |percentage = 72.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sabitri Agarwalla]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bijoy Mohapatra]] by a margin of 17,920 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Patkura&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanty 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Mohanty | first=Debabrata | title=Patkura election result: Naveen Patnaik's longtime bête noire to lose crucial Odisha assembly poll - india news | website=Hindustan Times | date=2019-07-24 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/patkura-election-result-naveen-patnaik-s-longtime-bete-noire-to-lose-crucial-odisha-assembly-poll/story-pYXSVgMy8ufrBixdxkHoIL.html | access-date=2019-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Final Result Sheet Patkura AC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=FINAL RESULT SHEET, ADJOURNED ELECTION TO 96-PATKURA AC | website=Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha | url=https://ceoodisha.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Vidhansabha2019_FORM20/Ac096.pdf | access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Sabitri Agarwalla]]<br /> |votes = 96,030<br /> |percentage = 53.91<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]<br /> |votes = 78,132<br /> |percentage = 43.86<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Jayanta Kumar Mohanty<br /> |votes = 2,106<br /> |percentage = 1.18<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 368 <br /> |percentage = 0.21<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 17,655<br /> |percentage = 10.05<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,78,130<br /> |percentage = 72.78<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 2,44,747<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bed Prakash Agarwal]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Jayanta Kumar Mohanty by a margin of 47,715 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Patkura}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]<br /> |votes = 89,853<br /> |percentage = 56.42<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Jayanta Kumar Mohanty<br /> |votes = 42,138<br /> |percentage = 26.46<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Manas Ranjan Mohanty<br /> |votes = 21,588 <br /> |percentage = 13.56<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 908 <br /> |percentage = 0.57<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 47,715<br /> |percentage = 29.96<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,59,260<br /> |percentage = 69.9<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 2,27,826<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bed Prakash Agarwal]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bijoy Mohapatra]] by a margin of 26,735 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=26735 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Patkura&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]<br /> |votes = 71,725<br /> |percentage = 49.12<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]<br /> |votes = 44,990<br /> |percentage = 30.81<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Narayan Prasad Swain<br /> |votes = 26,131<br /> |percentage = 17.89<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 26,735<br /> |percentage = 18.31{{efn|% of total valid votes}}<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,46,064<br /> |percentage = 68.57<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 2,13,025<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kendrapara district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br /> {{coord|20.39|86.41|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Kendrapara district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youth_suicide_in_India&diff=546332 2026-04-09T10:37:05Z

<p>LouieWebb342: creating</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> <br /> People aged 15 to 24 years have the highest rate of '''youth suicide in India''', which is consistent with international trends in [[youth suicide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Snehil|last2=Basera|first2=Devendra|date=2021-09-10|title=Youth Suicide in India: A Critical Review and Implication for the National Suicide Prevention Policy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00302228211045169|journal=OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying|volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=245–273|doi=10.1177/00302228211045169|pmid=34505537 |s2cid=237472389 |issn=0030-2228|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of all recorded [[suicides in India]], 35% occur in this age group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt; [[Risk factors for suicide|Risk factors]] and [[Suicide methods|methods]] in this cohort differ from those in other age groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCRB&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Accidental deaths &amp; suicides in India 2019 |date=20 January 2022 |publisher=National Crime Records Bureau |location=New Delhi |url=https://ncrb.gov.in/en/accidental-deaths-suicides-india-2019 |access-date=7 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Statistics ==<br /> Recorded annual youth suicide rates in India are 80 per 100,000 in females and 34 per 100,000 in males (compared to 10.4 per 100,000 in the general Indian population).&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt; These reported figures are estimated to be six crore to eight lakh thousand crore under-estimates of the true incidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Surveys of high school students in India estimate prevalence of [[suicidal ideation]] at 6–22%, and of suicide attempts at 0.39–8%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Rahul|last2=Grover|first2=VijayL|last3=Chaturvedi|first3=Sanjay|date=2008|title=Suicidal behavior amongst adolescent students in south Delhi|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=50|issue=1|pages=30–33|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.39756|pmid=19771304 |pmc=2745855 |issn=0019-5545 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A survey conducted in 2009 found that 3.9% of young people have exhibited some suicidal behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pillai|first1=A.|last2=Andrews|first2=T.|last3=Patel|first3=V.|date=2008-08-24|title=Violence, psychological distress and the risk of suicidal behaviour in young people in India|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=459–469|doi=10.1093/ije/dyn166|pmid=18725364 |issn=0300-5771|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Risk factors ==<br /> <br /> === Biological risk factors ===<br /> Young age is itself a risk factor for suicide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt; Developmental changes during youth lead to psychological changes and greater impulsivity.&lt;ref name =&quot;Bridge&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bridge|first=Jeff|title=2.1 Recent National Trends in Youth Suicide and Suicidal Behavior |date=October 2020|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.554|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=59|issue=10|pages=S268|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.554|s2cid=241542299 |issn=0890-8567|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The risk of suicide for young female adults is higher than that of males. This may be mediated by [[#Socio-environmental_factors|social factors]] in addition to biology.&lt;ref name = &quot;Vijayakumar&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Vijayakumar|first1=Lakshmi|last2=John|first2=Sujit|last3=Pirkis|first3=Jane|last4=Whiteford|first4=Harvey|date=May 2005|title=Suicide in Developing Countries (2)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.26.3.112|journal=Crisis|volume=26|issue=3|pages=112–119|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.26.3.112|pmid=16276753 |issn=0227-5910|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Psychological factors ===<br /> Negative [[Affect (psychology)|affect]], such as low [[self-esteem]] and hopelessness, tends to increase the risk of suicide in young adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Czyz|first1=Ewa K.|last2=Berona|first2=Johnny|last3=King|first3=Cheryl A.|date=2014-09-29|title=A Prospective Examination of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior Among Psychiatric Adolescent Inpatients|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12125|journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior|volume=45|issue=2|pages=243–259|doi=10.1111/sltb.12125|pmid=25263410 |pmc=5036446 |hdl=2027.42/111102 |issn=0363-0234}}&lt;/ref&gt; Strategies such as active problem solving and distraction help to protect against suicide, but maladaptive [[Coping|coping strategies]] increase the risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pisani|first1=Anthony R.|last2=Wyman|first2=Peter A.|last3=Petrova|first3=Mariya|last4=Schmeelk-Cone|first4=Karen|last5=Goldston|first5=David B.|last6=Xia|first6=Yinglin|last7=Gould|first7=Madelyn S.|date=2012-12-18|title=Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Youth–Adult Relationships, and Suicide Attempts Among High School Students in Underserved Communities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9884-2|journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence|volume=42|issue=6|pages=807–820|doi=10.1007/s10964-012-9884-2|pmid=23666604 |pmc=3654393 |issn=0047-2891}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Impulsivity is a psychological factor seen to increase the risk of suicidality in young adults. It has been seen that impulsivity when combined with aggression tends to cause suicide ideation in male youth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Socio-environmental factors ===<br /> {{See also|Suicide and trauma}}<br /> Trauma and discrimination are strong risk factors for suicide in youth. Sexual, physical and emotional abuse are all associated with increased risk of suicide,&lt;ref name = &quot;Gibb&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gibb|first1=Brandon E.|last2=Alloy|first2=Lauren B.|last3=Abramson|first3=Lyn Y.|last4=Rose|first4=Donna T.|last5=Whitehouse|first5=Wayne G.|last6=Hogan|first6=Michael E.|date=December 2001|title=Childhood Maltreatment and College Students' Current Suicidal Ideation: A Test of the Hopelessness Theory|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/suli.31.4.405.22042|journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior|volume=31|issue=4|pages=405–415|doi=10.1521/suli.31.4.405.22042|pmid=11775716 |issn=0363-0234|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as are experience of bullying&lt;ref name = &quot;Gibb&quot; /&gt; and loneliness.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Experience of discrimination increases incidence of suicide compared to the general population.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nath&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nath|first1=Yogini|last2=Paris|first2=Joel|last3=Thombs|first3=Brett|last4=Kirmayer|first4=Laurence|date=2011-06-01|title=Prevalence and social determinants of suicidal behaviours among college youth in India|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764011401164|journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry|volume=58|issue=4|pages=393–399|doi=10.1177/0020764011401164|pmid=21632571 |s2cid=25414662 |issn=0020-7640|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is reflected in greater rates of suicide among members of certain castes and religious minorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nath&quot; /&gt; Discrimination based on gender orientation and sexuality is also a risk factor for suicide in youth in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Social and environmental factors contribute to the observed sex difference in prevalence. Abuse and [[intimate partner violence]] are associated with suicide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakumar&quot; /&gt; In 2019, 1400 deaths by suicide were reported as related to a [[dowry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NCRB&quot; /&gt; Young women may also experience more economic instability and greater stigma associated with mental ill-health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakumar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Interventions ==<br /> {{See also|Suicide Prevention and Intervention in India}}<br /> Evidence for interventions to prevent youth suicide in India suggests that a combination of individual therapy, family therapy and peer support system is needed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt; Broader public awareness interventions are advocated, rather than a focus on mental health and counselling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakumar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Suicide in India]]<br /> [[Category:Youth suicides|-]]<br /> <br /> [https://www.jagran.com/news/national-student-suicide-cases-increasing-compared-to-total-suicides-know-what-children-indicate-first-and-measures-jprime-23404807.html Student Suicides In India-Hindi, SK Singh, Jagran Prime]<br /> [https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/student-suicides-in-india-how-to-recognise-signs-of-stress-in-children-experts-specials-10078235 Student Suicides In India-English, SK Singh, Jagran Prime]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lairembigee_Eshei&diff=511561 2026-04-04T17:30:05Z

<p>LouieWebb342: new the post w/ infobox - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Meitei language play}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox play<br /> | name = Lairembigee Eshei &lt;br /&gt; {{langx|en|Song of the Nymphs}}<br /> | image = Lairembigee Eshei (Song of the Nymphs).jpeg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = The final scene of the play, showing the seven nymphs climbing on the seven steps, each having a white umbrella held over their heads, signifying that peace leaves an indestructible and unforgettable impression<br /> | writer = [[Ratan Thiyam]]<br /> | based_on = [[Helloi]]s of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]]<br /> | chorus = Meitei<br /> | characters = <br /> * Chingaleima Takhengbi<br /> * Lanjinleima Piyainu<br /> * Hayenkhombi<br /> * Shaleima<br /> * Uleima<br /> * Heibongkhombi<br /> * Shananu<br /> * [[Ningthou]]<br /> * Wangban Shaphaba<br /> * Meitreng Araba<br /> * Thengraiba<br /> * Chengheiba<br /> | mute = <br /> | setting = <br /> | premiere = <br /> | place = <br /> | orig_lang = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) <br /> | series = <br /> | subject = [[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) and [[Meitei folklore]] ([[Manipuri folklore]])<br /> | genre = mythological fiction<br /> | web = <br /> }}<br /> '''Lairembigee Eshei''' ({{langx|mni|/lāi.rem.bi.gi í.səi/}}, lit. Song of the Goddess{{efn|In [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), the word &quot;Lairembi&quot; means &quot;goddess&quot; and &quot;Eshei&quot; (or &quot;Ishei&quot;) means &quot;song&quot;. &quot;-gi&quot; is a suffix word to denote possession.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of &quot;Lairembi&quot;) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4&amp;searchhws=yes |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of &quot;Isei&quot;) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A9&amp;searchhws=yes |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}), also known as '''Song of the Nymphs''', is a [[Meitei language]] play, written and directed by [[Ratan Thiyam]], performed by the &quot;Chorus Repertoire Theatre&quot; of [[Imphal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAIREMBIGEE ESHEI (SONG OF THE NYMPHS) – 21st Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2020 |url=https://www.21brm.nsd.gov.in/laiembigee-ishei-song-of-the-nymphs/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101121426/https://www.21brm.nsd.gov.in/laiembigee-ishei-song-of-the-nymphs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It was shown as a closing play at the 21st [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] at Kamani Hall in [[Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Song of the Nymphs directed by Ratan Thiyam - Footloose and fancy free with Dr.Sunil Kothari |url=https://narthaki.com/info/gtsk/gtsk248.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=narthaki.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curtains come down on 21st Bharat Rang Mahotsav in Delhi - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/curtains-come-down-on-21st-bharat-rang-mahotsav-in-delhi/articleshow/74254376.cms |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 February 2020 |language=en |quote=The closing ceremony was followed by Laiembigee Ishei (Song Of The Nymphs), a Manipuri play by Chorus Repertory Theatre group, written and directed by Ratan Thiyam. It is a story of how we live in the 21st century -an era of globalisation, worldwide mobility, communication and information. It is woven around the importance of identity, tradition, and preservation of culture in modern times. The play tries to decipher the challenges faced by our rituals and traditions inherited from our ancestors.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharat Rang Mahotsav takes its final bow |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/feb/23/bharat-rang-mahotsav-takes-its-final-bow-2107143.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=23 February 2020 |quote=A Manipuri play, titled Laiembigee Ishei (Song of the Nymphs), directed by Ratan Thiyam was also performed at the event.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It was staged on the concluding day of the 9th National Prayas Natya Mela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=पटना में मंचित हुआ पद्मश्री रतन थियाम निर्देशित &quot;Song Of The Nymphs&quot; |url=https://bolozindagi.com/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%86-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%8d/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=बोलो जिंदगी |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> It was also staged as the concluding event of the three-day State conference on theatre organised by the Network of Artistic Theatre Activists Kerala (NATAK) in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-12-15 |title=Theatre productions declining, says thespian |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/theatre-productions-declining-says-thespian/article30314731.ece |access-date=2022-11-01 |issn=0971-751X |quote=His play, Song of the Nymphs, was staged by the Imphal-based Chorus Repertory Company as the concluding event of the first such theatre conference in the State.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Anjana George|date=16 Dec 2019 |title=Theatre is an art of the people, by the people and for the people: NATAK {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/theatre-is-an-art-of-the-people-by-the-people-and-for-the-people-natak/articleshow/72759406.cms |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |quote=NATAK, while winding up its first conference, through thespian Ratan Thiyam’s play Song of the Nymphs, is hopeful about the future.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The play shows the lifestyle of mankind in the 21st century, when globalisation, worldwide mobility, communication and information are at the peak. It also shows the significance of identity, tradition, and preservation of culture even in modern eras. It attempts to remind the audiences about the challenges faced by ancestral rituals and traditions in the society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Seven nymphs have been flying around the world to see the changes in nature, environment and human society. The peace of sky, earth, water, trees, men make the nymphs fly towards the era of the 22nd century.<br /> The seven nymphs, in purely white dresses, having white lighting, slowly carry large dishes and dance gently, in accordance to the tinkling melodies. <br /> The nymphs wave their scarves and made illusions of flying across the sky. When they find out a king who is wailing after destroying nature by himself, they get to know about the importance of the protection of nature. <br /> The nymphs are shown in as entering into the underwater world, by covering their faces. At a time, some bird catchers attempt to capture the nymphs, by using their nets. However, they can't succeed and they are laughed at by the nymphs. <br /> The nymphs move around gigantic stalks of lotus, lotus leaves and lotus buds, representing the destruction of nature by human beings in metaphorical way. <br /> In the final scene, the seven nymphs climb on the seven steps. Each nymph has a white umbrella held over their heads. The umbrellas represent peace leaves an indestructible and unforgettable impression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast and credits ==<br /> * Indira as Chingaleima Takhengbi<br /> * Russia as Lanjinleima Piyainu<br /> * Taruni as Hayenkhombi <br /> * Anjelina as Shaleima<br /> * Shandhyarani as Uleima<br /> * Jaya as Heibongkhombi <br /> * Rojita as Shananu <br /> * P. Somo as Ningthou<br /> * Ibomcha Sorok as Wangban Shaphaba<br /> * Robindro as Meitreng Araba<br /> * Nongdamba as Thengraiba<br /> * Lokendra as Chengheiba<br /> * Anish / Inaoba as Manai-I <br /> * Ajitkumar as Manai-II<br /> * Nongdamba as Shadanba-I<br /> * Ajitkumar as Shadanba-II<br /> * Lokendra as Shadanba-III<br /> * Robindro as Shadanba-VI<br /> * Stage Management by Robindro<br /> * Set &amp; Props by Nongdamba, Ajitkumar, Anish/ Inaoba<br /> * Costume by Somo, Somorjit, Tarubi, Russia, Rojita, Shandhyarani, Indira<br /> * Music Assistance by L. Tomba, Basanta, Somorjit<br /> * Light Assistance by Thawai Thiyam, Angoutombi, Ibomcha Sorok<br /> * Consultance by N. Amusana Devi, W. Keinatombi Leima<br /> * Production Management by Ibomcha Sorok<br /> * Assistant Direction by Thawai Thiyam<br /> * Script, Music, Design &amp; Direction by Ratan Thiyam&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[Padma Shri]] awardee Indian professor [[Sunil Kothari]] commented on the play and the director's performance as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{Blockquote|As a director he ([[Ratan Thiyam]]) negotiates important issues, complex aesthetics and philosophical challenges. As writer of the play, Ratan uses metaphors, elements of traditional dances, rituals, improvisations and creates what one would call sheer visual poetry. For him the local and indigenous myths and legends continue to be the most effective inspiration for both verbal and non-verbal vehicle of expression and interpretation. Even when the actors deliver dialogues in Meitei language, the angikabhinaya conveys the meaning of what they are saying. It helps the onlooker if he carefully reads the synopsis in advance, as Ratan does not believe in providing subtitles in English.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=Lairembigee Eshei {{!}} 4th National Theater Festival {{!}} Manipuri Play {{!}} 6:30pm {{!}} Rabindra Sadan {{!}} Chorus Repertory Theatre |url=https://www.kaahon.com/event/lairembigee-eshei-4th-national-theater-festival-manipuri-play-630pm-rabindra-sadan-chorus-repertory-theatre/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |language=en-US}}<br /> * {{Cite web |title=Ratan Thiyam's Chorus Repertory Theatre Returns to the U.S. for Five-City Tour This Fall |url=https://asiasociety.org/media/press-releases/ratan-thiyams-chorus-repertory-theatre-returns-us-five-city-tour-this-fall |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=[[Asia Society]] |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=How Ratan Thiyam brought Manipur onto the global stage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/how-ratan-thiyam-brought-manipur-onto-the-global-stage-6289825/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Meitei cultural plays]]<br /> [[Category:Meitei-language plays]]<br /> [[Category:Works based on Meitei mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poikkal_Kudhirai_(1983_film)&diff=525763 2026-04-01T03:28:27Z

<p>LouieWebb342: starting new data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film).jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[K. Balachander]]<br /> | screenplay = K. Balachander<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''Marriage Made in Saloon''|[[Crazy Mohan]]}}<br /> | starring = [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Viji]]<br /> | cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]<br /> | editing = N. R. Kittu<br /> | music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> | studio = Kalaivani Productions<br /> | released = {{film date|1983|9|2|df=y|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Poikkal Kudhirai''''' ({{Translation|Horse with fake legs}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[K. Balachander]], starring [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Viji]]. Lyricist [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] made his acting debut through this film. [[Kamal Haasan]] appeared in a guest role. ''Poikkal Kudhirai'' was based on [[Crazy Mohan]]'s play ''Marriage Made in Saloon''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 June 2019 |title=Recalling 'Crazy' Mohan's Comedy, And His Kamal Haasan Collaborations |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/recalling-crazy-mohans-comedy-and-his-kamal-haasan-collaborations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108055104/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/recalling-crazy-mohans-comedy-and-his-kamal-haasan-collaborations/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 2 September 1983,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 September 1983 |title=பொய்க்கால் குதிரை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_303/4.jp2/full/1000,1381/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250619020956/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_303/4.jp2/full/1000,1381/0/default.jpg |archive-date=19 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and became an average success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balakumar |first=K |date=11 June 2019 |title=How Kamal met Crazy Mohan: The story involves a graveyard |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-kamal-met-crazy-mohan-story-involves-graveyard-103391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611085802/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-kamal-met-crazy-mohan-story-involves-graveyard-103391 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Mavanige Thakka Aliya'' (1992).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mavanige Thakka Aliya&amp;nbsp;– ಮಾವನಿಗೆ ತಕ್ಕ ಅಳಿಯ (1992/೧೯೯೨) |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2017/01/12/mavanige-thakka-aliya-1992/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425124524/https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2017/01/12/mavanige-thakka-aliya-1992/ |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Kannada Movies Info|date=12 January 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{More plot|date=June 2022}}<br /> ''Poikkal Kuthirai'' depicts how Sambandam&amp;nbsp;— who bets on each and every small thing and wins&amp;nbsp;— and Indu enter into a bet at a saloon owned by Muthu. The bet is that Indu will win Sambadam's daughter Janaki's heart and marry her. If Indhu is successful in his mission, Sambandam will shave half of his moustache for their marriage. If he fails, Indhu will shave his head. Who wins the bet is the film's narrative.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Indhu<br /> * [[Charle]] as Paramasivam<br /> * [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] as Sambandham<br /> * [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] as Muthu<br /> * [[Radha Ravi]] as Nair<br /> * [[Viji]] as Janaki<br /> *Pavithra as Stella<br /> *[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Doctor<br /> *[[Poovilangu Mohan|Balumohan]] as Mohan<br /> *[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]]<br /> *[[Kavithalaya Krishnan|Krishnan]] as Munusami<br /> *[[Kamal Haasan]] as himself acted inside photo frame (guest appearance)<br /> * [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] (guest appearance in the song &quot;Unnai Enakku&quot;)<br /> *[[Vanitha Krishnachandran|Vanitha]] (guest appearance in the song &quot;Unnai Enakku&quot;)<br /> * Gopinath Rao&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 July 2024 |title=Gopinatha Rao, actor and veteran theatre artiste, dies at 71 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gopinatha-rao-actor-and-veteran-theatre-artiste-dead-at-71/article68374650.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707022742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gopinatha-rao-actor-and-veteran-theatre-artiste-dead-at-71/article68374650.ece |archive-date=7 July 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] (uncredited)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Poikkal Kudhirai'' is based on [[Crazy Mohan]]'s play ''Marriage Made in Saloon''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=1 October 2017 |title=What gets Tamil audiences rolling in the aisles? Crazy Mohan knows |url=https://scroll.in/reel/852081/what-gets-tamil-audiences-rolling-in-the-aisles-crazy-mohan-knows |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302085435/https://scroll.in/reel/852081/what-gets-tamil-audiences-rolling-in-the-aisles-crazy-mohan-knows |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=3 April 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lyricist [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] made his acting debut in Tamil with this film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=18 July 2013 |title=Lyricist Vaali leaves a void |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lyricist-vaali-leaves-a-void/article4927939.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929143441/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lyricist-vaali-leaves-a-void/article4927939.ece |archive-date=29 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mohan wrote the dialogues, making his feature film debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=G. |date=7 July 2007 |title=Crazy humour and much more |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/crazy-humour-and-much-more/article2250045.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130844/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/crazy-humour-and-much-more/article2250045.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=29 December 2022 |title=பொய்க்கால் குதிரை: கிரேஸி மோகனின் முதல் படம்; கமலின் கேமியோ, பாலசந்தரின் சிறப்பான இயக்கம்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/poikkal-kudhirai-crazy-mohans-debut-kamal-haasans-cameo-this-is-k-balachanders-comedy-treat |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111155118/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/poikkal-kudhirai-crazy-mohans-debut-kamal-haasans-cameo-this-is-k-balachanders-comedy-treat |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were written by Vaali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 1983 |title=Poikkal Kuthirai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/poikkal-kuthirai/X-8CyX9PxyY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128122656/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/poikkal-kuthirai/X-8CyX9PxyY_ |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poikkal Kuthirai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/poikkal-kuthirai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102303/https://mossymart.com/product/poikkal-kuthirai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=Mossymart}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Ellam Therigiradhu<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]<br /> | length1 = <br /> | title2 = Naan Ore Oru<br /> | extra2 = [[T. S. Raghavendra|Ramani]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br /> | length2 = <br /> | title3 = Pottuvecha Ponnukkaga<br /> | extra3 = Malaysia Vasudevan, [[Vani Jairam]]<br /> | length3 = <br /> | title4 = Vaai Vittu Siricha<br /> | extra4 = Malaysia Vasudevan<br /> | length4 = <br /> | title5 = Unnai Enakku<br /> | extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> | length5 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> Mukundhan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Ramakrishna and Raveender but panned the acting of Vaali and concluded if this film does not get the response like other comedy films then the loss is not for Balachander.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=முகுந்தன் |date=25 September 1983 |title=பொய்க்கால் குதிரை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1983/sep/25-09-1983/p63.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730170436/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1983/sep/25-09-1983/p63.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, music and dialogues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=4 September 1983 |title=பொய்க்கால் குதிரை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_305/3.jp2/full/1000,1385/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619020257/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_305/3.jp2/full/1000,1385/0/default.jpg |archive-date=19 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> {{K. Balachander}}<br /> {{Kavithalaya Productions}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1983 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1983 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1983 films]]<br /> [[Category:1983 romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on plays]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupta_Empire&diff=453544 2026-03-26T14:10:36Z

<p>LouieWebb342: add information for accuracy and updated info as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ancient Indian empire (c. 3rd century CE – 575 CE)}}<br /> {{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox country<br /> | conventional_long_name = Gupta Empire<br /> | common_name = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | era = Classical India<br /> | year_start = {{Circa|240}}<br /> | event1 = Coronation of Chandragupta I<br /> | date_event1 = 26 February 320&lt;ref name=&quot;a006&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Smith | first=Vincent A | title=Chapter 11 – The Gupta Empire and the Western Satraps: Chandragupta I to Kumaragupta I | website=The Public's Library and Digital Archive | url=https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson2/chapter11.html | access-date=14 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | event2 = Gupta-Saka Wars<br /> | date_event2 = {{Circa|375–385}}<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;goyal1967&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Goyal|first=SR|title=History of the Imperial Guptas|year=1967|page=367|url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967/page/367/mode/1up}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | event3 = Gupta-Kidarite Conflicts<br /> | date_event3 = {{Circa|390–450}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dani1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|last2=Litvinsky|first2=BA|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750|year=1996|publisher=UNESCO|pages=151–152}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | event4 = Gupta-Hunnic Wars<br /> | date_event4 = {{Circa|460–500}}&lt;ref name=&quot;majumdar1981&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Majumdar|first=R.C.|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Pt. 1. A.D. 300–985|year=1981|publisher=Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House|page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dani1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=221}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | year_end = {{Circa|579}}&lt;ref name=&quot;goyal1967&quot; /&gt;<br /> | status = [[Empire]]<br /> | p1 = Western Satraps<br /> | p2 = Nagas of Padmavati<br /> | p3 = Pañcāla<br /> | p4 = Arjunayanas<br /> | p5 = Yaudheya<br /> | p6 = Mahameghavahana dynasty<br /> | p7 = Murunda dynasty<br /> | p8 = Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom<br /> | s1 = Later Guptas<br /> | s2 = Kingdom of Valabhi<br /> | s3 = Vardhana dynasty{{!}}Kingdom of Thanesar<br /> | s4 = Gurjaradesa{{!}}Gurjara kingdoms<br /> | s5 = Aulikaras<br /> | s6 = Maukhari Dynasty<br /> | today = &lt;!-- This field should not be used if there are more than four entries --&gt;<br /> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:South Asia historical AD375 EN.svg|upright=1.15|250px|frameless]]|Approximate extent of the Gupta territories (pink) in 375 CE|<br /> [[File:South Asia historical AD450 EN.svg|upright=1.15|250px|frameless]]|Approximate extent of the Gupta territories (pink) in 450 CE}}<br /> | capital = {{ubl<br /> | [[Pataliputra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarty&quot; /&gt;<br /> | [[Ayodhya]] (after 455)&lt;ref name=AyodhyaKasi/&gt;&lt;ref name=MookerjiAyodhKasi/&gt;&lt;ref name=BakkerAyodhya/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] (literary and academic)&lt;br /&gt;[[Prakrit]] (vernacular)<br /> | religion = {{unbulleted list|[[Vaishnavism| Vaishnava Hinduism]] (official)&lt;ref name=&quot;GuptaReligion&quot;&gt;'''Gupta's patronized sects'''<br /> *Hinduism [Vaishnavism] : <br /> **{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/112/mode/1up |title=Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions |date=1978 |location=Delhi |publisher=Concept |page=112 |quote=An indication of the leaning of the Gupta kings towards Vaisnavism is clear from the Garuda emblem of the Guptas. The Gupta monarchs also used the title 'Paramabhāgavata' i.e.; the devout devotee of Visnu, in their imperial records.}} <br /> **{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |page=73 |language=en |quote=On the south banks of the Bina, the building of a religious complex dedicated to Vishnu, the Empire’s tutelary deity, had expanded under Budhagupta.}} <br /> *Buddhism [Mahayana] :<br /> **{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/buddhism0000gane_e7c3 |title=Buddhism |page=17 |last=Ganeri |first=Anita |date=2007 |publisher=Franklin Watts |isbn=978-0-7496-6979-9 |quote=Gupta Empire at its height (5th-6th centuries) connected with the development of Mahayana Buddhism with the development of Tantric Buddhism.}}<br /> **{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |page=521 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&amp;pg=PA521 |quote=While the Gupta kings are generally linked with the promotion of Brahmanical cults, some of them extended patronage to Buddhism as well. Paramartha, a Buddhist scholar of the period, states that king Vikramaditya sent his queen and prince Baladitya to study under the tutelage of the famous Buddhist monk and scholar Vasubandhu.[...] Narasimhagupta became a Buddhist monk and gave up his life through dhyana (meditation). Kumaragupta I and Budhagupta may have built monasteries at Nalanda. }}<br /> *Jainism <br /> **{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;|[[Buddhism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;GuptaReligion&quot;/&gt;|[[Jainism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;GuptaReligion&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | demonym = <br /> | government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br /> | area_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | currency = [[Dinar]]a (gold coins)&lt;br/&gt;[[Rupee|Rupaka]] (silver coins)&lt;br/&gt;[[Karshapana]] (copper coins)&lt;br/&gt;[[Cowries]]<br /> | title_leader = [[List of Gupta emperors|Maharajadhiraja]]{{efn|The first two kings were titled ''[[Maharaja]]'', all others were titled ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]''.}}<br /> | leader1 = [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]] (first)<br /> | year_leader1 = {{Circa|240|280}}<br /> | year_leader2 = {{Circa|540|550}}<br /> | leader2 = [[Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)|Vishnugupta]] (last)<br /> | stat_year1 = 400 est.<br /> | stat_area1 = 3500000<br /> | ref_area1 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Turchin223&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D |date=December 2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=223 |issn=1076-156X |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordArea&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{break}}(high-end estimate of peak area)<br /> | stat_year2 = 440 est.<br /> | stat_area2 = 1700000<br /> | ref_area2 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Taagepera&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |year=1979 |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |journal=Social Science History |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |page=121 |doi=10.2307/1170959 |jstor=1170959}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{break}}(low-end estimate of peak area)<br /> | stat_pop3 = 75,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/38602317|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Angus Maddison|date=2001|page=238}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | stat_year3 = 5th century<br /> }}<br /> The '''Gupta Empire''' was an Indian empire during the classical period of the [[Indian subcontinent]] which existed from the mid 3rd century to mid 6th century CE. At its peak, the dynasty ruled over an empire that spanned much of the northern Indian subcontinent.&lt;ref name=gd&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 October 2009 |title=Gupta Dynasty |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013809/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 |quote=&quot;The dynasty controlled an empire stretching across north India at its peak in the 5th century.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; This period has been considered as the [[Golden Age of India]] by some historians,&lt;ref&gt;N. Jayapalan, ''History of India'', Vol. I, (Atlantic Publishers, 2001), 130.&lt;/ref&gt; although this characterisation has been disputed by others.{{#tag:ref|According to [[D. N. Jha]], caste distinctions became more entrenched and rigid during this time, as prosperity and the favour of the law accrued the top of the social scale, while the lower orders were degraded further.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Ancient India in Historical Outline |last=Jha |first=D.N. |publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7304-285-0 |location=Delhi |pages=149–73}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note}}&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Pletcher|2011|p=90}}: &quot;Historians once regarded the Gupta period (c.320–540) as the classical age of India [...] It was also thought to have been an age of material prosperity, particularly among the urban elite [...] Some of these assumptions have been questioned by more-extensive studies of the post-Mauryan, pre-Gupta period. Archaeological evidence from the earlier [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] levels suggests greater material prosperity, to such a degree that some historians argue for an urban decline in the Gupta period.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=86-87}} The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=V.D |first=Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sri+gupta&amp;pg=PA360 |title=Ancient India |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The high points of the period are the great cultural developments which took place primarily during the reigns of [[Samudragupta]], [[Chandragupta II]] and [[Kumaragupta I]]. Many [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu epics|epics]] and [[Hindu literature|literary]] sources, such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]'', were canonised during this period.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330100325/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty |date=30 March 2010 }}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The Gupta period produced scholars such as [[Kalidasa]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/151 |title=India: A history |last=Keay |first=John |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/151 151–52] |quote=Kalidasa wrote ... with excellence which, by unanimous consent, justifies the inevitable comparisons with Shakespeare ... When and where Kalidasa lived remains a mystery. He acknowledges no links with the Guptas; he may not even have coincided with them ... but the poet's vivid awareness of the terrain of the entire subcontinent argues strongly for a Guptan provenance. |author-link=John Keay }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aryabhata]], [[Varahamihira]] and [[Vatsyayana]], who made significant advancements in many academic fields.{{sfn|Vidya Dhar Mahajan|1990|p=540}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Keay&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Keay|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/132 132]|ps=: &quot;The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330103811/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century |date=30 March 2010 }}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent|Science]] and political administration reached new heights during the [[Gupta era]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Keay&quot;/&gt; The period, sometimes described as ''[[Pax Gupta]]'', gave rise to achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting that &quot;set standards of form and taste [that] determined the whole subsequent course of art, not only in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] but far beyond her borders&quot;.{{sfn|J.C. Harle|1994|p=87}} Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in India and [[Southeast Asia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} The [[Puranas]], earlier long poems on a variety of subjects, are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period.{{sfn|J.C. Harle|1994|p=87}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Dikshitar 1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&amp;pg=PA199|title=The Gupta Polity|date=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1024-2|language=en|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802225920/https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&amp;pg=PA199|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hinduism was followed by the rulers and the Brahmins flourished in the Gupta empire but the Guptas were tolerant towards people of other faiths as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;q=indus |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |page=227 |access-date=30 August 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507000807/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization/Wk4_ICH_g1EC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=indus |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the [[Huna people]]s ([[Kidarites]] and [[Alchon Huns]]) from [[Central Asia]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=264–69}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Rene&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Empire of the Steppes |last=Grousset |first=Rene |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 69] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms.<br /> <br /> ==Origin==<br /> {{Main|Origin of the Gupta dynasty}}<br /> {{Gupta Empire}}<br /> Guptas were originally from [[Magadha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mackay |first=James |title=The Complete Illustrated Guide to Coins &amp; Coin Collecting |date=2006 |publisher=Hermes House |isbn=978-0-681-45952-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780681459526/page/29/mode/1up |quote=A Magadha (Bihar) kingdom, with its capital at Patna, emerged in the late 3rd century AD under Srigupta founder of a dynasty that lasted for 300 years. His grandson, Chandragupta 1 (305-25), created the splendid Gupta Empire.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Brown |first=C. J. |title=Coins of India |date=1999 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0345-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-d497CKID0C |quote=The territory which the Guptas are first found ruling lay near Pāțaliputra, the modern Patna; it was much enlarged by one Gupta, on the decline of the Kushāņa power in its eastern territories}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Gupta |first=L.C. |title=Silver coins of Sri Gupta |date=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTVmAAAAMAAJ |quote=...the historicity of Sri Gupta's political career around Magadha}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Higham |first=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC |quote=The Gupta empire had its genesis under King Srigupta (270-290 C.E.), who ruled one of the many small kingdoms in the Ganga (Ganges) Valley in India from his capital at Pataliputra}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ishikawa |first=Ken |title=The Global Connections of Gandhāran Art |date=2020 |publisher=Classical Art Research Centre |isbn=978-1-78969-696-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZf6DwAAQBAJ |quote=Ruling from the Magadha Kingdom in the lower Gangetic Valley, the imperial Guptas were the second pan-Indian state in history}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=The Past Before Us |date=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72652-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScYJAQAAQBAJ |quote=There is some evidence of interest during the Gupta period in forms created during Mauryan times. This may have arisen from a curiosity about antecedent dynasties and their artifacts, originating in approximately the same area in which the beginnings of Gupta power were located. For both the Mauryas and the Guptas, Pāțaliputra was an important city.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Hart-Davis |first=Adam |title=History |date=2010 |publisher=DK |isbn=978-0-7566-6596-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZo0AwEACAAJ |quote=the region of Magadha gave birth to another great dynasty and empire, the Guptas }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kumar Maity |first=Sachindra |title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times |date=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XI_AAAAMAAJ |quote=the founder of this dynasty was Mahārāja Sri Gupta who was apparently a subordinate ruler and ruling somewhere near Magadha.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Keay|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/134/mode/1up 134]|ps=: &quot;Sri Gupta was probably not a Buddhist but was raja of some minor polity near or within erstwhile Magadha.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jha |first=D. N. |title=Ancient India: In Historical Outline |date=1998 |publisher=Manohar Publishers &amp; Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-266-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUluAAAAMAAJ |quote=Guptas... political control in the region of Magadha.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{excessive citations inline|date=June 2025}}<br /> The first evidence of Gupta connection with Magadha comes from a foreign source. The Chinese traveller [[Yijing (monk)|I-tsing]], who came to India in A.D. 672 heard of Mahārāja Śrī-Gupta (Che-li-ki-to) who built a temple near [[Mṛgaśikhāvana|Mrigaśikhāvana]] for Chinese pilgrims and endowed it with 24 villages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Radhakumud Mookerji |author-link=Radhakumud Mookerji |title=The Gupta Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1989 |isbn=81-208-0089-3 |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|H.C. Raychaudhuri|1923|p=271}}<br /> <br /> Recent numismatic research suggests that [[Sri Gupta]], traditionally regarded as the founder of the Gupta dynasty, likely ruled as an independent monarch in the [[Magadha]] region during the late 3rd century CE. A hoard of over one hundred silver coins bearing the legend &quot;Śrī Gupta&quot; in Brahmi script, along with a portrait bust, have been discovered in [[Bihar]], particularly in the [[Hajipur]]–[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] region, a core area of ancient [[Magadha]]. These coins, uniform in typology and silver standard, reflect deliberate state issuance rather than imitation or forgery. Scholars argue that this coinage indicates Sri Gupta's sovereign authority, issued to meet local economic demands following the decline of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]] and to assert political identity. The use of the title [[Maharaja]]—also common among other independent tribal states of the period—further supports his autonomous status. Moreover, the later marriage alliance between [[Chandra Gupta I]] and the [[Licchavis of Vaishali|Lichchhavi]] princess [[Kumaradevi]] likely reflects the already elevated position of the Gupta family, established during the reigns of [[Sri Gupta]] and his son [[Ghatotkacha]]. This interpretation places the origin of the Gupta Empire firmly within a local [[Magadha]]n context, grounded in both political independence and early monetary sovereignty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last1 = Gupta<br /> | first1 = L.C.<br /> | last2 = Mangalam<br /> | first2 = S.J.<br /> | title = Silver Coins of Sri Gupta<br /> | publisher = Numismatic Society of Hyderabad<br /> | year = 1994<br /> | location = Hyderabad<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sTVmAAAAMAAJ<br /> | access-date = 20 June 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to one theory, they originated in the present-day lower-Doab region of [[Uttar Pradesh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=K. |editor1-last=Guand-da |editor1-first=Zhang |editor2-last=Litvinsky |editor2-first=B. |editor3-last=Shabani Samghabadi |editor3-first=R. |chapter=The Gupta Kingdom |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000104612?posInSet=1&amp;queryId=a6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9 |year=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |volume=III |page=188 |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 |quote=On the basis of ... historians have now come to accept the lower doab region as the original homeland of the Guptas |access-date=24 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-alpha name=&quot;GuptaOrigin&quot;/&gt; where most of the inscriptions and coin hoards of the early Gupta emperors have been discovered.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=14}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=39}} The recently found silver coin of [[Gupta (king)|Sri Gupta]] in Uttar Pradesh further attest the origin of Guptas around [[Varanasi|Kāśī]]–[[Kannauj]] region and his rule was only limited to Kāśī (present day [[Varanasi]]).{{sfn|Kumar|2024|p=196}} There also remains a possibility that this Śrīgupta coin was issued by another king.{{sfn|Kumar|2024|p=198}}<br /> <br /> Another theory locates the Gupta homeland in the present-day [[Bengal]] region in Ganges basin, based on the account of the 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]]. According to Yijing, king Che-li-ki-to (identified with the dynasty's founder ''Shri'' [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]) built a temple for Chinese pilgrims near Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no (apparently a transcription of [[Mṛgaśikhāvana|Mriga-shikha-vana]]). Yijing states that this temple was located more than 40 ''[[yojana]]s'' east of [[Nalanda]], which would mean it was situated somewhere in the modern Bengal region.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|pp=7–11}} Another proposal is that the early Gupta kingdom extended from Prayaga in the west to northern Bengal in the east.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=12}}<br /> <br /> The Gupta records do not mention the dynasty's [[varna in Hinduism|varna]] (social class).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=44}} Some historians, such as [[A.S. Altekar]], have theorised that they were of [[Vaishya]] origin, as certain ancient Indian texts prescribe the name &quot;Gupta&quot; for the members of the Vaishya varna.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=82}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=42}} According to historian [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R. S. Sharma]], the Vaishyas – who were traditionally associated with trade – may have become rulers after resisting oppressive taxation by the previous rulers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&amp;pg=PA69 |title=Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation |last=R. S. Sharma |publisher=Orient Longman |year=2003 |isbn=9788125025238 |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326214745/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&amp;pg=PA69 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics of the Vaishya-origin theory point out that the suffix Gupta features in the names of several non-Vaishyas before as well as during the Gupta period,{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1981|p=4}} and the dynastic name &quot;Gupta&quot; may have simply derived from the name of the dynasty's first king [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=40}} Some scholars, such as [[S. R. Goyal]], theorise that the Guptas were [[Brahmins]], because they had matrimonial relations with Brahmins, but others reject this evidence as inconclusive.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=43–44}} Based on the [[Pune]] and Riddhapur inscriptions of the Gupta princess [[Prabhavatigupta]], some scholars believe that the name of her paternal [[gotra]] (clan) was &quot;Dharana&quot;, but an alternative reading of these inscriptions suggests that Dharana was the ''gotra'' of her mother Kuberanaga.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=83}}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{For|historical calendar era|Gupta era}}<br /> <br /> === Early rulers ===<br /> Gupta ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]&lt;sub&gt;[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]&lt;/sub&gt; ''gu-pta'', {{floruit|late 3rd century CE}}) is the earliest known king of the Gupta dynasty. Different historians variously date the beginning of his reign from the mid-to-late 3rd century CE.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=49–55}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=86}} Gupta founded the Gupta Empire {{Circa|240}}-280 CE, and was succeeded by his son, [[Ghatotkacha (king)|Ghatotkacha]], {{Circa|280}}-319 CE, followed by Ghatotkacha's son, [[Chandragupta I]], {{Circa|319}}-335 CE. &quot;Che-li-ki-to&quot;, the name of a king mentioned by the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]], is believed to be a transcription of &quot;[[Shri]]-Gupta&quot; ([[IAST]]: Śrigupta), &quot;Shri&quot; being an honorific prefix.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=84–85}} According to Yijing, this king built a temple for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims near &quot;Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no&quot; (believed to be a transcription of [[Mṛgaśikhāvana]]).{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=79–81}}{{Relevance inline|date=December 2024}}<br /> [[File:Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin of their son Samudragupta 350 380 CE.jpg|thumb|Queen Kumaradevi and King [[Chandragupta I]], depicted on a gold coin|left]]<br /> <br /> In the [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription, Gupta and his successor Ghatotkacha are described as ''[[Maharaja]]'' (&quot;Great King&quot;), while the next king Chandragupta I is called a [[Maharajadhiraja]] (&quot;[[King of Kings|King of Great Kings]]&quot;). In the later period, the title ''Maharaja'' was used by feudatory rulers, which has led to suggestions that Gupta and Ghatotkacha were vassals (possibly of the [[Kushan Empire]]).{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=85}} However, there are several instances of paramount sovereigns using the title ''Maharaja'', in both pre-Gupta and post-Gupta periods, so this cannot be said with certainty. That said, there is no doubt that Gupta and Ghatotkacha held a lower status and were less powerful than Chandragupta I.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1981|pp=6–7}}<br /> <br /> Chandragupta I married the [[Licchavis of Nepal|Licchavi]] princess Kumaradevi, which may have helped him extend his political power and dominions, enabling him to adopt the prestigious title ''Maharajadhiraja''.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1981|p=10}} According to the dynasty's official records, he was succeeded by his son [[Samudragupta]]. However, the discovery of the coins issued by a Gupta emperor named [[Kacha (king)|Kacha]] have led to some debate on this topic: according to one theory, Kacha was another name for Samudragupta; another possibility is that Kacha was a rival claimant to the throne.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=71}}<br /> <br /> ===Samudragupta===<br /> {{Main|Samudragupta}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Maharaja Sri Gupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Gupta script]] inscription ''Maharaja Sri Gupta'' [[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|11px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|11px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]&lt;sub&gt;[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]&lt;/sub&gt; (&quot;Great King, Lord Gupta&quot;), mentioning the first ruler of the dynasty, king [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]. Inscription by [[Samudragupta]] on the [[Allahabad Pillar]], where Samudragupta presents king Gupta as his great-grandfather. Dated circa 350 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[[:File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|Full inscription]], {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403 |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |last=Fleet |first=John Faithfull |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]–17}}&lt;/ref&gt;|right]]<br /> Samudragupta succeeded his father around 335 or 350 CE, and ruled until {{Circa|375}}.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=51–52}} The Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his courtier [[Harisena]], credits him with extensive conquests.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=106–07}} The inscription asserts that Samudragupta uprooted 8 kings of [[Āryāvarta]], the northern region, including the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Nagas]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=114}} It further claims that he subjugated all the kings of the forest region, which was most probably located in central India.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=117}} It also credits him with defeating 12 rulers of [[Dakshinapatha]], the southern region: the exact identification of several of these kings is debated among modern scholars,{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=107}} but it is clear that these kings ruled areas located on the eastern coast of India.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=112}} The inscription suggests that Samudragupta advanced as far as the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] kingdom in the south, and defeated Vishnugopa, the Pallava regent of [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=110}} During this southern campaign, Samudragupta most probably passed through the forest tract of central India, reached the eastern coast in present-day [[Odisha]], and then marched south along the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=80–81}}<br /> <br /> The Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions that rulers of several frontier kingdoms and tribal [[Aristocracy|aristocracies]] paid Samudragupta tributes, obeyed his orders, and performed obeisance before him.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=84}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=343}} These polities and tribes included [[Samatata]], [[Davaka]], [[Kamarupa]], [[Licchavis of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Katyuri kings|Karttripura]],{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=112–18}} [[Malavas]], [[Arjunayanas]], [[Yaudheyas]], [[Madra Kingdom|Madrakas]], and [[Abhira dynasty|Abhiras]].{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=343}}<br /> <br /> The inscription also mentions that several foreign kings tried to please Samudragupta by personal attendance, offered him their daughters in marriage (or according to another interpretation, gifted him maidens{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=125}}), and sought the use of the [[Garuda]]-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.{{sfn|Shankar Goyal|2001|p=168}} However, this is likely an exaggeration, and Samudragupta's panegyrist appears to have described acts of diplomacy as ones of subservience. For example, the King of [[Anuradhapura kingdom|Simhala]] is listed among these foreign rulers, but it is known that from Chinese sources that the Simhala king [[Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura|Meghavarna]] merely sent presents to the Gupta emperor requesting his permission to build a Buddhist monastery; he did not express subservience.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=90}}<br /> <br /> Samudragupta appears to have been [[Vaishnavite]], as attested by his [[Eran]] inscription,{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}}{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}} and performed several [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] ceremonies.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91}} The Gupta records credit him with making generous donations of cows and gold.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}} He performed the [[Ashvamedha]] ritual (horse sacrifice), which was used by the ancient Indian kings and emperors to prove their imperial sovereignty, and issued gold coins (see [[#Coinage|Coinage]] below) to mark this performance.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=125–26}}<br /> <br /> The Allahabad Pillar inscription presents Samudragupta as a wise king and strict administrator, who was also compassionate enough to help the poor and the helpless.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=91, 94}} It also alludes to the king's talents as a musician and a poet, and calls him the &quot;king of poets&quot;.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}} Such claims are corroborated by Samudragupta's gold coins, which depict him playing a [[ancient veena|veena]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}<br /> <br /> Samudragupta appears to have directly controlled a large part of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] in present-day India, as well as a substantial part of central India.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1981|pp=23, 27}} His empire comprised a number of monarchical and tribal tributary states of northern India, and of the south-eastern coastal region of India.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1981|p=22}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=112}}<br /> <br /> === Ramagupta ===<br /> [[File:Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg|thumb|upright|Standing [[Buddha]] in red sandstone, [[Art of Mathura]], Gupta period {{circa|5th century CE}}. [[Mathura Museum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |title=A history of fine art in India and Ceylon, from the earliest times to the present day |date=1911 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart00smit/page/170 170]–171 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart00smit}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> {{Main|Ramagupta}}<br /> <br /> Ramagupta is known from a sixth-century play, the ''[[Devichandragupta]]'', in which he surrenders his queen to the enemy [[Saka]]s, forcing his brother Chandragupta to sneak into the enemy camp to rescue her and kill the Saka king. The historicity of these events is unclear, but Ramagupta's existence is confirmed by three [[Jainism|Jain]] statues found at [[Durjanpur]], with inscriptions referring to him as the ''Maharajadhiraja''. A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the [[Eran]]-[[Vidisha]] region and classified in five distinct types, which include the ''Garuda'',{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=153–59}} ''Garudadhvaja'', ''lion'' and ''border legend'' types. The [[Brahmi]] legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&amp;pg=PA120 |title=Indian Numismatic Studies |last=Bajpai |first=K.D. |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7017-035-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=120–21 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504160827/https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&amp;pg=PA120 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Chandragupta II &quot;Vikramaditya&quot;===<br /> {{Main|Chandragupta II}}<br /> <br /> According to the Gupta records, among his sons, Samudragupta nominated prince Chandragupta II, born of queen [[Dattadevi]], as his successor. Chandragupta II, ''Vikramaditya'' (Brave as the Sun), ruled from 375 until 415. He married a Kadamba princess of [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]] and of Naga lineage (''Nāgakulotpannnā''), Kuberanaga. His daughter [[Prabhavatigupta]] from this Naga queen was married to [[Rudrasena II]], the [[Vakataka]] king of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|H.C. Raychaudhuri|1923|p=489}} His son Kumaragupta I was married to a Kadamba princess of the Karnataka region. Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka [[Western Kshatrapas]] of [[Malwa]], [[History of Gujarat|Gujarat]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in a campaign lasting until 409. His main opponent [[Rudrasimha III]] was defeated by 395, and he crushed the Bengal chiefdoms. This extended his control from coast to coast, established a second capital at [[Ujjain]] and was the high point of the empire.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Kuntala inscriptions indicate rule of Chandragupta II in [[Kuntala country]] of [[History of Karnataka|Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107941|title=Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sacred Rock of Hunza|Hunza inscription]] also indicate that Chandragupta was able to rule north western Indian subcontinent and proceeded to conquer [[Balkh]], although some scholars have also disputed the identity of the Gupta emperor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&amp;q=upinder+singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=480|language=en|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318043350/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&amp;q=upinder+singh|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] king [[Vikramaditya VI]] (r. 1076 – 1126 CE) mentions Chandragupta with his title and states: &quot;Why should the glory of the Kings Vikramaditya and Nanda be a hindrance any longer? He with a loud command abolished that (era), which has the name of Saka, and made that (era) which has the Chalukya counting&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=Benimadhab|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103481|title=Old Brahmi Inscriptions In The Udayagiri And Khandagiri Caves|date=1929}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:Two Gold coins of Chandragupta II.jpg|thumb|right|Gold coins of [[Chandragupta II]]]]<br /> Despite the creation of the empire through war, his reign is remembered for its very influential style of [[Hindu art]], [[Hindu literature|literature]], [[Hindu culture|culture]] and [[Hindu science|science]]. Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh|Dashavatara Temple]] in [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art during his reign. Above all, it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period, the Guptas were supportive of thriving [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] cultures as well, and for this reason, there is also a long history of non-Hindu [[Gupta period art]]. In particular, Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller [[Faxian]] in his diary and published afterwards.<br /> <br /> The court of Chandragupta II was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the ''Navaratna'' (Nine Jewels), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Among these men was [[Kālidāsa]], whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the ''shringara'' (romantic) element in his verse.<br /> <br /> ====Campaigns against foreign tribes====<br /> [[File:Vishnu sculpture.jpg|thumb|upright|Sculpture of Vishnu (red sandstone), 5th century CE.]]<br /> The 4th century [[Sanskrit]] poet [[Kalidasa]] credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the [[Parasika kingdom|Parasika]], then the [[Huna people|Huna]] and [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] tribes located in the west and east [[Oxus]] valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeded into the [[Himalaya]] mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the [[Kinnara kingdom|Kinnaras]], [[Kiratas]], as well as India proper.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raghu Vamsa v 4.60–75&quot;&gt;Raghu Vamsa v 4.60–75&lt;/ref&gt;{{primary source inline|date=August 2016}} In one of his works Kalidasa also credits him with the removal of the [[Saka]]s from the country. He wrote 'Wasn't it Vikramaditya who drove the Sakas out from the lovely city of [[Ujjain]]?'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Brihatkathamanjari'' of the [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] writer [[Kshemendra]] states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had &quot;unburdened the sacred earth of the [[barbarian]]s like the Sakas, [[Mleccha]]s, [[Kambojas]], [[Yavana|Greek]]s, [[Tushara kingdom|Tusharas]], [[Parasika kingdom|Saka-Greeks]], [[Huna people|Hunas]], and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah Mlechchana Kamboja. Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara. Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate (Brahata Katha, 10/1/285-86, Kshmendra).&lt;/ref&gt;{{primary source inline|date=August 2016}}&lt;ref&gt;Kathasritsagara 18.1.76–78&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cf:&quot;In the story contained in Kathasarit-sagara, king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Tokharas and the, National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading – Sanskrit language.&lt;/ref&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=August 2016}}<br /> <br /> ====Faxian====<br /> [[Faxian]], a Chinese [[Buddhist monk]], was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor [[Chandragupta II]]. He started his journey from China in 399 &lt;small&gt;CE&lt;/small&gt; and reached India in 405 &lt;small&gt;CE&lt;/small&gt;. During his stay in India up to 411 &lt;small&gt;CE&lt;/small&gt;, he went on a pilgrimage to [[Mathura]], [[Kannauj]], [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], [[Kushinagar]], [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Pataliputra]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], and [[Rajagriha]], and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration. The penal code was mild, and offences were punished by fines only.&lt;!-- How were these &quot;fines&quot; enforced if not paid? More fines?! Seems implausible. --&gt; From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fa-hsien 1886&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Fa-hsien|url=http://archive.org/details/recordofbuddhist00fahsuoft|title=A record of Buddhistic kingdoms; being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon, A.D. 399–414, in search of the Buddhist books of discipline. Translated and annotated with a Corean recension of the Chinese text|translator-last1=Legge|translator-first1=James|date=1886|publisher=Oxford Clarendon Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Faxian on reaching [[Mathura]] comments––&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;The snow and heat are finely tempered, and there is neither hoarfrost nor snow. The people are numerous and happy. They have not to register their households. Only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay (a portion of) the gain from it. If they want to go, they go. If they want to stay on, they stay on. The king governs without decapitation or (other) corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined according to circumstances. Even in cases of repeated attempts at wicked rebellion, they only have their right-hand cut off. The king's bodyguards &amp; attendants all have salaries. Throughout the whole country, the people do not kill any living creature, not drink any intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fa-hsien 1886&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kumaragupta I===<br /> {{Main|Kumaragupta I}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Silver Coin of Kumaragupta I.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Silver coin of the Gupta Emperor [[Kumaragupta I]] (Coin of his Western territories, design derived from the [[Western Satraps]]).<br /> &lt;br /&gt;''Obv'': Bust of king with crescents, with traces of corrupt Greek script.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of [[Chandragupta II]] is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the [[Western Satraps]]... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya with crescent and star.&quot; in Rapson &quot;A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...&quot;, p. cli&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;''Rev'': [[Garuda]] standing facing with spread wings. Brahmi legend: ''Parama-bhagavata [[rajadhiraja]] Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Virji |first1=krishnakumari J. |title=Ancient History Of Saurashtra |date=1952 |page=225 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57287/page/n249/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son [[Kumara Gupta I|Kumaragupta I]], born of ''Mahadevi'' Dhruvasvamini. Kumaragupta I assumed the title, ''Mahendraditya''.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=191–200}} He ruled until 455. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the [[Narmada]] valley, the [[Pushyamitras]], rose in power to threaten the empire. The [[Kidarites]] as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son [[Skandagupta]] mentions in the [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta|Bhitari pillar inscription]] his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganisation and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the [[Hunas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=K. |editor1-last=Guand-da |editor1-first=Zhang |editor2-last=Litvinsky |editor2-first=B. |editor3-last=Shabani Samghabadi |editor3-first=R. |chapter=The Gupta Kingdom |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000104612?posInSet=1&amp;queryId=a6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9 |year=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |volume=III |page=191 |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the founder of [[Nalanda (university)|Nalanda University]] which on 15 July 2016 was declared as a [[UNESCO world heritage site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://travelnewsindia.com/nalanda-university-ruins/ |title=Nalanda University Ruins {{!}} Nalanda Travel Guide {{!}} Ancient Nalanda Site |date=5 October 2016 |work=Travel News India |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075258/http://travelnewsindia.com/nalanda-university-ruins/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 |language=en-US |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kumaragupta I was also a worshipper of [[Kartikeya]].<br /> <br /> ===Skandagupta===<br /> {{Main|Skandagupta}}<br /> <br /> [[Skandagupta]], son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta emperors. He assumed the titles of ''Vikramaditya'' and ''Kramaditya''.{{sfn|H.C. Raychaudhuri|1923|p=510}} He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading [[Kidarites]] (sometimes described as the [[Hephthalite]]s or &quot;White Huns&quot;, known in India as the [[Huna (people)|Sweta Huna]]), from the northwest.<br /> <br /> He repelled a ''Huna'' attack around 455 CE, but the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of [[Skandagupta]], the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the [[Kidarites]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyun&quot;&gt;The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 [https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT50 pp. 50–]&lt;/ref&gt; The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyun&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother [[Purugupta]].{{sfn|H.C. Raychaudhuri|1923|p=516}}<br /> <br /> ===Decline of the empire===<br /> [[File:Kakandi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jain]] [[tirthankara]] relief [[Parshvanatha]] on [[Kahaum pillar]] erected by person named Madra during the reign of Skandagupta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Tej Ram |title=Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions |date=1978 |page=93 |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151812362491675.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> Following Skandagupta's death, the empire was clearly in decline,&lt;ref&gt;Sachchidananda Bhattacharya, ''Gupta dynasty'', ''A dictionary of Indian history'', (George Braziller, Inc., 1967), 393.&lt;/ref&gt; and the later Gupta coinage indicates their loss of control over much of western India after 467–469.&lt;ref name=gd/&gt; Skandagupta was followed by [[Purugupta]] (467–473), [[Kumaragupta II]] (473–476), [[Budhagupta]] (476–495), [[Narasimhagupta]] (495–530), [[Kumaragupta III]] (530–540), [[Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)|Vishnugupta]] (540–550), two lesser known kings namely, [[Vainyagupta]] and [[Bhanugupta]].<br /> <br /> In the late 490's the [[Alchon Huns]] under [[Toramana]] and [[Mihirakula]] broke through the Gupta defences in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500. According to some scholars the empire disintegrated under the attacks of [[Toramana]] and his successor [[Mihirakula]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas&quot; in {{Cite book|last=Neelis|first=Jason|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&amp;pg=PA162|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of India|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004181595|page=162|language=en|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103112749/https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&amp;pg=PA162|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bakker|first=Hans|title=Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534)|url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory|year=2017|at=Section 4|publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|isbn=978-90-6984-715-3|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111041719/https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Huns. The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by [[Bhanugupta]] in 510.&lt;ref&gt;Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p. 220&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopaedia of Indian Events &amp; Dates by S B. Bhattacherje p. A15&lt;/ref&gt; The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by King [[Yashodharman]] from Malwa, and possibly Gupta emperor [[Narasimhagupta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Columbia Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;''Columbia Encyclopedia''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to [[Classical India|Classical Indian civilisation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Eraly&quot;&gt;The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly [https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&amp;pg=PA48 pp. 48–] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105092116/https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&amp;pg=PA48 |date=5 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after the invasions, the Gupta Empire, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as [[Yashodharman]], ended as well.&lt;ref&gt;Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA221 p. 221]&lt;/ref&gt; Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas.&lt;ref&gt;A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India [https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&amp;pg=PA174 p. 174]&lt;/ref&gt; The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India's trade with [[Europe]] and [[Central Asia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Eraly&quot; /&gt; In particular, [[Indo-Roman trade relations]], which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as [[silk]], leather goods, fur, iron products, [[ivory]], [[pearl]], and pepper from centres such as [[Nasik]], [[Paithan]], [[Pataliputra]], and [[Benares]]. The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> Furthermore, Indian urban culture was left in decline, and [[Buddhism]], gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks by the hand of the vehemently anti-Buddhist [[Shaivism|Shaivist]] Huna king [[Mihirakula]], started to collapse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eraly&quot; /&gt; Great centres of learning were destroyed, such as the city of [[Taxila]], bringing cultural regression.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eraly&quot; /&gt; During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian [[Caste system in India|caste system]]. For example, the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the [[Rajputs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Eraly&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{South Asia in 600 CE||{{center|1=Political fragmentation of South Asia after the retreat of the [[Alchon Huns]] to the northwest and the end of the Gupta Empire, {{Circa|600 CE}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=26, 146 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206162650/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}<br /> The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognised ruler of the dynasty's main line was King [[Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)|Vishnugupta]], reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Huna invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the [[Vakatakas]] and the rise of [[Yashodharman]] in [[Malwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;singh3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |last=Singh |first=Upinder |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |location=New Delhi |page=480 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220004242/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the [[Damudarpur]] copper-plate inscription),&lt;ref&gt;Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions of the Early Gupta emperors) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108395 p. 362]&lt;/ref&gt; in which he makes a land grant in the area of [[Kotivarsha]] ([[Bangarh]] in [[West Bengal]]) in 542/543 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davidson&quot;&gt;Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson [https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&amp;pg=PA31 p. 31] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107154342/https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&amp;pg=PA31 |date=7 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the [[Aulikara]] King Yashodharman {{Circa|532 CE}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davidson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Archaeologist Shanker Sharma concluded, based on a 2019 study, that the cause of the Gupta Empire's downfall was a devastating flood which happened around the middle of the 6th century in [[History of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] and [[History of Bihar|Bihar]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Post-Gupta successor dynasties===<br /> In the heart of the former Gupta Empire, in the Gangetic region, the Guptas were succeeded by the [[Maukhari dynasty]] and the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HPR&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=9781000227932 |pages=161–164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT163 |language=en |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170328/https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT163 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The coinage of the Maukharis and Pushyabhutis followed the silver coin type of the Guptas, with portrait of the ruler in profile (although facing in the reverse direction compared to the Guptas, a possible symbol of antagonism)&lt;ref name=&quot;RST&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Rama S. |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120804043 |page=45 Note 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&amp;pg=PA45 |language=en |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417230246/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&amp;pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the peacock on the reverse, the Brahmi legend being kept except for the name of the ruler.&lt;ref name=&quot;HPR&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the western regions, they were succeeded by [[Gurjaradesa]], the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratiharas]], and later the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]]-[[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] dynasties, who issued so-called [[Indo-Sasanian coinage]], on the model of the [[Sasanian coinage|coinage of the Sasanian Empire]], which had been introduced in India by the Alchon Huns.&lt;ref name=&quot;HPR&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Military ==<br /> [[File: ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg|thumb|An 8 gm gold coin featuring [[Chandragupta II]] astride a caparisoned horse with a bow in his left hand&lt;ref&gt;*{{British-Museum-db|1910,0403.26|3137724}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> In contrast to the [[Maurya Empire]], the Guptas introduced several military innovations to Indian warfare. Chief among these was the use of [[siege engine]]s, heavy [[Mounted archery|cavalry archers]] and heavy sword cavalry. [[Heavy cavalry]] formed the core of the Gupta Army and were supported by the traditional Indian Army elements of [[war elephant]]s and [[light infantry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ |title=Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-74270-0 |page=56 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The utilisation of horse archers in the Gupta period is evidenced on the coinage of [[Chandragupta II]], [[Kumaragupta I]] and Prakasaditya (postulated to be [[Purugupta]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C |title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times |last=Ganguly |first=Dilip Kumar |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170172222 |page=92 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814151215/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; that depicts the kings as horse-archers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ |title=Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-74270-0 |page=57 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.110150/2015.110150.The-Military-System-In-Ancient-India_djvu.txt |title=The military system in ancient India |last=Majumdar |first=Bimal Kanti |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |edition=2 |page=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There is a paucity of contemporary sources detailing the tactical operations of the Imperial Gupta Army. The best extant information comes from the Sanskrit mahakavya (epic poem) [[Raghuvaṃśa]] written by the Classical Sanskrit writer and dramatist [[Kalidasa]]. Many modern scholars put forward the view that Kalidasa lived from the reign of Chandragupta II to the reign of [[Skandagupta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sueiThBrP4gC&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works |last=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1969 |isbn=9788171544684 |pages=1–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ram Gopal. p.14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8fBQ5vH34gC&amp;pg=PR7 |title=Works of Kālidāsa |last=C. R. Devadhar |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1999 |isbn=9788120800236 |volume=1 |pages=vii–viii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Gaurīnātha Śāstrī |year=1987 |title=A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=77–78 |isbn=978-81-208-0027-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; and that the campaigns of Raghu – his protagonist in the Raghuvaṃśa – reflect those of Chandragupta II.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ |title=Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-74270-0 |page=58 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canto IV of the Raghuvamsa, Kalidasa relates how the king's forces clash against the powerful, cavalry-centric, forces of the Persians and later the Yavanas (probably Huns) in the North-West. Here he makes special mention of the use horse-archers in the king's army and that the horses needed much rest after the hotly contested battles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/raghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft/page/112 |title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa |last=Kale |first=Moreshwar Ramchandra |date=1922 |publisher=P.S. Rege |location=Canto IV}}&lt;/ref&gt; The five arms of the Gupta military included infantry, cavalry, [[Ratha|chariotry]], [[War elephant|elephantry]] and [[History of the Indian Navy|ships]]. ''Gunaighar'' copper plate inscription of [[Vainyagupta|Vainya Gupta]] mentions ships but not chariots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Bimal Kanti Majumdar |year=1949 |title=Military Pursuits and National Defence Under the Second Magadhan Empire |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=12 |pages=105–109 |jstor=44140516}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religion==<br /> [[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath]] from the Gupta era, 5th century CE]]<br /> The Guptas were traditionally a [[Hindu]] dynasty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&amp;pg=PA521 p. 521]&lt;/ref&gt; They were patronizers of [[Brahmanism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=St-pierre |first=Paul |title=In Translation – Reflections, Refractions, Transformations |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2007 |page=159}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wangu |first=Madhu Bazaz |title=Images of Indian Goddesses |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2003 |page=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=O'Brien-Kop |first=Karen |title=Rethinking 'Classical Yoga' and Buddhism |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bala |first=Poonam |title=Medicine and Medical Policies in India |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2007 |page=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; and allowed followers of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to practice their religions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mookerji&quot;&gt;The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&amp;pg=PA133 pp. 133–] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042651/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&amp;pg=PA133 |date=17 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sanchi]] remained an important centre of Buddhism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mookerji&quot; /&gt; [[Kumaragupta I]] (455 &lt;small&gt;CE&lt;/small&gt;) is said to have founded [[Nalanda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mookerji&quot; /&gt; Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practising/enforcing [[endogamy]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/|title=The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes|first=Annalee|last=Newitz|date=25 January 2016|website=Ars Technica|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015347/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted [[Buddhism]]. [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] ({{Circa|495}}–?), according to contemporary writer [[Paramartha]], was brought up under the influence of the [[Mahayanist]] philosopher, [[Vasubandhu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot; /&gt; He built a [[sangharama]] at [[Nalanda]] and also a {{convert|300|feet|abbr=on}} high [[vihara]] with a [[Buddha statue]] within which, according to [[Xuanzang]], resembled the &quot;great Vihara built under the [[Bodhi tree]]&quot;. According to the ''[[Manjushrimulakalpa]]'' ({{Circa|800 CE}}), King Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism|Dhyana]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot; /&gt; The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, &quot;possessed a heart firm in faith&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sankalia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ |title=The University of Nālandā |last=Sankalia |first=Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal |publisher=B.G. Paul &amp; Co. |year=1934 |author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia |oclc=30352807 |access-date=27 July 2017 |archive-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|45}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sdutt&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C |title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture |last=Sukumar Dutt |publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-208-0498-2 |orig-year=First published in 1962 |access-date=27 July 2017 |archive-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232744/https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|330}}<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> {{Continental Asia in 420 CE|left|The Gupta Empire and other polities {{Circa|420 CE}}.||Map of the Gupta Empire circa 420 CE.png}}<br /> <br /> A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta Empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom. It was divided into 26 provinces, which were called ''Bhukti'', ''Desha'' or ''Rajya''. Provinces were also divided into ''[[vishaya]]s'' or ''pradeshas'' (districts) and put under the control of ''Vishayapati''s (district [[Pati (title)|lords]]). A ''Vishayapati'' administered the ''Vishaya'' with the help of the ''Adhikarana'' (council of representatives), which comprised four representatives: ''Nagarasreshesthi'', ''Sarthavaha'', ''Prathamakulika'' and ''Prathama Kayastha''. A part of the ''Vishaya'' was called ''Vithi''.{{sfn|Vidya Dhar Mahajan|1990|pp=530–31}} The Gupta also had trading links with the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Empires.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} The four-fold varna system was observed under the Gupta period but occupations were not rigidly constrained by caste. Some Brahmins followed non-Brahmanical professions. Kshatriyas were often involved in trade and commerce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PG235 |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |edition=2nd |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |page=235}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Urban centres ===<br /> Gupta administration proved to be highly conducive for the rapid growth of urban centres. The principal and original capital of the Gupta Empire is regarded to be [[Pataliputra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarty&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Chakrabarty |first=Dilip K. |title=The Re-emergence of the Gangetic Orbit and the Regional Power Centres C. AD 300 to C. AD 800 |date=2010-10-18 |work=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India |editor-last= |editor-first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ|access-date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199088324 |quote=Magadha and its capital Pataliputra come back into focus under the Gupta dynasty. Initially, the dynasty establishes its base by coming into a matrimonial alliance with the Lichchhavis of Vaisali or north Bihar. At this stage, it is likely that the Gupta power was stretched along the northern and southern banks of the Ganga in modern Bihar.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the fifth century, the capital was moved to [[Ayodhya]] under either [[Kumaragupta]] or [[Skandagupta]].&lt;ref name=AyodhyaKasi&gt;{{cite book|quote=The importance of this identification lies in the fact that it proves that the immediate successors of Skanda Gupta had a capital at Ayodhyā probably till the rise of the Maukharis. If the spurious Gayā plate is to be believed Ayodhyā was the seat of a Gupta jaya-skandhāvāra, or 'camp of victory,' as early as the time of Samudra Gupta. The principal capital of Bālāditya and his successors appears to have been Kāśī.|first=Hemchandra|last=Raychaudhuri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|title=Political History of Ancient India|page=496|date=2006|publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0291-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MookerjiAyodhKasi&gt;{{cite book|quote=the successors of Chandra Gupta II set up their capital at Ayodhyā. It also appears from the Sarnath Stone inscription of Prakațāditya (Fleet, No. 79) that they had another capital at Kāśī.|first=Radhakumud |last=Mookerji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|page=52|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0089-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BakkerAyodhya&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hans T. Bakker |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=24 |number=2 |year=1982 |doi=10.1163/000000082790081267 |s2cid=161957449 |page=105 |quote=During the reign of either the emperor Kumāragupta or, more probably, that of his successor Skandagupta (AD 455–467), the capital of the empire was moved from Pāțaliputra to Ayodhyā...}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]] took personal interest in the development of [[Ujjain]] as a major cultural center after its conquest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dandekar |first=R. N. |date=1960 |title=Some Aspects of the Gupta Civilization: Economic Conditions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929739 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=20 |issue=1/4 |pages=108–115 |jstor=42929739 |issn=0045-9801}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kāśī]] is sometimes considered by some scholars to have been a capital, either as the original capital,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mN0UEQAAQBAJ |title=Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India |date=18 July 2024 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-80327-796-7 |edition=2nd |page=196 |language=en |quote=In the Allahabad Pillar Inscription, line 28, Śrīgupta is referred to as &quot;the prosperous Mahārāja Śrīgupta.&quot; As a minor ruler of a small territory primarily centered around Kāśī (present day Vārāņasī), it is possible that he would have issued only coins in silver for local consumption.}}&lt;/ref&gt; the principal late 6th-century capital&lt;ref name=AyodhyaKasi/&gt; or a minor later capital.&lt;ref name=MookerjiAyodhKasi/&gt; The Chinese author [[Faxian]] described [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] as a prosperous country with rich towns and large populations.<br /> <br /> ==&lt;span id='Legacy of the Gupta Empire'&gt;Legacy&lt;/span&gt;==<br /> <br /> === Mathematics ===<br /> [[Indian mathematics]] flourished in the Gupta Empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yau |first=Shing-Tung |date=2013 |title=The Past, Present and Future of Mathematics in China and India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/iccm.2013.v1.n2.a11 |journal=Notices of the International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–108 |doi=10.4310/iccm.2013.v1.n2.a11 |issn=2326-4810}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Indian numerals]] which were the first [[positional]] [[base 10]] [[numeral systems]] in the world originated from Gupta India. The [[Surya Siddhanta]] contains the Sine table.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Deva Shastri |first=Pundit Bapu |title=Translation of the Surya Siddhanta |year=1861 |pages=15–16}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aryabhata]] wrote the ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'', making significant contributions to mathematics including developing a [[Place value system]], an approximation of π of 4 decimal places, trigonometric functions, and [[Squared triangular number]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=George. Ifrah |title=A Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer |date=1998 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Boyer |first=Carl B. |author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/207 |title=A History of Mathematics |date=1991 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. |isbn=0-471-54397-7 |edition=Second |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/207 207] |chapter=The Mathematics of the Hindus |quote=He gave more elegant rules for the sum of the squares and cubes of an initial segment of the positive integers. The sixth part of the product of three quantities consisting of the number of terms, the number of terms plus one, and twice the number of terms plus one is the sum of the squares. The square of the sum of the series is the sum of the cubes. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Varāhamihira]] wrote the ''[[Pancha-siddhantika|Pancha Siddhanta]]'' developing various formulas relating [[sine and cosine]] functions.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=4}} [[Yativṛṣabha]] made contributions on units of measurement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ikeyama 2007 1251&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Ikeyama |first=Setsuro |title=Yativṛṣabha |date=2007 |pages=1251 |editor-last=Hockey |editor-first=Thomas |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1513 |access-date=5 May 2021 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1513 |isbn=978-0-387-30400-7 |editor2-last=Trimble |editor2-first=Virginia |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Thomas R. |editor4-last=Bracher |editor4-first=Katherine |encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Virahanka]] described [[Fibonacci sequence|Fibonacci numbers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Parmanand |date=1985 |title=The so-called fibonacci numbers in ancient and medieval India |journal=Historia Mathematica |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=229–244 |doi=10.1016/0315-0860(85)90021-7 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ikeyama 2007 1251&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Astronomy ===<br /> [[Indian astronomy]] also saw progress in this era. The [[Hindu calendar#Weekday/Vāsara|names of the seven days in a week]] appeared at the start of the Gupta period based on [[Hindu deities]] and [[Navagraha|planets]] corresponding to the Roman names.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalal2010p89&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=89}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aryabhata]] made several contributions such as assigning the start of each day to midnight.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayashi08Aryabhata&quot;&gt;Hayashi (2008), ''Aryabhata I''&lt;/ref&gt; the earth's rotation on its axis, westward motion of the stars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayashi08Aryabhata&quot; /&gt; Aryabhata also mentioned that reflected sunlight is the cause behind the shining of the Moon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayashi08Aryabhata&quot; /&gt; In his book, Aryabhata, he suggested that the Earth was sphere, containing a circumference of 24,835 miles (39,967&amp;nbsp;km).&lt;ref&gt;Indian Astronomy. (2013). In D. Leverington, ''Encyclopedia of the history of Astronomy and Astrophysics''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupaaa/indian_astronomy/0&lt;/ref&gt; [[Varāhamihira]] approximates the method for determination of the meridian direction from any three positions of the shadow using a [[gnomon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;abraham08&quot;&gt;Abraham (2008)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Medicine ===<br /> The [[Sushruta Samhita]], which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of [[Ayurveda]] medicine with innovative chapters on surgery, dates to the Gupta period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Champaneria |first1=Manish C. |last2=Workman |first2=Adrienne D. |last3=Gupta |first3=Subhas C. |date=July 2014 |title=Sushruta: Father of Plastic Surgery |journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=2–7 |doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ae9f5 |pmid=23788147}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Metallurgy and Engineering ===<br /> [[File:Smiling Buddha (4995358503).jpg|thumb|upright|The Gupta bronze [[Helgö Buddha]] reached [[Sweden]] along the [[Silk Road]], between the 6th and 8th century CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hicks |first1=Dan |last2=Beaudry |first2=Mary C. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies |date=2 September 2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-921871-4 |page=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soqnmu9-rnMC&amp;pg=PA230 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> The [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Iron Pillar of Delhi]] is highly resistant to [[corrosion]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;home.iitk.ac.in2&quot;&gt;[http://home.iitk.ac.in/%7Ebala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_17.pdf ''On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar''], R. Balasubramaniam, ''Corrosion Science'', Volume 42 (2000) pp. 2103 to 2129. ''Corrosion Science'' is a publication specialized in corrosion science and engineering.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Yoshio Waseda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_clmVK12YsC&amp;q=iron+pillar+not+corrosive&amp;pg=PR7 |title=Characterization of corrosion products on steel surfaces |author2=Shigeru Suzuki |publisher=Springer |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-540-35177-1 |page=vii}}&lt;/ref&gt; The corrosion resistance results from an even layer of [[Water of crystallization|crystalline]] [[iron(III)]] hydrogen phosphate [[hydrate]] forming on the high-[[phosphorus]]-content iron, which serves to protect it from the effects of the corrosion&lt;ref name=&quot;home.iitk.ac.in2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer&quot;/&gt; The earliest evidence of the [[cotton gin]] was found in the fifth century, in the form of [[Buddhist]] paintings depicting a single-roller gin in the [[Ajanta Caves]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LakGin&quot;&gt;[[Cotton gin#Lakwete|Lakwete]], 1–6.&lt;/ref&gt; The gins consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood.&lt;ref name=&quot;LakGin&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Education ===<br /> Various [[Mahavihara]] operated throughout the Gupta Empire serving as centuries of education.&lt;ref&gt;''Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.'' by Dutt, Sukumar. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1962. pg 352-3&lt;/ref&gt; Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ingalls |first=Daniel H. H. |date=1976 |title=Kālidāsa and the Attitudes of the Golden Age |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/599886 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |doi=10.2307/599886 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=599886|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Literature ===<br /> The highest point of [[Sanskrit literature]] is also said to have belonged to this period.&lt;ref name=&quot;CR_2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Chandra Rajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0RWnRKTWp0C&amp;pg=PT267 |title=The Loom Of Time |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2005 |isbn=9789351180104 |pages=268–274}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Harisena]] was an early writer of [[Kāvya]] poetry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Keith1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Keith |first=Arthur Berriedale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uiAAAAAIAAJ |title=A History of Sanskrit literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1966 |pages=76–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; his works include ''Apabramsa Dharmapariksa'', ''Karpuraprakara'' (''Suktavall''), the medical treatise ''Jagatsundari-Yogamaladhikara'', ''Yasodharacanta'', ''Astahnikakatha'' and ''Brhatkathakosa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&amp;pg=PA90 |title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 |page=90}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Amarasimha]] wrote various on Sanskrit grammar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rice19702&quot;&gt;''Amarakosha'' compiled by [[Benjamin L. Rice|B. L. Rice]], edited by N. Balasubramanya, 1970, page X&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kalidasa]], a playwright, wrote plays such as the [[Abhijnanashakuntalam]] and [[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6miC3HNB90oC |title=The Recognition of Sakuntala: A Play In Seven Acts |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780191606090 |pages=ix |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022174122/https://books.google.com/books?id=6miC3HNB90oC |archive-date=22 October 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bhartṛhari]] published major works including the ''[[Trikāṇḍī]]'' and ''[[Śatakatraya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cornille |first=Catherine |url= |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue |date=8 June 2020 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-1-119-57259-6 |pages=199 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;''<br /> <br /> === Leisure ===<br /> [[Chess]] is said to have developed in this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last=Murray<br /> | first=H.J.R.<br /> | author-link=H. J. R. Murray<br /> | title=A History of Chess<br /> | publisher=Oxford University Press<br /> | year=1962<br /> | orig-year=First published 1913<br /> | oclc=13472872<br /> | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchess00murr<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its early form in the 6th century, ''[[chaturanga|{{IAST|caturaṅga}}]]'', which translates as &quot;four divisions [of the military]&quot; ([[infantry]], [[cavalry]], [[Ratha|chariotry]], and [[war elephant|elephantry]]), was represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, rook, and bishop respectively. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed surgical operations. The ancient Gupta text [[Kama Sutra]] by the Indian scholar [[Vatsyayana]] is widely considered to be the standard work on [[human sexual behaviour]] in Sanskrit literature.<br /> <br /> === Art and architecture ===<br /> {{Main|Gupta art}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;<br /> Sanchi_temple_17.jpg|A [[tetrastyle]] [[prostyle]] Gupta period temple at [[Sanchi]] besides the Apsidal hall with [[Maurya]] foundation, an example of [[Buddhist architecture]] and [[Hindu architecture]].&lt;ref&gt;Harle, 111;&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date=March 2023}}{{sfn|Rowland|1967|pp=219-220}}{{sfn|Michell|1988|p=94}} 5th century CE.<br /> File:KITLV 87946 - Unknown - Pataini temple in British India - 1897.tif|[[Pataini temple]] is a Jain temple built during the Gupta period.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of North [[Indian art]] for all the major religious groups. Although painting was evidently widespread, the surviving works are almost all religious sculptures. The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone deity in Hindu art, as well as the Buddha-figure and [[Jain]] ''[[tirthankara]]'' figures, the latter often on a very large scale. The two great centres of sculpture were [[Mathura]] and [[Gandhara]], the latter the centre of [[Greco-Buddhist art]]. Both exported sculpture to other parts of northern India.<br /> <br /> The most famous remaining monuments in a broadly Gupta style, the caves at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]], and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] (respectively Buddhist, Hindu, and mixed including Jain) were in fact produced under later dynasties, but primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Gupta style. Ajanta contains by far the most significant survivals of painting from this and the surrounding periods, showing a mature form which had probably had a long development, mainly in painting palaces.{{sfn|J.C. Harle|1994|pp=118–22, 123–26, 129–35}} The Hindu [[Udayagiri Caves]] actually record connections with the dynasty and its ministers,{{sfn|J.C. Harle|1994|pp=92–97}} and the [[Vishnu Temple, Deogarh|Dashavatara Temple]] at [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] is a major temple, one of the earliest to survive, with important sculpture.{{sfn|J.C. Harle|1994|pp=113–14}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;170&quot; heights=&quot;170&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Vishnu Hood2 Deogarh.jpg|[[Vishnu]] reclining on the serpent [[Shesha]] (Ananta), [[Dashavatara Temple]] 5th century<br /> File:SFEC BritMus Asia 030.JPG|Buddha from [[Sarnath]], 5–6th century CE<br /> File:Elephanta tourists.jpg|The Colossal [[trimurti]] at the [[Elephanta Caves]]<br /> File:Ajanta Padmapani.jpg|Painting of [[Padmapani]] Cave 1 at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]]<br /> File:Mukhalinga.JPG|The [[Shiva]] ''[[mukhalinga]]'' (faced-[[lingam]]) from the [[Bhumara Temple]]<br /> File:Nalraja fort chilapata.jpg|Nalrajar Garh fortification wall in [[Chilapata Forests]], [[West Bengal]], is one of the last surviving fortification remains from the Gupta period, currently 5–7 m high<br /> File:Nalanda University India ruins.jpg|[[Nalanda University]] was first established under Gupta Empire<br /> File:Gupt kalin mandir bhitargaon.jpg|[[Bhitargaon|Bitargaon temple]] from the Gupta period provide one of the earliest examples of pointed arches anywhere in the world<br /> File:Ajanta-3-aurangabad.jpg|Ajanta caves from Gupta era<br /> File:MET DT5237 (cropped).jpg|Krishna fighting the horse demon [[Keshi (demon)|Keshi]], 5th century<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Family tree and list of rulers ==<br /> {{main|List of Gupta emperors}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal bar|India|History}}<br /> {{History of India|File:Meister_des_Mahâjanaka_Jâtaka_001.jpg}}<br /> * [[Abhira-Gupta dynasty (Nepal)]]<br /> * [[Uchchhakalpa dynasty]]<br /> * [[Pax Gupta]]<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> {{notelist|group=lower-alpha|35em|refs=<br /> &lt;ref group=lower-alpha name=&quot;GuptaOrigin&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;span id=&quot;GuptaOriginNote&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> '''Gupta's origin:'''<br /> *Bihar :<br /> **{{harvtxt|Chakrabarty|2010|p=70}}: &quot;Magadha and its capital Pataliputra come back into focus under the Gupta dynasty. Initially, the dynasty establishes its base by coming into a matrimonial alliance with the Lichchhavis of Vaisali or north Bihar. At this stage, it is likely that the Gupta power was stretched along the northern and southern banks of the Ganga in modern Bihar.&quot; <br /> **{{harvtxt|Mackay|2006|p=29}}: &quot;A Magadha (Bihar) kingdom, with its capital at Patna, emerged in the late 3rd century AD under Srigupta founder of a dynasty that lasted for 300 years. His grandson, Chandragupta 1 (305-25), created the splendid Gupta Empire.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Brown|1999|p=41}}: &quot;The territory which the Guptas are first found ruling lay near Pāțaliputra, the modern Patna; it was much enlarged by one Gupta, on the decline of the Kushāņa power in its eastern territories.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Higham|2014|p=121}}: &quot;The Gupta empire had its genesis under King Srigupta (270-290 C.E.), who ruled one of the many small kingdoms in the Ganga (Ganges) Valley in India from his capital at Pataliputra.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Thapar|2013|p=360}}: &quot;There is some evidence of interest during the Gupta period in forms created during Mauryan times. This may have arisen from a curiosity about antecedent dynasties and their artifacts, originating in approximately the same area in which the beginnings of Gupta power were located. For both the Mauryas and the Guptas, Pāțaliputra was an important city.&quot;<br /> *Magadha :<br /> **{{harvtxt|Gupta|1994|p=8}}: &quot;the historicity of Sri Gupta's political career around Magadha.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Ishikawa|2020|p=156}}: &quot;Ruling from the Magadha Kingdom in the lower Gangetic Valley, the imperial Guptas were the second pan-Indian state in history.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Hart-Davis|2010|p=125}}: &quot;the region of Magadha gave birth to another great dynasty and empire, the Guptas.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Kumar Maity|1975|p=7}}: &quot;the founder of this dynasty was Mahārāja Sri Gupta who was apparently a subordinate ruler and ruling somewhere near Magadha.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Keay|2000|p=134}}: &quot;Sri Gupta was probably not a Buddhist but was raja of some minor polity near or within erstwhile Magadha.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Jha|1998|p=148}}: &quot;Guptas... political control in the region of Magadha.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Bemmann|2015|p=659}}: &quot;The royal dynasty of the Gupta had its origin in the central Ganges plain.&quot;<br /> *Uttar Pradesh :<br /> ** {{harvtxt|Agrawal|2016|p=1}}: &quot;The origin has been variously traced to Magadha in Bihar, Murshidabad in West Bengal, and eastern Uttar Pradesh. [....] The last two identifications are based on the account of the travels of the Chinese pilgrim Yijing (I-Tsing), who visited India in the last quarter of the 7th century. He states that a king named Che-li-ki-to (Shri-Gupta) built a temple for the Chinese pilgrims at a place called Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no. According to the translation given by S. Beal, it was located 40 stages east of Nalanda when traveling along the Ganges, which would bring one to the Murshidabad district of West Bengal. However, this can easily be ruled out as the Puranas do not include West Bengal in early possessions of the Guptas. In the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta, Bengal is described as a frontier kingdom. There is no evidence of Gupta rule in Bengal before the beginning of the 5th century. On the basis of the same account of the Chinese traveler, Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no has been identified with Mrigashikhavana (Sarnath), [....] This is vouched for by the recent discovery of an inscribed image of the Buddhist goddess Hariti from Sarnath, installed by King Gupta.&quot;<br /> ** {{harvtxt|Goyal|1967|pp=44–52}}: &quot;We ourselves have tackled the problem of the original home of the Guptas from an entirely different angle, and out approach has led us to conclude that they originally belonged to the eastern part of the U. P. [...] This conclusion is consonant with the facts that at least two hoards of the Gupta gold coins and five out of the eight inscriptions of the early Gupta period including the famous prasasti of Samudragupta, have been found crowded at or in the vicinity of Prayaga alone.&quot;<br /> ** {{harvtxt|Kumar|2024|p=1}}: &quot;The original home of the Guptas was the Kāśī–Kannauj region, Uttar Pradesh. Sealings and coins attributed to Śrīgupta have been found mostly in the Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjāb region.&quot;<br /> **{{harvtxt|Khandalavala|1991|p=1}}: &quot;The progenitor of this dynasty was one named Gupta whose territory probably existed in the districts of Varanasi and Ghazipur.&quot;<br /> ** {{harvtxt|Sharma|1989|pp=39–40}}: &quot;The cumulative evidence so far available supports the theory that some region in Uttar Pradesh, most probably Eastern Uttar Pradesh, was the original home of the Guptas.&quot;<br /> ** {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=R.S. |title=India's Ancient Past |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-568785-9 |page=242 |quote=UP therefore seems to have been the place from where the Guptas operated and fanned out in different directions. Probably with their centre of power at Prayag.}}<br /> **{{harvtxt|Zhang|1996|p=26}}: &quot;Many authorities on Gupta history believe that they came from Magadha or northern Bengal... historians have now come to accept the lower Doab region as the original home of the Guptas.&quot;<br /> *Bengal : <br /> **{{harvtxt|Ganguly|1987|p=19}}: &quot;The Guptas, as is evident from the aforesaid discussion, laid the foundation of their kingdom in what was called the Magadha-[[Varendra|Varendra region]] in ancient times.&quot;<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{Refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC }}<br /> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |title=Gupta Empire |date=2016 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Empire |pages=1–11 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe251 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe251 |url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Khandalavala |first=Karl J. |title=The Golden Age Gupta Art: Empire, Province, and Influence |date=1991 |publisher=Marg Publications |isbn=978-81-85026-14-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_HVAAAAMAAJ }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Bemmann |first=Jan |title=Complexity of Interaction Along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE |date=2015 |publisher=Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie |chapter=The Gupta Empire in the Face of the Hun Threat: Parallels to the Late Roman Empire? |pages=659–669 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34556231 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&amp;pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108040744/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&amp;pg=PA315 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&amp;pg=PP1 |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108201608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&amp;pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=H.C. Raychaudhuri |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1923}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=J.C. Harle |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=R.C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 |pages=17–52 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms |url=https://archive.org/details/hindutempleintro0000mich |url-access=registration |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1977 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Pletcher |first1=Kenneth |title=The History of India |year=2011 |publisher= Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Rowland |first1=Benjamin |title=The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000rowl_r2z2/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |year=1967 |orig-year=First published 1953 |edition=3rd |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-056102-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Shankar Goyal |title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111224901/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Varāhamihira and His Times |year=1991 |publisher=Kusumanjali |oclc=28644897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&amp;pg=PA50 |year=1989 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113155014/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&amp;pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |year=1990 |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ |publisher=State Mutual Book &amp; Periodical Service |isbn=978-0-7855-1191-5 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA343 |year=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110123751/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA343 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{citation|last=Stein|first=B.|author-link=Burton Stein|editor-last=Arnold|editor-first=D.|year=2010 |title=A History of India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|place=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Guang-da |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization: A.D. 250 to 750 |date=31 December 1996 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC }}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{EB1911 poster|Gupta}}<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> *{{Commons category-inline|Gupta Empire}}<br /> * [http://coinindia.com/galleries-gupta.html Coins of Gupta Empire]<br /> <br /> {{Middle kingdoms of India}}<br /> {{Empires}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta Empire}}<br /> [[Category:Gupta Empire| ]]<br /> [[Category:3rd-century establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:6th-century disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Dynasties of India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu states]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in the 240s]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 570s]]<br /> [[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Prayagraj]]<br /> [[Category:Ayodhya]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient Indian dynasties]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dattaji_Rao_Scindia&diff=470297 2026-03-24T14:43:00Z

<p>LouieWebb342: adjust section additionally</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Maratha general (1723–1760)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = ''[[Sardar]]''<br /> | name = Dattaji Shinde (Scindia)<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Scindia]]<br /> | image = Dattaji Rao Scindia.jpg<br /> | caption = Dattaji Shinde (Scindia)<br /> | birth_date = {{circa|1723}}<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1760|1|10|1723|||df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | allegiance = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|20px]] [[Maratha Empire]]<br /> | branch = <br /> | serviceyears = <br /> | rank = <br /> | unit = <br /> | commands = <br /> | battles = *[[Battle of Delhi (1757)]]<br /> *Battle of Merta (1755)<br /> *Battle of Sindhkhed (1757)<br /> *Maratha-Nizam War (1751–52)<br /> *[[Northern Conquest of Raghunath Rao]]<br /> *[[Battle of Taraori (1759)]]<br /> *[[Battle of Barari Ghat]]{{KIA}}<br /> | awards = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | relations = [[Ranoji Shinde]] (father)&lt;br&gt;[[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]] (brother)&lt;br&gt;[[Jankoji Rao Scindia]] (nephew)&lt;br&gt;[[Jyotiba Rao Scindia]] (brother)&lt;br&gt;[[Tukoji Rao Scindia]] (halfbrother)&lt;br&gt;[[Mahadji Shinde]] (halfbrother)<br /> }}<br /> '''Dattaji Rao Shinde''', also known as '''Dattaji Rao Scindia''', (c. 1723 &amp;ndash; 10 January 1760) was the second son of [[Ranoji Rao Shinde]] and Maina Bai, alias Nimba Bai. His elder brother was [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia|Jayappaji Rao Shinde]] and his younger brother was Jyotiba.&lt;ref&gt;Abhas Verma, &quot;Third Battle of Panipat&quot;, Bhartiya Kala Prakashan, {{ISBN|9788180903397}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Dattajirao was the elder half-brother of [[Mahadaji Shinde]], who later became the confederacy head of [[Gwalior]] princely state, famous fabricator of the Great Maratha Resurrection of 1771, and also the regent for his nephew [[Jankoji Rao Scindia|Jankoji Rao Shinde]], from 1755 until Jankoji's death in 1761.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}<br /> <br /> ==Battle with Afghans and death==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=February 2023}}<br /> [[Balaji Baji Rao]], also called Nanasaheb Peshwa, gave Dattaji Rao command of the subjugated [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]] and [[Subah of Multan|Multan]] provinces, with an army of 18,000 cavalry to stop the Afghan invasion led by [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]], also called Ahmad Shah Abdali. The Marathas had captured the forts of [[Attock]] and [[Peshawar]] in 1757–1758, and wanted to expand their rule up to [[Kabul]], [[Kandahar]] and the Afghanistan-Iran border. After many centuries since 1020, when [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], head of the [[Ghaznavids]], had defeated the Hindu ruler [[Trilochanapala|Trilochanpala]] and [[Hindu Shahis|Hindushahi]] of ancient Gandhar and Punjab regions, Hindu rule had returned to the entire [[Indus River]] region.<br /> <br /> After the fiercest battles in Lahore and Multan area, the victorious [[Raghunath Rao]], returned to [[Delhi]] and then to [[Pune]] without appointing the range commanders, for the Lahore and Multan regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |publisher=New Dawn Press Inc |year=2005 |isbn=9781932705546 |pages=258}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wasn't much interested to settle down and rule in this region permanently, away from the luxuries of Pune, their own seat and throne area. Eventually, this proved as a historical mistake of the Grand Maratha Confederation Army's top leadership.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}<br /> <br /> In March 1759, Dattaji Rao Shinde, reached [[Machhiwara]] with a massive army, of approximate 40,000 cavalry men, but just like Raghunath Rao, Dattajirao also did not want to settle down in Punjab on permanent basis, as he was fully determined to root out the main enemy of the Maratha empire then, i.e. [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] [[Rohilla]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} He wrote an intimation letter to the Nanasaheb Peshwa in Pune, and deployed Sabajirao Shinde to take over the [[Maratha]] garrisons of [[Punjab]] with the assistance of Bapu Rao and Dadu Rao Shinde. Dattajirao himself went to fight with Najib Khan Rohilla, in the [[Doaba|Doab]], popularly known as the Antarvedi area.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} But due to the absence of Sabajirao Shinde in [[Rohtas Fort]], the Afghans under General Jahan Khan attacked and captured both [[Attock]] and [[Rohtas Fort]] and won those back again from the Marathas. Sabajirao Shinde and local [[Sikhs]] rallied and defeated Afghans in Battle of Lahore, (1759). Afghan General Jahan Khan lost his only son in this battle and once again, Afghans retreated to Kabul. This victory of Marathas at Lahore, made Ahmad Shah Abdali more aggressive and hugely upset. Then Afghans and [[Rohilla]] allied and sent Jahan Khan with the massive army of 60,000 cavalry. Jahan Khan captured [[Attock]] and [[Peshawar]] again by defeating the Maratha garrisons decisively. General Jahan Khan then defeated Triyambak Rao's platoon size army of 6,000 men stationed at [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] and Abdali moved towards south [[Punjab]] immediately. They captured [[Lahore]], capital of Punjab.<br /> <br /> Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Dattaji's party of 2,500 men, outside Delhi, before the main battle. After this skirmish, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Abdali]] regrouped with [[Najib ad-Dawlah]], and Dattajirao retreated in to the Delhi fort, for rearranging the Maratha garrison for the main battle. Ahmad Shah Abdali then allied with the 60,000 army of Najib-ud-Daula, and together with approximately 1,20,000 men,{{efn|this number is 120,000 [1 [[lakh]] and 20 thousand men]}} they attacked on Dattajirao at final time. On 10 January 1760, in the Battle of Buradi Ghat, also known as the Burrari, or Barari Ghat, on the banks of river [[Yamuna]], near [[Delhi]], Dattaji's outnumbered army was totally defeated and then he was beheaded, by the [[Mian Qutb Shah|Mian Qutub Shah]] and [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] Rohilla.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_SB95ZA-_cC&amp;dq=dattaji&amp;pg=PA85|title=Decisive Battles India Lost (326 B. C. to 1803 A. D.)|author=Jaywant Joglekar|year=2006|<br /> isbn=9781847283023|pages=85–86}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&amp;dq=dattaji&amp;pg=PA3<br /> |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|author=N. G. Rathod|year=1994|isbn=9788185431529|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|page=262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&amp;dq=dattaji&amp;pg=PA262|isbn=9781932705546|date=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Today also, Dattaji is remembered in the popular Maratha history for his last words when Qutub Shah &amp; Najib said, &quot;Kyu Patil, aur ladenge&quot; and Dattaji Shinde replied, &quot;kyu nahi.. bachenge to aur bhi ladenge&quot;, which he said to the [[Mian Qutb Shah|Mian Qutub Shah]] &amp; [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] while dying.<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> * In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Dattaji's character was portrayed by [[Mangal Dhillon]].<br /> * In the 2019 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'', Dattaji Rao Scindia was portrayed by [[Milind Gunaji]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Scindia]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Scindia, Dattaji}}<br /> [[Category:Maratha Chiefs in the Maratha Empire]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Warriors from the Maratha Empire]]<br /> [[Category:1720s births]]<br /> [[Category:1760 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian princes]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ujjain]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amrutha_Suresh&diff=486191 2026-03-23T18:30:43Z

<p>LouieWebb342: adding stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1990)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Amrutha Suresh<br /> | image = Amrutha2.png<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|08|02}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | other_names = Ammu<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer|radio jockey|model}}<br /> | years_active = 2007 {{endash}} present<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Bala (actor)|Bala]]|2010|2019|end=div}}<br /> | children = 1<br /> | relatives = [[Abhirami Suresh]] (sister)<br /> | website = {{URL|amrutamgamay.com}}<br /> | module = {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | genre = {{flatlist|<br /> * [[Pop music|Pop]]<br /> * [[Indian classical music|classical]]<br /> * [[Folk music|folk]]<br /> * [[Ghazal]]<br /> * [[Bhajan]]<br /> * [[Rock music|rock]]<br /> }}<br /> | instrument = Vocals<br /> | label = Independent artist<br /> | associated_acts = Amrutam Gamay<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Amrutha Suresh''' (born 2 August 1990) is an Indian singer, composer, songwriter, and [[radio jockey]]. She attained popularity after her stint at the [[reality television]] singing competition ''[[Star Singer|Idea Star Singer]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] in 2007. Since then, she has sung and composed for several films and music albums. She has been a celebrity radio jockey on [[Radio Suno 91.7]] with the music show ''Suno Melodies''. In 2014, she founded the [[Band (rock and pop)|music band]] Amrutam Gamay&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=These young female musicians are winning ears and hearts with their music|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/young-female-musicians-are-rocking-the-charts/article7578673.ece|work=The Hindu|date=25 August 2015|last1=M|first1=Athira}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Amrutha was born in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], to musician P. R. Suresh and Laila.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A Musical Love Story|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/may/07/a-musical-love-story-365437.html|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her mother, who was born as a [[Roman Catholic]], converted to [[Hinduism]] upon her marriage. She has a sister, singer and composer Abhirami Suresh, who is five years younger.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanitha1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Shyama|title='എല്ലാവർക്കും വേണ്ടേ അവരവരുടെ ജീവിതം ജീവിക്കാനുള്ള അവകാശം'; വിവാദങ്ങൾ ആഘോഷമാക്കുന്നവരോട് അമൃത ചോദിക്കുന്നു|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/multiplex/amrutha-suresh-vanitha-interview.html|access-date=2 March 2020|work=[[Vanitha]]|date=12 September 2019|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are from [[Edappally]], [[Kochi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;travel&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Travel and music are two sides of a coin - Amrutha Suresh|url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/celebrity-travel/2018/07/05/singer-amrutha-suresh-travel-stories.html|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=5 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Living in a family (paternal) of musicians inspired her to pursue music from a young age.&lt;ref name=&quot;MM1&quot;/&gt; Amrutha started singing at age three; [[Celine Dion]] and [[Michael Jackson]] are the singers who influenced her to become a singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;FWD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=FWD media|title=Amrutha Suresh Is Back With A Breath Of New Life|url=https://www.fwdlife.in/amrutha-suresh-is-back-with-a-breath-of-new-life|publisher=FWD Life|access-date=2 March 2020|date=28 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Amrutha was a topper at school.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanitha1&quot;/&gt; Even though, she dropped 12th standard for contesting in the [[reality television]] singing competition ''[[Star Singer|Idea Star Singer]]'', later she completed the course in private.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=എം.|first=പുഷ്പ|title=ഒരു കംപ്ലീറ്റ് മെയ്‌ക്കോവറാണ് ഞാന്‍ ആഗ്രഹിക്കുന്നത്: അമൃത സുരേഷ്‌|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/interview/amrutha-suresh-abhirami-music-1.2147731|access-date=29 February 2020|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=7 August 2017|language=ml|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206211142/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/interview/amrutha-suresh-abhirami-music-1.2147731|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then took graduation in [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA) and post-graduation in [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA), and also holds degrees in [[Carnatic music]] and [[Hindustani classical music]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MM1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=വിജയൻ|first=ലക്ഷ്മി|title=തോറ്റുപോയില്ല; പാട്ടും ചിരിയുമായി വീണ്ടും അമൃത സുരേഷ്|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2019/02/05/exclussive-interview-with-singer-amrita-suresh.html|access-date=29 February 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=6 February 2019|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ===Music===<br /> She comes from a musician's family, she used to perform at stage shows during her childhood. While studying in eighth standard, she has been a child singer in [[Nadirshah]]'s stage shows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=വീട്ടുകാർ വേണ്ട എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ ബന്ധമാണ്, അതെന്റെ തെറ്റായ തീരുമാനമായിരുന്നു|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/amrutha-suresh-about-life-amrutha-suresh-singer-1.2761721|access-date=2 March 2020|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=23 April 2018|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, Amrutha contested in the second season of [[reality television]] singing competition ''[[Star Singer|Idea Star Singer]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], she was one of the popular contestants on the show.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sisters Amrutha Suresh and Abhirami to feature in 'Paadam Namukku Paadam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sisters-amrutha-suresh-and-abhirami-to-feature-in-paadam-namukku-paadam/articleshow/70450218.cms|access-date=3 March 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It helped her foray into film industry. Since then, she has sung [[Playback singer|playback]] in a number of Malayalam films. ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pulliman]]'' was her debut film as playback singer, composed by [[Sharreth]]. Her rendition of the song &quot;Munthirpoo&quot; from the film ''[[Aagathan]]'' (2010) was well received.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=ഈ മോഡലിങ് ഒരു സ്വപ്നം; ഗായിക അമൃത സുരേഷിന്റെ കിടിലൻ ഫോട്ടോ ഷൂട്ട്|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2017/07/28/amrutha-suresh-photo-shoot-is-stunning.html|access-date=2 March 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=28 July 2017|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She sang &quot;Kannu Karuthu&quot; for music director [[Sharreth]] in his album ''Strawberry Theyyam'' (2014) which was a blend of folk and western orchestration, the song was particularly praised in the 9-track album.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=Athira|title=When folk music goes pop|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/when-folk-music-goes-pop/article5962704.ece|access-date=2 March 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Amritha founded the [[Band (rock and pop)|music band]] Amrutam Gamay. Amritha and her sister Abhirami Suresh are the lead vocalists of the band. The band performed internationally at gigs within six months of its formation.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNIE1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Anoop|title=Sister Act|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jul/24/sister-act-790595.html|access-date=27 February 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=24 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The band handles all kinds of genres, including Indian, western, folk, classical, or rock.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Thankappan|first=Charishma|title=7 Up-and-Coming Bands From Kerala to Watch Out For|date=22 March 2018|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/7-up-and-coming-bands-from-kerala-to-watch-out-for/|publisher=The Culture Trip|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The band's [[cover version]] of Israeli folk song &quot;[[Hava Nagila]]&quot; sung by Amritha was popular among the global Jewish community.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNIE1&quot;/&gt; The song gave her much appreciations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=John|first=Binoo K.|title=In Kerala, the new revolutionaries are bands fusing classical, temple, folk and rock music|url=https://scroll.in/article/721399/in-kerala-the-new-revolutionaries-are-bands-fusing-classical-temple-folk-and-rock-music|access-date=3 March 2020|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=8 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, Amritha and Abhirami wrote and composed multiple original songs for their band, including &quot;Katturumbu&quot;, &quot;Ayyayo&quot;, and &quot;Harps of Peace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNIE1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=M.|first=Athira|title=Rocking the charts|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/young-female-musicians-are-rocking-the-charts/article7578673.ece|access-date=26 February 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, Amrutha released her first [[Single (music)|single]], &quot;Anayathe&quot;, which featured herself and was a tribute to motherhood and women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Sound of music|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/16/sound-of--music-1605526.html|access-date=3 March 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song was positively received and garnered attention for its theme. After its release, Amritha got acting offers from some [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]], but she refused as she was not seeing herself as an actress at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sreenivasan|first=Deepthi|title=Don't want to cry any more: Amrutha Suresh|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/180517/dont-want-to-cry-any-more-amrutha-suresh.html|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=18 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was also approached by a [[Canada|Canadian]] production company for an English film. In the same year, she began presenting the musical [[talk show]] ''Suno Melodies'' on [[Radio Suno 91.7]] as a celebrity [[radio jockey]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanitha1&quot;/&gt; Amritha along with Abhirami composed, sang and acted in the title song of the film ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' that year. It was their debut composition in a film and was composed in a short notice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Manu|first=Meera|title=Suresh sisters on the go|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/130717/suresh-sisters-on-the-go.html|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=13 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was followed by a single in the film ''[[Aadu 2]]'' (2017), titled &quot;Aadu 2 – Success Song&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Amritha Suresh: The energy on stage helps me stay sane and happy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/amritha-suresh-the-energy-on-stage-helps-me-stay-sane-and-happy/articleshow/69058172.cms|access-date=29 February 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, she sang &quot;Minni Minni&quot; in the film ''[[June (2019 film)|June]]'' which was well received.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=Music helped me to face life better: Amritha Suresh|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2019/04/27/amrutha-suresh-on-life-and-music.html|access-date=2 March 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=27 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the song, she was nominated for the Mazhavil Music Award for Best Female Singer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mazhavil Music Awards 2019 {{!}} Amrutha Suresh and Abhirami Suresh on Red Carpet ! {{!}} Mazhavil Manorama|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QfDC69mAAY|publisher=[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|access-date=2 March 2020|date=23 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, Amritha sang the first of the three [[music video]]s in [[DJ Savyo]]'s ''Destiny'', an experimental album which used [[Shiva]] mantra in the backdrop of [[electronic dance music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mathews|first=Anna|title=DJ Savyo to release first song of Destiny|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/dj-savyo-to-release-first-song-of-destiny/articleshow/70617334.cms|access-date=29 February 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kadiyala|first=Swetha|title=Tuning to vedic mantras|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/aug/24/tuning-to-vedic-mantras-2023433.html|access-date=29 February 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=24 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; That year she also signed a project with [[Swedish people|Swedish]] musician Neil Luckz, who contacted her after watching her music video ''Ohm Nama Shivaya''; she is working on six English songs for the project.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI1&quot;/&gt; In 2019, she sang a song in the children's film ''Sullu'' composed by Abhirami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mathews|first=Anna|title=Sisters Amritha and Abhirami Suresh in a singing collaboration|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/sisters-amritha-and-abhirami-suresh-in-a-singing-collaboration/articleshow/70619548.cms|access-date=2 March 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other works===<br /> Amrutha is also into [[Model (person)|modelling]]. In 2017, she was featured in the cover of lifestyle magazine FWD Life.&lt;ref name=&quot;FWD&quot;/&gt; In the following year, she walked the ramp at Kerala Fashion Runway. She was also featured on the cover page of Vanitha Magazine along with her sister. In 2018, Amrutha started a [[Hashtag activism|hashtag campaign]] on [[Instagram]] known as Amazing Me, promoting self-esteem. It received positive response from public.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Priya|first=Priyadharsini|title=നമുക്കും ഒന്ന് പറഞ്ഞുകൂടേ 'അമേസിങ് മീ' എന്ന്! അമൃതയുടെ സെൽഫ് മോട്ടിവേഷൻ ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് സൈബർ ലോകം|url=https://www.vanitha.in/justin/amazing-me-amritha-suresh-self-motivation-in-instagram.html|publisher=[[Vanitha]]|access-date=3 March 2020|language=ml|date=26 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2018, Amrutha and her sister Abhirami started a [[YouTube]] channel, ''Amrutam Gamay – AG'', with the series ''AG Vlogs'' to publish their creative content.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Varghese|first=Anuja Susan|title=Kerala's celebs connect with fans via YouTube content|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/aug/04/keralas-celebs-connect-with-fans-via-youtube-content-2013860.html|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The content is related to their personal lives, travel, food, music, shopping among other things.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=M.|first=Athira|title=Star-studded web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/malayali-celebrities-with-their-youtube-channels/article25970284.ece|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=Amrutha Suresh back with vlog, recreates mother's old pic|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/09/14/amrutha-suresh-ag-vlog-video-mother-old-pic.html|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=14 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series met with positive reception from viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=Going through the toughest phase of my life: Amrutha Suresh|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/09/10/amrutha-suresh-on-ag-vlog-insta-post.html|access-date=2 March 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=10 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, Amrutha and Abhirami entered as contestants in the second season of Malayalam [[reality television]] game show [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|''Bigg Boss'' (Malayalam season 2)]], hosted by actor [[Mohanlal]] on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. They entered the Bigg Boss house as wildcard entrants on day-50 and plays as a pair.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 2: Siblings Amritha and Abhirami Suresh make a wild card entry in the house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-2-siblings-amritha-and-abhirami-suresh-make-a-wild-card-entry-in-the-house/articleshow/74275921.cms|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Amrutha first met her ex-husband [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] at the sets of the film ''Venalmaram'' in which he was starring and Amrutha was playback singer. Later, they developed a friendship-turned-romance while she was contesting in the [[reality TV]] singing competition ''[[Star Singer|Idea Star Singer]]'' in which he was a celebrity judge. They talked to each other's family and got married on 27 August 2010 at a ceremony held in [[Chennai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TNIE2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title='Bala is very caring'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/may/07/bala-is-very-caring-365545.html|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were residing in [[Palarivattom]], [[Kochi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Raveendra|first=Rahul|title=The duplex flat of Bala &amp; Amritha|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/decor/the-duplex-flat-of-bala-and-amritha.html|access-date=24 February 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=20 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are reported to have started living separately in 2015, and got legal divorce in December 2019. They have a daughter named Avanthika born in 2012 who lives with her.<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> ===Playback singer===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Song<br /> ! Film<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> | &quot;Unarumee Pulakangal&quot;<br /> | ''Vaamanapuri''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Malayalam Songs sung by Amritha Suresh|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?g=160|publisher=Malayala Chalachithram|access-date=8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> | &quot;Minnaaminunge&quot;<br /> | ''Kabadi Kabadi''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Amritha Suresh - Top Albums|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/amritha-suresh-albums/aErt7fl7Ke4_|publisher=[[JioSaavn]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> | &quot;Ayalathe Kuyile&quot;<br /> | ''Venalmaram''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;TNIE2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|2010<br /> | &quot;Munthiripoo&quot;<br /> | ''[[Aagathan]]''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sadukudu&quot;<br /> | ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pulliman]]''<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pulliman - Sharreth - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=9 July 2019|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pulliman/JocQNqb5UUo_|publisher=[[JioSaavn]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Amma Nilaavaau&quot;<br /> | ''Ammanilavu''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> | &quot;Akalaminnarikeyalle&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Kannaake&quot;<br /> | ''[[The Hitlist]]''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| 2017<br /> | &quot;Nirame Maayalle&quot;<br /> | ''Vilakkumaram''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Veerangana&quot;<br /> | ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2019<br /> | &quot;Minni Minni&quot;<br /> | ''[[June (2019 film)|June]]''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Maariville&quot;<br /> | ''Sullu''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> | &quot;Alhamdulillah&quot;<br /> | ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===TV Serial===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Credits<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> | Makalude Amma <br /> |&quot;Chandrika Penna&quot;<br /> | Singer<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Singles / Music videos===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Credits<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2017<br /> | &quot;Anayathe&quot;<br /> | <br /> * Composer<br /> * Singer<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Veerangana&quot;<br /> |<br /> * Composer<br /> * Singer<br /> | Film: ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]''&lt;br /&gt;Also appears in the song<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | &quot;Aadu 2 – Success Song&quot;<br /> |<br /> * Composer<br /> * Singer<br /> | Film: ''[[Aadu 2]]''<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> | &quot;Naruthen onjalumaayithaa&quot;<br /> |<br /> | Spandanam<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=8|2021<br /> | &quot;Maturma&quot;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ayyo Vayyaye&quot;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kannan Varugindra&quot;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Madhava Mamava&quot;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Paluke Bangaramayena&quot;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Omanathingalkidavo&quot;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Bhagyada Lakshmi&quot;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Rama Rama Nivaramu&quot;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=9|2022<br /> | &quot;Manasa Sancharare&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Bho Shambo&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Gopalaka Pahimam&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Seethakalyana Vaibhogame&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Enna Thavam Seithanai &quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kuraiondrum Illai&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Nagumomu&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thirathalam&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sundara Chanthamulla&quot;<br /> |<br /> | Thontharava<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Albums===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Album<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2006<br /> | &quot;Neelaakaasam&quot;<br /> | ''Adhishakthi''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Amrutha Suresh on Apple Music – Top Songs|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/amrutha-suresh/390656081#see-all/top-songs|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> | &quot;Onnu Thottal Mathi&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Manasthapamode&quot;<br /> | ''Karthavu''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=6| 2008<br /> | &quot;Palolichandrikayil&quot;<br /> | ''Sivapriya''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pogallennu&quot;<br /> | ''Kottiyoor Kaarunyam''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Amrutha Suresh|url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/5qdmEvezOiOEehQgp035BZ|publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Chandana Chela Chutty&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Sankholiyunarum&quot;<br /> | ''Jayadurga''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kudamalooril&quot;<br /> | ''Sreeyesunadan''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Hari Ohm Hari Ohm&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Palazhiyil Palli Kollum&quot;<br /> | ''Midhila''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thulli Thulli&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Varnamayilerum&quot;<br /> | ''Vel Vel''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=7|2009<br /> | &quot;Kaalathu Kaanumbol&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Kumbha Maasathil&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Maadi Maadi Vilikkunnu&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Oru Njettilundaaya&quot;<br /> | ''Sarva Mangale''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Thirumizhikal (F)&quot; <br /> | ''Divyaarchana''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Lakshmana Sree Lakshmana&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Maanasam Manimandiram&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Raghupathi Raamam&quot;<br /> | ''Sarayoo''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Chenthaarakam&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Kaali Kaali&quot;<br /> | ''Sivanandini''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Chottanikkarayil&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Devi Devi Bhadre&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Sankeerthanam&quot;<br /> | ''Bhagavathiseva''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kudamalooril&quot;<br /> | ''Vishudha Alphonsamma''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ee Puzhathan&quot;<br /> | ''Aleena Ninakkai''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|2010<br /> | &quot;Ethra Valarnnalum (F)&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Jeevanay&quot;<br /> | ''Kazhcha''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Maanam Thelinju&quot;<br /> | ''Ohm Kaali''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Anuthaapamodanayan – 1&quot;<br /> | ''Dhivyakarunya Thanalil''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2011<br /> | &quot;Karunyathin&quot;<br /> | ''The King of Israel''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ambalathin Nadathurannu&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nallamme Nallathu&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Neela Churul Mudi&quot;<br /> | ''Rudra Kaali''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4| 2012<br /> | &quot;Snehamanen – Female&quot;<br /> | ''In the Name of Jesus''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ninmahathwam&quot;<br /> | ''Sugandhavahini Amma''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kanna Ennunnikanna&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Kunungi Kunungi&quot;<br /> | ''Kalkandam''<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amrutha Suresh - Music on Google Play|url=https://play.google.com/store/music/artist?id=Ankvghg7k7u2su47qazxfm4d7oq|publisher=[[Google Play]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Anuthaapiyaay Njan&quot;<br /> | ''Jeevan Nalkum Vachanam''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4| 2013<br /> | &quot;Mathavanen&quot;<br /> | ''Daivaputhran''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Rukminiyo Sathyabhamayo&quot;<br /> | ''Vrindhavanam''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Oro Thudippum – 1&quot;<br /> | ''Happy Christmas''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kunnolam&quot;<br /> | ''Vaidyan''<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| 2014<br /> | &quot;Yesuve Nin&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Yesurajan&quot;<br /> | ''Athyunnathangalil''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kannu Karuthu (Duet)&quot;<br /> | ''Strawberry Theyyam''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=6|2015<br /> | &quot;Mizhineerin Sagara&quot;<br /> | ''Eeran Nilavil''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yesuvellam (F)&quot;<br /> | ''Divya Sparsham''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kaattinte Chundil&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Ethrayo Bhaagyamaai&quot;<br /> | ''Geethamritham''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;JioSaavn&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thirumizhikal (F)&quot;<br /> | ''Divyaarchana''<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AppleMusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Eshoy Aye Ekykakail&quot;<br /> | ''Samrudhy''<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amritha Suresh Songs: Listen Amritha Suresh Hit Songs on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/artist/amritha-suresh|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Chettikulangara&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Sreevazhum&quot;<br /> | ''Sarvam Jagadeeswari''<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amrutha Suresh Songs: Listen Amrutha Suresh Hit Songs on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/artist/amrutha-suresh|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2018<br /> | &quot;Meda Kinakkal&quot;<br /> | ''Swarna Kaineettam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;&quot;<br /> | ''Avarkkai''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|2019<br /> | &quot;Davidhu Chiguruvu&quot;<br /> | ''Santhvanam''<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Latest New Telugu Christian Song 2019 {{!}} Santhvana {{!}} Amrutha Suresh {{!}} Amrutham Gamaya {{!}} Jakie Vardhan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyHOEf0aeEU|publisher=Jakie Vardhan|access-date=8 March 2020|date=5 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;&quot;<br /> | ''Destiny''<br /> |also actress<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;&quot;<br /> | ''Gokulapalakan''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+List of television appearances<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Network<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> | ''[[Star Singer|Idea Star Singer]]''<br /> | Herself<br /> | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> | [[Reality TV]] singing competition<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | ''Manassiloru Mazhavillu''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Kairali TV]]<br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4| 2012<br /> | ''Gazhal''<br /> | Singer<br /> | [[DD Malayalam]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Star Ragging''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Kairali TV]]<br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> | ''Anubhavathal''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Asianet News]]<br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vanitha''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> | Talk show; episode 27<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 – 2017<br /> | ''Music Mojo'' (Season 3 and 4)<br /> | Singer<br /> | [[Kappa TV]]<br /> | Representing band Amrutam Gamay, along with Abhirami Suresh<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4|2015<br /> | ''Star Jam''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Kappa TV]]<br /> | Talk show; along with Abhirami Suresh<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vartha Prabhatham''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Asianet News]]<br /> | Talk show; along with Abhirami Suresh<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> | Talk show; episode 20<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[John Brittas|JB Junction]]''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Kairali TV]]<br /> | Talk show; along with Abhirami Suresh<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|2016<br /> | ''[[D 4 Dance|D3 – D4 Dance]]''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> | Along with Abhirami Suresh<br /> |-<br /> | ''Smart Show''<br /> | Participant<br /> | [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]<br /> | Along with Abhirami Suresh &lt;br /&gt;Opposite Stephen Devassy &amp; Merin Gregory<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mylanchi Little Champions''<br /> | Guest Singer<br /> | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=7|2017<br /> | ''Chat with Amrutha Suresh''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Kaumudy TV]]<br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> | ''Varthakkappuram''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Asianet News]]<br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> | ''Manikilukkam''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Kairali TV]]<br /> | Musical show<br /> |-<br /> | ''Music Shots''<br /> | Singer<br /> | [[Manorama Online]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Miss &amp; Mrs Kerala Beauty Pageant 2017'' || Performer || [[Kairali TV]] ||Alongside Amruthamgamaya band <br /> |-<br /> | ''Moodtapes''<br /> | Singer<br /> | [[Kappa TV]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Amruthamgamaya'' <br /> | Guest <br /> | [[News18 Kerala]] <br /> | Along with Abhirami Suresh<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''The Happiness Project''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Kappa TV]]<br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4| 2019<br /> | ''Parayam Namukku Padaam''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> | Along with Abhirami Suresh<br /> |-<br /> | ''Tharangalude Onam''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Surya TV]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Mazhavil Music Awards''<br /> | Herself<br /> | [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> | Award ceremony; nominated for &quot;Minni Minni&quot; in ''[[June (2019 film)|June]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''Josh Talks''<br /> | Herself<br /> | [[Josh Talks]]<br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4| 2020<br /> | [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|''Bigg Boss'' (Malayalam season 2)]]<br /> | Herself<br /> | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> | [[Reality TV]] competition; paired with Abhirami Suresh <br /> |-<br /> | ''Stay Home Stay Happy''<br /> | Herself<br /> | [[Mathrubhumi News]]<br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> | ''Veendum Chila Veettu Visheshangal''<br /> | Herself<br /> | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> | Chat show<br /> |-<br /> | ''Paadam Nedaam''<br /> | Participant<br /> | [[Amrita TV]]<br /> | Game show<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2021<br /> | ''[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]''<br /> | Red Carpet Host<br /> | [[Surya TV]]<br /> | Award show<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bhima Jewellers''<br /> | Model<br /> | Multi<br /> | Endorsement<br /> |-<br /> |2024||Tunes and Tales||Host||[[Manorama Max]]||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Online appearances==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Network<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 <br /> <br /> | ''The Muse Room'' <br /> <br /> | Performer <br /> <br /> | Online<br /> <br /> |Musical show<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=3|2017 <br /> <br /> | ''How Well Do You Know'' <br /> <br /> | Guest <br /> <br /> | FWD TV Online <br /> <br /> | Chat show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | '' IndiaGlitz Malayalam Movies Interview '' <br /> <br /> | Guest <br /> <br /> | IndiaGlitz Online <br /> <br /> | Chat show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | '' Sensations Entertainment '' <br /> <br /> | Guest <br /> <br /> | Online<br /> <br /> | Talk show<br /> |-<br /> | 2018–present<br /> <br /> | ''Amrutam Gamay - AG''<br /> <br /> | Herself/host<br /> <br /> | Online<br /> <br /> | YouTube Channel<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=5| 2019<br /> <br /> | ''Movie Man''<br /> <br /> | Herself<br /> <br /> | Online<br /> <br /> | Talk show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Red FM Red Carpet''<br /> <br /> | Herself<br /> <br /> | Red FM Malayalam Online<br /> <br /> | Talk show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Candid Chat with Mammootty''<br /> <br /> | Interviewer<br /> <br /> | Sillymonks Online<br /> <br /> | Talk show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Oppo Kerala fourth Anniversary ''<br /> <br /> | Performer<br /> <br /> | YouTube<br /> <br /> | Stage show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Vanita Utsav ''<br /> <br /> | Performer<br /> <br /> | YouTube<br /> <br /> | Stage show<br /> <br /> |- <br /> |rowspan=5|2020<br /> <br /> | ''Iam the Answer''<br /> <br /> | Herself<br /> <br /> | Vanitha Online<br /> <br /> | Talk show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Choych Choych Powam''<br /> <br /> | Herself<br /> <br /> | Ginger Media Broadcasting Online<br /> <br /> | Talk show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Be It''<br /> <br /> | Herself<br /> <br /> | Online<br /> <br /> | Talk show<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Talentine Hours with Asianet''<br /> <br /> | Herself<br /> <br /> | Asianet Online<br /> <br /> | <br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Dinner Talk''<br /> <br /> | Host/Herself<br /> <br /> | Asianet Online<br /> <br /> | <br /> <br /> |- <br /> |rowspan=3|2022<br /> <br /> | ''On Air with Meenakshi''<br /> <br /> |Herself<br /> <br /> | Jango Space TV<br /> <br /> | <br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''What's in My Bag''<br /> <br /> |Herself<br /> <br /> | Kaumudy Movies<br /> <br /> | <br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Choych Choych Povam''<br /> <br /> |Herself<br /> <br /> | Ginger Media Entertainments<br /> <br /> | <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * Creative Film Awards 2019 - for Best Singer Female - June &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pycker.com/news/creative-film-awards-2019-kayamkulam-kochunni-and-june-win-big/164311802789180|title=Creative Film Awards 2019: Kayamkulam Kochunni and June Win Big}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official website|http://amrutamgamay.com}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm10374814}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Amrutha}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1990 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women pop singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women folk singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women ghazal singers]]<br /> [[Category:Bhajan singers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani singers]]<br /> [[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]<br /> [[Category:Carnatic singers]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women songwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian songwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]<br /> [[Category:Singing talent show contestants]]<br /> [[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) contestants]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=AB_Corp&diff=483848 2026-03-22T19:41:50Z

<p>LouieWebb342: adding new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian entertainment company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}} <br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = AB Corp<br /> | logo = <br /> | type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br /> | parent = <br /> | owner = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]&lt;br&gt; Deepak Gulwani<br /> | foundation = 1995 (as ABCL)&lt;ref name=pm&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/amitabh-bachchan-formed-a-production-company-by-the-name-of-abcl-6270543/%3Famp%3D1&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj_4LTh65v6AhW-SGwGHVmCAL04ChAWegQICBAB&amp;usg=AOvVaw1Q_o_uo8D5F7G2bS6nJzHC | title=Hindi News: हिंदी समाचार, Latest News in Hindi, Live Breaking News &amp;#124; Patrika | date=15 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;2003 (as AB Corp)<br /> | location_city = [[Mumbai]]<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | key_people = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Jaya Bachchan]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Abhishek Bachchan]]<br /> | industry = [[Entertainment]]<br /> | revenue = <br /> | homepage = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''AB Corp''', formerly known as '''Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Limited''', is an Indian entertainment company. Founded by actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan Corp Ltd {{!}} Transparent Capital |url=https://transparentcapital.co.in/Unlisted%20Shares/amitabh_bachchan.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=transparentcapital.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; and formally launched in January 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;3:5&quot;/&gt; the first film it produced was ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'' in 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;2:1&quot;/&gt; After declaring bankruptcy in 1999,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; ABCL was renamed AB Corp in 2001. In 2009, the company again began producing major films,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; such as ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' (2009),&lt;ref name=&quot;3:3&quot;/&gt; ''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]'' (2011),&lt;ref name=&quot;3:9&quot;/&gt; ''[[Sarkar 3]]'' (2017), and ''[[Ghoomer]]'' (2023).&lt;ref name=&quot;0:13&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> === Founding of ABCL (1994-1997)===<br /> Formally launched in January 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;3:5&quot;/&gt; Amitabh Bachchan Corporation (ABCL) was founded as an Indian entertainment company by actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; in 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=|first1= |date=9 October 2023 |title=Big B's ABCL: Despite failed experiment, it became bedrock of present day B'wood |website=[[India Times]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/big-bs-abcl-despite-failed-experiment-it-became-bedrock-of-present-day-bwood/articleshow/94740256.cms|access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Previously, in 1992, Bachchan had announced his semi retirement from the film industry, and with the exception of the delayed 1994 release of ''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]'' (1994), did not appear in any films for five years.&lt;ref name=&quot;SRK&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7570|title=Shahrukh Khan PASSES Where Amitabh Bachchan And Dilip Kumar Did Not|date=15 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=When Amitabh Bachchan Quit Acting And Wasn't Sure About Returning To Films |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-amitabh-bachchan-quit-acting-and-wasnt-sure-about-returning-to-films-6439315.html |work=News18 |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=22 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He turned producer during his temporary retirement period, setting up ABCL,&lt;ref name=&quot;1:1&quot;/&gt; which became involved in event management, film production, and distribution,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; specializing in film production and event management.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Among other early productions, ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'' was a Hindi sitcom produced via ABCL&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; from 1993 to 1994 by actress [[Jaya Bachchan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh|first1=Nisha |date=12 December 2019 |title=Throwback Thursday: Dekh Bhai Dekh, the TV show that made India keep up with Diwans |website=indiatoday.in |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/throwback-thursday-dekh-bhai-dekh-the-tv-show-that-made-india-keep-up-with-diwans-1627663-2019-12-12|access-date=20 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amitabh Bachchan's wife&lt;ref name=&quot;3:5&quot;/&gt; and an ABCL board-member.&lt;ref name=&quot;3:5&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The first film ABCL produced was ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'' in 1996, which was a box office hit&lt;ref name=&quot;2:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tere Mere Sapne – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2732 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=3 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and launched the careers of actors like [[Arshad Warsi]] and southern film star [[Simran (actress)|Simran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/1999/apr/26abcl.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT Business News: Businessman Bachchan braves a bad patch as ABCL falls sick |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715074014/https://www.rediff.com/business/1999/apr/26abcl.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ABCL's strategy was to introduce products and services covering an entire cross-section of India's entertainment industry. ABCL's operations were mainstream commercial film production and distribution, audio cassettes and video discs, production and marketing of television software, and celebrity and event management.&lt;ref name=&quot;1:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bemoneyaware.com/blog/amitabh-bachchan-from-bankruptcy-to-crorepati |title=Amitabh Bachchan – from bankruptcy to crorepati |date=10 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234411/https://www.bemoneyaware.com/blog/amitabh-bachchan-from-bankruptcy-to-crorepati |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, the company organized the [[Miss World 1996]] competition in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Look Back at the First Time Amitabh Bachchan’s ABCL Hosted Miss World in India in 1996 |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/miss-world-2023-look-back-at-the-first-time-amitabh-bachchans-abcl-hosted-miss-world-in-india-in-1996-8038945.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was a producer of the 1998 film ''[[Major Saab]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;0:13&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Controversy and bankruptcy (1997-2000)===<br /> ABCL was plagued by financial difficulties. The main reason for the bad performance of ABCL was blamed on the gross mismanagement of the company by the, then CEO, Sanjiv Gupta, who went on to become the CEO of [[Coca-Cola India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaexpress.com/choice/amitabh.html |title=Amitabh Bachchan |publisher=Indiaexpress.com |access-date=2010-08-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100819093614/http://www.indiaexpress.com/choice/amitabh.html| archive-date= 19 August 2010 | url-status= usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/930459/Amitabh-Bachchan-Corporation-Ltd Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Ltd. (Indian entertainment company) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia]&lt;/ref&gt; The hosting of the Miss World competition in 1996 proved highly controversial within India,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; and burst ABCL into the limelight in 1997. The competition was then mired with controversy when the company was not able to pay its dues.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.filmbug.com/db/25836 Amitabh Bachchan - Filmbug]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aishwarya-Bachchan-Corporation-Limited/Article1-474555.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705070328/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aishwarya-Bachchan-Corporation-Limited/Article1-474555.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2011 |title=Aishwarya Bachchan Corporation Limited? |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2009-11-09 |access-date=2010-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> AB Corp declared bankruptcy in 1999, resulting in substantial losses for Amitabh Bachchan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-15 |title=कर्ज में डूबे Amitabh Bachchan के साथ जब एक्ट्रेस Dimple Kapadia ने किया था ऐसा काम, जानकर आप भी हो जाएगे हैरान! {{!}} Amitabh Bachchan formed a production company by the name of ABCL |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/amitabh-bachchan-formed-a-production-company-by-the-name-of-abcl-6270543/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; With creditors led by [[Doordarshan]] and [[Canara Bank]], ABCL approached the [[Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]] to seek protection under bankruptcy laws.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; According to Bachchan, after the bankruptcy, he and the company faced 55 lawsuits, and the company was Rs 90 crore in debt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Instead of closing the company over $14 million in debts, however, the company decided to work on clearing debts instead. Bachchan subsequently raised funds from projects such as ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' (''Who Wants to Be A Millionaire''), where he was a host&lt;ref name=&quot;3:5&quot;/&gt; in 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; He states he had no film prospects until the romantic film ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000) by [[Yash Chopra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=28 February 2025 |title=When Amitabh Bachchan faced 55 legal cases, Rs 90 crore debt and no film offers |website=rIndia Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-faced-55-legal-cases-rs-90-crore-debt-no-film-offers-2686923-2025-02-28|access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===AB Corp (2001-2025)===<br /> In 2001, ABCL was renamed AB Corp, headed by CEO Ramesh Pulapaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; In 2003, Amitabh Bachchan was chairman, while other board directors included [[Jaya Bachchan]] and Amar Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;3:5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lall|first1=Bhuvan |date=6 October 2003 |title=Bollywood megastar arises from bankruptcy |website=Screen Daily |url=https://www.screendaily.com/bollywood-megastar-arises-from-bankruptcy/4015374.article|access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, AB Corp wiped off its accumulated losses, and over the next six years, was profitable each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; AB Corp worked on films such as ''[[Viruddh]]'' (2005) with [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and ''[[Family — Ties of Blood|Family]]'' (2006) with [[Rajkumar Santoshi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;3:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rege|first1=Manisha |date=21 November 2009 |title=Big B's AB Corp to focus on quality movies |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/big-b-s-ab-corp-to-focus-on-quality-movies/story-6IJ9Ujx7vmlrlWYVbqdpBM.html|access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2006 to late 2007, AB Corp had a year sabbatical in production. It then worked with [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV]] to produce a new film by director [[Shoojit Sircar|Shoojit Sarkar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;3:7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh|first1=Vajir |date=13 November 2007 |title=AB Corp back in business |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ab-corp-back-in-business/story-on9HFfdOuk7IO6IuOl9PPJ.html|access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, P Ramesh was CEO of AB Corp.&lt;ref name=&quot;3:6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=26 June 2008 |title=Anil Ambani Signs on Bachchan Family for Entertainment JV |website=Daiji World |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=48098|access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; After AB Corp entered into a contract with [[Reliance BIG Entertainment]] for Rs 15 billion in June 2008, by 2009, the deal &quot;fizzled out&quot;, and AB Corp had contracted with [[Studio 18]].&lt;ref name=&quot;3:4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shah|first1=Kunal M. |date=14 January 2009 |title=AB Corp calls off Rs15 billion deal with Reliance |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ab-corp-calls-off-rs15-billion-deal-with-reliance/articleshow/22243897.cms|access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, its filings with the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] showed annual profits of Rs 19.26 crore, driven in part by brand endorsements and Bachchan's media appearances.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; In December 2009, the company signed a three-movie contract with [[Toonz|Toonz Animation India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Frater|first1=Patrick |date=3 December 2009 |title=Bachchan signs three-pic Toonz deal |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/bachchan-signs-three-pic-toonz-91949/|access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time, Amitabh Bachchan held over 36% of AB Corp's shares. Along with his wife Jaya Bachchan and their son [[Abhishek Bachchan]], the family held near 50% of shares.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Datta|first1=Aveek |date=1 December 2009 |title=Bachchan shores up holding in AB Corp |website=[[LiveMint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/FbnPqQJpV3Rchn6VnH9mqJ/Bachchan-shores-up-holding-in-AB-Corp.html|access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2008, AB Corp became a producer of ''[[Vihir]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;1:9&quot;/&gt; its first [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film. The film premiered in 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Chitra |date=19 September 2009 |title=ABCL's first Marathi film set for world premiere in S Korea |website=Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-19/pune/28108802_1_marathi-film-umesh-kulkarni-vihir |access-date=20 September 2025 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050459/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-19/pune/28108802_1_marathi-film-umesh-kulkarni-vihir |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and was more widely released in January 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Subramanian|first1=Anusha |date=21 February 2010 |title=Goodbye ABCL, hello AB Corp |website=businesstoday.in|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/goodbye-abcl-hello-ab-corp-17563-2010-02-02|access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in 2009, AB Corp was working on the film ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;3:3&quot;/&gt; directed by [[R. Balki|R Balakrishnan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 November 2009 |title=Big B's AB Corp to focus on quality movies |website=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/big-bs-ab-corp-to-focus-on-quality-movies/articleshow/5251155.cms?from=mdr|access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first production by Abhishek Bachchan through AB Corp, ''Paa'' won four National Film Awards in 2010, which Amitabh Bachchan said was a &quot;godsend&quot; for the company. &lt;ref name=&quot;3:2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=18 September 2010 |title=National Award is a godsend for AB Corp: Amitabh Bachchan |website=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/national-award-is-a-godsend-for-ab-corp-amitabh-bachchan-596900|access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; AB Corp and [[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] produced the film ''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap|Bbuddah Hoga Tera Baap]]'' in 2011, with Amitabh Bachchan as lead actor.&lt;ref name=&quot;3:9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Khan|first1=Rubina A. |date=25 January 2011 |title=Bachchan’s bringing the 70s back! |website=[[First Post]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bachchans-bringing-the-70s-back-17856.html|access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; AB Corp in 2014 was reported to be planning on bidding on [[kabaddi]] players in the Kabaddi Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 January 2014 |title=Amitabh Bachchan's AB Corp to bid for kabaddi players |website=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchans-ab-corp-to-bid-for-kabaddi-players-615423|access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, the company produced ''[[Shamitabh]]'' under director [[R. Balki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1:11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=18 October 2014 |title=I hate producing films: Abhishek Bachchan |website=Press Trust of India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-hate-producing-films-abhishek-bachchan/|access-date=20 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other recent movies supported by AB Corp include ''[[Sarkar 3]]'' (2017) and ''[[Ghoomer]]'' (2023).&lt;ref name=&quot;0:13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sonavane|first1=Guarav |date=18 March 2025 |title=Amitabh Bachchan's various sources of income (apart from movies) that contribute to his wealth |website=GQ India|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/amitabh-bachchans-various-sources-of-income-apart-from-movies-that-contribute-to-his-wealth|access-date=20 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, Rajesh Yadav was managing director of AB Corp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharma|first1=Devansh |date=30 December 2024 |title=Jaya Bachchan smiles as she attends wedding reception with Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaya-bachchan-smiles-attends-wedding-reception-with-amitabh-bachchan-abhishek-bachchan-aishwarya-rai-not-spotted-in-pics-101735537172058.html|access-date=14 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Producer===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Language<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 || ''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]'' || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1996 || ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'' || [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yuvathurki]]'' ||[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1997 || ''[[Ullaasam]]'' || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mrityudata]]'' || Hindi <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1998 ||''[[Rajahamsa]]'' ||Telugu <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saat Rang Ke Sapne]]'' ||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Hindi <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Major Saab]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2005 || ''[[Viruddh... Family Comes First]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Antarmahal]]'' || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] <br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''[[Family — Ties of Blood|Family]]'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hindi <br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' &lt;ref name=&quot;1:11&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Vihir]]'' || [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] &lt;ref name=&quot;1:9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=19 March 2010 |title=AB Corp happy to produce Marathi films: Big B |website=reuters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/ab-corp-happy-to-produce-marathi-films-big-b-69848-2010-03-18|access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;3:9&quot;/&gt; || Hindi <br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Saptapadii]]'' || [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Shamitabh]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;1:11&quot;/&gt; ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Sarkar 3]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;0:13&quot;/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || ''[[Ghoomer]]'' &lt;ref name=&quot;0:13&quot;/&gt; <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Distributor===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 || ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' || [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] version <br /> |-<br /> | 1995||''Sazaa-E-Kalapani'' || Hindi version<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|1996<br /> | [[Bandit Queen#Soundtrack|''Bandit Queen'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Baashha#Music|''Manik Baashha'' soundtrack album]] || Hindi version<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kaalapani#Soundtrack|''Kaalapani'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Diljale#Soundtrack|''Diljale'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shastra (film)#Soundtrack|''Shastra'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sapoot#Soundtrack|''Sapoot'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rakshak#Soundtrack|''Rakshak'' soundtrack album]] || <br /> |-<br /> | [[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)#Soundtrack|''Tere Mere Sapne'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Naam Kya Hai'' || Unreleased<br /> |-<br /> | [[Prema Desam#Soundtrack|''Prema Desam'' soundtrack album]] || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|1997<br /> | [[Mrityudata#Sountrack|''Mrityudata'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Itihaas (1997 film)#Soundtrack|''Itihaas'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Saat Rang Ke Sapne#Soundtrack|''Saat Rang Ke Sapne'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yugpurush#Music|''Yugpurush'' soundtrack album]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1998<br /> | ''[[Major Saab#Soundtrack|Major Saab soundtrack album]]'' || Album released May 20, 1998<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.imdb.com/company/co0100445/ A.B.C.L. at imdb]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Amitabh Bachchan]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damodar_Valley_Corporation&diff=464205 2026-03-22T14:21:27Z

<p>LouieWebb342: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Multipurpose river valley project in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Sources needed|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Damodar Valley Corporation<br /> | logo = Damodar Valley Corporation Logo.svg<br /> | logo_size = 180px<br /> | type = [[Statutory body]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://powermin.gov.in/en/statutory-bodies | title=Statutory Bodies &amp;#124; Government of India &amp;#124; Ministry of Power }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | key_people = S. Suresh Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Chairman]])}}<br /> | industry = [[energy industry|Energy]]<br /> | products = Electricity<br /> | services = [[Electricity generation]] and [[Electric power transmission|Transmission]], [[electricity distribution|distribution]], [[energy production|production]], [[Soil conservation]] Flood Moderation<br /> | revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|25320|c}} (2024-2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last= | first=| title=DVC reaches significant milestones in FY 2024-25 | website=PSU Watch | date=2 April 2025 | url=https://psuwatch.com/newsupdates/dvc-reaches-significant-milestones-in-fy-2024-25 | access-date=6 June 2025|quote=The financial performance of DVC remained robust, with revenue collections amounting to Rs. 25,320 crore in FY 2024-25 and an annual collection efficiency of 109 percent.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | profit = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|704|c}} (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;DVC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dvc.gov.in/storage/app/press_release/1709874751080324.pdf|title=DVC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|48977 |c}} (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;DVC&quot; /&gt;<br /> | equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|12812|c}} (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;DVC&quot; /&gt;<br /> | num_employees = 5243 (2024)<br /> | parent = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], [[Government of India]]<br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://www.dvc.gov.in/|dvc.gov.in}}<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1948|07|07}}<br /> | location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Damodar Valley Corporation''' ('''DVC''') is a [[statutory corporation]] which operates in the [[Damodar River]] area of [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]] states of [[India]] to handle the Damodar Valley Project, the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Chand | first1=Mahesh | last2=Puri | first2=V. K. | title=Regional Planning in India | publisher=Allied Publishers | date=23 May 1983 | isbn=978-81-7023-058-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-sPBAAAQBAJ | access-date=6 June 2025|page=417|quote=..Damodar Valley project was the first attempt at multi-purpose planning of a river basin.(..) The Damodar river is 541 km (about 336 miles) long and flows through Bihar and West Bengal, across the coal and steel belt of India. The river is also known as Deonadi in its initial reaches.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Jain | first1=Sharad K. | last2=Agarwal | first2=Pushpendra K. | last3=Singh | first3=Vijay P. | title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India | publisher=[[Springer Science &amp; Business Media]] | date=16 May 2007 | isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000jain|archive-date=20 August 2020|access-date=6 June 2025|page=361|quote=Damodar basin lies in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Astrophysicist]] [[Meghnad Saha]] played a pioneering role in conceptualizing and advocating for the Damodar Valley Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Naik | first=Pramod V. | title=Meghnad Saha: His Life in Science and Politics | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | date=14 September 2017 | isbn=978-3-319-62102-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9o1DwAAQBAJ | access-date=6 June 2025|page=128|quote=Saha's writing in the daily press was one of the major reasons which compelled the Bengal Government to appoint the Damodar Flood Enquiry Committee. The Maharajadhiraj of Burdwan was chairman, N. K. Bose secretary and Saha one of the members.(...) Saha demonstrated that the river system could be handled for multipurpose scheme, like Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), USA, using the Tennessee River system. But the war halted further work. During 1943-1944 Saha published a number of articles and editorials, to create public opinion and to shape government policy.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Anderson | first=Robert S. | title=Nucleus and Nation: Scientists, International Networks, and Power in India |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/nucleusnationsci0000ande|archive-date=16 March 2022|publisher=University of Chicago Press | date=15 May 2010 | isbn=978-0-226-01977-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BcKqXOeSbAC | access-date=6 June 2025|pages=231–233|quote=Saha had... presented a scheme for flood control to the Damodar Flood Enquiry Committee during 1943–44. Saha then became a member of that committee, founded after serious floods in 1943, which inspired the study by the US Army Corps of Engineers that led to the Damodar scheme.(..) Saha published his own scheme in Science and Culture, which involved dams, irrigation canals, and afforestation to check erosion.(..) He [Saha] was essentially the most prominent protagonist for the Damodar project but became the best-known critic of its execution.(..) Saha felt sensitive about the Damodar scheme because it was so personal an idea. He had conceived of the Damodar scheme as bringing power, of both kinds, to Bengal and had loudly advocated it because he believed deeply in the success of the TVA.}}&lt;/ref&gt; DVC operates both [[thermal power station]]s and [[hydropower|hydel power]] [[dam|station]]s under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], [[Government of India]]. DVC is headquartered in the [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview of Damodar Valley Corporation |url=https://www.dvc.gov.in/cms-web/details-pages/13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125191811/https://www.dvc.gov.in/cms-web/details-pages/13 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=dvc.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> DVC is currently undergoing corporatization and restructuring to explore the possibility of an IPO to raise funds for expansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DVC to be corporatised, divided into 3 entities keeping ownership intact |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/dvc-to-be-corporatised-divided-into-3-entities-keeping-ownership-intact-124071700667_1.html |access-date=2024-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Stamp of India - 1955 - Colnect 355039 - 1 - Damodar Valley Dam.jpeg|thumb|1955 postal stamp]]<br /> The valley of the [[Damodar River]] was flood prone and the devastating flood of 1943, lead to the formation of the high-powered &quot;Damodar Flood Enquiry Committee&quot; by the government of Bengal. The committee recommended the formation of a body similar to the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] of the United States. Subsequently, W.L. Voorduin, a senior engineer of TVA, was appointed to study the problem. He suggested the multi-purpose development of the valley as a whole in 1944. Damodar Valley Corporation was set up in 1948 as &quot;the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/overview/ | title = Overview | publisher = DVC | accessdate = 16 November 2021 | archive-date = 16 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211116163430/https://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/overview/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> DVC was formed with the central government and the governments of Bihar (later Jharkhand) and West Bengal participating in it. The main aims of the corporation were flood control, irrigation, generation and transmission of electricity, and year-round navigation. The corporation was also expected to provide indirect support for the over-all development of the region. However, while Voorduin had proposed the construction of eight dams, DVC built only four.&lt;ref name=&quot;project&quot;&gt;Planning in India by Mahesh Chand, Vinay Kumar Puri, pages 422-423, Allied Publishers Private Ltd. {{ISBN|81-7023-058-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Mr. Voorduin's &quot;Preliminary Memorandum&quot; suggested a multipurpose development plan designed for achieving flood control, irrigation, power generation and navigation in the Damodar Valley. Four consultants appointed by the Government of India examined it. They also approved the main technical features of Voorduin's scheme and recommended early initiation of construction beginning with Tilaiya to be followed by Maithon. By April 1947, full agreement was practically reached between the three Governments of Central, West Bengal and Bihar on the implementation of the scheme and in March 1948, the Damodar Valley Corporation Act (Act No. XIV of 1948) was passed by the Central Legislature, requiring the three Governments, The Central Government and the State Governments of West Bengal and Bihar to participate jointly for the purpose of building the Damodar Valley Corporation. The Corporation came into existence on 7 July 1948 as the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India.<br /> <br /> The first dam was built across the Barakar River at [[Tilaiya]] and inaugurated in 1953. The second dam, [[Konar Dam]], across the [[Konar River]] was inaugurated in 1955. The third dam across the [[Barakar River]] at [[Maithon]] was inaugurated in 1957. The DVC Rest House at [[Maithon]] was renamed '''Mazumder Niwas''' after ICS Sir S.N. Mozumdar(1904-1981) to honor his legacy as the 1st founding Chairman of DVC. [[Durgapur Barrage]] was built in 1955, with a {{convert|136.8|km}} long left bank main canal and an {{convert|88.5|km}} long right bank main canal. The fourth dam across the Damodar at [[Panchet]] was inaugurated in 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;dvc1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url =http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |title =Damodar Valley Corporation |work =Dams and Barrages |publisher =DVC |access-date = 6 June 2010 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100429025712/http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |archive-date =29 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Emphasis was laid on keeping the Damodar river and valley clean. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/bokaro/emphasis-given-on-keeping-the-damodar-river-and-ghat-clean |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Command area:''' 24,235&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; spread across the Damodar basin.<br /> Jharkhand: 2 districts fully (Dhanbad and Bokaro) and parts of 9 districts (Hazaribagh, Koderma, Chatra, Ramgarh, Palamau, Ranchi, Lohardaga, Giridih, and Dumka)<br /> West Bengal: 6 districts (Purba Bardhhaman, Paschim Bardhhaman, Hooghly, Howrah, Bankura and Purulia)<br /> <br /> ==DVC plants==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Thermal Plants (coal based)&lt;ref name=&quot;dvcPowerPlants&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/generating-units/ |title=Generating Units |access-date=8 July 2016 |work=report |publisher=DVC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101108/http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/generating-units/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dvcPowerPlantsOld&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dvc.gov.in/powerplants.htm|title=Generating Units|publisher=DVC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227195833/http://www.dvc.gov.in/powerplants.htm|archive-date=2014-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Power Plant Name !! State !! data-sort-type=&quot;numeric&quot;|Installed Capacity&lt;br /&gt;in MW !! Remarks<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mejia Thermal Power Station]] || [[West Bengal]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|4×210 + 2×250 + 2×500 = 2,340 ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station]] || [[West Bengal]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|2×600=1,200 || Upcoming 2×660&amp;nbsp;MW<br /> |-<br /> | [[Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station]] || [[West Bengal]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|2×500=1,000 ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Durgapur Thermal Power Station]] || [[West Bengal]] || align=&quot;right&quot;| 0 || Upcoming 1×800&amp;nbsp;MW<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koderma Thermal Power Station]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|2×500=1,000 || Upcoming 2×800&amp;nbsp;MW<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chandrapura Thermal Power Station]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|2×250=500 || Upcoming 1×800&amp;nbsp;MW<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bokaro (Thermal)|Bokaro Thermal Power Station - A]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|1×500 ||<br /> |-<br /> <br /> ! colspan=2|Total !! align=&quot;right&quot;|6540 !!<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Hydel-Power Plants&lt;ref name=&quot;dvcPowerPlants&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dvcPowerPlantsOld&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Power Plant Name !! State !! data-sort-type=&quot;numeric&quot;|Installed Capacity&lt;br /&gt;in MW<br /> |-<br /> | [[Panchet Dam]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|80<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maithon Dam]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|63.2<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tilaiya Dam]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|4<br /> |-<br /> | [[Konar Dam]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|Nil<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|Total !! align=&quot;right&quot;|147.2<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Joint ventures<br /> |-<br /> ! Power Plant Name !! State !! data-sort-type=&quot;numeric&quot;|Installed Capacity&lt;br /&gt;in MW !! Remarks<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maithon Power Plant|Maithon Power Limited]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|2×525=1,050 || Owned by Maithon Power Limited a joint venture between&lt;br /&gt;DVC and [[Tata Power]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=CHOUBEY |first=PRADUMAN |title=Power puffed by Maithon 1050MW Tata-DVC plant chugs to life |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110915/jsp/frontpage/story_14508440.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601181912/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110915/jsp/frontpage/story_14508440.jsp |archive-date=1 June 2015 |quote=Maithon Power Ltd, in which the Tatas and DVC hold 74:26 stake, is being touted as the country’s first greenfield power project under public-private partnership.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[BPSCL Power Plant]] || [[Jharkhand]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|338 || Owned by Bokaro Power Supply Corporation Limited (BPSCL)&lt;br /&gt;a joint venture between DVC and Bokaro Steel Limited&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bpscl.in/|title=The Official Website of BPSCL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> DVC developed and expanded its infrastructure to six thermal power stations (6750&amp;nbsp;MW) and three hydro-electric power stations with a capacity of 147.2&amp;nbsp;MW which contribute to a total installed capacity of 6897.2&amp;nbsp;MW. Presently DVC has 49 sub-stations and receiving stations more than 8390-circuit km of transmission and distribution lines. DVC has also four dams, a barrage and a network of canals (2494&amp;nbsp;km) that play an effective role in water management. The construction of check dams, development of forests and farms and upland and wasteland treatment developed by DVC play a vital role in eco-conservation and environmental management.<br /> <br /> ==Water management==<br /> {{no reference|section|date=June 2025}}<br /> DVC has a network of four dams - [[Tilaiya Dam|Tilaiya]] and [[Maithon Dam|Maithon]] on [[Barakar River]], [[Panchet Dam|Panchet]] on Damodar river and [[Konar Dam|Konar]] on [[Konar River|Konar river]]. Besides, Durgapur barrage and the canal network, handed over to the Government of West Bengal in 1964, remained a part of the total system of water management. DVC dams are capable of moderating floods of 6.51 lac [[cusec]] to 2.5 lac cusecs.<br /> <br /> Four multipurpose dams were constructed during the period 1948 to 1959:<br /> * [[Tilaiya Dam]] (1953)<br /> * [[Konar Dam]] (1955)<br /> * [[Maithon Dam]] (1957)<br /> * [[Panchet Dam]] (1959)<br /> <br /> Flood reserve capacity of 1,292 mcm has been provided in 4 reservoirs, which can moderate a peak flood of 18,395 cumecs to a safe carrying capacity of 7,076 cumecs. 419 mcm of water is stored in the 4 DVC reservoirs to supply 680 cusecs of water to meet industrial, municipal and domestic requirements in West Bengal &amp; Jharkhand. The [[Durgapur Barrage|Durgapur barrage]] on river Damodar was constructed in 1955 for the supply of irrigation water to the districts of Burdwan, Bankura &amp; Hooghly.<br /> <br /> * Irrigation Command Area (Gross): {{convert|569000|ha|km2}}<br /> * Irrigation Potential Created: {{convert|364000|ha|km2}}<br /> * Canals: {{convert|2494|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> <br /> {{convert|30000|ha|km2}} of land in the upper valley is being irrigated, every year by lift irrigation with the water available from 16,000 (approx) check dams constructed by DVC.<br /> <br /> ==Solar floating plants==<br /> * '''DVC Mejia Floating Solar PV Park''': A floating solar PV park in India<br /> * '''DVC Chandrapura Thermal Floating Solar PV Park''': 10&amp;nbsp;MW Floating Solar park in Bokaro, Jharkhand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kavitha |date=2024-10-09 |title=Damodar Valley Corporation Invites Bids for 10 MW Floating Solar PV Plant at Chandrapura Thermal Power Station |url=https://solarquarter.com/2024/10/09/damodar-valley-corporation-invites-bids-for-10-mw-floating-solar-pv-plant-at-chandrapura-thermal-power-station/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=SolarQuarter |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''DVC Raghunathpur Floating Solar PV Park''': An under-construction 10&amp;nbsp;MW Floating Solar plant in West bengal<br /> * '''DVC Konar Floating Solar PV Plant''': is an under-construction 50&amp;nbsp;MW solar PV power project in Jharkhand that and expected to be commercial operation in 2027<br /> <br /> Damodar Valley Plans 1.7&amp;nbsp;GW of Floating Solar Projects in West Bengal and Jharkhand.<br /> <br /> ==Joint venture projects==<br /> ;Bokaro Power Supply Corporation Limited (BPSCL)<br /> A joint venture of DVC and SAIL has been established to operate and maintain the captive power and steam generation plant, hived off by [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] and its Bokaro Steel Plant and supply power and steam exclusively to Bokaro Steel Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Islam | first=S. Nazrul | title=Rivers and Sustainable Development: Alternative Approaches and Their Implications | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date=2020 | isbn=978-0-19-007902-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RP0DwAAQBAJ | access-date=6 June 2025|page=338|quote=Maithon (1,050 MW) is a joint venture with Tata Power, and Bokaro Power Supply Corporation Limited (BPSCL) is a joint venture with Bokaro Steel Limited.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;DVC EMTA Coal Mines Limited<br /> A joint venture company formed with Eastern Minerals &amp; Trading Agency for development and operation of Captive Coal Mine Blocks and supply of coal exclusively to DVC Thermal Power Projects of 10th and 11th plan.<br /> <br /> ;Maithon Power Limited<br /> Maithon Power Ltd., a joint venture between Tata Power and Damodar Valley Corporation, is one of the first greenfield public-private partnership (PPP) power projects in India. Operational since 2011, the plant contributes significantly to the energy grid and DVC’s power distribution capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Mining &amp; Allied Machinery Corporation (MAMC)<br /> The Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation (MAMC) in Durgapur – one of the PSU's in India set up under the rupee-rouble agreement and enjoying Soviet patronage in the early 1960s. Bharat Earth Movers has the highest stake (48%) in the consortium while the other two PSUs – DVC and Coal India – have 26% stake each.<br /> <br /> ==Pumped storage plants==<br /> In 2018, DVC announced plans to build six 250&amp;nbsp;MW pump storage hydel power plants at Lagu Pahar on the Bokaro River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damodar Valley Corp to set up India's largest pump storage hydel power |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/damodar-valley-corp-to-set-up-india-s-largest-pump-storage-hydel-power-118081700828_1.html |access-date=2024-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * [http://www.dvc.gov.in DVC Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003011219/http://www.dvc.gov.in/ |date=3 October 2017 }}<br /> * [http://www.moneycontrol.com/news-topic/damodar-valley-corporation/ moneycontrol.com]<br /> * [http://powermin.nic.in/statutory-bodies powermin.nic.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213095745/http://powermin.nic.in/statutory-bodies |date=13 February 2016 }}<br /> * [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Damodar-Valley-Corporation economictimes.indiatimes.com]<br /> * [http://www.ndtv.com/topic/damodar-valley-corporation-dvc/news ndtv.com]<br /> <br /> {{Damodar Valley}}<br /> {{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}<br /> {{Power Plants of West Bengal}}<br /> {{Power Plants of Jharkhand}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Electric-generation companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:State agencies of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Dams in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Dams in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Dams in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Energy companies established in 1948]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Power (India)]]<br /> [[Category:1948 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elvish_Yadav&diff=450786 2026-03-22T06:42:39Z

<p>LouieWebb342: General improvements to article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian YouTuber and social media influencer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{infobox YouTube personality<br /> | name = Elvish Yadav<br /> | logo = <br /> | image = File:Elvish Yadav snapped at BiggBoss OTT2 Party (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | upright = <br /> | caption = Yadav in 2023<br /> | birth_name = Siddharth Yadav&lt;!-- Officialy--&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1997|09|14}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Wazirabad, Gurgaon]], Haryana, India<br /> | other_names = <br /> | education = [[Hansraj College]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[YouTuber]]|[[Vlogger]]}}<br /> | years_active = 2016–present <br /> | youtube_handle = @TheSocialFactory<br /> | youtube_display_name = Elvish yadav<br /> | youtube_handle2 = @ElvishYadavVlogs<br /> | youtube_display_name2 = Elvish Yadav Vlogs<br /> | youtube_handle3 = @Elvishyadavgame<br /> | youtube_display_name3 = Elvish Yadav Gaming<br /> | youtube_years_active = <br /> | youtube_genre = {{hlist|Comedy|vlogs|entertainment|gaming|reaction}}<br /> | youtube_subscribers = {{ubl|15.8 million (main channel)|{{Rounddown|{{Sum|15.8|8.71|0.56}}}} million (combined){{notetag|Subscribers of the three main channels are included:|<br /> 15.8 million&amp;nbsp;(Elvish Yadav)|<br /> 8.71 million&amp;nbsp;(Elvish Yadav Vlogs)|<br /> 0.56 million&amp;nbsp;(Elvish Yadav Gaming)}}}}&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | youtube_views = {{ubl|1.61 billion (main channel)|{{Rounddown|{{Sum|1.61|1.79|0.99}}}} billion (combined)<br /> }}&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | stats_update = 30 December 2025<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Siddharth''' &quot;'''Elvish'''&quot; '''Yadav''' (born 14 September 1997) is an Indian [[YouTuber]], singer, and television personality. He gained recognition on [[YouTube]], through his comedy skits, vlogs, and social commentary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Who is Elvish Yadav? The First Wild Card To Win Bigg Boss OTT Season 2|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/who-is-elvish-yadav-the-first-wild-card-to-win-bigg-boss-ott-season-2-1503211917.html|date=15 August 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023|work=[[The Statesman (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He won [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]] in 2023, becoming the first wild card contestant to lift the trophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shehnaaz Gill congratulates Bigg Boss OTT 2 winner Elvish Yadav for making history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shehnaaz-gill-congratulates-bigg-boss-ott-2-winner-elvish-yadav-for-making-history/articleshow/102741152.cms|date=16 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 December 2023 |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 winner Elvish Yadav gets attacked during his recent Vaishnodevi visit; Watch the viral video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-2-winner-elvish-yadav-gets-attacked-during-his-vaishnodevi-visit-watch-the-viral-video/articleshow/106233411.cms |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 winner Elvish Yadav reveals he hasn't yet received his ₹25 lakh prize money |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/elvish-yadav-25-lakh-prize-money-bigg-boss-ott-2-winner-101695380627469.html |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, Yadav captained the ''Haryanvi Hunters'' team in the celebrity ''Entertainers Cricket League (ECL) T10'' tournament. Under his leadership, Haryanvi Hunters dominated the league stage and reached the final, which was played against the Lucknow Lions. In the final match, Haryanvi Hunters chased down the target and defeated Lucknow Lions to win the inaugural ECL trophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ECL Final: Elvish Yadav's Team Haryanvi Hunters Win Inaugural ECL T10 Trophy, Defeat Lucknow Lions By 8 Wickets|url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/ecl-final-elvish-yadav-team-haryanvi-hunters-win-entertainers-cricket-league-trophy-defeat-lucknow-lions-by-8-wickets-anurag-dwivedi-1719196|date=23 September 2024|access-date=23 September 2024|work=[[ABP News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He appeared in reality shows such as ''[[MTV Roadies#Season 20|MTV Roadies XX: Double Cross]]'' as a gang leader and [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]'' in 2025, achieving victories in both shows during his inaugural appearances in their respective formats.&lt;ref name=&quot;LS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/updates/laughter-chefs-winner-karan-kundrra-and-elvish-yadav-lift-trophy-in-2nd-season-who-is-runner-up-1394658|title=Elvish Yadav and Karan Kundrra win Laughter Chefs 2: Here's how much they charged per episode|date=28 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025|work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2024 |title=Laughter Chefs season 2: Expected release and new additions like Elvish Yadav, Rubina Dilaik |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/laughter-chefs-season-2-expected-release-and-new-additions-like-elvish-yadav-rubina-dilaik-648531.html |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> Yadav was born on 14 September 1997 as Siddharth Yadav to Ram Avtar Yadav and Sushma Yadav in [[Haryana]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Meet Elvish Yadav, the winner of Bigg Boss Season 15, who shook the 'System'; A look at his friendship with runner-up Abhishek Malhan, his net worth, and more… |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-elvish-yadav-the-winner-of-bigg-boss-season-15-who-shook-the-system-a-look-at-his-friendship-with-bigg-boss-runner-up-abhishek-malhan-his-net-worth-and-more/3210803/ |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=The Financial Express |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819042146/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-elvish-yadav-the-winner-of-bigg-boss-season-15-who-shook-the-system-a-look-at-his-friendship-with-bigg-boss-runner-up-abhishek-malhan-his-net-worth-and-more/3210803/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He went to Amity International School, Gurgaon and later joined [[Hansraj College|Hansraj College, Delhi]], to complete his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 November 2023 |title=Who is Elvish Yadav, Bigg Boss winner booked for supplying snake venom; know about his net worth, lifestyle, and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/who-is-elvish-yadav-bigg-boss-winner-booked-for-supplying-snake-venom-know-about-his-net-worth-lifestyle-and-more/3210803/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131130218/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/who-is-elvish-yadav-bigg-boss-winner-booked-for-supplying-snake-venom-know-about-his-net-worth-lifestyle-and-more/3210803/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Elvish Yadav snapped at BiggBoss OTT2 Party.jpg|thumb|Elvish Yadav at the [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2)]] success party at [[Khar, Mumbai]]]]<br /> [[File:Photos-Urvashi-Rautela-and-Elvish-Yadav-snapped-at-college-fest-in-Juhu-6.jpg|thumb|Elvish Yadav with [[Urvashi Rautela]] at the [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]] fest in [[Juhu]] promoting their song ''Hum Toh Deewane'']]<br /> After drawing inspiration from successful Indian YouTubers like Ashish Chanchlani and [[Amit Bhadana]], Yadav launched his YouTube journey on 29 April 2016, eventually amassing over 15.8 million subscribers and more than 1.61 billion views by the end of 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Check out 10 most-viewed YouTube videos of Bigg Boss OTT 2 winner Elvish Yadav |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/elvish-yadav-most-viewed-funny-youtube-videos/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012165416/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/elvish-yadav-most-viewed-funny-youtube-videos/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Yadav Social Blade profile |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCbmu9wfzxKls40WkCzvqtRA |website=[[Social Blade]] |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816165451/https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCbmu9wfzxKls40WkCzvqtRA |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> ===2016–2023: Career Beginnings===<br /> He initially named his YouTube channel as ''The Social Factory'', but later rebranded it to ''Elvish Yadav''. On this main channel, he focuses on creative flash fiction, conceptual short films, comedy sketches, and engaging entertainment content.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=Meet Elvish Yadav, Desi Creator Whose YouTube Antics Have Entered 'Bigg Boss' House |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/meet-elvish-yadav-desi-creator-whose-youtube-antics-have-entered-bigg-boss-house-8530585.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823011508/https://www.news18.com/viral/meet-elvish-yadav-desi-creator-whose-youtube-antics-have-entered-bigg-boss-house-8530585.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; To expand his digital presence, Yadav introduced additional channels ''Elvish Yadav Vlogs'' and ''Elvish Yadav Gaming''.<br /> <br /> Elvish launched a new YouTube channel, titled ''Elvish Yadav Vlogs'' on 23 November 2019. Yadav's channel had 15.5 million subscribers and 134 million views as of February 2024. He shares daily vlogs, lifestyle content, travel videos, and light-hearted commentary with friends and family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who is Elvish Yadav? Popular YouTuber turned 'Bigg Boss OTT 2' contestant |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/who-is-elvish-yadav-popular-youtuber-turned-bigg-boss-ott-2-contestant-2408730-2023-07-19 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=19 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723103736/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/who-is-elvish-yadav-popular-youtuber-turned-bigg-boss-ott-2-contestant-2408730-2023-07-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also started a new gaming channel ''Elvish Yadav Gaming'' in May 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Ridhi |date=15 August 2023 |title=Who is Elvish Yadav? YouTuber creates history as he becomes FIRST wild card contestant to win Bigg Boss |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/who-is-elvish-yadav-youtuber-creates-history-as-he-becomes-first-wild-card-contestant-to-win-bigg-boss-ott-2-2023-08-15-886763 |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102161926/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/who-is-elvish-yadav-youtuber-creates-history-as-he-becomes-first-wild-card-contestant-to-win-bigg-boss-ott-2-2023-08-15-886763 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=THAKKER |first=NAMRATA |title=Why Is Elvish Yadav Trending? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-is-elvish-yadav-trending/20230718.htm |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117112742/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-is-elvish-yadav-trending/20230718.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2023: Bigg Boss OTT Season 2===<br /> In 2023, Elvish crossed over from digital content into mainstream entertainment by participating in [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|''Bigg Boss OTT'' (Hindi Season 2)]] as a wildcard entrant. Elvish Yadav entered Bigg Boss OTT 2 as a wild card contestant, joining the show several weeks after it had begun. Despite the late entry, his arrival quickly changed the dynamics of the house, driven by his strong fan following and outspoken personality. His colloquial style, humour, and catchphrases helped him connect with the audience almost immediately.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2: Elvish Yadav, Aashika Bhatia To Enter As Wild Card Contestants? What We Know |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-aashika-bhatia-to-enter-as-wild-card-contestants-what-we-know-article-101693109 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818155226/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-aashika-bhatia-to-enter-as-wild-card-contestants-what-we-know-article-101693109 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Elvish Yadav creates history, becomes first wild card to win Bigg Boss OTT 2|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/elvish-yadav-creates-history-becomes-first-wild-card-to-win-bigg-boss-ott-2-2421081-2023-08-14|date=14 August 2023|access-date=14 August 2023|work=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Inside the house, Elvish formed notable bonds with contestants such as Abhishek Malhan and [[Manisha Rani]], while also being involved in multiple confrontations and heated exchanges. His journey was marked by a mix of entertainment, controversies, and strategic gameplay, which kept him consistently in the spotlight throughout the season. Public support played a decisive role in his success. Despite competition from strong finalists, Elvish received massive audience votes and went on to win Bigg Boss OTT 2, becoming the first wild card entrant in Bigg Boss history to lift the OTT trophy. He won a cash prize of ₹25 lakh, finishing ahead of Abhishek Malhan in the finale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 winner: Wildcard entrant Elvish Yadav creates history, lifts the trophy and takes home cash prize of Rs 25 lakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-2-winner-wildcard-entrant-elvish-yadav-creates-history-lifts-the-trophy-and-takes-home-cash-prize-of-rs-25-lakh/articleshow/102732131.cms|date=14 August 2023|access-date=14 August 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2024: Playground Season 4 and ECL T10===<br /> Elvish Yadav served as one of the mentors on Playground Season 4, a popular Indian reality-gaming web series that streamed on [[Amazon MX Player]] in 2024. In this season, he led the KO Krakens team with contestants competing in a mix of gaming challenges and entertainment tasks. His team member Gaurav Singh (known as BT Android) emerged as the winner of the season, marking a successful stint for Elvish as a mentor in the series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Playground Season 4 winner contestant and mentor name and prize money details|url=https://thesportsgrail.com/playground-season-4-winner-contestant-and-mentor-name-and-prize-money-details/|date=9 November 2024|access-date=9 November 2024|work=The SportsGrail}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, Yadav also took on the role of captain for the ''Haryanvi Hunters'' in the ''Entertainers Cricket League (ECL)'', a celebrity cricket tournament. The league stage and play-offs concluded with the final match played between Haryanvi Hunters, led by Elvish Yadav, and Lucknow Lions. Haryanvi Hunters emerged as the winners, defeating Lucknow Lions by four wickets in the final league match.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/entertainers-cricket-league-2024-elvish-yadav-haryana-hunters-win-inaugural-final-result-award-309809.html|title=Entertainers Cricket League 2024: Elvish Yadav's Haryana Hunters win inaugural Final - Result, Award Winners - myKhel|date=23 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2025: MTV Roadies XX, Laughter Chefs and Bigg Boss 19===<br /> Elvish Yadav made his debut in the MTV Roadies franchise in 2024 as a gang leader on [[MTV Roadies#Season 20|MTV Roadies XX: Double Cross]]. His entry marked a shift for the show, bringing a prominent digital creator into a leadership role alongside established faces like [[Gautam Gulati]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Prince Narula]], and [[Rhea Chakraborty]]. Throughout the season, Elvish was actively involved in strategic decisions and competitive tasks, often making headlines for clashes and alliances with other gang leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roadies-double-cross-elvish-yadav-on-being-a-part-of-the-show-says-im-here-to-bring-the-josh-and-shake-things-up/articleshow/117100467.cms|title=Roadies Double Cross: Elvish Yadav on being a part of the show; says 'I'm here to bring the josh and shake things up'|date=10 January 2025 |access-date=10 January 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/roadies-xx-prince-narula-loses-his-cool-as-elvish-yadav-and-rhea-chakraborty-team-up-against-him-7578746/|title=Roadies XX: Prince Narula Loses His Cool As Elvish Yadav And Rhea Chakraborty Team Up Against Him|date=28 January 2025 |access-date=28 January 2025|work=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite being his first season, his leadership proved effective, as his gang member Kushal Tanwar (Gullu) went on to win the season. With Gullu’s victory, Elvish became one of the few gang leaders to win Roadies in their debut season, further strengthening his transition from digital fame to mainstream reality television.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/elvish-yadavs-gang-member-kushal-tanwar-aka-gullu-wins-roadies-double-cross-10042033/|title=Elvish Yadav’s gang member Kushal Tanwar aka Gullu wins Roadies Double Cross, takes home Rs 10 lakhs and a bike: ‘It was a silent scream finally heard’|date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-elvish-yadav-reacts-to-winning-roadies-xx-says-gullu-is-a-deserving-winner-and-im-very-happy-he-won-the-show/articleshow/121550441.cms|title=Exclusive – Elvish Yadav reacts to winning Roadies XX; says, “Gullu is a deserving winner and I’m very happy he won the show”|date=2 June 2025 |access-date=2 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Elvish Yadav participated in [[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment season 2|Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment Season 2]], a celebrity cooking-comedy reality show on Colors TV hosted by [[Bharti Singh]] with Chef [[Harpal Singh Sokhi]] as judge. During the season, Elvish teamed up with [[Karan Kundrra]], who joined mid-season, and together they competed against other celebrity duos in entertaining culinary challenges that blended humour and food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/elvish-yadav-and-karan-kundrra-win-laughter-chefs-2-heres-how-much-they-charged-per-episode/articleshow/122944548.html|title=Elvish Yadav and Karan Kundrra win Laughter Chefs 2: Here's how much they charged per episode|date=28 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Over the course of the season, Elvish and Karan impressed both the audience and the judge with their chemistry, fun personalities, and evolving cooking skills. In the grand finale aired on 27 July 2025, they emerged as the winners of Season 2, scoring the highest audience stars and taking home the trophy ahead of runner-up pair [[Aly Goni]] and [[Reem Shaikh]]. Elvish later shared heartfelt gratitude to fans and the show’s team for the support throughout the journey.&lt;ref name=&quot;LS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/elvish-yadav-pens-heartfelt-note-after-winning-laughter-chefs-2-never-imagined_225291|title=Elvish Yadav pens heartfelt note after winning Laughter Chefs 2: ‘Never imagined..’|date=27 July 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025|work=India Forums}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Elvish Yadav made a special guest appearance on [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss (Hindi Season 19)]]. Rather than participating as a contestant, Elvish appeared during a Weekend Ka Vaar segment alongside [[Salman Khan]], interacting with housemates and playing an integral part in a task designed for the show’s contestants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/bigg-boss-19-elvish-yadav-hosts-new-task-eight-nominees-eviction-weekend-ka-vaar-2797944-2025-10-05|title=Bigg Boss 19 ep 42: Salman Khan jokes with Elvish Yadav as he appears on show|date=5 October 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025|work=India Forums}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other work===<br /> Beyond his creator career, Yadav has diversified into entrepreneurship and philanthropy. He is the founder of a youth-focused clothing brand called ''Systumm Clothing'' and runs the ''Elvish Yadav Foundation'', an NGO aimed at supporting underprivileged children and social welfare initiatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=Elvish Yadav's journey from a social media influencer to Bigg Boss OTT 2 winner |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/elvish-yadavs-journey-from-a-social-media-influencer-to-bigg-boss-ott-2-winner-1503211923.html |website=[[The Statesman (India)]] |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818134636/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/elvish-yadavs-journey-from-a-social-media-influencer-to-bigg-boss-ott-2-winner-1503211923.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Bigg Boss OTT 2 contestant Elvish Yadav, 25-year-old YouTuber who owns Rs 1.5 crore sportscar, multiple houses |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-meet-bigg-boss-ott-2-contestant-elvish-yadav-25-year-old-youtuber-who-owns-rs-15-crore-sportscar-multiple-houses-3051565 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818140211/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-meet-bigg-boss-ott-2-contestant-elvish-yadav-25-year-old-youtuber-who-owns-rs-15-crore-sportscar-multiple-houses-3051565 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> {{cleanup|date=May 2025|reason=Merge some of the sections into larger ones}}<br /> <br /> === Offensive remarks against Tiktokers (2020) ===<br /> Yadav utilised his YouTube platform to engage in a practice commonly referred to as &quot;[[Roast (comedy)|roasting]],&quot; specifically targeting [[TikTok]] videos. In his content, he drew comparisons between the youthful individuals featured in TikTok videos and individuals engaged in the scavenging of discarded items, colloquially known as &quot;ragpickers&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Tarishi |date=21 December 2020 |title=Cultural cringe: how caste and class affect the idea of culture in social media |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1864879 |journal=Feminist Media Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=159–161 |doi=10.1080/14680777.2021.1864879 |s2cid=231722945 |issn=1468-0777 |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208220512/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1864879 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sexist remarks against Kusha Kapila (2021) ===<br /> He encountered backlash for his sexist remarks and insulting commentary directed towards [[Kusha Kapila]], a female comedian and actor. His comments were widely regarded as an instance of online abuse, bullying and ignorance which sparked substantial controversy and disapproval from the online community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Mridula |year=2021 |title=Indian Women in Comedy: An Inquiry into the Perpetuation of Rape Culture on Social Media |url=https://sanglap-journal.in/index.php/sanglap/article/view/4 |journal=Sanglap: Journal of Literary and Cultural Inquiry |volume=07 |issue=2 |pages=26–47 |doi=10.35684/jlci.2021.7202 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=2349-8064 |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102092404/https://sanglap-journal.in/index.php/sanglap/article/view/4 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Flower pot theft case (2023) ===<br /> In March 2023, Elvish Yadav's name was trending in connection with a government owned flower pot theft case. He stated in a tweet that the vehicle shown in the video related to the theft did not belong to him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Why Youtuber Elvish Yadav's name is trending in flower pots' theft case? Read here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/why-youtuber-elvish-yadavs-name-is-trending-in-flower-pots-theft-case-read-here/articleshow/98359933.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#ElvishYadav Trends After Flower Pots' Theft Video Goes Viral. Who Is He |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/elvish-yadav-gurugram-flower-pots-video-elvish-yadav-trends-after-flower-pots-theft-video-goes-viral-who-is-he-3824214 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Discriminatory and sexist comments against Arjun Bijlani (2023) ===<br /> In September 2023, Yadav generated additional controversy when he misgendered [[Arjun Bijlani]] as &quot;a woman&quot;. This particular statement, deemed offensive and inappropriate, attracted extensive criticism and condemnation from various quarters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Yadav calls Arjun Bijlani 'woman' after actor takes indirect dig at him |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/elvish-yadav-calls-arjun-bijlani-woman-after-actor-takes-indirect-dig-at-him-2437051-2023-09-18 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=India Today |date=18 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102161926/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/elvish-yadav-calls-arjun-bijlani-woman-after-actor-takes-indirect-dig-at-him-2437051-2023-09-18 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Priya |title=Is Calling A Man 'Woman' An Insult? Why Elvish's Humour Needs To Evolve |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/opinion/elvish-yadav-comments-on-woman-1349535 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=shethepeople.tv |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102161928/https://www.shethepeople.tv/opinion/elvish-yadav-comments-on-woman-1349535 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Smuggling of venom from wild snakes (2023) ===<br /> On 3 November 2023, Noida Police filed an [[First information report|FIR]] against Elvish and five others after nine venomous snakes, including [[cobra]]s, were found in their possession. These snakes and snake venom were used at alleged illegal [[rave]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snakes, snake venom at Noida rave, case against Bigg Boss OTT's Elvish Yadav |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/noida/story/noida-police-bust-rave-party-5-arrested-fir-names-big-boss-winner-elvish-yadav-2457462-2023-11-03 |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=India Today |date=3 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103065758/https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/noida/story/noida-police-bust-rave-party-5-arrested-fir-names-big-boss-winner-elvish-yadav-2457462-2023-11-03 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The case was initiated based on a complaint from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MP [[Maneka Gandhi]]'s NGO, who accused Elvish of shooting videos with snakes and hosting unauthorised parties with snake venom and drugs. An undercover operation led to the arrest of five individuals who named Elvish Yadav as the mastermind.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title=YouTuber Elvish Yadav, 5 aides booked in Noida for rave parties with snake venom |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fir-against-influencer-elvish-yadav-5-aides-for-rave-parties-with-snake-venom-101698990718567.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208220447/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fir-against-influencer-elvish-yadav-5-aides-for-rave-parties-with-snake-venom-101698990718567.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, on 17 March 2024, Yadav, along with five others, was arrested under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]], and Section 120A (criminal conspiracy) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] for arranging snake venom at rave parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Subsequently, they were sent to [[judicial custody]] for 14 days,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=YouTuber Elvish Yadav Sent To 14-Day Jail In Snake Venom-Rave Party Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/youtuber-elvish-yadav-arrested-in-snake-venom-rave-party-case-5255991 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2024 |title=Elvish Yadav arrested in Noida snake venom case, sent to 14-day judicial custody |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/elvish-yadav-arrested-by-noida-police-in-snake-venom-case-reports-101710669682936.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; where Yadav confessed to arranging snake venom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=YouTuber Elvish Yadav Admits To Arranging Snake Venom At Rave Parties: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/elvish-yadav-admits-to-arranging-snake-venom-at-rave-parties-sources-5259883 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 March 2024, the probe against Yadav spread to additional cases in Goa and Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 March 2024 |title=Parties in NCR to Goa and Punjab, probe into Elvish Yadav 'snake venom' supply spreads |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/elvish-yadavs-snake-venom-supply-probe-spreads-to-parties-in-ncr-goa-and-punjab/articleshow/108628906.cms |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 March 2024, Yadav was granted bail by the [[Gautam Buddha Nagar]] district court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Elvish Yadav granted bail on snake venom case |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-ott-2-winner-elvish-yadav-granted-bail-from-noida-police-2024-03-22-922776 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=India TV News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On March 21, 2026, the [[Supreme Court of India]] quashed the criminal proceedings, holding that the alleged substance did not fall under the scheduled list of the [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (India)|NDPS]] Act and that the complaint under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] was not filed by an authorised officer. However, the Court clarified that authorities may initiate fresh proceedings by following due legal procedure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-03-19 |title=SC quashes criminal case against YouTuber Elvish Yadav |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/snake-venom-case-supreme-court-quashes-fir-proceedings-against-youtuber-elvish-yadav/article70761090.ece |access-date=2026-03-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Assault and death threats against YouTuber Maxtern (2024) ===<br /> On 8 March 2024, footage of Yadav, along with multiple companions, assaulting, physically abusing and giving death threats to fellow content creator, Sagar Thakur (known online as MaxTern) at a garment shop in [[Gurgaon]], went viral online. According to ''[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]'', an [[First information report|FIR]] has been registered against him. The altercation supposedly happened after a social media clash, in which Thakur criticised Yadav for his controversial activities, including his alleged involvement in the snake venom case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Yadav booked for beating up fellow YouTuber over social media rivalry: Gurgaon cops |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/elvish-yadav-booked-for-beating-up-fellow-youtuber-gurgaon-cops-9203810/ |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=The Indian Express |date=9 March 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Fake lifestyle (2024) ===<br /> In March 2024, it was revealed that Yadav had been fabricating aspects of his lifestyle to project a glamorous and affluent image on social media. This revelation came from his parents during an emotional interview on a national news channel, where they tearfully disclosed that Yadav's online persona was not reflective of his real life. They claimed that his actions were motivated by a desire to gain social media engagement and attention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Yadav's parents reveal shocking truth about his fake online lifestyle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/elvish-yadav-never-owned-any-luxury-cars-or-a-property-in-dubai-his-parents-reveal-9224215/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Indian Express|date=20 March 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Dispute with Manisha Rani (2024) ===<br /> <br /> Following their association on Bigg Boss OTT 2, Yadav became involved in a public disagreement with fellow reality television personality [[Manisha Rani]]. In 2024, Rani unfollowed Yadav on social media and later addressed the decision in interviews, stating that it was related to issues of self-respect and alleging that Yadav displayed excessive ego in personal interactions. She emphasised that maintaining dignity was more important than continuing public associations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=March 2024|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 11 winner Manisha Rani reveals the real reason behind unfollowing Bigg Boss OTT winner Elvish Yadav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-11-winner-manisha-rani-reveals-the-real-reason-behind-unfollowing-bigg-boss-ott-winner-elvish-yadav-says-elvish-ko-bahut-ego-hai-and-its-about-self-respect/articleshow/108897980.cms<br /> |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Subsequent media coverage reported that Yadav dismissed the unfollowing as “childish,” while Rani reiterated that her decision was based on personal boundaries and professional self-respect. Entertainment outlets described the exchange as reflective of tensions between the two following the show and highlighted contrasting perspectives on professionalism and interpersonal conduct.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2024 |title=Manisha Rani breaks silence on unfollowing Elvish Yadav; says it was about ego and self-respect |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manisha-rani-breaks-silence-unfollowing-elvish-yadav-ego-self-respect/<br /> |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The episode drew significant public reaction, with fans and commentators widely discussing the fallout across social media platforms. Several reports noted that audience reactions were divided, with some supporting Rani’s stance on self-respect, while others defended Yadav, turning the issue into a broader online debate about professionalism and behaviour among reality-show personalities after the conclusion of the programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2024 |title=From friends to fallout: Bigg Boss OTT stars who ended friendships after the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-bebika-dhurve-pooja-bhatt-to-elvish-yadav-manisha-rani-bigg-boss-bffs-who-called-off-their-friendship-after-the-show/photostory/109284263.cms<br /> |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Offensive Remarks against Bigg Boss 18 Finalist Chum Darang (2025)===<br /> <br /> In February 2025, Yadav faced criticism for making offensive comments about [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]] finalist [[Chum Darang]] during a podcast with Rajat Dalal. He questioned why [[Karan Veer Mehra]] would be interested in Chum and labelled her name as &quot;ashleel&quot; (vulgar).&lt;ref name=&quot;YCHUM&quot;&gt;Elvish Yadav Offensive Remarks on Chum Darang :<br /> *{{cite web |title=Elvish Yadav faces backlash for making racist comments on Chum Darang, calls her name 'ashleel' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/elvish-yadav-faces-backlash-for-making-racist-comments-on-chum-darang-calls-her-name-ashleel-101738913899164.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=7 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025}}<br /> *{{cite web |title=Internet shreds Elvish Yadav for trolling Bigg Boss 18 finalist Chum Darang |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/internet-shreds-elvish-yadav-for-trolling-bigg-boss-18-finalist-chum-darang-2676258-2025-02-07 |website=India Today |date=7 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025}}<br /> *{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT star Elvish Yadav faces backlash for vile COVID-19 comment against BB 18 finalist Chum Darang |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bigg-boss-ott-star-elvish-yadav-faces-backlash-for-vile-covid-19-comment-against-bb-18-finalist-chum-darang/articleshow/118023149.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=7 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Shooting at Gurugram home (2025) ===<br /> <br /> On 17 August 2025, the residence of Yadav in [[Gurugram]]'s Sector 57 was targeted in a shooting incident around 5:30–6:00&amp;nbsp;a.m. Three unidentified assailants on motorcycles fired over two dozen rounds at the house, damaging the ground and first floors, including windows, doors, and balconies, as captured on CCTV footage. Yadav was not present at the time, but family members and caretakers were inside; no injuries were reported. Gurugram Police initiated an investigation, collecting forensic evidence and reviewing CCTV footage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-17 |title=Mired in many controversies, Elvish Yadav continues to enjoy immense popularity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/mired-in-many-controversies-elvish-yadav-continues-to-enjoy-immense-popularity-10195147/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-08-17 |title=Watch: CCTV captures moment of firing at Elvish Yadav's Gurgaon home; gang claims responsibility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/watch-cctv-captures-moment-of-firing-at-elvish-yadavs-gurgaon-home-gang-claims-responsibility/articleshow/123343838.cms |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Arvind |date=2025-08-17 |title=Over 2 dozen bullets fired at Elvish Yadav's Gurugram home, attackers on the run |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/youtuber-elvish-yadavs-gurugram-house-sprayed-with-over-2-dozen-bullets-by-bike-borne-men-cops-at-scene-2772291-2025-08-17 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A social media post attributed to the &quot;Bhau Gang,&quot; allegedly led by fugitive gangster Himanshu Bhau, claimed responsibility, citing Yadav's purported promotion of [[Betting|illegal betting]] apps, though this claim remains unverified. Yadav's father, Ram Avtar Yadav, stated that no prior threats were received.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Donation appeal controversy (2025) ===<br /> <br /> In late 2025, Yadav faced public scrutiny after sharing a social-media donation appeal for the medical treatment of a child suffering from Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). The controversy escalated following remarks by comedian and television personality [[Munawar Faruqui]], who alleged that some non-governmental organisations pay influencers to promote charity campaigns. Although Faruqui did not name Yadav, the comments triggered online speculation linking them to Yadav’s appeal.<br /> <br /> Yadav denied the allegations, stating that he does not accept payment for charity-related posts and that the campaign he shared was genuine and transparent. Media reports noted that, as of the time of coverage, no First Information Report (FIR) or official investigation had been registered against him, describing the matter as a social-media-driven controversy rather than a legally established fraud case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=Dec 2025 |title=Elvish Yadav responds to NGO scam allegations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/elvish-yadav-responds-to-ngo-scam-allegations-after-munawar-faruquis-remarks/articleshow/126101563.cms<br /> |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Dec 2025 |title=Munawar Faruqui sparks debate on paid charity promotions by influencers |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/munawar-faruqui-calls-out-potential-scam-urges-caution-in-charity-promotions-11766290373967.html<br /> |website=LiveMint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Dec 2025 |title=Elvish Yadav denies scam allegations linked to SMA charity appeal |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/elvish-yadav-on-allegations-of-scam-in-ngo-referenced-by-sma-charity-event-1925825<br /> |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Public criticism further intensified after a widely circulated YouTube video alleged that an individual who had previously appeared alongside Yadav had a history of misleading social-media fundraising practices. The video claimed such content was designed to generate engagement and mislead audiences, contributing to questions about Yadav’s judgment and associations. Media coverage, however, emphasised that these claims originated from online commentary and that no legal findings of wrongdoing had been established against Yadav in relation to the donation appeal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=YouTube commentary alleging misleading fundraising practices |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta_jOkaDNLQ<br /> |website=YouTube |access-date=24 Dec 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Dec 2025 |title=Elvish Yadav breaks silence on NGO allegations amid online scrutiny |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/elvish-yadav-breaks-silence-on-ngo-scam-allegations-in-new-video-101766289957591.html<br /> |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> !{{Reference column heading}}<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''Elvish Yadav''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Yadav |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/elvish-yadav/1260072635 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Disney+ Hotstar via internet archive |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124528/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/elvish-yadav/1260072635 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''Hungama''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=15 May 2021 |title=Amazon miniTV, a free streaming service, launched in India |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/15/amazon-minitv-free-streaming-service-india/ |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819041909/https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/15/amazon-minitv-free-streaming-service-india/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Season 2)]]<br /> |Contestant<br /> |Winner<br /> <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 : Elvish Yadav Becomes The First Wild Card To Win The Trophy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-ott-season-2-finale-elvish-yadav-lifts-trophy-beats-abhishek-malhan-4298456 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816165451/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-ott-season-2-finale-elvish-yadav-lifts-trophy-beats-abhishek-malhan-4298456 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT Season 2 : Watch Bigg Boss OTT All Seasons, Episodes and Videos Online |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/bigg-boss-ott/3499624 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=jiocinema.com |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804135458/https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/bigg-boss-ott/3499624 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023-<br /> |[[Playground (web series) season 3|Playground (Season 3)]] <br /> |Mentor<br /> |Winner<br /> |-<br /> |2024–<br /> |[[Playground (web series) season 4|Playground (Season 4)]]<br /> |Mentor <br /> |Winner<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=9 March 2024 |title=Elvish joins 'Playground' Season 3 as mentor, welcomes opportunity to guide in gaming |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/elvish-joins-playground-season-3-as-mentor-welcomes-opportunity-to-guide-in-gaming-1503277481.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |[[MTV Roadies#Season 20|MTV Roadies XX: Double Cross]]<br /> |Gang Leader <br /> |Winner<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MTV Roadies XX: Double Cross - JioHotstar|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/mtv-roadies/1971002274|date=11 January 2025|access-date=11 January 2025|website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]] ([[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment season 2|Season 2]])<br /> |Contestant<br /> |Winner<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Laugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laughter Chefs Unlimited Entertainment - JioHotstar|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/laughter-chefs-unlimited-entertainment/1971003517|date=25 January 2025|access-date=25 January 2025|website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss (Hindi Season 19)]]<br /> |Guest<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]] ([[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment season 3|Season 3]])<br /> |Contestant<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Laugh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |Indian Game Adda<br /> |Himself<br /> |Host<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Game Adda - JioHotstar|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/indian-game-adda/1271392472|date=16 February 2025|access-date=16 February 2025|website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |Adda Extreme Battle<br /> |Himself<br /> |Host<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adda Extreme Battle - JioHotstar|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/adda-extreme-battle/1271436859|date=28 July 2025|access-date=28 July 2025|website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |Aukaat Ke Bahar<br /> |Rajveer Ahlawat<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aukaat Ke Bahar out on OTT: Here's where you can stream Elvish Yadav's series digitally|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aukaat-ke-bahar-out-on-ott-where-to-stream-elvish-yadavs-series-digitally/bbbd2aa4de440|date=3 December 2025|access-date=3 December 2025 |website=OTTplay|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Music video ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Artist(s)<br /> !Notes<br /> !{{Reference column heading}}<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |BAD GUY (DG)<br /> |Actor<br /> |DG Immortals<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Yadav Song: 'बिग बॉस' ही नहीं हरियाणवी गानों के भी किंग हैं एल्विश यादव, 'बैड गाय' में दिखाया है तगड़ा स्वैग |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/haryanvi-songs/bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-new-song-bad-guy-dg-new-hariyanvi-song/videoshow/102189343.cms |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818144056/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/haryanvi-songs/bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-new-song-bad-guy-dg-new-hariyanvi-song/videoshow/102189343.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2023<br /> |''Systumm''<br /> |Actor<br /> |DG Immortals<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Elvish Yadav क्यों कहते है बार-बार Systumm, जानिए इसके पीछे की वजह {{!}}Elvishyadav {{!}} Biggbossott2 |url=https://www.indiatv.in/video/entertainment/elvish-yadav-systumm-elvishyadav-biggbossott2-2023-08-16-981776 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818144835/https://www.indiatv.in/video/entertainment/elvish-yadav-systumm-elvishyadav-biggbossott2-2023-08-16-981776 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haryanvi Hit Songs हरियाणवी गानों की विदेशों में धूम टाइम्स स्क्वायर पर फीचर हुआ Kalesh Chori और SYSTUMM - Haryanvi Trending Songs world wide pranjal Dahiya Kalesh Chori and elvish yadav SYSTUMM featured on Times Square |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/ambala-haryanvi-trending-songs-world-wide-pranjal-dahiya-kalesh-chori-and-elvish-yadav-systumm-featured-on-times-square-23493341.html |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818144834/https://www.jagran.com/haryana/ambala-haryanvi-trending-songs-world-wide-pranjal-dahiya-kalesh-chori-and-elvish-yadav-systumm-featured-on-times-square-23493341.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Punja Daab<br /> |Actor<br /> |[[Parmish Verma]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch The Latest Haryanvi Video Song 'Punja Daab' Sung By Parmish Verma X DG Immortals {{!}} Haryanvi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/haryanvi/watch-the-latest-punjabi-video-song-punja-daab-sung-by-parmish-verma-x-dg-immortals/videoshow/98963017.cms |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818145937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/haryanvi/watch-the-latest-punjabi-video-song-punja-daab-sung-by-parmish-verma-x-dg-immortals/videoshow/98963017.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=ਪਰਮੀਸ਼ ਵਰਮਾ ਨੇ ਪਤਨੀ ਗੀਤ ਗਰੇਵਾਲ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਾਂਝਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਵੀਡੀਓ, ਜੋੜੀ ਦਾ ਰੋਮਾਂਟਿਕ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ ਹਰ ਕਿਸੇ ਨੂੰ ਆ ਰਿਹਾ ਪਸੰਦ |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/pollywood/parmish-verma-shares-a-roamntic-video-with-wife-geet-grewal-414117 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=pa |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818145940/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/pollywood/parmish-verma-shares-a-roamntic-video-with-wife-geet-grewal-414117 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Rao Sahab<br /> |Actor<br /> |Amar Kharkiya<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Yadav Rao Sahab Song: 'राव साहब' बने एल्विश यादव का स्वैग देख दिल बिछने को तैयार हो जाएंगी लड़कियां, 'बिग बॉस' में अलग ही गर्दा उड़ा रहे |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/haryanvi-songs/elvish-yadav-songs-amar-kharkiya-rao-sahab-song-new-hariyanvi-song/videoshow/102466980.cms |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818144455/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/haryanvi-songs/elvish-yadav-songs-amar-kharkiya-rao-sahab-song-new-hariyanvi-song/videoshow/102466980.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Hum Toh Deewane<br /> |Actor<br /> |[[Yasser Desai]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=9 September 2023 |title=Urvashi Rautela, Elvish Yadav's romantic song 'Hum toh Deewane' poster, release date out |url=https://theprint.in/feature/urvashi-rautela-elvish-yadavs-romantic-song-hum-toh-deewane-poster-release-date-out/1753844/ |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102161926/https://theprint.in/feature/urvashi-rautela-elvish-yadavs-romantic-song-hum-toh-deewane-poster-release-date-out/1753844/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 September 2023 |title=Elvish Yadav's romantic music video teaser with Urvashi Rautela sets a record of 2 million views in 10.5 hours; Pooja Bhatt writes 'Oh Ho Star' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/elvish-yadavs-romantic-music-video-teaser-with-urvashi-rautela-sets-a-record-of-2-million-views-in-10-5-hours-pooja-bhatt-writes-oh-ho-star/articleshow/103620679.cms |access-date=16 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914044527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/elvish-yadavs-romantic-music-video-teaser-with-urvashi-rautela-sets-a-record-of-2-million-views-in-10-5-hours-pooja-bhatt-writes-oh-ho-star/articleshow/103620679.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Meter Khench Ke<br /> |Actor<br /> |R Cruze, Virtual_Af, Love Kataria<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enjoy The New Haryanvi Music Video For Meter Khench Ke By R Cruze x Virtual AF Featuring Elvish Yadav {{!}} Haryanvi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/haryanvi/enjoy-the-new-haryanvi-music-video-for-meter-khench-ke-by-r-cruze-x-virtual-af-featuring-elvish-yadav/videoshow/102941266.cms |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102161927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/haryanvi/enjoy-the-new-haryanvi-music-video-for-meter-khench-ke-by-r-cruze-x-virtual-af-featuring-elvish-yadav/videoshow/102941266.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Bolero<br /> |Actor<br /> |[[Asees Kaur]], Preetinder<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Manisha Bolero Song: रिलीज हुआ मनीषा रानी और एल्विश यादव का गाना 'बोलेरो', दिखी खट्टी-मीठी केमिस्ट्री - Elvish Yadav and Manisha Rani Bolero Song Release fans loved their chemistry in music video |url=https://gossiptalkie.com/elvish-yadav-biography/ |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103112001/https://gossiptalkie.com/elvish-yadav-biography/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=Bolero is OUT: After Bigg Boss OTT 2, Elvish Yadav and Manisha Rani steal hearts in collaboration |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bolero-is-out-after-bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-and-manisha-rani-steal-hearts-in-collaboration-1252921 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022124656/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bolero-is-out-after-bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-and-manisha-rani-steal-hearts-in-collaboration-1252921 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> |2024<br /> |Rao Sahab Rollin' <br /> |Actor <br /> |SDEE, VKey <br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elvish Yadav's new song Rao Sahab Rollin' released with Mahira Sharma |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/elvish-yadav-and-mahira-sharmas-music-video-rao-sahab-rollin-features-cameo-by-maxtern-8817510.html |date= June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Discography ==<br /> '''Singles and collaborations'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elvish Yadav - Top Songs - Listen on JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/elvish-yadav-songs/FY9QlMQ1WZ0_ |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=JioSaavn |language=en-US |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208220451/https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/elvish-yadav-songs/FY9QlMQ1WZ0_ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Artist(s)<br /> !Notes<br /> !{{Reference column heading}}<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |Apna Gaav<br /> |Singer<br /> |Himself <br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Check Out New Haryanvi Trending Song Music Video - 'Apna Gaav' (Audio) Sung By Elvish Yadav {{!}} Haryanvi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/haryanvi/check-out-new-haryanvi-trending-song-music-video-apna-gaav-audio-sung-by-elvish-yadav/videoshow/79714915.cms |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818205254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/haryanvi/check-out-new-haryanvi-trending-song-music-video-apna-gaav-audio-sung-by-elvish-yadav/videoshow/79714915.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan= &quot;2&quot; |2023<br /> |Bawli<br /> |Singer<br /> |Himself<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 September 2023 |title=Elvish Yadav, DG Immortals collaborates once again for song 'Bawli' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/elvish-yadav-dg-immortals-collaborates-once-again-for-song-bawli/articleshow/103930424.cms |access-date=30 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929062059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/elvish-yadav-dg-immortals-collaborates-once-again-for-song-bawli/articleshow/103930424.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> |Chore Haryana Aale<br /> |Singer<br /> |Himself<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chore Haryane Aale गाने ने सोशल मीडिया पर 'गाड़ दिया लट्ठ', एल्विश यादव और अंकित बैयनपुरिया ने 'हिलाया सिस्टम', महज चार दिन में 6 मिलियन से ज्यादा व्यूज|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/haryana/state/chandigarh-ha/chore-haryane-aale-song-elvish-yadav-new-song-ankit-baiyanpuriya-elvish-yadav/haryana20231012182711326326448 |date=June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |Illegal Hathiyar <br /> |Singer<br /> |Himself<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elvish Yadav-Miesha Iyer Scream Swag In Illegal Hathiyar, Music Video Out Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/elvish-yadav-miesha-iyer-scream-swag-in-illegal-hathiyar-music-video-out-now-article-111223609 |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=21 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |Fire Dabey<br /> |Singer<br /> |Himself <br /> |<br /> |{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Accolades==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Event<br /> ! Result<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |Youth Icon of the Year<br /> |BIG Impact Awards — Chandigarh and Haryana Edition<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |author=Elvish Yadav |author-link=Elvish Yadav |user=ElvishYadav |number=1708030237974618243|date=30 September 2023 |title=🙏🏻🙏🏻|language=en |access-date=30 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |OTT Star of the Year — Male<br /> |Creators United 2.0 ''(in association with the [[Government of Maharashtra]])''<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Elvish Yadav Wins OTT Star Of The Year Award At Creators United 2.0|work=[[Times Now]]|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/elvish-yadav-wins-ott-star-of-the-year-award-at-creators-united-2-0-article-108532729|date=15 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Recognitions===<br /> * 2023: Elvish became the sixth most searched personality on [[Google]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://trends.google.co.in/trends/yis/2023/IN/ |title=See what was trending in 2023 – India |accessdate=11 December 2023 |work=Google Trends|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of YouTubers]]<br /> * [[List of Indian comedians]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|group=Note}}<br /> {{notefoot}}<br /> {{notelist-ua}}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links ==<br /> * {{YouTube|channel=UCbmu9wfzxKls40WkCzvqtRA}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm12842508}}<br /> <br /> {{Subject bar|d=yes|d-search=Q120828598|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Elvish Yadav|portal1=Biography|portal2=Internet|portal3=India|portal4=Video games|portal5=Music}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Elvish}}<br /> [[Category:1997 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy YouTubers]]<br /> [[Category:YouTube vloggers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian digital artists]]<br /> [[Category:Comedy-related YouTube channels]]<br /> [[Category:Gaming-related YouTube channels]]<br /> [[Category:Vlogs-related YouTube channels]]<br /> [[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2016]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nationalists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gurgaon]]<br /> [[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) winners]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yuva_Puraskar_winners_for_Punjabi&diff=512753 2026-03-18T16:19:13Z

<p>LouieWebb342: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.<br /> <br /> == Recipients ==<br /> Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia-economictimes 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Author<br /> ! Work<br /> ! Genre<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || Paramveer Singh || ''Amrit Vela'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || Pargat Singh Satauj || ''Teevian'' || Novel <br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || Harpreet Kaur || ''Toon Mainu Sirlekh De'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || Gagan Deep Sharma || ''Ikalla Nahin Hunda Banda'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || Simran Dhaliwal || ''Aas Aje Bani Hai'' || Short Stories <br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || Ranjit Saranwali || ''Pani Utte Meenakari'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || Harman || ''Rani Tatt'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || Gurpreet Sehji || ''Balora'' || Novel <br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || Yadwinder Singh Sandhu || ''Waqt Beeteya Nahi'' || Novel <br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || Deepak Kumar Dhalewan || ''Malaha'n Ton Bina'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || Veerdavlnder Singh || ''Paa De Pailaan'' || Essays <br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || Sandhu Gagan || ''Panjteele'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || Sandeep || ''Chitt Da Jugraphia'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2024 || Randhir || ''Khat Jo Likhno Reh Gaye'' || Poetry <br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || Mandeep Aulakh || ''Girls Hostel'' || Poetry <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|India|Literature}}<br /> * [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi]]<br /> * [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Punjabi]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]<br /> * [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian literary awards]]<br /> [[Category:Awards established in 2011]]<br /> [[Category:2011 establishments in India]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_locomotive_class_WCM-1&diff=474469 2026-03-12T04:40:10Z

<p>LouieWebb342: update details and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Class of 1950s electric locomotives}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date = May 2020}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Original research|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Rewrite|date=October 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox locomotive<br /> | name = Indian locomotive class WCM-1<br /> | image = File:An-Rail-Engine-display-in-ICF-Rail-Museum-Chennai.JPG<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = A WCM-1 preserved at ICF Rail Museum, Chennai<br /> | powertype = Electric<br /> | designer = [[Vulcan Foundry]], [[English Electric]]<br /> | builder = [[English Electric]]<br /> | ordernumber = M3559/53261/51<br /> | serialnumber = <br /> | buildmodel = EM/1<br /> | builddate = 1954–1955<br /> | totalproduction = 7<br /> | rebuilder = [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan]]<br /> | rebuilddate = 1968<br /> | numberrebuilt = 7<br /> | website = <br /> | aarwheels = [[AAR wheel arrangement#C-C|C-C]]<br /> | uicclass = Co′Co′<br /> | Britishclass = [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]]<br /> | gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}<br /> | bogies = 3 Axle fabricated frame, Swing bolster with Equalizer beams<br /> | wheeldiameter = New: {{convert|1220|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}},&lt;br/&gt;Half worn: {{convert|1182|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=2}} and&lt;br/&gt;Full worn: {{convert|1114|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | wheelbase = {{convert|2400|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | length = <br /> | over couplers = {{convert|20.836|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=16}}<br /> | body = {{convert|19.5|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=16}}<br /> | width = {{convert|3.169|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=16}}<br /> | height = {{convert|4.292|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=16}}<br /> | pantodown = &lt;!-- electrics --&gt;<br /> | bodyonly = &lt;!-- electrics --&gt;<br /> | frametype = 3 Axle fabricated frame<br /> | axleload = {{convert|20.83|t}}<br /> | locoweight = {{convert|123.98|t}}<br /> | sandcap = 8+8 sandboxes<br /> | powersupply = 110 V [[Direct current|DC]]<br /> | electricsystem = 1.5 kV [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|Overhead]]<br /> | collectionmethod = [[pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]<br /> | alternator = <br /> | generator = <br /> | tractionmotors = E.E.514/2C<br /> | t/m amps 1 hr = 700A<br /> | t/m amps cont = 600A<br /> | transmission = <br /> | gear ratio = 16:59<br /> | multipleworking = Not possible<br /> | locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]/[[Parking brake#Railroad hand brakes|Hand]], [[Regenerative braking]]<br /> | trainbrakes = [[Vacuum brake|Vacuum]]<br /> | reservoircap = <br /> | compressorcap = 7 kg/cm<br /> | exhaustercap = <br /> | safety = Slip control, Over voltage relay, No volt relay, Earth fault relay, Low pressure governor, Train parting alarms, and Brake cylinder cutoff valve<br /> | coupling = <br /> | maxspeed = {{convert|120.5|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | poweroutput = <br /> | poweroutput start = Max: {{convert|3700|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}<br /> | poweroutput 1 hr = Max: {{convert|3700|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}<br /> | poweroutput cont = Max: {{convert|3170|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}<br /> | tractiveeffort = <br /> | t/e starting = {{convert|31000|kgf|kN|-1|abbr=on}}<br /> | t/e 1 hr = {{convert|21772|kgf|kN|-1|abbr=on}}<br /> | t/e continuous = {{convert|17690|kgf|kN|-1|abbr=on}}<br /> | factorofadhesion = <br /> | f/adh starting = <br /> | f/adh 1 hr = <br /> | f/adh continuous = <br /> | operator = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operatorclass = EM/1<br /> | fleetnumbers = 20066-20072<br /> | officialname = <br /> | nicknames = <br /> | axleloadclass = <br /> | locale = Central Railways<br /> | deliverydate = 1954-1955<br /> | firstrundate = 1955<br /> | lastrundate = 1999<br /> | retiredate = January 2000<br /> | withdrawndate = April 2001<br /> | preservedunits = 1<br /> | restoredate = <br /> | scrapdate = May 2001<br /> | currentowner = [[Chennai Rail Museum]]<br /> | disposition = One preserved, remainder scrapped.<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> The Indian locomotive class '''WCM-1''' is a class of 1.5 [[Volt|kV]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[electric locomotive]]s that was developed in 1954 by [[Vulcan Foundry]] and [[English Electric]] for [[Indian Railways]]. The model name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge (W)]], Direct Current (C), Mixed traffic (M) engine, 1st generation (1). They entered service in 1955. A total of 7 WCM-1 locomotives were built in England between 1954 and 1955.<br /> <br /> The WCM-1 served both passenger and freight trains for over 45 years. With the introduction of more modern types of locomotives and 25 KV [[Alternating current|AC]] electrification, all were withdrawn by the early 2000s after repeated failures. One locomotive has been preserved, with the rest being scrapped.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The WCM-1 were designed in the mid-1950s with the intent for the [[Indian Railways]] (IR) to remove the aging fleet of [[Indian locomotive class WCP-1|WCP-1]], [[Indian locomotive class WCP-2|WCP-2]], [[Indian locomotive class WCP-3|WCP-3]] and [[Indian locomotive class WCP-4|WCP-4]] class locomotives working on the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] (CR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book| title=Vulcan Foundry Locomotives 1832–1956| last=Gudgin| first=D.S.E.| publisher=Bradford Barton| location=Truro| year=1976| isbn=978-0-85153-215-8}}{{Page needed|date=October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Or inline|date=October 2024}} Thus IR purchased seven 1500 V DC electric locomotives from [[English Electric]] and [[Vulcan Foundry]], the latter having previously supplied steam locomotives to India. They were manufactured in England and shipped to India in 1954-1955.<br /> <br /> These locomotives were the first mixed class electric locomotive to roam India as well as the first electric locomotive with the [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]] wheel arrangement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Refer pg 252|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Data%20Book%20of%20Electric%20Locomotives%202016(3).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were also the longest serving non-steam locomotives in India until the arrival of the [[Indian locomotive class WCG-2|WCG-2]], [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-1|WCAM-1]], [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-2|WCAM-2]], [[Indian locomotive class WCM-6|WCM-6]], [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]] and [[Indian locomotive class WCAG-1|WCAG-1]] class.{{Or inline|date=October 2024}} Initially the WCM-1 class were known as EM/1 class.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} They had a distinct appearance, with their large size and round noses. They had their cab doors placed in the middle of the body instead of being near the cab.<br /> <br /> The WCM-1 locomotives were used on many express trains such as the [[Deccan Queen]] and the [[Indrayani Express]], and as well as on freight duties. In 1968, the placement of the entry doors were moved to near the cab for {{Clarify span|better practicality|date=October 2024}}. The Deccan Queen had WCM-1 with a matching livery until the 1990s. During that period, the aging WCM-1s began to fail regularly, causing disruption on train services. Thus Central Railways decided to withdraw these locomotives from service by 2000, with only one being preserved.<br /> <br /> == Preserved Examples ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Class<br /> !Manufacturer<br /> !Loco Number<br /> !Previous shed<br /> !Name<br /> !Livery<br /> !Location<br /> !ref<br /> |-<br /> |WCM-1<br /> |[[Vulcan Foundry]] and [[English Electric]]<br /> |20068<br /> |Kalyan (KYN)<br /> |<br /> |White/blue with red lining<br /> |Preserved at [[Chennai Rail Museum]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Railway Museum Chennai|url=https://erail.in/|website=erail.in|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Former sheds ==<br /> <br /> * Pune<br /> * [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan]] (KYN)<br /> All the locomotives of this class has been withdrawn from service.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> *[[Rail transport in India#History]]<br /> *[[Indian Railways]]<br /> *[[Locomotives of India]]<br /> *[[Rail transport in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Indian locomotive class WCM1}}<br /> *http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WCM-1<br /> *[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2e.html]<br /> *[http://www.irfca.org India railway fan club]<br /> <br /> {{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:WCM-1}}<br /> [[Category:Electric locomotives of India]]<br /> [[Category:1500 V DC locomotives]]<br /> [[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]<br /> [[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1955]]<br /> [[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]<br /> [[Category:English Electric locomotives]]<br /> [[Category:Streamlined electric locomotives]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=36th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)&diff=447479 2026-03-09T09:34:19Z

<p>LouieWebb342: minor changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{For|the unrelated formation in the [[World War I|First World War]]|36th (Ulster) Division}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox military unit<br /> |unit_name=36th Indian Infantry Division&lt;br/&gt;36th British Infantry Division<br /> |image=36 inf div -vector.svg<br /> |caption=The [[Divisional insignia of the British Army|divisional insignia]]<br /> |dates= 1944&amp;ndash;1945<br /> |allegiance={{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]]&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |branch=[[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|26px]] [[British Indian Army]]&lt;br/&gt;{{army|United Kingdom}}<br /> |type=[[Infantry]]<br /> |role=<br /> |size=[[Division (military)|Division]]<br /> |command_structure=<br /> |current_commander=<br /> |garrison=<br /> |ceremonial_chief=<br /> |colonel_of_the_regiment=<br /> |nickname=<br /> |patron=<br /> |motto=<br /> |colors=<br /> |march=<br /> |mascot=<br /> |battles=[[World War II|Second World War]]<br /> |notable_commanders=[[Francis Festing]]<br /> |anniversaries=<br /> }}<br /> The '''36th Indian Infantry Division''' was an [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[Indian Army during World War II|Indian Army during the Second World War]]. The division was subsequently redesignated as a [[British Army]] formation, the '''36th Infantry Division''' in September 1944. It served in [[British Raj|India]] and during the [[Burma Campaign]]. After the end of the war it was disbanded and its remaining British units were transferred to the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 2nd Infantry Division]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===36th Indian Division===<br /> The division was formed in India on 15 December 1942. Its constituent formations were the [[29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|29th Infantry Brigade]] Group (under command from 26 January 1943), which had already fought as an independent brigade in the [[Battle of Madagascar]], and [[72nd Indian Infantry Brigade]] confusingly composed of entirely British combat units. 72nd Indian Infantry Brigade was re-designated the new 72nd Infantry Brigade (the previous 72 Inf Bde had become [[5th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|5th Parachute Brigade]] on 28 April 1943). Most of the division's engineer, medical and service units were Indian. The division's formation sign was two interlinked rings, one white and one red, on a black square background.&lt;ref name=badge&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30072609|title=Badge, formation, British 36th Infantry Division|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 1943, Brigadier [[Francis Festing]] was promoted from command of the 29th Brigade to that of the division. (His replacement as commander of 29th Brigade was Brigadier [[Hugh Stockwell]].) Parts of the division were present in the [[Arakan Campaign 1942–1943|First Arakan campaign]] in early 1943. It was intended that part of the division was to launch an amphibious assault on [[Sittwe|Akyab Island]], but this operation was cancelled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeeOAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT53|title=The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II (Routledge Revivals)|first=Christopher |last=Chant|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0415710879}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The division was initially in reserve for the Second Arakan campaign in early 1944, but was called on to relieve the besieged [[7th Indian Infantry Division|7th Indian infantry Division]] after early setbacks. After the Japanese were defeated at the [[Battle of Ngakyedauk]], 7th Division was withdrawn and 36th Division took over the offensive in the Kalapanzin River Valley. Units of the division captured the vital eastern railway tunnel linking the Kalapanzin valley with the port of [[Maungdaw]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Slim|1956|pp=242–243}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The division withdrew for a brief rest at [[Shillong]] in Assam, and was then despatched to [[Ledo, Assam|Ledo]], where it came under command of the American-led [[Northern Combat Area Command]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nesbit|2009|p=157}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===36th Infantry Division===<br /> [[File:Royal Scots Fusiliers approach Pinwe.jpg|thumb|left|Men of the [[Royal Scots Fusiliers]], 36th Infantry Division, advancing near [[Pinwe]], December 1944.]]<br /> Early in July 1944, the division started to fly into [[Nampong Air Force Base|Myitkyina airfield]] in North Burma, with 72nd Brigade being the first formation to land. On 1 September 1944, shortly after the division had started advancing down the &quot;Railway valley&quot; from [[Mogaung]] towards [[Indaw]] on the right flank of [[Northern Combat Area Command|NCAC]], the division was renamed the British 36th Division.&lt;ref name=badge/&gt; On 14 December, a third brigade was added to the division; confusingly, this was the first Indian formation that the division commanded (the [[26th Indian Infantry Brigade]], of one British and two Indian battalions).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitSuperiors?UniX=1422|title=26th Indian Infantry Brigade|publisher=Orders of Battle|access-date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The division was distinguished for being the only British division to rely entirely on air supply, mainly by the United States' [[Tenth Air Force]], for an extended period. The United States Army Air Force also provided the division with 12 light aircraft equipped for casualty evacuation and a US Army engineer company to construct its airstrips. Initially, the division was without its own divisional artillery and instead relied on a Chinese artillery group under US command.&lt;ref&gt;Foster&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE2137.jpg|thumb|right|Men of the 6th Battalion, [[South Wales Borderers]], 36th Infantry Division, march through Bahe en route for [[Mandalay]], January 1945.]]<br /> <br /> The division, having linked up with the main body of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William &quot;Bill&quot; Slim]]'s British [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]], crossed the [[Irrawaddy River]] and advanced independently down the eastern side of the river. Units from the division suffered losses forcing the crossing the 300 yard wide [[Shweli River]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205205155|title=The British Army in Burma 1945|date=1 February 1945|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ww2online.org/image/36th-infantry-division-elephants-being-urged-shweli-river-burma-1945|title=36th Infantry Division elephants being urged into the Shweli River, Burma 1945|publisher=The National World War II Museum|access-date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the division continued to advance until the fall of [[Mandalay]] in March 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://queensregimentalassociation.org/media/Royal%20Sussex%20Regiment.pdf|title=Royal Sussex Regiment|page=3|publisher=Queen's Regimental Association|access-date=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 April 1945 the division transferred from NCAC to Fourteenth Army. The 26th Indian Brigade became the 26th British Brigade on 6 April.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.unithistories.com/units_british/36InfDiv.html|title=36th Infantry Division|publisher=Unit Histories|access-date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As there were now more troops in Burma than could be supplied (and the transport aircraft allocated to NCAC were being withdrawn to [[China]]), the division was returned to India, officially arriving on 12 May, and joined [[XXXIV Corps (India)]] on 28 May.&lt;ref name = &quot;BMH24May2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2019/07/36-Infantry-Division-1943-45.pdf|title=36th Infantry Division|publisher=British Military History|page=12|access-date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Order of battle==<br /> {| class=&quot;toccolours collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:transparent;&quot;<br /> !colspan= |36th Infantry Division (Burma, 1944)<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> <br /> 29th British Infantry Brigade<br /> *1st Battalion, [[Royal Scots Fusiliers]]<br /> *2nd Battalion, [[Royal Welch Fusiliers]]<br /> *2nd Battalion, [[East Lancashire Regiment]]<br /> *2nd Battalion, [[South Lancashire Regiment]] (until 16 March 1944)<br /> (25 May 1945&amp;nbsp;– 31 August 1945)<br /> *2nd Battalion, [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)]]<br /> *1st Battalion, [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]]<br /> *1st Battalion, [[Essex Regiment]]<br /> (These three battalions were all former [[Chindits|Chindit]] units)<br /> <br /> 72nd British Infantry Brigade<br /> *6th Battalion, [[South Wales Borderers]]<br /> *9th Battalion, [[Royal Sussex Regiment]]<br /> *10th Battalion, [[Gloucestershire Regiment]]<br /> <br /> 26th Indian Infantry Brigade (under command from December 1944)<br /> *2nd Battalion, [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)]]<br /> *2nd Battalion, [[8th Punjab Regiment]]<br /> *1st Battalion, [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]<br /> *1st Battalion, [[1st Gurkha Rifles]]<br /> <br /> [[26th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)|26th British Infantry Brigade]] (converted from 26th Indian Infantry Brigade 6 April 1945<br /> *2nd Battalion, [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)]]<br /> *1st Battalion, [[Devonshire Regiment]]<br /> *1st Battalion, [[Northamptonshire Regiment]]<br /> <br /> Divisional Troops<br /> * 36th Infantry Divisional artillery, [[Royal Artillery]]<br /> ** [[130th (Lowland) Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]] (315, 316 &amp; 494 Batteries) (11 August 1943&amp;nbsp;– 13 June 1945)<br /> ** [[178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]] (122, 366 &amp; 516 Batteries) (17 July 1943&amp;nbsp;– 5 July 1945)<br /> ** [[145th (Berkshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]] (22 June 1945&amp;nbsp;– 13 July 1945)<br /> ** 158th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (8 July 1945&amp;nbsp;– 31 August 1945)<br /> ** 8th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (20 July 1945&amp;nbsp;– 31 August 1945)<br /> ** 32nd Mountain Regiment (12, 17 &amp; 28 Batteries), [[Royal Indian Artillery]] (6 February 1945&amp;nbsp;– 31 August 1945)<br /> ** 12th and 28th Indian Mountain Batteries, Royal Indian Artillery (3 December 1944&amp;nbsp;– 5 February 1945)<br /> ** [[Birmingham Rifles|122nd Light Anti Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]] (400 &amp; 402 LAA Batteries and 168 &amp; 321 Atk Batteries)(31 November 1943&amp;nbsp;– 14 September 1944)<br /> ** [[Birmingham Rifles|122nd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]] (168, 321 &amp; 402 Batteries) (15 September 1944&amp;nbsp;– 20 August 1945)<br /> ** 59th Light Anti Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (19 May 1944&amp;nbsp;– 31 August 1944)<br /> * Divisional Engineers&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Indian Engineers 1939–47|last=Sandes|first=E.W.C.|year=1956|publisher=Institution of Military Engineers|location=Kirkee, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> ** 236 Field Company, [[Royal Engineers]]<br /> ** 30 Field Company, [[Bombay Engineering Group|Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners]], [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Indian Engineers]]<br /> ** 324 Field Park Company, Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners, Indian Engineers<br /> ** 15 Indian Engineer Battalion, Indian Engineers<br /> ** 12 Bridging Section, Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners, Indian Engineers&lt;ref name = &quot;BMH24May2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> * D Company, 2nd Battalion, [[Manchester Regiment]] (Machine Guns)<br /> * 88th Indian Infantry Company ([[8th Gurkha Rifles]]) (Divisional HQ Company)<br /> * 2nd Battalion, [[Royal Leicestershire Regiment|Leicestershire Regiment]] (Defence Battalion) (20 May 1945&amp;nbsp;– 31 August 1945)<br /> * 1st Battalion, [[7th Rajput Regiment]] (Machine Gun Battalion) (22 June 1945&amp;nbsp;– 31 August 1945)<br /> * 2nd Battalion, [[Border Regiment]] (Reconnaissance Battalion) (10 April 1945&amp;nbsp;– 31 August 1945)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{cite book|last=Nesbit|first=Roy Conyers|title=The Battle for Burma|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2009|isbn=978-1844159550}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Foster|first=Geoffry|title=36th Division - North Burma - 1944–45|year=1946}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Granillo|first=Mandy|title=When Britain Feared None}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1= Renaldi|first1=Richard A.|last2= Rikhe|first2=Ravi |year=2011|title=Indian Army Order of Battle|publisher= Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC|isbn=978-0-9820541-7-8}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Slim|first=William | author-link=William Slim| title=Defeat Into Victory| location=London| publisher=Cassell| year=1956| oclc=253543428}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Joslen, HF, (1960) Orders of Battle Volume 1 United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War 1939–1945, London, HMSO 1960<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.unithistories.com/units_british/36InfDiv.html Unit Histories]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317010033/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents.php?aid=132&amp;nid=15&amp;start=0 British Military History - Indian Divisional Histories]<br /> <br /> {{British Army Divisions}}<br /> {{Indian Divisions in World War II}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:36 Infantry Division}}<br /> [[Category:Infantry divisions of the British Army in World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Indian World War II divisions]]<br /> [[Category:Divisions of the Indian Army]]<br /> [[Category:British Indian Army divisions]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1944]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|D]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enga_Oor_Raja&diff=465268 2026-03-04T05:10:26Z

<p>LouieWebb342: added intro and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Enga Oor Raja.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[P. Madhavan]]<br /> | writer = Balamurugan<br /> | producer = P. Madhavan<br /> | starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sowcar Janaki]]<br /> | cinematography = [[P. N. Sundaram]]<br /> | editing = R. Devarajan<br /> | music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> | studio = Arun Prasath Movies<br /> | distributor = Vijayasri<br /> | released = {{Film date|1968|10|21|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 159 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Enga Oor Raja''''' ({{Translation|The king of our town}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed and produced by [[P. Madhavan]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], [[Sowcar Janaki]] and [[M. N. Nambiar]]. It was released on 21 October 1968, and ran for more than 100 days at all centers of Tamil Nadu. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Dharma Daata]]'' (1970) and in Hindi as ''[[Dil Ka Raja]]'' (1972).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=19 August 2019 |title=Remembering 'Dharma Daata' (1970) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/blast-from-the-past-dharma-daatha-1970/article29133490.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315101010/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/blast-from-the-past-dharma-daatha-1970/article29133490.ece |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=July 2021}}<br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Raja Raja Vijaya Ragunatha Sedhupathy &quot;Sedhupathy&quot; and Boopathy<br /> *[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Geetha<br /> *[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Sivakami<br /> *[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Rajankam<br /> *[[Nagesh]] as Chakravarthi<br /> *[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Rani<br /> *[[Kanakadurga]] as Vijaya<br /> *C. Vasantha as Gowri<br /> *Rajapandiyan as Rajankam's brother<br /> *[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Ramu<br /> *[[Samikannu]] as Rathnakannu<br /> *Master Antony as Young Boopathy<br /> *[[Master Sekhar|Master Sekar]] as Young Chakravarthi<br /> *[[Loose Mohan]] as Fruit Seller<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enga Oor Raja Tml |url=https://gaana.com/album/enga-oor-raja-tml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027004416/https://gaana.com/album/enga-oor-raja-tml |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singers !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Athai Meesai&quot; || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:25<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ennadi Papa&quot; || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 04:22<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Parameshwari&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan, P.Susheela || 03:25<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yarai Nambi Naan Poranthen&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan || 04:37<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yezhu Kadal Seemai&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela, Kousalya || 03:28<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Enga Oor Raja'' was Diwali released on 21 October 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 October 1968 |title=Enga Oor Raja |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19681021&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=15 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; and distributed by Vijayasri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 October 1968 |title=Enga Oor Raja |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19681016&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> {{P. Madhavan}}<br /> [[Category:1968 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1968 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1968 films]]<br /> [[Category:1968 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suryodayam&diff=538700 2026-03-03T04:45:12Z

<p>LouieWebb342: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Suryodayam<br /> | image =<br /> <br /> | caption =<br /> | director = L. V. Aadhavan<br /> | producer = Kiran Jhunjhunwala<br /> | writer = L. V. Pradarsh<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Vijayashanti]]|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]}}<br /> | music = Gnani<br /> | cinematography = Felix Rai<br /> | editing = M. R. Lee&lt;br /&gt;G. T. Selvam<br /> | distributor =<br /> | studio = L. V. Brothers<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|10|07}}<br /> | runtime = 120 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Suryodayam''''' ({{translation|Sunrise}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by L. V. Aadhavan. The film stars [[Vijayashanti]] and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], with [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], Viswajith, Hariraj, [[Charle]], and Kumaresan playing supporting roles. It was released on 7 October 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Suryodayam ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2165 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825034831/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2165 |archive-date=2004-08-25 |access-date=2016-11-14 |website=Cinesouth}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> Bala is a singer in a musical ensemble with his friends Ajith, Ajith's girlfriend Amritha, Nambi, and Wilson. They are not popular enough to get decent assignments. One day, they get the opportunity to sing for a grand function and they have an outstanding performance there. The famous Indian concert organizer J. R. appreciates their performance and gives them an opportunity to perform in Sri Lanka.<br /> <br /> In the meantime, many cities of India experience terrorist incidents. The terrorists used remote-controlled cars &quot;detonator&quot; to commit those attacks. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer Indra is charged to dismantle the terrorist group. She finally captures Dawood, the leader of the terrorist group. However, he later manages to escape from jail and lands in Takistan, a dangerous and corrupt country.<br /> <br /> J. R. has also another face: he is an international arms dealer and sells weapons to terrorists. J. R. with Kannan and his friends move to Takistan to perform in a concert. There, J. R. meets the terrorist Dawood, who is sought by the CBI. J. R. thinks that Dawood's presence may lure the CBI so J. R.'s partner Malik, a Takistan's secret agent, killed Dawood. J. R. then plans to kill the Indian scientist Kaladharan who is on the brink of finding a solution to disable the remote-controlled cars. When Bala learns of the matter, he immediately informs his friends by phone, but J. R. sees him, and his henchmen brutally murder Bala. Ajith, Nambi, and Wilson seek justice for their late friend Bala. They inform Indra about J. R.'s illegal activities. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> <br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Vijayashanti]] as Indra<br /> *[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Bala<br /> *[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as J. R.<br /> *[[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] as Amritha<br /> *[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Kaladharan<br /> *Viswajith as Dawood<br /> *Hariraj as Ajith<br /> *[[Charle]] as Nambi<br /> *Kumaresan as Wilson<br /> *[[Prathapachandran]] as Chief Minister<br /> *Bakhtiyar as Malik<br /> *[[Kumarimuthu]]<br /> *[[Peketi Sivaram]]<br /> *[[Sabeetha Perera]]<br /> *Jaguar Thangam as Vikram<br /> *Delhi Kannan<br /> *Pandurangam<br /> *Ulmas<br /> *Habiba<br /> *Weerasinghe Ranatunga<br /> *Sanuja Bibili<br /> *[[B. H. Abdul Hameed]] as himself<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film began production in 1994 under the title ''Isai Payanam'' ({{Translation|Musical journey}}) and featured [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] and Sri Lankan actress [[Sabeetha Perera]]. [[Vijayashanti]] joined the cast later on, and the film was retitled to ''Suryodayam''.&lt;ref name=&quot;isai&quot;/&gt; The film was extensively shot across Uzbekistan and Sri Lanka, as well as India. It became the first Indian film to be shot in Uzbekistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;uzbek&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naresh |title=On the Sets |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/oct15/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531075923/http://www.screenindia.com/old/oct15/south.htm |archive-date=31 May 2008 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=18 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After seventy five percent of the shoot was over, Athavan was replaced as director by Pandiyan Arivali, who had earlier made ''[[Avathara Purushan]]'' (1996). He removed twenty five percent of the shot scenes, and completed the film thereafter.&lt;ref name=&quot;isai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=On The Sets |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan22/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216051653/http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan22/south.htm |archive-date=16 February 2008 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=15 March 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 1999 |title=&quot;Suryodhayam!&quot; |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/01-07-99/minsaara.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116232443/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/01-07-99/minsaara.htm |archive-date=16 November 2004 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=20 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The soundtrack was composed by Gnani, with lyrics written by Kovi Kannan.{{Cn|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Idho Inga Isai&quot; || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chorus || 5:18<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kaadhal Oru Poonthottam&quot; || Mano, Lapson Rajkumar, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 2:48<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Poo Medhai&quot; || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:34<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Anbu Arasala Vendum&quot; || Mano, Lapson Rajkumar, K. S. Chithra, Swarnalatha || 3:25<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Release and reception==<br /> ''Suryodayam'' was released on 7 October 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Suryodayam (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/suryodayam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240315140004/https://screen4screen.com/movies/suryodayam |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer from ''Lollu Express'' gave the film a negative review, stating the plot seemed like &quot;a mixture of five movies&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Prabhu |title=SOORYODHYAM - New Tamil Movie Review by Your Prabhu |url=http://www.lolluexpress.com/SOORYODHYAM.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001025183035fw_/http://www.lolluexpress.com/SOORYODHYAM.htm |archive-date=25 October 2000 |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=Lollu Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the stunt sequences and cinematography, but felt the screenplay lacked &quot;cogency&quot; and also criticised the comedy subplot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=9 October 1999 |title=Nesam Puthusu |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/9D67474767131C8A65256941003DC8F5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430115454/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/9D67474767131C8A65256941003DC8F5 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 1999, the film was dubbed and released in Telugu as ''Desam Kosam'' by producer Maddi Narayana under the Sri Krishnarjuna Films banner.&lt;ref name=&quot;uzbek&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1999 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1999 action films]]<br /> [[Category:1999 films]]<br /> [[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Uzbekistan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madayi_Kavu&diff=514325 2026-03-01T18:15:11Z

<p>LouieWebb342: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Mandir<br /> | name = Madayikkavu<br /> | image = Madayikkavu Thiruvarkkad Bhagavathi Temple.jpg<br /> | alt = Tiruvarkkadu Bhagavathy Temple<br /> | caption = Tiruvarkkadu Bhagavathy Temple<br /> | map_caption = Location within Kerala<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12|2|4.99|N|75|15|41.14|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | native_name = Tiruvarkkadu Bhagavathy Temple<br /> | state = [[Kerala]]<br /> | district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]<br /> | location = [[Pazhayangadi]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]]<br /> | elevation_m =<br /> | deity = [[Bhadrakali]]<br /> | festivals =<br /> | architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = 4 sanctums<br /> | monument_quantity =<br /> | inscriptions =<br /> | year_completed =<br /> | creator = [[Parashurama]], Chirakkal Kingdom<br /> | temple_board = [[Devaswom boards in Kerala#Malabar Devaswom Board|Malabar Devaswom Board]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Temples under Malabar Devaswam Board, Division : Thalassery|url=http://www.malabardevaswom.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/div_thalassery.pdf|publisher=Malabar Devaswam Board|access-date=10 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Madayi Kavu Arayal Thara.jpg|thumb|upright|The Arayal Thara in front of Tiruvarkad Bhagavathy Temple (Madayi Kavu). Arayal in Malayalam is synonymous to Bodhi Tree or Pippallam]]<br /> <br /> '''Thiruvarkadu Bhagavathi Temple''' (a.k.a. '''Madayi Kavu''') is a famous temple dedicated to [[Bhadrakali]] in Kerala. The deity is the ''Fierce form of Bhadrakali''. The Bhagavathy is addressed by tantrics in the vicinity as ''Tiruvarkkad Achchi'' due to this. The temple administration is [[Devaswom Board#Malabar Devaswom Board|Malabar Devaswom Board]]. The temple is a revered shrine of [[Chirakkal Raja|Chirakkal Royal Family]] and a shrine of Chirakkal devaswom before. The temple is situated in [[Madayi]], [[Payangadi]], hence prominently known as Madayi Kavu.<br /> <br /> ==Dress code==<br /> * Men: Traditional Mundu allowed<br /> :Lungi, shirt and Banian not allowed inside sanctum sanctorum<br /> * Women: Salwar Kameez, saree, Set Mundu, skirts and blouse allowed. Jeans is not allowed inside the temple<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The temple is addressed as ''Thiruvarkkadu Bhagavathy'', ''Thiruvar''-in proto-Tamil-Manipravalam is used to address Shiva of the shrine, i.e. The most respectable one. The temple architecture of some shrines in the region shows how the Goddess is perceived in the region. The temples such as Annapoorneshwari temple and Madayikkavu has strong Brahminic influence. The [[Brahmin]] women in ancient time, were not allowed to show their faces in the sit-out, they were mostly inside their home and was addressed as ''Andarjanam'' by Kerala Brahmins. The Goddess is considered as ''Brahmin Mother'' and hence do not face the temple entrance gate, her sanctum is inside the shrine; the sanctum that one can see while entering from the front entrance is of Shiva (also due to the tantric temple architecture ''Rurujith Vidhanam'') and in Annapoorneshwari Temple it is Krishna's shrine in the front entrance. So the temple is known by the name of Shiva rather than the Goddess. ''Tiruvarkaadu'' means ''The forest of the Lord''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Thayi paradevata|url=http://shakteyam.blogspot.in/p/badra-kali.html|website=Shakteyam.blogspot.in|access-date=18 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> There are different folklore about the origin of the temple. One of the legend says, The Bhagavathy, ''Madayikkavilamma'' was residing in the [[Rajarajeshwara Temple]]. But, as she was non-vegetarian she could not exist in the Shiva temple. She ordered the then King of that region to construct a separate shrine for her.<br /> [[File:Madayikkavu Saraswathi Mandapam.jpg|thumbnail|Saraswathi Mandapam]]<br /> In another legend, long ago Madayi was troubled by a demon ''Darika'' and Madayikavilamma killed him and requested Shiva to enshrine in a temple near him. Lord Shiva ordered his disciple Parashuram to consecrate a shrine for the [[Shakti]]. Parashurama created the ''Madayippara'' and the ''Holy shrine'' on it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref20&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Legend|url=http://www.madayikavu.com/madayikavu-temple/legend.html|website=Madayikavu.com|access-date=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922190029/http://www.madayikavu.com/madayikavu-temple/legend.html|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The shrine is considered the last resort for the removal of ''Occult Sorcery'' (Black Magic and Witchcraft).<br /> <br /> There used to be a &quot;strothasamuchayam&quot; known as &quot;panchasthavi&quot; in Kashmir province. There were Laghustuthi, ghatasthi, charchasthuthi, Ambasthuthi, sakalajananeestuthi. These five came under &quot;sreevidyasambrathaaya&quot; which stipulates like Aanavopayam, Saakthopayam, saambhavopayam, anupoyam etc. These were practiced by the Bhattakaaras of kashmir. One of the Bhattakarar travelled from kashmir towards south and he has built 13 temples of saakthyaaradhana. they are from north starting from mannampurath kavu of Neeleswaram, Thiruvarkkattu kavu or Madaayi kavum, Kalarivathulkkavu of Valapattanam, Mamanikkunnu kavu near Mattannur, Thiruvancheri kkavu near Koothuparambu, Kaliyam kavu near edacheri of Vadakara, Koyilandi kollam pisharikkavu, thiruvalayanaadu kavu of Kozhikode, Modikkunnathu kavu near Pattambi, Thirumandamkunnu kavu of Angadipurath, Kodungallurkkavu, Muthoot kavu of Thiruvalla, Panayannar kavu of Mannar near thiruvalla.<br /> <br /> The Pradanmar or the Brahmins performed the poojas came from Kashmir and they practiced Saaktheya pujas, which is practiced here at Madaayikkavu/<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> During the incursion of [[Hyder Ali]] into Malabar, Circa 1780, Madayi Kavu was desecrated with the entrails of slaughtered cattle, following which a local Nair warrior named Vengayil Chathukutty beheaded the miscreant responsible for the act, delivering the severed head to temple authorities. Thereby the Nair family of Vengayil received the title of [[Nayanars|Nayanar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=MadayiKavu|url=http://www.madayikavu.com/madayikavu-temple/madayikavu.html|website=Madayikavu.com|access-date=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922051953/http://www.madayikavu.com/madayikavu-temple/madayikavu.html|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Worship==<br /> Kattumadom Esanan Namboothirippad is the Tantri (Head Priest) of the shrine. Kattumadom is one of the four major ''Mantravada clan'' of Brahmin families in Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=&quot;Manthravaadam&quot; (Conjuration / Sorcery)|url=http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/manthravaadam.htm|website=Namboothiri.com|access-date=14 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The temple rites are performed by [[Pidarar]] Brahmins who follow ''Koula sampradaya''. The ability to control ''Ashtapaashas'' (eight chains) – ghrina (hatred), lajjaa (shame), bhaya (fear), shanka (doubt), {{lang|hi|jugupsa}} (reproach), kula (caste), jaati (creed) and sheela (modesty) – is key for meditation especially in Koula Sampradaya. If a devotee is able to control these, the Bhagavathy raises our{{Who|date=September 2017}} consciousness to Shivam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Ashta Paasha (8 chains)|url=http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/hinduism-forum/459313-ashta-paasha-(8-chains).html|website=Indiadivine.org|access-date=18 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The major festival of the temple is ''Pooram'' in March. There are also festivals in the Malayalam months of Thulam, Vrishchikam and Makaram in addition to the Pooram in Meenam. The Perumkaliyattam is in the Malayalam month of Idavam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madayi Kavu|url=http://sivakami.org/13_kavu_Maadayi.php|website=Sivakami.org|access-date=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206125155/http://sivakami.org/13_kavu_Maadayi.php|archive-date=6 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The temple is also associated with the [[Bhadrakali]] temple of Mannanpurathu Kavu ([[Nileshwaram]]) and Vadukunnu Shiva Temple.<br /> <br /> The Shiva shrine faces east, while the Bhadrakali shrine faces towards the west. A particular aspect of the temple is ''Kozhi Kalasham'', which is the sacrifice of poultry for the goddess which is held in high regard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Madayi_Kavu_Bhagwathi_temple|title=Madayi Kavu Bhagwathi temple - Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia|website=Hindupedia.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://commentjar.blogspot.in/2011/03/madayi-kavu.html |title=Comment jar: കമന്റു ഭരണി: മാടായി കാവ് Madayi Kavu |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219134101/http://commentjar.blogspot.in/2011/03/madayi-kavu.html |archive-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Access==<br /> The national highway passes through [[Taliparamba]] town. Goa and [[bombay]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysuru]] and [[Bengaluru]]. The nearest railway station is [[Pazhayangadi]] on Mangalore-[[Palakkad]] line.<br /> Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at Kannur [Kannur International Airport ], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]]. Both of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Madayi]], [[Payangadi]]<br /> * [[Kalarivathukkal Bhagavathy Temple]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category|Madayi Kavu}}<br /> &lt;!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD madayikavu.com AS EXTERNAL LINK, IT IS NOT THE OFFICIAL TEMPLE ADMINISTRATION PORTAL IT IS PRIVATELY OWNED PORTAL--&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Kannur district}}<br /> {{Hindu temples in Kerala}}<br /> {{Shaktism}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Kannur district]]<br /> [[Category:Shakti temples]]<br /> [[Category:Shaktism]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu tantra]]<br /> [[Category:Mother goddesses]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu goddesses]]<br /> [[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Villages near Kannapuram]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shripad_Hegde&diff=535435 2026-03-01T09:19:40Z

<p>LouieWebb342: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Classical Singer and musician}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=January 2016|att=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Shripad Hegde<br /> | image = Shripad Hegde.jpg<br /> | caption = Hegde performing in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India.<br /> | image_size =<br /> | genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]<br /> | occupation = [[Composer]], [[vocalist]]<br /> | years_active = 1957–present<br /> | notable_instruments = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pandit Shripad Hegde''' ({{langx|kn| ಶ್ರೀಪಾದ ಹೆಗಡೆ }}) is an Indian music composer and [[Hindustani classical]] vocalist (born 1 January 1957) from Kampli, [[Uttara Kannada District]]. He has been on the staff of [[All India Radio|All India Radio, Dharwad]], since 1987.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Hedge was born into a family with a background of [[Yakshagana]] heritage, and was attracted to music at a young age. He started training in [[Hindustani music]] in his teens, under [[Pandit Ganapati Bhat]]. In 1982, Hegde moved to [[Dharwad]] to devote himself fully to music. Pt Basavaraj Rajguru, a [[Kirana Gharana]] vocalist, mentored Hedge for a decade.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Hegde developed his style involving the nuances of both [[Gwalior Gharana]] and Kirana Gharana. Like his mentor, he is eclectic and blends aesthetic subtleties of other singing schools into his style.<br /> <br /> Though [[Khyal]] is his forte, he is equally adept in singing [[Light classical music|light classical]] pieces. His recitals are regularly broadcast from AIR Dharwad. He has featured in the Sunday night concert of AIR.<br /> <br /> Hegde has organised music concerts, including Alladiyakhan Punya Samaroh Mumbai, Karnataka Sangha Mumbai, Deenanath Mangeshkar Punyatithi. Goa, Mugubai Kurdikar Punyatithi Goa, [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara Festival Mysore]], Sitar Ratna Music Festival Dharwad, Art Circle Golden Kubilee conference Hubli, Dharwad Utsav, Kundgol ustav, Purandarotsava Hampi, Hindustani Kalakar Mandali Bengaluru, Rajguru Sangeeta Pratistan Bengaluru, and Puttaraj Gavayi Jayanti Utsav.<br /> <br /> ===Composer===<br /> <br /> Hegde is also known for his compositions, such as &quot;Shruti Sanjeevini&quot;, &quot;Divya Sannidi&quot;, &quot;Prema Sangama&quot;, and &quot;Vachana Vaibhava&quot; in light music. He also released classical CDs, ''Parampara'' and ''Rageshri''.<br /> <br /> He received many accolades over the course of his career, including first place at [[All India Radio|AIR]] national level for the composition of &quot;Megha medini&quot;, a ''sangeeta rupaka'', and first place at state level for the composition of &quot;Garudamruta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=AIR|title=megha medini|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/30/stories/2011063058630200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720004349/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/30/stories/2011063058630200.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2011-06-30|archive-date=2011-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Teacher===<br /> <br /> Hegde followed the noble tradition of teaching and is considered to be a Guru. He gave many workshops and lectures on music through Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya academy.<br /> <br /> ==Recognition==<br /> Hegde is the recipient of many honours and awards:<br /> <br /> * Karnataka Kalashri by Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy and Department of Kannada and Culture<br /> * Aryabhata by Aryabhata cultural organisation of Bengaluru<br /> * Ragaratna<br /> * Chandrahasa<br /> * Gaan Govind<br /> * Gaana Gandharva<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> * {{Cite news|last=Mujumdar|first=Neha|date=2012-06-29|title=Expressive renditions|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/expressive-renditions/article3582499.ece|issn=0971-751X}}<br /> * {{Cite news|date=2007-02-21|title=Sonda to host cultural festival on February 24, 25|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Sonda-to-host-cultural-festival-on-February-24-25/article14723662.ece|issn=0971-751X}}<br /> * [http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/30/stories/2011063058630200.htm]<br /> * [http://www.shripadhegde.com/gallery/media/]<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Learn about Vocal Music {{!}} Get Trending Lessons, Discussions for Vocal Music @UrbanPro|url=https://www.urbanpro.com/vocal-music|access-date=2021-11-28|website=UrbanPro.com|language=en}}<br /> * [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/145056/F]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.shripadhegde.com/ }}<br /> <br /> ==Categories==<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde, Shripad}}<br /> [[Category:1957 births]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani singers]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]<br /> [[Category:Kirana gharana]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haleshwar_Sthan&diff=501892 2026-02-23T19:13:02Z

<p>LouieWebb342: new some post more to come - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Haleshwar Sthan,<br /> Haleshwarnath Temple|image=|imagesize=|caption=|location=Haleshwar Sthan, Sitamarhi|map_type=India Bihar|map_caption=Location in [[Bihar]]|coordinates={{coord|26.633885|85.484895|display=inline,title}}|state=[[Bihar]]|district=[[Sitamarhi District|Sitamarhi]] [[Girmisani]]|alt=|deity=[[Shiva]]|festivals=Shavan, Janki Navami, Vivah Panchami, [[Durgapuja]]|architecture=Vastu Shastra|year_completed=Before 17th century AD|creator=Pragati Gaurav}}<br /> <br /> The '''Haleshwar Sthan''' is a Hindu pilgrimage site in [[Sitamarhi]] in the state of [[Bihar]], India, which has an ancient Hindu temple. It is situated 3&amp;nbsp;km north-west of Sitamarhi town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=रामायण काल से जुड़ा है हलेश्वर स्थान |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-10587712.html |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Haleshwar Sthan is one of the holiest Hindu temples dedicated to the god [[Shiva]]. Millions of pilgrims visit the temple every year, making it amongst the most visited religious shrines in northern India.<br /> <br /> As the myth goes, King Videha founded a temple of '''Lord Shiva''' on the occasion of Putra Yeshti Yajna. His temple was named '''''Haleshwarnath temple.'''''<br /> <br /> Daily Bus service by Mahavir Mandir Trusts in morning leaves from Punaura Dham to Haleshwar Sthan, [[Panthpakar]] and Janakpur Temple Nepal and return in evening at Punaura Dham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Ayesha Hassan|date=Mar 17, 2018 |title=Ramayana Circuit project: Centre asks state govt to delink Buxar from Ramayana Circuit {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/centre-asks-state-govt-to-delink-buxar-from-ramayana-circuit/articleshow/63336942.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}{{Hindu temples in Bihar|date=January 2021}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Sitamarhi district]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Hindu temples]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_declension&diff=477223 2026-02-20T01:46:58Z

<p>LouieWebb342: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Declensions in Hindi and Urdu}}<br /> {{Hindustani_language}}<br /> <br /> [[Hindustani grammar|Hindi-Urdu]], also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2012-04-19|title=Hindi Noun Cases|url=https://hindilanguage.info/hindi-grammar/nouns/case/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-01|website=hindilanguage.info|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;researchgate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226198692|website=researchgate.net|title=Ergative Case-marking in Hindi|accessdate=2020-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, [[Ergative case|Ergative]], and [[Genitive case|Genitive]]. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel '''-ā''' (the [[Semblative case|semblative]] and the [[Genitive case|genitive]] postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Case<br /> ![[Nominative case|Nominative]]<br /> ![[Oblique case|Oblique]]<br /> ![[Vocative case|Vocative]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Masculine<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ending in -ā<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Boy<br /> !Singular<br /> |लड़का لڑکا<br /> laṛk'''ā'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |लड़के لڑکے<br /> laṛk'''e'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> |लड़के لڑکے<br /> laṛk'''e'''<br /> |लड़कों لڑکوں<br /> laṛk'''õ'''<br /> |लड़को لڑکو<br /> laṛk'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ending in -∅<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tree<br /> !Singular<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |पेड़ پیڑ<br /> peṛ<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> |पेड़ پیڑ<br /> peṛ<br /> |पेड़ों پیڑوں<br /> peṛ'''õ'''<br /> |पेड़ो پیڑو<br /> peṛ'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Feminine<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ending in -i/ī<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Girl<br /> !Singular<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |लड़की لڑکی<br /> laṛk'''ī'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> |लड़कियाँ لڑکیاں<br /> laṛk'''iyā̃'''<br /> |लड़कियों لڑکیوں<br /> laṛk'''iyõ'''<br /> |लड़कियो لڑکیو<br /> laṛk'''iyo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ending in -∅<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Train<br /> !Singular<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |ट्रेन ٹرین<br /> ṭren<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> |ट्रेनें ٹرینیں<br /> ṭren'''ẽ'''<br /> |ट्रेनों ٹرینوں<br /> ṭren'''õ'''<br /> |ट्रेनो ٹرینو<br /> ṭren'''o'''<br /> |}<br /> Some masculine words ending in -ā (like ''pitā'' and ''kartā'') retain 'ā' throughout their declension, only adding endings -õ and -o in oblique plural and vocative plural respectively.<br /> <br /> == Pronouns ==<br /> The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:<br /> <br /> === Personal Pronouns ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Case<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Personal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1st person<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |2nd person<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Singular<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plural<br /> !Singular<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plural<br /> |-<br /> !Intimate<br /> !Familiar<br /> !Formal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Nominative case|Nominative]]<br /> |मैं میں <br /> ma͠i<br /> |हम ہم <br /> ham<br /> |तू تو <br /> tū<br /> |तुम تم <br /> tum<br /> |आप آپ <br /> āp<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Dative case|Dative]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |मुझे مجھے <br /> mujhe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |हमें ہمیں <br /> hamẽ<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |तुझे تجھے <br /> tujhe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |तुम्हें تمہیں/تمھیں <br /> tumhẽ<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |—<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Oblique case|Oblique]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Regular<br /> |मुझ مجھ <br /> mujh<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |हम ہم <br /> ham<br /> |तुझ تجھ <br /> tujh<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |तुम ہم <br /> tum<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |आप آپ <br /> āp<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ergative case|Ergative]]<br /> |मैं میں <br /> ma͠i<br /> |तू تو <br /> tū<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Emphatic<br /> |मुझी مجھی <br /> mujhī<br /> |हमीं ہمیں <br /> hamī̃<br /> |तुझी تجھی <br /> tujhī<br /> |तुम्हीं تمہیں/تمھیں <br /> tumhī̃<br /> |—<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Genitive case|Genitive]]<br /> !♂<br /> |मेरे میرے <br /> mere<br /> |हमारे ہمارے <br /> hamāre<br /> |तेरे تیرے <br /> tere<br /> |तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے <br /> tumhāre<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |—<br /> |-<br /> !'''♀'''<br /> |मेरी میری <br /> merī<br /> |हमारी ہماری <br /> hamārī<br /> |तेरी تیری <br /> terī<br /> |तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری <br /> tumhārī<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative Pronouns ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Case<br /> ! colspan=&quot;12&quot; |3rd person<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Demonstrative<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Relative<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Interrogative<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Proximal<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Non-proximal<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Singular<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plural<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Formal<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Singular<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plural<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Formal<br /> |-<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nominative case|Nominative]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Written/Read<br /> |यह یہ<br /> yah<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ये یے <br /> ye<br /> |वह وہ<br /> vah<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |वे وے <br /> ve&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |जो جو <br /> jo<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |कौन, क्या کَون، کیا <br /> kaun, kyā<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Said colloquially<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |ये یے<br /> ye<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |वो وو <br /> vo<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Dative case|Dative]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |इसे اِسے <br /> ise<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |इन्हें اِنہیں/اِنھیں<br /> inhẽ<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |उसे اُسے <br /> use<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |उन्हें اُنہیں/اُنھیں<br /> unhẽ<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |जिसे جسے<br /> jise<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |जिन्हें جنھیں/جنہیں<br /> jinhẽ<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |किसे کیسے <br /> kise<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |किन्हें کنھیں/کنہیں <br /> kinhẽ<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Oblique case|Oblique]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Regular<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |इस اِس <br /> is<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |इन اِن <br /> in<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |उस اُس <br /> us<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |उन اُن <br /> un<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |जिस جس <br /> jis<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |जिन جن <br /> jin<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |किस کس <br /> kis<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |किन کن <br /> kin<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ergative case|Ergative]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |इन्हों اِنہوں/اِنھوں <br /> inhõ<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |उन्हों اُنہوں/اُنھوں <br /> unhõ<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |जिन्हों جنہوں/جنھوں<br /> jinhõ<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |किन्हों کنہوں/کنھوں <br /> kinhõ<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Emphatic<br /> |इसी اِسی <br /> isī<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |इन्हीं اِنہیں/اِنھیں <br /> inhī̃<br /> |उसी اُسی <br /> usī<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |उन्हीं اُنہیں/اُنھیں <br /> unhī̃<br /> |—<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—<br /> |किसी کسی <br /> kisī<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |किन्हीं کنہیں/کنھیں <br /> kinhī̃<br /> |}<br /> &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Rarely used in Urdu.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> === Possessive Pronouns ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Pronoun<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Masculine<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Feminine<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Nominative<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Oblique/Vocative<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Nominative<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Oblique/Vocative<br /> |-<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1st Person<br /> !Singular<br /> |मेरा میرا (merā)<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |मेरे میرے (mere)<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |मेरी میری (merī)<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> |हमारा ہمارا (hamārā)<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |हमारे ہمارے (hamāre)<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |हमारी ہماری (hamārī)<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2nd Person<br /> !Intimate<br /> |तेरा تیرا (terā)<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |तेरे تیرے (tere)<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |तेरी تیری (terī)<br /> |-<br /> !Familiar<br /> |तुम्हारा تمہارا/تمھارا (tumhārā)<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے (tumhāre)<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری (tumhārī)<br /> |}<br /> '''Note''': The formal 2nd person pronoun आप آپ (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का کا (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> == Postpositions ==<br /> The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:<br /> {|<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Case-markers<br /> !Case<br /> !Case Marker<br /> !Example<br /> !English<br /> !Example<br /> !English<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Ergative case|Ergative]]'''<br /> |ने نے <br /> ne<br /> |लड़के ने لڑکے نے <br /> laṛke ne<br /> |boy<br /> |उन्होंने انہوں نے <br /> unhõne<br /> |they<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Accusative case|Accusative]]'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |को کو <br /> ko<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |लड़के को لڑکے کو <br /> laṛke ko<br /> |the boy<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |उनको ان کو <br /> unko/un ko<br /> |them<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Dative case|Dative]]'''<br /> |to the boy<br /> |to them<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |से سے <br /> se<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |लड़के से لڑکے سے <br /> laṛke se<br /> |with the boy<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |उनसे ان سے <br /> unse/un se<br /> |with them<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''<br /> |from the boy<br /> |from them<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Genitive case|Genitive]]'''<br /> |का کا <br /> kā<br /> |लड़के का لڑکے کا <br /> laṛke kā<br /> |boy's<br /> |उनका ان کا <br /> unkā/un kā<br /> |their(s)<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Inessive case|Inessive]]'''<br /> |में میں <br /> mẽ<br /> |लड़के में لڑکے میں <br /> laṛke mẽ<br /> |in the boy<br /> |उनमें ان میں <br /> unmẽ/un mẽ <br /> |in them<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Adessive case|Adessive]]'''<br /> |पे/पर پے/پہ / پر <br /> pe/par<br /> |लड़के पे لڑکے پہ<br /> laṛke pe<br /> |on the boy<br /> |उनपे ان پے <br /> unpe/un pe<br /> |on them<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Terminative case|Terminative]]'''<br /> |तक تک <br /> tak<br /> |लड़के तक لڑکے تک <br /> laṛke tak<br /> |till the boy<br /> |उनतक ان تک <br /> untak/un tak<br /> |til them<br /> |-<br /> ![[Semblative case|Semblative]]<br /> |सा سا <br /> sā<br /> |लड़के सा لڑکے سا <br /> laṛke sā<br /> |boyish<br /> |उनसा ان سا <br /> unsā/un sā <br /> |like them<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Case<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Genitive case|Genitive Postposition]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Semblative case|Semblative Postposition]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Masculine<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Feminine<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Masculine<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Feminine<br /> |-<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Formal<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Nominative case|Nominative]]'''<br /> |का کا <br /> k'''ā'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |के کے <br /> k'''e'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |की کی <br /> k'''ī'''<br /> |सा سا <br /> s'''ā'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |से سے <br /> s'''e'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |सी سی <br /> s'''ī'''<br /> |-<br /> !'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |के کے <br /> k'''e'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |से سے <br /> s'''e'''<br /> |-<br /> ![[Vocative case|Vocative]]<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> In the table below, ♦ represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.<br /> {|<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''''ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tokaj|first=Jolanta|date=2016-06-01|title=A comparative study of participles, converbs and absolute constructions in Hindi and Medieval Rajasthani|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317806929|journal=Lingua Posnaniensis|volume=58|pages=105–120 |doi=10.1515/linpo-2016-0007|doi-access=free|hdl=10593/17971|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Subbarao|first1=K.|last2=Arora|first2=Harbir|date=2009-01-01|title=The Conjunctive Participle in Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu: Making the Best of Both Worlds*|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284936098|volume=70|pages=359–386}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Participles<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Example<br /> bolnā / बोलना بولنا / to say<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Habitual aspect|Habitual]]'''<br /> |♂<br /> |♦-tā<br /> |♦-tē<br /> |बोलता بولتا <br /> boltā<br /> |बोलते بولتے <br /> boltē<br /> |-<br /> |♀<br /> |♦-tī<br /> |♦-tī̃<br /> |बोलती بولتی <br /> boltī<br /> |बोलतीं بولتیں <br /> boltī̃<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Habitual<br /> Adjectival<br /> |♂<br /> |♦-tā huā<br /> |♦-tē huē<br /> |बोलता हुआ بولتا ہوا <br /> boltā huā<br /> |बोलते हुए بولتے ہوئے <br /> boltē huē<br /> |-<br /> |♀<br /> |♦-tī huī<br /> |♦-tī huī̃<br /> |बोलती हुई بولتی ہوی <br /> boltī huī<br /> |बोलती हुईं بولتی ہوئیں <br /> boltī huī̃<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Perfective aspect|Perfective]]'''<br /> |♂<br /> |♦-(y)ā<br /> |♦-(y)ē<br /> |बोला بولا <br /> bolā<br /> |बोले بولے <br /> bolē<br /> |-<br /> |♀<br /> |♦-(y)ī<br /> |♦-(y)ī̃<br /> |बोली بولی <br /> bolī<br /> |बोलीं بولیں <br /> bolī̃<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Perfective<br /> Adjectival<br /> |♂<br /> |♦-(y)ā huā<br /> |♦-(y)ē huē<br /> |बोला हुआ بولا ہوا <br /> bolā huā<br /> |बोले हुए بولے ہوۓ<br /> bolē huē<br /> |-<br /> |♀<br /> |♦-(y)ī huī<br /> |♦-(y)ī huī̃<br /> |बोली हुई بولی ہوئ<br /> bolī huī <br /> |बोली हुईं بولی ہوئیں <br /> bolī huī̃<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;8&quot; |'''''NON-ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Montaut|first=Annie|title=On the nature of the Hindi infinitive: History as an answer to its syntactic behavior?|date=2018-09-10|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327599073|work=Trends in Hindi Linguistics|pages=115–146|isbn=978-3-11-061079-6|access-date=2020-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=George L.|title=Compendium of the World's Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|isbn=0-415-11392-X|location=Great Britain|pages=225–229}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd|year=2003|isbn=81-208-0508-9|location=New Delhi|pages=116}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Participles<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Example<br /> bolnā / बोलना بولنا / to say<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> !Singular<br /> !Plural<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Infinitive]]'''<br /> |♂<br /> |♦-nā<br /> |♦-nē<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |बोलना بولنا <br /> bolnā<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |बोलने بولنے <br /> bolnē<br /> |-<br /> |♀<br /> |♦-nī<br /> |♦-nī̃<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |बोलनी بولنی <br /> bolnī<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |बोलनीं بولنیں <br /> bolnī̃<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Prospective'''<br /> &amp;<br /> <br /> '''[[Agent (grammar)|Agentive]]'''<br /> |♂<br /> |♦-nēvālā<br /> |♦-nēvālē<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |बोलनेवाला بولنے والا <br /> bolnēvālā<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |बोलनेवाले بولنے والے <br /> bolnēvālē<br /> |-<br /> |♀<br /> |♦-nēvālī<br /> |♦-nēvālī̃<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |बोलनेवाली بولنے والی <br /> bolnēvālī<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |बोलनेवालीं بولنے والیں <br /> bolnēvālī̃<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Oblique'''<br /> '''Infinitive'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |♦-nē<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |बोलने بولنے <br /> bolnē<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Conjunctive'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |♦-kē, ♦-kar<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |बोलके, बोलकर بول کے، بول کر <br /> bolkē, bolkar<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Progressive'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |♦-tē-♦-tē<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |बोलते-बोलते بولتے بولتے <br /> boltē-boltē<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Hindustani grammar]]<br /> *[[Hindustani phonology]]<br /> *[[Hindustani etymology]]<br /> *[[Hindustani orthography]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindi topics}}<br /> {{Urdu topics}}<br /> {{Grammatical cases}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindustani language]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi]]<br /> [[Category:Urdu]]<br /> [[Category:Declension]]<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi-Urdu declension}}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navapashanam_temple&diff=521251 2026-02-17T10:57:57Z

<p>LouieWebb342: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Navagraha temple in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Navapashanam Temple<br /> | image = Navapashanam2.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|9|28|53|N|78|53|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | other_names = <br /> | proper_name = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]<br /> | location = [[Devipattinam]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = [[Navagraha]]s<br /> | primary_deity_Godess = <br /> | utsava_deity_God = <br /> | utsava_deity_Godess= <br /> | Direction_posture = <br /> | Pushakarani = <br /> | Vimanam = <br /> | Poets = <br /> | Prathyaksham = <br /> | festivals= <br /> | architecture = <br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity= <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | creator = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Navapashanam temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Navagrahas]], the nine planetary deities, located in [[Devipattinam]], the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a Hindu pilgrimage centre located in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. As per Hindu legend, the nine mud images of the planetary deities, have been believed to have built by [[Rama]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].<br /> <br /> The temple is a famous pilgrimage centre in the region where pilgrims perform rites for their forefathers. It is also a part of popular tourist circuit in the region along with the [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] at [[Rameswaram]] and [[Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple]] at [[Thiruppullani]]. The temple was originally maintained and administered by the Ramanathapuram Samasthanam Devasthanam under the Hereditary Trustee of the Queen of Ramanathapuram until now and controlled by the Department of [[HR &amp; CE]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> [[File:Uthiragosamangai11.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Image of the Navagrahas in the Bay]]<br /> As per Hindu legend, [[Ravana]], a king, obtained boons from [[Brahma]] that he should be killed by any celestial deity or gods. To slay the demon, [[Vishnu]] took a human avatar Rama. Ravana came to the forest where Rama and Sita were staying incognito and abducted her. Rama was trying to build a bridge to [[Lanka]] to relieve his wife [[Sita]] from Ashokavana, where Ravana held her hostage. The bridge was proposed to be built from [[Dhanushkodi]], the nearest point to reach Lanka. Rama started doing [[pooja (Hinduism)|pooja]] seeking favours from Hindu god [[Ganesha]], as is done first during any Hindu religious worship. The place where he did the worship is believed to be the Vinayagar temple at Uppur. The second step for Hindu worship ritual is the [[Navagraha]] pooja, worshipping the nine planetary deities, which was done at Navapashanam.&lt;ref name=Meena&gt;{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rama is believed to have installed the Navagrahas with his own hands with the clay from the place.&lt;ref name=dinamalar&gt;{{cite web|title=Sri Navapashana temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=703|publisher=Dinamalar|year=2014|access-date=10 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Lord Shiva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4Od9pWMXCsC&amp;q=Navapashanam&amp;pg=PT180|page=180|last=Nair|first=Shantha N.|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=2009|isbn=9788122310399}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=take&gt;{{cite news|title='Navapashanam Temple' comes under HR and CE department|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/navapashanam-temple-comes-under-hr-and-ce-department/article7935233.ece|date=1 December 2015|access-date=23 January 2021|work=The Hindu|last=D.J.|first=Walter Scott}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> Navapashanam is located in [[Devipattinam]], a town located {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=on}} on the [[East Coast Road]]. The nine image of the planetary deities is located in a matrix arrangement in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. There is an entrance arch on the shores and a pathway {{convert|100|yard|m|abbr=on}} long leads to the sanctum. There is a pathway and four stepways leading to the waters in the four cardinal directions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|year=1926|pages=108–9|publisher=Asian Educational Services|last=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|isbn=9788120618893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&amp;q=Navapashanam&amp;pg=PA108}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are nine stones planted in square plan in cardinal directions with the stone at the center indicating the Sun surrounded by eight other planets. These stones are believed to have been installed by [[Rama|Ram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Select Shrines of Sri Rama|publisher=Little Flower Company|year=1964|page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; The village also houses a temple for [[Devi]] following the legend of killing the buffalo demon [[Mahishasura]] and hence the place is called [[Devipattinam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Change Makers at Grassroots: Local Governance in Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IjKklgntdgC&amp;q=navapashanam&amp;pg=PA24|page=24|first=Ganapathy |last=Palanithurai|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180694714}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> The temple was originally maintained and administered by the Sivaganga Devasthanam until 2012, when it was taken up by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Change Makers at Grassroots: Local Governance in Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IjKklgntdgC&amp;q=Navapashanam&amp;pg=PA24|last=Palanithurai|first=Ganapathy|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2008|isbn=9788180694714 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The actual handover happened in December 2015 after court intervention.&lt;ref name=take/&gt; The temple is open from 4:30&amp;nbsp;a.m. to 6:30 pm on all days. The major festivals celebrated in the temple are the ten-day [[Aadi Amavasai]], the full moon day on the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] month of ''Aadi'' (June - July) and Thai amavasai (New moon day in January) during the Tamil month of ''Thai'' (January - February). During these days, there are close to one lakh pilgrims who visit the place. The place is commonly visited by pilgrims doing their rites for their forefathers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Thousands pay obeisance on Thai amavasya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/thousands-pay-obeisance-on-thai-amavasya/article26175615.ece|date=4 February 2019|access-date=23 January 2021|work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a part of popular tourist circuit in the region along with the [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] at [[Rameswaram]] and [[Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple]] at [[Thiruppullani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Splendours And Dimensions Of Yoga 2 Vols. Set|last=Bajpai|first=R.S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbcIciDh_GwC&amp;q=Navapashanam&amp;pg=PA484|page=484|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Distributors|year=2002|isbn=9788171569649}}&lt;/ref&gt; The practise of offering nine different type of grains specific to each of the nine planets is commonly followed in the temple. Unlike other South Indian temples, where people are not allowed to touch the presiding deities, pilgrims can do their own worship on the images.&lt;ref name=dinamalar/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Power of Navapashanam ==<br /> Navapashanam is a legendary alchemical preparation in the South Indian Siddha tradition, most famous for its use in the creation of the Lord Murugan idol at the Palani Murugan Temple. The word is derived from the Sanskrit nava (nine) and pashanam (poison or mineral).&lt;ref&gt;Culture and Heritage, 2024. The Enigmatic Idol of Palani Murugan: Crafted by Sage Boghar. Available at: https://cultureandheritage.org/2024/03/the-enigmatic-idol-of-palani-murugan-crafted-by-sage-boghar.html&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> === 1. The Alchemical Mixture ===<br /> According to tradition, the legendary Siddhar Bogar created this unique amalgam by combining nine specific &quot;poisonous&quot; substances. Through advanced alchemical processes, these toxins were purified and transformed into a solidified, stone-like material with potent healing properties. <br /> While historical recipes vary or remain guarded secrets, they often include:<br /> Minerals/Metals: gold, silver, iron, lead, tin, zinc, copper, and mercury. &lt;ref&gt;Ravikumar, H. &amp; Ammaiappan, K.D., 2023. Analysis of Nature, Constituents and Effects of Navapashanam – based on Facts of Siddha. Available at: https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/analysis-of-nature-constituents-and-effects-of-navapashanam-based-on-facts-of-siddha&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Herbal Extracts: A blend of thousands of rare medicinal herbs. <br /> === 2. Spiritual and Medicinal Significance ===<br /> The Palani Idol: The idol at Palani is believed to be the only original Navapashanam idol. It is said that any substance (like milk or honey) poured over the idol during ritual baths (Abhishekam) absorbs medicinal properties from the Navapashanam and becomes a curative elixir.<br /> Healing Properties: Devotees believe it can cure complex diseases and balance the body's energy systems (doshas).<br /> Cosmic Connection: The nine substances are often linked to the Navagrahas (nine planets) to channel cosmic energy into the human body. <br /> === 3. Navapashanam Temple (Devipattinam) ===<br /> In addition to the alchemical substance, &quot;Navapashanam&quot; also refers to a specific pilgrimage site in Devipattinam. <br /> The Ritual: Nine stones, representing the planetary deities, are installed in the sea.<br /> Legend: It is believed that Lord Rama installed these stones himself to seek the blessings of the planets before his battle with Ravana.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|20em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Navagraha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Ramanathapuram district]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta&diff=459308 2026-02-09T04:54:34Z

<p>LouieWebb342: quick correct information based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian dermatologist and novelist (1911–1986)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nihar Ranjan Gupta<br /> | image = Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = Nihar Ranjan Gupta<br /> | native_name = নীহাররঞ্জন গুপ্ত<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1911|6|6}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Narail]], [[Presidency Division]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|2|20|1911|6|6}}<br /> | death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India<br /> | occupation = Physician, novelist, script writer<br /> | spouse =<br /> | children =<br /> | known_for = [[Kiriti Roy]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nihar Ranjan Gupta''' ({{langx|bn|নীহাররঞ্জন গুপ্ত}}, pen name: ''Banbhatta'' (বানভট্ট); 6 June 1911 – 20 February 1986) was an Indian dermatologist and a popular [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novelist. He is the creator of the fictional detective character [[Kiriti Roy]]. Some of his writings were made into films of [[Bengal]] and [[Bollywood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sbc&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subhodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |encyclopedia=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) |script-title=bn:নীহাররঞ্জন গুপ্ত |trans-title=Nihar Ranjan Gupta |language=bn |edition=4th |date=January 2002 |publisher=Shishu Sahitya Samsad |volume=2 |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |page=168|title=Sansad Bangali charitabhidhan }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;abp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Kolkatar Kadcha |newspaper=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=27 June 2011 |page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jinfo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&amp;page=details&amp;value=229 |script-title=bn:নীহার রঞ্জন গুপ্ত |last1=Bipul |first1=Mohammad Hasanuzzaman |last2=Shanta |first2=Samiul Amin |publisher=Jessore.Info |language=bn |access-date=10 September 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402093059/http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&amp;page=details&amp;value=229 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Gupta came from a [[Baidya|Kabiraj]] family of Itna village under [[Lohagara Upazila, Narail|Lohagara police station]], in the district of Jessore, presently in the [[Narail district]] of [[Bangladesh]].{{citation needed|date= October 2022}} He was born to Satya Ranjan Gupta and Labangalata Devi on 6 June 1911, in [[Kolkata|Narail district]] where his father used to work. He spent his childhood in [[Kolkata|Narail]], due to his father's transferable job, he had to attend several schools, including Gaibandha High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;jinfo&quot;/&gt; In 1930 he passed Matriculation from [[Konnagar]] High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;jinfo&quot;/&gt; After completing his I.Sc. from [[Krishnagar Government College]], [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], he took admission to [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital|Carmichael Medical College]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jinfo&quot;/&gt; While a student at the college, his elder sister died of scorpion sting. Young Gupta vowed to earn higher degree in the medical sciences to serve the ill.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> During the [[Second World War]] Gupta served as an army doctor and was posted to various places, including [[Chittagong]], [[Burma]] and Egypt.&lt;ref name=&quot;sbc&quot;/&gt; After the war he completed post-graduate studies in the United Kingdom, specialising in dermatology. On his return he joined the [[Calcutta Medical College]]. In his career as a physician he was associated with several hospitals in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;sbc&quot;/&gt; After the Partition, his family permanently migrated to [[Kolkata]] in 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;bn24&quot;&gt;{{cite news |script-title=bn:নড়াইলে সুলতানের শিশুস্বর্গ এখন জুয়াড়িদের আখড়া |url=http://www.banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=07d5938693cc3903b261e1a3844590ed&amp;nttl=201009037265 |newspaper=Banglanews24.com |date=3 September 2010 |language=bn |access-date=10 September 2011 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922065323/http://www.banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=07d5938693cc3903b261e1a3844590ed&amp;nttl=201009037265 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a child Gupta always dreamed of becoming a writer. He once went to Shantiniketan to seek the blessings of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and took his autograph.&lt;ref name=&quot;abp&quot;/&gt; At the age of eighteen he composed his first novel, ''Rajkumar''. After schooling, Gupta took admission in the Calcutta Medical College, then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. During his stay in England he developed a keen interest in detective stories and met [[Agatha Christie]].&lt;ref name=&quot;abp&quot;/&gt; After coming back to India, he wrote his first detective novel, ''[[Kalo Bhramar]]'' (meaning ''The Black Hornet''), which launched his detective character [[Kiriti Roy]] [কিরীটী রায়]. In his literary career Gupta has composed over two hundred novels, plays, short stories and essays. The most popular among them are ''[[Ulka (novel)|Ulka]]'', ''Badshah'', ''Lalubhulu'', ''Uttarphalguni'', ''Asti Bhagirathi Tire'', ''Mayur Mahal'', ''Devyani'', ''Neeltara'', ''Mayamriga'', ''Komalgandhar'' and ''Nishipadma''. Forty five of his novels have been made into [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]] feature films in Tollywood and Bollywood respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;tds&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Nihar Ranjan Gupta's birth anniversary observed |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=91614 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=8 June 2009 |access-date=10 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also the editor of a children's magazine named ''Sabuj Sahitya''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sbc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;abp&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> In 1988, SM Sultan founded the Shishuswarga-2 at the ancestral house of Gupta in Itna. It was officially inaugurated on 24 November 1993, by the Mohammad Ali Hossain, the then district magistrate of Narail. However, the activities of the children's organisation ceased after the death of SM Sultan. The house became infested by bats and illegal betting syndicates. In 2003, the archaeological department of Bangladesh notified the acquisition of Gupta's ancestral house. As of 2017, the ancestral house of Nihar Ranjan Gupta lies in a dilapidated condition, and no repairs have been made.&lt;ref name=&quot;bn24&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ancestral house of Nihar Ranjan Gupta lies abandoned in Narail|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/ancestral-house-of-nihar-ranjan-gupta-lies-abandoned-in-narail-1509374821|access-date=2021-12-29|work=The Financial Express|date=30 October 2017 |language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229171745/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/ancestral-house-of-nihar-ranjan-gupta-lies-abandoned-in-narail-1509374821|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Adapted works ==<br /> * ''Ulka'' (Bengali - 1957)<br /> * ''Maya Mriga'' (Bengali - 1960)<br /> * ''[[Thayi Karulu]]'' (1962) [Remade as ''Thayin Karunai'' (Tamil)]- ''[[Ulka (novel)|Ulka]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ulke1FGbJKs&amp;feature=youtu.be | title=Tiger Prabhakar Tragic Story &amp;#124; ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಸ್ವಾರಸ್ಯಗಳು-Cinema Swarasyagalu Ep-17 &amp;#124; Hariharapura Manjuanth | website=YouTube | date=2 April 2021 | access-date=5 April 2021 | archive-date=20 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120111629/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=ulke1FGbJKs&amp;feature=youtu.be | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]'' (1962) (Remake of the 1960 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] ''Maya Mriga'') - Story Credit<br /> * ''[[Kunkhumam]]'' (1963)<br /> * ''[[Meri Surat Teri Ankhen]]'' (1963) – ''Ulka''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Meri Surat Teri Ankhen (1963) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/meri-surat-teri-ankhen-1963/article1327364.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 April 2013 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234622/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/meri-surat-teri-ankhen-1963/article1327364.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Uttar Falguni]]'' (1963) (Remade as ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' , ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivi]]'' and ''[[Pushpanjali (1972 film)|Pushpanjali]]'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Blast From The Past: Mamta (1966) |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/02/stories/2010040250230400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212111/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/02/stories/2010040250230400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2013 |date=2 April 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Badsha'' (Bengali - 1963)<br /> * ''Tapashi'' (Bengali - 1965)<br /> * ''[[Laadla (1966 film)|Laadla]]'' (1966) (Remake of 1960 Bengali film ''Maya Mriga'')<br /> * ''[[Mere Lal]]'' (1966) (Remake of 1963 Bengali film ''Badsha'')<br /> * [[Nai Roshni (1967)|''Nai Roshni'']] (1967) (Remade as ''[[Poovum Pottum]]'' and ''[[Punyavathi]]'')<br /> * ''[[Deiva Magan]]'' (1969) [Remade as ''Thaayi Mamathe''(Kannada) and ''Raktha Sambandham''(Telugu)] - ''Ulka''<br /> * ''[[Devara Kannu]]'' (1975) [Remade as ''[[Annan Oru Koyil]]'' , ''[[Ellaam Ninakku Vendi]]'' and ''Bangaru Chellelu''(Telugu)]<br /> * ''[[Do Anjaane]]'' (1976) (Remade as ''[[Maavari Manchitanam]]'' and ''[[Aaseya Bale]]'')– ''Ratrir Yatri''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rekha breaks her silence |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rekha-breaks-her-silence/article819918.ece |work=The Hindu |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=29 April 2013 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120111640/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Rekha-breaks-her-silence/article15780048.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Kalankini Kankabati]]'' (1981)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Book - Kalankini Kankabati - Niharranjan Gupta|url=https://www.calcuttaweb.com/book-kalankini-kankabati-niharranjan-gupta|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Calcuttaweb Shopping|language=en|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516044227/https://www.calcuttaweb.com/book-kalankini-kankabati-niharranjan-gupta|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Lalu Bhulu]]'' (1983)<br /> * ''[[Kiriti O Kalo Bhromor]]'' (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ebela.in/entertainment/kiriti-o-kalo-bhromor-trailer-released-dgtl-1.457785 |script-title=bn:মুক্তি পেল 'কিরীটী ও কালো ভ্রমর'-এর ট্রেলার, দেখুন ভিডিও |website=Ebela |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817145512/http://ebela.in/entertainment/kiriti-o-kalo-bhromor-trailer-released-dgtl-1.457785 |archive-date=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Kiriti Roy (2016 film)|Kiriti Roy]]'' (2016)<br /> * ''[[Ebong Kiriti]]'' (2017)<br /> * ''[[Nilacholey Kiriti]]'' (2018)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1275836}}<br /> <br /> {{Kiriti Roy}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Nihar Ranjan}}<br /> [[Category:1911 births]]<br /> [[Category:1986 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian dermatologists]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali detective fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jessore District]]<br /> [[Category:Krishnagar Government College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male essayists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian editors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian magazine editors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller writers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Lohagara Upazila, Narail]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Policy_on_Skill_Development&diff=521127 2026-02-01T16:02:40Z

<p>LouieWebb342: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}<br /> <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> <br /> The '''National Policy on Skill Development''' is an umbrella framework devised by the [[Government of India]] to develop employable skills among the youth of the country through learning and producing workers adequately skilled to meet the requirements of industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shrotiya |first1=Shishir |last2=Dhir |first2=Sanjay |last3=Sushil |title=Innovation driven ecosystem for quality skill development in India |journal=Benchmarking|date=November 2018 |volume=25 |issue=8 |page=1463 |doi=10.1108/BIJ-11-2017-0320 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/BIJ-11-2017-0320/full/html |accessdate=24 May 2020|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; India has traditionally had a lower percentage of population of appropriately skilled workers comparable to other economies of the world. In its 11th five-year plan for the financial year 2007-12 suggested actions to increase the skilled workforce in the country to 15 million annually and targeted to skill 150&amp;nbsp;million people by 2022. In line with the recommendations in the five-year plan and to mitigate the challenges faced by the economy of the shortage of the skilled workforce. The government formulated a skill development policy in 2009, with emphasis given to special courses to be imparted through [[Industrial Training Institute]]s in partnership with the private sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;2009Policy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.msde.gov.in/assets/images/NationalSkillDevelopmentPolicyMar09.pdf |title=www.msde.gov.in |author= |authorlink= |author2= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= |accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 12th five-year plan, a further push was given to skill development and employment. The new government at the center in 2014, recognized skill development as an important aspect of the economy and focused on bridging the skill gap of the nation by formulating standards required for quality employment. A dedicated [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]] was formed to look after various activities of skill development.&lt;ref name=&quot;2015policy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.msde.gov.in/assets/images/Skill%20India/policy%20booklet-%20Final.pdf |title=www.msde.gov.in |author= |authorlink= |author2= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages=&lt;!--Page No.?--&gt; |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= |accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, to encourage the corporate sector to participate in employment generation. The government also amended the [[Apprentices Act]] to provide more flexibility to the employers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Economictimes&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Prachi |title=Govt is committed to skill development |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/govt-is-committed-to-skill-development/articleshow/41062740.cms |website=Economic Times |accessdate=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Initiatives==<br /> Considerable GDP growth of India post-liberalization initiatives of 1991 created immense employment potential. But, this economic growth did not translate into employment and created job shortages for skilled manpower. These challenges highlighted an immediate need for a skill development program in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cabral&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cabral|first1=Clement|last2=Dhar|first2=Rajib Lochan|title=Skill development research in India: a systematic literature review and future research agenda|journal=Benchmarking|volume=26|issue=7|year=2019|pages=2242–2243|issn=1463-5771|doi=10.1108/BIJ-07-2018-0211}}&lt;/ref&gt; A broad policy framework was implemented in line with the recommendations of the five-year plan by launching skill development policy of 2009. A special budget was allocated and [[National Skill Development Council|Prime Minister's National Skill Development Council]] was established to strategize skill development programs in the country. Similarly, [[National Skill Development Agency]] was formulated to implement different schemes of the central government in coordination with various states and the private sector. Still, after investing enormous resources in infrastructure and training initiatives, creating a skilled workforce suiting industry requirement could not be achieved.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kanchan |first1=Sonali |last2=Varshney |first2=Sakshi |title=Skill development initiatives and strategies |journal=Asian Journal of Management Research |date=2015 |volume=5 |issue=4 |page=668 |issn=2229-3795}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the impediments in achieving success in the 2009 policy is attributed to the focus given to [[Vocational Education and Training]] (VET) imparted through ITI's. As a World Bank report in 2008, suggested expanding the VET system as a skill development program would not substantially improve the outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Agrawal2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Tushar|title=Skill development in India: an examination|journal=Journal of Education and Work|volume=27|issue=6|year=2013|pages=631|issn=1363-9080|doi=10.1080/13639080.2013.787485}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whereas (Ahamed, 2016) considering [[National Sample Survey Organisation]] (NSSO) data in his research argues, the net effect of VET's in the Indian context is positive for employment and wages, he further asserts, the reason for that could be specific VET courses and employer participation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ahmed|first1=Tutan|title=Labour market outcome for formal vocational education and training in India: Safety net and beyond|journal=IIMB Management Review|volume=28|issue=2|year=2016|pages=104–105|issn=0970-3896|doi=10.1016/j.iimb.2016.05.002|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the formation of the new government at the center, the recommendations from the twelfth five-year plan were acted upon. In which much focus was laid on upgrading skill development initiatives by undertaking infrastructural and institutional means. Well designed courses were developed to encourage the participation of youngsters through the largest vocational scheme in The World, the [[Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana]] (PMKVY).{{sfn|Cabral|Dhar|2019|p=2256}} Some corporate houses, in coordination with the government designed the curriculum for the skilling courses and employed the students after completion of respective courses. An executive from one of the leading corporate houses, thus commented: &quot;A partnership of government policy, industry interface and continuing engagement is the key to strengthening our economic prowess.&quot; Many industry leaders praised the government for bringing all the skilling activities to a dedicated ministry, which were earlier undertaken by the Finance Ministry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Economictimes&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.msde.gov.in/assets/images/NationalSkillDevelopmentPolicyMar09.pdf Skill Development Policy of 2009]<br /> *[https://www.msde.gov.in/assets/images/Skill%20India/policy%20booklet-%20Final.pdf Skill Development Policy of 2015]<br /> <br /> {{Policies of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]<br /> [[Category:Policies of India]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilakkal_Sree_Mahadeva_Temple&diff=521984 2026-01-19T22:48:47Z

<p>LouieWebb342: starting location!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Nilakkal Sree Mahadeva Temple<br /> | image = Nilackal_Temple_entrance_2.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Nilakkal temple entrance arch<br /> | map_type = Kerala<br /> | map_caption = Mahadeva Temple, [[Nilakkal]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]]<br /> | map_size = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|9|23|22.7|N|77|00|44.8|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nilakkal_Sree_Mahadeva_Temple&amp;params=9_23_22.7_N_77_00_44.8_E_type:landmark_region:IN]<br /> | native_name = നിലയ്ക്കൽ ശ്രീ മഹാദേവ ക്ഷേത്രം<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | state = [[Kerala]]<br /> | district = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]<br /> | location = [[Nilakkal]]<br /> | elevation_m = 386.3<br /> | deity = [[Shiva]]<br /> | festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]], Thiruvutsavam<br /> | architecture = Traditional Kerala style<br /> | temple_quantity = One<br /> | monument_quantity = <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = 1960<br /> | creator = <br /> | temple_board = [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]<br /> | website = [http://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nilakkal Sree Mahadeva Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Pathanamthitta]] district in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The temple which is dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]] is administered by [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]. During [[Sabarimala Temple|Sabarimala]] pilgrimage, many devotees from Kerala and other states visit the temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://shaivam.org/siddhanta/spke-pattanamthitta-temples.htm|title=Lord Shiva Temples of Pattanamthitta District|website=shaivam.org|date=2016-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> It is located just 1&amp;nbsp;km from the main highway leading to Sabarimala temple. The shrine is surrounded by thick forests and rubber plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage to temple heritage| last= Mathew|first= Biju|date= 2016-10-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAt8AgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=nilakkal+sree+mahadeva+temple&amp;pg=PA571|location= |publisher= |page= 121 |isbn=9788192128443}}&lt;/ref&gt; This temple is situated with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of {{coord|9|23|22.7|N|77|00|44.8|E}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nilakkal_Sree_Mahadeva_Temple&amp;params=9_23_22.7_N_77_00_44.8_E_type:landmark_region:IN] at an altitude of about 386.3&amp;nbsp;m above the mean sea level.<br /> <br /> == Worship ==<br /> Lord [[Shiva]] is the principal deity. The pratishta is believed to be in two moods, Ugramoorthy (fierce) and Mangala pradayakan (auspicious). A common belief is that Lord Shiva is showering his blessings to his son Lord [[Ayyappa]] to fight against all evil spirits while throwing all anger to the evils. As in many Shiva shrines, a number of [[ox]]en are protected in the temple premises.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.myoksha.com/nilakkal-mahadeva-temple/|website=www.myoksha.com|title= Nilakkal Mahadeva Temple, Perunad|date=2016-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Subordinate deities ==<br /> There is only two ''Upa Prathishtas'' (sub deities) here, Lord Kannimoola [[Ganapathi]] and [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]].<br /> <br /> == Poojas==<br /> Three [[Puja (Hinduism)|Poojas]] are held here every day. The morning section includes ''Usha pooja'', noon section with ''Ucha pooja'' and the desk section concludes with ''Deeparadhana''. Special weekly days are Sunday, Monday and Friday.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com/?page_id=153|website=www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com|title=Nilakkal Mahadeva Temple|accessdate=2016-10-11|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018132827/http://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com/?page_id=153|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Festivals ==<br /> The '[[Maha Shivaratri]]' held annually is one of the noted festivals of the temple. Besides Shivarathri, the temple celebrates its ''Thiruvutsavam'' every year in a grand style. At times of Sabarimala pilgrimage, devotees from various states visit the temple for welfare and sake.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sabarimala]]<br /> * [[List of Hindu temples in Kerala]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nilakkal_Sree_Mahadeva_Temple&amp;params=9_23_22.7_N_77_00_44.8_E_type:landmark_region:IN GeoHack - Nilakkal Sree Mahadeva Temple]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Pathanamthitta district]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talkative_Man&diff=475493 2026-01-15T06:09:59Z

<p>LouieWebb342: improved article based on references and updated info for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1986 novel by R.K. Narayan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox book | &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] --&gt;<br /> | name = Talkative Man<br /> | title_orig = <br /> | translator = <br /> | image = File:TheTalkativeMan.jpg<br /> | caption = First edition (India)<br /> | author = [[R.K. Narayan]]<br /> | illustrator = <br /> | cover_artist = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = <br /> | series = <br /> | genre = <br /> | publisher = [[Indian Thought Publications]]&lt;br&gt;[[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]] (UK<br /> | release_date = 1986<br /> | english_release_date =<br /> | media_type = Print<br /> | pages = <br /> | isbn = 978-0-670-81341-4<br /> | dewey = 823 19<br /> | congress = PR9499.3.N3 T3 1987<br /> | oclc = 14166421<br /> | preceded_by = [[Under the Banyan Tree and Other Stories]]<br /> | followed_by = [[A Writer's Nightmare]]<br /> }}<br /> '''''Talkative Man''''' is a [[novel]] by [[R. K. Narayan]] first published in 1986 by [[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=M. K. Bhatnagar|title=New Insights Into the Novels of R.K. Narayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA4LZtkvVjoC&amp;pg=PA75|year=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0178-4|page=75}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like his earlier novels, this one is also set in the fictional town of [[Malgudi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/51275764.html?dids=51275764:51275764&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Mar+06%2C+1988&amp;author=ALIDA+BECKER&amp;pub=St.+Petersburg+Times&amp;desc=Augustus+Carp%27s+wicked%2C+witty+world+Series%3A+Paperback+Guide&amp;pqatl=google|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131143458/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/51275764.html?dids=51275764:51275764&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Mar+06,+1988&amp;author=ALIDA+BECKER&amp;pub=St.+Petersburg+Times&amp;desc=Augustus+Carp's+wicked,+witty+world+Series:+Paperback+Guide&amp;pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2013|title=Augustus Carp's wicked, witty world Series: Paperback Guide|date=6 March 1988|publisher=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|accessdate=31 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The novel is a bit short by Narayan's standards but provides the same level of enjoyment one experiences with his other writings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&amp;p_theme=la&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EF5136304777488&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|title='TALKATIVE' SHORT ON WORDS, LONG ON ENJOYMENT|date=15 March 1987|publisher=[[Daily News of Los Angeles]]|accessdate=31 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The main character is an ordinary man who is wealthy and works as a journalist. He has a regular routine in his life: posting articles in the post box, having a talk with people at the tea shop, going to the library and the house. One day, he meets a man from an unknown land called &quot;Timbuctoo&quot;, another of Narayan's creations, the land being similar to the [[United States of America|US]]. The man seems to have come for an official duty for the [[United Nations|UN]] and seeing the calmness of the place, decides to stay there for his work.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{R. K. Narayan}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Novels by R. K. Narayan]]<br /> [[Category:Novels set in India]]<br /> [[Category:Novels about journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Heinemann (publisher) books]]<br /> [[Category:1986 Indian novels]]<br /> <br /> {{India-lit-stub}}<br /> {{1980s-novel-stub}}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Jame-atul-Islamia&diff=462333 2026-01-10T22:19:00Z

<p>LouieWebb342: update structure also and added references as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Islamic seminary of Sunni-Barelvi Muslims in India}}<br /> {{cleanup list|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Al-Jame-atul Islamia<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image_name = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | latin_name = <br /> | motto = <br /> | mottoeng = <br /> | established = {{start date and age|1964}}<br /> | closed = <br /> | type = [[Islamic university]]<br /> | affiliation = <br /> | endowment = <br /> | officer_in_charge = <br /> | chairman = <br /> | chancellor = <br /> | president = <br /> | vice-president = <br /> | superintendent = <br /> | provost = <br /> | vice_chancellor = <br /> | rector = [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]]<br /> | principal = Maulana Md. Ayuub Rizvi<br /> | dean = <br /> | director = <br /> | head_label = <br /> | head = <br /> | faculty = <br /> | staff = <br /> | students = <br /> | undergrad = <br /> | postgrad = <br /> | doctoral = <br /> | other = <br /> | city = [[Ayodhya District]]<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | province = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | coor = <br /> | campus = <br /> | former_names = <br /> | free_label = <br /> | free = <br /> | sports = <br /> | colors = <br /> | colours = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | mascot = <br /> | athletics = <br /> | affiliations = <br /> | website = <br /> | logo = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Al-Jame-atul Islamia''' is an [[Islamic seminary]] of [[Sunni]]-[[Barelvi]] Muslims in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sunnidawateislami.net/index.php?view=speaker&amp;layout=popup&amp;id=10009&amp;tmpl=component&amp;option=com_sermonspeaker&amp;Itemid=107 |title=Sunni Dawate Islami - the Worldwide Islamic Movement |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150847/http://www.sunnidawateislami.net/index.php?view=speaker&amp;layout=popup&amp;id=10009&amp;tmpl=component&amp;option=com_sermonspeaker&amp;Itemid=107 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://madarsaaljameatulislamia.com/madarsa/aljameatulislamia.htm |title=Madarsa Aljameatul Islamia Raunahi Faizabad |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820104434/http://madarsaaljameatulislamia.com/madarsa/aljameatulislamia.htm |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located in Raunahi, [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya District]], near [[Lucknow]], in the north Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Al-Jame-atul-Islamia was founded in 1964 by [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://themuslim500.com/profile/h-e-hazrat-allama-maulana-qamaruzzaman-azmi Azmi, H. Hazrat Allama Maulana Qamaruzzaman | The Muslim 500] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018021751/http://themuslim500.com/profile/h-e-hazrat-allama-maulana-qamaruzzaman-azmi |date=18 October 2015 }} themuslim500.com&lt;/ref&gt; Azmi was supported by a core team of key people such as Dr Syed Mahfoozur Rahman, Dr Syed Habibur Rahman, Syed Mohammed IlyasH, Alhaaj Shamiuallah Khan, Haji Sagir Ahmed Khan( Kolkata), Akhlaque Khana (Delhi), Mustaque Ahmad, Munne Khan, Itlafat Ahamd Khan, Mohammed Riyaz Khan and Waseem Ahmad and in 1974, Jalaluddin Quadri was appointed as Manager.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://madarsaaljameatulislamia.com/madarsa/history.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820110400/http://madarsaaljameatulislamia.com/madarsa/history.htm |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; The degrees of Al-Jame-atul-Islamia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://noorifoundation.wordpress.com/islamic-directory/|title=Islamic Directory|date=6 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; are recognized by universities of India and abroad like:<br /> * [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]<br /> * [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<br /> * [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[Delhi University]]<br /> * [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<br /> <br /> ==Affiliation and Alumni==<br /> Al-Jame-atul-Islamia is affiliated to [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] and some of the student graduates at Al-Azhar University include:<br /> * Maulana Taj Muhammad Khan, Sultanpur, [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]] Graduated from Alazhar 2004<br /> * Maulana Muhammad Ayub Qadri, Moradabad, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar 2008<br /> * Maulana Muhammad Arkan Rizvi, J.P. Nagar, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar 2008<br /> * Maulana Faheem Ahmad Saqleni, Badaun, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar 2008<br /> * Maulana Ataul Mustafa Qadri, Bareilly, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar 2008<br /> * Maulana Sarfaraz Ahmad Meman, [[Surat]] [[Gujarat]], Graduated from Alazhar 2008<br /> * Maulana Mahmood Alam, Moradabad, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar at 2009, and doing Post Graduation from same Faculty.<br /> * Maulana Abdul Moid, RaeBarielly, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar at 2009<br /> * Maulana Ali Hasan Alvi, Bahraich, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar at 2009<br /> * Maulana Ashfaq Husain, Gonda, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar at 2009<br /> * Maulana Muhammad Ayub Khan, [[Bahraich]], U.P. Graduated from Alazhar at 2010<br /> * Maulana aqeel Ahmad, balrampur, U.P. Graduated from Alazhar at 2010, completing MA at Alazhar.<br /> * Maulna Abdul Mustafa, Balrampur, U.P Graduated from Alazhar at 2009.<br /> <br /> ==Departments==<br /> The Jamia has following departments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://madarsaaljameatulislamia.com/madarsa/history.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820110400/http://madarsaaljameatulislamia.com/madarsa/history.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Primary Section<br /> *Department of Hifz<br /> *Department of Tajweed and Quirat<br /> *Department of Alia (up to M.A.Degree)<br /> *Interpretation of the Holy Quran<br /> *Department of preaching and propagation<br /> *Department of Ifta (religious decree)<br /> *Department of research &amp; publication<br /> *Department of Journalism<br /> *Department of computer<br /> *Department of Arabic Literature<br /> <br /> ==Some famous lecturers==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}<br /> * Mufti Shabeer Hasan Rizvi, Head of Islamic law and fatwa<br /> * Maulana Muhammad Ayub Rizvi, Principal <br /> * Maulana Noman Khan, Previous Principal<br /> * Maulana Vasi Ahamd Vasi Siddiqi, Vice Principal<br /> * Muhammad Bakhshullah Qadri, Vice Head of Shaikhul Hadith<br /> * Maulana Juned Ahmad Naim, Head of Arabi language and literature<br /> * Maulana Shakir Husain<br /> * Master Abdul Khaleeq Ahmad, Head of English department<br /> * Hazarata Qari sartaj Ahmad, Head of Hifz Department<br /> * Qari Abdul Lateef<br /> * Maulana Gulam Murtaza<br /> * Qari Ali Akbar<br /> * Maulana Salman Khan Hindi<br /> * Shabbeer Ahmad (Muballigh Saheb)<br /> * maulana sharif misbahi azhari<br /> * maulana aqil ahmad misbahi amjadi<br /> * maulana nasir misbahi<br /> * maulan azharuddin jamai<br /> <br /> ==Students==<br /> In 2011 Al-Jamiatul Islamia witnessed four hundred Ulemas graduate&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://madarsaaljameatulislamia.com/madarsa/aljameatulislamia.htm |title=Madarsa Aljameatul Islamia Raunahi Faizabad |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820104434/http://madarsaaljameatulislamia.com/madarsa/aljameatulislamia.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; at the hands of its founder Muffakir-e-Islam [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]] at the annual graduation ceremony. Many students of this institution are now working in different parts of the world in South Africa, UK, USA, Canada, Holland, Mauritius and the Middle East. Some of the famous students include the Mufti-e-Azam of America, Allama Mufti Qamar-ul-Hassan, the Chief Imam of Scotland's Khizra Mosque Allama Faroghul Quadri, Mufti Shamshul Huda in Dewsbury, UK, Dr [[Waqar Azmi]] [[OBE]], UK Government's former Chief Diversity Adviser, Allama Abdul Mannan Jama'ee, Holland, Allama Khalid Razvi, Leicester, UK and Sayyad Moinuddin Ashraf (Moin Miya'n) Sajjada Nasheen, [[Kicchocha Sharif]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of Islamic educational institutions]]<br /> *[[Karwan-I-Islami]]<br /> *[[Islam in India]]<br /> *[[Jamiatur Raza]]<br /> *[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]] <br /> *[[Manzar-e-Islam]]<br /> <br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Jame-Atul-Islamia}}<br /> [[Category:Madrasas in India]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Ayodhya district]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]<br /> [[Category:1964 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Barelvi Islamic universities and colleges]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamka_State&diff=476256 2026-01-09T19:31:33Z

<p>LouieWebb342: small fix article per standard format and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian village}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{princely states topics}}<br /> '''Jamka''' is a village and former Rajput non-salute [[princely state]] on [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] peninsula, in Gujarat, [[Western India]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The petty princely state, in [[Sorath prant]], was ruled by Jivku Aughad Vala. [[Kathi Darbar|Kathi]] chieftains. Jivku Aughad Vala was the ruler of Jamka. He was a very pious and emotional man. He was served by a very clever and loyal administrator Premji nathu Kamdar (Vyas). Jivku Aughad Vala was slaughtered due to royal rivalry. After this mishappening, Premji nathu vyas (Kamdar) protected the heir of the king and ruled on his behalf for 18 years. For this bravery and faithfulness towards the kingdom and the royalty, he was awarded half of the kingdom. In 1901, it comprised only the single village, with a population of 601, yielding 15,000 rupees state revenue (1903–04, less than half from land), paying 185 Rupees tribute to the [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] [[Baroda State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_175.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 169 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |website=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=2013-02-18 |access-date=2017-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> {{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaman_Trikha&diff=484006 2026-01-08T00:51:30Z

<p>LouieWebb342: adding a info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Aaman Trikha<br /> | image = Aaman Trikha at an award function in February 2017.jpg<br /> | landscape = yes<br /> | caption = Trikha at an award function in February 2017<br /> | birth_name = Aman Trikha<br /> | alias = Aaman Trikha&lt;ref name=AamanTrikhaTOI&gt;{{cite news|title=Singer Aaman Trikha felicitated on International Solidarity Day organized by Help 4 Human Research &amp; Development|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/Singer-Aaman-Trikha-felicitated-on-International-Solidarity-Day/articleshow/28470513.cms|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|12|12|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Singer<br /> | associated_acts = [[Sur Kshetra]] <br /> ([[Sahara One]] / [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]])<br /> | genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], Bollywood music<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Aman Trikha''' (born 12 December 1986), also known as '''Aaman Trikha''',&lt;ref name=AamanTrikhaTOI /&gt; is an Indian [[playback singer]] from Mumbai. He has sung songs in [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and other regional languages. He is the singer of popular songs like &quot;Hookah Bar&quot; (from ''[[Khiladi 786]]''), &quot;Prem Leela&quot; (from ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''), &quot;Go Go Govinda - Reprise&quot; (from ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'') and &quot;[[Achhe din aane waale hain]]&quot; (the Loksabha election 2014 anthem of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Aman Trikha: To sing was my most difficult decision|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Aman-Trikha-To-sing-was-my-most-difficult-decision/articleshow/44917081.cms|work=The Times of India|date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bollywood Singer Aman Trikha to sing in Marathi flick 'Hello Nandan'|url=http://spicystarsmumbai.com/bollywood-singer-aman-trikha-to-sing-in-a-marathi-flick-hello-nandan.html|website=Spicy Stars Mumbai|accessdate=15 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Singer Aman Trikha visits Varanasi|url=http://www.iamin.in/en/varanasi/news/playback-singer-aman-visits-varanasi-52501|publisher=DNA|date=6 February 2015|access-date=6 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205740/http://www.iamin.in/en/varanasi/news/playback-singer-aman-visits-varanasi-52501|archive-date=12 April 2015|url-status=unfit}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Trikha started playing keyboards without any formal training. In 2005, while in the first year of pursuing his [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.E.) in Electronics &amp; Telecommunication from Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, he discovered that he could sing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Destined to sing|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/destined-to-sing/|work=The Indian Express|date=2 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Aman Trikha |url=http://bollywoodclub.livejournal.com/3624.html?thread=4392 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150404231223/http://bollywoodclub.livejournal.com/3624.html?thread=4392 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2015 |website=Bollywood Club |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Aman Trikha: Hard Kaur and I got on like a house on fire|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Aman-Trikha-Hard-Kaur-and-I-got-on-like-a-house-on-fire/articleshow/45559608.cms|work=The Times of India|date=18 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> *2012: Won Man of The Series Award in the Indo-Pak musical reality show ''[[Sur Kshetra]]''&lt;ref&gt;[[Sur Kshetra]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Aman Trikha – Hitting the right note|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hitting-the-right-note/1125436/|work=The Indian Express|date=7 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *2013: Nominated for Best Upcoming Musical Sensation Male Award in [[Stardust Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4437/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125021050/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4437|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=21 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *2018: Won the Best Album of the Year Award in [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/winners/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=23 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> <br /> ===Bollywood songs===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Song !! Movie or album !! Music director<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|2012||Go Go Govinda (Reprise)||[[OMG – Oh My God!]]||rowspan=&quot;12&quot;|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br /> |-<br /> |Son of Sardaar – Title Track|| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Son of Sardaar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Son of Sardaar – Title Track (Remix)<br /> |-<br /> |Po Po<br /> |-<br /> |Khiladi – Title Track||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Khiladi 786]]<br /> |-<br /> |Khiladi – Title Track (Remix)<br /> |-<br /> |Hookah Bar<br /> |-<br /> |Hookah Bar (Remix)<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2013||Gore Mukhde Pe Zulfaan Di Chhawan||[[Special 26]]<br /> |-<br /> |Shortcut Romeo (Reprise)||[[Shortcut Romeo]]<br /> |-<br /> |Policegiri||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Policegiri]]<br /> |-<br /> |Jhoom Barabar Jhoom<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;9&quot;|2014||Koshampa||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Kaanchi: The Unbreakable]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Ismail Darbar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kambal Ke Neeche<br /> |-<br /> |Har Har Gange||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bhoothnath Returns]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Ram Sampath]]<br /> |-<br /> |Har Har Gange (Remix)<br /> |-<br /> |G Pe Danda||[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]||Prashant Vadhyar<br /> |-<br /> |Hum Tumhe Kaise Bataye||[[Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami]]||[[Ram Sampath]]<br /> |-<br /> |Khelen||[[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate (Season 3)]]||[[Ram Sampath]]<br /> |-<br /> |Aashiq Mizaaj||[[The Shaukeens]]||[[Hard Kaur]]<br /> |-<br /> |Surmai Sa||LUV...Phir Kabhie||Bubli Haque<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2015||Mere Desh Ka Jawab Nahi||[[Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (Film)|Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan]] ||Rupesh-Girish<br /> |-<br /> |Shiv Tandav||[[Dharam Sankat Mein]]||Music Designed by Shamir Tandon<br /> |-<br /> |Prem Leela||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br /> |-<br /> |Halo Re<br /> |-<br /> |Dard Da Marham Tu||Prithipal Singh...A Story||Jayant Aryan <br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2016||Shaukeen Kaminay Title Song||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Shaukeen Kaminay]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Rajib-Mouna<br /> |-<br /> |Bum Me Dum<br /> |-<br /> |Mujhe Tu Jo Mil Gaya<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Khel Toh Ab Shuru Hoga]]<br /> |Ashfaque<br /> |-<br /> |Danka Bajega<br /> |[[Ricky Mishra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Jaaneman Aah<br /> |[[Dishoom]]<br /> |[[Pritam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Waqtey Fursat (Male)<br /> |My Father Iqbal<br /> |Biswajit Bhattacharjee<br /> |-<br /> |Dil Me Kayi Armaan<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yeh Hai Judgement Hanged Till Death<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mahesh-Rakesh<br /> |-<br /> |Raabta Tujhse Raha<br /> |-<br /> |Panj Chaske<br /> |Dil Sala Sanki<br /> |Pramod Panth<br /> |-<br /> |Saiyyan<br /> |[[Ek Tera Saath]]<br /> |Ali<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2017<br /> |Butterfly<br /> |[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]<br /> |[[Pritam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Yaad Hai Yaa Bhulte<br /> |[[Sameer (film)|Sameer]]<br /> |Pankaj Awasthi<br /> |-<br /> |Be With It<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Call for Fun<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lalit Pandit]]<br /> |-<br /> |1 O'Clock Call<br /> |-<br /> |Dholida<br /> |Humein Haq Chahiye Haq Se<br /> |Sanjay Pathak<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2018<br /> |Biwi.com<br /> |Biwi.com<br /> |Kashi &amp; Richard<br /> |-<br /> |Dil Sulagta Ja Raha Hai<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yeh Hai Lollipop<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Praveen Bharadwaj<br /> |-<br /> |Life Hai Boring<br /> |-<br /> |Party Wali Raat<br /> |The Message<br /> |Satya Manik Afsar<br /> |-<br /> |Aye Khuda<br /> |Maal Road Dilli<br /> |Atul Sriva<br /> Lyrics- Sahil Sultanpuri<br /> |-<br /> |Aiyyashian<br /> |[[Game Paisa Ladki]]<br /> |Dev Sikdar<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2019<br /> |Friends Bhi Family Hain<br /> |[[Hum Chaar]]<br /> |George Joseph<br /> |-<br /> |Sexy Kamar<br /> |Facebook Wala Pyar<br /> |Raja Pandit<br /> |-<br /> |Ferari<br /> |Sharmaji Ki Lag Gayi<br /> |Praveen Bharadwaj<br /> |-<br /> |Zinda&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title='Zinda' Song – Bharat {{!}} Salman Khan {{!}} Julius Packiam &amp; Ali Abbas Zafar ft. Vishal Dadlani| date=17 May 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--7kFu0_sEM|access-date=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]<br /> |[[Julius Packiam]] &amp; [[Ali Abbas Zafar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Namo Namo<br /> |[[PM Narendra Modi]]<br /> |[[Hitesh Modak]]<br /> |-<br /> |Man Ki Bas tu Hi Jaane&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Man Ki Bas Tu Hi Jaane {{!}} Penalty {{!}} Aaman Trikha {{!}} Lukram Smil| date=17 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eA_rSjbNgYE|access-date=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Penalty<br /> |Prini Siddhant Madhav<br /> |-<br /> |Dhundli Hai Zameen&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dhundli Hai Zameen {{!}} Rescue {{!}} New Hindi Song 2019 {{!}} Rahulganesh, Rani Agrawal, Aaman Trikha| date=8 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4i0y8gUTfY0|access-date=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Rescue<br /> |Ritesh Yadav, Vivart Rangari<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2021<br /> |''[[Fiza Mein Tapish]]''<br /> |Title song<br /> |Raja Ali<br /> |-<br /> |Bansuri<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bhavai (film)|Bhavai]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]<br /> |-<br /> |Mom Ki Gudiya<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022<br /> |Ijazat<br /> |Cinema Zindabad<br /> |Raj Prakash Bisen<br /> |-<br /> |Pyar se<br /> |Love in Ukraine<br /> |Nitin Kumar Gupta<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2023<br /> |Allah De Bande<br /> |[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]<br /> |[[Mithoon]]<br /> |-<br /> |Poonakalu Loading<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Waltair Veerayya|Waltair Veerayya (Hindi)]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |-<br /> |Boss Party<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Regional songs===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Song !! Movie or album !! Language !! Music director<br /> |-<br /> ||2013||Speaker||Risky Mundey||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]||Charan Thakur<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2014||Hello Nandan||Hello Nandan||[[Marathi language|Marathi]]||A.V.Prafullachandra<br /> |-<br /> ||Meghdhanush Na Saat Chhe Rango||[[Whisky Is Risky]]||[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]||Samir – Mana<br /> |-<br /> ||Ranveer Ranveer||Tanko Bhid Gyo||[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]||Iqbal Darbar/Lyrics<br /> Sahil Sultanpuri<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |Yeregaavye Kiri Kiri<br /> |[[Pilibail Yamunakka]]<br /> |[[Tulu language|Tulu]]<br /> |Kishore Kumar Shetty<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |Chal Gudd Gudd Gudd Pahiya<br /> |Hard Kaur<br /> |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> |Bubbles Music<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |Love U Love U<br /> |[[Pagalpanti (2018 film)|Pagalpanti]]<br /> |[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> |Anwar Sheikh<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Web series / album songs / singles===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Song !! Web series or album Name !! Category !! Language !! Music director<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |Sab Teerath Main Pawan Shirdi<br /> |Sab Teerath Mein Pawan Shirdi<br /> |Album<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Hindi<br /> |Vivek Asthana<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |Khelen<br /> |[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 3)]]<br /> |Album<br /> |[[Ram Sampath]]<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |Tere Ishq Ka Suroor<br /> |Tere Ishq Ka Suroor<br /> |Album<br /> |Danish Ali<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017<br /> |Harsh Manaye<br /> |The Melodious Pamela Jain<br /> |Album<br /> |Kumar Manjul<br /> |-<br /> |Tu Lover Mera Mobiler<br /> |Tu Lover Mera Mobiler<br /> |Album<br /> |Yogendra Nagda<br /> |-<br /> |Hadh (Male Version)||''Hadh''||Web Series||Ankit Shah<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2018||Thodi Doori||Thodi Doori||Album||Royy<br /> |-<br /> |Bhulunga Na Mein<br /> |The War of Talent<br /> |Album<br /> |Anand Singh, Nidhi Sharma &amp; Rohit Kumar<br /> |-<br /> |Beparwah<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Spotlight 2 (web series)]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Web Series<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ankit Shah<br /> |-<br /> |Aao Na<br /> |-<br /> |Dil Ye Dil<br /> |-<br /> ||Home Title Track||[[Home (web series)]]||Web Series|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hitesh Modak]]<br /> |-<br /> |Dhuaa<br /> |[[Smoke (web series)]]<br /> |Web Series<br /> |-<br /> |Kaatre<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |White Matter&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=White Matter|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt9894584/|access-date=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/white-matter-hindi/s-1657|title=White Matter Serial Full Episodes, Watch White Matter TV Show Latest Episode on Hotstar|website=Hotstar|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817110638/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/white-matter-hindi/s-1657|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/white-matter-tamil/s-1663|title=White Matter Serial Full Episodes, Watch White Matter TV Show Latest Episode on Hotstar|website=Hotstar|access-date=17 August 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Web Series<br /> |Tamil<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Prini Siddhant Madhav<br /> |-<br /> |Hua Main Tabaah<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> |Ishqaa&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Ishqaa – Official Music Video {{!}} Aaman Trikha {{!}} Aarushi Vedikha {{!}} Royy| date=20 May 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntEagjVPjIo|access-date=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Ishqaa<br /> |Single<br /> |Hindi<br /> |Royy<br /> |-<br /> |Sanson Ki Tarah&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Saanson Ki Tarah – Official Music Video {{!}} Aaman Trikha, Reena Mehta, Gufy {{!}} Aishani M, Jeevansh C| date=14 June 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcX_Wq63HBA|access-date=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Sanson Ki Tarah<br /> |Single<br /> |Hindi<br /> |Gufy<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2020<br /> |Shukar Ada&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Shukar Ada {{!}} Aaman Trikha {{!}} Latest Punjabi Songs 2020| date=2 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSqBxWExJ2Y|access-date=4 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Shukar Ada<br /> |Single<br /> |Punjabi<br /> |SunnyVIk<br /> |-<br /> |Aadat&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=|date=20 July 2020|title=Aadat (Official Video) - Aaman Trikha, Lizaa Malik {{!}} Teenu Arora {{!}} Latest Punjabi Song 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xsDJX--Wr4|access-date=|website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Aadat<br /> |Single<br /> |Punjabi<br /> |Teenu Arora<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2022<br /> |SUGAR Vargi<br /> |SUGAR Vargi<br /> |Single<br /> |Hindi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Zema Music<br /> |-<br /> |Aadha Ishq<br /> |[[Aadha Ishq]]<br /> |Web Series<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> |Love Is In The Air<br /> |Love Is In The Air<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |Single<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |Hindi<br /> |Mahesh-Rakesh<br /> |-<br /> |O Duniya Ke Rakhwale<br /> |O Duniya Ke Rakhwale<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Gourov Dasgupta<br /> |-<br /> |Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon<br /> |Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2023<br /> |Marhaba<br /> |Marhaba<br /> |Sufiyan Bhatt<br /> |-<br /> |Bharat Ka Beta<br /> |Bharat Ka Beta<br /> |Bipin Das<br /> |-<br /> |Saath Tera<br /> |Saath Tera<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Vande Mataram 2023<br /> |Vande Mataram 2023<br /> |Semal Nikhil<br /> |-<br /> |Allah Janda Ae<br /> |Allah Janda Ae<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Avishek Majumder<br /> |-<br /> |Bulleya<br /> |Bulleya<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2024<br /> |Shiv Anannt<br /> |Shiv Anannt<br /> |-<br /> |Begairat<br /> |Begairat<br /> |Shabab Azmii<br /> |-<br /> |Behtareen<br /> |Behatreen<br /> |Avishek Majumder<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===First solo music video===<br /> Trikha released his first solo music video &quot;Mahiya Tu Hi Tu&quot; in 2014 under the music label Crescendo Music / [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Himesh Reshammiya's discovery Aman Trikha launches his solo song|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/Himesh-Reshammiyas-discovery-Aman-Trikha-launches-his-solo-song/articleshow/28582932.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media<br /> | people =<br /> | year = 2014<br /> | title = Mahiya Tu Hi Tu – Aman Trikha – Crescendo Music<br /> |trans-title=| medium = Motion pictures<br /> | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THMfrsFEwic<br /> | time =<br /> | location = India<br /> | quote = YouTube<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Subject bar<br /> |commons = yes<br /> |commons-search = <br /> |d = yes<br /> |d-search = <br /> |portal1 = Biography<br /> |portal2 = <br /> }}<br /> * {{IMDb name|5363786}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|108948}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Trikha, Aman}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:1986 births]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amrita_Hospital,_Faridabad&diff=486153 2025-12-29T04:48:42Z

<p>LouieWebb342: adding new stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Private Hospital in India}}<br /> {{About|the Amrita hospital in Faridabad, Delhi NCR|Amrita Hospital in Kochi, Kerala run by same organisation|Amrita Hospital, Kochi}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox hospital<br /> | name = Amrita Hospital<br /> | org_group = [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]]<br /> | logo = File:Amrita-Hospital-Logo.svg<br /> | logo_size = 220px<br /> | image = Amrita-hospital-faridabad.png<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28|25|32.7|N|77|21|17.8|E}}<br /> | location = Mata Amritanandamayi Marg, RPS City, Sector 88<br /> | address = Pincode: 121002<br /> | region = [[Faridabad]]<br /> | state = [[Haryana]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | healthcare = tertiary<br /> | funding = private, non-profit<br /> | type = Multi-speciality and Superspeciality, research<br /> | affiliation = [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]<br /> | patron = [[Mata Amritanandamayi Devi]]<br /> | network = Amrita Hospitals<br /> | emergency = Yes<br /> | beds = 2600<br /> | helipad = Yes<br /> | speciality = Multi<br /> | opened = August 2022<br /> | constructed = 2020<br /> | website = {{URL|https://amritahospitals.org/faridabad/}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Amrita Hospital''' is a private [[Tertiary referral hospital|tertiary care hospital]] in [[Faridabad]], [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR Delhi]], India. It is the largest private multi-specialist and superspeciality hospital in [[Asia (continent)|Asia]], and was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Asia's Biggest Private Multi-Speciality and superspeciality Hospital in Faridabad |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/pm-modi-inaugurates-asias-biggest-private-multispeciality-hospital-in-faridabad-1661337880-1 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2,600 beds, 81 departments: PM Modi inaugurates Asia's biggest private hospital in Faridabad - details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/2600-beds-81-departments-pm-modi-inaugurates-indias-largest-private-hospital-in-faridabad-details-article-93747485 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Asia's largest private multi-speciality hospital inaugurated near Delhi: All you need to know |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/pm-modi-to-launch-amrita-hospital-in-faridabad-multi-speciality-hospital-14566512.htm |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Modi unveils Asia's largest pvt hospital in Faridabad |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/modi-unveils-asias-largest-pvt-hospital-in-faridabad-1138839 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anu |date=2022-08-25 |title=PM Modi inaugurated Asia's largest hospital in Faridabad |url=https://asianatimes.com/pm-modi-inaugurated-asias-largest-hospital-in-faridabad/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Asiana Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has 2,600 beds, 81 specialities, 64 fully-networked modular operation theatres&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} 'People at the core of new Amrita Hospital at Faridabad' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/23/interview-people-at-the-core-of-new-amrita-hospital-at-faridabad-2490631.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; and smart ICUs with 534 critical care beds&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Inaugurates 2,600-bed Amrita Hospital At Faridabad |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/PM-Modi-Inaugurates-2-600-bed-Amrita-Hospital-At-Faridabad-/24-08-2022-443594 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a [[helipad]] on the roof.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=PM Modi inaugurates state-of-the-art Amrita hospital in Haryana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-2600-bed-hospital-haryana-faridabad-1991894-2022-08-24 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the world's [[List of largest hospital campuses|largest hospitals by capacity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Amrita Hospital in Faridabad, India's largest private hospital |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/24/pm-modi-inaugurates-amrita-hospital-in-faridabad-indias-largest-private-hospital-2490949.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is affiliated to [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]] School of medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-21 |title=Medicine {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/medicine/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Construction ==<br /> [[File:Amrita-hospital-faridabad.png|thumb|236x236px|Amrita Hospital, faridabad]]<br /> The hospital is spread over 130 acres with a built up area of 3.6 million square feet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Amrita Hospital, Faridabad: A look at country's largest private hospital with 2,600 beds |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-amrita-hospital-faridabad-a-look-countrys-largest-private-hospital-with-2600-beds-195459 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Zee Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has nursing colleges and college for [[Allied Health Sciences]] and has a seven-story research block and eight centres of excellence. The price of construction was estimated to be 60 billion [[Indian rupee|rupees]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates 2,600-Bed Amrita Hospital in Faridabad |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/healthcare/news-healthcare/amrita-hospital-amrita-hospital-faridabad-mata-amritanandamayi-health-news/2642733/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Amrita Hospital in Faridabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-amrita-hospital-in-faridabad/estimated-cost/slideshow/93749924.cms |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Rs 6,000 cr Amrita Hospital in Haryana's Faridabad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pm-modi-inaugurates-rs-6-000-cr-amrita-hospital-in-haryana-s-faridabad-122082400553_1.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Inauguration ==<br /> The hospital was inaugurated on 24 August 2022 by [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]] and facilitated by [[Mata Amritanandamayi|Sadguru Mata Amritanandamayi Devi]] in the presence of [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief minister of Haryana]] [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], Deputy chief minister [[Dushyant Chautala]], and [[List of governors of Haryana|Governor of Haryana]] [[Bandaru Dattatreya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Amrita Hospital in Faridabad, commends Haryana govt's work |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/modi-amrita-hospital-faridabad-commends-haryana-work-8109574/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Stanford University School of Medicine|Stanford Medical school]] prof [[Michael P. Snyder|Dr. Michael Snyder]] was also keynote speaker in the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Michael Snyder delivers Health Innovation keynote at Amrita University and meets India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi, August 22-25, 2022 {{!}} Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab |url=https://innovations.stanford.edu/precision-medicine/dr-snyder-attends-the-inauguration-of-amrita-hospital-by-indias-prime-minister-narendra-modi/,%20https://innovations.stanford.edu/precision-medicine/dr-snyder-attends-the-inauguration-of-amrita-hospital-by-indias-prime-minister-narendra-modi/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=2018-04-19 |title=Amrita joins hands with Harvard Medical School |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190418/amrita-joins-hands-with-harvard-medical-school.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mata Amritanandamayi Math]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitals in Haryana]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agardanda&diff=473743 2025-12-28T18:14:52Z

<p>LouieWebb342: basic adjust formatting to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Agardanda<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name =<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18.2793111|N|72.9898068|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra, India|Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of sub-districts of Raigad|Sub-District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Murud Sub-district|Murud]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> &lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;<br /> | elevation_m = 11<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_total = 661&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/554271-agardande-maharashtra.html|title=Agardanda Population Census 2011|work=census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_note = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Other<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 402401<br /> | area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]<br /> | area_code = 02144<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | iso_code = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murud, Raigad|Murud]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Agardanda''' is a village in Murud Janjira Taluka, [[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Located 9 kilometers south of Murud, Agardanda is getting prominence because of the ongoing construction of Agardanda shipyard and terminal, which is just across the narrow creek. It is also an important transit hub to get across to Dighi, through ferries plying throughout the day at regular intervals.<br /> <br /> ==Dighi port ==<br /> [[Dighi Port|Dighi port]] is Located in Raigad district, the port is on the banks of the Rajpuri Creek on the west coast of India.It was acquired by Adani port and Special Economic Zone in Feb 2021 from the Balaji Group, Which had been granted a 50-years permit by the Maharashtra Maritime Board (MMB) to operate and develop the port. Dighi port is soon to be a major gateway of Maharashtra. It supplies oil, container and bulk cargos.<br /> <br /> ==Beach==<br /> It has an attractive beach presenting a panoramic view of the famous Janjira fort. Surrounded on three sides by the sea, Agardanda is tranquil and peaceful place covered in coconut and [[Areca nut|betel nut]] trees.&lt;ref&gt;Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society - Volume 98 - Page 278 2001 &quot;On November 22, 1998 a flock of six crab plovers (Dromas ardeola) was seen on the sandy beach of Agardanda village near Murud-Janjira. Taluka Murud, Raigad district in the Konkan area of Maharashtra.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Raigad district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Raigad district]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armand_de_Souza&diff=457997 2025-12-11T04:10:35Z

<p>LouieWebb342: reworked references based on references and fixed typos per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ceylonese newspaper editor and democratic activist}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Armand de Souza<br /> | image = Armand de Souza.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1874|10|29|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1921|5|17|1874|10|29|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Assagaum, [[Portuguese Goa]]<br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | occupation = Journalist<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = Founder of ''[[Ceylon Morning Leader]]''<br /> | notable_works = <br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Armand de Souza''' (29 October 1874 – 17 May 1921) was a [[Ceylon]]ese [[newspaper editor]] and democratic activist.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> De Souza was born in Assagaum, [[Goa]], to a [[Roman Catholic]] family belonging to the [[Saraswat]] [[Brahman]] community. He was the tenth descendant of Roulu Camotin who had converted to Catholicism at the point of the sword in 1537, adopting Diego de Souza as his name at his baptism. Armand de Souza was the son of advocate Antonio Narcisso Vasconcellos de Souza, himself the son of advocate and Latin scholar, Antonio José de Souza.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Armand de Souza&quot;. ''[[The African Times &amp; Orient Review]]'', June 1913, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Orphaned at a young age, he was left in the care of an aged grandmother who arranged that the boy's uncle, Dr Lisboa Pinto, should adopt him.{{sfn|Dharmavaradan|1922|pp=2–3}} Pinto was the Honorary Consul of the United States in the Colony of Ceylon.&lt;ref&gt;[[Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares]]&lt;/ref&gt; He enrolled the fifteen-year-old de Souza at the [[Royal College Colombo]]. Principal [[John Harward]] of Royal College encouraged de Souza's passion for history and English literature. De Souza cut his editorial teeth as the editor of the ''Royal College Magazine''. At school he was known for his writing and oratory.{{sfn|Dharmavaradan|1922|pp= 4–5}} De Souza was expected to be called to the Bar in the family tradition, but he fell out with his uncle and made his own way in life.{{sfn|Dharmavaradan|1922|p= 5}}<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> De Souza received his journalistic training at ''[[The Times of Ceylon]]'' where he worked for eight years. He moved to the ''Standard'' because he disagreed with the editor of the ''Times'' on public issues. He founded the ''[[Ceylon Morning Leader]]'' in July 1907 at age thirty-three. He worked as chief reporter and sub-editor, while the chief editor's position went to J. T. Blazé. However, the proprietors insisted that De Souza take over, replacing Blazé's gentler prose with more forceful rhetoric.{{sfn|Dharmavaradan|1922|p= 10}} Over five years &quot;he brought about a renaissance among the different communities in regards to matters social, political and intellectual. He was greatly responsible for the national awakening among the different classes and communities of the permanent population of the island…..to a very large extent to the awakening of the Singhalese in particular&quot;.{{sfn|Dharmavaradan|1922|p= 11}} He advocated for [[constitutional reform]], particularly the right to elect four members, including one 'Educated Ceylonese Member' to the Legislative Council that until 15 November 1911 consisted of official and appointed members. He then fought for the election of all unofficial members according to constituencies and for an unofficial majority in the Legislative Council.{{sfn|Dharmavaradan|1922|p= 11}}{{sfn|De Souza|1913}} He was opposed to racially-based representation in the Legislative Council and to the representation of the two major races respectively by two families over several generations.<br /> <br /> In 1914 De Souza was indicted for writing an editorial entitled &quot;Justice at Nuwara Eliya&quot; that suggested that Thomas Arthur Hodson was sympathetic to the views of the constabulary when he tried cases as District Judge and Police Magistrate.{{sfn|Dharmavaradan|1922|p= 14-15}} He was represented by K.C. Bawa before a three-judge panel of the Supreme Court (Renton, Pereira and De Sampayo) that sentenced him to one month [[imprisonment]], reportedly without a proper hearing. A public protest ensued. Harry Creasy wrote, &quot;[i]t is as important to every man and woman in this colony that the Press should have full liberty to criticise and praise or condemn the actions of the government and all public officers as it is that the Courts should sternly repress any undue license in such criticisms or condemnations&quot;.{{sfn|Dharmavaradan|1922|p= 18}} The Press joined supported De Souza. After six days in his cell, De Souza was released by order of [[Robert Chalmers, 1st Baron Chalmers|Sir Robert Chalmers]], the governor. He was led from the prison in a chariot, to much public clamour.<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> De Souza documented the race riots in Ceylon in 1915 in a book entitled ''Hundred days: Ceylon under martial law in 1915''. A copy is in the library of [[Leonard Woolf]], now in the Washington State University Libraries special collection.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Woolf's' library is now in the Washington State University Libraries special collection.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> De Souza died of [[enteric]] at the age of 47 in 1921. His obituary in the ''Ceylon Morning Leader'' on 18 May 1921 read:<br /> <br /> {{Quote|text=The news of Mr Armand de Souza's death came as a great shock, for I had not even known he was ill. I believe Ceylon could hardly have had a greater loss. Few realise how much he did for us all. How many for instance, give him the credit for his work during the war? In his paper, by far the most widely read, he was constantly cheery and brave, and did more to keep up the spirits of Ceylon during that time than any one man, to my mind.<br /> <br /> Again, he had a lion's share in the introduction of the reforms, and I am glad he saw them in, with the promise of things to come. But I need not chronicle his public deeds. Comparatively few knew what an excellent lecturer he was. He was there seen at far greater advantage than his paper, for he was there free to be himself. And he worked then for peace and better understanding between all races in Ceylon, and gave his hearers his great dreams and visions.<br /> <br /> He was intense and vital in all he did. Very delicate, he did an enormous amount of work, and like Stevenson always showed a 'Morning Face'. He was a gallant and brave spirit and did not seek his own.<br /> <br /> No one who knew him at all closely would fail to be struck by the beauty of his family life, and his chivalrous devotion to those who had first claim on him. His was a great generous nature and he spent himself freely, and Ceylon has lost in him one of her very best.<br /> <br /> He made mistakes and made enemies, as anyone of his integrity and energy must. I have come under his lash as much as anyone in days long past. But I never found any personal animus in him, and he was always ready to hear the other side and to revise his judgments. I found him straight, and he was my friend.|sign=A. G. Fraser, Principal of Trinity College, Kandy|source=}}<br /> <br /> ==Family==<br /> He was father of Senator [[Doric de Souza]] of the LSSP (the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]], [[Sri Lanka]]'s Trotskyist party) and Torismund de Souza, Editor of the Times, as well as Aleric and Lena who both died young. Australian composer Gina Ismene Chitty is a granddaughter,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://interlude.hk/interview-with-gina-ismene-chitty-multicultural-background-australian-composer-and-artist/|title=Interview With Gina Ismene Chitty: Multicultural Background Australian Composer and Artist|date=1 November 2023|website=interlude.hk}}&lt;/ref&gt; and actress [[Fabianne Therese]] is his great-great-granddaughter.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> * &quot;Mr. Armand de Souza&quot;. ''[[The African Times &amp; Orient Review]]''. June 1913, p.&amp;nbsp;40.<br /> *{{Citation |last=De Souza |first=Armand |title=The Case for a Decent Reform&quot;. A Lecture. Mimeo |year=1913}}<br /> * De Souza, Armand. ''Hundred days: Ceylon under martial law in 1915.'' ''The Ceylon Morning Leader'' 1919. 318 pp.<br /> *{{Citation |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/771133948|title=A Sketch of the Life and Career of Armand de Souza, late editor, Ceylon Morning Leader ... With a preface by Hon. Mr. A.C.G. Wijeyekoon.|last=Dharmavaradan |first=C. A.|date=1922|publisher=C. Arumugenpillay|oclc=771133948}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:De Souza, Armand}}<br /> [[Category:1874 births]]<br /> [[Category:1921 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan Roman Catholics]]<br /> [[Category:Ceylonese people of Goan descent]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Royal College, Colombo]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to Sri Lanka]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikhpur,_Ballia&diff=534817 2025-12-04T14:54:56Z

<p>LouieWebb342: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Ballia district, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br /> '''Sheikhpur''' is a village in the [[Ballia district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, (formerly in the District of [[Azamgarh|Azam Garh]], UP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://azamgarh.nic.in/|title=District Azamgarh, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} The City of Sages &amp; Saints|language=en-US|access-date=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Ballia district]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval Islamic world]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Ballia-geo-stub}}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singamayum_Shami&diff=536040 2025-11-26T12:56:36Z

<p>LouieWebb342: pg - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2007)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Singamayum Shami<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = Singamayum Shami<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|4|18|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Manipur]], India<br /> | height = <br /> | currentclub = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br /> | clubnumber = 25<br /> | position = [[Midfielder]]<br /> | youthyears1 = 2019–2024<br /> | youthclubs1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]] <br /> | years1 = 2024–<br /> | clubs1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br /> | caps1 = 5<br /> | goals1 = 1<br /> | nationalyears1 = 2025–<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 4<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 2<br /> | club-update = 16:30, 6 March 2025 (UTC)<br /> | ntupdate = 22:04, 18 May 2025 (UTC)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Singamayum Shami''' (born 18 April 2007) is a professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Punjab FC|Punjab]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ===Club career===<br /> Shami was a product of the [[Punjab FC]] youth system, joining the club's academy at age 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-17-year-old-singamayum-shami-punjab-fc-makes-historic-debut-202409 |title=17-year-old Singamayum Shami makes historic debut for Punjab FC in ISL |website=Khel Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; His senior team debut came in the Durand Cup against [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors FC]], coming on as an 81st-minute substitute for [[Leon Augustine]] as Punjab won 3–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/cisf-protectors-xi-vs-punjab-fc-live-score-durand-cup-2024-follow-live-updates-of-punjab-s-first-m-296841.html |title=CISF Protectors XI vs Punjab FC Highlights, Durand Cup 2024: CISF 0-3 PFC, Punjab impress on first match win |date=30 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shami made his [[Indian Super League]] debut for Punjab on 25 September 2024 at home against [[Hyderabad FC]], coming in as a late substitute for [[Filip Mrzljak]] in an eventual 2–0 win for the Shers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719931/hyderabad-punjab-fc |title=Punjab FC 2-0 Hyderabad (25 Sep, 2024) Final Score - ESPN (IN) |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 March 2025, Shami scored his first goal for Punjab FC, coincidentally away against Hyderabad FC, the team who he debuted against earlier in the season. After picking up a [[Petros Giakoumakis]] pass outside the box, he placed his shot into the net with his left foot. This goal gave him the record for being the youngest-ever ISL goal-scorer, at 17 years and 322 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Team Sportstar |date=2025-03-06 |title=Singamayum Shami of Punjab FC becomes youngest goalscorer in ISL history |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/singamayum-shami-becomes-youngest-goalscorer-in-isl-history-punjab-fc-vs-hyderabad-indian-super-league-updates/article69299935.ece |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=Who Is Manipur-Born Shami Singamayum? ISL's Youngest-Ever Goal-Scorer Representing Punjab FC |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/who-is-manipur-born-shami-singamayum-isl-youngest-ever-goal-scorer-representing-punjab-fc |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=PTI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Singamayum becomes ISL's youngest goal-scorer as Punjab FC defeat Hyderabad FC 3-1 |url=https://theprint.in/sport/singamayum-becomes-isls-youngest-goal-scorer-as-punjab-fc-defeat-hyderabad-fc-3-1/2537109/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was Punjab's final goal of the match, as it eventually ended 3–1 to Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/football/shami-singamayum-isl-youngest-goal-scorer-52393?infinitescroll=1 |title=ISL: Shami Singamayum becomes ISL's youngest-ever goal-scorer |author=The Bridge Desk |date=6 March 2025 |website=thebridge.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.in/football/matchstats/_/gameId/722537 |title=Punjab FC 3-1 Hyderabad (6 Mar, 2025) Team Stats - ESPN (IN) |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===International career===<br /> ====2025 U-19 SAFF Championship====<br /> In April 2025, Shami was shortlisted for the probable squad of the [[India national under-20 football team|India under-20 team]] that would play the [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bibiano Fernandes names 35 probables for SAFF U19 Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bibiano-fernandes-names-35-probables-for-saff-u19-championship |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419131620/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bibiano-fernandes-names-35-probables-for-saff-u19-championship |archive-date=19 April 2025 |date=19 April 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was finally selected in the 25 member squad, and was named as captain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bibiano Fernandes' 25-member squad arrives in Arunachal Pradesh for SAFF U19 Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bibiano-fernandes-25-member-squad-arrives-in-arunachal-pradesh-for-saff-u19-championship |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=9 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his debut, Shami scored a goal in a 8–0 victory against [[Sri Lanka national under-20 football team|Sri Lanka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-put-eight-past-sri-lanka-in-perfect-start-to-saff-u19-campaign |date=9 May 2025 |title=India put eight past Sri Lanka in perfect start to SAFF U19 campaign |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=11 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509233739/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-put-eight-past-sri-lanka-in-perfect-start-to-saff-u19-campaign |archive-date=9 May 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shami put on a man-of-the-match display in the final of the tournament as well, against [[Bangladesh national under-20 football team|Bangladesh]]. As India won a wide free-kick around 30 yards from goal, Shami stepped up to take it. However, spotting the goalkeeper slightly off his line, Shami curled the free-kick into the top corner.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saff-u19-championship-2025-football-india-vs-bangladesh-final-report&lt;/ref&gt; This goal drew comparisons to [[Ronaldinho]]’s free-kick goal against [[England national football team|England]] during the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], due to the similarity of both goals.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/meet-indian-footballs-shami-who-did-a-ronaldinho-on-bangladesh/cid/2101049#goog_rewarded&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The match ended 1-1 and headed into a penalty shootout. Shami, taking the final penalty, could score to win the competition, and he kept his cool to score the winning penalty for India, securing India's fourth [[SAFF U-19 Championship]] title.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-crowned-saff-u19-champions&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career statistics ==<br /> === Club ===<br /> {{updated|6 March 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerway|shami-singamayum/992540}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|League<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Cup<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br /> |[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024-25]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Indian Super League<br /> |5||1||2{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||7||1<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total<br /> !5!!1!!2!!0!!0!!0!!7!!1<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> '''India U-20'''<br /> *[[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF U-19 Championship]]: [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship|2025]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India crowned SAFF U19 champions |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-crowned-saff-u19-champions |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=18 May 2025 |date=18 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India 1–1 Bangladesh, SAFF U-19 Championships 2025 Final: India edge Bangladesh 4–3 On penalties to clinch fourth title |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/india-vs-bangladesh-live-score-saff-u-19-championships-2025-final-updates |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=[[Outlook India]] |date=18 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India Beat Bangladesh On Penalties To Retain SAFF U19 Championship |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/india-beat-bangladesh-on-penalties-to-retain-saff-u19-championship-8447448 |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=[[NDTV|NDTV Sports]] |date=18 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Individual'''<br /> * 2025 SAFF U-19 Championship Most Valuable Player<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Soccerway|new_id=shami-singamayum/zuOm4P7a|id=shami-singamayum/992540|archive=20241217153521}}<br /> * {{WorldFootball.net|new_id=pe1462139|id=singamayum-shami|archive=20250114150554}}<br /> * {{GSA player|singamayum-shami/7949682}}<br /> <br /> {{Punjab FC squad}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singamayum, Shami}}<br /> [[Category:2007 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Super League players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman&diff=459256 2025-11-25T16:31:25Z

<p>LouieWebb342: minor cleanup layout for consistency per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = Pravasi Bharatiya Samman<br /> | image =[[File:Pravasi bharatiya samman award.jpg|300px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Ribbon.png|150px]]<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Medal and Ribbon<br /> | subheader = <br /> | awarded_for = to honour exceptional [[Indian diaspora|Overseas Indians]]<br /> | sponsor = [[President of India]]<br /> | firstawarded = 2003<br /> | lastawarded = <br /> | reward = <br /> | former name = <br /> | holder_label = Most recent winner<br /> | holder = <br /> | award1_type = Total awarded<br /> | award1_winner = 136<br /> | award2_type = First winner<br /> | award2_winner = <br /> | award3_type = Last winner<br /> | award3_winner = <br /> | website = <br /> | previous = <br /> | next = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Pravasi Bharatiya Samman''' (Overseas Indian Award) is the highest Indian award for [[Indian diaspora|Overseas Indians]] or an organisation or institution established and run by Overseas Indian diaspora, constituted by the [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]], [[Government of India]] in conjunction with the ''[[Pravasi Bharatiya Divas]]'' (Overseas Indian Day), to honour exceptional and meritorious contribution in their chosen field/profession.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pravasi Bharatiya Divas |url=https://pbdindia.gov.in/en/about-us#:~:text=Award%20is%20the%20highest%20honour%20conferred%20on%20a%20Non-Resident%20Indian,%20Person%20of%20Indian%20Origin;%20or%20an%20organisation%20or |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=pbdindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The award is given by the [[President of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eco&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/travel/visa-power/pravasi-bharatiya-divas-concludes-overseas-indian-doctors-ready-to-help-india/articleshow/7249551.cms|title=Pravasi Bharatiya Divas concludes; Overseas Indian doctors ready to help India|date=9 Jan 2011|work=Economic Times|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113140658/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/travel/visa-power/pravasi-bharatiya-divas-concludes-overseas-indian-doctors-ready-to-help-india/articleshow/7249551.cms|archive-date=13 January 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2016, the [[Government of India]] has doubled the number of awardees each year to 30 after a decision to grant the award once every two years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Award criteria==<br /> [[File:Pravasi bharatiya samman award.jpg|alt=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award|thumb|Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award]]<br /> Pravasi Bharatiya Samman (PBS) is conferred for outstanding contributions in any of the following areas:<br /> {{ordered list |list_style_type=lower-alpha<br /> | &quot;Better understanding of India&quot;<br /> | &quot;Support to India’s causes and concerns in a tangible way&quot;<br /> | &quot;Building closer links between India, the overseas Indian community and their country of residence;&quot;<br /> | &quot;Social and humanitarian causes in India or abroad&quot;<br /> | &quot;Welfare of the local Indian community&quot;<br /> | &quot;Philanthropic and charitable work&quot;<br /> | &quot;Eminence in one’s field or outstanding work, which has enhanced India’s prestige in the country of residence; or&quot;<br /> | &quot;Eminence in skills which has enhanced India’s prestige in<br /> that country (for non-professional workers).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cgihamburg.gov.in/pdf/PBD_01_2019.pdf|title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award, 2019|website=www.cgihamburg.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/pravasi-bharatiya-samman.htm|title=MEA &amp;#124; Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA)|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> ==Awardees for 2003==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description<br /> |-<br /> | {{MUS}}|| [[Rt. Hon’ble Sir Anerood Jugnauth]] || Prime Minister of Mauritius<br /> |-<br /> |{{ZAF}}|| Prof. [[Fatima Meer]] || She took active part in political, social and philanthropic causes, deeply influenced by the Gandhian values and approach<br /> |-<br /> | {{HKG}}|| [[Hari Harilela|Dr. Hari N. Harilela]] || Business ventures and community welfare activities, he has been long considered the standard-bearer and the most recognizable symbol of the Indian Diaspora in Hong Kong.<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Oman}} || Shri Kanaksi Gokaldas Khimji || The Khimjis have utilized their proximity to the ruling family in the cause of the Diaspora and strengthening links between India and Oman.<br /> |-<br /> |{{KEN}}|| [[Manu Chandaria|Shri Manilal Premchand Chandaria ]]|| He has used his resources to propagate Indian ethos and values. He helped set-up Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Academy Society and Gandhi Smarak Nidhi Fund in Kenya.<br /> |-<br /> |{{GBR}}|| [[Navnit Dholakia, Baron Dholakia]] || Lord Dholakia made significant contributions in the fields of community care and issues relating to ethnic unrest. He played an important role in addressing the sensitive issue of racial discontent.<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}|| Shri [[Rajat Gupta]] || Shri Gupta has embarked on work relating to community welfare and social and Philanthropic causes. He played a key-role in the establishment of the Indian School of Business at Hyderabad.<br /> |-<br /> |{{GUY}}|| [[Shridath Ramphal|Sir Shridath Surendranath Ramphal]] || Sir Shridath Ramphal is a distinguished Jurist having been Solicitor General and Attorney General of Guyana and Member of International Commission of Jurists. Sir Shridath Ramphal also held positions of responsibility in international organizations such as Independent Commission on International Development Issues, Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues, Independent Commission of International Humanitarian Issues and World Commission on Environment and Development, Chairman UN Committee for Development Planning and President, World. He is a former [[Secretary General of the Commonwealth of Nations]].<br /> |-<br /> | {{MAS}}|| [[Samy Vellu|Dato’ Seri S. Samy Vellu]]|| Deputy Minister of Local Government and Housing (1978–79); Minister for Works (1979–85) and Minister of Energy, Tele communications &amp; Posts, Malaysia (1989–95). He has been a Member of the House of Representatives of the Malaysian Parliament since 1974.<br /> |-<br /> |{{CAN}}|| [[Ujjal Dosanjh]] || In 1991, Shri Dosanjh was elected as Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Vancouver Kensington constituency and then as Caucus Chair. He became the Minister for Human Rights, Multiculturalism, Sports and Immigration in 1995, and then was appointed the [[Attorney General of British Columbia]]. In a historic development, he was elected as the 33rd Premier and President of the Executive Council of British Columbia, which is first for a person of Indian origin in Canada.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2004==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[Dipak Jain]] || Dean, [[Kellogg School of Management]]<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[Kalpana Chawla]] || NASA Astronaut<br /> |-<br /> || {{ZIM}} || Ahmed Moosa Ebrahim ||Supreme Court justice<br /> |-<br /> || {{GUY}} || [[Bharrat Jagdeo]] || President of Guyana<br /> |-<br /> || {{FJI}} || [[Mahendra Chaudhry|Mahendra Pal Chaudhry]] || Fmr. Prime Minister of Fiji<br /> |-<br /> || {{KUW}} || Dr. Marian Chisti ||<br /> |-<br /> || {{GBR}} || Lord [[Meghnad Desai]] || Economist, Writer, Labour politician<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[Narinder Singh Kapany]] ||<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[Shashi Tharoor]] || Politician, Diplomat, Writer<br /> |-<br /> || {{NZL}} || [[Sukhi Turner]] || Fmr. Mayor of Dunedin, New Zealand<br /> |-<br /> || {{IND}} || [[P. Mohamed Ali]] || Industrialist<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2005==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description<br /> |-<br /> || {{HKG}} || [[M. Arunachalam (businessman)|M. Arunachalam]] || President, Asia Pacific India Chambers of Commerce<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] || Indian American economist<br /> |-<br /> || {{ZAF}} || [[Amina Cachalia]] || Women's activist, politician<br /> |-<br /> || {{TZA}} || [[Jayantilal Chande|J.K. Chande]] || Chancellor, [[International Medical and Technological University]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]].<br /> |-<br /> || {{DEU}} || [[Alokeranjan Dasgupta]] || Poet, philosopher, academic<br /> |-<br /> || {{ZAF}} || [[Ahmed Kathrada]] || South African anti-apartheid activist<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[Sunil Khilnani]] || Political scientist, writer<br /> |-<br /> || {{TTO}} || [[Basdeo Panday]] || Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago<br /> |-<br /> || {{GBR}} || [[Bhikhu Parekh]] || member, British House of Lords<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[Sam Pitroda]] || Indian American entrepreneur and Indian communications policymaker<br /> |-<br /> || {{GBR}} || [[Vikram Seth]] || Novelist and poet<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[M. Night Shyamalan]] || Indian American film screenwriter, director and producer<br /> |-<br /> || {{FJI}}||[[Vijay Singh]] || Indo-Fijian golfer<br /> |-<br /> || {{LKA}} || A Vijayan || Disaster Search &amp; Rescue - Indian Ocean Tsunami<br /> |-<br /> || {{USA}} || [[Sant Singh Virmani]] || Rice scientist<br /> |-<br /> || {{ARE}} ||[[M. A. Yusuff Ali]]<br /> | Owner of [[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu Group International]] (Abu Dhabi headquartered Indian conglomerate)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2006==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description<br /> |-<br /> |{{THA}} || Shivnath Rai Bajaj||<br /> |- <br /> |{{ISR}} || Eliahu Bezalel||<br /> |-<br /> |{{MUS}} || [[Raouf Bundhun|Abdool Raouf Bundhun]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{PHL}} || Pratima Kale||<br /> |-<br /> |{{SAU}} || Majid Uddin Kazi||<br /> |-<br /> |{{QAT}} || [[Cheril Krishna Menon|C. K. Menon]]||<br /> |-<br /> |{{GBR}} || Gulam Kaderbhai Noon||<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || [[Sudhir M. Parikh]]||<br /> |-<br /> |{{GUY}} || Yesu Persaud||<br /> |-<br /> |{{SYC}} || V. Ramadoss||<br /> |-<br /> |{{ZAF}} || Sisupal Rambharos||<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || Niranjan S. Shah||<br /> |-<br /> |{{HKG}} || {{ill|Rusy M. Shroff|zh|勞士·施羅孚}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{SIN}} || Shan V||<br /> |-<br /> |{{REU}} || [[Jean-Paul Virapoullé]]||<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || [[Fareed Zakaria]] || journalist, editor of ''Newsweek International''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2007==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || [[Gopal Raju]] || journalist, founder-editor [[India Abroad]] || Media<br /> |-<br /> |{{GBR}} || Lord [[Diljit Rana]] || Hon. Consul Belfast, Managing Director Andras House || Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{CAN}} || [[Dave Hayer|Dave Sukhdip Singh Hayer]] ||Member of Legislative Assembly of British Columbia || Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || Madhavan Anirudhan || President Essen Nutrition || Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{ZAF}} || [[Billy Nair]] || Member of Parliament, ANC South Africa || Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{KEN}} || Pheroze Nowrojee || Advocate, Human Rights Activist || Community Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || Nirmal K. Sinha || Community Leader, Significant contribution to fostering friendship between India and USA || Community Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{MAS}} || [[Tan Sri Dato K.R. Somasundram]] || Executive Chairman, National Land Finance Co-operative Society || Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{JAM}} || Kenneth S. Benjamin || Founder and chairman of the Guardsman Group || Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{DEU}} || Sibabrata Roy || President Indo-German Society Hamburg, Promoter of Indian Culture in Germany || Community Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}} || Syed M. Salahuddin || Managing director, ETA-Ascon Group || Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}} || [[B. R. Shetty|Bavaguthu Raghuram Shetty]] || Businessman Pharmaceuticals, Chairman Board of Governors Abu Dhabi Indian School || Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{FJI}} || Sir [[Moti Tikaram]] || Justice, National President for Fiji, [[World Jurist Association]] || Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{POR}} || Abdool Magid Karim Vakil || President Comunidade Islamica de Lisboa || Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || [[Panchapakesa Jayaraman]] || Writer, Promoter of Hindi language and literature || Culture<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2008==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{KSA}} || Dr. Mohammed Roshankt || Chairman of TCS-FNS ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{BHR}} || Dr. [[Ravi Pillai]] || Managing director Nasser Al Hajri Corporation || Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{MUS}} || Dr. [[Navinchandra Ramgoolam]] || Prime Minister Mauritius || Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{AUS}} || Neville Joseph Roach || Chairman of TCS-FNS || <br /> |-<br /> |{{JPN}} || A. P. S. Mani || Founder and coordinator of Indian Community Activities in Tokyo || <br /> |-<br /> |{{NZL}} || Judge [[Ajit Swaran Singh]] || District Judge in New Zealand || <br /> |-<br /> |{{SAU}} || Dr. Rafiudin Fazulbhoy || Founding member of the Indian school at Jeddah and the Indian Pilgrims' Welfare Forum || <br /> |-<br /> |{{SWE}} || [[Bicky Chakraborty]] || CEO Elite Hotels, Sweden ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}} || Krishnamurthy Kumar || Founding governor of the Indian Business and Professional Council || <br /> |-<br /> |{{GBR}} || Lord [[Karan Bilimoria]] || Chancellor Thames Valley University ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || Dr. [[Thomas Abraham]] || Founder chairman Global Organization of People of Indian Origin (GOPIO Inc.) ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}} || [[Joy Cherian]] || Commissioner at the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission || <br /> |-<br /> |{{TRI}} || National Council of Indian Culture || NGO dedicated to the promotion of Indian culture in Trinidad and Tobago ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2009==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Country!! Name&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Press Information Bureau: Government of India news site, PIB Mumbai website, PIB Mumbai, Press Information Bureau, PIB, India's Official media agency, Government of India press releases, PIB photographs, PIB photos, Press Conferences in Mumbai, Union Minister Press Conference, Marathi press releases, PIB features, Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, Public Information Campaign, Bharat Nirman Campaign, Public Information Campaign, Indian Government press releases, PIB Western Region |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011PR1283}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Malaysia}}||[[Vadiveloo Govindasamy|Tan Sri G. Vadiveloo]]||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{BHR}}||Soman Baby||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{MUS}}||Shri [[Angidi Chettiar]] || Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Madagascar}}||Shri {{ill|Ylias Akbaraly|fr|Ylias Akbaraly}} ||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Netherlands}}||Shri [[Ram Lakhina]]|| Community Service <br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Oman}} || [[P. N. C. Menon]] || Philanthropy <br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|South Africa}}|| [[Prema Naidoo|Shri Parmananthan ‘Prema’ Naidoo]] ||Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Suriname}}|| Shri [[Ramdien Sardjoe]]|| Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}}||Shri [[J. R. Gangaramani]]|| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{UK}}||[[Shreela Flather|Baroness Shreela Flather]]|| Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}||[[C. K. Prahalad|Prof C. K. Prahalad]] || Management<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}|| Prof. [[Sumit Ganguly]]||Public Service <br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}|| Dr. [[Sampat Shivangi|Sampatkumar Shidramapa Shivangi]] ||Community Leadership<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2010==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;!! Description !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}} ||Dr. [[Azad Moopen]]||Chairman of [[Aster DM Healthcare]]||Healthcare<br /> |-<br /> |{{QAT}}||Azim Abbas||Director of Al Sulaiman Jewellery &amp; Watches ||Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{TZA}}||[[Dr. Rajni Kanabar]]|||Work with the Tanzania Heart Babies Project.||Healthcare<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Brunei Darussalam}} ||Shri Mohinder Singh Bhullar|||| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Fiji}}||Shri Yanktesh Permal Reddy||||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag |Japan}} ||Shri [[Ryuko Hira]] ||||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag |Japan}} ||Smt Dr. [[Ruby Umesh Pawankar]] ||||Medicine<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Oman}} ||Shri Suresh Kumar Virmani |||| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|South Africa}} ||Shri [[Pravin Gordhan|Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan]] ||||Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|South Africa}}||Dr. Tholisiah Perumal Naidoo||||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Thailand}} ||Shri Deepak Mittal ||||Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Trinidad &amp; Tobago}}||Dr. Lenny Krishendath Saith||||Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|USA}} ||Dr. [[Mani Lal Bhaumik]] |||| Community Service <br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|USA}} ||Shri [[Ashok Kumar Mago]] |||| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|USA}} ||Shri [[Upendra J. Chivukula]] ||||Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awardees for 2011 ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{AUS}}|| Prof. [[Veena Sahajwalla]] ||||Science<br /> |-<br /> |{{CAN}}|| [[Dr. Rajni Kanabar]] || ||Arts<br /> |-<br /> |{{HKG}}|| Shri [[Harindarpal Banga|Harindarpal Singh Banga]] || || Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Palestine}}|| Sheikh Mohammad Munir Nazir Hassan Ansari || ||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Liberia}}|| Shri Upjit Singh Sachdeva |||| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{MAS}}|| Tan Sri Dato’ Ajit Singh||||Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{NZL}}||| Sir [[Anand Satyanand]]|| || Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{NLD}} || Shri Saleh Wahid|| || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{QAT}}||ICBF - Indian Community Benevolent Forum|||| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{KSA}}|| Dr. Mohiaddin Syed Karimuddin||Pediatrician, Jeddah|| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{LKA}}|| Shri Mano Selvanathan|||| Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}} ||Shri Mohan Jashanmal |||| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{GBR}}|| [[Sandip Verma, Baroness Verma]] || ||  Public Affairs<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2012==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Bahrain}} ||Mr. [[P. V. Radhakrishna Pillai]] or Plavalil Kizhakkethil Vasudevan Radhakrishna Pillai ||||<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Cambodia}}||Mr. [[Sachchidanand Sahai]] ||   || <br /> |-<br /> |{{CAN}} ||Indo‐Canada Chamber of Commerce||     ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}||Mr. Deepak Naraindas Shivdasani||   || <br /> |-<br /> |{{DEU}}||Mr. Victor Shahid Smetacek ||    || <br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Indonesia}} ||Mr. [[Sri Prakash Lohia]] ||    || <br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Mozambique}} ||Mr. Jose Parayanken||     || <br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Oman}}||Mr. Kiran Navinchandra Asher||    ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{QAT}}||Mr. Hassan Abdulkarim Chougule||    ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{SIN}}||Mr. [[S. R. Nathan]]&amp;nbsp;— The former President of Singapore||    ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{ZAF}}||Ms. Khorshed Noshir Ginwala||     || <br /> |-<br /> | {{TRI}}||The Hon. [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago]] ||    ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Ukraine}} ||Mr. Rajesh Kumar Saraiya||   ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}||Prof. Surendra Kumar Kaushik||    || <br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}||Kalpalatha Kummamuri Guntupalli||     ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2013==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> | {{MUS}}|| H E Mr. [[Rajkeswur Purryag]]||The President of the Republic of Mauritius||<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}||Narendra R Kumar||A doctor specialising in [[otolaryngology]] head and neck surgery&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/mauritius-president-among-pravasi-awardees/articleshow/17954251.cms |title=Mauritius President among Pravasi awardees - the Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=9 January 2013 |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904055334/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/mauritius-president-among-pravasi-awardees/articleshow/17954251.cms |archive-date=4 September 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;||<br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}}||[[KT Rabeeullah]] ||Businessman - Chairman and Managing Director of Shifa Al Jazeera Medical Group [[Middle East]]||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}}|| Bava Haji Pandalingal || ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{IND}}||[[Patricia Rozario|Patricia Maria Rozario]] || Music||Contributions in the field of music &quot;Outstanding achievements&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Patricia-Rozario-bags-Pravasi-Bharatiya-Samman-Award/articleshow/17960406.cms|title=Patricia Rozario bags Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{DEU}}|| Professor Gurusharan Singh Chatwal|| ||Science<br /> |-<br /> |{{GUI}}||Ashok S. Vaswani, ||||community service<br /> |-<br /> |{{MAS}}||Tan Sri Ravindran Menon||||Community service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Mexico}}||Dr. Rasik V.Joshi|| || Literature<br /> |-<br /> |{{NZL}}||Dr.Satendra K.Singh||||Community service<br /> |-<br /> |{{REU}}||Gilbert. C. Moutien |||| Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{ZAF}}||[[Ebrahim Ebrahim|Ismail E. Ebrahim]] ||||Public Services<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}|| Subhash Razdan|| ||Public service<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2014==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name !! Description !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Australia}}||[[Lisa Singh|Senator Lisa Maria Singh]]|| First member of South Asian descent in Australian Parliament ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Bahrain}}||Dr Varghese Kurian||Leading overseas Indian businessman||<br /> |-<br /> | {{CAN}}||[[Vasu Chanchlani|Vasdev Chanchlani]]||[[Entrepreneur]] and [[philanthropist]] based in||<br /> |-<br /> |{{FJI}}||[[Ramakrishna Mission]] |||| <br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|France}}||[[Bikas C Sanyal |Bikas Chandra Sanyal]]||Renowned educationist||<br /> |-<br /> |{{NLD}}||{{ill|Satnarainsing Rabin Baldewsingh|nl|Rabin Baldewsingh}} ||Significant contribution to promoting better understanding of India||<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}||[[Sasindran Muthuvel]]||First Member of Parliament of Indian origin in Papua||<br /> |-<br /> |{{KSA}}||Shihabudeen VavaKunju||Contributor to welfare of Indian community || <br /> |-<br /> | {{ZAF}}|| [[Ela Gandhi]] ||Contributions in promoting ties between India and South Africa, and the cause of freedom || <br /> |-<br /> |{{UAE}}|| [[Shamsheer Vayalil]] ||Contribution in field of healthcare business and for promoting etter understanding of India || <br /> |-<br /> |{{GBR}}||[[Shailesh Vara]]||First Indian origin Govt. minister for Conservative Party || <br /> |-<br /> | {{USA}}|| Dr. Parthasarathy Chiramel Pillai|| Contributions in field of science, and fostering closer relations between India and USA||<br /> |-<br /> | {{USA}} || [[Renu Khator|Dr. Renu Khator]] ||One of the first persons of Indian origin to head a higher system and a research university in the United States. Chancellor of the [[University of Houston System]] and President of the [[University of Houston]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | {{USA}} || Dr. Namita Roy-Chowdhury ||First Indian woman to become a full professor at [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], New York. ||Discoverer<br /> of the genetic bases of inherited jaundice (Crigler-Najjar syndrome and Gilbert<br /> Syndrome)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2015==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Name<br /> !Description!! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Australia}}|| Mala Mehta<br /> |Founder of Indo- Australian Bal Bharatiya Vidyalaya in Thornleigh suburb in Sydney. Since its establishment, she has been pursuing the growth of Hindi in Australia.||Education &amp; Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Guyana}}<br /> |[[Donald Ramotar|Donald Rabindranauth Ramotar]]<br /> |President of Guyana and awarded for his work for the Indian diaspora.<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Mexico}}<br /> |[[Sanjaya Rajaram|Dr Rajaram Sanjaya]]<br /> |India-born Mexico scientist and winner of the 2014 [[World Food Prize]] for developing 480 wheat varieties that have been released in 51 countries.<br /> |Scientific Research<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|New Zealand}}<br /> |[[Kanwaljit Singh Bakshi]]<br /> |Member of Parliament (MP) from New Zealand. He is also known for his work for the Indian diaspora in New Zealand.<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Oman}}<br /> |Rajmal Parakh<br /> |Leading philanthropist, active in social services and charitable work in [[Oman]] and [[India]].<br /> |Social Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Seychelles}}<br /> |Duraikannu Karunakaran<br /> |Justice of the [[Supreme Court of Seychelles]]<br /> |Judicial Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|South Africa}}<br /> |[[Essop Pahad|Essop Goolam Pahad]]<br /> |Politician and Minister in the Presidency from 1999 to 2008<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |Shah Bharatkumar Jayantilal<br /> |Social worker known for contributions to charities and philanthropy.<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |[[Ashraf (social worker)|Ashraf Thamarassery]]<br /> |Social activist<br /> |Social Work<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Uganda}}<br /> |Mahendra Nanji Mehta<br /> |Indian-origin businessman<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |Nathu Ram Puri<br /> |Founder of Purico and awarded for his contributions to the Indian diaspora.<br /> |Education &amp; Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |[[Raj Loomba, Baron Loomba]]<br /> |Philanthropist and founder of clothing company Rinku Group. He is a Liberal Democrat member of the [[House of Lords]]<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |[[Satya Nadella]]<br /> |CEO of [[Microsoft]]<br /> |Business Management<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |Kamlesh Lulla<br /> |Chief Scientist for Earth Observation in the Human Exploration Science office at [[Johnson Space Center]] at [[NASA]]<br /> |Scientific Research<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |Nandini Tandon<br /> |Awarded for her contributions to life sciences, healthcare and [[Information technology]] in USA, India as well as other emerging economies.<br /> |Management of Healthcare and Business<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2017==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Country!! Name!! Field of Merit<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/27911/Pravasi+Bharatiya+Samman+Awards2017|title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards-2017|website=www.mea.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/pravasi-bharatiya-samman-awards-2017-conferred-1484034060-1|title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards 2017 conferred|date=10 January 2017|website=Jagranjosh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Australia}}||[[Harry Harinath|Gorur Krishna Harinath]]|| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Bahrain}}||[[V.K. Rajashekharan Pillai]]|| Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Belgium}}||Antwerp Indian Association|| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Brunei}}||Nazeer Ahamed Mohamed Zackiriah|| Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Canada}}||[[Mukund Purohit]]||Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Djibouti}}||Nalinkumar Sumanlal Kothari ||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Fiji}}||[[Vinod Patel]]||Social Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|France}}||[[Raghunath Manet]] ||Arts &amp; Culture<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Israel}}|| Lael Anson E. Best || Medical Science<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Japan}}||Sandip Kumar Tagore  ||Arts &amp; Culture<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Libya}}||Ariful Islam||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Malaysia}}|| Tan Sri Dato Dr. Muniandy Thambirajah ||Education and Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Mauritius}}||[[Pravind Jugnauth]]||Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Portugal}}||[[António Costa]]|| Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Qatar}}|| [[Raghavan Seetharaman]]||Business Management<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}||Zeenat Musarrat Jafri||Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Singapore}}|| [[Singapore Indian Association]] ||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Sweden}}|| Carani Balaraman Sanjeevi||Medicine<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Thailand}}||Susheel Kumar Saraff ||Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}|| [[Winston Dookeran|Winston Chandarbhan Dookeran]]||Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}|| Vasudev Shamdas Shroff||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}|| India Social and Cultural Centre, Abu Dhabi ||Philanthropy &amp; Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}||[[Priti Patel]]||Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}||[[Neena Gill]]||Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}|| Hari Babu Bindal||Environmental Engineering<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}|| Bharat Haridas Barai||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}|| [[Nisha Desai Biswal]]||Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}|| Mahesh Mehta||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}|| Ramesh Shah ||Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}|| [[Sampat Shivangi|Sampatkumar Shidramapa Shivangi]] || Community Leadership<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awardees for 2019 ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+2019 Awardees&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30941/List+of+Pravasi+Bharatiya+Samman+Awardees+PBSA+for+the+year+2019|title=List of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awardees (PBSA) for the year 2019|website=www.mea.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Country of residence!! Name !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Australia}}|| Nihal Singh Agar||Social Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Bhutan}}<br /> |Rajinder Nath Khazanchi<br /> |Civil Engineering<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Canada}}<br /> |Ramesh Chotai<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|People's Republic of China}}<br /> |Amit Waikar<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Egypt}}<br /> |Indian Community Association in Egypt<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|France}}<br /> |Malini Ranganathan<br /> |Academics &amp; Arts<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Guyana}}<br /> |Guyana Hindu Dharmic Sabha<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Italy}}<br /> |Bitthal Das Maheshwari<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Jamaica}}<br /> |Guna Sekhar Muppuri<br /> |Medical Science &amp; Entrepreneurship<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Kenya}}<br /> |P. V. Sambasiva Rao<br /> |Technology<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Kenya}}<br /> |Prakash Madhavdas Heda<br /> |Medical Science<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Kuwait}}<br /> |Rajpal Tyagi<br /> |Architecture<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Myanmar}}<br /> |[[Satya Narayan Goenka]]<br /> |Business Management<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|New Zealand}}<br /> |Bhavdeep Singh Dhillon<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Norway}}<br /> |[[Himanshu Gulati]]<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Oman}}<br /> |Vinodan Verambally Thazhikuniyil<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Poland}}<br /> |Jagdeshwar Rao Maddukuri<br /> |Entrepreneurship<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Qatar}}<br /> |Purnendu Tiwary<br /> |Training &amp; Simulation<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|South Africa}}<br /> |Anil Sooklal<br /> |Diplomacy<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|South Africa}}<br /> |Swami Saradaprabhananda<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> |Rajendra Kumar Joshi<br /> |Science<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /> |Shamim Parkar Khan<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |Girish Pant<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |Surender Singh Kandhari<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |[[Zulekha Daud]]<br /> |Medical Science &amp; Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Uganda}}<br /> |Rajesh Chaplot<br /> |Chartered Accountancy<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |Chandra Shekhar Mishra<br /> |Science<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |[[Gita Gopinath]]<br /> |Academics<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |Gitesh Jayantilal Desai<br /> |Structural Engineering<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |[[Kiran C Patel]]<br /> |Medical Science<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awardees for 2021 ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+2021 Awardees&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awardees (PBSA) for the year 2021|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33381/Pravasi+Bharatiya+Samman+Awards2021|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Country of residence!! Name !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Armenia}}|| NGO Cultural Diversity for Peaceful Future ||Promoting Indian Culture<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}<br /> |Dr. Rajani Chandra D’Mello<br /> |Medicine<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Bahrain}}<br /> |Mr. Baburajan Vava Kalluparambil Gopalan<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Botswana}}<br /> |Mrs. Jamal Ahmad<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Cameroon}}<br /> |Mr. Janakiraman Ravikumar<br /> |Closer ties with India<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Curaçao}}<br /> |[[Eugene Rhuggenaath]]<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Czech Republic}}<br /> |[[Debashish Chaudhuri]]<br /> |Art and Culture<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Ethiopia}}<br /> |Mr. Mohammed Husein Hasanali Sardharwala<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Fiji}}<br /> |Sai Prema Foundation<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Germany}}<br /> |Dr. Balasubramanian Ramani<br /> |Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Hong Kong}}<br /> |Mr. Lal Lokumal Chellaram<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Japan}}<br /> |Dr. (Prof.) Muralidhar Miryala<br /> |Science &amp; Technology<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Japan}}<br /> |Mr. Rajib Shaw<br /> |Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Maldives}}<br /> | Mr. Salil Panigrahi<br /> |Tourism<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Mexico}}<br /> |[[Ravi Prakash Singh|Dr. Ravi Prakash Singh]]<br /> |Science &amp; Technology<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag| New Zealand}}<br /> |[[Priyanca Radhakrishnan]]<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Nigeria}}<br /> |Indian Cultural Association (ICA)<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Qatar}}<br /> |Dr. Mohan Thomas Lazarus Pakalomattom<br /> |Medicine<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|France}}<br /> |[[Jean-Régis Ramsamy]]<br /> |Media &amp; Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> |[[Siddeek Ahmed]]<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Sudan}}<br /> |Dr. Anil Kumar Chotalal Mithani<br /> |Medicine<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Suriname}}<br /> |[[Chan Santokhi]]<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> |Dr. Shachi Gurumayun<br /> |Bio-tech Agronomy<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Thailand}}<br /> |Mr. Vashdev Tikamdas Purswani<br /> |Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |Resham Singh Sandhu<br /> |Public Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |Mr. Arvind Phukan<br /> |Environment Technology<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |Ms. Nilu Gupta<br /> |Promoting Indian Culture<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |Federation of Indian Associations NY, NJ &amp; CT<br /> |Community Service<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America}}<br /> |Dr. Sudhakar Jonnalagadda<br /> |Medicine<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|United States of America|Singapure}}<br /> |Mukesh Aghi<br /> | Business<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awardees for 2023 ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+2023 Awardees&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards-2023|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36078/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Awards2023|access-date=2024-04-01|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Country of residence!! Name !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Australia}}|| [[Chennupati Jagadish|Prof. Jagadish Chennupati]] ||Science &amp; Technology/Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Bhutan}}|| Prof. Sanjeev Mehta ||Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Brazil}}|| Prof. Dilip Loundo ||Art &amp; Culture/Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Brunei Darussalam}}|| Dr. Alexander Maliakel John ||Medicine<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Canada}}|| Dr. Vaikuntam Iyer Lakshmanan ||Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Croatia}}|| Mr. Joginder Singh Nijjar ||Art &amp; Culture/Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Denmark}}|| Prof. Ramjee Prasad ||Information Technology<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Ethiopia}}|| Dr. Kannan Ambalam ||Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Germany}}|| Dr. Amal Kumar Mukhopadhyay ||Community Welfare/Medicine<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Guyana}}|| [[Irfaan Ali|H.E. Dr. Mohamed Irfaan Ali]] ||Politics/Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Israel}}|| Ms. Reena Vinod Pushkarna ||Business/Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Japan}}|| Dr. Maqsooda Sarfi Shiotani ||Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Mexico}}|| [[Rajagopal (professor_and_researcher)| Dr. Rajagopal]] ||Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Poland}}|| Mr. Amit Kailash Chandra Lath ||Business/Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Republic of Congo}}|| Mr. Parmanand Sukhumal Daswani ||Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Singapore}}|| [[Piyush Gupta|Mr. Piyush Gupta]] ||Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|South Africa}}|| Mr. Mohanlal Hira ||Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|South Sudan}}|| Mr. Sanjaykumar Shivabhai Patel ||Business/Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}|| Mr. Sivakumar Nadesan ||Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Suriname}}|| [[Dew Sharman|Dr. Dewanchandrebhose Sharman]] ||Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Switzerland}}|| [[Archana Sharma (physicist)|Dr. Archana Sharma]] ||Science &amp; Technology<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Trinidad &amp; Tobago}}|| Justice Frank Arthur Seepersad ||Community Welfare/Education<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|UAE}}|| [[Siddharth Balachandran|Mr. Siddharth Balachandran]] ||Business/Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|UK}}|| Mr. Chandrakant Babubhai Patel ||Media<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|USA}}|| Dr. Darshan Singh Dhaliwal ||Business/Community Welfare<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|USA}}|| [[Raj Subramaniam|Mr. Rajesh Subramaniam]] ||Business<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}|| Mr. Ashok Kumar Tiwary ||Business<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awardees for 2025==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+2025 Awardees&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards-2025|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38883/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Awards2025|access-date=2025-01-08|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Country of residence!! Name !! Field of Merit<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Australia}} || [[Ajay Rane]] || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Austria}} || Marialena Joan Fernandes || Education<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Barbados}} || Philomena Ann Mohini Harris || Medical Science<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Fiji}} || Swami Sanyuktanand || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Guyana}} || Saraswati Vidya Niketan || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Japan}} || Lekh Raj Juneja || Science &amp; Technology<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || Prem Kumar || Medical Science<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Laos}} || Soukthavy Chowdhury || Business<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Malawi}} || [[Krishna Savjani]] || Business<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Malaysia}} || [[Subramaniam Sathasivam]] || Politics<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Mauritius}} || Sarita Boodhoo || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Moldova}} || Abhaya Kumar || Business<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Myanmar}} || Ram Niwas (Hla Tun) || Education<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Romania}} || Jaggannath Shekhar Asthana || Business<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Russia}} || Hindustani Samaj || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Russia}} || Sudha Rani Gupta || Education<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} || Syed Anwar Khursheed || Medical Science<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Singapore}} || Atul Temurnikar || Education<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Spain}} || [[Robert Masih Nahar]] || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Tanzania}} || Kaushik Laxmidas Ramaiya || Medicine<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || [[Christine Kangaloo]] || Public Affairs<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} || [[Ramakrishnan Sivaswamy Iyer]]|| Business<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|Uganda}} || Bonthala Subbaiah Setty Ramesh Babu || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|United Kingdom}} || [[Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar]] || Politics<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|United States}} || Sharad Lakhanpal || Medicine<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|United States}} || Sharmila Ford || Community Service<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flag|United States}} || [[Ravi Kumar Singisetti]] || Business<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|40em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.mea.gov.in/pravasi-bharatiya-samman.htm Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, Official webpage] at ''[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]'' (MEA)<br /> * [https://pbdindia.gov.in/en Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, Official Website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228131301/http://moia.gov.in/services.aspx?ID1=34&amp;id=m2&amp;idp=30&amp;mainid=23 List of Previous Pravasi Bhartiya Samman Awardees] ''[[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|MOIA]]'' archived website<br /> <br /> {{Indian diaspora}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian diaspora]]<br /> [[Category:Awards established in 2003]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulalanka&diff=518933 2025-11-22T14:26:16Z

<p>LouieWebb342: Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Mulalanka''' is a small village in the [[Kalidindi mandal|Kalidindi Mandal]] of [[Krishna district|Krishna District]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its name used to be Mulaupparagudam. It comes under the [[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikaluru assembly constituency]] and Eluru Parliamentary constituency.<br /> <br /> The main occupation of people in Mulalanka is fish and prawn culture. The village is very famous for its aqua culture and exports to various parts of the country.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geeta_Phogat&diff=455237 2025-11-18T17:26:27Z

<p>LouieWebb342: enhance intro based on references and added references based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian freestyle wrestler (born 1988)}}<br /> {{For|for the family|Phogat sisters}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox sportsperson<br /> | name = Geeta Phogat<br /> | image = India's Geeta win Gold Medal in Women's Free Style Wrestling 55 Kg beating Emily Bensted of Australia, in New Delhi on October 07, 2010.jpg<br /> | caption = Phogat with Gold Medal in [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], [[Delhi]]<br /> | headercolor = Gold<br /> | birth_name = Geeta<br /> | fullname = Geeta Kumari Phogat<br /> | nickname = <br /> | nationality = {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian people|Indian]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|12|15|df=y}}&lt;ref name=sr/&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Balali]], [[Haryana]], India&lt;ref name=sr&gt;{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ph/geeta-phogat-1.html |title=Geeta Phogat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418084418/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ph/geeta-phogat-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=2 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | height = 5 ft 0 in&lt;ref name=sr/&gt;<br /> | weight = 62 kg&lt;ref name=sr/&gt;<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Pawan Kumar (wrestler)|Pawan Kumar]]|2016}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | sport = [[Wrestling]]<br /> | event = [[Freestyle wrestling]]<br /> | universityteam = <br /> | collegeteam = <br /> | club = <br /> | team = <br /> | turnedpro = <br /> | partner = <br /> | former_partner = <br /> | coach = [[Mahavir Singh Phogat]]<br /> | retired = <br /> | coaching = <br /> | worlds = <br /> | regionals = <br /> | nationals = <br /> | olympics = <br /> | highestranking = <br /> | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry |{{IND}} }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[World Wrestling Championships|World Championships]]}}<br /> {{MedalBronze| [[2012 World Wrestling Championships|2012 Strathcona County]] |[[2012 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 55 kg|55 kg]]}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Wrestling at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold| [[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]] |[[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 55 kg|55 kg]]}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br /> {{MedalBronze|[[2012 Asian Wrestling Championships|2012 Gumi]]|55 kg}}<br /> {{MedalBronze|[[2015 Asian Wrestling Championships|2015 Doha]]|58 kg}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship|Commonwealth Championship]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|2009 Jalandhar&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Indian women win three gold in Commonwealth Wrestling |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/indian-women-win-three-gold-in-commonwealth-wrestling_588887.html |access-date=27 November 2016 |work=[[Zee News]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=19 December 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161127143308/http://zeenews.india.com/home/indian-women-win-three-gold-in-commonwealth-wrestling_588887.html |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; |55 kg}}<br /> {{MedalGold|2011 Melbourne&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=RESULTS – 2011 Championships|url=http://commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com/Pages/2011ChampionshipResults.aspx|website=commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com|publisher=Commonwealth Amateur Wrestling Association (CAWA)|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313041201/http://commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com/Pages/2011ChampionshipResults.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; |55 kg}}<br /> {{MedalSilver|2013 Johannesburg&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2013 – COMMONWEALTH WRESTLINGCHAMPIONSHIPS|url=http://commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com/Pages/2013CommonwealthChampionships.aspx|website=commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com|publisher=Commonwealth Amateur Wrestling Association (CAWA)|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321120914/http://commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com/Pages/2013CommonwealthChampionships.aspx|archive-date=21 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; |59 kg}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|FILA Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament}}<br /> {{MedalGold|2012 Astana&lt;ref name=&quot;intoday1&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Geeta clinches gold to qualify for Olympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/olympics-2012/story/geeta-clinches-gold-to-qualify-for-olympics-97855-2012-04-01 |magazine=India Today |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=15 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; |55 kg}}<br /> | show-medals = <br /> | updated = 20 October 2016<br /> }}<br /> '''Geeta Phogat''' (born 15 December 1988)&lt;ref name=sr/&gt; is a [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]] who won India's first-ever gold medal in wrestling at the [[Commonwealth Games]] in 2010. She was also the first Indian female wrestler to have qualified for the [[Olympic Summer Games|Olympic Games]].&lt;ref name=&quot;intoday1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life and family ==<br /> {{further|Phogat sisters}}<br /> Geeta Phogat was born in [[Balali]] village of [[Charkhi Dadri district]], [[Haryana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;femina&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/the-success-of-the-phogat-sisters-geeta-babita-and-vinesh-all-wrestling-champs-is-a-story-worth-emulating-7019.html |title=The Powerhouse Phogat Siblings and their Cousin - Deeta, Babita and Vinesh |website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |author=Anindita Ghosh |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=18 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=sr/&gt; Her father [[Mahavir Singh Phogat]], a former wrestler himself and a [[Dronacharya Award]] recipient, is also her coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/The-hero-behind-Dangal/articleshow/47660174.cms |title=The hero behind 'Dangal' – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |author=Hindol Basu|date=14 June 2015 |access-date=18 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/wrestling-coach-mahavir-phogat-overlooked-for-dronacharya-award/15523177 |title=Wrestling coach Mahavir Phogat overlooked for Dronacharya Award – Sports |website= [[Mid-Day]] |author=IANS |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=18 December 2018|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her sister [[Babita Kumari]] and cousin [[Vinesh Phogat]] are also [[Commonwealth Games]] gold medalists.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-meet-the-medal-winning-phogat-sisters-2009485 Meet the medal-winning Phogat sisters | Latest News &amp; Updates at Daily News &amp; Analysis]. Dnaindia.com (10 August 2014). Retrieved on 21 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103162947/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/wrestling/28274884_1_gold-medals-boys-commonwealth-gold &quot;But hey, this is family...&quot;], 31 July 2010, ''[[Times of India]]'', retrieved 11 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Both won gold medals in their respective categories in [[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 edition]] of Commonwealth Games. Another younger sister of Geeta Phogat, [[Ritu Phogat]], too is an international level wrestler and has won a gold medal at the 2016 [[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship]]. Her youngest sister, [[Sangita Phogat]] is also a wrestler.<br /> <br /> She married fellow wrestler [[Pawan Kumar (wrestler)|Pawan Kumar]] on 20 November 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=29 January 2017 |title=Starry shaadi for wrestlers Geeta Phogat and Pawan Kumar | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Starry-shaadi-for-wrestlers-Geeta-Phogat-and-Pawan-Kumar/articleshow/55543299.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple had their first child, a boy Arjun Saroha, on 24 December 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Geeta Phogat blessed with baby boy, Hina Khan says dhakad mommy ka dhakad beta |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/geeta-phogat-blessed-with-baby-boy-hina-khan-says-dhakad-mommy-ka-dhakad-beta-1631319-2019-12-25 |magazine=India Today |date=25 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Geeta Phoghat shares lovely pictures of son Arjun. Calls motherhood most adorable experience |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/geeta-phoghat-shares-lovely-pictures-of-son-arjun-calls-motherhood-most-adorable-experience-1677493-2020-05-13 |magazine=India Today |date=13 May 2020 |access-date=13 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Phogat was a contestant in ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]'', but was eliminated, securing ninth position.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 8: Geeta Phogat eliminated from the show |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-8-geeta-phogat-eliminated-from-the-show-2039327.html |work=Zee News |date=4 September 2017 |access-date=14 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;She was also a contestant in ''[[Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check]]'' with her husband [[Pawan Kumar (wrestler)|Pawan Kumar]], show on [[Colors TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pati Patni Aur Panga: Full Celebrity Contestants' List, Streaming Platform, Date, And More |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/tv-ott/pati-patni-aur-panga-full-celebrity-contestants-list-streaming-platform-date-more-article-1036910 |website=HerZindagi English |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=29 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> === 2009 Commonwealth Wrestling Championship ===<br /> Phogat won the gold medal at the [[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship]] held in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] between 19 and 21 December 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = 2009 Championships|url = http://commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com/Pages/2009Championships.aspx|website = commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com|access-date = 2 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131022062730/http://commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com/Pages/2009Championships.aspx|archive-date = 22 October 2013|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2010 Commonwealth Games ===<br /> She won India's first ever gold medal in women's wrestling at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] held in [[New Delhi]], beating Emily Bensted from [[Australia at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Australia]] in the gold medal match with a score of 1–0, 7–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Interview with Geeta Phogat: &quot;I am determined to go beyond my World Championships bronze medal finish&quot;<br /> |url = http://www.sportskeeda.com/wrestling/want-gold-at-world-wrestling-championships-geeta-phogat|website = www.sportskeeda.com|date = 19 August 2015| author=Barua, Suhrid }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = International Wrestling Database|url = https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=B024E19A61F8447F8C2D50FFFE4CD698&amp;gkl=3|website = www.iat.uni-leipzig.de|access-date = 2 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025359/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=B024E19A61F8447F8C2D50FFFE4CD698&amp;gkl=3|archive-date = 5 March 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2012 Summer Olympics ===<br /> Phogat won a gold medal in the Wrestling FILA Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament that concluded at [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] in April 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/indian-athletes-profile/geeta-phogat-profile-2012-london-olympics_745710.html |title=Geeta Phogat: Profile 2012 London Olympics |date=18 July 2012 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=13 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has undergone rigorous training at the Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports, (NSNIS), [[Patiala]], under the guidance of chief coach O.P. Yadav and foreign expert Ryan Dobo.<br /> <br /> Phogat was beaten in her opening fight by Canadian [[Tonya Verbeek]] (1–3).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/270415/olympic-wrestling-geeta-phogat-loses.html|title= Olympic wrestling: Geeta Phogat loses opening fight|work= Deccan Herald|date= 9 August 2012|access-date=9 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She received a chance to win the bronze medal since the Canadian went to the finals. In the [[repechage]] round, she lost her first match to Lazareva from [[Ukraine]].&lt;ref name=sr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/timesinlondon/entry/geeta-starts-with-a-fight-gets-blown-away-in-repechage|title=Geeta starts with a fight, gets blown away in repechage |access-date=10 August 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2012 World Wrestling Championships ===<br /> In the [[2012 World Wrestling Championships]] held in [[Canada]], Phogat won the bronze medal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fila-wrestling.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604175816/http://www.fila-wrestling.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=4 June 2012 |title=Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées |publisher=Fila-wrestling.com |access-date=13 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the first round, Phogat faced [[Maria Gurova]] of [[Russia]], beating her 3:1. The second round brought a 5:0 loss for Phogat against [[Saori Yoshida]] of [[Japan]]. With the Japanese grappler making the finals, Phogat contested in the repechage round, first against Akziya Dautbayeva of [[Kazakhstan]] whom she beat 3:1 and then winning the bronze medal bout 3:0 against [[Natalya Sinishin]] of [[Ukraine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = International Wrestling Database|url = https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?spid=893A60769C0D4344BB97C2497E95B499&amp;kaempfe=1&amp;wkid=5C1651E110F442DFA77C02306036C83C&amp;gkl=3&amp;spid=893A60769C0D4344BB97C2497E95B499|website = www.iat.uni-leipzig.de|access-date = 2 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2012 Asian Wrestling Championships ===<br /> In the first round of the [[2012 Asian Wrestling Championships]], Phogat lost to her [[Japan]]ese opponent Kanako Murata in a 5:0 scoreline. With the Japanese grappler entering the finals, Phogat was able to contest in the bronze medal round and won the bronze medal in the 55&amp;nbsp;kg beating Sumiya Erdenechimeg from [[Mongolia]] 3:1.<br /> <br /> === 2013 Commonwealth Wrestling Championships ===<br /> At the tournament held in [[Johannesburg]], South Africa, Phogat finished second and won the silver medal in the women's freestyle 59&amp;nbsp;kg category after losing the final bout to [[Aminat Adeniyi|Oluwafunmilayo Adeniyi]] of [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = International Wrestling Database|url = https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=02496A00E99C49BA9851C7C5378648F1&amp;gkl=4|website = www.iat.uni-leipzig.de|access-date = 2 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213646/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=02496A00E99C49BA9851C7C5378648F1&amp;gkl=4|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2015 Asian Wrestling Championships===<br /> At the [[2015 Asian Wrestling Championships]] in [[Doha]], Phogat finished third, winning the bronze medal in the freestyle 58&amp;nbsp;kg category along with Aiym Abdildina of Kazakhstan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = International Wrestling Database|url = https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=FA0A80E8602048F28FC5C47C9CA19CAE&amp;gkl=4|website = www.iat.uni-leipzig.de|access-date = 2 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150929050433/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=FA0A80E8602048F28FC5C47C9CA19CAE&amp;gkl=4|archive-date = 29 September 2015|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[2015 World Wrestling Championships|2015 World Championships]] in [[Las Vegas]], she was drawn against nine-time world Champion, the Japanese [[Kaori Icho]], and lost to her in the opening round 0–10. With Icho qualifying for the finals, Phogat was given a chance to contest in the repechage for the bronze medal. She again lost 0–10 to her opponent, [[Elif Jale Yeşilırmak]] of Turkey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Geeta Phogat's World Wrestling Run Comes to an End|url = http://sports.ndtv.com/wrestling/news/248404-geeta-phogat-s-world-wrestling-run-comes-to-an-end|website = NDTVSports.com|access-date = 2 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Popular culture ==<br /> [[Aamir Khan]]'s film ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' is loosely based on Geeta Phogat and her sisters lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-to-play-mahavir-phogat-in-dangal-meets-his-wrestler-daughters-geeta-and-babita/|title=Aamir Khan to play Mahavir Phogat in Dangal, meets his wrestler daughters Geeta and Babita|work=Indian Express|date=30 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-how-aamir-is-preparing-for-his-role-in-dangal/article1-1374639.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730100608/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-how-aamir-is-preparing-for-his-role-in-dangal/article1-1374639.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2015|title=This is how Aamir is preparing for his role in Dangal| author=Mangaokar, Shalvi |work=Hindustan Times, New Delhi | date= 30 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her role in the movie is played by [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]] and her younger self is played by [[Zaira Wasim]].&lt;ref name=&quot;express&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dangal-experience-changed-my-life-kashmiri-actor-zaira-wasim/ |title='Dangal' experience changed my life: Kashmiri actor Zaira Wasim |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 December 2015 |access-date=16 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wrestler [[Pooja Dhanda]] was screened and selected to play the role of [[Babita Kumari|Babita Phogat]] in this movie, which she could not play due to an injury, and later she went on to defeat senior Phogat sister Geeta Phogat in the real life national championship.&lt;ref name=dhan1&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/once-a-judoka-pooja-dhanda-wants-to-win-laurels-in-wrestling/articleshow/63067504.cms Once a judoka, Pooja Dhanda wants to win laurels in wrestling], [[Times of India]], 25 February 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other titles ==<br /> * Dave Schultz Memorial Tournament, 2013 – Silver&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = International Wrestling Database|url = https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=0E03281C79E74030AED93ABD07D0BD2E&amp;gkl=4|website = www.iat.uni-leipzig.de|access-date = 2 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025646/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=0E03281C79E74030AED93ABD07D0BD2E&amp;gkl=4|archive-date = 5 March 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Dave Schultz Memorial Tournament, 2014 – Bronze&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = International Wrestling Database|url = https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=33FFD2A122E54748B488A4F70AB7ADEF&amp;gkl=4|website = www.iat.uni-leipzig.de|access-date = 2 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150926170611/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=33FFD2A122E54748B488A4F70AB7ADEF&amp;gkl=4|archive-date = 26 September 2015|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]''<br /> |Contestant <br /> |9th place <br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |''[[Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check|Pati Patni Aur Panga]]''<br /> |Contestant<br /> |2nd Runner-up <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm9858046}}<br /> * {{Twitter|geeta_phogat}}<br /> * [http://sports.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/07/cwg-2010-delhi-wrestler-geeta-dedicates-gold-medal-to-dad.htm Geeta Phogat] in [[Rediff.com]]<br /> <br /> {{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Phogat, Geeta}}<br /> [[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]<br /> [[Category:Wrestlers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in wrestling]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bhiwani]]<br /> [[Category:Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Olympic wrestlers for India]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br /> [[Category:1988 births]]<br /> [[Category:Wrestlers at the 2010 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:World Wrestling Championships medalists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Female sport wrestlers from Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Phogat sisters|Geeta]]<br /> [[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]<br /> [[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]<br /> [[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begumpur_Mosque&diff=490299 2025-11-17T11:07:35Z

<p>LouieWebb342: adding new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former mosque, now monument, in Delhi, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | building_name = Begumpur Mosque<br /> | image = Begampur Masjid.jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.4<br /> | caption = View of the Bishtak from the courtyard<br /> | location = [[South Delhi]], [[National Capital Territory of Delhi|Delhi NCT]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | map_type = India Delhi central<br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_relief = 1<br /> | map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Central Delhi]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28.626123019683448|77.20035117495007|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=it}}<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}<br /> | status = [[Mosque]] {{small|)former)}}<br /> | functional_status = '''Inactive''';&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(partial ruinous state)}}<br /> | administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]<br /> | consecration_year = <br /> | year_completed = {{start date and age|1343}}<br /> | architect = Zahiruddin alJuyush<br /> | architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}<br /> | architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluqid]]|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Timurid architecture|Timurid]]}}<br /> | length = {{convert|94|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}<br /> | width = {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}<br /> | dome_quantity = 64<br /> | minaret_quantity = <br /> | materials = Rubble; masonry; [[red sandstone]]; marble; tiles<br /> | module = {{Infobox historic site<br /> | embed = yes <br /> | designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Begampuri Masjid | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-DL-8 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Begumpur Mosque''' or '''Begumpur Masjid''',{{efn|Various alternative spelling includes: ''Begumpuri Masjid'' and ''Begampuri Masjid''.}} also known as the '''Jam'i Masjid of Jahanpanah''', is a former [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], now in partial ruins, located in an urban village called Begumpur, which now bears its modern name, [[Jahanpanah]]. The former mosque was built in the centre&lt;!-- Indian English spelling.--&gt; of the sultanate capital of the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluq dynasty]], in {{circa|1343}} [[Common Era|CE]]. The former mosque is large, measuring {{convert|307|by|295|ft|m|order=flip}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Begumpur Mosque |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/1563 |date= |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.archnet.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The former mosque is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ASI MNI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Delhi |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2018-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in order to restore the monument.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Jahanpanah means &quot;the centre of the world,&quot; and the village was built by the order of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in 1327 [[Common Era|CE]]. The founding of this city aimed to protect the sultanate against any external invasion. The city had thirteen gates and numerous monuments that were credited to the Tughluq dynasty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Knowledge of the history of the Begumpur Mosque is somewhat limited, as the identity of its patrons is unclear, with two theories in place. The first theory suggests that it was built during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1343 CE, by or under the guidance of the Iranian architect Zahiruddin al-Juyush, also credited with the construction of the [[Khorramabad|Khurramabad]] Palace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Welch 1983 123–166&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Anthony |last2=Crane |first2=Howard |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523075 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=1 |pages=123–166 |doi=10.2307/1523075 |jstor=1523075 |issn=0732-2992|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; The second theory suggests that it was built by Khan-i Jahan Junan Shah, vizier of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah Tughluq]], as one of the seven mosques built under his patronage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Use ===<br /> After serving as a mosque for several decades, the structure was used as a village in the early twentieth century before the restoration and cleaning. <br /> [[File:The Begumpuri Masjid before clearing, early twentieth century.png|thumb|185x185px|The mosque before clearing, early twentieth century]]<br /> <br /> In 1902, Herbert Charles Fanshawe wrote: {{blockquote|&quot;The Begumpuri Masjid is the finest of the mosques built by Jahan Khan, and well deserves a visit, although the arcades of the mosque are occupied by a village, in which some English refugees were long concealed in 1857. … it is the next largest at Delhi to the Jama Masjid of Shahjehan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=Herbert Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94VbiW917CUC |title=Delhi Past and Present |date=1902 |publisher=J. Murray |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The site currently is under the supervision of the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]]. Presently, the site does not serve any religious purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Saini |first=Simran K. |date=2021-01-01 |title=Religious Architecture During the Tughlaq Period: A Case of Begumpuri Masjid |url=https://www.academia.edu/66886046 |journal=Ijtihad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> [[File:Ground floor plan of the Begumpur Mosque.png|thumb|Ground floor plan|200x200px]]<br /> <br /> The dimensions of the mosque are {{convert|307|by|295|ft|m|order=flip}}. The courtyard plan of the mosque is influenced by the [[Timurid architecture|Timurid]] type.&lt;ref name=porter&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Porter |first1=Yves |last2=Castinel |first2=Richard |date=2018 |title=Jahanpanah's Jamiʿ Masjid (circa 1343): A Reassessment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26742191 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=35 |pages=83–124 |doi=10.1163/22118993_03501P005 |jstor=26742191 |issn=0732-2992|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; The mosque contains four ''[[Riwaq (arcade)|riwaqs]]'' (portico) and an enormous ''[[sahn]]'' (courtyard) measuring {{convert|75|by|65|m}}. A deeper prayer hall, facing [[Mecca]], is located to the west and is the largest ''riwaq''. The mosque is entered from only the eastern side through a magnificent gate. On the northern [[façade]] of the Begumpur Masjid, stands a square structure known as ''muluk khana'' (The Royal [[Loggia]]), which functions as a private entrance and a prayer hall for the royals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Welch 1983 123–166&quot;/&gt;<br /> [[File:Entrance Gateway to Begumpur Masjid.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Entrance gateway]]<br /> <br /> === Exterior ===<br /> [[File:Pillared Corridor at Begumpur Masjid Complex.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Pillared corridor]]<br /> The Begumpur Mosque has an enormous domed entrance structure that stands tall above the street level, accessed by three-sided vertical steps. Unlike the [[Khirki Mosque|Khirki]] or Kotla mosques, the ground floor is not used for the excavated niches. The mosque's walls represent the Tughluq slope walls, consisting of [[rubble masonry]], which has been covered with a layer of thick [[stucco]]. The walls were originally decorated with blue-glazed tiles that are still present in some places.&lt;ref name=porter/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Welch 1983 123–166&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Interior ===<br /> The four-''[[iwan]]'' plan was introduced for the first time in [[Indo-Islamic architecture]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Welch 1983 123–166&quot;/&gt; There is an ''iwan'' and a dome in the middle of each ''[[Riwaq (arcade)|riwaq]].'' The arches on each ''riwaq'' are approximately {{convert|12|ft|m|order=flip}} high, and {{convert|16.5|ft|m|order=flip}} wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; There are about 45 rooms distributed in all the four sides of the mosque. The main hall is covered by a large dome while smaller domes are constructed over the bays of the colonnades. There are two tapering turrets on both sides of the starts of the ''iwan'', which is a unique feature of the Tughluq architectural style. This structure, referred to as a &quot;pylon&quot; is very large enough to hide the large domes that cover the prayer hall.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Material and decoration ===<br /> The materials in the Begumpur Mosque are mainly rubble masonry covered with mortar, which was molded to fit its architectural forms. [[Red sandstone]] was also used for the decorative carved motifs and for the ''[[jali]]s'' of the ''muluk khana'' and it was also used in the &quot;royal&quot; [[mihrab]].&lt;ref name=porter/&gt; The mosque had a lot of decorative carved stucco, much of it has now disappeared or been restored. The building in its current condition lost a lot of its original ornamentations. It still has remains of blooming lotuses relief-carved in red sandstone.&lt;ref name=porter/&gt; Most of the sixty-four domes of the mosque feature this lotus motif. Regrettably, many of these domes either collapsed or were covered with white plaster.&lt;ref name=porter/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mihrabs ===<br /> [[File:Sacred Wall.jpg|thumb|191x191px|The main [[mihrab]]|left]]<br /> The main [[mihrab]] showcases a two-color palette reminiscent of the [[Alai Darwaza|'Ala'i Darwaza]]. The materials used in the mihrab are [[red sandstone]] and white [[marble]], which are very common material compositions of the Indo-Islamic style. The mihrab inside the [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] tomb at [[Tughlaqabad Fort|Tughluqabad]] has also common features; aesthetics, proportions and the use of red sandstone and white marble.<br /> <br /> === Epigraphy ===<br /> A few inscriptions remain within the monument. Invocations to [[Allah]] can be found at the entrance and the ''muluk khana''. Within the ''muluk khana'', there are three epigraphic [[Medallion (architecture)|medallions]] above the central mihrab. Their inscriptions are in classical ''[[thuluth]]'', featuring Quranic quotations from Surah 3 ([[Al Imran|'Al ‘Imran]]).&lt;ref name=porter/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Influences ===<br /> The Begumpur Mosque has a number of similar features to [[Qutb Minar complex|Quwwat al-Islam Complex]]. Both have their monumental external approaches, narrow ''riwaqs'' and their cupolas marking the four directions, thus privileging the cruciform plan. Both monuments share a certain &quot;community of vision.&quot;&lt;ref name=porter/&gt; The bishtak of the Begumpur Mosque exhibits a clear influence from the Timurid style of [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]]. They are almost identical in their main feature; sloping towers and the [[Ogee|OGEE]] arches, however, the Bibi Khanym is richer in decoration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Kane |first=Bernard |title=BĪBĪ KHANOM MOSQUE |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bibi-khanom-mosque-named-after-bibi-khanom-otherwise-known-as-saray-molk-khanom-chief-wife-of-timur-r |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot;&gt;<br /> File:SamarkandBibiKhanym.jpg|Bishtak of Bibi Khanym Mosque<br /> File:Begumpuri Masjid Central pishtaq.jpg|Bishtak of Begumpur Mosque<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Closure ==<br /> [[File:Begumpuri Masjid Broken roof (3010281566).jpg|thumb|200x200px|The broken roof, in 2008]]<br /> The continuous expansion and the increasing population, have resulted in a situation of overcrowding within the region. It is worth noting that the Begumpur Mosque is being protected under [[Archaeological Survey of India|the Archeological Survey of India]] and as mentioned above, presently, the site does not function as a mosque. There are currently no plans in place for the restoration to safeguard its historical significance. At present, the monument is not in a good state, with many fallen domes and broken roofs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Begumpuri Mosque Front Gate.jpg|Entrance to the mosque<br /> Begumpur mosque.jpg|View of the Bishtak from the courtyard<br /> Overview of Courtyard Begumpur masjid.jpg|Overview of the courtyard<br /> Begumpuri mosque 6.jpg|View of the courtyard<br /> South wall of Begumpur Masjid.JPG|South wall of the mosque<br /> Begumpur Mosque loyal pigeons.jpg|View of one of the domes<br /> Begumpuri Masjid East gate detail (3010304346).jpg|Eastern ''[[Iwan]]'' details<br /> Begumpuri Masjid from afar (3010274298).jpg|The mosque with its surroundings<br /> Begumpuri Masjid Mosque corner and village (3363442256).jpg|The mosque with its surroundings<br /> Begumpur Mosque Bharat Tiwari 1.jpg|View of the arcades<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}<br /> * [[Islam in India]]<br /> * [[List of mosques in India]]<br /> * [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes ==<br /> {{noteslist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons cat-inline|Begumpuri Masjid}}<br /> <br /> {{Mosques in India|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Delhi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:14th-century mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1343]]<br /> [[Category:Indo-Islamic mosques]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques completed in the 1340s]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]<br /> [[Category:Timurid mosques]]<br /> [[Category:South Delhi district]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Kabaddi_League&diff=530111 2025-11-15T17:13:07Z

<p>LouieWebb342: starting info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kabaddi tournament in India}}<br /> {{Infobox kabaddi league<br /> | name = Real Kabaddi League <br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption =<br /> | organisers = [[JioCinema]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Real Kabaddi League 2023: Full Schedule, squads, match timings &amp; live streaming details |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/real-kabaddi-league-2023-full-schedule-squads-match-timings-live-streaming-details |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = {{IND}}<br /> | slogan = <br /> | administrator = <br /> | first = 2019<br /> | upcoming season = 2024<br /> | website = {{URL|realkabaddi.com/}}<br /> | latest = <br /> | tournament format = <br /> | participants = 8<br /> | most raid points = <br /> | most tackle points = <br /> | champions = Jaipur Jaguars (1st title)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jaipur Jaguars wins the title of Real Kabaddi Season 3 |url=https://khelkabaddi.in/jaipur-jaguars-wins-the-title-of-real-kabaddi-season-3/ |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=Khel Kabaddi |date=10 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | most successful = Shekhawati Kings (2 titles)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=शेखावाटी किंग्स बने रियल कबड्डी लीग सीजन 2 के विनर:फाइनल मुकाबले में चंबल पाइरेट्स को मात दी, ट्रॉफी पर कब्जा जमाया |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/shekhawati-kings-became-the-king-of-real-kabaddi-league-season-2-130386330.html |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | TV = <br /> }}<br /> '''The Real Kabaddi League''', also known as ('''RKL''') was a franchise-based professional [[Kabaddi|Kabaddi league]] in [[India]]. League was founded by Shubham Choudhary,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jaipur Set To Host Real Kabaddi Season 3 From September 22 To October 1, Cash Prize Increased To 21 Lakh |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/jaipur-set-to-host-real-kabaddi-season-3-from-september-22-to-october-1-cash-prize-increased-to-21-lakh-article-103479322 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=7 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Real Kabaddi League CEO Shubham Choudhary confirms participation of PKL stars |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/news-we-will-also-star-pro-kabaddi-players-playing-season-real-kabaddi-league-ceo-shubham-choudhary-confirms-participation-pkl-stars |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its co-founder is [[Rannvijay Singha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rannvijay Singha buys stake in Kabaddi League |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rannvijay-singha-buys-stake-in-kabaddi-league/articleshow/102567622.cms |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Rannvijay Singha buys stake in Real Kabaddi League; joins as investor and promoter : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rannvijay-singha-buys-stake-real-kabaddi-league-joins-investor-promoter/ |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024, the current champion was the Jaipur Jaguars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Real Kabaddi League: जयपुर जगुआर्स ने जीता रियल कबड्डी लीग का खिताब, सिंह सूरमा को आसानी से रौंदा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/sports/other-sports/jaipur-jaguars-won-the-title-of-real-kabaddi-season-3-title/articleshow/104129216.cms |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Top stars Deepak Niwas Hooda, Praveen Birwal to mentor players in third season of Real Kabaddi League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/kabaddi/top-stars-rahul-chaudhari-deepak-niwas-hooda-to-mentor-players-in-third-season-of-real-kabaddi-league-2245563 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=News9Live |date=10 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> <br /> Real Kabaddi League was initially established as the '''Rajasthan Kabaddi League'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Kabaddi League turning the tables of the sports universe |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-rajasthan-kabaddi-league-turning-the-tables-of-the-sports-universe-181910 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[Zee Business]] |date=31 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; before undergoing a rebranding process to become the Real Kabaddi League.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Real Kabaddi Season 3 to start in Sept |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/real-kabaddi-season-3-to-start-in-sept/81859617.html |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Teams==<br /> <br /> The teams in the Real Kabaddi League are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Teams |url=https://realkabaddi.com/teams/ |publisher=Real Kabaddi League |access-date=10 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''DOMESTIC TEAMS'''<br /> # Chambal Pirates <br /> # Bikana Riders <br /> # Jaipur Jaguars <br /> # Singh Soorma <br /> # Mewar Monks <br /> # Aravali Eagles <br /> # Jodhana Warriors <br /> # Shekhawati Kings<br /> <br /> '''INTERNATIONAL TEAMS'''<br /> #Aussie Raiders <br /> #Bangla Titans <br /> #Emirati Falcons <br /> #Indo Warriors <br /> #Persian Panthers<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sports leagues established in 2019]]<br /> <br /> {{India-sport-stub}}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvellakkulam&diff=541018 2025-11-13T19:59:09Z

<p>LouieWebb342: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Perumal temple in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Thiruvellakkulam<br /> | image = Annan koil.jpeg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11|11|24|N|79|45|54|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | native_name = Annan Kovil<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]<br /> | location = Thirunangur<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = Annan Perumal,&lt;br&gt;Srinivasan ([[Vishnu]])<br /> Alamermangai&lt;br&gt;([[Lakshmi]])<br /> | facade_direction = <br /> | tower = Tatvatyodaga<br /> | festivals = 10 Birmosthavam @ Puratasi Month (Between Sep &amp; Oct every year) Vasatha Urchnava, Perumal and thayar 5 days each<br /> | architecture = [[Chola architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity = Adhi Varagam ( Swatha Varaga period)<br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | creator = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Thiruvellakkulam''' (also called '''Annan Perumal Temple''' or '''Annankoil''') is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in Thirunangur, a village in the outskirts of [[Sirkazhi]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Annan Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Alamermangai.<br /> <br /> It is one among the eleven Divya Desams of the [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupatis]], and is closely associated with [[Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 12.00 noon and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m and has five daily rituals at various times of the day. The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam celebrated annually during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Thai'' is the major festival of the temple during which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupatis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda Vahana, to Thirunangur.<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> [[File:Annan Perumal Kovil1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The temple tank opposite to the temple]]<br /> The legend of all the eleven temples of Thirunangur are closely associated with each other. As per legend, the Hindu god [[Shiva]] started dancing in fury at this place after the death of his consort [[Parvati|Uma]] due to the ''[[Daksha yajna|yajna]]'' (sacrifice) of [[Daksha]]. Each time his lock of hair touched the ground, there were eleven other forms of Shiva who appeared. The celestial deities were worried that if the dance continues, it would result in decimation of entire creations. They prayed to [[Vishnu]] for help, who appeared at this place. On seeing Vishnu, Shiva's anger was reduced and he requested Vishnu to appear in eleven forms like he did. On his request, Vishnu appeared in eleven different forms at Tirunangur. The eleven places where Vishnu appeared are believed to be where the eleven temples in Tirunangur are located.&lt;ref name=&quot;R&quot;&gt;[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 470-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=A&gt;{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=62–67|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The temple==<br /> The temple has a three tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' and all its shrines are enclosed in a rectangular granite wall. The temple tank is located opposite to the gateway tower. The temple complex has a single ''[[prakaram]]'' (closed precincts of a temple) and separate shrines for [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]], [[Manavala Mamunigal]], [[Lakshmi|Nachiyar]], and [[Nammalvar]]. Kumudavalli Nachiar, the wife of [[Thirumangai Alvar]] was found here and she has a separate shrine. There is separate temple in from the Raja goopuram for Hanuman 9 Sri Vijay Anjaneyar). It is located close to Thirunangur, a small village, 8 km east of [[Sirkali]] en route to Thiruvenkadu. The temple is also referred as Ten Tirupati (Southern Tirupati) and has same structure as [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]] temple.&lt;ref name=A/&gt; The latest Samprokshanam of the temple was performed during October 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Annan Koil temple samprokshanam performed|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Annan-Koil-temple-samprokshanam-performed/article14412345.ece|date=18 October 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious significance==<br /> The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupati Antati'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar.&lt;ref name=&quot;dinamalar&quot;/&gt; It is believed that king Svetharaju in the line of [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] worshiped the presiding deity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=536|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Worship practices and festivals==<br /> [[File:Annan KOil.jpg|200x250px|left|Image of the festival deity|thumb]]<br /> The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 12.00 noon. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:0 ;a.m., Uchikalam at 12,00 noon, ''Sayarakshai(Nothyanusanthanam)'' at 5:00&amp;nbsp;p.m. and ''Erakalam'' at 7:00&amp;nbsp;p.m. and 8.00pm Arthajamam. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Srinivasaperumal and his consort Alarmelmangai. During the worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;dinamalar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sri Deivanayagar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=248|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the new moon day of the Tamil month ''Tai'', the [[utsavar|festival deity]] of Thirumangai Alvar is brought to the temple from [[Thiruvali-Thirunagari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Shrine dedicated to Arjuna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/shrine-dedicated-to-arjuna/article3631326.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2012|access-date=2013-09-09|last=S.|first=Prabhu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam is celebrated in the Tamil month of ''Tai'' (January–February). The highlight of the festival is ''Garudasevai'', an event in which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupatis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda ''[[Vahana]]'', to Thirunangur. The festive image of Thirumangai Alvar is also brought on a ''Hamsa Vahanam'' (palanquin) and his ''pasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these eleven temples are recited during the occasion. The festival images of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in a palanquin to each of the eleven temples. The verses dedicated to each of the eleven temples are chanted in the respective shrines. This is one of the most important festivals in the region which draws thousands of visitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garuda Sevai Festival&quot;&gt;{{cite news| title=Garuda Sevai| work=Ramanuja.org|<br /> url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ramanuja/archives/feb08/pdfUQOxvBFB4v.pdf|access-date= 2011-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ஒரே இடத்தில் 11 திவ்ய தேச பெருமாள்|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/02/05130252/1226214/11-garuda-sevai-thirunangur.vpf|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Malaimalar|access-date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Annan Koil}}<br /> <br /> {{Thirunangur Tirupathis}}<br /> {{Famous Vishnu temples}}<br /> {{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Divya Desams| ]]<br /> [[Category:Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmedabad%E2%80%93Gandhinagar_Capital_MEMU&diff=468004 2025-11-10T09:50:28Z

<p>LouieWebb342: basic refined information for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mainline electric multiple unit train line}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{One source<br /> | date = April 2020<br /> }}{{Original research|date=April 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Ahmedabad–Gandhinagar MEMU<br /> | type = [[MEMU]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | first = <br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[Western Railway zone]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad}} (ADI)<br /> | stops = 7<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Gandhinagar Capital}} (GNC)<br /> | distance = {{convert|33|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 1 hour <br /> | frequency = Daily<br /> | class = General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = No<br /> | autorack =<br /> | catering = No<br /> | observation = [[ICF coach]]<br /> | entertainment = No<br /> | baggage = Below the seats<br /> | other facilities= <br /> | stock = 1<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br /> | electrification = <br /> | trainnumber = 69131/69132<br /> | speed = {{convert|33|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts<br /> | map =<br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> '''Ahmedabad–Gandhinagar Capital MEMU''' is a [[Mainline Electric Multiple Unit]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} in [[Gujarat]] and {{stnlnk|Gandhinagar Capital}} of [[Gujarat]] . It is currently being operated with 69131/69132 train numbers on a daily basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/ahmedabad-news/new-unjha-station-to-be-commissioned-from-28-oct-3629048/|title=नया ऊंझा स्टेशन कल से होगा प्रारंभ|website=Patrika News|language=hindi|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jalore-news/demand-for-train-and-rail-facilities-in-jalore-sirohi-is-impractical-2228191/|title=जालोर-सिरोही में रेलगाड़ी और रेल सुविधाओं की मांग 'अव्यावहारिक'|website=Patrika News|language=hindi|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Route and halts==<br /> <br /> The important halts of the train are:<br /> <br /> * {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Sabarmati Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Chandlodiya}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Khodiyar}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Gandhinagar Capital}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Gandhinagar Capital railway station]]<br /> * [[Anand–Gandhinagar Capital MEMU]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/7715 69131/Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar MEMU]<br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/gandhinagar-ahmedabad-memu-69132/7731/2474/60 69132/Gandhinagar-Ahmedabad MEMU]<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Western India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad - Gandhinagar Capital MEMU}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Gandhinagar]]<br /> [[Category:Electric multiple units in Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> {{India-passenger-train-stub}}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tharangini_Records&diff=453697 2025-10-22T17:55:43Z

<p>LouieWebb342: minor fix content based on references further and cleaned formatting for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian music company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Tharangini Records<br /> | logo = Tharangini Logo.png<br /> | logo_size = 100px<br /> | trade_name = Tharangni<br /> | type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|1980|11|23}} in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> | founder = [[K. J. Yesudas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tharangni - Facebook About |url=https://www.facebook.com/TharangniMedia/about/ |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[Facebook]] |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117054521/https://www.facebook.com/TharangniMedia/about/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | genre = Various<br /> | key_people = [[K. J. Yesudas]] (director)&lt;br /&gt;Prabha Yesudas (director)&lt;br /&gt;[[Vijay Yesudas]] (director)&lt;br /&gt;Vinod Yesudas (director)&lt;br /&gt;Vishal Yesudas (director)<br /> | industry = Music<br /> | services = [[Record label|Music record label]]<br /> | parent = <br /> | owner = <br /> | module = {{Infobox youtube channel<br /> | child = yes<br /> | youtube_handle = Tharangni<br /> | youtube_display_name = <br /> <br /> | youtube_years_active = <br /> | youtube_genre = {{flatlist|<br /> * [[Music video]]s<br /> * [[Digital audio]]}}<br /> | youtube_subscribers = &lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | youtube_views = &lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | stats_update =<br /> }}<br /> | homepage = {{url|tharangni.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tharangini Records''' (currently '''Tharangni''') is the music company founded by noted Indian Playback singer [[K. J. Yesudas]] in 1980 at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy |last2=M. |first2=Athira |last3=Pradeep |first3=K. |date=2020-01-10 |title=KJ Yesudas: A name that spells melody |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/kj-yesudas-turns-80/article30522919.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204175059/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/kj-yesudas-turns-80/article30522919.ece |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first recording and distributing music label in Kerala from where [[Malayalam film]] songs on audio cassettes came out.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. K. J. Yesudas - world renowned singer |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/kj-yesudas/4 |access-date=2020-09-14 |website=[[Department of Tourism (Kerala)]] |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184958/https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/kj-yesudas/4 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other than [[Malayalam]], Tharangni also released songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[English language|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Arabic]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Latin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ashwani |date=2018-04-14 |title=He finds music in every instrument |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/he-finds-music-in-every-instrument |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[Khaleej Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mmtharangni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Shajan C. |date=2020-01-10 |title=ദേവരാജൻ മാസ്റ്റർ വേണ്ടെന്നു പറഞ്ഞു, പക്ഷേ യേശുദാസ് അതു ചെയ്തു! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/indepth/k-j-yesudas-birthday/2020/01/09/80th-birthday-of-legendary-musician-kj-yesudas.html |access-date=2020-06-12 |language=ml |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083902/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/indepth/k-j-yesudas-birthday/2020/01/09/80th-birthday-of-legendary-musician-kj-yesudas.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Yesudas 60 Years|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/special-entertainment/yesudas-60-years-k-j-yesudas-for-tharangini-studio-r2irwa |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tharangni release albums under various labels, ''Tharangni'' (film songs), ''Tharangni'' or ''Ayaan'' (album/devotional songs), ''Bharath Sangeeth'' (Classical songs and Hindi albums), ''9th Angel Records'' (Christian devotional songs), ''Diva Records'', ''V Records &amp; Entertainment'', ''Amplify More'', all licensed or [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] under Dr. K. J. Yesudass Audio and Visuals Corporation Limited and Yesudass Media Private Limited.<br /> <br /> Tharangini cassettes popularise [[light music]] and [[Mappila pattu|mappila song]]s among the audiences. Light music albums like ''Vasantha Geethangal'', ''Raaga Tharangini'', ''Madhura Geethangal'' etc. which also includes festival albums like ''Ulsava Ganangal'' series, ''Ponnona Tharangini'' series and mappila songs' albums like ''Mylanchi Pattukal'' series, ''Jannatul Firdaus'' were huge popular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Shajan C. |date=2020-01-10 |title=തരംഗമായിരുന്ന തരംഗിണി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/indepth/k-j-yesudas-birthday/2020/01/09/80th-birthday-of-legendary-musician-k-j-yesudas13.html |access-date=2020-06-14 |language=ml |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614121801/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/indepth/k-j-yesudas-birthday/2020/01/09/80th-birthday-of-legendary-musician-k-j-yesudas13.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Shyama dharaniyil'' from the 1981 Malayalam movie [[Sanchari]] was the first recorded song in Tharangini studio, which was composed and sung by Yesudas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Shajan C. |date=2019-11-07 |title=ഒരു പിണക്കം സമ്മാനിച്ച സംഗീത സംവിധായകൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/features/2019/11/07/k-j-yesudas-musician.html |access-date=2020-06-14 |language=ml |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230184331/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/features/2019/11/07/k-j-yesudas-musician.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 1981, Tharangini released its first [[Cassette tape|audio cassette]], ''Classical Music Vol-1''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=S |first=Nandakumar |date=21 June 2021 |title=Classical Music Vol 1 Cassette Cover |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalmusicvol1 |website=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first [[filmi]] songs' audio cassette released by Tharangini was from the movie [[Chillu]].&lt;ref name='chillu'&gt;{{Cite web |last=S |first=Nandakumar |date=5 January 2021 |title=Chillu Cassette Cover |url=https://archive.org/details/ChilluCassette |website=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Yesudas initially started the studio at [[Chennai]] in 1977 by [[Lease|leasing]] a theater of Arunachalam Studio. Ameer and V. G. Balakrishnan were the recording engineers. The company started its functioning in its first studio at Vellayambalam, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] as Tharangini Studios and Records on 23 November 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;vgb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ravi |date=2025-06-09 |title=ആ പാട്ടുകൾക്ക് പിന്നിൽ ഇങ്ങനെയുമുണ്ട് ഒരാൾ |trans-title=Interview - Sound engineer VG Balakrishnan |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/articles-periodicals/sound-engineer-v-g-balakrishnan-ravimenon-03424 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also had a studio at [[Ernakulam]]. The studio had state-of-the-art Otari eight-track [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|tape machine]] and a two-track mastering system from [[Switzerland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=2019-04-25 |title='When a musician hits a false note, I will not compromise' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-conversation-with-composer-jerry-amaldev/article26941045.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083858/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-conversation-with-composer-jerry-amaldev/article26941045.ece |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-12 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Recordings were done at Thiruvananthapuram studio till 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmtharangni&quot; /&gt;<br /> In 1992 the office and studio were moved to Abhiramapuram, [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] due to [[Strike action|labor strike]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mmtharangni&quot; /&gt; It also started a voice mixing studio, ''Studio27'', at Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Without Barriers - K J Yesudas |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/jeyasudas/music-without-barrier.asp |access-date=2020-06-12 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908081732/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/jeyasudas/music-without-barrier.asp |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was incorporated at the [[United States]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THARANGNI, INC |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_fl/P98000055120 |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[OpenCorporates]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612152716/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_fl/P98000055120 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Profile==<br /> Primarily established as the first recording and distributing music label in Kerala for Malayalam films, it has in its credit number of audio albums mainly associated with [[K. J. Yesudas]]. Eugene Pereira was the first chief [[mixing engineer]]. V. G. Balakrishnan works between 1980 and 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;vgb&quot; /&gt; A. Karunakaran was the chief mixing engineer of the studio between 1985 and 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soman |first=Sandhya |date=2011-09-09 |title=Book on Yesudas tracks the men who made the star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Book-on-Yesudas-tracks-the-men-who-made-the-star/articleshow/9916686.cms |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030200112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Book-on-Yesudas-tracks-the-men-who-made-the-star/articleshow/9916686.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Composer [[Alleppey Ranganath]] joined Tharangini as staff music director and [[Lyrics|script]] [[wikt:scrutinise|scrutinising]] officer in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=2014-09-04 |title=Rewind to a versatile music maker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rewind-to-a-versatile-music-maker/article6379956.ece |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614121802/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rewind-to-a-versatile-music-maker/article6379956.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-10 |title='നൂറും കടന്ന് യേശുദാസ് പാടും'; മധുരം ഈ കുട്ടുകെട്ട്; ഒാർത്തെടുത്ത് ആലപ്പി രംഗനാഥ് |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2020/01/10/alleppy-ranganath-about-kj-yesudas.html |access-date=2020-06-14 |language=ml |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614121803/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2020/01/10/alleppy-ranganath-about-kj-yesudas.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Satheesh Sathyan, son of actor [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], was the manager of Tharangini from 1982 to 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-11 |title=യേശുദാസിന്റെ മനസ്സിൽ എന്നുമൊരു മുറി; സത്യന്റെ മകനു വേണ്ടി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2020/01/11/satheesh-sathyan-and-kj-yesudas.html |access-date=2020-06-14 |language=ml |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809050659/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2020/01/11/satheesh-sathyan-and-kj-yesudas.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sound design]]er [[Renganaath Ravee]] was also worked as a sound recordist here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Aswathy |date=2019-08-14 |title=The Renganaath Ravee Interview: 'Background Music Should Not Be Used To Eliminate Silence In Films' |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/the-renganaath-ravee-interview-background-music-should-not-be-used-to-eliminate-silence-in-films/ |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=Silverscreen India |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083858/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/the-renganaath-ravee-interview-background-music-should-not-be-used-to-eliminate-silence-in-films/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[Cassette tape|cassettes]] (the primary medium for music before [[digital revolution]]), produced by Tharangini, containing light songs, used to be sold just as those featuring film songs in the 1980s and 90s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2016-03-06 |title=His music reverberates across generations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/his-music-reverberates-across-generations/article8319786.ece |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083913/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/his-music-reverberates-across-generations/article8319786.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tharangini paved way for the most melodious period for non-film music in Malayalam. Now it continues to produce and present events of K. J. Yesudas both for film and [[Indian classical music]] concerts throughout the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;onam&quot; /&gt; Most of Tharangini's cassette covers features the snaps clicked by photographer R. Gopalakrishnan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Harikumar |first=J. S. |date=17 April 2019 |title=R Gopalakrishnan's love for collecting film stills |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/veteran-photographer-r-gopalakrishnans-love-for-collecting-film-stills-has-helped-him-gather-close-to-4-lakh-photographs/article26864115.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Composer [[Mohan Sithara]] used to play violin and conduct orchestra at Tharangini for composers like [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]], [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]].&lt;ref name='ms' /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Releases==<br /> ===Festival releases===<br /> During 1980s and 90s, songs like ''Shraavana chandrika'', ''Valamipiri shankhil'', ''Ennum chirikkunna'', ''Maamaankam palakuri''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=അന്ന് അവർ പറഞ്ഞു: രവീന്ദ്രൻ മാഷ് കോപ്പി അടിച്ചു |trans-title=Someone said that music director Raveendran copied |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/03/03/someone-said-that-music-director-raveendran-copied.html |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[etc.]] were brought out by Tharangini Records and became best-sellers. “More than 5 lakh cassettes of 'Ulsava Ganangal Vol. 1' were sold shortly after Tharangini released it in 1983,” recalls [[Sreekumaran Thampi]], who wrote all the songs of the album. ''Ennum chirikkunna'', from the album composed by [[Raveendran]], remains one of the greatest light songs of all time in Malayalam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=11 July 2016 |title=A melodious half-century of a veteran |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/A-melodious-half-century-of-a-veteran/article14483320.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Composer [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]] used to sing it as a student. “It is an astonishing composition; it certainly is not easy to tune such a song in raga [[Mohanam]]”, he says.&lt;ref name=&quot;onam&quot; /&gt; ''Uthradapoonilave vaa'', another track from the album, gained huge popularity among [[Malayali|Keralites]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hemachandran |first=Sruthi |date=2020-08-31 |title=Onam 2020: Top 5 Must Listen Songs If You Are Badly Missing The Grand Celebrations This Year! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2020/onam-2020-top-5-must-listen-songs-if-you-are-badly-missing-the-grand-celebrations-this-year/articlecontent-pf314261-303292.html |access-date=2020-09-14 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon Tharangini brought out two other winners, 'Ganolsavam' and 'Vasantha Geethangal'. 'Ganolsavam' contained ''Shraavana chandrika'', penned by [[O. N. V. Kurup]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=14 February 2016 |title=His songs are for ever |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/his-songs-are-for-ever/article8235747.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; composed by [[Jerry Amaldev]] and rendered by Yesudas, &quot;is one of the finest songs in Malayalam on night and its irresistible beauty&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2014-04-15 |title=Seasons could not wither his snow-fresh songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/seasons-could-not-wither-his-snowfresh-songs/article5914258.ece |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083900/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/seasons-could-not-wither-his-snowfresh-songs/article5914258.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The highlight of 'Vasantha Geethangal', written by [[Bichu Thirumala]] and composed by Raveendran, was ''Valampiri shankhil'' and &quot;it had Yesudas at his best. It is the golden standard of singing&quot;, says Sreevalsan.&lt;ref name=&quot;onam&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2016-09-16 |title=Onam was about melody too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/Onam-was-about-melody-too/article14637479.ece |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083902/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/Onam-was-about-melody-too/article14637479.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Composer [[Sharreth]] recalls his memories, “Growing up in Kollam, I used to wait impatiently for the latest Onam cassette from Tharangini. Often the wait would be long, for the cassettes would be sold out in no time. I still remember the excitement with which I listened to the songs of 'Ulsava Ganangal Vol. 1' at Lakshmi Musical in [[Kollam]]”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2021-08-20 |title=When YouTube calls the ‘tune’ with Onam songs for Malayalis across the globe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-youtube-calls-the-tune-with-onam-songs-for-malayalis-across-the-globe/article36022525.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820190944/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-youtube-calls-the-tune-with-onam-songs-for-malayalis-across-the-globe/article36022525.ece |archive-date=2021-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tharangini was the first studio or label to release a set of songs every year for [[Onam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=ഓണപ്പാട്ടുകളുടെ കാസറ്റ് കാലം ഓർമ്മകളിൽ; വരുന്നൂ എ ഐ പാട്ടുകാലം |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/entertainment/music/1137840 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; “The first album that came under the label ‘Onappattukal Vol. 1’ was released in 1981. It had songs, written by O. N. V. Kurup and composed by Alleppey Ranganath, all sung by Yesudas himself. It was an Onam gift from the maestro,” says music critic T. P. Sasthamangalam. &quot;One of the evergreen albums from Tharangini was 'Ulsava Ganangal Vol. 1', which had Sreekumaran Thampi writing the lines for Raveendran’s music and sung by Yesudas. ''Uthradapoonilave vaa'', ''Ennum chirikkunna sooryante'', ''Paayippaattaattil vallamkali'' and ''Oru nullu kaakkapoo'' were immortal songs in this collection. Every year, this album of Onam songs, written and composed by great lyricists and music directors, was much awaited by music lovers. In 1986, 'Aavanippookkal’ was a record-breaking album that had lyricist [[Yusufali Kechery]] teaming up with composer [[M. S. Viswanathan]]&quot;, adds the critic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=28 August 2020 |title=How Kerala is on song during Onam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/malayalam-songs-that-evoke-onam-in-every-keralite/article32466246.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915194320/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/malayalam-songs-that-evoke-onam-in-every-keralite/article32466246.ece |archive-date=15 September 2020 |access-date=22 February 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yesudas occasionally sings the song ''Thulasi krishnathulasi'' from 'Aavanippookkal' towards the end of his classical concerts. The eleven songs written by Yusufali Kechery and composed by [[Vidyadharan]] for the album 'Raaga Tharangini' turned superhits, among which the songs ''Amavaasi naalil'' and ''Ninmeni nenmeni vaakapoovo'' become classics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=26 March 2015 |title=Connoisseur of words |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/connoisseur-of-words/article7031785.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Compositions by N. P. Prabhakaran for the albums 'Ponnona Tharangini Vol. 3' (1994), 'Ponnona Tharangini Vol. 4' (1995), 'Shravana Sangeetham' (1995) were also popular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Aneesh |date=2023-03-13 |title=തരംഗിണിയുടെ ഓണപ്പാട്ടുകാരന്‍ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/songs-of-late-music-director-np-prabhakaran-tharangini-music-1.8387655 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 2022 Tharangini released a [[Single (music)|single]], ''Ponchingatheru'', an Onam festival song from the studio after the album 'Kudamullappoo' (2003), which was released 19 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=Celebrate the spirit of Onam with these songs |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2022/09/08/onam-spirit-songs-malayaleess-k-s-chithra-yesudas.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=‘പൊൻചിങ്ങത്തേരു’മായി തരംഗിണി വീണ്ടും; 18 വർഷങ്ങളുടെ ഇടവേള |trans-title=Tharangini with ''Ponchingatheru'': 18 years gap |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2022/09/01/Tharangini-onam-song-launch.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[Manorama News]] |language=Malayalam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Lakshmi |date=2022-09-04 |title=തരംഗിണിക്ക് പാടാനുണ്ടേറെ, പറയാനും; ഓണപ്പാട്ടിൽ താളം തുള്ളിച്ച് ഗന്ധർവഗായകൻ വീണ്ടും! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2022/09/03/nandhu-kartha-opens-up-about-the-tharangni-new-onam-special-song.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023 [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] penned another song for Tharangini after long 31 years for ''Ponnona Thalam'', an Onam single, composed by Salgin Kalappura and sung by Yesudas and [[Shweta Mohan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=പൊന്നോണ താളമായി ഓണപ്പാട്ട് |url=https://www.thefourthnews.in/entertainment/k-j-yesudas-and-swetha-mohan-onam-song-2023-ponnona-thaalam |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=The Fourth News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Devotional releases===<br /> Tharangini released devotional songs on various religious occasions each year. 'Ayyappa Songs', 'Ganga Theertham', 'Thulasi Theertham' and 'Mayilpeeli' were such albums which became biggest hits in devotional cassette sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=2012-08-23 |title=Devoted to devotionals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/devoted-to-devotionals/article3811627.ece |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083858/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/devoted-to-devotionals/article3811627.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Shajan C. |date=2020-01-10 |title=ജയന്റെ വിഷാദം സംഗീതം കൊണ്ട് മാറ്റിയ യേശുദാസ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/indepth/k-j-yesudas-birthday/2020/01/09/80th-birthday-of-legendary-musician-k-j-yesudas7.html |access-date=2020-06-12 |language=ml |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083900/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/indepth/k-j-yesudas-birthday/2020/01/09/80th-birthday-of-legendary-musician-k-j-yesudas7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tharangini's [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]] devotional songs were popular in south India because each albums were released in four south Indian languages, [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]]. Among them 'Ayyappa Devotional Songs Vol. 6' (1986) became huge success and popular in all languages. All the songs were penned by [[Chowallur Krishnankutty]], composed by [[Gangai Amaran]] and sung by Yesudas were hits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayyappadas |first=P. |date=2022-12-06 |title=അയ്യനു മുന്നിലുണരുന്ന ഭക്തിയുടെ ഉഷസ്സ്; അതിലുദിക്കുന്ന ഊർജം: ആ പാട്ടിന്റെ കഥ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/features/2022/12/06/story-about-tharanginis-ayyappa-songs-and-chovvalloor.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Chowalloor Krishnankutty: ഉദിച്ചുയർന്നു…: ഓർമ്മയായത് മലയാളികൾ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ കേട്ട അയ്യപ്പ ഗാനങ്ങളുടെ സൃഷ്ടാവ് |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/art-culture/story/farewell-creator-most-listened-ayyappa-songs-418114-2022-06-27 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mappila songs]], including folk and devotional, were confined to certain Muslim pockets in the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region, but with the arrival of [[V. M. Kutty]] and his female singing partner [[Vilayil Faseela|Valsala]], these songs gained popularity, especially after Yesudas sung one of his numbers ''Samkritha Pamagari'' for the album 'Mylanchi Pattukal Vol. 1'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=V. M. |first=Sathish |date=2013-08-14 |title=78-year-old Kerala singer enthralls UAE audience |url=https://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/78-year-old-kerala-singer-enthralls-uae-audience-2013-08-14-1.517715 |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[Emirates 24/7]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083903/https://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/78-year-old-kerala-singer-enthralls-uae-audience-2013-08-14-1.517715 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Shajan C. |date=2020-01-10 |title=അവനെ ഞാൻ ഇന്നലെ മെരുക്കി, എന്നിട്ടാണ് ഉറങ്ങിയത്: അന്ന് യേശുദാസ് പറഞ്ഞത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/indepth/k-j-yesudas-birthday/2020/01/09/80th-birthday-of-legendary-musician-k-j-yesudas8.html |access-date=2020-06-12 |language=ml |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083908/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/indepth/k-j-yesudas-birthday/2020/01/09/80th-birthday-of-legendary-musician-k-j-yesudas8.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tharangini's Christian devotional songs are also popular which were also released in other south Indian languages. ''Yahoodiyayile Oru Gramathil'', written and composed by A. J. Joseph and sung by Yesudas remains one of the most popular Christian devotional songs. ''Rakshaka ente paapabhaaramellaam'', written by [[P. K. Gopi]] and composed by [[:ml:ടോമിൻ തച്ചങ്കരി|Tomin J. Thachankary]], from the Christian devotional album 'Vachanam' gained huge popularity after it was released by Tharangini (later released under Thachankary's own label Riyan Creations).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2016-12-24 |title=Songs that made Christmas sweeter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/Songs-that-made-Christmas-sweeter/article16938628.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222002832/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/Songs-that-made-Christmas-sweeter/article16938628.ece |archive-date=2020-12-22 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tharangini artists==<br /> These are some of the artists that collaborated with Tharangini Records frequently, other than Yesudas:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; text-align=center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15%;&quot;| Lyricists<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15%;&quot;| Composers<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15%;&quot;| Singers<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> * [[O. N. V. Kurup]]<br /> * [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]<br /> * [[Alleppey Ranganath]]<br /> * [[Chowallur Krishnankutty]]<br /> * T. K. R. Bhadran<br /> * [[Bichu Thirumala]]<br /> * [[S. Ramesan Nair]]<br /> * [[Kaithapram]]<br /> * [[Poovachal Khader]]<br /> * [[Yusufali Kechery]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Alleppey Ranganath]]<br /> * [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]<br /> * [[Raveendran]]<br /> * [[Vidyadharan]]<br /> * [[T. S. Radhakrishnan]]<br /> * [[K. G. Jayan]]<br /> * [[Berny-Ignatius]]<br /> * Fr. Justin Panakkal<br /> * [[Jerry Amaldev]]<br /> * [[V. M. Kutty]]<br /> * Kozhikode Aboobacker<br /> * Jerson Antony<br /> |<br /> * [[P. Susheela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ms&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2015-09-03 |title=A three-decade-old tryst with melody |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-threedecadeold-tryst-with-melody/article7609986.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825084442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-threedecadeold-tryst-with-melody/article7609986.ece |archive-date=2024-08-25 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[S. Janaki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ms&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[K. S. Chithra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Damodaran |first=Akhila |date=2016-03-24 |title=K S Chithra to Belt Out Her Old Hits This Sunday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/mar/24/k-s-chithra-to-belt-out-her-old-hits-this-sunday-915655.html |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612083902/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/mar/24/K-S-Chithra-to-Belt-Out-Her-Old-Hits-This-Sunday-915655.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sujatha Mohan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=2023-03-31 |title=Today's singers should learn from Sujatha: Mohan Sithara |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/03/31/sujatha-mohan-sithara-jayachandran-singer-turns-60-birthday-memories.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Vilayil Faseela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=K. Vilayil |first=Dhanya |date=2023-08-14 |title=മേൽവിലാസത്തിന്റെ പാതി നഷ്ടമാകുമ്പോൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/music/remembering-mappilappattu-singer-vilayil-fazeela-892661/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * S. Janakidevi<br /> * [[Vijay Yesudas]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Selected film albums==<br /> * [[Chillu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;chillu&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku]]&lt;ref name=&quot;mamatti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Audio CD |first=Malayalam |date=16 October 2020 |title=Kannettan, Mamatti, Manivathoor Audio CD cover |url=https://www.facebook.com/sangeethaganaga/photos/162085118896127 |website=[[Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nakhakshathangal]]&lt;ref name='chithra'&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=28 July 2013 |title=Kerala nightingale Chithra turns 50 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kerala-nightingale-chithra-turns-50/article4961238.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Panchagni]]&lt;ref name='chithra' /&gt;<br /> * [[Thalavattam]]<br /> * [[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;daisy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daisy Isabella soundtrack |url=https://yesudas.bandcamp.com/album/daisy-isabella-2 |website=Tharangni - [[Bandcamp]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Isabella (1988 film)|Isabella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;daisy&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Ennennum Kannettante]]&lt;ref name=&quot;mamatti&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;npm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Audio CD |first=Malayalam |date=1 July 2020 |title=NPM, PSA Audio CD cover |url=https://www.facebook.com/sangeethaganaga/photos/111716373933002 |website=[[Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;mamatti&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Neeyethra Dhanya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=20 March 2017 |title=Three decades of a timeless melody |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-decades-of-a-timeless-melody/article17546788.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nadodikkattu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;uok&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UOK, TT, NK Audio CD |url=https://avdigital.in/collections/audio-cd/products/unnikale-oru-kadhaparayam-thoovana-thumbikal-naadodikkattu-malayalam-film-songs |website=AVDigital.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Thoovanathumbikal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;uok&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;uok&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Dhwani]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dhwani&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Audio CD |first=Malayalam |date=15 October 2020 |title=Dhwani, Gandharvan Audio CD cover |url=https://www.facebook.com/sangeethaganaga/photos/161771378927501 |website=[[Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Njan Gandharvan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dhwani&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[His Highness Abdullah]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=His Highness Abdullah soundtrack |url=https://yesudas.bandcamp.com/album/his-highness-abdullah |website=Tharangni - [[Bandcamp]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bharatham]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharatham soundtrack |url=https://yesudas.bandcamp.com/album/bharatham |website=Tharangni - [[Bandcamp]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]&lt;ref name=&quot;npm&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Yoddha (1992 film)|Yoddha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoddha |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f4deec4f-bf32-4d21-8d1e-124d7b72ce1c |website=[[MusicBrainz]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]<br /> * [[Ghazal (1993 film)|Ghazal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Audio CD |first=Malayalam |date=3 November 2020 |title=Ghazal Audio CD back cover |url=https://www.facebook.com/sangeethaganaga/photos/168230084948297 |website=[[Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected discography==<br /> * Ayyappa Bhakthi Gaanangal (Vol 1 – 37)<br /> * Grameena Ganangal (Vol 1, 2)<br /> * Ulsava Ganangal (Vol 1 - 3)<br /> * Vishada Ganangal (Vol 1, 2)<br /> * Mylanchi Pattukal (Vol 1 - 5)<br /> * Sweet Melodies (Vol 1 - 5)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=27 February 2014 |title=Standing the test of time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/standing-the-test-of-time/article5732192.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Ganga Theertham (Vol 1, 2)<br /> * Thulasi Maala (Vol 1, 2)<br /> * Ponnona Tharangini (Vol 1 - 4)<br /> * Rasikapriya (Vol 1, 2)<br /> * Thalir Malyam (1979)<br /> * Onappattukal (1981)<br /> * Mappila Pattukal (1982)<br /> * Children's Songs (Vol 1, 2)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=9 April 2020 |title=Beating lockdown blues creatively |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/beating-lockdown-blues-creatively/article31300617.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Vasantha Geethangal (1984)<br /> * Ganolsavam (1984)<br /> * Bhava Geethangal (1984)<br /> * Prabhatha Geethangal (1984)<br /> * Gaanamalika (1984)<br /> * Parishudha Ganangal (1984)<br /> * Ayyappa Suprabhatham (1984)<br /> * Snehamalyam (1985)<br /> * Amrutha Geethangal (1986)<br /> * Aavani Pookkal (1986)<br /> * Thulasi Theertham (1986)<br /> * Ragatharangini (1987)<br /> * Asarmulla (1987)<br /> * Khalbinte Geethangal (1987)<br /> * Vellipparavakal (1987)<br /> * Aavani Thennal (1988)<br /> * Aavani Pookkuda (1988)<br /> * Snehadeepika (1989)<br /> * Aavani Poochendu (1989)<br /> * Sri Mookambikai Songs (1989) <br /> * Aavani Thaalam (1991)<br /> * Pavizhamalli (1992)<br /> * Aardra Geethangal (1993)<br /> * Hrudayanjali (1993)<br /> * Mayilpeeli (1988)<br /> * Om Gananaadham (1997)<br /> * Anuraga Manjari (1994)<br /> * Snehageethangal (1995)<br /> * Pranavam (1997)<br /> * Om Mahaganapathe (1995)<br /> * Pradakshinam (1996)<br /> * Vinayakam (1996)<br /> * Shravana Sangeetham (1996)<br /> * Aavani Ponpulari (1997)<br /> * Lailathul Khadar (1997)<br /> * Thiruvona Kaineettam (1998)<br /> * Harimurali (1998)<br /> * Astotharam (1998)<br /> * Poothiruvonam (1999)<br /> * Kasthoori Thilakam (2000)<br /> * Namaarchana (2000)<br /> * Ennum Ee Ponnonam (2001)<br /> * Kodi Archana (2001)<br /> * Pushpolsavam (2001)<br /> * Sree Chakkulathamma (2000)<br /> * Swami Suprabhatham (2001)<br /> * Ormikkan Omanikkan (2002)<br /> * Rudra Theertham (2002)<br /> * Souparnika Theertham (2002)<br /> * Kudamullappoo (2003)<br /> * Agrepashyami (2003) <br /> * Vande Mukundam (2003) - Collaborated with [[Satyam Audios]]<br /> * Rithu Geethangal (2004) - Collaborated with [[Satyam Audios]]<br /> * Geetha Pranamam (2004)<br /> * Nadhi (2004)<br /> * Navaganapathy (2004)<br /> * Swargappoovu (2004)<br /> * Kusruthi Kannan (2006)<br /> * Neelambari (2007)<br /> * Maaleyam (2007)<br /> * Thirumudippeeli (2012)<br /> * Ambalapuzhakannanu Paalpayasam (2013)<br /> * Ammathamburatti (2013)<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> *[[K. J. Yesudas discography]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.tharangni.com Official website]<br /> *[https://msidb.org/nonmovies.php?tag=Search&amp;director=Tharangini&amp;limit=243 Complete list of Tharangini Malayalam albums (non-movie)]<br /> * {{Facebook|TharangniMedia|Tharangni}}<br /> * {{Twitter|tharangni|Tharangni}}<br /> *{{YouTube|u=tharangni|Tharangni}}<br /> *[https://tharangni.bandcamp.com/music Tharangni - Bandcamp]<br /> <br /> {{Music industry}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> [[Category:Indian record labels]]<br /> [[Category:Record labels established in 1980]]<br /> [[Category:Record label distributors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian music record labels]]<br /> [[Category:Music companies of India]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memorial_of_Heo_Hwang-ok,_Ayodhya&diff=517402 2025-09-15T10:45:56Z

<p>LouieWebb342: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Monument in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br /> <br /> [[file:Suriratna_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|A commemorative [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 25.00 postage stamp on Princess Suriratna (Queen Heo Hwang-ok) was issued by India in 2019.]]<br /> [[file:Queen_Heo_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|A commemorative [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 5.00 postage stamp on Queen Heo Hwang-ok (Princess Suriratna) was issued by India in 2019.]]<br /> [[File:Queen_Suro_Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|Queen Heo Hwang-ok's tomb (Queen of King Suro) in Ghimhae, South Korea.]]<br /> <br /> A memorial of the Korean Queen [[Heo Hwang-ok]] is located in Ram Katha Park, near the [[Ram ki Paidi|ghat]]s, on [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu River]], in the holy Hindu city of [[Ayodhya]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The stone memorial, with an inscription of the legend of Queen Heo, sits inside a park. Planned upgrades featuring Korean and Indian architectural elements and landscaping, including a traditional pavilion, are expected to be completed in 2 years by the end of 2020 at the cost of INR 30 million.&lt;ref name=Upgrade1&gt;[https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2018/12/16/des6-korea-ayodhya%20memorial.html Work on Queen Heo Memorial in Ayodhya likely to be completed in 2 years], [[The Week (Indian magazine)]], 18 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Queen Heo's tomb is situated in [[Gimhae|Gimhae City]], [[South Gyeongsang Province]], South Korea.&lt;ref name=Upgrade1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{Anchor | History | Origin }}<br /> {{see also | Silk Road transmission of Buddhism | Korean Buddhism#origin | l2= Korean Buddhism | Indianisation | Culture of Korea}}<br /> <br /> Heo Hwang-ok is a legendary Queen, wife of [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya|King Suro]], and the first queen of [[Geumgwan Gaya]],&lt;ref name=Descendants&gt;Kim Choong Soon, 2011, Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea, AltairaPress, USA, Page 30-35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Descendants5&gt;''[http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T49/2039_002.htm No. 2039《三國遺事》CBETA 電子佛典 V1.21 普及版] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230845/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T49/2039_002.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}'', Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 49, CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripitaka V1.21, Normalized Version, T49n2039_p0983b14(07)&lt;/ref&gt; mentioned in the 13th-century chronicle ''[[Samguk Yusa]]''. She is said to have come to [[Geumgwan Gaya]] from Ayuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=[[Il-yeon]] (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung &amp; Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on speculative identification of Ayuta with Ayodhya because of phonetic similarities,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-46055285 The Indian princess who became a South Korean queen], 4 November 2018, [[BBC]]&lt;/ref&gt; she is asserted to be of Indian origin though the location of Ayuta is disputed by some scholars as the [[Ay dynasty|Ay kingdom]] (modern day Kanyakumari), a vassal to the Pandyas of Tamilakam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Skand R. Tayal |title=India and the Republic of Korea: Engaged Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGwwCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT23 |year=2015 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-317-34156-7 |page=23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2001, a Korean delegation, which included the [[North Korea]]n ambassador to India, inaugurated a memorial stone dedicated to her in Ayodhya.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm Korean memorial to Indian princess], 6 March 2001, [[BBC]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033057/http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/view.jsp?req_newsidx=219704 Legacy of Queen Suriratna], 6 Dec. 2016, [[The Korea Times]]&lt;/ref&gt; The legend of Queen Heo is inscribed on the stone memorial in Korean and English.&lt;ref name=Upgrade1/&gt; The park which surrounds the memorial is colloquial called ''&quot;Korea Park&quot;''.&lt;ref name=Upgrade1/&gt; The monument was built in Korean traditional style, using a 3m high and 7,500 kg heavy stone shipped from Korea. <br /> <br /> In March 2016, a 38-member South Korean delegation made a proposal to develop the memorial further. The proposal was accepted by the Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Akhilesh Yadav]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132456/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html |date=12 December 2019 }}, 1 March 2016, WebIndia123&lt;/ref&gt; In July, the two countries had signed an agreement regarding the ''Queen Suriratna Memorial Project'' to facilitate upgrade and expansion of the existing monument commemorating Princess Suriratna (Queen Heo Hwang-ok). The regional tourism office of India released {{INR}}30 million for the development of the memorial. It was decided that South Korean architects will survey the land, and prepare an action plan.&lt;ref name=Upgrade1/&gt; In May 2017, during the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit to [[Seoul]], a decision was taken to upgrade the monument as a joint project between India and [[South Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unravelling-the-ayodhyakorea-link/article7414110.ece Unravelling the Ayodhya-Korea link], 13 July 2015, [[The Hindu]]&lt;/ref&gt; On November 6, 2018 on the eve of [[Deepavali]] celebration, South Korea's First Lady [[Kim Jung-sook]] laid the foundation stone for the expansion and beautification of the existing memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UP's Faizabad district to be known as Ayodhya, says Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-s-faizabad-district-to-be-known-as-ayodhya-says-yogi-adityanath/story-YRLCIJwk8FUSN0X6a1jjjN.html |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=6 November 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Site for Heo Hwang-ok memorial in Ayodhya finalised |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/site-for-heo-hwang-ok-memorial-in-ayodhya-finalised/story-CqKFu8zTTjBNrL6O02o8JO.html |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=2 November 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since a large number of Koreans trace their ancestry to Heo Hwang-ok, hundreds of South Korean tourists visit Ayodhya every year to pay tributes to their Queen, especially around [[jesa]], in April.&lt;ref name=Upgrade1/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/why-60-lakh-koreans-consider-lord-rams-ayodhya-their-maternal-home_1862213.html/amp Why 60 lakh Koreans consider Lord Ram's Ayodhya their maternal home?], 4 March 2016, [[Zee News]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sister City Agreement between Ayodhya and Gimhae==<br /> Based on formal Korean Governmental approval, the Mayors of the City of &quot;[[Ayodhya]]&quot; in [[India]] and the City of &quot;[[Gimhae]]&quot; in [[South Korea]] also signed an International &quot;[[Sister City]]&quot; bond in March 2001 to formalise the relationship and encourage cultural and mutual development.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms South Korea's Ayodhya connection], 12 Sept. 2004, [[The Times of India]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * Tombs and memorials<br /> ** [[Tomb of Queen Consort of King Suro]], Heo Hwang-ok's tomb in Korea <br /> ** [[Preah Thong and Neang Neak]], similar in Cambodia <br /> ** [[Sri Lumay]], similar in Cebu city in Philippines<br /> <br /> * [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]<br /> ** [[Korean_Buddhism|Buddhism in Korea]]<br /> ** [[Hinduism in Korea]]<br /> <br /> * People<br /> ** [[Indians in Korea]]<br /> ** [[Koreans in India]]<br /> <br /> * Relations<br /> ** [[India–South Korea relations]]<br /> ** [[India – North Korea relations]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikivoyage-listing|Ayodhya}}<br /> * [http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Travel2/skyongsang/338 Tomb of Queen Suro] in the city of [[Gimhae]], [[South Korea]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ayodhya]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaattu_Vithachavar&diff=507222 2025-08-29T12:51:27Z

<p>LouieWebb342: redirect created</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Rajan case]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taramati&diff=457572 2025-08-03T18:50:37Z

<p>LouieWebb342: add references per standard format and improved wording based on references</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Shaivya (wife of Harishchandra)]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

LouieWebb342 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kajora_Area&diff=507477 2025-07-29T17:14:42Z

<p>LouieWebb342: new basic post v1 - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{about|the operational area of ECL in West Bengal, India|its namesake census town|Kajora|}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox mine<br /> | name = Kajora Area<br /> | image =<br /> | width =<br /> | caption =<br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br /> | pushpin_label = Kajora Area<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.632407|N| 87.171593|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | place = <br /> | owner = [[Eastern Coalfields|Eastern Coalfields Limited]]<br /> | official website = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/<br /> | acquisition year = <br /> | stock_exchange =<br /> | stock_code =<br /> | products = Non-coking coal<br /> | financial year =<br /> | amount = <br /> | closing year =<br /> }}<br /> '''Kajora Area''' is one of the 14 operational areas of [[Eastern Coalfields|Eastern Coalfields Limited]] located in [[Durgapur subdivision]] of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=350| height=250| zoom=12<br /> | coord={{coord|23|37|10|N|87|11|5|E}}| float=left|caption='''Collieries in the Kajora Area of Eastern Coalfields'''&lt;br/&gt;U: Underground Colliery, O: Open Cast Colliery, S: Mining support, A: Administrative headquarters&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|23|37|50|N|87|12|1|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Khas Kajora Colliery| numbered1=U| mark-title1= Khas Kajora Colliery (U)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|23|37|13|N|87|12|16|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Madhusudanpur Colliery| numbered2=U| mark-title2= Madhusudanpur Colliery (U)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|23|38|7|N|87|11|54|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Parascole Colliery| numbered3=U| mark-title3= Parascole Colliery (U)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|23|37|43|N|87|11|18|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Naba Kajora Colliery| numbered4=U| mark-title4= Naba Kajora Colliery (U)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|23|37|57|N|87|10|31|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Madhabpur Colliery| numbered5=U| mark-title5= Madabpur Colliery (U)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|10|36|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Jambad Colliery| numbered6=U| mark-title6= Jambad Colliery (U)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|23|35|54|N|87|10|53|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= ECL Kajora Hospital| numbered7=S| mark-title7= ECL Kajora Hospital (S)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|23|38|54|N|87|9|41|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=ECL Kajora Area Office | numbered8=A| mark-title8=ECL Kajora Area Office (A)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> The Kajora Area is located around {{coord|23.632407|N| 87.171593|E|region:IN|}}<br /> <br /> The Kajora Area is bounded by the [[Kenda Area]] on the north, [[Bankola Area]] on the east, [[Andal (community development block)|Andal]] CD Block on the south, and [[Kunustoria Area]] on the west.&lt;ref name=google&gt;Google maps&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajora_Area#/media/File:ECL_Area_Map.jpg| title = ECL Area Map | publisher = ENVIS Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | access-date = 18 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}<br /> <br /> The map alongside shows some of the collieries in the Area. However, as the collieries do not have individual pages, there are no links in the full screen map.<br /> <br /> ===Coal===<br /> As per the Shodhganga website, collieries in the Kajora Area are: Madhupur, Madhusudanpur, Nabakajora, Madhabpur, Parascole, Jambad, Khas Kajora, Lachipur, Ghanashyam and Central Kajora.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |title = Coalmining impact on the Environment |work = Chapter V: Table 5.2 | publisher= shodganga.infibnet | access-date = 18 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the Kajora Area in 2018 are: Central Kajora Colliery, Jambad OCP, Jambad UG, Khas Kajora Colliery, Lachipur Colliery, Madhusudanpur Colliery, Madhabpur Colliery, Naba Kajora Colliery and Porascole Colliery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/kajora.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work = Kajora Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 18 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:ECL Area Map.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Operational Areas of ECL (Source:[http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/Parascole_West_Colliery_06071999_9295.aspx ENVIS Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining])]]<br /> <br /> ==Mining plan==<br /> Cluster No. 10 is in the south-eastern part of [[Raniganj Coalfield]]. The mines within the cluster are situated towards east of [[Asansol]]. [[Damodar River]] flows south of the cluster at a distance of 2&amp;nbsp;km from the nearest mine Lachipur UG of the cluster. An overview of the proposed mining activity plan in ''Cluster 10'', a group of 19 mines in the [[Kunustoria Area]], [[Bankola Area]] and Kajora Area, as of 2015–16, is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://easterncoal.gov.in/notices/environment/20161208kunuskajobankoFormV.pdf| title = Environmental Statement for Cluster 10 Group of Mines| work = 2015–16| publisher = Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited| access-date = 29 August 2018| archive-date = 29 August 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110106/http://easterncoal.gov.in/notices/environment/20161208kunuskajobankoFormV.pdf| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 1. North Searsole open cast project, consisting of North Searsole underground mine, North Searsole (East) open cast patch and North Searsole (West) OC patch, with a combined peak annual capacity of 2.0 million tonnes, is expected to have a combined of 19 years. The two OC patches are expected to have expected life of 6–7 years. As of 2015–16, there was no production from the UG mine. Two OC patches were proposed to be worked within the existing leasehold of the mine. The proposed patches were to extract the developed and virgin reserves of top seams, namely Local Seam, Singran Seam, Kenda (top) and Kenda (bottom) seams.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 2. Kunustoria UG mine, with peak annual capacity of 0.24 mt, is expected to have life of over 25 years. In Kunustoria UG mine, extraction of coal was being carried out in the Kenda seam by the [[Room and pillar mining|board and pillar method]] where developed pillars were being depillared in conjunction with hydraulic sand stowing. Coal was loaded into tubs by SDLs. Loaded tubs are transported below ground by combination of tugger and endless haulages to feed the winding system installed at pits of Kunustoria UG unit for final transport to the surface.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 3. Amrasota UG mine, with peak annual capacity of 0.15 mt, is expected to have life of more than 25 years. In Amrasota Incline, Kunustoria seam was being worked under development phase where coal was loaded into tubs by SDLs. Subsequent to completion of development phase, it was envisaged to depillar the seam in conjunction with hydraulic sand stowing. Loaded tubs are transported below ground by the main haulage of the Incline of Amrasota Unit for final transport to the surface.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=550| height=400| zoom=11<br /> | coord={{coord|23|33|20|N|87|19|20|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern and eastern portions of Durgapur subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district'''&lt;br/&gt;MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, R: rural centre, A: airport, B: barrage, H: historical site&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1= {{coord|23|31|34|N|87|22|24|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Arra| numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Arra, Paschim Bardhaman|Arra]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|23|30|32|N|87|23|40|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gopalpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Gopalpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Gopalpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|23|30|4|N|87|21|48|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bamunara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bamunara, Paschim Bardhaman|Bamunara]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|23|27|58|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Amlajora| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Amlajora]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|23|27|40|N|87|27|45|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kanksa| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Kanksa]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|23|27|22|N|87|27|14|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Debipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Debipur, India|Debipur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|23|26|57|N|87|26|52|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Prayagpur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Prayagpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|18|N|87|12|28|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Siduli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Siduli]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|23|38|30|N|87|13|31|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Khandra| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Khandra]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|14|34|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ukhra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Ukhra]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|23|37|44|N|87|13|10|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Mahira| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Mahira]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|11|N|87|13|1|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Dakshin Khanda| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Dakshin Khanda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|23|36|51|N|87|8|51|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Kajora| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kajora]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|16|N|87|10|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Harishpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Harishpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|23|35|40|N|87|9|47|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Palashban| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Palashban]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|23|35|24|N|87|11|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Dignala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Dignala]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|6|N|87|11|7|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Andal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] (CT<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|23|34|30|N|87|10|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Baska| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Baska, Andal|Baska]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|23|33|54|N|87|17|38|E}} | label-pos19=right|label-color19=#800000| label19=Durgapur | numbered19=MC| mark-title19=[[Durgapur]] (MC)|shape-color19=#800000<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|23|27|7|N|87|28|6|E}} | label-pos20=right|label-color20=#C42222| label20= Panagarh | numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Panagarh]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|23|28|41|N|87|23|34|E}} | label-pos21=left|label-color21=#C42222| label21= Rajbandh | numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Rajbandh]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|23|38|54|N|87|9|41|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=ECL Kajora|labela22= Area Office | numbered22=0| mark-title22=ECL Kajora Area Office (A)|shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|23.619389|87.244333}}| label23= Kazi Nazrul|labela23= Islam Airport| label-color23 = #C42222 | label-angle23=0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=12|numbered23= A| mark-title23 = [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]]| shape-color23=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|23.474444|87.4275}}| label24= Panagarh Airport| label-color24 = #C42222 | label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=12| numbered24=A|mark-title24 =[[Panagarh Airport]]| shape-color24=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|23.4754|87.3023}}| label25= Durgapur|labela25= Barrage| label-color25 = #C42222 | label-angle25=0| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=12| numbered25=B|mark-title25 =[[Durgapur Barrage]]| shape-color25=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|23.5648|87.2367}}| label26= Durgapur|labela26= Steel |labelb26 =Plant| label-color26 = #C42222 | label-angle26=0| label-pos26=bottom| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|23.5386|87.2693}}| label27= Alloy|labela27= Steels |labelb27 =Plant| label-color27 = #C42222 | label-angle27=0| label-pos27=bottom| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|23.5186|87.2983}}| label28= Durgapur|labela28= Projects |labelb28 =Limited| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=bottom| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|23|36|29|N|87|27|13|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29=Gourangapur| numbered29=H| mark-title29= [[Gourangapur]] (H)| shape-color29=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|23.4984|87.2623}}| label30=Damodar River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=40| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}<br /> <br /> 4. Belbaid UG mine, consisting of Belbaid UG mine and Belbaid OC patch, with a combined peak annual capacity of 0.2 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. The OC patch will have expected life of 5 years. As of 2015–16, Belbaid UG mine was being obtained from Dobrana (R-V) seam workings. Development in Dobrana (R-V) seam was nearly complete and some of the panels had been depillared with stowing. Loaded tubs were transported below ground by a combination of tugger and endless haulages to feed the installed winding system for final transport to the surface. An OC patch was under operation within the limits of the colliery. At Belbaid colliery, reserves of Dobrana (R-V) seam were expected to last another 7 to 8 years. To replenish the exhaustion of production in time, it was considered necessary to plan and take advance action in this block by opening virgin Dhasul (R-IV) and Bamanbad (R-III) seams. The reserves were proposed to be extracted by stowing after developing the same.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 5. Bansra UG &amp; OC mine, consisting of Bansra UG mine and OC patch, with a combined peak annual capacity of 0.735 mt, will have expected life of over 25 years. The OC patch will have expected life of 1 year. As of 2015=16, Purandip/Jambad bottom seam (R-VIIIB) was being mined by the board and pillar method of working, through incline Nos. 3 &amp; 4, with SDL. Development of pillars was under progress. Kenda seam (R-VI) was being worked through A &amp; B pit unit and C pit unit by board and pillar development/depillaring using SDLs. In A&amp;B pit unit, depillaring with stowing was being done. In C pit unit, development was being done with SDLs. Coal from the underground coal face was hauled by combination of endless and tugger haulages to feed the winding system through which coal tubs were raised up to the surface.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 6. Parasea UG mine &amp; OC patch, consisting of Parasea UG mine and OC patch, with a combined peak annual capacity of 0.61 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. The OC patch will have expected life of 3 years. As of 2015–16, Kenda seam was being worked. Pillars were being developed in one part and were being depillared with stowing in the other part. Coal was being loaded both manually as well as by SDLs. Coal from the underground coal face was hauled by a combination of endless and tugger haulages to feed the winding system through which coal tubs were raised up to the surface. It had also been envisaged to exploit virgin Dobrana seam (R-V ) by deepening No.2 pit up to Dobrana seam, sinking a staple pit from Kenda seam to Dobrana seam and driving one drift from Kenda seam to Dobrana seam.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 7. Parasea 6 &amp; 7 UG mine, with a combined peak annual capacity of 0.06 mt, was expected to have a life of over 25 years. As of 2015–16, there was no production from the UG mine. &lt;br/&gt;<br /> 8. Jambad OC mine, with a peak annual capacity of 0.80 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. As of 2015–16,-R-VIII seam was being worked in the mine.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 9. Jambad UG mine, with a peak annual capacity of 0.24 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. As of 2015–16, R-VI seam was being mined both from development and depillaring panels. Depillaring (splitting as final operation) was being done with stowing. Coal from the underground coal face was hauled by a combination of haulages to feed the winding system through which coal tubs were raised to the surface.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 10. Nabakajora UG mine, with Madabpur UG mine (at sr. no. 11 below) has a combined peak annual capacity of 0.30 mt, is expected to have life of over 25 years. Nabakajora UG mine two units – Real Kajora (5&amp;6 pit) unit and 7&amp;8 pit unit. 1&amp;2 pit unit is being used only for pumping purpose. The mine is degree-II gassy mine. As of 2015–16, the Real Kajora (5&amp;6 pit) unit was working Sonachora (R-VIIIB) seam by manual board and pillar mining method. Depillaring with stowing is going on. The 7&amp;8 pit unit was also working Sonachora seam (R-VIIIB) by semi-mechanized board and pillar method with SDL. Only development work was going on. Coal from the underground coal face was hauled by a combination of haulages to feed the winding system through which coal tubs were raised up to the surface.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 11. Madhabpur UG mine, with Nabakajora UG mine (at sr. no. 10 above) has a combined peak annual capacity of 0.30 mt, is expected to have life of over 25 years. Madhabpur OC patch with a peak annual capacity of 0.50 mt, is expected to have a life of 15 years. Madhabpur UG mine was working Sonachora (R-VIIIB) seam by manual board and pillar method. About 50% of total property had already been caved, part of which had also been stowed. A small virgin area was being manually developed. The proposed OC patch planned to extract the virgin reserves of R-VIIIT seam, which was a developed seam. The proposed Nabakajora-Madhabpur project planned to work Kenda (R-VI) seam, thickness of which varies from 8 – 9 m. The only suitable method of work for extraction of this seam is by the board and pillar method with stowing in two sections.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 12. Lachipur UG mine, with annual p. ak capacity of 0.06 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. As of 2015–16, there was no production from the mine.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 13. Central Kajora UG mine, with annual capacity of 0.15 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. As of 2015–16, Lower Kajora (R-VIIIT) was being worked by mechanized board and pillar method, with deployment of SDLs. For development of Kajora (R-IX) seam, two pairs of rise drifts had been made from Lower Kajora (R-VIIIT) seam up to Kajora (R-IX) seam. Extraction of coal from R-IX seam was scheduled to begin soon. Coal from the underground coal face is hauled by a combination of haulages to feed the winding system through which coal tubs are raised up to the surface.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 14. Khas Kajora UG mine, with peak annual capacity of 0.35 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. In 2015–16, Khas Kajora UG mine was working on depillaring with sand stowing in R-VIII (T), R-VIII (B) &amp; R-VI seams. The Chora (R-VI) seam was being worked by manual board and pillar method with depillaring and stowing. The mine is a degree-II gassy mine.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 15. Moira UG mine, with an annual capacity of 0.06 mt, is expected to have life of over 25 years. In 2015–16, Moira UG mine was developing Jambad seam (R-VIII) by the board and pillar method with loading by SDLs.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 16. Madhusudanpur UG mine, with peak annual capacity of 0.24 mt, is expected to have life of over 25 years. In 2015–16, Madhusudanpur UG mine was working in Kajora (R-IX) seam by the board and pillar method with mechanized depillaring and caving. While pit no. 7 was utilized for man and material, the incline was used only for coal raising through belt conveyor. The mine is degree-I gassy mine.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 17. Madhujore UG mine, with peak annual capacity of 0.24 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. As of 2015–16, there was no production from the mine.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 18. Ghanshyam UG mine, with peak annual capacity of 0.24 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. As of 2015–16, there was no production from the mine.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> 19. Parascole East &amp; Parascole West UG mine, with peak annual capacity of 0.39 mt, is expected to have a life of over 25 years. As of 2015–16, the mine was working Jambad seam (R-VIII) by the board and pillar method with stowing, manually in the top section and by SDL in the bottom section. Coal from the underground coal face is hauled by a combination of haulages to feed the winding system through which coal tubs are raised up to the surface.<br /> <br /> ==Parascole West Colliery accident==<br /> Six persons were killed in an air blast accident on 6 July 1999 in Parascole West Colliery in Kajora Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/Parascole_West_Colliery_06071999_9295.aspx | title = Parascole West Colliery Air Blast Accident | publisher = Envis Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | access-date = 19 August 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Subsidence==<br /> Traditionally many underground collieries have left a void after taking out the coal. As a result, almost all areas are facing subsidence. As per CMPDIL, there were 13 points of subsidence in the Kajora Area involving 370.31 hectares of land.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf | title = Coal mining impact on the environment | work = Pages 78-81 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 18 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Migrants==<br /> Prior to the advent of coal mining, the entire region was a low-productive rice crop area in what was once a part of the [[Jungle Mahals]]. The ownership of land had passed on from local [[adivasi]]s to agricultural castes before mining started. However, the [[Santal people|Santhals]] and the [[Bauris]], referred to by the colonial administrators as &quot;traditional coal cutters of Raniganj&quot; remained attached to their lost land and left the mines for agricultural-related work, which also was more remunerative. It forced the mine-owners to bring in outside labour, mostly from Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. In time the migrants dominated the mining and industrial scenario. The pauperization and alienation of the adivasis have been major points of social concern.&lt;ref name=illegalmining1&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.academia.edu/3141696 | title = Unintended Collieries: People and Resources in Eastern India | first= Kuntala|last=Lahiri-Dutt | work= Resource Management in Asia-Pacific, Working Paper No. 44 | date=2003| publisher = RMAP Working Papers | access-date = 11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | title = Industrialisation and Emergence of Labour Force in Bengal during The Colonial Period: Its Socio-Economic Impact | first = Nirban | last = Basu | work = Vidyasagar University Journal of History | volume = 1 | date = 2012–13 | access-date = 11 August 2018 | archive-date = 17 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070651/http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> {{Andal–Sainthia branch line|collapse=yes}}<br /> The [[Andal–Sainthia branch line]] passes through this Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/andal-sainthia-memu-63531/18253/5/438 |title = 73531=&gt;63531 Andal-Sainthia MEMU |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 18 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Operational Areas of ECL}}<br /> {{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Coal mining operational areas in West Bengal]]</div>

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