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K. Lalrinfela

2026-05-08T13:33:13Z

LouJ11418910501:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = K Lalrinfela
| image = File:Lalrinfela Khiangte (Footballer).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Lalrinfela at the end of his debut ISL match at Kishore Bharati Krirangan Stadium in Kolkata on 21 September 2024
| fullname = Khiangte Lalrinfela
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|3|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hnahthial]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| height = 1.80 m
| position = [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|Attacking midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = 2015–2016
| youthclubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan U18]]
| youthyears2 = 2017–2019
| youthclubs2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru U18]]
| years1 = 2019–2020
| clubs1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| caps1 = 1
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2021–2022
| clubs2 = Ramhlun North
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022
| clubs3 = Ramkrishna Club
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2022
| clubs4 = Swaraj FC
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2022–2024
| clubs5 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps5 = 41
| goals5 = 3
| years6 = 2024–2025
| clubs6 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps6 = 11
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2025–
| clubs7 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| caps7 = 9
| goals7 = 1
| club-update = 22:53, 7 March 2026 (UTC)
}}

[[File:K Lalrinfela.jpg|thumb|K Lalrinfela, Indian footballer]]

'''Khiangte Lalrinfela''' (born 11 March 2000), commonly known by his nickname '''Mafela''', is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Odisha FC|Odisha]].

== Career ==
=== Early career ===
Born in [[Hnahthial]] ({{IPA|or|hnahˈthial||}}), [[Mizoram]], Mafela (Lalrinfela Khiangte)<ref>{{cite web|title= Instagram account|url=https://www.instagram.com/mafelaa/|access-date=14 September 2024|website=Instagram}}</ref> joined [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan Football Academy]] in 2015 after going through necessary trials conducted by the academy. After a year of staying in the academy, he looked for a seemingly better academy elsewhere hoping that further more improvements will come from such an academy. In 2017, he joined [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]] and stayed there till his graduation. He had played for [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru U18]]. He also participated in Subroto Cup, 2015 and B.C Roy Trophy as well as represented Mizoram in Santosh Trophy Qualifiers, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title= Profile of K Lalrinfela|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/65821?type=club|access-date=18 November 2022|website=the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= U18 Youth League: Bengaluru start their campaign with a big margin victory|url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2017/12/u18-youth-league-bengaluru-start-their.html?m=1|access-date=18 November 2022|website=gcsstars.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Bengaluru FC 'B' ready for inaugural season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-b-ready-for-inaugural-season/articleshow/61053522.cms|access-date=23 November 2022|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Lalrinfela came on and put out a composed performance|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/893827436256702466/photo/1|access-date=9 January 2024|website=twitter Bengaluru}}</ref>

=== Aizawl ===
Before joining [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] in 2022, Mafela had played for other football clubs such as Ramakrishna Club and Swaraj FC. In July 2022, he signed a two-year professional contract with [[Aizawl FC|The People's Club]] and wore the number 10 Jersey for [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]. He made his professional debut for [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] against [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] on 15 November, at the Rajiv Gandhi Stadium in Aizawl.<ref>{{cite web|title= Aizawl FC sign midfielder K Lalrinfela|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/aizawl-fc-sign-midfielder-k-lalrinfela|access-date=18 November 2022|website=arunfoot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Transfer update of midfield maestro - K Lalrinfela A.K.A Mafela|url=https://twitter.com/AizawlFC/status/1548323181370703873|access-date=18 November 2022|website=twitter.com}}</ref> He played for 90 minutes in the first match of the [[2022–23 I-League]] season and scored his debut professional goal at 48th minute and won the Hero of the Match Award.<ref>{{cite web|title= Player of the match|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14332|access-date=18 November 2022|website=i league official}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aizawl 1–1 TRAU|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/15/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/trau/3981588/|date=15 November 2022|access-date=17 November 2022|website=soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Aizawl FC settle for draw against TRAU FC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-aizawl-settle-for-draw-against-trau/articleshow/95539898.cms|access-date=23 November 2022|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref> Besides having scored one goal, Mafela has registered two assists to his name in the current 2022 I League, one against [[Sreenidi Deccan FC]] and another one against [[Mumbai Kenkre FC]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sreenidi, Aizawl share spoils despite late drama at the Deccan Arena|url=https://i-league.org/sreenidi-aizawl-share-spoils-despite-late-drama-at-the-deccan-arena/?fbclid=IwAR12H7qjoHmJfFKIKEJ9M7JVjE50YP3U2_ViUVrdXVNkdiFSmNrkjBfBH-Y|access-date=17 December 2022|website=i-League.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Sreenidi Deccan vs. Aizawl 3 – 3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/12/11/india/i-league/sreenidi-deccan/aizawl-fc/3981621/|date=11 December 2022|access-date=17 December 2022|website=soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aizawl vs Kenkre 4 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/12/17/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/kenkre-football-academy-fc/3981631/|date=17 December 2022|access-date=17 December 2022|website=soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aizawl FC rout Mumbai Kenkre FC to collect full points|url=https://i-league.org/aizawl-fc-rout-mumbai-kenkre-fc-to-collect-full-points/?fbclid=IwAR0KEmHA-qflLrdHCSouc9Y27qYd1Rmt75Um2UjsncYnUCFxbv7xH-QJ2LE|date=17 December 2022|access-date=19 December 2022|website=i-league.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Commentary on Aizawl FC vs Kenkre FC|url=https://www.espn.in/football/commentary?gameId=656099|date=17 December 2022|access-date=19 December 2022|website=espn.in}}</ref>

He sustained an injury to his foot in a match against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]] on 13 January 2023 and therefore missed the next two away matches - one against [[Sudeva Delhi FC]] on 16 January 2023 and another one against [[NEROCA FC]] on 21 January 2023.

Even though not being fully recovered from the injury, he appeared in the home match against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]] on 26 January 2023 where [[Aizawl FC]] won by one goal.

In the 2023-24 I-league season, he played 90 plus minutes in the first match of Aizawl FC for the season against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]] at Naihati Bankimanjali Stadium on 29 October 2023 and scored the lone goal for Aizawl.<ref>{{cite web|title= Mohammedan vs Aizawl FC|url=https://i-league.org/prodigal-mohammedan-sporting-do-enough-to-take-home-three-points/|access-date=14 November 2023|website=i-league official}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Mohammedan vs Aizawl FC|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/29/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/aizawl-fc/4258524/commentary/|access-date=14 November 2023|website=soccerway}}</ref> In the second match of the season on 7 November 2023 against [[Sreenidi Deccan FC]] at Deccan Arena, he registered an assist for his meticulous pass which was converted to alter the match's trajectory.<ref>{{cite web|title= Aizawl breach Sreenidi Deccan in their own den|url=https://i-league.org/aizawl-breach-sreenidi-deccan-in-their-own-den/?fbclid=IwAR1gZ5Qt-Y3yjM5AiaIMONObJKu9SC49eywi_7zsJJHeNWK4deNlzzRhN3Y|access-date=14 November 2023|website=i league official}}</ref> He made another assist in the 46th minute of the match against [[Delhi FC]] on 17 November 2023 at Rajiv Gandhi Stadium.
<ref>{{cite web|title= Aizawl FC vs Delhi FC|url=https://www.sofascore.com/team/football/aizawl-fc/212389|access-date=26 December 2023|website=sofascore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Aizawl FC vs Delhi FC|url=https://www.flashscore.com/match/0QyqI0CC/#/match-summary/match-summary|access-date=26 December 2023|website=flashscore.com}}</ref> He registered one more goal to his name in their home match against [[Namdhari FC]] on 21 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title= Aizawl FC had an easy outing on home ground|url=https://i-league.org/aizawl-fc-had-an-easy-outing-on-home-ground/?fbclid=IwAR0PXsclQOdRBAntbSE1YEvzBQzRmQNy1XvNHd4TZZqdeey0lIEjVZ6I4q8|access-date=21 November 2023|website=i league official}}</ref> In a crucial I-League encounter against [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] on Saturday, 16 December 2023, he executed a deceptive body feint to outmaneuver a Gokulam Kerala defender and sent a well-directed low cross into the box and registered an assist to his name one more time.<ref>{{cite web|title= Aizawl FC, Gokulam Kerala FC slug it out for a draw on the hills|url=https://i-league.org/aizawl-fc-gokulam-kerala-fc-slug-it-out-for-a-draw-on-the-hills/|access-date=21 December 2023|website=i league official}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Aizawl FC, Gokulam Kerala settle for a point|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-i-league-aizawl-fc-vs-gokulam-kerala-report|access-date=21 December 2023|website=khelnow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Gokulam Kerala hold Aizawl FC at home|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-gokulam-kerala-hold-aizawl-fc-at-home-shillong-lajong-beaten/articleshow/106058327.cms|access-date=21 December 2023|website=times of India}}</ref>

During the season of 2023-24, Aizawl FC played a total of 22 matches against other I-League clubs due to the cancellation by AIFF of their two home games against [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] and [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] because of the state of affairs in Manipur.<ref>{{cite web|title= AIFF cancel Aizawl FC's home games against TRAU and NEROCA|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-aizawl-fc-trau-neroca-manipur-violence-202404|access-date=28 August 2024|website=khelnow}}</ref> Mafela missed only one match of the season due to injuries and was in the squad for 21 matches and appeared in those 21 of 22 matches and set a record for the season as the player who made the greatest number of appearances. He also registered a record for making the greatest number of assists for [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] during the season with 4 assists.

=== Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) ===
[[File:K Lalrinfela (Mafela) Jersey No. 21.jpg|thumb|K Lalrinfela on the pitch for Mohammedan SC in an ISL match against FC Goa on 21 September, 2024]]
On 1 June 2024, Mafela signed for [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] on a three-year contract which came into force with effect from 1 July 2024 and shall remain in force for a period until 31 August 2027.<ref>{{cite web|title= Transfer of K. Lalrinfela to Mohammedan SC|url=https://x.com/MohammedanSC/status/1831965022735757741/photo/1|access-date=7 September 2024|website=x.com}}</ref> He wears Jersey number 21 for [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]. He made his professional debut for [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] in an [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) match against [[FC Goa]] at the [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan|Kishore Bharati Krirangan Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]] on 22 September 2024, which ended in a 1–1 draw even though [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] dominated the game for 94 minutes. He came on as a substitute for [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]] in the 69th-minute of the game and registered a passing accuracy percentage of 90.

=== Termination of the contract ===
A three-year contract signed between [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] and the player on 1st June, 2024 which covered from 1st July, 2024 to 31st August, 2027 was terminated with mutual consent with immediate effect on 11th March, 2025 at the initiative of the player with a just cause.

=== Odisha FC ===
He has signed a three-year contract, with an option to extend by an additional year, to be effective from 1st June, 2025 with [[Odisha FC]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Odisha FC welcomes the new midfield maestro - 𝗟𝗮𝗹𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗹𝗮, 𝙖𝙠𝙖 𝙈𝙖𝙛𝙚𝙡𝙖|url=https://x.com/OdishaFC/status/1933887475992412656/photo/1|access-date=15 June 2025|website=x.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Odisha FC signs midfielder Lalrinfela Khiangte|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/odisha-fc-transfer-news-lalrinfela-khiangte-contract-details/article69695318.ece|access-date=15 June 2025|website=sportstar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Lalrinfela aka Mafela has joined @OdishaFC on a 3+1 year deal|url=https://x.com/90rfootball/status/1933888913921233133|access-date=15 June 2025|website=90rfootball}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Khiangte joins Odisha FC from Mohammedan SC|url=https://x.com/footglobeindia/status/1933896785266946301/photo/1|access-date=15 June 2025|website=footglobeindia}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==

{{updated|7 March 2026}}<ref>{{soccerway|k-lalrinfela/882927}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="4"|League
!colspan="3"|Super Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="3"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|1||0||0||-||-||-||-||-||1||0||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|20||1||2||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[2023 Indian Super Cup]]}}||-||1||-||-||23||1||3
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2023–24 Aizawl FC season|2023–24]]}}
|21||2||4||0||—||—||—||—||21||2||4
|-
! colspan="2" |Aizawl total
!41!!3!!6!!3!!0!!1!!0!!0!!44!!3!!7
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[2024–25 Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) season|2024–25]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|11||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||11||—||—
|-
! colspan="2" |Mohammedan SC total
!11!!—!!—!!—!!—!!—!!—!!—!!11!!—!!—
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha FC]]
|[[2025–26 Odisha FC season|2025–26]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|9||1||3||—||—||—||—||—||9||1||3
|-
! colspan="2" |Odisha FC total
!9!!1!!3!!—!!—!!—!!—!!—!!9!!1!!3
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!62!!4!!9!!3!!0!!1!!0!!0!!65!!4!!10
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalrinfela, K}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC players]]

Ganesh (2009 film)

2026-05-07T20:38:46Z

LouJ11418910501: Created a post!

{{short description|2009 Telugu film directed by M. Saravanan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ganesh ... just Ganesh
| image = Ganesh Just Ganesh Poster HD.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]]
| producer = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]
| writer = M. Saravanan [[Abburi Ravi]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Ram Pothineni]] [[Kajal Aggarwal]] [[Poonam Kaur]]
| music = [[Mickey J Meyer]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|9|24}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
}}

'''''Ganesh ... just Ganesh''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic Drama|romantic drama]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]] in his directorial debut and produced by [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]. It stars [[Ram Pothineni]] as the title character alongside [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Poonam Kaur]]. The film also features 26 kids and comedian [[Brahmanandam]].

''Ganesh'' began its production in December 2008 and ended in August 2009. The film features music by [[Mickey J. Meyer]] while cinematography and editing are performed by [[Hari Anumolu]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] respectively. The film was theatrically released on 24 September 2009.

==Plot==
{{more plot|section|date=February 2022}}
Ganesh is an orphan who always pitches in to help needy people. In one such strange situation, he is forced to pretend to Divya that he loves her. Later on, she discovers that he loves her to fulfill another ambition and that his love is false. By then, Ganesh genuinely falls in love with her.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ram Pothineni]] as Ganesh
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Divya
* [[Poonam Kaur]] as Deepa
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Mahadev
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Yadagiri
* [[Rashmi Gautam]] as Archana
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Ganesh's father
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Divya's father
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Lakshmi, Ganesh's mother
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Savitri, Divya's mother
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Kasturi Venkataraman, Divya's aunt
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Srinivas, Divya's uncle
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as Aravind, Divya's brother
* Surekha Vani as Divya's sister-in-law
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Mahadev's henchman
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Apparao
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Prakash
* [[Rajitha]]
{{colend}}

== Production and release ==
The film began its production in December 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2008 |title=Muhurat of Ram's film with Kajal Agarwal |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-ram-saravanan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611075817/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-ram-saravanan.html |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=8 January 2011 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> and ended in August 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2009 |title=Ganesh (just Ganesh...) press meet |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-ganesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611080725/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-ganesh.html |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=8 January 2011 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''Ganesh'' released theatrically on 24 September 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 September 2009 |title=Ganesh Movie Review - Ram, Kajal |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/G/Ganesh/Ganesh_review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929120352/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/G/Ganesh/Ganesh_review.html |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=123telugu.com}}</ref>

The film was later dubbed into Hindi as ''Kshatriya: Ek Yoddha'' in 2011.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ganesh Just Ganesh
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J Meyer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2009|9|10}}
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:00
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =[[Mickey J Meyer]]
| prev_title = [[Cheluvina Chilipili]]
| prev_year =2009
| next_title = [[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]
| next_year =2010
}}
The soundtrack of the film was released on 10 September 2009. It had music scored by composer, [[Mickey J Meyer]]. Lyrics have been written by Ramajogaiah Sastri. The music was launched at Rama Naidu studios by [[Jr. NTR]].<ref name="idle">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2009 |title=Ganesh (just Ganesh...) music launch |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-ganesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611075857/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-ganesh.html |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=8 January 2011 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 28:00
|headline = Track-List
| title1 = Thanemando| extra1 = [[Javed Ali]]| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Lalla Lai | extra2 = Krishna Chaitanya, [[Shweta Pandit]] | lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]| length2 = 4:42
| title3 = Yele Yele | extra3 = [[Srimathumitha]]| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry | length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Raja Kumari | extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Srimathumitha | lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry| length4 = 4:36
| title5 = Chalo Chalore | extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & Kids Chorus| lyrics5 = Ramajogayya Sastry | length5 = 4:53
| title6 = Raja Maharaja | extra6 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]] | lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry| length6 = 4:51
}}

==Reviews==
Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called it a "fun" film, and wrote: "This movie harks back to the days of good ol' movies like [[The Sound of Music (film)|''The Sound of Music'']]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=24 September 2009 |title=Review: Ganesh is fun |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-ganesh/20090924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217213538/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-ganesh/20090924.htm |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=Rediff}}</ref> On performances, [[Mallemala Entertainments|''123telugu.com'']] stated: "Ram is the main attraction of the movie and he delivers a sincere performance as Ganesh.”<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1579544}}

{{M. Saravanan (film director)}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mickey J Meyer]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic comedy films]]

Anushka Sen

2026-05-07T17:09:00Z

LouJ11418910501: new!

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2002)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anushka Sen
| image = Anushka Sen snapped at Amazon Prime Video India's announcement slate 2024.jpg
| caption = Sen in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi, Jharkhand]], India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[Ryan International School]]
* Thakur College of Science and Commerce}}
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Baalveer]]''|''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2019 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11|Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''|''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]''}}
| website =
}}

'''Anushka Sen''' (born 4 August 2002) is an Indian actress. She is well-known for her work in ''[[Baalveer]]'', ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2019 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]'', ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]'', and ''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]''.

==Early life==
Anushka Sen was born on 4 August 2002,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2021 |title=Anushka Sen celebrates 19th birthday in Udaipur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/anushka-sen-celebrates-19th-birthday-in-udaipur-parents-gift-her-watch-worth-rs-50k-1836563-2021-08-04 |access-date=9 December 2021 |work=India Today}}</ref> in [[Ranchi]] in a Bengali [[Baidya]] family,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anushka Sen Biography: Everything about the social media influencer and the youngest contestant of Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/anushka-sen-biography-age-net-worth-early-life-education-mother-family-and-photo-rc1020944 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=jagrantv }}</ref> and later moved to [[Mumbai]] along with her family. She studied at [[Ryan International School]], [[Kandivali]], and scored 89.4% in the higher secondary education CBSE board exams as a commerce student.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anushka Sen secures 89.4% in CBSE 12th standard exams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baalveer-actress-anushka-sen-secures-89-4-in-cbse-12th-standard-exams/articleshow/76950076.cms |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=14 July 2020 }}</ref> Later, she pursued a degree in filmography at Thakur College of Science and Commerce, [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patowari |first1=Farzana |title=Anushka Sen: It has resolved my attendance issues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/online-classes-come-to-the-rescue-of-these-student-tv-actors/photostory/80453353.cms?picid=80453569 |access-date=5 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=26 January 2021 }}</ref>

==Career==
Sen began her career as a child actor in 2009 with [[Zee TV]]'s serial ''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''. In the same year, her first music video ''Humko hai Aasha'' was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2020 |title=Securing 89.4% in CBSE 12th grade to doing an ad with 'chachu' MS Dhoni; a look at lesser known facts about Baalveer's Anushka Sen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/securing-89-4-in-cbse-12th-grade-to-doing-an-ad-with-chachu-ms-dhoni-a-look-at-lesser-known-facts-about-baalveers-anushka-sen/photostory/76978824.cms |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=The Times of India }}</ref>

In 2012, she became popular for playing the character of Meher in [[Sab TV]]'s ''[[Baalveer]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |editor-last=Tripathi |editor-first=Anuj |title='बालवीर' की छोटी बच्ची हो गई इतनी ग्लैमरस, PHOTOS देख पहचानना मुश्किल |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/television/anushka-sen-the-little-girl-of-baalveer-has-become-so-glamorous-difficult-to-recognize-by-photos |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=Zee News}}</ref> In 2015, she appeared in the Bollywood film ''[[Crazy Cukkad Family]]''.

She has acted in TV serials ''[[Internet Wala Love]]'' and ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''. She also appeared in the period drama film ''Lihaaf: The Quilt'', and acted in a short film ''Sammaditthi''. She has also appeared in several music videos.

She is known for playing the historical character Manikarnika Rao a.k.a. [[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmi Bai]] in the 2019 series [[Jhansi Ki Rani (2019 TV series)|''Khoob Ladi Mardaani – Jhansi Ki Rani.'']]<ref name="toi7Jan2019" /> In 2020, she was a lead in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]'' but left after three weeks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |date=8 November 2020 |title=Anushka Sen replaced in 'Apna Time Bhi Aayega' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anushka-sen-replaced-in-apna-time-bhi-aayega-while-producers-cite-unprofessionalism-actress-claims-she-quit-on-health-grounds/articleshow/79078896.cms |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2021, she entered the stunt-based reality TV show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]'' and was eliminated in the seventh week.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Anushka Sen gets eliminated from KKK 11, says lasting for 7 weeks is big |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/anushka-sen-gets-eliminated-from-kkk-11-says-lasting-for-7-weeks-is-big-1847093-2021-08-30 |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=India Today |date=30 August 2021}}</ref> She was the youngest contestant to appear on this show.<ref>{{cite news |title=List of KKK 11 contestants |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-nikki-tamboli-rahul-vaidya-abhinav-shukla-anushka-sen-divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-arjun-bijlani-mahel-chahl-sana-makbul-khatron-ke-khiladi-11-confirmed-contestants-list-2889141/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-2889142 |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=DNA India |date=6 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2023, she was appointed as the Honorary Ambassador of [[Korea Tourism Organization|Korean Tourism]]. She is also shooting for her first [[Cinema of Korea|Korean film]], titled ''Asia''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anushka Sen's upcoming korean project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/korean/anushka-sen-i-feel-grateful-that-i-am-being-recognised-as-the-bridge-between-india-and-korea/articleshow/105020073.cms |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=6 November 2023}}</ref>

In 2024, she starred as Asmara in [[Amazon Prime Video]]'s teen drama ''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=Anushka Sen On Playing Asmara In Dil Dosti Dilemma And Show's Success |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/anushka-sen-on-playing-asmara-in-dil-dosti-dilemma-and-show-success-3-generations-are-watching-exclusive-article-109889420 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> She will next be seen in [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]'s musical drama series ''[[Hai Junoon!|Hai Junoon! Dream. Dare. Dominate.]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=After Kill Dill Anushka Sen Returns To Screens With Hai Junoon! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/after-kill-dill-anushka-sen-returns-to-screens-with-hai-junoon-1876650 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 May 2025}}</ref>

In March 2025, she starred in the webseries ''Kill Dill – The Heartbreak Club'' and played a bold character who tries solving mystery of her sister's disappearance while going through the dark secrets of the college. She was also featured in the soundtrack.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shaan talks composing songs for first time for OTT show Kill Dil: "I'm excited to get the youths' reaction to the music"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shaan-talks-composing-songs-first-time-ott-show-kill-dil-im-excited-get-youths-reaction-music|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=28 March 2025|accessdate=18 November 2025}}</ref> In November, she started her career in the music by releasing her debut single "Chameleon", produced by [[Ken Lewis (musician)|Ken Lewis]]. The track was recorded earlier during her U.S. tour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/anushka-debut-single-chameleon-ken-lewis-1236582962|title=Anushka Sen to Launch Music Career With Debut Single 'Chameleon', Produced by Two-Time Grammy Winner Ken Lewis (EXCLUSIVE)|author=Naman Ramachandran|date=16 November 2025|accessdate=18 November 2025|work=Variety}}</ref>


==Filmography==
[[File:Anushka Sen at the launch of Mast Nazron Se, 2022.jpg|thumb|Sen in 2022]]

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
!Notes
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| 2015
| scope="row" | ''[[Crazy Cukkad Family]]''
| Unnamed
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Pooja |title=Film Review: Even decent performances fail to save 'Crazy Cukkad Family's not so crazy plot! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-even-decent-performances-fail-to-save-crazy-cukkad-family-s-not-so-crazy-plot-2053056 |access-date=8 April 2021 |work=DNA India |date=16 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| scope="row" | ''Lihaaf: The Quilt''
|Young [[Ismat Chughtai]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Lihaaf' wins international acclaim with an award in US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/lihaaf-wins-international-acclaim-with-an-award-in-us/articleshow/70920466.cms |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=31 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Sammaditthi''
|Bittu
|[[Short film]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sammaditthi – Ft Anushka Sen {{!}} Father & Daughter {{!}} Award Winning Hindi Short Film {{!}} Six Sigma Films |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8UICvrAVg8 |work=Youtube | date=28 December 2019 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Am I Next]]''
|Honey
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=ZEE5 announces direct-to-digital release of 'Am I Next' |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-zee5-announces-direct-to-digital-release-of-am-i-next-225994 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
!Notes
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| 2009
| scope="row" |''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''
|Misti
|
|<ref name="parvati, ghar ghar">{{cite news |title=Child actress Anushka Sen aka Parvati of Mahadev is a diva now; a look at her grown-up picture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/remember-these-famous-child-actors-they-have-grown-up-to-be-hotties/child-actress-anushka-sen-aka-parvati-of-mahadev-is-a-diva-now-a-look-at-her-grown-up-picture/photostory/64899408.cms? |access-date=8 April 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2011
| scope="row" |''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| Child [[Parvati]]
|
|<ref name="parvati, ghar ghar" />
|-
|2012
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
|Unnamed
|Season 1; Episode 13
|
|-
| 2012–2016
| scope="row" | ''[[Baalveer]]''
| Meher Dagli / Baal Sakhi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhopatkar |first1=Tejashree |title=Anushka Sen to join Shama Sikander and Karishma Tanna in Baal Veer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anushka-sen-to-join-shama-sikander-and-karishma-tanna-in-baal-veer/articleshow/16408106.cms |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Ke Mahabali]]''
|Child comedian
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Comedy Nights Bachao|Comedy Nights Bachao Taaza]]''
|Child comedian
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2018
| scope="row" |''[[Internet Wala Love]]''
| Diya Verma
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Anushka Sen is currently working in Internet wala love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-siddharth-nigam-jannat-zubair-rehmani-to-avneet-kaur-young-brigade-take-over-tv/photostory/66639384.cms?picid=66639388 |access-date=8 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| scope="row" | ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2019 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
| Manikarnika "Manu" Rao
|
|<ref name="toi7Jan2019">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2019 |title=Anushka Sen to play the title role in 'Jhansi Ki Rani' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anushka-sen-to-play-the-title-role-in-jhansi-ki-rani/articleshow/67418184.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| scope="row" | ''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]''
| Rani Singh Rajawat
|18 episodes
| |<ref>{{Cite web |title='अपना टाइम भी आएगा' से अनुष्का सेन की हुई छुट्टी, निर्माताओं ने लगाया गैर पेशेवराना व्यवहार का आरोप |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/anushka-sen-has-remove-from-the-show-apna-time-bhi-aayega-after-her-unprofessional-behavior |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| scope="row" | ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''
| Contestant
|9th place
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patowari |first1=Farzana |title=Exclusive! Anushka Sen is mentally preparing herself to participate in Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-anushka-sen-is-mentally-preparing-herself-to-participate-in-khatron-ke-khiladi-11/articleshow/82276383.cms |access-date=29 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 April 2021 }}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2021
|''[[Crashh]]''
|Jia/Alia Mehra
|<ref>{{cite web |date=February 2021 |title=Alt Balaji and Zee5 series 'Crashh' teaser out |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/alt-balaji-and-zee5-series-crashh-teaser-out-681990 |access-date=2 February 2021 |publisher=India TV}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Swaanng''
|Muskaan
|<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2021 |title=Anushka Sen, Hiten Tejwani, Mansi Srivastava, Anurag Sharma to star in Swaanng |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/anushka-sen-hiten-tejwani-mansi-srivastava-anurag-sharma-to-star-in-swaanng-23165545 |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=Mid-Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2022 |title=Anushka Sen shares her thoughts on the scope of Digital media and OTT platforms – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-anushka-sen-shares-thoughts-scope-digital-media-ott-platforms/ |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]''
|Asmara
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title='Dil Dosti Dilemma': Prime Video's young adult series starring Anushka Sen to premiere on this date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dil-dosti-dilemma-prime-videos-young-adult-series-starring-anushka-sen-to-premiere-on-this-date/article68057143.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
|''[[Kill Dill|Kill Dill – The Heartbreak Club]]''
|Kisha
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kill Dill: Netizens Praises Anushka Sen's Mystery Thriller |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/kill-dill-netizens-praises-anushka-sens-mystry-thriller-says-cant-wait-to-watch-this-masterpiece-2878653.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hai Junoon!]]''
|Charulaxmi Iyer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Kill Dill Anushka Sen Returns To Screens With Hai Junoon!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/after-kill-dill-anushka-sen-returns-to-screens-with-hai-junoon-1876650 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Singer(s)
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| 2019
| scope="row" |"Gal Karke"
| [[Asees Kaur]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Song 'Gal Karke' Sung By Asees Kaur {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-gal-karke-sung-by-asees-kaur/videoshow/71439595.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2020
| scope="row" |"Superstar"
| [[Neha Kakkar]] and Vibhor Parashar
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Song 'Superstar' Sung By Neha Kakkar, Vibhor Parashar {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-superstar-sung-by-neha-kakkar-vibhor-parashar/videoshow/74709476.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |"Pyar Naal"
| Vibhor Parashar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2020 |title=Anushka Sen, Darsheel Safary Pyar naal: अनुष्का सेन और दर्शील सफारी को एक साथ देख कर फैंस हुए खुश |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/punjabi/video/anushka-sen-darsheel-safary-vibhor-parashar-ka-gana-pyar-naal-video-hit-punjabi-dj-song/306584 |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |"Meri Hai Maa"
|Tarsh
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| scope="row" |"Aaina"
| [[Monali Thakur]] and Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranajoy and Monali's duet 'Aaina' celebrates sibling love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/ranajoy-and-monalis-duet-aaina-celebrates-sibling-love/articleshow/77784576.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
| scope="row" |"Teri Aadat"
| Abhi Dutt
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch New Hindi Song Music Video – 'Teri Aadat' Sung By Abhi Dutt Featuring Siddharth Nigam And Anushka Sen {{!}} Hindi Video Songs – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-song-music-video-teri-aadat-sung-by-abhi-dutt-featuring-siddharth-nigam-and-anushka-sen/videoshow/81514505.cms |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |"Chura Liya"
| [[Sachet–Parampara]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch Latest Hindi Song Music Video – 'Chura Liya' Sung By Sachet And Parampara Featuring Himansh Kohli & Anushka Sen {{!}} Hindi Video Songs – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-song-music-video-teaser-chura-liya-sung-by-sachet-and-parampara-featuring-himansh-kohli-anushka-sen/videoshow/86914893.cms |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|"Choorha"
|Nikk
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|"Mast Nazron Se"
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=जुबिन नौटियाल- निकिता दत्ता ने लिए सात फेरे, 'Mast Nazron Se' गाना रिलीज |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/music/jubin-nautiyal-nikita-dutta-new-song-mast-nazron-se-video-is-out-now/videoshow/90567659.cms |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|"Is This That Feeling"
|[[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is This That Feeling sung by Shekhar Ravjiani starring Anushka Sen and Rishi Dev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-latest-hindi-song-music-video-is-this-that-feeling-sung-by-shekhar-ravjiani/videoshow/91609564.cms |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|"Teri Aadat 2"
|Abhi Dutt
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Anushka Sen and Siddharth Nigam: Teri Aadat 2 {{!}} Pinkvilla | date=6 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAywxROgDQA |access-date=2023-09-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teri Aadat 2 sung by Abhi Dutt starring Siddharth Nigam and Anushka Se |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/discover-the-new-hindi-music-video-for-teri-aadat-2-sung-by-abhi-dutt/videoshow/103046952.cms |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Popular Actress – Web
|''[[Crashh]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 21st ITA Awards |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=theita2021.com}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Series (Female): Comedy
|''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2024/vote#153 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6823298}}

{{Commons category|Anushka Sen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Anushka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Young People's Society of Christian Endeavour

2026-05-06T13:18:05Z

LouJ11418910501: adding new stub!

{{Short description|International Christian youth society}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
[[File:CE Logo.png|thumb|Original CE Logo]]
The '''Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor''' was founded in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], [[Maine]], in 1881 by [[Francis Edward Clark]], as an interdenominational Christian youth society encouraging them to "work together to know God in Jesus Christ". Operating internationally as '''World's Christian Endeavor Union''', the society's professed objective is "to promote an earnest [[Christianity|Christian]] life among its members, to increase their mutual acquaintanceship, and to make them more useful in the service of [[God]]."

==Formation==
[[File:Cherry Cottage Aylmer 1904.JPG|thumb|300 px|"Cherry Cottage", Aylmer birthplace and family home of Rev. Francis Edward Clark D.D., LL.D 1851–1927. To the right, his mother, brother and himself aged 3. In the foreground, delegates to Christian Endeavor Convention, Ottawa, 1896. Constructed in 1862, the house is listed in the Register of Cultural Heritage of Quebec]]
[[Harriet E. Clark]], the wife of Rev. Clark, originated the idea of the Society of Christian Endeavor.<ref name="Brown1918">{{cite book | first = Warren |last=Brown | year = 1918 | title = History of the Town of Hampton Falls, New Hampshire from the Time of the First Settlement Within Its Borders, Volume 2 | publisher = John B. Clarke Company | pages = 362–63 | oclc = 28857839 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x3UUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

The Christian Endeavor movement began on February 2, 1881.<ref>Clark, F. E., ''World Wide Endeavor – The Story of The Young Peoples Society of Christian Endeavor – From the Beginning and in All Lands''. Chapter 1 page 56.</ref> After the Society was described in a magazine article in 1882, the Society grew initially in the United States and then spread throughout the British Empire and beyond. The movement peaked during the last decade of the nineteenth century and then declined as denominational youth societies imitated and adapted the forms of Christian Endeavor. The Society continues in various locations into the twenty-first century.<ref>Senter III, Mark H., ''When God Shows Up: a History of Protestant Youth Ministry in America'' (Grand Rapids: BakerAcademic, 2010), 151–168.</ref>

The first Christian Endeavor Society was formed on February 2, 1881, in Portland, Maine, under the direction of Francis E. Clark. Rev. Clark founded the first national church youth organization, Christian Endeavor, the forerunner of the modern denominational "youth fellowship". The society was formed in order to "bring youth to accept Christ and work for Him". The youth were shown that the church cared for young people. The Society enabled youth to express themselves while participating in useful tasks. It stressed a devoted, evangelistic spirit that was expressed in the Christian Endeavor pledge:<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us – CE Pledge|url=http://worldsceunion.org|publisher=World’s Christian Endeavor Union|access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref>

{{quote|Trusting in the Lord Jesus Christ for strength, I promise Him that I will strive to do whatever He would like to have me do; that I will make it the rule of my life to pray and to read the Bible every day, and to support the work and worship of my own church in every way possible; and that just so far as I know how, throughout my whole life, I will endeavor to lead a Christian life.

As an active member I promise to be true to all my duties, to be present at and to take some part, aside from singing, in every Christian Endeavor meeting, unless hindered by some reason which I can conscientiously give to my Lord and Master, Jesus Christ. If obliged to be absent from the monthly consecration meeting of the society, I will, if possible, send at least a verse of Scripture to be read in response to my name at the roll call.}}

Christian Endeavor created publications for youth, devised youth programs, and sponsored events. Christian Endeavor was maintained through private donations that often came from youth.<ref>Clark, F. E., ''Ways and Means For the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor'' (Boston: D. Lothrop Company, 1890); Pratt, Dwight M., ''A Decade of Christian Endeavor, 1881–1891'' (New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1891).</ref>
[[File:Harriet Elizabeth Abbott Clark (Business Woman's Mag, 1903).png|thumb|Harriet Clark, originator of the idea of Christian Endeavour]]
[[Image:Francis Edward Clark.jpg|thumb|right|Francis Edward Clark, founder of the Society]]
Christian Endeavor began as a small group of youth that met at the house of their minister. Within a year, six societies had formed. After two years, the number of societies had grown to fifty-six. The organization expanded rapidly as it grew from a single church society into a world movement. By the end of the 19th century, Christian Endeavor was in the headlines of many major American newspapers. By 1906, 67,000 youth-led Christian Endeavor societies had been organized worldwide, with over four million members. Christian Endeavor took up many causes and was influential in supporting the temperance movement in the 1920s.
[[File:Christian Endeavor Pamphlet.jpg|thumb|Cover of an 1895 CE pamphlet describing the society's program at Huntingdon Valley Presbyterian Church in Huntingdon Valley, Penna.]]
Christian Endeavor began extensive publications in 1886. World conventions were held to address major issues. In 1887, Clark was elected president of the United Society, and in 1895 he was chosen as the World President of the Christian Endeavor Union. Clark held this position until his death in 1927. [[Daniel A. Poling]] then assumed the presidency. Christian Endeavor societies met at the state level for local control and met in World Conventions at intervals of three to six years. (World Conventions were held in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] in 1937 and 1951.) The organization's world headquarters moved from Boston, Massachusetts, to [[Columbus, Ohio]], in 1952. Christian Endeavor is still operating throughout the world; their activities are widely reported on international and state Christian Endeavor Websites.

[[Image:Williston Congregational Church Portland Maine.jpg|thumb|right|Williston Church in Portland Maine]]
Drawing on ideas taken from other pastors, especially Presbyterian [[Theodore L. Cuyler]] from Brooklyn, Clark shaped the concept of "youth ministry" by asking young people in his Williston Congregational Church to sign a two-sentence pledge described in his book published in 1882, The Children and the Church, and the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor, as a means of Bringing Them Together.<ref>Clark, F. E., ''The Children and the Church and Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor as a Means of Bringing Them Together'' (Boston: Congergational Sunday School and Publishing Society, 1882), 83.</ref> Previously youth had been classified with children and not considered capable of active Christian involvement.<ref>Senter III, Mark H., ''When God Shows Up; a History of Protestant Youth Ministry in America'' (Grand Rapids: BakerAcademic, 2010), 154-168.</ref>

==Modern organization==
The World's Christian Endeavor Union (WCEU) office is located in [[Ephrata, Pennsylvania|Ephrata]] in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]], USA.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Contact |url=http://www.worldsceunion.org/contact |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=World's Christian Endeavor Union |archive-date=2022-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414002340/http://www.worldsceunion.org/contact |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.worldce.org/about-us |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=World Christian Endeavor |archive-date=2022-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414002339/https://www.worldce.org/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref> The General Secretary (CEO) is Dr. Dave Coryell from the USA.<ref name=":0" /> The President is Raffi Masserlian from Lebanon.<ref name=":0" /> {{asof|2022}} the society unites 40 independent National Christian Endeavor Unions in 32 countries around the world.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=World's CE Union |url=http://www.worldsceunion.org/index.php |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409091952/http://worldsceunion.org/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the WCEU, Christian Endeavor Societies are under development in 20 additional countries.<ref name=":1" />

==Literary references==
Christian Endeavor meetings are described in both ''Cloudy Jewel'' and ''The Girl from Montana'', by Christian author [[Grace Livingston Hill]].

In ''[[Heaven to Betsy]]'', the fifth book of the [[Betsy-Tacy]] series for children by [[Maud Hart Lovelace]] set in 1910s Minnesota, Betsy's new friend Bonnie is the leader of the local Christian Endeavor society, where several characters attend meetings and parties during the course of the novel.<ref>Lovelace, Maud Hart (1945). ''Heaven to Betsy''. New York: Harper Trophy</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Christian Endeavor}}

* [http://www.christianendeavor.com World's Christian Endeavor Union]

*[http://CEworks.faith Christian Endeavor USA]
*[http://www.worldce.org World Christian Endeavor]

[[Category:Youth-led organizations]]
[[Category:Christian youth organizations]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in the 1880s]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in Maine]]

India–EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement

2026-04-30T13:16:28Z

LouJ11418910501: Put Up A Entry

{{Short description|2024 trade pact between India and the European Free Trade Association}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = India–EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement
| long_name = Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of India and the European Free Trade Association
| type = [[Free trade agreement]]
| date_signed = 10 March 2024
| date_effective = 1 October 2025
| location_signed = 
| parties = {{ubl
| {{flag|India}}
| {{flagicon image|EFTA logo.svg}} [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]
}}
| languages = English
}}

The '''India–EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement''' ('''TEPA''') is a comprehensive [[free trade agreement]] between the [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA) states ([[Iceland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Norway]], and [[Switzerland]]) and the [[Republic of India]]. It was signed on 10 March 2024, after 16 years of intermittent negotiations,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India {{!}} European Free Trade Association |url=https://www.efta.int/trade-relations/free-trade-network/india |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=www.efta.int |language=en}}</ref> and entered into force on 1 October 2025.

The agreement aims to eliminate or reduce tariffs on the majority of goods traded between India and the EFTA countries and to liberalize trade in services and investment. It also incorporates commitments on [[sustainable development]] and includes an unprecedented investment pledge of $100 billion from the EFTA side to India over 15 years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=3 September 2025 |title=India-EFTA trade pact with sustainability clause to take effect on October 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-efta-trade-pact-with-sustainability-clause-to-take-effect-on-october-1/articleshow/123675109.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Negotiations ==
Discussions on a free trade agreement between India and EFTA began in 2008. Over the next 16 years, the two sides held 21 rounds of negotiations, finally reaching a draft agreement in early 2024.<ref name=":0" /> Talks were protracted due to disagreements on issues such as [[Intellectual property|intellectual property rights]] (EFTA had sought stricter provisions like pharmaceutical data exclusivity, which India resisted) and [[market access]] for sensitive sectors. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s government took a cautious approach in the negotiations, aiming to safeguard domestic industries and seeking greater investment commitments from EFTA, which contributed to the lengthy process. Both sides eventually compromised by excluding highly sensitive items – for example, certain agricultural products and gold imports – from tariff concessions in the deal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Manoj |last2=Kumar |first2=Manoj |date=10 March 2024 |title=Key details of India's pact with four-nation European trade bloc |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/key-details-indias-pact-with-four-nation-european-trade-bloc-2024-03-10/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> By early 2024, the Indian government had approved the draft agreement, and the EFTA states also gave their assent, paving the way for the pact to be signed in [[New Delhi]] on 10 March 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2013169 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810231401/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2013169 |archive-date=10 August 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Agreement ==
The trade agreement was signed in New Delhi by India's commerce and industry minister and the trade ministers of all four EFTA member states on 10 March 2024. It is a broad-based free trade agreement with 14 chapters covering areas including trade in goods, [[rules of origin]], customs procedures, sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), technical barriers to trade (TBT), trade in services, investment promotion, intellectual property rights, government procurement, competition policy, dispute settlement, and a chapter on trade and sustainable development.<ref name=":3" /> Following the signing, each country completed its domestic ratification procedures, and the agreement is set to enter into force on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bag.admin.ch/en/newnsb/O8hG66Fgv1j36OLRRz0Ud | title=Free trade agreement with India enters into force on 1 October | publisher=Government of Switzerland | date=3 September 2025 | accessdate=27 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=India Briefing |date=21 August 2025 |title=India's Free Trade Agreements: Updates in 2025 |url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/indias-free-trade-agreements-updates-2025-36271.html/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=India Briefing News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Under the terms of the agreement, EFTA states will eliminate or sharply reduce tariffs on the vast majority of imports from India, covering about 99.6% of India's export value to EFTA. India, in turn, will reduce or remove duties on most imports from the EFTA bloc, accounting for roughly 95% of EFTA's export value to India.<ref name=":3" /> Both sides agreed to protect certain sensitive sectors by excluding them from full tariff liberalization. For example, India's offers exclude highly sensitive items such as [[dairy]] products, specific agricultural goods, and [[gold]] (India's import duties on gold remain in place).<ref name=":2" /> In return, EFTA's market access commitments cover all industrial goods and many processed agricultural products, benefiting exporters of goods like machinery, pharmaceuticals, optical and precision instruments, watches, chocolates, and other specialty foods.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

The agreement also simplifies customs procedures and includes provisions for mutual recognition of professional qualifications to facilitate services trade.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as part of the TEPA, the EFTA countries have collectively pledged to increase investments in India by USD 100 billion over 15 years – an investment package aimed at boosting India's manufacturing sector and generating an estimated one million jobs<ref name=":1" />

Notably, the TEPA includes a dedicated chapter on trade and sustainable development with legally binding commitments on environmental protection and labor standards – the first time India has agreed to such enforceable provisions in a trade agreement.<ref name=":1" />

== Economic benefits ==
The EFTA–India agreement is expected to significantly expand bilateral trade and investment flows. Indian officials project that the pact will boost India's exports of products such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, chemicals, and machinery to the EFTA region. The deal comes after India's recent trade agreements with partners like the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[Australia]], and fits into a broader strategy to integrate India more deeply into global supply chains. EFTA countries, in turn, anticipate improved access for their industries to the Indian market of 1.4 billion consumers. Sectors such as machinery and engineering goods, precision instruments (for example, Swiss-made watches and medical devices), pharmaceuticals, and high-end food products (like chocolates and cheese) are expected to benefit from reduced Indian tariffs and fewer trade barriers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

As of 2023, two-way merchandise trade between India and the EFTA countries was estimated at around $25 billion, making India one of EFTA's largest trading partners outside the EU. he elimination of most duties under the FTA is expected to lower costs for importers and consumers, potentially increasing trade volumes. However, analysts note that some benefits could be limited. For instance, Switzerland had independently decided to abolish its import tariffs on industrial goods from 2024, meaning Indian exporters would enjoy tariff-free access to the Swiss market even without the FTA – a factor that may reduce the incremental advantage gained through the deal. Likewise, India's agricultural exports to EFTA might continue to face strict sanitary standards and regulatory hurdles, which could constrain growth in those sectors despite tariff concessions.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[India–European Union Free Trade Agreement]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Free trade agreements of India]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of the European Free Trade Association]]

Devi Chowdhurani (1974 film)

2026-04-29T20:44:58Z

LouJ11418910501: Created new biography!

{{short description|Indian Bengali-language epic period action-adventure film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Dinen Gupta
| producer = Dinen Gupta
| image = Debi Chowdhurani (1974 film).jpg
| based_on = ''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]'' by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
| writer = Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
| starring = [[Suchitra Sen]] [[Ranjit Mallick]] [[Kali Banerjee]] [[Chhaya Devi]] [[Sumitra Mukherjee]] [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]] [[Jahor Roy]] Premangshu Bose Nripati Chatterjee Satya Banerjee Ajoy Bandyopadhyay
| music = [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]]
| cinematography = Satyen Chattopadhyay
| studio = Angel Digital Private Limited Sanchayita Films
| released = {{Film date|1974|09|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Devi Chowdhurani''''' is a 1974 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[period film|period]] [[Action film|action-adventure film]] produced, cinematographed and directed by Dinen Gupta under the banner of Sanchayita Films.<ref name="Indiancine.ma">{{Cite web |title=Debi Choudhurani (1974) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QES/info?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Letterboxd">{{Cite web |title=Devi Chaudhurani (1974) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/devi-chaudhurani/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Letterboxd |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> Based on the [[Devi Chaudhurani|1884 novel of the same name]] by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], the film stars [[Suchitra Sen]] in the [[Title character|titular role]],<ref name="The Times of India 2013">{{Cite news |title=Rituparna Sengupta to reprise Suchitra Sen's Debi Chowdhurani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rituparna-sengupta-to-reprise-suchitra-sens-debi-chowdhurani/articleshow/26897042.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2013 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Learning and Creativity">{{Cite web |title=Suchitra Sen and Ranjit Mullick in Devi Choudhurani |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/romance-cinema-uttam-kumar-suchitra-sen-case-study/suchitra-sen-and-ranjit-mullick-in-devi-choudhurani/?hl=en-GB |website=Learning and Creativity |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Bengali films by Suchitra Sen to watch on the actress’s birthday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/seven-bengali-films-by-suchitra-sen-to-watch-on-the-actresss-birthday/cid/2011624 |website=The Telegraph (My Kolkata) |publisher=ABP Group |date=6 April 2023 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suchitra Sen and Ranjit Mullick in Debi Chaudhurani (1974) |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/uttam-kumar-suchitra-sen-bengali-cinemas-first-couple/suchitra-sen-ranjit-mullick/ |website=Silhouette Magazine |publisher=Learning and Creativity |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> alongside [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Basanta Choudhury]] and [[Sumitra Mukherjee]] in lead roles. It also features [[Kali Banerjee]], [[Chhaya Devi]], [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]] and [[Jahor Roy]] in other supporting roles.

Set against the backdrop of [[Sannyasi rebellion|Sanyashi rebellion]] (1763–1777), the film depicts on the life of an ordinary woman who transforms into an 18th century bandit, during colonial unrest in Bengal. It is the second screen adaptation of ''Devi Chowdhurani'', and marks Gupta's first collaboration with Mallick. Music of the film is composed by [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], with lyrics penned by [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] and Shyamal Gupta.

== Plot ==
Prafulla, a compassionate and righteous young woman, is mistreated by her in-laws due to her poverty. Through a twist of fate, she acquires a fortune and is guided by the nationalist leader Bhabani Pathak. Under his mentorship, she transforms into a trained bandit queen known as Devi Chaudhurani. She fights colonial British forces to protect villagers and ultimately brings her former oppressors into reconciliation.<ref name="Letterboxd" />

== Cast ==
* [[Suchitra Sen]] as Prafullamukhi / Devi Chowdhurani
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Brajeshwar Rai, Prafulla's wife
* [[Kali Banerjee]] as Haraballav Rai, Brajeshwar's father
* [[Chhaya Devi]]
* [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
* [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Jahor Roy]]
* Premangshu Bose
* [[Nripati Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Satya Banerjee]]
* Ajoy Bandyopadhyay<ref name="Indiancine.ma" /><ref name="Letterboxd" />

== Crew ==
* Director: Dinen Gupta
* Producer: Dinen Gupta
* Story: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
* Music: Pulak Bandyopadhyay, Shyamal Gupta
* Cinematography: Satyen Chattopadhyay<ref name="Indiancine.ma" /><ref name="Letterboxd" />

== Production ==
The film was produced under the banners of Angel Digital Private Limited and Sanchayita Films.<ref name="Letterboxd" />

== Release ==
''Devi Chaudhurani'' was released theatrically in India on 6 September 1974, with a runtime of approximately 141 minutes.<ref name="Letterboxd" />

== Legacy ==
The film is remembered for Suchitra Sen’s portrayal of the title role. Decades later, actress Rituparna Sengupta was cast to reprise the role of Devi Chaudhurani in a new adaptation, drawing comparisons with Sen’s performance.<ref name="The Times of India 2013" />
Film scholars have also discussed Sen’s performance in the context of her screen pairings, notably alongside Ranjit Mallick in this film.<ref name="Learning and Creativity" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0215711}}

[[Category:1974 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 action films]]
[[Category:1974 adventure films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]

Kiran Manral

2026-04-29T04:37:54Z

LouJ11418910501: Put Up New Article

{{short description|Indian author (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Kiran Manral''' (born 1971) is an Indian author. Based in [[Mumbai]], she published her first novel ''The Reluctant Detective'' in 2011.<ref name=rdb>{{cite web|url=http://thereluctantdetectivebook.blogspot.fr/p/born-on-june-22-1971-in-mumbai.html|title=About Kiran Manral|publisher=thereluctantdetectivebook|accessdate=3 November 2016 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.writerstory.com/kiran-manral-interview-karmic-kids-book/|title=Kiran Manral Interview - Karmic Kids Book|publisher=WriterStory|accessdate=3 November 2016 |language=}}</ref> ''Karmic Kids'' (2015) her first non-fiction work, is an introduction to parenting based on her own experience of raising a son.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Book-Review-Karmic-Kids/articleshow/50341138.cms|title=Book Review: Karmic Kids|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 December 2015|accessdate=3 November 2016 }}</ref> Manral is also the founder of India Helps, a network of volunteers that assists disaster victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oneandahalfminutes.com/calcuttascape/kiran-manral/|title=Kiran Manral|publisher=One and a Half Minutes|accessdate=3 November 2016|language=|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104012001/https://oneandahalfminutes.com/calcuttascape/kiran-manral/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born in [[Mumbai]] on 22 June 1971, Manral studied at Duruelo Convent High School in Mumbai and graduated in English from [[Mithibai College]] in 1991.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} After working as an advertising copywriter, she joined the news service at Mumbai's DSJ TV and went on to work as a feature writer for ''[[The Times of India]]'' and [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|''Cosmopolitan India'']]. In 2000, she became a freelance journalist and, from 2005, a blogger creating "Thirtysixandcounting" and "Karmickids". At their height, both were considered to be among the most popular blogs in India,<ref name="rdb" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://memsahibinindia.com/2016/06/11/the-people-of-india-kiran-manral/|title=People of India - Kiran Manral|publisher=Memshahib in India|date=11 June 2016|accessdate=4 November 2016|language=|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105032242/https://memsahibinindia.com/2016/06/11/the-people-of-india-kiran-manral/|url-status=dead}}</ref> before she closed them down in order to devote more time to motherhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idiva.com/author/kiran-manral/1964|title=Kiran Manral|publisher=iDIVA|accessdate=4 November 2016 |language=}}</ref>

She then turned to writing, publishing ''The Reluctant Detective'' in 2011, which received generally positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehungryreader.wordpress.com/2012/01/27/book-review-the-reluctant-detective-by-kiran-manral/|title=Book Review: The Reluctant Detective by Kiran Manral|publisher=The Hungary Reader|accessdate=4 November 2016 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womensweb.in/articles/reluctant-detective-book-review/|title=The Reluctant Detective|author=Datta, Unmana|publisher=Women's Web|accessdate=4 November 2016|language=|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204741/http://www.womensweb.in/articles/reluctant-detective-book-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Once upon a Crush'' which followed in 2014 describes the romance experienced by an office girl who constantly runs into misfortunes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/kiran-manral-once-upon-a-crush|title=Book review: Once upon a Crush|author=Chandarana, Nittal|publisher=Verve|date=14 May 2014|accessdate=4 November 2016 |language=}}</ref> Manral comes up with another romance in her ''All Aboard'' (2015), set on a Mediterranean cruise ship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/book-launches/Book-Review-All-Aboard/articleshow/48854854.cms|title=Book Review: All Aboard|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 September 2015|accessdate=4 November 2016 }}</ref>

The same year, Manral published her first non-fiction work, ''Karmic Kids'', describing her experience of bringing up her spirited son from childbirth to age ten. One calls for the book "to be read by everyone", not just mothers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Book-review-Karmic-Kids/articleshow/50332331.cms|title=Book review: Karmic Kids|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 December 2015|accessdate=4 November 2016 }}</ref> Set in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan foothills]], her novel, ''The Face at the Window'', is described as "a dark brooding story of mysterious, concealed identities."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Book-Review-Himalayan-Gothic-Haunted-lives-and-loves-in-the-hills/articleshow/51509508.cms|title=Book Review: Himalayan Gothic|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=4 November 2016 }}</ref>

Her novella, ''Saving Maya'', was long listed for the Saboteur Awards UK, supported by the [[Arts Council England]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lounge-books.com/award-winners-we-lov/saboteur-awards-2018|title=Saboteur Awards 2018|website=Lounge Books|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-21|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930173536/https://www.lounge-books.com/award-winners-we-lov/saboteur-awards-2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> She published ''Missing, Presumed Dead'', a psychological thriller in 2018. The Times of India called it "a must-read for everyone who knows a dear one battling mental illness."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-missing-presumed-dead-explores-the-nuances-of-dealing-with-a-family-member-battling-mental-illness/articleshow/65780961.cms|title=Micro review: 'Missing Presumed Dead' explores the nuances of dealing with a family member battling mental illness - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> In 2019, she published ''13 Steps to Bloody Good Parenting'' which she co-wrote with author [[Ashwin Sanghi]]. She has also written the ''True Love Stories'' series and ''A Boy's Guide To Growing Up'' for Juggernaut, an app-based reading platform. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juggernaut.in/authors/3aba35b7b0634cb8bdd7338744b1c12e|title=Read free pdf books online by Kiran Manral on Juggernaut Books|website=www.juggernaut.in|access-date=2020-01-21|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806005002/https://www.juggernaut.in/authors/3aba35b7b0634cb8bdd7338744b1c12e|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Publications==
*{{cite book|title=Reluctant Detective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEv5oOufQ8UC|year=2011|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-81626-11-5}}, novel
*{{cite book|title=Once Upon A Crush|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k46TAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82473-91-6}}, novel
*{{cite book|title=All Aboard!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4JICgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5214-048-0}}, novel
*{{cite book|title=Karmickids: The Story of Parenting Nobody told you!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEewDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT2|year=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-84544-87-4}}, non fiction
*{{cite book|title=The Face at the Window|year=2016|publisher=Amaryllis|isbn=978-93-81506-78-3}}, novel
* ''Saving Maya''. Bombaykala Books. {{ISBN|978-8193642856}}. Novel.
* ''Missing, Presumed Dead''. Amaryllis. {{ISBN|978-9387383685}}. Novel.
* ''13 Steps to Bloody Good Parenting''. {{ISBN|978-9387578784}}. Non-fiction.
* ''[[The Kitty Party Murder]]''. {{ISBN|978-9390327621}}. Fiction

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manral, Kiran}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian bloggers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women bloggers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Church of Our Lady of Life

2026-04-27T17:40:01Z

LouJ11418910501:

{{Short description| Roman Catholic church in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Our Lady of Life Church Mattancherry - Roman Catholic church in Kerala
| fullname = ജീവമാത ചർച്ച് മട്ടാഞ്ചേരി
| native_name =
| image = Our Lady of Life's Church in Mattancherry.jpg
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position = none
| pushpin mapsize = 335x250px
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9613|76.2581|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Kerala]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
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| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = AD 1600
| founder =
| dedication = [[Our Lady Of Life]]
| dedicated date =
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| status = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| functional status = active
| heritage designation =
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| style = [[Baroque Architecture]]
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| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]]
| province = [[Verapoly]]
| presbytery =
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| circuit =
| district = [[Ernakulam]]
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop = [[Antony Kattiparambil]]
| abbot =
| vicar = Rev. Fr Jacob Kayala
| provost-rector =
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| language(s) = Malayalam, English
}}
'''Our Lady of Life Church''' ({{langx|pt|Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Vida}} is a [[Roman Catholic Church]] in Ernakulam district, [[Mattancherry]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web | title=Church of Our Lady of life, Attractions, Mattancherry, Ernakulam, Kerala, India | website=[[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Kerala Tourism - Kochi]] | date=1 April 2024 | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/our-lady-church-mattancherry.php | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> It was built in the 16th-century and practices under the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of Life Church, Mattanchery {{!}} Diocese |url=https://www.dioceseofcochin.org/editorspick/our-lady-life-church-mattanchery |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.dioceseofcochin.org}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Our Lady of Life's Church in Mattancherry.jpg|Front View
File:Mattancherry Kuriachan Church by Augustus Binu.jpg|Kuriachan
File:Coonan Cross Church foundation.jpg|Inscription at Holy Cross Church
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Mattancherry]]

{{India-church-stub}}

Ragini Shankar

2026-04-21T12:02:27Z

LouJ11418910501: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{short description|Indian violinist}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ragini Shankar
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image = Ragini Shankar Violin.jpg
| caption = Ragini Shankar performing at Theatre de la Ville, Paris<ref>{{Citation
| title = Theatre de la Ville, Paris
| url=https://www.theatredelaville-paris.com/en/spectacles/saison-2021-2022/musiques/sangeeta-shankar-and-daughters
}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], India
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Jazz fusion|fusion]]
| occupation = [[Violin]]ist
| years_active =
| website = {{URL|www.raginishankar.com}}
}}

'''Ragini Shankar''' is an Indian violinist who performs [[Hindustani classical]] music and fusion. She is the grand-daughter of the renowned Padmabhushan Dr. [[N. Rajam]].<ref>[[N. Rajam]]</ref> and the daughter of Dr. [[Sangeeta Shankar]]<ref>{{Citation
| title = Sangeeta Shankar - The Legacy Continues
| url = http://www.sangeetashankar.com/legacy.html
| access-date = 29 September 2014
| archive-date = 11 April 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411080822/http://www.sangeetashankar.com/legacy.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She began her training at the age of 4 and gave her first public performance as an 11-year-old.<ref name="Official Website">{{Citation
| title = Ragini Shankar's official website
| url=http://www.raginishankar.com
}}</ref> She plays violin in the [[Gharana|''Gayaki Ang'']], a revolutionary technique to reproduce vocal music on the violin.

== Education ==
Shankar excelled in her education in mechanical engineering and also holds a master's degree in music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/meet-dr-sangeeta-shankar-and-her-daughters-ragini-and-nandini-shankar-who-weave-magic-with-their-violins/articleshow/63848448.cms|title = Meet Dr Sangeeta Shankar and her daughters Ragini and Nandini Shankar, who weave magic with their violins}}</ref>

== Performing career ==
She has performed in various prestigious festivals like the [[Europalia]],<ref>{{Citation | title = Europalia | url = http://www.europalia.eu/archives/india/en/article/three-generations_141.html | access-date = 29 September 2014 | archive-date = 31 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005315/https://europalia.eu/archives/india/en/article/three-generations_141.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[MERU, Netherlands]],<ref name="MERU" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpc_zNWS848 | title=MERU Concert - Ragini Shankar on violin - Raga Bihag | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival]],<ref>{{Citation | title = DNA Syndication| url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna_photogallery_editorial_images/pid=DNPUN9411 }} - {{Citation | title = DNA India - Pune's Sawai Gandharva Mahotsav ends on a soulful note | date=12 December 2011 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-punes-sawai-gandharva-mahotsav-ends-on-a-soulful-note-1624710 }} - {{Citation | title = Mid-Day Archives: Performance by 3 generations of family steals show on final day | date=12 December 2011 | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/performance-by-3-generations-of-family-steals-show-on-final-day/145660 }}</ref> [[Dover Lane Music Conference]],<ref>{{Citation | title = Dover Lane Music Conference | url = http://www.timeoutdelhi.net/music/classical/ragini-shankar }} - {{Citation | title = Dover Lane Music Conference | url = http://www.raginishankar.com/aboutMe.html | access-date = 29 September 2014 | archive-date = 15 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215155901/http://raginishankar.com/aboutMe.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Saptak Festival of Music]],<ref>{{Citation | title = Saptak Annual Festival | date=30 December 2009 | url=http://imcradiodotnet.wordpress.com/2009/12/30/saptak-annual-festival-2010-viraasat-1st-till-13th-jan-2010/ }} - {{Citation
| title = Saptak Annual Festival | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Celebrated-violinist-N-Rajam-does-her-Gujarat-master-proud-at-Saptak/articleshow/11382713.cms }} - {{Citation | title = Saptak Annual Festival | url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna_photogallery_editorial_images/pid=DNAHM5722&filename=Ragini_Shankar }} - {{Citation | title = Saptak Annual Festival | url=http://www.webindia123.com/festival/events/saptakschedule.htm }}</ref> [[Theatre de la Ville, Paris]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatredelaville-paris.com/en/spectacles/saison-2021-2022/musiques/sangeeta-shankar-and-daughters|title = Theatre de la Ville, Paris; Paris}}</ref> [[Theatre de l'Alhambra, Geneva, Switzerland]],<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.maisondesculturesdumonde.org/actualites/le-violon-hindoustani-son-apogee|title = Theatre de l'Alhambra, Geneva; Switzerland}}</ref> [[MilapFest]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milapfest.com/events/indika-evening-raga-ragini-nandini-shankar/|title=Indika: Evening Raga – Ragini & Nandini Shankar | Milapfest|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920114455/https://www.milapfest.com/events/indika-evening-raga-ragini-nandini-shankar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yaksha (festival),<ref>Yaksha (festival)</ref> Aarohi for Pancham Nishad,<ref>{{Citation | title = Pancham Nishad - Past Events | url = http://www.panchamnishad.com/past-events1.html | access-date = 29 September 2014 | archive-date = 23 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140623163004/http://www.panchamnishad.com/past-events1.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Jaya Smriti organised by [[Hema Malini]],<ref>{{Citation | title = Solaris Event Archives | url = http://www.solarisimages.com/archive_event_gallery.php?id=4291 | access-date = 29 September 2014 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052538/http://www.solarisimages.com/archive_event_gallery.php?id=4291 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Temple of Fine Arts,<ref>{{Citation | title = Thyagaraja Tansen Music Festival, The Temple of Fine Arts, Malaysia | url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/thyagaraja-tansen-music-festival-kick-start-9-feb }}</ref> Bengal Music Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/musical-marvel-continues-180106|title=Violins charm Bengal classical fest|date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

She has performed in several countries abroad; the USA,<ref>https://www.skidmore.edu/zankel/documents/Jan2017-ZankelSpringBrochure.pdf - https://muse.union.edu/music/ragini-shankar-violin/</ref> Canada,<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/Pc3WBdwQV30| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pc3WBdwQV30| title = Viloin Concert by Dr.N Rajam,at Sringeri Vidya Bharathi Temple - Toronto | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> UK,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.milapfest.com/events/indika-evening-raga-ragini-nandini-shankar | title=Indika: Evening Raga – Ragini & Nandini Shankar | Milapfest | access-date=30 October 2018 | archive-date=20 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920114455/https://www.milapfest.com/events/indika-evening-raga-ragini-nandini-shankar/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Netherlands,<ref name="MERU">{{cite web | url=https://maharishigandharva.wordpress.com/tag/meru/ | title=MERU }}</ref> Switzerland,<ref name="auto3"/> Germany, France,<ref>https://detoursdebabel.fr/Sangata-1057 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005250/https://detoursdebabel.fr/Sangata-1057 |date=2018-10-31 }} - https://www.indeenfrance.com/lille.php/lille-lire/ragini-shankar-en-concert</ref> Belgium,<ref>https://europalia.eu/archives/india/en/article/three-generations_141.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005315/https://europalia.eu/archives/india/en/article/three-generations_141.html |date=31 October 2018 }} - http://www.art-base.be/index.php?view=details&id=593%3Atemplate-concert&option=com_eventlist</ref> Hungary, Singapore,<ref>{{Cite web | title=Dr. N. Rajam - Singapore - 3rd Feb 2012 - rasikas.org | url=https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=18588 | access-date=2025-01-02 | website=www.rasikas.org}}</ref> Malaysia and Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/eb181127-586f-40ea-bf9c-0d0e112db736.aspx |title=Gulftoday.ae | Sisters in perfect accord |access-date=2018-10-30 |archive-date=2018-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005201/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/eb181127-586f-40ea-bf9c-0d0e112db736.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ragini gives lecture demonstrations and conducts workshops on a regular basis during her travels.

She is known for her collaborations with various artists in diverse genres. Ragini and her
sister [[Nandini Shankar]] have been signed by [[Decca Records]] US, a part of [[Universal Music]]
Group for a full-length music album for their musical ensemble ‘Taraana’.<ref>{{Cite web |url-status=live |archive-date=Apr 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428211135/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/sister-act-23275139 |author=Shriram Iyengar |date=14 March 2023 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en |access-date=11 August 2023 |title=Violinists Ragini and Nandini Shankar's debut album infuses global sounds |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/sister-act-23275139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |people=Taraana |language=en |access-date=12 August 2023 |title=The Land Of Spice |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLeFek-Fed0 |date=2023 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
She is a part of the renowned Bollywood lyricist [[Irshad Kamil]]’s The Ink Band, a series of poetry interwoven with music.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/rahman-launches-irshad-kamil-s-ink-band-music-series-118032100608_1.html | title=Rahman launches Irshad Kamil's INK Band music series | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=21 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UEaguxxOas | title=Aise Na Dekho (Extended Version) | | the Ink Band by Irshad Kamil | Season 1 | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> She is also a part of an Indo-French musical project called Sangata, formed by the noted French composer [[Thierry Pecou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ensemblevariances.com/en/projects/sangata.html |title=Ensemble Variances - Sangâta |website=www.ensemblevariances.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030205828/http://www.ensemblevariances.com/en/projects/sangata.html |archive-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> and was covered in an article in ''[[Le Monde]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/musiques/article/2018/03/30/sangata-le-nouveau-raga-occidental-de-thierry-pecou_5278768_1654986.html|title=" Sangâta ", le nouveau râga occidental de Thierry Pécou|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=30 March 2018}}</ref> Her recent collaborations include inStrings, an innovative fusion band, giving a new sound to popular Indian tunes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milapfest.com/events/indika-instrings/|title=Indika: InStrings | Milapfest|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927173659/https://www.milapfest.com/events/indika-instrings/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ragini is a
recipient of the distinguished Aditya Birla Kala Kiran Award<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangitkalakendra.org/winners/KalaKiranPuraskar|title = Aditya Birla Kala Kiran Award}}</ref> and the Jashn-e-Youngistan <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/news24online-epaper-newsonline/jashn+e+youngistan+2018+honoured+violinsts+ragini+shankar+and+nandini+shankar-newsid-102297839|title = Dailyhunt}}</ref>
<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/news24+english-epaper-newstwen/jashn+e+youngistan+2018+to+honour+ragini+shankar+and+nandini+shankar-newsid-102192204|title = Dailyhunt}}</ref> Award presented by the Vice President of India.
She was a faculty at [[Whistling Woods International]] School of Music in Mumbai for 6 years and currently teaches at the Rajam School of Violin.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.whistlingwoods.net/faculty | title=Faculty | Whistling Woods International }}</ref> She has appeared on the platform of [[Talks at Google]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntaV_Zg4Ths|title = Talks at Google | Google| website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> and [[Tedx]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/29734|title = TEDxGCEK | TED}}</ref> for her talks on Indian music.

She resides in Mumbai.

==Awards and honours==

Aditya Birla Kala Kiran Award,presented by [[Rajashree Birla]], 2019<ref name="auto2"/>

Jashn-e-Youngistan presented by the Vice-President of India, [[Venkaiah Naidu]], 2018<ref name="auto1"/>
<ref name="auto"/>

Jaya Smriti presented by film actress and dancer, [[Hema Malini]], 2012

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Month/Year of Release
!Name
!Genre
!Artist(s)
!Type
!Label
|-
|March 2023
|Indian Rivers
|Indian Fusion
|Ragini Shankar, Nandini Shankar
|Single (Album:Taraana)
|Decca Records US, Universal Music Group
|-
|February 2023
|The Land of Spice
|Indian Fusion
|Ragini Shankar, Nandini Shankar
|Single (Album:Taraana)
|Decca Records US, Universal Music Group
|-
|October 2021
|Vaishnava Jana To
|Indian Semi-Classical
|Ragini Shankar
|Single
|Legendary Legacy Promotions Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|January 2021
|Vibe
|Indian Fusion
|Ragini Shankar
|Single
|Legendary Legacy Promotions Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|July 2020
|Longing
|Indian Fusion
|Ragini Shankar
|Single
|Legendary Legacy Promotions Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|March 2020
|Neelambari Live
|Indian Fusion
|Sandeep Narayan, Ragini Shankar
|Album
|Sounds of Isha
|-
|January 2020
|Vande Maataram
|Indian Semi-Classical
|Sangeeta Shankar, Ragini Shankar, Nandini Shankar
|Single
|Legendary Legacy Promotions Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|May 2019
|Wings in the Sky
|Indian Fusion
|Ragini Shankar
|Single
|Legendary Legacy Promotions Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|October 2019
|Devi Bhajan in Raga Rageshri
|Indian Semi-Classical
|Ragini Shankar, Ojas Adhiya
|Album
|Legendary Legacy Promotions Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|September 2019
|Raga of the Rain
|Indian Classical
|Ragini Shankar, Ojas Adhiya
|Album
|Legendary Legacy Promotions Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|April 2014
|Asha
|Indian Classical
|Ragini Shankar, Mukundraj Deo
|Album
|Legendary Legacy Promotions Pvt. Ltd.
|}

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Ragini}}
[[Category:Hindustani musicians|Violinists]]
[[Category:Indian women violinists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nilesh Ahuja

2026-04-20T07:42:36Z

LouJ11418910501: done.

{{short description|Indian singer, songwriter and music composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Nilesh Ahuja
| image = Nilesh Ahuja.jpg
| caption = Ahuja in 2023
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]]
| origin =
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* Songwriter
* Music composer
}}
| instrument =
| years_active = 2021-present
| label = [[Zee Music Company]] [[Saregama]]
| website =
}}

'''Nilesh Ahuja''' is an Indian [[playback singer]], songwriter and music performer who made his singing debut in ''Thoda Thoda Pyaar'' (2021) which has crossed over 225 million views.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/thoda-thoda-pyaar-teaser-sidharth-malhotra-neha-sharma-unite-for-a-love-story-101612692626223.html | title=Thoda Thoda Pyaar teaser: Sidharth Malhotra, Neha Sharma unite for a love story | date=7 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/valentine-day-2022-from-raatan-lambiyan-to-pehli-nazar-mein-a-playlist-of-top-bollywood-songs-for-the-occasion-10368761.html | title=Valentine's Day 2022: From Raatan Lambiyan to Pehli Nazar Mein, a playlist of top Bollywood songs for the occasion | date=14 February 2022 }}</ref>

Before his singing debut, Ahuja was known for composing [[music in advertising]], including the one for IPL League. In an interview, Ahuja said he had an interest in music "from [his] school days." He further continued at his college in [[Delhi University]], where he performed in "major festivals across the country".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/nilesh-ahuja-the-star-in-making-23183618|title=Nilesh Ahuja the star in making|date=19 July 2021|website=Mid-day}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Music
!Lyrics
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|"Thoda Thoda Pyaar"
| rowspan="5" |Zee
| rowspan="6" |Kumaar
|Debut
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sidharth-malhotra-neha-sharma-appear-in-song-thoda-thoda-pyaar-ahead-of-valentines-day-9297241.html | title=Sidharth Malhotra, Neha Sharma appear in song Thoda Thoda Pyaar ahead of Valentine's Day | date=12 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|"Thoda Thoda Pyaar"
|Female Version
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thoda-thoda-pyaar-romantic-track-starring-sidharth-malhotra-and-neha-sharma-released-before-v-day-3425180.html | title=Thoda Thoda Pyaar: Romantic Track Starring Sidharth Malhotra and Neha Sharma Released Before V-Day | date=12 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|"Zahir Kare"
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-2021-hindi-song-music-video-zahir-kare-sung-by-pranay-bahuguna/videoshow/82944249.cms | title=Watch Latest 2021 Hindi Song Music Video - 'Zahir Kare' Sung by Pranay Bahuguna | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
|"Mehendi Lagi"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/nilesh-ahuja-happy-with-the-success-of-mehendi-lagi-332369|title=Nilesh Ahuja happy with the success of Mehendi Lagi : The Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|"Jitna Tujhe Chahte Hai Hum"
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vikram-bhatt-to-release-his-latest-music-video-jitna-tujhe-chahte-hai-hum/articleshow/95557194.cms | title=Vikram Bhatt to release his latest music video 'Jitna Tujhe Chahte Hai Hum' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vikram-bhatt-to-release-his-latest-music-video-jitna-tujhe-chahte-hai-hum--news-237873|title=Vikram Bhatt To Release His Latest Music Video 'Jitna Tujhe Chahte Hai Hum'|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|"Kuch Toh Zaroor Hai"
|Sa Re Ga Ma
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohsin-khan-kuch-toh-zaroor-hai-has-the-90s-classic-vibe/articleshow/98353858.cms | title=Mohsin Khan: 'Kuch Toh Zaroor Hai' has the 90's classic vibe - Times of India | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/mohsin-khan-kuch-toh-zaroor-hai-has-the-90-s-classic-vibe-news-266310|title=Mohsin Khan: 'Kuch Toh Zaroor Hai' Has The 90's Classic Vibe|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
|-
|}
===Films===
* ''[[Kuch Khattaa Ho Jaay]]'' (2024)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{improve categories|date=June 2023}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahuja, Nilesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Pangasius silasi

2026-04-19T16:36:57Z

LouJ11418910501: post.

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Dahanukar, N. |author2=Sidharthan, A. |year=2023 |title=''Pangasius silasi'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T173431923A173431934 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T173431923A173431934.en |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Pangasius
| species = silasi
| authority = Dwivedi et al., 2017
}}

'''''Pangasius silasi''''' is a species of the [[Shark catfish|Pangasiidae]] [[Family (biology)|family]], [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Krishna River]] in [[India]].<ref>{{FishBase |genus=Pangasius |species=silasi |id=68733 |month=November |year=2024}}</ref><ref name=epubs/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.planetcatfish.com/common/genus.php?genus_id=78|title=PlanetCatfish.com - The genus ''Pangasius''|website=www.planetcatfish.com}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Pangasius Silasi was named in honor of [[Eric Godwin Silas]] (1928-2018), a Sri Lankan-born Indian ichthyologist and fisheries scientist<ref>{{FishBase |Pangasius|silasi |year=2024|month=November}}</ref>

== Description ==
''Pangasius silasi'' differs from ''[[Pangasius pangasius]]'' by having vomero-[[palatal teeth]] confluent as an uninterrupted curved band as opposed to two lunate vomeropalatal teeth patches on each side with a wide gap in the centre and 48 [[Vertebra|vertebrae]] as opposed to 44.<ref>{{inaturalist taxon|871165|''Pangasius silasi''}}</ref>

==Nutritional value==
''Pangasius silasi'', like other species in the genus ''[[Pangasius]]'', is known for its mild flavour, white flesh, and high nutritional content. It is a good source of protein, low in fat, and contains essential vitamins and minerals, making it a healthy option for consumers. The fish is particularly attractive in the market for its versatility in cooking, as it can be used in a variety of cuisines, from fried fillets to soups and curries.<ref name=epubs>{{Cite journal|url=https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJF/article/view/109376/53535|title=''Pangasius silasi'', a fish species endemic to Krishna River in India, reveals a healthy PUFA and nutritional profile: Could be a promising species as human food|author=K. K. Asha|author2= T. T. Ajith Kumar|author3=C. O. Mohan|author4=R. Charan|author5=Suseela Mathew|author6=C. N. Ravishankar|author7=Kuldeep K. Lal|year=2023|volume=70|issue=4 |pages=143–149|doi=10.21077/ijf.2023.70.4.109376-15|journal=Indian Journal of Fisheries|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q67184035}}

[[Category:Pangasiidae]]
[[Category:Krishna River]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Catfish of Asia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2017]]

Merle Oberon

2026-04-16T03:13:56Z

LouJ11418910501: put up new details - done

{{Short description|American-British actress (1911–1979)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Merle Oberon
| image = Merle_Oberon-publicity.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = Oberon in 1943
| birth_name = Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|02|19}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1979|11|23|1911|02|19}}
| death_place = [[Malibu, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1928–1973
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Alexander Korda|Sir Alexander Korda]]|1939|1945|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Lucien Ballard]]|1945|1949|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Bruno Pagliai|1957|1973|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Robert Wolders]] |1975}}}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Merle Oberon''' (born '''Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson'''; 19 February 1911{{spaced ndash}}23 November 1979) was a British actress of [[burgher people|Sri Lankan Burgher]] origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merle Oberon Hid Her Ethnicity in Hollywood—a New Biography Looks at the Reasons Why {{!}} The Takeaway Blog {{!}} TAAF |url=https://www.taaf.org/blog/merle-oberon-celebrity-interview |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=www.taaf.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-15 |title=Merle Oberon: India's forgotten Hollywood star |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61079732 |access-date=2025-09-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-09 |title=A Hollywood Star With a Secret That Could Have Ended Her Career |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/09/arts/merle-oberon-south-asian-hollywood-star.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lawrence |first=Andrew |date=2023-03-07 |title='She had to hide': the secret history of the first Asian woman nominated for a best actress Oscar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/06/merle-oberon-oscars-best-actress |access-date=2025-09-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Her career spanned the 1920s to the 1970s, and she was a major [[leading lady]] during the [[Golden Age of Hollywood]].<ref name=":0" />

Born and raised in [[British India]], she began her acting career in British cinema in the early 1930s, with a breakout role in ''[[The Private Life of Henry VIII]]'' (1933). She later moved to Hollywood, where she became an international star, earning acclaim for films such as ''[[The Dark Angel (1935 film)|The Dark Angel]]'' (1935), ''[[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|Wuthering Heights]]'' (1939), and ''[[That Uncertain Feeling (film)|That Uncertain Feeling]]'' (1941). Her performance as Kitty Vane in ''The Dark Angel'' earned her a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]].

Oberon's other notable roles included ''[[A Song to Remember]]'' (1945), ''[[Berlin Express]]'' (1948), and ''[[Désirée (film)|Désirée]]'' (1954). A traffic collision in 1937 caused facial injuries that nearly ended her career, but she recovered and remained active in film and television until 1973.

Throughout her adult life, Oberon concealed her parentage and ethnic background, claiming to have been born in [[Australia]] to white British parents.<ref name=":0" /> Despite hiding her Asian heritage throughout her career, Oberon is regarded as the first [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees of Asian descent#Best Actress|Asian nominee in the Best Actress category]] and the first Asian individual overall to receive an Oscar nomination.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Early life==
Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson<ref>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 24.</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19380505&id=9UFAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5389,663535&hl=en "£5,000 Damages for Merle Oberon."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312100736/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19380505&id=9UFAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5389,663535&hl=en |date=12 March 2016 }} ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Glasgow Herald]]'', 5 May 1938. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</ref> was born in [[Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]], on 19 February 1911, to a white father and a [[Burgher people|Burgher]] mother. She was given the nickname "Queenie" in honour of [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], who visited India along with [[George V|King George V]] in 1911.<ref name=highmos25>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 25.</ref>

===Parentage===
For most of her life, Oberon concealed the truth about her parentage by claiming that she had been born in [[Tasmania]], Australia, to white parents,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/04/04/british-raj-india-staying-on/|title=Staying On|last=Hastings|first=Max|journal=New York Review of Books|date=4 April 2019|access-date=3 April 2019|language=en|issn=0028-7504|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403025458/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/04/04/british-raj-india-staying-on/|url-status=live}}</ref> and that her birth records had been destroyed in a fire. She identified as British.

She was raised as the daughter of Arthur Terrence O'Brien Thompson, a Welsh mechanical engineer from [[Darlington]] who worked in Indian Railways,<ref name=highmos21>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 21.</ref> and his wife, Charlotte Selby, whose full married name, according to her 1937 obituary, was Constance Charlotte Thompson. Selby was born in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) and was a Burgher (a small Eurasian ethnic group in Sri Lanka).

Oberon's birth certificate lists her biological mother as "Constance Thompson",<ref name="Kodé">{{Cite news |first=Anna |last=Kodé |title=Merle Oberon, Hollywood's First South Asian Star |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2025-03-09 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/09/arts/merle-oberon-south-asian-hollywood-star.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410155458/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/09/arts/merle-oberon-south-asian-hollywood-star.html |archive-date=2025-04-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> which could have referred to either Constance Charlotte Selby or her then-14-year-old daughter, Constance Joyce Selby. It is theorized that Thompson [[Pregnancy from rape|impregnated his stepdaughter Constance Joyce by rape]], with Oberon being raised as Constance Joyce's half-sister to avoid scandal. Neither Constance Charlotte nor Constance Joyce acknowledged this theory during their lifetimes, and DNA testing did not exist then to determine maternity.<ref name=mystery>{{Cite web |url=http://merleoberon.net/# |title=Merle Oberon: Hollywood's Face of Mystery |access-date=4 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504124519/http://merleoberon.net/ |archive-date=4 May 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite web| url= http://www.abc.net.au/tv/documentaries/stories/s657300.htm|title='The Trouble With Merle' (TV Documentary)|website = abc.net.au|publisher=ABC TV (Australia)|access-date=19 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030144856/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/documentaries/stories/s657300.htm|archive-date = 30 October 2005}}</ref>

Constance Charlotte herself had given birth to Constance Joyce at the age of 14, after being raped by Henry Alfred Selby, the Anglo-Irish foreman of a tea plantation.<ref name=highmos18/> In their 1983 biography of Oberon, [[Charles Higham (biographer)|Charles Higham]] and Roy Moseley (known to write highly fictionalised accounts of celebrities) also averred, dubiously, that Constance Charlotte had [[Māori people|Māori]] ancestry, though which [[Iwi]] (Maori tribe) was not specified.<ref name=highmos18>Higham and Moseley 1983, 17-18.</ref>

Constance Joyce married Alexander Soares, with whom she had four children: Edna, Douglas, Harry, and Stanislaus. Edna and Douglas moved to the UK at an early age. Stanislaus, who lived in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey, Canada]], was the only child to retain his father's surname of Soares. Harry eventually moved to Toronto, Canada, retaining grandmother Charlotte's maiden name, Selby.

After locating Oberon's birth certificate in Indian government records in Bombay, Harry tried to visit her in Los Angeles, only for Oberon to refuse any meeting. When Higham and Moseley were working on their biography of Oberon, Harry withheld that he might have been Oberon's half-brother instead of her nephew; he later disclosed the information to Maree Delofski, producer of the 2002 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] documentary ''The Trouble with Merle'', which investigated the conflicting versions of Oberon's origin,<ref name="abc.net.au"/> and repeated it to biographer [[Mayukh Sen]], who included it in the book ''Love, Queenie: Merle Oberon, Hollywood's First South Asian Star'' (2025).

===Youth===
In 1914, when Merle was three, her father, Arthur Thompson, joined the [[British Army]] and later died of [[pneumonia]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] during the [[Battle of the Somme]].<ref name=highmos2526>Higham and 1983, pp. 25–26.</ref> Merle and Charlotte led an impoverished existence in shabby flats in Bombay for a few years before moving in 1917 to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=highmos28>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 28.</ref> Oberon attended [[La Martinière Calcutta]] for Girls, one of the best private schools in Calcutta, as a charity student.<ref name=highmos28/><ref>Woollacott, 2011, P97</ref> There, she was constantly teased by the majority European students for her mixed ethnicity, which led her to quit school and receive lessons at home.<ref name=highmos30>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 30.</ref>

Oberon performed with the Calcutta Amateur Dramatic Society. She loved films; she liked going to [[nightclub]]s. Indian journalist [[Sunanda K. Datta-Ray]] said that Merle worked as a telephone operator in Calcutta under the name Queenie Thomson, and won a contest at Firpo's Restaurant there, before the outset of her film career.<ref>Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. "More than skin-deep." ''Business Standard'', New Delhi, 4 July 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2009.</ref>

At Firpo's in 1929, aged 18, Oberon met a former actor, Colonel Ben Finney, and dated him;<ref name=highmos3334>Higham and Moseley 1983, pp. 33–34.</ref> however, when he saw Charlotte one night at her flat, he realized Oberon was of mixed ancestry and ended the relationship.<ref name=highmos3334/> However, Finney promised to introduce her to [[Rex Ingram (director)|Rex Ingram]] of [[Victorine Studios]] (whom he had known through his relationship with the late [[Barbara La Marr]]), if she were prepared to travel to France, which she readily did.<ref name=highmos3334/> After packing all their belongings and moving to France, Oberon and her mother found that their supposed benefactor avoided them,<ref name=highmos37>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 37.</ref> although he had left a good word for Oberon with Ingram at the studios in [[Nice]].<ref name=highmos37/> Ingram appreciated Oberon's exotic appearance and quickly hired her to be an extra in a party scene in a film named ''The Three Passions''.<ref name=highmos38>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 38.</ref>

==Acting career==
[[File:Merle-Oberon-1937.jpg|thumb|left|Merle Oberon in 1936]]

===Early roles===
Oberon arrived in England for the first time in 1928, aged 17. She worked as a club hostess under the name Queenie O'Brien and played in minor and unbilled roles in various films. "I couldn't dance or sing or write or paint. The only possible opening seemed to be in some line in which I could use my face. This was, in fact, no better than a hundred other faces, but it did possess a fortunately photogenic quality," she told a journalist at ''Film Weekly'' in 1939.<ref>''Film Weekly'', May 1939, p. 7.</ref>

===Alexander Korda and British stardom===
Her film career received a major boost when director [[Alexander Korda]] took an interest and gave her a small but prominent role, under the name Merle Oberon, as [[Anne Boleyn]] in ''[[The Private Life of Henry VIII]]'' (1933) opposite [[Charles Laughton]]. The film became a major success and she was then given leading roles in other productions, starting with ''[[The Battle (1934 film)|The Battle]]'' (1934) opposite Charles Boyer, and ''[[The Broken Melody (1934 film)|The Broken Melody]]'' (1934).

Oberon then made two more films for Korda: ''[[The Private Life of Don Juan]]'' (1934) with Douglas Fairbanks was a disappointment but ''[[The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934 film)|The Scarlet Pimpernel]]'' (1934) with [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]], who became her lover for a while, was a huge hit.<ref>Higham and Mosley 1983, P. 94.</ref>

===Hollywood and Sam Goldwyn===
Oberon's career benefited from her relationship with, and later marriage to, Korda. He sold "shares" of her contract to producer [[Samuel Goldwyn]] and she moved to Hollywood. Her "mother" stayed behind in England. Oberon's career there began with ''[[Folies Bergère de Paris]]'' (1935) starring [[Maurice Chevalier]].

Goldwyn put her in ''[[The Dark Angel (1935 film)|The Dark Angel]]'' (1935), which earned her a sole [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] nomination, then ''[[These Three]]'' (1936) for [[William Wyler]] and ''[[Beloved Enemy]]'' (1936). The latter co-starred [[David Niven]], with whom Oberon had a serious romance. According to one biographer, she even wanted to marry him, but he was not faithful to her.<ref>Munn [https://books.google.com/books?id=OrDFAwAAQBAJ&q=merle+oberon&pg=PT96 2010, p. 70.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425141721/https://books.google.com/books?id=OrDFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96&dq=david+niven+merle+oberon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMI2Ma5vui9xwIVgfCACh0M6AWK#v=onepage&q=merle%20oberon&f=false |date=25 April 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:Laurence Olivier Merle Oberon Wuthering Heights.jpg|thumb|300px|Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon in ''[[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|Wuthering Heights]]'' (1939)]]

She was selected to star in Korda's 1937 film, ''[[I, Claudius (film)|I, Claudius]]'', as [[Messalina]], but her injuries in a car crash resulted in the film being abandoned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19370325&id=4uw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Dk0MAAAAIBAJ&pg=5220,3578690&hl=en|title=Star's injuries halt production of film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509022047/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19370325&id=4uw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Dk0MAAAAIBAJ&pg=5220,3578690&hl=en |archive-date=9 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Tuscaloosa News]]|date=25 March 1937|page=8}}</ref><ref>Graham, Sheilah. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19370404&id=jqtQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CyIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5649,4986274&hl=en "Hollywood gadabout."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518153258/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19370404&id=jqtQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CyIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5649,4986274&hl=en |date=18 May 2016 }} ''[[Milwaukee Journal]]'', 4 April 1937. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In July 1937, [[United Press International|United Press]] correspondent Dan Rogers noted: "Beautiful Merle Oberon has two scars from her recent automobile accident, but movie fans will never see them. She is completely recovered, is entertaining again at her home... and will start a new picture here this month.... One [injury] was a slight cut on the left eyelid; it left no mark at all. The most serious hurt was to the back of her head; it left a scar but of course it is hidden by her thick hair. Just in front of her left ear is a fine perpendicular white line a half-inch long. So skilfully did surgeons do their job that this scar is invisible except at a range of a yard or less, in strong light."<ref name="Oberon Ready for Work">Rogers, Dan. "Merle Oberon ready for work after accident; scars will not mar beauty." ''[[Corpus Christi Caller-Times|Corpus Christi Times]]'' ([[United Press International|United Press]]), 7 July 1937. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</ref>|group=Note}} While in England she co-starred with [[Laurence Olivier]] in the Korda comedy ''[[The Divorce of Lady X]]'' (1938).

Back in Hollywood, Oberon appeared opposite Gary Cooper in ''[[The Cowboy and the Lady (1938 film)|The Cowboy and the Lady]]'' (1938) and then played Cathy in the highly acclaimed film ''[[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|Wuthering Heights]]'' (1939) opposite [[Laurence Olivier]]. In England, Oberon made ''[[Over the Moon (1939 film)|Over the Moon]]'' (1939) and ''[[The Lion Has Wings]]'' (1939) for Korda.

Oberon had darker skin, due to her Sri Lankan background.<ref name="Kodé" /> This was not too much a problem in black-and-white film, but she did not "test well" during colour film tests.<ref name="Kodé" /> According to ''Princess Merle'', the biography written by [[Charles Higham (biographer)|Charles Higham]] with Roy Moseley, Oberon suffered damage to her complexion in 1940 from a combination of cosmetic poisoning and an allergic reaction to [[sulfa drugs]] in an attempt to lighten her skin.<ref name="Kodé" /> Alexander Korda sent her to a skin specialist in New York City, where she underwent several [[dermabrasion]] procedures.<ref name=princess>Higham and Moseley 1983.{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref> The results were only partially successful; her face had become noticeably pitted and indented unless concealed by makeup.<ref name=princess/>

Oberon starred in ''[['Til We Meet Again|Til We Meet Again]]'' (1940) and ''[[Affectionately Yours]]'' (1941) for Warner Bros, then ''[[That Uncertain Feeling (film)|That Uncertain Feeling]]'' (1941) for [[Ernst Lubitsch]]. Korda financed ''[[Lydia (film)|Lydia]]'' (1941). None of these films was particularly successful at the box office. Oberon was one of many stars to make cameos in ''[[Forever and a Day (1943 film)|Forever and a Day]]'' (1943) and ''[[Stage Door Canteen (film)|Stage Door Canteen]]'' (1943). She made ''[[First Comes Courage]]'' (1943) at Columbia and played the female lead in ''[[The Lodger (1944 film)|The Lodger]]'' (1944), a popular noir. Also admired was ''[[Dark Waters (1944 film)|Dark Waters]]'' (1944).

Oberon had a big hit with ''[[A Song to Remember]]'' (1945), in which she played the French writer [[George Sand]]. However, this was followed by a series of unsuccessful films at Universal: ''[[This Love of Ours]]'' (1946), ''[[Night in Paradise (1946 film)|Night in Paradise]]'' (1946), and ''[[Temptation (1946 film)|Temptation]]'' (1946). She made some films for RKO, ''[[Night Song (1948 film)|Night Song]]'' (1948), and ''[[Berlin Express]]'' (1948).

===Later career===
In France, Oberon appeared in ''[[Pardon My French (1951 film)|Pardon My French]]'' (1951), then ''[[24 Hours of a Woman's Life]]'' (1952) in England and ''[[All Is Possible in Granada (1954 film)|All Is Possible in Granada]]'' (1954). Back in Hollywood she played the [[Joséphine de Beauharnais|Empress Joséphine]] in ''[[Désirée (film)|Désirée]]'' (1954) and had a cameo role in ''[[Deep in My Heart (1954 film)|Deep in My Heart]]'' (1954). She had the lead in a noir, ''[[The Price of Fear (1956 film)|The Price of Fear]]'' (1956). Oberon came out of retirement sporadically to appear in films such as ''[[Of Love and Desire]]'' (1963) and ''[[Hotel (1967 film)|Hotel]]'' (1967). Her last movie was ''[[Interval (1973 film)|Interval]]'' (1973).

==Personal life and death==

Charlotte Selby, Oberon’s possible birth grandmother, raised Oberon as her daughter until her death in 1937. In 1949, Oberon commissioned paintings of Charlotte based on an old photograph (but depicting Charlotte with lighter skin),<ref name="sapnamagazine.com">Kahn, Salma. [http://sapnamagazine.com/?p=537 "Hollywood's first Indian actress: Merle Oberon."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131064019/http://sapnamagazine.com/?p=537 |date=31 January 2009 }} ''SAPNA Magazine'', Winter 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</ref> which hung in all her homes until Oberon's own death in 1979.<ref>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 100.</ref>

===Relationships and marriages===
Oberon married director [[Alexander Korda]] in 1939. While married, she had a brief affair in 1941 with [[Richard Hillary]], an RAF fighter pilot who had been badly burned in the [[Battle of Britain]]. They met while he was on a goodwill tour of the United States. He later wrote the best-selling autobiography ''[[The Last Enemy (autobiography)|The Last Enemy]]''.

Oberon became Lady Korda when her husband was knighted in 1942 by [[George VI|King George VI]] for his contribution to the war effort.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35719 |date=25 September 1942 |page=4175}}</ref> At the time, the couple was based at [[Hills House, Denham|Hills House]] in [[Denham, Buckinghamshire|Denham, England]]. She divorced him in 1945 to marry the American [[cinematographer]] [[Lucien Ballard]]. Ballard devised a special camera light for her, to obscure on film her facial scars suffered in the 1937 accident. The light became known as [[Catch light|the "Obie"]] (now commonly-called a "catch light") and has become ubiquitous in photography and videography.<ref name=biography>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 161.</ref> She and Ballard divorced in 1949.

Oberon married Italian-born industrialist Bruno Pagliai in 1957, adopted two children with him and lived in [[Cuernavaca]], [[Morelos]], Mexico. While married to Pagliai, she had an affair with model [[Michael Edwards (actor)|Mike Edwards]], who was 33 years her junior.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Edwards|year=1988|title=Priscilla, Elvis, and Me|publisher=St. Martin's Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/priscillaelvisme00edwa/page/214 214–215]|isbn=9780312022686}}</ref> While filming ''[[Interval (1973 film)|Interval]]'' in 1973, Oberon met Dutch actor [[Robert Wolders]] who was 25 years her junior. Oberon divorced Pagliai and married the 36-year-old Wolders in 1975.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Christopher|first=Schemering|date=28 April 1985|title=The High Price of Fame and Fortune|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1985/04/28/the-high-price-of-fame-and-fortune/fdc1ebd0-84e2-4a3f-ae0e-00abbd6940a1/|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref>

===Disputed birthplace===
To avoid prejudice over her mixed background, Oberon dissembled that she was born and raised in [[Tasmania]], Australia, with her birth records being destroyed in a fire. The story eventually unravelled after her death.<ref>Higham and Moseley 1983, p. 291.</ref> Oberon is known to have been to Australia only twice.<ref name="pybus">{{Cite book |last=Pybus |first=Cassandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-Y3SP7A4lYC&pg=PA109 |title=Till Apples Grow on an Orange Tree |date=1998 |publisher=Univ. of Queensland Press |isbn=978-0-7022-3036-3 |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref> Her first visit there was in 1965, on a film promotion. Another visit, to [[Hobart|Hobart, Tasmania]], was scheduled, but after journalists in Sydney pressed her for details of her early life, she became ill and shortly afterwards left for Mexico.<ref name=pybus/>

In 1978, the year before her death, she agreed to visit Hobart for a Lord mayoral reception. The Lord Mayor of Hobart became aware shortly before the reception that there was no proof she had been born in Tasmania, but he went ahead with the celebration to avoid embarrassment. Shortly after arriving at the reception, Oberon, to the disappointment of many, denied she had been born in Tasmania. She then excused herself, claiming illness, and was unavailable to answer questions about her background. On the way to the reception, she had told her driver that as a child she was on a ship with her father, who became ill when it was passing Hobart. They were taken ashore so he could be treated, thereby spending some time in her early years on the island. During her Hobart stay, she remained in her hotel, gave no other interviews, and did not visit the theatre named in her honour.<ref name=pybus/>

===Death===
Oberon retired after ''Interval'' and moved with Wolders to [[Malibu, California]], where she died in 1979, aged 68, after suffering a [[stroke]].<ref name="ODNB">{{Cite ODNB|id=56978|title=Oberon, Merle [real name Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson] (1911–1979)}}</ref> Her body was interred at [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale|Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery]] in [[Glendale, California]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZraJCgAAQBAJ&q=merle+oberon+forest+lawn&pg=PA65|title=Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory|first=Allan R.|last=Ellenberger|date=1 May 2001|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786450190|via=Google Books|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012055533/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZraJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=merle+oberon+forest+lawn|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reputation and legacy==
Despite hiding her Asian heritage throughout her career, Oberon is regarded as the first [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees of Asian descent#Best Actress|Asian nominee in the Best Actress category]] and the first Asian individual overall to receive an Oscar nomination. In 2023, discussion around Oberon's Academy Awards status resurfaced after [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] actress [[Michelle Yeoh]] was nominated for and subsequently won the Best Actress award for her performance in ''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]''. News outlets such as ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' opted to describe Yeoh as "the first self-identified Asian actress", while making note of Oberon hiding her identity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite AV media|title=Who was the first Asian nominated for Best Actress?|author=Vox |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/_ukRHmIpo30 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/michelle-yeoh-historic-2023-oscar-nomination-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-1235308400/|title=Michelle Yeoh on Historic Oscar Nom: 'This Is Beyond Just Me'|date=24 January 2023 |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

For her contributions to film, Oberon received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], located at 6274 Hollywood Boulevard, on February 8, 1960.

[[Michael Korda]], nephew of Alexander Korda, published a [[roman à clef]] about Oberon after her death titled ''[[Queenie (miniseries)|Queenie]]'' in 1985, which was adapted into a 1987 television miniseries starring [[Mia Sara]], [[Kirk Douglas]], [[Sarah Miles]], [[Claire Bloom]], [[Leigh Lawson]], and [[Joss Ackland]].<ref>Korda 1999, pp. 446–447.</ref>

[[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s unfinished novel ''[[The Last Tycoon]]'' was made into a [[The Last Tycoon (TV series)|television series]] with [[Jennifer Beals]] playing Margo Taft, a character created for the TV series and based on Oberon.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/07/last-tycoon-jennifer-beals-merle-oberon|title=The Fascinating Old Hollywood Story That Inspired The Last Tycoon's Best Plotline|first=Lisa|last=Liebman|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=28 July 2017|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731013942/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/07/last-tycoon-jennifer-beals-merle-oberon|url-status=live}}</ref>

New Zealand author [[Witi Ihimaera]] used Oberon's hidden South Asian and alleged Māori heritage as the inspiration for the novel ''White Lies'',<ref>Freebooksvampire [http://www.ivampiresbook.com/Romance/White-Lies-by-Witi-Ihimaera/18.html White Lies, Author:Witi Ihimaera, 3. Merle Oberon was a Maori] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810101320/http://www.ivampiresbook.com/Romance/White-Lies-by-Witi-Ihimaera/18.html |date=10 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>''Screenz'' 6 October 2014 [http://www.screenz.co.nz/bss-2014-maori-filmmaking/ BSS 2014: on Māori filmmaking – Keith Barclay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617145806/http://www.screenz.co.nz/bss-2014-maori-filmmaking/ |date=17 June 2016 }}</ref> which was turned into the 2013 movie ''[[White Lies (2013 New Zealand film)|White Lies]]''.<ref>Auckland Actors [http://www.aucklandactors.co.nz/news/film/whale-rider-producer-a-novelist-reteam-for-medicine-woman Whale Rider producer & novelist reteam for Medicine Woman – Taken from Screen Daily, by Sandy George] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208144431/http://www.aucklandactors.co.nz/news/film/whale-rider-producer-a-novelist-reteam-for-medicine-woman |date=8 February 2016 }}</ref>

British author [[Lindsay Ashford]], publishing under the pen name Lindsay Jayne Ashford, wrote the 2017 historical fiction novel ''Whisper of the Moon Moth'' based on Oberon. The novel is a fictionalised retelling of Oberon's early life, rise to Hollywood stardom, and turbulent personal life.

In December 2025, she was recognized as [[Turner Classic Movies]] Star of the Month.

==Acting credits==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1928 || ''[[The Three Passions]]'' || Bit Part || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan=3 |1930 || ''[[The W Plan]]'' || Woman at Cafe Table || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Alf's Button (1930 film)|Alf's Button]]'' || Bit Part || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[A Warm Corner]]'' || Bit Part || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan=2 |1931 || ''[[Never Trouble Trouble]]'' || Bit Part || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Fascination (1931 film)|Fascination]]'' || Flower Seller || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan=6 |1932 || ''[[Service for Ladies (1932 film)|Service for Ladies]]'' || Minor Role || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Ebb Tide (1932 film)|Ebb Tide]]'' || Girl || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Aren't We All? (film)|Aren't We All?]]'' || Bit Part || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Wedding Rehearsal]]'' || Miss Hutchinson ||
|-
|''[[Men of Tomorrow (1932 film)|Men of Tomorrow]]'' || Ysobel d'Aunay ||
|-
| ''[[For the Love of Mike (1932 film)|For the Love of Mike]]'' || Bit Part || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan=2 |1933 || ''[[Strange Evidence]]'' || Bit Part || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[The Private Life of Henry VIII]]'' || [[Anne Boleyn]]||
|-
| rowspan=4 |1934 || ''[[The Battle (1934 film)|The Battle]]'' || Marquise Yorisaka ||
|-
| ''[[The Broken Melody (1934 film)|The Broken Melody]]'' || Germaine Brissard ||
|-
| ''[[The Private Life of Don Juan]]'' || Antonita ||
|-
| ''[[The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934 film)|The Scarlet Pimpernel]]'' || Lady Marguerite Blakeney ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1935 || ''[[Folies Bergère de Paris]]'' || Baroness Genevieve Cassini ||
|-
| ''[[The Dark Angel (1935 film)|The Dark Angel]]'' || Kitty Vane || Nomination - [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| rowspan=2 |1936 || ''[[These Three]]'' || Karen Wright ||
|-
| ''[[Beloved Enemy]]'' || Lady Helen Drummond ||
|-
| 1937 || ''[[I, Claudius (film)|I, Claudius]]'' || [[Messalina]]|| Unfinished
|-
| rowspan=2 |1938 || ''[[The Divorce of Lady X]]'' || Leslie Steele ||
|-
| ''[[The Cowboy and the Lady (1938 film)|The Cowboy and the Lady]]'' || Mary Smith ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |1939 || ''[[Over the Moon (1939 film)|Over the Moon]]'' || Jane Benson ||
|-
|''[[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|Wuthering Heights]]'' || [[Catherine Earnshaw|Catherine Earnshaw Linton]]||
|-
|''[[The Lion Has Wings]]'' || Mrs. Richardson ||
|-
| 1940 || ''[['Til We Meet Again]]'' || Joan Ames ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |1941 || ''[[That Uncertain Feeling (film)|That Uncertain Feeling]]'' || Jill Baker ||
|-
| ''[[Affectionately Yours]]'' || Sue Mayberry ||
|-
| ''[[Lydia (film)|Lydia]]'' || Lydia MacMillan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |1943 || ''[[Forever and a Day (1943 film)|Forever and a Day]]'' || Marjorie Ismay ||
|-
| ''[[Stage Door Canteen (film)|Stage Door Canteen]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[First Comes Courage]]'' || Nicole Larsen ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1944 || ''[[The Lodger (1944 film)|The Lodger]]'' || Kitty Langley ||
|-
| ''[[Dark Waters (1944 film)|Dark Waters]]'' || Leslie Calvin ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1945 || ''[[A Song to Remember]]'' || George Sand ||
|-
| ''[[This Love of Ours]]'' || Karin Touzac ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1946 || ''[[Night in Paradise (1946 film)|Night in Paradise]]'' || Delarai ||
|-
| ''[[Temptation (1946 film)|Temptation]]'' || Ruby ||
|-
| 1947 || ''[[Night Song (1948 film)|Night Song]]'' || Cathy Mallory ||
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Berlin Express]]'' || Lucienne Mirebeau ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Pardon My French (1951 film)|Pardon My French]]'' || Elizabeth Rockwell ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1952 || ''[[Dans la vie tout s'arrange]]'' || Elizabeth Rockwell || French version of ''The Lady from Boston''
|-
| ''[[24 Hours of a Woman's Life]]'' || Linda Venning ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |1954 || ''[[All Is Possible in Granada (1954 film)|All Is Possible in Granada]]'' || Margaret Faulson ||
|-
| ''[[Désirée (film)|Désirée]]'' || Empress [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]||
|-
| ''[[Deep in My Heart (1954 film)|Deep in My Heart]]'' || Dorothy Donnelly ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[The Price of Fear (1956 film)|The Price of Fear]]'' || Jessica Warren ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Of Love and Desire]]'' || Katherine Beckmann ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[The Oscar (film)|The Oscar]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Hotel (1967 film)|Hotel]]'' || Duchess Caroline ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Interval (1973 film)|Interval]]'' || Serena Moore ||
|}

===Short subjects===
* ''Screen Snapshots Series 16, No. 4'' (1936)
* ''Hollywood Goes to Town'' (1938)
* ''[[Assignment Foreign Legion]]'' (1956-1957 25 episodes)

===Radio===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Program !! Episode/source
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1946|| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Screen Guild Theater|Screen Guild Players]]'' || ''This Love of Ours''<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3206230/harrisburg_telegraph/ "Oberon, Cotten Star on "Guild"."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142154/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3206230/harrisburg_telegraph/ |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Harrisburg Telegraph'', 14 December 1946, p. 17, via ''[[Newspapers.com]]''. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|Wuthering Heights]]''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Those Were the Days|journal=Nostalgia Digest|date=Summer 2016|volume=42|issue=3|page=34}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Organization
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[8th Academy Awards|1936]]
|[[Academy Awards]]
|[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[The Dark Angel (1935 film)|''The Dark Angel'']]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-08 |title=The 8th Academy Awards {{!}} 1936 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1936 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.oscars.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1960
|[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
|[[List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame|Star - Motion Pictures]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{Honored}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chad |date=2019-10-25 |title=Merle Oberon |url=https://walkoffame.com/merle-oberon/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Hollywood Walk of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees from Great Britain]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===

{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Bowden, Tim. ''The Devil in Tim: Penelope's Travels in Tasmania''. London: Allen & Unwin, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-74175-237-3}}.
* Casey, Bob. ''Merle Oberon: Face of Mystery''. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia: Masterpiece@IXL, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-98054-822-8}}.
* Higham, Charles and Roy Moseley. ''Princess Merle: The Romantic Life of Merle Oberon''. New York: Coward-McCann Inc., 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-69811-231-5}}.
* Korda, Michael. ''Another Life: A Memoir of Other People''. New York: Random House, 1999. {{ISBN|0-67945-659-7}}.
* Munn, Michael. ''David Niven: The Man Behind the Balloon''. London: JR Books, 2010. {{ISBN|1-9-0677-967-8}}.
* Pybus, Cassandra. ''Till Apples Grow on an Orange Tree''. St Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-70222-986-2}}.
* Woollacott, Angela. ''Race and the Modern Exotic. Three 'Australian' Women on Global Display''. Monash University Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-92186-712-5}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{External links|date=May 2020}}
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|643353}}
* {{Tcmdb name}}
* {{Screenonline name|id=485559}}
* [http://classicmoviefavorites.com/oberon/ Classic Movie Favorites website]
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=1370 Photographs of Merle Oberon and bibliography]
* {{Find a Grave|1574}} – Note 1917 birthyear on headstone
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716142112/http://www.condenaststore.com/Actors/Merle-Oberon/invt/103576 Merle Oberon in pose for ''The Dark Angel''] in '''[[Vanity Fair (American magazine 1913–1936)|Vanity Fair]]''' portrait by [[Cecil Beaton]]
* {{cite news| url= http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/01/stories/2008080151070200.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080913214359/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/01/stories/2008080151070200.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 13 September 2008 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] | date= 1 August 2008| title= From Bombay to Beverly Hills| first= Randor | last= Guy | access-date= 4 May 2016}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051030144856/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/documentaries/stories/s657300.htm ''The Trouble With Merle''] (Australian documentary) – investigation of her origins

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberon, Merle}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Actresses from British India]]
[[Category:British people of Māori descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English people of Sri Lankan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of New Zealand descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan people of New Zealand descent]]
[[Category:Wives of knights]]

Aparna Balamurali

2026-04-15T04:45:06Z

LouJ11418910501:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Aparna|Balamurali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aparna Balamurali
| image =AparnaAtFilmFareAward.jpg
| image size =
| alt =
| caption = Aparna in 2024
| birth_name = Aparna Balamurali Menon
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|09|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015—present
| awards =
| spouse =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Aparna Balamurali''' (born 11 September 1995<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/happy-birthday-aparna-balamurali-fans-send-out-heartfelt-wishes-for-the-kollywood-actress/651032 |title=Happy Birthday Aparna Balamurali!Fans send out heartfelt wishes for the Kollywood actress |language=en |website=zoomtventertainment.com |date=21 September 2020}}</ref>) is an Indian actress and playback singer, who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She is the recipient of a [[National Film Award]] and a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]]. Aparna is known for her roles in the films ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016), ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' (2017), ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020), and ''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]'' (2024), winning the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''Soorarai Pottru''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=National Film Awards 2022 highlights: Soorarai Pottru and Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior win big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/68th-national-film-awards-live-updates-winners-to-be-announced-soon-101658484602705.html |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, Aparna was placed by ''[[Forbes Asia]]'' in their [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Forbes India 30 Under 30 2025: Meet our young groundbreakers and trendsetters |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/30-under-30-2025/ |work=Forbes India |accessdate=29 May 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aparna was born in [[Nenmara|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India to K. P. Balamurali Menon, a music director and Shobha Balamurali.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2020 |title=Actress Aparna Balamurali Family Photos with Father, Mother & Biography | Latest Tamil News |url=https://jobbeatnews.in/aparna-balamurali-biography-age-date-of-birth-2024/ |website=Latest Tamil News |via=}}</ref> She attended [[Devamatha CMI Public School]].<ref>{{cite news |last=അജിത് |title=ഇത് നിങ്ങളറിയാത്ത അപർണ ബാലമുരളി! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/01/10/aparna-balamurali-about-architecture-and-dream-home.html |access-date=25 August 2018 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=12 January 2018 |language=ml |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005227/https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/01/10/aparna-balamurali-about-architecture-and-dream-home.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2015, Aparna's debut movie ''[[Oru Second Class Yathra]]'' was released. She rose to fame with her film named, ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/maheshinte-prathikaram-review-finally-an-intelligent-comedy-review-malayalam-qcfrQVcdfebad.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206021827/http://www.sify.com/movies/maheshinte-prathikaram-review-finally-an-intelligent-comedy-review-malayalam-qcfrQVcdfebad.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2016 |title=Maheshinte Prathikaram review: Finally, an intelligent comedy |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She also starred in a comedy ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lensmenreviews.com/oru-muthassi-gadha-malayalam-movie-review-2016/ |title=Oru Muthassi Gadha Review | |date=15 September 2016}}</ref> She made her Tamil debut in ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017). She played in ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' (2017) and ''[[Thrissivaperoor Kliptham]]'' (2017). In both films, she is paired opposite [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/04/aparna-balamurali-is-a-scribe-in-her-tamil-debut-1589873.html |title=Aparna Balamurali is a scribe in her Tamil debut |date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Her 2018 releases are ''[[Kamuki (2018 film)|Kamuki]]'' and ''[[B.Tech (film)|B. Tech]]''.<ref name="'B Tech' releases today May 5">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title='B Tech' releases today (May 5) |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/b-tech-releases-today-may-5-news-malayalam-sffozCejjedfa.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505181515/http://www.sify.com/movies/b-tech-releases-today-may-5-news-malayalam-sffozCejjedfa.html |archive-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> She has been cast as the Tamil film's heroine in ''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]'' (2019) starring [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/nov/30/aparna-balamurali-signs-sarvam-thaala-mayam-1714130.html |title=Aparna Balamurali signs Sarvam Thaala Mayam |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=30 November 2017 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> Her subsequent films in Malayalam were ''[[Mr. & Ms. Rowdy]]'' (2019) and ''[[Jeem Boom Bhaa]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mr--ms-rowdy-reviewpredictable-but-ends-up-as-an-average-watch-review-malayalam-tcxkHMdajafii.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223090424/http://www.sify.com/movies/mr--ms-rowdy-reviewpredictable-but-ends-up-as-an-average-watch-review-malayalam-tcxkHMdajafii.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2019 |title=Mr & Ms Rowdy review:Predictable, but ends up as an average watch |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She appeared as Bommi in [[Suriya]] starrer ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020).<ref name=":0" /> The next Tamil movie was ''[[Theethum Nandrum]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/mar/12/theethum-nandrum-movie-review-a-simple-neatly-bound-tale-about-depravity-23277.html |title=Theethum Nandrum Movie Review: A simple, neatly bound tale about depravity |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |publisher=Cinema Express |date=12 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513224334/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/mar/12/theethum-nandrum-movie-review-a-simple-neatly-bound-tale-about-depravity-23277.html |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Oru Second Class Yathra]]'' || Amritha Unnikrishnan || rowspan="3" | [[Malayalam]]|| || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aparna-balamurali-is-not-affected-by-fame-vineeth/articleshow/54276348.cms |title=Aparna Balamurali is not affected by fame: Vineeth |work=The Times of India |first=Sanjith |last=Sidhardhan |date=27 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2| 2016 || ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || Jimsy Augustine || || <ref>{{cite web |last=Soman |first=Deepa |title=Jimsy is quite like me, says Aparna Balamurali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jimsy-is-quite-like-me-says-Aparna-Balamurali/articleshow/51056196.cms |access-date=19 June 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714074025/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jimsy-is-quite-like-me-says-Aparna-Balamurali/articleshow/51056196.cms |archive-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Gada]]''|| Alice / Young Leelamma || ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |title=Aparna Balamurali a modern girl in her next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/aparna-balamurali-a-modern-girl-in-her-next/articleshow/51616408.cms |access-date=10 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2017 || ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' || Meera || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=8 April 2017 |title=8 Thottakkal review: A satisfying thriller that could have been trimmed a bit |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/080417/8-thottakkal-review-a-satisfying-thriller-that-could-have-been-trimmed-a-bit.html |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' || Anu || rowspan="7" | Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2017 |title=Sunday Holiday movie review: Aparna Balamurali sparkles in a part-sweet, part-bland film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sunday-holiday-movie-review-aparna-balamurali-sparkles-in-a-part-sweet-part-bland-film-3819005.html |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]''|| Anupama Neelakandan || || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=Sarvopari Palakkaran's first poster features Anoop Menon and Aparna Balamurali against the backdrop of Kiss of Love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sarvopari-palakkarans-first-poster-features-anoop-menon-and-aparna-balamurali-against-the-backdrop-of-kiss-of-love/articleshow/59285390.cms |access-date=12 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=23 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thrissivaperoor Kliptham]]''|| Bhageerati || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/aparna-bhalamurali-as-auto-driver-in-thrishivaperoor-kliptham-movie.html |title=ഓട്ടോക്കാരിയായി അപർണ്ണയുടെ കിടിലൻ ഗെറ്റപ്പ്; 'തൃശ്ശിവപേരൂര്‍ ക്ലിപ്ത'ത്തിന്റെ ട്രെയിലർ കാണാം | Aparna Balamurali as auto driver in Thrishivaperoor Kliptham Movie |publisher=Vanitha.in |date=22 March 2019 |accessdate=17 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mayaanadhi]]''|| Herself ||Guest appearance ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Anjana |title=Aparna Balamurali and Leona in Mayanadhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aparna-balamurali-and-leona-in-mayanadhi/articleshow/61674190.cms |access-date=16 November 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018|| ''[[Kamuki (2018 film)|Kamuki]]'' ||Achama Varghese (Achu)|| || <ref name="Story">{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaamuki-movie-review-oh-aparna-balamurali-what-were-you-thinking-4484205.html |title=Kaamuki movie review: Oh Aparna Balamurali, what were you thinking? |access-date=18 October 2018 |date=27 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[B.Tech (film)|B. Tech]]'' || Priya || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asif has now become a big brother to me: Aparna Balamurali |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-has-now-become-a-big-brother-to-me-aparna-balamurali/articleshow/61712093.cms |access-date=10 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019 || ''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' || Swathy || || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/allu-ramendran/movie-review/67791357.cms|title=Allu Ramendran Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Allu Ramendran by Times of India|accessdate=4 February 2019|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203190149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/allu-ramendran/movie-review/67791357.cms|archive-date=3 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]'' ||Sara || Tamil || || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Gopinath |title=Aparna Balamurali signs Rajiv Menon's film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/nov/30/aparna-balamurali-signs-rajiv-menons-film-3325.html |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mr. & Ms. Rowdy]]''||Poornima || rowspan="2" |Malayalam || || <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/011218/bold-and-beautiful.html |title=Bold and beautiful |first=Gautham |last=S |date=1 December 2018 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jeem Boom Bhaa]]''|| Muth || Cameo ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jeem Boom Bhaa teaser released |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jeem-boom-bhaa-teaser-released/articleshow/68411779.cms |access-date=10 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''|| Sundari Nedumaaran (Bommi) || rowspan="3" | Tamil || || <ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Aparna Balamurali is paired alongside Suriya in her next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/aparna-balamurali-is-paired-alongside-suriya-in-her-next/articleshow/68763056.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017011447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/aparna-balamurali-is-paired-alongside-suriya-in-her-next/articleshow/68763056.cms |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Theethum Nandrum]]'' || Sumathi || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Aparna Balamurali's next, Theethum Nandrum |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/18/aparna-balamuralis-next-theethum-nandrum-1844723.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022||''[[Veetla Vishesham]]''||Sowmya || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-is-why-aparna-balamurali-agreed-to-be-part-of-rj-balajis-veetla-vishesham/articleshow/92149274.cms |title=This is why Aparna Balamurali agreed to be part of RJ Balaji's Veetla Vishesham |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sundari Gardens]]''|| Suma (Sundari Mathews) || rowspan="2" |Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aparna Balamurali plays a librarian in a love story |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aparna-balamurali-plays-a-librarian-in-a-love-story/articleshow/88032784.cms |access-date=10 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ini Utharam]]''|| Dr.Janaki Ganesh || || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Ini Utharam Movie Review : A woman-driven thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ini-utharam/movie-review/94722300.cms |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]'' || Mathivadani || Tamil|| || <ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=Ashok Selvan, Ritu Varma team up again |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/feb/08/ashok-selvan-ritu-varma-team-up-again-2416591.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]'' || Prameela || rowspan="5" | Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=Watch: Prithviraj Sukumaran performing fight sequences for 'Kaapa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/watch-prithviraj-sukumaran-performing-fight-sequences-for-kaapa/articleshow/93160823.cms |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Thankam (film)|Thankam]]'' || Keerthi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan-Biju Menon film Thankam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/03/vineeth-sreenivasan-biju-menon-film-thankam-gets-a-release-date-38342.html |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Noora, T.V Reporter || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2022 |title=Tovino Thomas, Kunchako Boban, Asif Ali to star in film on 2018 Kerala floods |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/tovino-thomas-kunchako-boban-asif-ali-to-star-in-film-on-2018-kerala-floods-8247900/ |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dhoomam (2023)|''Dhoomam'']]|| Diya || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/fahadh-faasil-and-pawan-kumars-dhoomam-goes-on-floors-see-pics-8198974/ |title=Fahadh Faasil and Pawan Kumar's Dhoomam goes on floors. See photos |date=9 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]'' || Adv. Sreedevi (Sree)|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2023 |title='Padmini' movie review: Senna Hegde, Kunchacko Boban's comedy just about lives up to its minor ambitions |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/padmini-movie-review-senna-hegde-kunchacko-bobans-comedy-just-about-lives-up-to-its-minor-ambitions/article67079765.ece |access-date=15 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Raayan]]'' || Meghalai || Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=13 June 2023 |title=Dhanush cuts his hair short for D50; Aparna Balamurali on board |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/dhanush-cuts-his-hair-short-for-d50-aparna-balamurali-on-board-718112 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]'' || Aparna || rowspan=5 | Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-22 |title=Asif Ali-starrer Kishkindha Kaandam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/22/asif-ali-starrer-kishkindha-kaandam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rudhiram]]'' || Swathy || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raj B Shetty and Aparna Balamurali's 'Rudhiram' goes on floors! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/raj-b-shetty-and-aparna-balamuralis-rudhiram-goes-on-floors/articleshow/97913534.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 February 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Mirage (2025 film)|Mirage]]'' || Abirami / Anjali || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=2025-08-17 |title= Mirage: Teaser of Jeethu Joseph's film hints at another intricate thriller starring Asif Ali & Aparna Balamurali |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mirage-teaser-of-jeethu-joseph-film-hints-at-another-intricate-thriller-starring-asif-ali-aparna-balamurali/c042644fbf728 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mindiyum Paranjum]]'' || Leena || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aparna Balamurali, Unni Mukundan to lead in 'Luca' director's next film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aparna-balamurali-unni-mukundan-to-lead-in-luca-directors-next-film/articleshow/88137826.cms |access-date=10 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film|Ula}} || {{TableTBA}} || Filming ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |title=Aparna Balamurali's Ula is a family drama helmed by Kalki director Praveen Prabharam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aparna-balamuralis-ula-is-a-family-drama-helmed-by-kalki-director-praveen-prabharam/articleshow/82047570.cms |access-date=10 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2019||''[[Laughing Villa|Laughing Villa season 3]]''||Herself||rowspan=3|Malayalam||[[Surya TV]]||Guest; Reality show||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aparna-balamurali-and-krishna-sankar-have-fun-on-laughing-villa/articleshow/67915854.cms|title=Aparna Balamurali and Krishna Sankar have fun on Laughing Villa|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2019|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2019||''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam]]''||Herself||[[Zee Keralam]]||Guest; Reality show||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aparna-balamurali-to-visit-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam/articleshow/71759802.cms|title=Aparna Balamurali to visit Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam|work=The Times of India|date=9 December 2020|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2020||''[[Super 4 (Indian TV series)|Super 4]]''||Herself||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Guest; Reality show||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/super-4-actors-anu-sithara-and-aparna-balamurali-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/79644450.cms|title=Super 4: Actors Anu Sithara and Aparna Balamurali to grace the show|work=The Times of India|date=25 October 2019|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Puthu Puthu Arthangal]]'' ||[[Veetla Vishesham|Sowmya]] || rowspan="3" | Tamil || [[Zee Tamil]] || Cameo; Serial||
|-
| ''[[Fingertip (season 2)]]'' || Shruti|| [[ZEE5]]|| Web series ||
|-
|2023||''[[Star Singer|Star Singer season 9]]''||Herself||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Guest; Reality show||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/this-lip-sync-video-of-ks-chithra-and-the-star-singer-team-is-the-cutest-thing-on-the-internet-today/articleshow/106318912.cms|title=This lip-sync video of KS Chithra and the Star Singer team is the cutest thing on the Internet today!|work=The Times of India|date=27 December 2023|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2024 || ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || Bharathi||rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||[[ZEE5]]
|Anthology web series Segment : Kadalkkaattu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=15 July 2024 |title=Manorathangal Trailer: Film legends assemble for anthology on MT Vasudevan Nair's stories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/manorathangal-trailer-film-legends-assemble-for-anthology-on-mt-vasudevan-nairs-stories |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025||''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss Malayalam season 7]]''||Herself||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Guest; Reality show||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malayalamtv9.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-asif-ali-jeethu-joseph-and-aparna-visit-bb-house-mirage-movie-receives-great-response-2148698.html|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7: ബിബി ഹൗസിൽ ഇനി ചെറിയ കളികളില്ല; അതിഥികളായി ആസിഫ് അലിയും ജീത്തുവും അപർണയും|work=TV9 Malayalam|date=22 September 2025|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Other works ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
!
|-
| 2016 || ''Mazhayayi'' || rowspan="3" | Malayalam || rowspan=4 | [[YouTube]] || rowspan="3" | Music album ||<ref name="'B Tech' releases today May 5"/>
|-
| 2017 || ''Naadu'' ||<ref>{{Citation |title=Naadu {{!}} Malayalam Music Video {{!}}Sooraj Santhosh & Varkey Musical Ft Aparna Balamurali {{!}} Onam Song {{!}}HD | date=3 September 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8nwG3zGfW8 |language=en |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''It's me nature'' ||<ref>{{Citation |title=IT'S ME NATURE // Kaithapram // Deepankuran // Ft. Aparna Balamurali | date=4 November 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxLDdDsABng |language=en |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Bin Bulaye'' || Hindi || Short film ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=തൊണ്ണൂറുകളിലെ വീട്ടമ്മമാരുടെ നേർക്കാഴ്ചയുമായി അപർണ്ണ ബാലമുരളിയുടെ കോൺസെപ്റ്റ് വീഡിയോ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/aparna-balamurali-raises-a-toast-to-the-90s-women-with-bin-bulaaye-mm-455697.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Co-singer !! Language
|-
| rowspan=3|2016|| "Mounangal Mindumoree" || ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || [[Vijay Yesudas]] || rowspan=3|[[Malayalam]]
|-
| "Thennal Nilavinte"|| ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]'' || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
| "Vinnil Theliyum Meghame" || ''[[Pa Va]]'' || Vijay Yesudas
|-
| rowspan=3|2017|| "Mannippaya Ena Ketkadhe" || ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' || Udhay Kannan || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| "Mazha Paadum" || ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' || [[Arvind Venugopal]] || rowspan=5|Malayalam
|-
| "Thanthane"||''Naadu'' (Music Album) ||
|-
|2020||"Kanyamariyame"||''Kanyamariyame'' (Music album)||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2021||"Veyil Choodum"||''Veyil Choodum'' (Music album)||
|-
|"Ninnil ninnum Njan"||''Hased'' (Music album)
|-
|2022||"Thada Buda Kaathu" (Promotional song)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thada-buda-kaathu-from-nitham-oru-vaanam-single/1652675008 |title=Thada Buda Kaathu (From "Nitham Oru Vaanam") - Single by Aparna Balamurali & Dharan Kumar}}</ref>|| ''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]'' || || Tamil
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
| [[68th National Film Awards|2020]]
| rowspan="4"|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|National Film Award]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soorarai-pottru-dominates-68th-national-film-awards/article65671204.ece |title=68th National Film Awards | Soorarai Pottru wins Best Film award |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|2020]]
|-
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |url-status=live |website=The News Minute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921174049/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |archive-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Facebook|actressaparnabalamurali}}
* {{IMDb name|7936195}}

{{National Film Award Best Actress}}{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balamurali, Aparna}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Singers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Shulba Sutras

2026-04-13T08:21:56Z

LouJ11418910501: Starting - done

{{Short description|Texts belonging to the Śrauta ritual}}
The '''''Shulva Sutras''''' or '''''Śulbasūtras''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: शुल्बसूत्र; ''{{IAST|śulba}}'': "string, cord, rope") are [[sutra]] texts belonging to the [[Śrauta]] ritual and containing geometry related to [[vedi (altar)|fire-altar]] construction.

== Purpose and origins ==
[[File:Garhwal(4).jpg|thumb|Falcon-shaped ''vedi'' excavated from Purola, Uttarkashi; likely belonging to the [[Kuninda Kingdom|Kuninda]] period (150 BCE - 250 CE).]]
[[File:Bodhayana Square to Circle Animation.gif|thumb|Transforming a square into a circle (of the same area), as suggested by Bodhāyana, in a text contained in the Śulba Sūtras.]]
The Shulba Sutras are part of the larger corpus of texts called the [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Shrauta Sutras]], considered to be appendices to the [[Vedas]]. They are the only sources of knowledge of [[Indian mathematics]] from the [[Vedic period]]. Unique [[Vedi (altar)|Vedi (fire-altar)]] shapes were associated with unique gifts from the Gods. For instance, "he who desires heaven is to construct a fire-altar in the form of a falcon"; "a fire-altar in the form of a tortoise is to be constructed by one desiring to win the world of Brahman" and "those who wish to destroy existing and future enemies should construct a fire-altar in the form of a rhombus".<ref name=":0">{{harvtxt|Plofker|2007}}, p. 387, "Certain shapes and sizes of fire-altars were associated with particular gifts that the sacrificer desired from the gods: 'he who desires heaven is to construct a fire-altar in the form of a falcon'; 'a fire-altar in the form of a tortoise is to be constructed by one desiring to win the world of Brahman'; 'those who wish to destroy existing and future enemies should construct a fire-altar in the form of a rhombus' [Sen and Bag 1983, 86, 98, 111]."</ref>

The four major Shulba Sutras, which are mathematically the most significant, are those attributed to [[Baudhayana]], [[Manava]], [[Apastamba]] and [[Katyayana (mathematician)|Katyayana]].<ref name=Plofker387>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2007}}, p. 387</ref> Their language is late [[Vedic Sanskrit]], pointing to a composition roughly during the 1st millennium [[BCE]].<ref name=Plofker387/> The oldest is the sutra attributed to Baudhayana, possibly compiled around 800 BCE to 500 BCE.<ref name=Plofker387/> Pingree says that the Apastamba is likely the next oldest; he places the Katyayana and the Manava third and fourth chronologically, on the basis of apparent borrowings.<ref name=Pingree4>{{harvtxt|Pingree|1981}}, p. 4</ref> According to mathematical historian [[Kim Plofker]], the Katyayana was composed after "the great grammatical codification of Sanskrit by [[Pāṇini]] in probably the mid-fourth century BCE", but she places the Manava in the same period as the Baudhayana.<ref name=Plofker18>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2009}}, p.18</ref>

With regard to the composition of Vedic texts, Plofker writes,<blockquote>The Vedic veneration of Sanskrit as a sacred speech, whose divinely revealed texts were meant to be recited, heard, and memorized rather than transmitted in writing, helped shape Sanskrit literature in general. ... Thus texts were composed in formats that could be easily memorized: either condensed prose aphorisms (''sūtras,'' a word later applied to mean a rule or algorithm in general) or verse, particularly in the Classical period. Naturally, ease of memorization sometimes interfered with ease of comprehension. As a result, most treatises were supplemented by one or more prose commentaries ..."<ref>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2009}}, p. 11</ref></blockquote> There are multiple commentaries for each of the Shulba Sutras, but these were written long after the original works. The commentary of Sundararāja on the Apastamba, for example, comes from the late 15th century CE<ref>{{harvtxt|Pingree|1981}}, p. 6</ref> and the commentary of Dvārakãnātha on the Baudhayana appears to borrow from Sundararāja.<ref>{{harvtxt|Delire|2009}}, p. 50</ref> According to philosopher [[Frits Staal]], certain aspects of the tradition described in the Shulba Sutras would have been "transmitted orally", and he points to places in southern India where the fire-altar ritual is still practiced and an oral tradition preserved.<ref>{{harvtxt|Staal|1999}}, p. 111</ref> The fire-altar tradition largely died out in India, however, and Plofker warns that those pockets where the practice remains may reflect a later Vedic revival rather than an unbroken tradition.<ref name=Plofker18/> Archaeological evidence of the altar constructions described in the Shulba Sutras is sparse. A large falcon-shaped fire altar (''śyenaciti''), dating to the second century BCE, was found in the, 1957-59, excavations by [[G. R. Sharma]] at [[Kausambi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.18859 |title=Excavations at Kausambi (1957-59) |date=1960 |language=English}}</ref> but this altar does not conform to the dimensions prescribed by the Shulba Sutras.<ref name=Pingree4/><ref>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2009}}, p 19.</ref>
[[File:Shulabh Sutra.jpg|left|thumb|Cover page of a treaty of Śulbasūtra by the Indian mathematician [[Kātyāyana]] around the 2nd century BCE.]]
The content of the Shulba Sutras is likely older than the works themselves.{{cn|date=January 2025}} The ''[[Satapatha Brahmana]]'' and the ''[[Taittiriya Samhita]]'', whose contents date to the late second millennium or early first millennium BCE, describe altars whose dimensions appear to be based on the right triangle with legs of 15 ''pada'' and 36 ''pada'', one of the triangles listed in the Baudhayana Shulba Sutra.<ref>{{harvtxt|Bürk|1901}}, p. 554</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Heath|1925}}, p. 362</ref>

The origin of the mathematics in the Shulba Sutras is not known. It is possible, as proposed by mathematical historian [[Radha Charan Gupta]], that the geometry was developed to meet the needs of ritual.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gupta|1997}}, p. 154</ref> Some scholars go farther: Staal hypothesizes a common ritual origin for Indian and Greek geometry, citing similar interest and approach to doubling and other geometric transformation problems.<ref>{{harvtxt|Staal|1999}}, pp. 106, 109–110</ref> [[Abraham Seidenberg]], followed by [[Bartel Leendert van der Waerden]], sees a ritual origin for mathematics more broadly, postulating that the major advances, such as discovery of the Pythagorean theorem, occurred in only one place, and diffused from there to the rest of the world.<ref>{{harvtxt|Seidenberg|1978}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|van der Waerden|1983}}</ref> Van der Waerden mentions that the author of Shulba sutras existed before 600 BCE and could not have been influenced by Greek geometry.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Van der Waerden|first=Barten L|title=Geometry and Algebra in Ancient Civilizations|publisher=Springer Verlag|year=1983|isbn=0387121595|pages=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joseph|first=George Gheverghese|date=1997|title=What Is a Square Root? A Study of Geometrical Representation in Different Mathematical Traditions|journal=Mathematics in School|volume=26|issue=3|pages=4–9|jstor=30215281|issn=0305-7259}}</ref> While historian [[Carl Benjamin Boyer]] mentions [[First Babylonian dynasty|Old Babylonian]] mathematics (c. 2000 BCE–1600 BCE) as a possible origin, the c. 1800 BCE [[Plimpton 322]] tablet containing a table of triplets, however also states that Shulba sutras contain a formula not found in Babylon sources.<ref>{{harvtxt|Boyer|1991}}, p. 207, "We find rules for the construction of right angles by means of triples of cords the lengths of which form Pythagorean triages, such as 3, 4, and 5, or 5, 12, and 13, or 8, 15, and 17, or 12, 35, and 37. However all of these triads are easily derived from the old Babylonian rule; hence, Mesopotamian influence in the ''Sulvasutras'' is not unlikely. Aspastamba knew that the square on the diagonal of a rectangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the two adjacent sides, but this form of the Pythagorean theorem also may have been derived from Mesopotamia. ... So conjectural are the origin and period of the ''Sulbasutras'' that we cannot tell whether or not the rules are related to early Egyptian surveying or to the later Greek problem of altar doubling. They are variously dated within an interval of almost a thousand years stretching from the eighth century B.C. to the second century of our era."</ref><ref name=":0" /> Seidenberg argues that either "Old Babylonia got the theorem of Pythagoras from India or that Old Babylonia and India got it from a third source". Seidenberg suggests that this source might be [[Sumer]]ian and may predate 1700 BC.<ref>{{harvtxt|Seidenberg|1983}}, p. 121</ref> In contrast, Pingree cautions that "it would be a mistake to see in [the altar builders'] works the unique origin of geometry; others in India and elsewhere, whether in response to practical or theoretical problems, may well have advanced as far without their solutions having been committed to memory or eventually transcribed in manuscripts."<ref>{{harvtxt|Pingree|1981}}, p. 5</ref> Plofker also raises the possibility that "existing geometric knowledge [was] consciously incorporated into ritual practice".<ref>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2009}}, p. 17</ref>

== List of Shulba Sutras ==
# [[Apastamba]]
# [[Baudhayana]]
# [[Manava]]
# [[Katyayana]]
# [[Maitrayaniya]] (somewhat similar to Manava text)
# [[Varaha]] (in manuscript)
# [[Vadhula]] (in manuscript)
# [[Hiranyakeshin]] (similar to Apastamba Shulba Sutras)

== Mathematics ==

=== Pythagorean theorem and Pythagorean triples===
The sutras contain statements of the [[Pythagorean theorem]], both in the case of an [[isosceles]] [[right triangle]] and in the general case, as well as lists of [[Pythagorean triples]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Thibaut|1875}}, pp. 232–238</ref>
In Baudhayana, for example, the rules are given as follows:
<blockquote>1.9. The diagonal of a square produces double the area [of the square]. [...] 1.12. The areas [of the squares] produced separately by the lengths and the breadth of a rectangle together equal the area [of the square] produced by the diagonal. 1.13. This is observed in rectangles having sides 3 and 4, 12 and 5, 15 and 8, 7 and 24, 12 and 35, 15 and 36.<ref>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2007}}, pp. 388–389</ref></blockquote>
Similarly, Apastamba's rules for constructing right angles in fire-altars use the following Pythagorean triples:<ref>{{harvtxt|Boyer|1991}}, p. 207</ref><ref name=joseph>{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=G.G. |date=2000 |title=The Crest of the Peacock: The Non-European Roots of Mathematics |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-00659-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/crestofpeacockno00jose/page/229 229] |url=https://archive.org/details/crestofpeacockno00jose/page/229 }}</ref>

* <math>(3, 4, 5)</math>
* <math>(5, 12, 13)</math>
* <math>(8, 15, 17)</math>
* <math>(12, 35, 37)</math>

In addition, the sutras describe procedures for constructing a square with area equal either to the sum or to the difference of two given squares. Both constructions proceed by letting the largest of the squares be the square on the diagonal of a rectangle, and letting the two smaller squares be the squares on the sides of that rectangle. The assertion that each procedure produces a square of the desired area is equivalent to the statement of the Pythagorean theorem. Another construction produces a square with area equal to that of a given rectangle. The procedure is to cut a rectangular piece from the end of the rectangle and to paste it to the side so as to form a [[gnomon]] of area equal to the original rectangle. Since a gnomon is the difference of two squares, the problem can be completed using one of the previous constructions.<ref>{{harvtxt|Thibaut|1875}}, pp. 243–246</ref>

=== Geometry ===
{{Pi box}}
The ''Baudhayana Shulba sutra'' gives the construction of geometric shapes such as squares and rectangles.<ref name=Plofker388-391>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2007}}, pp. 388-391</ref> It also gives, sometimes approximate, geometric area-preserving transformations from one geometric shape to another. These include transforming a [[Square (geometry)|square]] into a [[rectangle]], an [[isosceles]] [[trapezoid|trapezium]], an isosceles [[triangle]], a [[rhombus]], and a [[circle]], and transforming a circle into a square.<ref name=Plofker388-391/>
In these texts approximations, such as the transformation of a circle into a square, appear side by side with more accurate statements. As an example, the statement of circling the square is given in Baudhayana as:
<blockquote>2.9. If it is desired to transform a square into a circle, [a cord of length] half the diagonal [of the square] is stretched from the centre to the east [a part of it lying outside the eastern side of the square]; with one-third [of the part lying outside] added to the remainder [of the half diagonal], the [required] circle is drawn.<ref name=Plofker391>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2007}}, p. 391</ref></blockquote>
and the statement of squaring the circle is given as:
<blockquote>2.10. To transform a circle into a square, the diameter is divided into eight parts; one [such] part after being divided into twenty-nine parts is reduced by twenty-eight of them and further by the sixth [of the part left] less the eighth [of the sixth part]. 2.11. Alternatively, divide [the diameter] into fifteen parts and reduce it by two of them; this gives the approximate side of the square [desired].<ref name=Plofker391/></blockquote>

The constructions in 2.9 and 2.10 give a value of π as 3.088, while the construction in 2.11 gives π as 3.004.<ref>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2007}}, p. 392, "The 'circulature' and quadrature techniques in 2.9 and 2.10, the first of which is illustrated in figure 4.4, imply what we would call a value of π of 3.088, [...] The quadrature in 2.11, on the other hand, suggests that π = 3.004 (where <math>s = 2r\cdot13/15</math>), which is already considered only 'approximate.' In 2.12, the ratio of a square's diagonal to its side (our <math>\sqrt{2})</math> is considered to be 1 + 1/3 + 1/(3·4) - 1/(3·4·34) = 1.4142.</ref>

=== Square roots ===
Altar construction also led to an estimation of the [[square root of 2]] as found in three of the sutras. In the Baudhayana sutra it appears as:
<blockquote>2.12. The measure is to be increased by its third and this [third] again by its own fourth less the thirty-fourth part [of that fourth]; this is [the value of] the diagonal of a square [whose side is the measure].<ref name=Plofker391/></blockquote>
which leads to the value of the square root of two as being:

:<math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1 + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{3 \cdot 4} - \frac{1}{3 \cdot4 \cdot 34} = \frac{577}{408} = 1.4142...</math><ref>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2007}}, p. 392</ref><ref name=Cooke200>{{harvtxt|Cooke|2005}}, p. 200</ref>

Indeed, an early method for calculating square roots can be found in some Sutras{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}, the method involves the [[recursion|recursive]] formula: <math>\sqrt{x} \approx \sqrt{x-1} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot \sqrt{x-1}}</math> for large values of x, which bases itself on the non-recursive identity <math>\sqrt{a ^2+ r} \approx a + \frac{r}{2 \cdot a}</math> for values of ''r'' extremely small relative to ''a''.

It has also been suggested, for example by Bürk<ref>{{harvtxt|Bürk|1901}}, p. 575</ref> that this approximation of √2 implies knowledge that √2 is [[irrational number|irrational]]. In his translation of Euclid's ''Elements'', Heath outlines a number of milestones necessary for irrationality to be considered to have been discovered, and points out the lack of evidence that Indian mathematics had achieved those milestones in the era of the Shulba Sutras.<ref>{{harvtxt|Heath|1925}}, p. 364: "As [Heinrich] Vogt says, three stages had to be passed through before the irrationality of the diagonal of a square was discovered in any real sense. (1) All values found by direct measurement of calculations based thereon have to be recognized as being inaccurate. Next (2) must supervene the conviction that it is ''impossible'' to arrive at an accurate arithmetical expression of the value. And lastly (3) the impossibility must be proved. Now there is no real evidence that the Indians, at the date in question, had even reached the first stage, still less the second or third."</ref>

== See also ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[[Kalpa (Vedanga)]]

== Citations and footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
*{{cite book
| first=Carl B.
| last=Boyer
| author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer
| title=A History of Mathematics
| edition=Second
| publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]
| year=1991
| isbn=0-471-54397-7
| url-access=registration
| url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Albert
| last=Bürk
| title=Das Āpastamba-Śulba-Sūtra, herausgegeben, übersetzt und mit einer Einleitung versehen
| journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
| url=http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/63295
| volume=55
| year=1901
| pages=543–591
| language=de
}}
*{{cite book
| first=Jean Michele
| last=Delire
| editor-first=Dominik
| editor-last=Wujastyk
| title=Mathematics and Medicine in Sanskrit
| contribution=Chronological inferences from a comparison between commentaries on different ''Śulbasūtras''
| year=2009
| pages=37–62
}}
*{{cite book
| first=Edwin
| last=Bryant
| author-link=Edwin Bryant (author)
| title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate
| year=2001
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| isbn=9780195137774
}}
*{{cite book
| last1=Cooke
| first1=Roger
| author-link=Roger Cooke (mathematician)
| year=2005
| orig-year=First published 1997
| title=The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course
| publisher=[[Wiley-Interscience]]
| isbn=0-471-44459-6
}}
*{{cite book
| first=Bibhutibhushan
| last=Datta
| author-link=Bibhutibhushan Datta
| title=The Science of the Sulba. A study in early Hindu geometry
| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.512150
| year=1932
| publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
| last=Gupta
| first=R.C.
| author-link=Radha Charan Gupta
| encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]]
| title=Baudhāyana
| year=1997
| editor-last=Selin
| editor-first=Helaine
| editor-link=Helaine Selin
| publisher=Springer
| isbn=978-0-7923-4066-9
}}
*{{cite book
| first= Sir Thomas L.
| last=Heath
| author-link=Thomas Little Heath
| title=The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements, Translated from the Text of Heiberg, with Introduction and Commentary
| volume=I
| edition=2
| year=1925
| orig-year=1908
| url=https://archive.org/details/euclid_heath_2nd_ed/
| publisher=Dover
| place=New York
}}
*{{citation
| first=David
| last=Pingree
| author-link=David Pingree
| title=Jyotiḥśāstra : astral and mathematical literature
| series=A history of Indian literature
| editor-last=Gonda
| editor-first=Jan
| volume=VI, Scientific and technical literature
| issue=Part III. Fasc. 4
| year=1981
}}
*{{cite book
| first=Kim
| last=Plofker
| editor-first=Victor J
| editor-last=Katz |editor-link=Victor J. Katz
| author-link=Kim Plofker
| title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
| chapter=Mathematics in India
| publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]
| year=2007
| isbn=978-0-691-11485-9
}}
*{{cite book
| first=Kim
| last=Plofker
| title=Mathematics in India
| title-link = Mathematics in India (book)
| publisher=Princeton University Press
| year=2009
| isbn= 9780691120676
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
| last=Sarma
| first=K.V.
| author-link=K.V. Sarma
| encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]]
| title=Sulbasutras
| year=1997
| editor-last=Selin
| editor-first=Helaine
| editor-link=Helaine Selin
| publisher=Springer
| isbn=978-0-7923-4066-9
}}
*{{cite journal
| last=Seidenberg
| first=A.
| author-link=Abraham Seidenberg
| title=The origin of mathematics
| journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences
| volume=18
| pages=301–342
| year=1978
| issue=4
| doi=10.1007/BF00348435
| s2cid=118671661
}}
*{{cite book
| last=Seidenberg
| first=A.
| year=1983
| contribution=The Geometry of the Vedic Rituals
| title=Agni: The Vedic Ritual of the Fire Altar
| editor-last=Staal
| editor-first=Frits
| publisher=Asian Humanities Press
| place=Berkeley
}}
*{{cite journal
| last=Staal
| first=Frits
| s2cid=16466375
| author-link=Frits Staal
| year=1999
| title=Greek and Vedic Geometry
| journal=[[Journal of Indian Philosophy]]
| volume=27
| pages=105–127
| doi=10.1023/A:1004364417713
}}
*{{cite journal
| last=Thibaut
| first=George
| author-link=George Thibaut
| title=On the Śulvasútras
| journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
| volume=44
| year=1875
| pages=227–275
| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114419#page/277/mode/1up
}}
*{{cite book
| first=Bartel Leendert
| last=van der Waerden
| author-link=B. L. van der Waerden
| title=Geometry and Algebra in Ancient Civilizations
| publisher=Springer-Verlag
| year=1983
| isbn= 9783642617812
}}

== Translations ==
* "The Śulvasútra of Baudháyana, with the commentary by Dvárakánáthayajvan", by George Thibaut, was published in a series of issues of ''The Pandit. A Monthly Journal, of the Benares College, devoted to Sanskrit Literature''. Note that the commentary is left untranslated.
** (1875) '''9''' [https://books.google.com/books?id=KMAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA292 (108): 292–298]
** (1875–1876) '''10''' [https://books.google.com/books?id=ICkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA17 (109): 17–22], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ICkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA44 (110): 44–50], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ICkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA72 (111): 72–74], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ICkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA139 (114): 139–146], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ICkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA166 (115): 166–170], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ICkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA186 (116): 186–194], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ICkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA209 (117): 209–218]
** (new series) (1876–1877) '''1''' [https://books.google.com/books?id=jHxFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA316 (5): 316–322], [https://books.google.com/books?id=jHxFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA556 (9): 556–578], [https://books.google.com/books?id=jHxFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA626 (10): 626–642], [https://books.google.com/books?id=jHxFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA692 (11): 692–706], [https://books.google.com/books?id=jHxFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA761 (12): 761–770]
* "Kátyáyana's Śulbapariśishta with the Commentary by Ráma, Son of Súryadása", by George Thibaut, was published in a series of issues of ''The Pandit. A Monthly Journal, of the Benares College, devoted to Sanskrit Literature''. Note that the commentary is left untranslated.
** (new series) (1882) '''4''' [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pn5FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP106 (1–4): 94–103], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pn5FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP342 (5–8): 328–339], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pn5FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP402 (9–10): 382–389], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pn5FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP507 (9–10): 487–491]
* {{cite journal
| first=Albert
| last=Bürk
| title=Das Āpastamba-Śulba-Sūtra, herausgegeben, übersetzt und mit einer Einleitung versehen
| journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
| url=http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/63354
| volume=56
| year=1902
| pages=327–391
| language=de
}} Transcription and analysis in {{harvtxt|Bürk|1901}}.
* {{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=S.N.|first2=A.K.|last2=Bag|year=1983|title=The Śulba Sūtras of Baudhāyana, Āpastamba, Kātyāyana and Mānava with Text, English Translation and Commentary|place=New Delhi|publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}

{{Indian mathematics}}

[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:Pi]]
[[Category:Sutras (Hinduism)]]

Cheekati Rajyam

2026-04-05T05:23:04Z

LouJ11418910501: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Thoongaavanam]]

Robin Hibu

2026-03-29T04:32:13Z

LouJ11418910501: created.

{{Short description|1993 batch IPS Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox police officer
|name=Robin Hibu
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1968|07|01|df=y}}
|birth_place=Arunachal
|education=[[Master's degree]] in [[Sociology]]
|alma_mater=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
|status=Active
|badge_number=
|service_years=1993 - present
|rank=[[Director general of police|DGP]], Managing Director at Delhi Housing Corporation
|batch=47RR
|cadre=AGMUT
|awards=UN Peace Medal for Meritorious Services in Bosnia, President's Police Medal for Gallantry President's Police Medal for Distinguished Services in 2010 and 2017 Best IPS Officer Award
|honorific suffix=[[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|honorific prefix=[[Commissioner of Police|Special Commissioner of Police]] and [[Director general of police]], [[New Delhi]]
}}

'''Robin Hibu''' (born 1 July 1968) is a serving IPS officer of 1993 (47RR)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni Gallery: 47RR|url=https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=390:1994-batch&catid=32&Itemid=170&lang=en|website=[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]]}}</ref> batch of AGMUT cadre. Hibu is currently posted as [[Commissioner of Police|Special Commissioner of Police]] at Delhi Armed Police . Hibu was also the CSO ([[chief security officer]]) at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Rastrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2017 |title=Robin Hibu Becomes The First IGP From NE To Serve In Rashtrapati Bhavan Secretariat |work=Kangla Online |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2017/09/robin-hibu-becomes-the-first-igp-from-ne-to-serve-in-rashtrapati-bhavan-secretariat/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 December 2018|title=Robin Hibu promoted as ADGP, took charge of special commissioner of police in Delhi|url=https://arunachal24.in/robin-hibu-promoted-as-adgp-took-charge-of-special-commissioner-of-police-in-delhi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 January 2019|title=Senior-level rejig in Delhi Police, four districts get new deputy commissioners|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/senior-level-rejig-in-delhi-police-four-districts-get-new-deputy-commissioners-119013001434_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Khandu|first=Pema|date=8 April 2020|title=Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Prema Khandu on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/pemakhandubjp/status/1247773339948445697?lang=en|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Hibu also holds the position as managing director at Delhi Police Housing Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2021|title=Robin Hibu IPS posted as MD- Delhi Police Housing Corporation|url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/robin-hibu-ips-posted-as-md-delhi-housing-corporation/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 September 2021|title=Major reshuffle in Delhi Police, 11 senior IPS officers transferred|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/major-reshuffle-in-delhi-police-11-senior-ips-officers-transferred-101632569804141.html}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hibu was born and brought up in a small village named 'Hong' in Ziro Valley of Arunachal Pradesh. Hibu has a [[master's degree]] in [[sociology]] from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wangchuk|first=Rinchen Norbu|date=12 July 2019|title=How Arunachal's First IPS Officer Is Making Delhi Safer For Northeastern Youth|work=[[The Better India]]|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/188625/arunachal-first-ips-officer-hero-fights-racism-delhi-northeast-india/}}</ref>

== Police career ==
Hibu joined as an IPS officer in 1993. He is the first IPS officer from [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayudu |first1=Ujjawala |title=Robin Hibu a Gandhian IPS officer from Delhi Police and a man with a golden heart standing tall for India |url=http://policeworld.businessworld.in/article/Robin-Hibu-a-Gandhian-IPS-officer-from-Delhi-Police-and-a-man-with-a-golden-heart-standing-tall-for-India-/21-03-2022-423270/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=BW people |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2018 |title=First IPS officer from Arunachal Robin Hibu wants to serve, empower North East People |url=http://www.uniindia.net/news/india/first-ips-officer-from-arunachal-robin-hibu-wants-to-serve-empower-north-east-people/1154951.html |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TACKLING RACISM NEEDS A MULTIPRONGED APPROACH : ROBIN HIBU |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/News/Northeast-Today/TACKLING-RACISM-NEEDS-A-MULTIPRONGED-APPROACH-ROBIN-HIBU |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=magzter |language=en}}</ref>

Hibu also served as the Joint commnissioner of Police, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDuie-Ra |first=Duncan |title=Debating Race in Contemporary India. |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-53898-7 |language=English}}</ref> Hibu, in his posting at New Delhi, always raised his concern about women's safety<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Rituparna|title=Discrimination, Challenge and Response: People of North East India|last2=Bhatt|first2=Sanjai|last3=Pulla|first3=Venkat|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2020|isbn=9783030462512|pages=49}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 July 2021|title=Jorhat woman dies in Gurgaon; Robin Hibu and team come forward to help|url=https://www.time8.in/jorhat-woman-dies-in-gurgaon-robin-hibu-and-team-come-forward-to-help/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Discrimination, challenge and response : people of North East India |date=2020 |others=Venkat Pulla, Rituparna Bhattacharyya, Sanjai Bhatt |isbn=978-3-030-46251-2 |location=Cham, Switzerland |pages=49}}</ref> and against racism towards North-East Indian people residing in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Special cell, helpline launched for northeast people |url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/special-cell-helpline-launched-for-northeast-people-1392435.html |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=Firstpost |publisher=Firstpost |date=16 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2021|title=Robin Hibu, The 1st IPS Officer From Arunachal Pradesh, A Super Cop With A Heart Celebrates His Birthday With Special Accolade|work=Northeast Today|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/07/01/robin-hibu-the-1st-ips-officer-from-arunachal-pradesh-a-super-cop-with-a-heart-celebrates-his-birthday-with-special-accolade/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Karmakar|first=Sumir|date=23 December 2018|title=NE incubation centre in New Delhi|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ne-incubation-centre-new-delhi-709562.html}}</ref> Hibu, even left his personal mobile on social media platforms so that North-eastern people can contact him immediately whenever they are in problems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Roli |title=Text trap: Traffickers tap into India's digital boom to lure girls |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-trafficking-internet-idUSKBN1K3005 |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=Reuters |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=13 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Hibu, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], encouraged citizens to work without any fear as he was also helping the victims.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Neeta |date=19 April 2020 |title="Work Fearlessly": Delhi Police Book 57 Hotels For Cops On COVID-19 Duty |work=NDTV |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/coronavirus-work-fearlessly-delhi-police-book-57-hotels-for-cops-on-covid-19-duty-2214582 |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>

As reported by [[Navbharat Times]], Hibu doesn't own any house, car, or two-wheeler despite being an IPS officer and donates 60% of his own salary to his charity Helping Hands.<ref>{{cite news |last=शर्मा |first=विशाल |title=कहानी उस गांधी प्रेमी की, भेदभाव झेला और पहले आदिवासी IPS बने |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/story-of-gandhi-follower-robin-hibu-who-faced-discrimination-and-became-the-first-tribal-ips/articleshow/73743597.cms |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=Navbharat Times |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=30 January 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

In June, 2024, Hibu was promoted to the [[Director general of police|DGP]] rank by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]] of India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Varnika |title=Meet man, who travelled on train's floor, slept on road, became IPS officer, he is posted at... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-man-who-travelled-on-train-s-floor-slept-on-road-became-ips-officer-he-is-posted-at-3093017 |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=June 10, 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |title=Robin Hibu becomes first IPS officer from Arunachal to be promoted to DGP rank |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/robin-hibu-becomes-first-ips-officer-from-arunachal-to-be-promoted-to-dgp-rank-1539332 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=8 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Interviews and commentaries ===
In an interview with [[The Hindu]], Robin Hibu raised concern about females' safety in the current era.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Hemani |title=Self-defence training begins at home for police officer; daughters win black belts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/self-defence-training-begins-at-home-for-police-officer-daughters-win-black-belts/article18421437.ece |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=10 May 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Social activities ==
[[File:Robin Hibu, Special Police Commissioner, Delhi Police with Dr. Edmond Fernandes, Founder, CHD Group.jpg|thumb|Robin Hibu with Dr Edmond Fernandes at Delhi Police HQ]]
Hibu runs an NGO 'Helping Hands' to serve the North-east Indian citizens in distress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 June 2021|title=Delhi-based NGO 'Helping Hands' decides to spread wings across India|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/delhi-based-ngo-helping-hands-decides-to-spread-wings-across-india-540785|website=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]]}}</ref> The NGO also provided [[oxygen]] in Delhi during the COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalita |first=Kangkan |date=11 May 2021 |title=Northeast's Good Samaritan saves lives with oxygen ATM in Delhi |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/northeasts-good-samaritan-saves-lives-with-oxygen-atm-in-delhi/articleshow/82533745.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Book of Records |url=https://worldbookofrecords.uk/news/robin-hibu--ips--special-commissioner-of-police--delhi---president--helping-hands--india--gets-felicitated-with-certificate-of-commitment-by-global-pledge-campaign-wbr |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=World Book of Records |language=en}}</ref> Noted Indian boxer and [[Rajya Sabha]] MP [[Mary Kom]] also supported Hibu's NGO '''Helping Hands''' and provided financial support to Northeastern [[COVID-19]] patients in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=EastMojo |first1=Team |title=Mary Kom donates Rs 3 lakh to Helping Hands' unique Oxygen ATMs |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/coronavirus-updates/2021/05/06/mary-kom-donates-rs-3-lakh-to-helping-hands-unique-oxygen-atms/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=East Mojo |publisher=East Mojo |date=6 May 2021}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* UN Peace Medal for Meritorious Services in Bosnia – 1998<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |date=15 July 2017 |title=President medal for IPS officer: Robin Hibu honoured |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/president-medal-for-ips-officer/cid/1437060}}</ref>
* Samajik Ratna Puraskar – 2007<ref>{{cite news |title=Robin Hood of Delhi |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/03/14/robin-hood-of-delhi/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=The Shillong Times |publisher=[[The Shillong Times]] |date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
* President's Police Medal for Distinguished Services in 2010 and 2017.<ref>{{cite news |agency=TNN |title=27 policemen who made Delhi proud {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/27-policemen-who-made-city-proud/articleshow/60065839.cms |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=15 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hibu earns President's DS medal |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/hibu-earns-presidents-ds-medal/5937 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=IndianMandarins |publisher=Indian Mandarins |date=14 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* Global Mahatma Gandhi Award, 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Today |first1=North East |title=Robin Hibu, The 1st IPS Officer From Arunachal Pradesh, A Super Cop With A Heart Celebrates His Birthday With Special Accolade |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/07/01/robin-hibu-the-1st-ips-officer-from-arunachal-pradesh-a-super-cop-with-a-heart-celebrates-his-birthday-with-special-accolade/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=Northeast Today |date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
* Ati Utkrisht Seva Padak.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPS Robin Hibu Awarded with 'Ati Utkrisht Seva Padak' by MHA |url=https://www.eastnews.in/latest-arunachal-pradesh-news/ips-robin-hibu-awarded-with-ati-utkrisht-seva-padak-by-mha/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=East News |publisher=East News |date=2 July 2021}}</ref>
* Best IPS Officer Award (Newspapers Association of India ).<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal's supercop Robin Hibu awarded 2nd President's medal |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/arunachalpradesh/arunachals-supercop-robin-hibu-awarded-2nd-presidents-medal/cid2527914.htm |access-date=12 May 2022 |publisher=The Northeast Today |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Antrik Suraksha Seva Padak

== Biography on Robin ==
* Hibu's Biography by {{Cite book|last=Khamrang|first=Thanmi|year=2021|title=Cop With A Golden Heart Robin Hibu |publisher=Walnut Publication|isbn=9789355741004|ref=none}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 August 2017|title=Mary Kom Launches Biography of Arunachal's First IPS Officer Robin Hibu In Delhi|work=The Sentinel (Guwahati)|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/mary-kom-launches-biography-of-arunachals-first-ips-officer-robin-hibu-in-delhi-584062}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Jyoti |date=23 Mar 2022 |title=अरुणाचल प्रदेश के पहले IPS अधिकारी रॉबिन हिबू की जीवनी दिल्ली में लॉन्च, मैरीकॉम और तारा गांधी रहीं मौजूद |language=hi |work=Daily News360 Patrika |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |url=https://dailynews360.patrika.com/arunachal-pradesh/biography-of-arunachal-pradesh-s-first-ips-officer-robin-hibu-was-launched-in-delhi-mary-kom-and-tara-gandhi-were-present-103802.html |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=19 March 2021|title=Biography soon on Robin Hibu, first IPS officer from Arunachal Pradesh|work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]]|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/biography-soon-on-robin-hibu-first-ips-officer-from-arunachal-pradesh-529348}}</ref>
* IGP Robin Hibu gets honoured with President of India Distinguish Service Medal again<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bipin |date=2018-02-22 |title=Robin Hibu gets honoured with President of India Distinguish Service Medal again. |url=https://tennews.in/robin-hibu-gets-honoured-president-india-distinguish-service-medal/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=tennews |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dos-donts-in-delhi-irk-n-e-students/articleshow/2204586.cms?from=mdr Dos & don'ts in Delhi irk N-E students]

== External links ==
* [https://helpinghands.ngo/ Website of Robin Hibu's NGO '''Helping Hands''']
* [https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/images/npa/pdfs/CompletedResearchProject/37_managingpeaseagitation.pdf MANAGING PEACEFUL MASS AGITATIONS BY POLICE]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hibu, Robin}}
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pahari Sharif

2026-03-28T21:41:21Z

LouJ11418910501: created

{{Short description|Village in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2010}}
'''Pahadi Shareef''' is a village located in the suburbs of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India. This village is famous for the [[Dargah]] of Syed Shah Baba Sharfuddin Sohrawardi.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
3.[https://www.auliadeccan.com/2020/10/hazrat-baba-sharfuddin-soharwardi-rh.html Hazrat Baba sharfuddin soharwardi Rh (pahadi shareef Dargha)]
by www.auliadeccan.com

'''Baba Sharfuddin Suhrwardi''' was a Sufi saint who came to India from Baghdad in the 1190s. He settled in the Balapur neighborhood of Deccan, where he was held in high regard by the local people. He later climbed a hillock and settled there to pray.

'''History of the shrine'''

The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb built a structure over Baba Sharfuddin's grave.
The sixth Nizam, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, built a large hall with arches and columns.
The steps on the hillock were chiseled by the last Nizam ruler, Mir Osman Ali Khan.
A Deorhi was built at the foothill of the shrine by Paigah nobleman Iqbal Ud Dowla.

'''Location of the shrine'''

The shrine is located in the village of Pahadi Shareef, which is a suburb of Hyderabad, India.
The shrine is known as the Dargah of Syed Shah Baba Sharfuddin Sohrawardi.

'''Annual celebrations'''

The shrine hosts annual Urs celebrations.
The HEH Nizam Trust and the state government make offerings through the Pahadishareef police.

{{coord missing|Telangana}}[https://archive.today/20130905085734/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-05/hyderabad/31293315_1_wakf-land-wakf-properties-wakf-board]

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

Narayan Debnath

2026-03-27T21:55:16Z

LouJ11418910501: put up a page - done

{{Short description|Indian comic artist and writer (1925–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox comics creator
| image = Narayan Debnath in work room (cropped).jpg
| caption = Debnath in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1925}}
| birth_place = ([[Shibpur]]) [[Howrah]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|1|18|1925|11|25}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| nationality = Indian
| cartoonist = y
| write = y
| art = y
| pencil = y
| ink = y
| area = [[West Bengal]], India
| publish =
| letter =
| color =
| alias =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| notable works = [[Bantul the Great]], [[Handa Bhonda]], [[Nonte Fonte]]
| awards = President's Special Recognition Award (2007), [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi]] (2013), [[Banga Bibhushan]] (2013), [[D. Litt.]] by [[Rabindra Bharati University]] (2015), [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]] by Government of India (2021)
| website =
|children=2|spouse=Tara Debnath}}

'''Narayan Debnath''' ( 25 November 1925 – 18 January 2022) was an Indian [[comics artist]], [[writer]] and [[illustrator]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Narayan Debnath, the cartoonist who never underestimated children |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/narayan-debnath-obituary-7730108/ |work=The Indian Express |date=19 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He created the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] comic strips ''[[Handa Bhonda]]'' (1962), ''[[Bantul the Great]]'' (1965) and ''[[Nonte Phonte]]'' (1969). He holds the record of longest running comics by an individual artiste for ''Handa Bhonda'' comics series which completed its continuous 53 years of running. He was the first and only comics artist in India who has received a [[D. Litt.]] degree.<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Narayan Debnath, the illustrator who gave Bengal its first superhero 'Bantul' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/narayan-debnath-illustrator-bengal-comics-cartoons-superhero-bantul-legacy-death-magazines-7729951/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Debnath was awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India, in the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Handa Bhonda' & 'Bantul The Great' creator Narayan Debnath passes away at 97|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/handa-bhonda-bantul-the-great-creator-narayan-debnath-passes-away-at-96/articleshow/88969361.cms|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

His other creations like ''Rabi Chobi'' was published to celebrate the birth centenary of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in the May 1961 issue of the weekly magazine called ''[[Anandamela]]''. The full length 50-page comics were first published in the book format by ''Sarvodaya Sahitya Prakashan'', Varanasi. ''Rajar Raja'' (was published in 1962), it was illustrated by Narayan Debnath and written by Bimal Ghosh to celebrate the birth centenary of [[Swami Vivekananda]].

==Early life==
[[File:Narayan Debnath in his study.JPG|thumb|Narayan Debnath in his study.]]
Narayan Debnath was born and spent most of his life living in [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]], India. His family hailed from [[Bikrampur]] in what is now [[Bangladesh]] but had migrated to [[Shibpur]] before his birth. In an interview published by Laalmati Publication in ''Narayan Debnath Comics Samagra'', Debnath confessed that he was interested in visual arts from a very early age. The family business was retailing gold and he had ample scope to design patterns for jewellery. During the time of [[World War II]], Debnath would study [[fine arts]] at the Indian Art College for five years. He did not continue to get his degree but instead discontinued in his final year.<ref>{{cite web|last=সংবাদদাতা|first=নিজস্ব|title=Narayan Debnath Death: নারায়ণ দেবনাথ প্রয়াত, রেখে গেলেন হাঁদা, ভোঁদা, বাঁটুল, নন্টে, ফন্টে, কেল্টুদের|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/narayan-debnath-the-legendary-bengali-comics-creator-passes-away-dgtl/cid/1324197|access-date=18 January 2022|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> For the next few years he freelanced for advertising agencies creating movie slides and logos. Debnath recounts in ''[[Narayan Debnath Comics Samagra, Vol. 2]]'' that on the day of his wedding [[Gandhi]] was assassinated, which caused much inconvenience to the guests. The four volumes of ''Narayan Debnath Comics Samagra'' provide rich information about the life of the author.<ref>{{cite web|last=খান|first=আর্যভট্ট|title=আজও বাঙালি হৃদয়কে মাতিয়ে রেখেছে ৫০ বছরের এই দুই কিশোর|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/feature-on-famous-cartoonist-narayan-debnath-as-his-popular-comic-strips-complete-50-years-1.1112888|access-date=13 December 2021|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>

In 1950 he was introduced to Dev Sahitya Kutir, a major publishing house through a friend. People such as Pratul Chandra Banerjee, Shailo Chakraborty, Balaibandhu Roy, and Purnachandra Chakraborti were associated with the press at the time. From 1950 to 1961 he illustrated a number of children's books including adventure novels and Western classics in translation. His journey in comics started in 1962 with 'Handa-Bhonda' in ''Shuktara''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Devarsi |title=Meet Narayan Debnath, the grandfather of Bengali comics for six decades |url=https://scroll.in/article/934297/meet-narayan-debnath-the-grandfather-of-bengali-comics-for-six-decades |work=Scroll.in |date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

He began as a freelancing comics-artist and soon went for comics on his own . However, when still a struggling freelancer, he was instructed by the publisher to adopt 'well accepted foreign comics' to make comics for their magazine(s) to get easy business.

==Introduction to comics==
His works in comics in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] came from the editors at Dev Sahitya Kutir. Also the name 'Handa Bhonda' was their suggestion. Debnath had been familiar with foreign comics, but comics in Bengal, to his belief, had yet to take off. 'Shiyal Pandit', a comic strip created by Pratul Chandra Lahiri for the [[Jugantar]] newspaper was one of the earliest ones. ''Handa-Bhonda'' became an instant success and continues to be printed in ''Shuktara'' every month . ''Handa-Bhonda'' was initially penciled and inked by Debnath and had no coloured frames. Later it would be printed in the grey-scale.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=নন্টেফন্টে-হাঁদাভোদা-বাঁটুলকে রেখে চলে গেলেন স্রষ্টা, প্রয়াত নারায়ণ দেবনাথ|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/narayan-debnath-passes-away-due-to-cardiac-arrest-rc-722094.html|access-date=18 January 2022|website=News18 Bengali|language=bn}}</ref>

Narayan Debnath's first comic characters in color were for the comic strip and book '[[Bantul The Great]]'. By Debnath's admission, he thought up the idea of the superhero while returning from [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street, Calcutta]]. The name came to him instantly and he thought up the figure of the protagonist rapidly. ''Batul the Great'', written and illustrated with red and black ink made his first appearance in comic strips in the May–June (Bengali Baishak), 1965 issue of the monthly children's periodical called Shuktara, published by Dev Sahitya Kutir (henceforth DSK) publishing house. This character has similarities with [[Desperate Dan]]. Apart from ''Batul the Great'', Debnath also illustrated ''Rabi Chobi'' (1961), written by Bimal Ghosh about the childhood days of Rabindranath Tagore. His ''Rajar Raja/Chobite Vivekananda'' (1962) recreates the life and times of Swami Vivekananda, while his ''Chitre Durgeshnandini'' (1962) re-imagines Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay's novel ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' in graphic novel techniques. But it was his ''Handa Bhoda'' (1962), ''Nonte Phonte'' (1969) and ''Shootki ar Mootki'' (1964) that revolutionized the comic genre in Bengal through the familiar trope of the ‘terrible twins’ at boarding school. This trope could be traced back to the German artist Wilhelm Bosch's ''[[Max and Moritz]]'' (1865) – an illustrated story in verse, which later found its way into the English world as ''[[The Katzenjammer Kids]]'' (1897) of Rudolph Dirks and Harold H. Knerr. The trope is also found in Hergè's ''[[Quick and Flupke]]'' (1930).

==Development of the genre==
[[File:Narayan.JPG|thumb|Narayan Debnath]]
When the [[Bangladesh War of Liberation]] flared up, he was asked by the editors and publishers to add an aura of invincibility. He made Bantul a superhero able to take on tanks, aircraft, and missiles. Bullets began to bounce off of him . Bantul was still drawn by Debnath for ''Shuktara''.

He gave birth to eponymous cartoon characters, Nonte and Phonte in 1969, and since then, stories revolve around them, have been regularly published in “Kishor Bharati”.<ref>{{cite web|last=খান|first=আর্যভট্ট|title=আজও বাঙালি হৃদয়কে মাতিয়ে রেখেছে ৫০ বছরের এই দুই কিশোর|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/feature-on-famous-cartoonist-narayan-debnath-as-his-popular-comic-strips-complete-50-years-1.1112888|access-date=13 December 2021|website=www.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref>

He had started his freelancing artist career from 1950 in Shuktara magazine and did the record of doing highest number of illustrations in Bengal . He was a renowned illustrator during his time. His work for [[Tarzan]] stories (continuous for 42 years), Bengali translation of foreign novels etc. are among his great works of illustration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debasish |title=How Bantul was born |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/how-bantul-was-born/cid/1009616 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=11 November 2007}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Narayan Debnath was admitted to a hospital on 24 December<ref>{{cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=প্রয়াত 'হাঁদা ভোদা'র স্রষ্টা, ৯৭ বছরে চলে গেলেন নারায়ণ দেবনাথ|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/noted-bengali-cartoonist-narayan-debnath-passes-away-he-was-97-31642483538850.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118061026/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/noted-bengali-cartoonist-narayan-debnath-passes-away-he-was-97-31642483538850.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2022|access-date=18 January 2022|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> and died of heart related ailments on 18 January 2022 in [[Kolkata]], at the age of 96.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=18 January 2022|title=Cartoonist Narayan Debnath, creator of 'Bantul The Great', dies at 97|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cartoonist-narayan-debnath-creator-of-bantul-the-great-dies-at-97/article38285760.ece|access-date=18 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Veteran Bengali cartoonist Narayan Debnath dies at 97|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/veteran-bengali-cartoonist-narayan-debnath-dies/cid/1848092|access-date=18 January 2022|work=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=Cartoonist Narayan Debnath passes away|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/cartoonist-narayan-debnath-passes-away-101642487144545.html|access-date=18 January 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka |title=Narayan Debnath Death: Narayan Debnath dies in Kolkata, a slice of childhood lost {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/narayan-debnath-dies-a-slice-of-childhood-lost/articleshow/88983492.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected creations (Chronological List)==
*''Rabi-Chhabi'' also spelled as ''Rabi Chobi'' [রবি-ছবি] (Comics; First published in 1961; republished in 2010)
*''Rajar Raja/Chhabite Vivekananda'' [রাজার রাজা/ছবিতে বিবেকানন্দ] (Comics; First published in 1962)
*''Chitre Durgeshnandini'' [চিত্রে দুর্গেশনন্দিনী] (Graphic novel; First published in 1962)
*''[[Handa Bhonda]]'', also referred to as ''Hada Bhoda'', ''Handa-Bhonda'' and ''Hada-Bhoda'' [হাঁদা-ভোঁদা] (First published in 1962)
*''Sutki-Mutki'' [শুটকি-মুটকি] (First published in 1964)
*''Chhatrapati Shivaji'' [ছত্রপতি শিবাজী] (Comics; Published from 1964 to 1965)
*''[[Batul The Great]]'', also referred to as ''Bantul The Great'' [বাঁটুল দি গ্রেট] (First published in 1965)
*''Hirer Tayra'' [হীরের টায়রা] (First published in 1965)
*''[[Nonte Phonte]]'', also spelled as ''Nonte Fonte'', ''Nonte-Phonte'', and ''Nonte-Fonte'' [নন্টে-ফন্টে] (First published in 1969)
*''Patolchand The Magician'' [পটলচাঁদ দি ম্যাজিশিয়ান] (First published in 1969)
*''Black Diamond Indrajit Roy'' also referred to as ''Indrajit Roy Bonam Black Diamond'' [ব্ল্যাক ডায়মন্ড ইন্দ্রজিৎ রায়/ইন্দ্রজিৎ রায় বনাম ব্ল্যাক ডায়মন্ড] (Graphic novel; First published in 1970)
*''Rahasyamoy Abhijatri'' [রহস্যময় অভিযাত্রী] (Published in 1972)
*''Bigyapanoner Comics'' [বিজ্ঞাপনের কমিকস] (Comics made for advertising ''Benzytol'' soap, written by [[Adrish Bardhan]]; Published from 1973 to 1974)
*''Itihase Dwairath'' [ইতিহাসে দ্বৈরথ] (Comics; First published in 1974)
*''Detective Koushik Roy'' also referred to as ''Goyenda Koushik'' [ডিটেকটিভ কৌশিক রায়/গোয়েন্দা কৌশিক] (First published in 1975)
*''Bahadur Beral'' [বাহাদুর বেড়াল] (First published in 1982)
*''Daanpite Khandu Aar Tar Chemical Dadu'' [ডানপিটে খাঁদু আর তার কেমিক্যাল দাদু] (First published in 1983)
*''Petuk Master Batuklal'' [পেটুক মাস্টার বটুকলাল] (First published in 1984)
*''Mahakasher Ajab Deshe'' [মহাকাশের আজব দেশে] (Published in 1994)
*''Jataker Golpo'' [জাতকের গল্প] (Comics based on [[Jataka Tales]]; Published in 1994)
*''Gobindor Goyendagiri'' [গোবিন্দর গোয়েন্দাগিরি] (Short story; First published in 2002)<ref name="prohor1">{{cite web | url=https://prohor.in/beyond-comics-narayan-debnath-wrote-several-stories | title=শুধু কমিকস্‌ই নয়, পুরোদস্তুর গল্পও লিখেছেন নারায়ণ দেবনাথ! - Prohor }}</ref>
*''Ek Projapotir Mrityu'' [এক প্রজাপতির মৃত্যু] (Short Story; First published in 2012)<ref name="prohor1"/>
*''Koutuhaler Bipod'' [কৌতূহলের বিপদ] (Short Story)<ref name="prohor1"/>
*''Smritir Du'Chaar Pata'' [স্মৃতির দু'চার পাতা] (Unfinished [[Autobiography]])<ref name="prohor1"/>
*''Hasir Atom Bomb'' [হাসির অ্যাটম বোম]
* ' ' Jemon Kormo Temoni Fol [যেমন কর্ম তেমনি ফল ]
* Nandir Fandi [নন্দীর ফন্দী]

==Popularity==
[[File:Narayan Debnath @ Kolkata Book Fair 2014 - 28.jpg|thumb|Releasing his own book at the Kolkata International Book Fair 2014]]
Collections of Debnath's comics have been published serially in ''[[Shuktara]]'' and ''Kishor Bharati'' and irregularly in ''Kishor Mon'', ''Chotoder Asar'', ''Pakhkhiraj'' etc. His comic books featuring '[[Handa Bhonda]]', '[[Batul the Great]]' and '[[Nonte Phonte]]' have been published since the early 1980s. Since the late 1990s, the ''[[Nonte Phonte]]'' comics have been anthologised and published in softcover format. From 2003 onwards, the earlier comics have been re-inked and published in full-color, Recently, Debnath gave permission for animation film based on the characters from '[[Batul The Great]]', '[[Handa Bhonda]]' and '[[Nonte Phonte]]', and these provide access to the original stories to a whole new generation of children.

Debnath's style incorporating characters speaking in the typical language of Bengali adda (the quintessential Bengali gossip sessions lasting hours) and hundreds of nonstandard, yet most commonly used expletives in daily life like "Uls" (describing reaction to a delicious food) or "Aoofs", "Yiofs", "Arghhh"(similar to ouch). Subtle punning is also aplenty in his comics but the main source of comedy is slapstick.

Though his comic characters have immense popularity, Narayan Debnath himself has rather lived reclusively, distancing himself from publicity and media.

==Television==
Most of Narayan Debnath's work has been adapted for Bengali television. ''Nonte Phonte'' and ''[[Bantul The Great (TV series)|Bantul the Great]]'' are animated shows today, while a television series called ''Handa Bhonda'' was briefly on air.

==Awards and recognition==
# [[Padma Shri]], awarded by [[Government of India]] on 26 January 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=Sculptor Sudarshan Sahoo, illustrator Narayan Debnath among recipients of Padma Awards|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sculptor-sudarshan-sahoo-illustrator-narayan-debnath-among-recipients-of-padma-awards/2017352|access-date=26 January 2021 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131152415/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sculptor-sudarshan-sahoo-illustrator-narayan-debnath-among-recipients-of-padma-awards/2017352 |archive-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>{{efn|He was 95 at that time and was needed to be explained several times before fully comprehending that he indeed was chosen to receive the award. His first reaction was, "Finally, have they chosen me?"<ref>{{cite web|last=26 January 2021|title=West Bengal: 'Bantul the Great' creator wins Padma Shri|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bantul-the-great-creator-wins-padma-shri/articleshow/80456930.cms|access-date=26 January 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>}}
# [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 2013<ref>{{cite web|last=Shome-Ray|first=Aditi|date=4 September 2013|title='Handa-Bhonda' creator Narayan Debnath gets Sahitya Akademi Award: A look at the life and works of the comics writer|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-handa-bhonda-creator-narayan-debnath-gets-sahitya-akademi-award-a-look-at-the-life-and-works-of-the-comics-writer-1884322|access-date=26 January 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=5871 | title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar – Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar :: |publisher=SAHITYA Akademi |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref>
# [[Banga Bibhushan]], awarded by [[Government of West Bengal]] in 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Bantul creator gets highest honour|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bantul-creator-gets-highest-honour/cid/1575271|access-date=26 January 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|agency=TNN|date=May 20, 2013|title=Soumitra refuses Banga Bibhushan Award {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/soumitra-refuses-banga-bibhushan-award/articleshow/20142611.cms|access-date=18 January 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Sufi (cartoonist)|Sufi]], Indian cartoonist

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Sourav |title=The Itineraries of a Medium: Bengali Comics, and New Ways of Reading |journal=Interdisziplinäre Zeitschrift für Südasienforschung |date=2 December 2019 |issue=5 |publisher=[[Heidelberg University]] |pages=33–70 |doi=10.11588/izsa.2019.5.10443 |url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/izsa/article/view/10443 |language=en|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sethi |first1=Navneet |last2=Saha |first2=Ananya |title=Trajectories of Popular Expression: Forms, Histories, Contexts |date=2019 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-93-5002-575-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sK86wAEACAAJ |language=en}} [Chapter: ''Masculinity in the Bengali Comic Strips of the 1960s'']
*{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Sourav |title="YES SIR!" 50 Years of Nationalism and the Indo-Pak War in Narayan Debnath's Bñātul the Great |journal=[[International Journal of Comic Art]] |date=2016 |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=434 |url=http://www.ijoca.net/new/sub3_past.html#vol18no2}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Sourav |title=Batul: the Great Disciplinarian |journal=[[International Journal of Comic Art]] |date=2015 |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=492 |url=http://www.ijoca.net/new/sub3_past.html#vol17no2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.parabaas.com/PB22/LEKHA22/bNarayan22.html Interview conducted by Chironton Kundu], Parabaas.com, 2001
*[http://www.banglalive.com/comic/comichome.asp Short biographical sketch and original comics] Banglalive.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071113224530/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071111/asp/calcutta/story_8533502.asp Renowned Bengali cartoon-illustrator Debasish Deb on Narayan Debnath and Bantul], ''[[Telegraph India]]''
*[https://www.openroadreview.com/master-without-lineage-conversation-narayan-debnath/ Master without lineage - Conversation Narayan Debnath], Open Road

{{Sahitya}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debnath, Narayan}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali male artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian comic strip cartoonists]]
[[Category:Indian comics writers]]
[[Category:Indian comics artists]]
[[Category:Indian graphic novelists]]
[[Category:People from Howrah]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]

Indian Naval Air Arm

2026-03-27T11:54:16Z

LouJ11418910501: brief refine content as per guidelines for clarity

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = '''Indian Naval Air Arm'''
| image =
| caption =
| dates =
| country = [[India]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type = [[Naval aviation]]
| role = [[Air to air combat|Sea-to air-combat]], [[surface attack]], [[anti-submarine warfare]], [[Search and rescue]], [[aerial reconnaissance]], [[weather observation]], and material transportation.
| size = [[List of Indian naval air squadrons|23 squadrons]] 5,000 personnel<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Administrative.html Bharat-Rakshak – Indian Navy – Administrative Structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315075507/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Administrative.html |date=15 March 2009 }}, bharat-rakshak.com</ref> Approx. [[List of active Indian military aircraft#Naval Air Arm|300 aircraft]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/26019/waf2014/ |title=WorldAirForces2019.PDF |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210400/https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/26019/waf2014// |archive-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| command_structure = [[Indian Navy]]
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label = Crest
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Roundel of India.svg|60px|Roundel]]
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Fin Flash of India.svg|60px|The IN Fin Flash]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = [[Roundel]]
| identification_symbol_3_label = Fin flash
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_fighter = [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]],
| aircraft AEW&C = [[Kamov Ka - 31]]
| aircraft_helicopter = [[HAL Dhruv]], [[Kamov Ka-27]], [[SH-3 Sea King]], [[Westland Sea King]], [[HAL Chetak]], [[MH-60R Seahawk]]
| aircraft_interceptor = [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]]
| aircraft_patrol = [[Boeing P-8|Boeing P-8I]], [[Dornier 228]]
| aircraft_UAV ( Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ) = [[IAI Heron]], [[IAI Searcher|IAI Searcher Mk II]], [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper]],
| aircraft_trainer = [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk]], [[HAL Kiran]]
| aircraft_transport =
| start_date = {{start date|1948}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/book/naval-air-arm |title=The Naval Air Arm |publisher=The Indian Navy |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228220802/http://indiannavy.nic.in/book/naval-air-arm |archive-date=28 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| current_commander = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear admiral]] [[Ajay D. Theophilus]]
| current_commander_label = Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA)
| ceremonial_chief =
| ceremonial_chief_label =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label =
}}

The '''Indian Naval Air Arm''' is the [[Naval aviation|aviation branch]] and a fighting arm of the [[Indian Navy]] which is tasked to provide an [[aircraft carrier]]-based strike capability, [[Anti-aircraft warfare|fleet air defence]], [[Maritime patrol|maritime reconnaissance]], and [[anti-submarine warfare]].

The Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA) appears to direct the field operations of the air arm.<ref>{{cite web |author=Indian Navy |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation |title=Indian Navy |publisher=indiannavy.nic.in |date=5 Jul 2018 |access-date=26 Sep 2021}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:INS Vikrant (R11) launches an Alize aircraft during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Bréguet 1050 Alizé]] anti-submarine aircraft taking off from INS ''Vikrant'']]
The first naval air station, [[INS Garuda Kochi|INS ''Garuda'']], was inaugurated in Cochin on 11 May 1953.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLdeAAAAIAAJ&q=INS+Garuda |title=''Military Year-book'' – India 1965 |access-date=27 June 2013|last1=Baranwal |first1=Sukhdeo Prasad |year=1971 }}</ref> This went hand-in-hand with the commissioning of the [[INAS 550|No.550 Squadron]],<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html ''Bharat-Rakshak.com'' – Indian Navy Timeline – "11 May 1953: First Naval Air Station, INS Garuda, inaugurated at Cochin. No.550 Squadron (consisting of Sealand and Firefly aircraft) commissioned"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119132611/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html |date=19 November 2007 }}</ref> utilising [[Short Sealand]] aircraft<ref>[http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/wbgoanam01.html ''Naval Aviation Museum, Dabolim, Goa, India'' – http://www.warbirdsofindia.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705084641/http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/wbgoanam01.html |date=5 July 2008 }}</ref> and [[Fairey Firefly]] aircraft<ref>[http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/wbgoanam02.html ''Naval Aviation Museum, Dabolim, Goa, India'' – http://www.warbirdsofindia.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705084521/http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/wbgoanam02.html |date=5 July 2008 }}</ref>

The commissioning of [[INAS 300|No.300 White Tigers Squadron]],<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html ''Bharat-Rakshak.com'' – Indian Navy Timeline – "1960: No.300 White Tigers Squadron (consisting of Sea Hawk aircraft) commissioned."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119132611/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html |date=19 November 2007 }}</ref> consisting of [[Hawker Sea Hawk|Sea Hawks]], happened in 1961.<ref name="warbirdsofindia.com">[http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/wbgoanam03.html ''Naval Aviation Museum, Dabolim, Goa, India'' – http://www.warbirdsofindia.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705085152/http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/wbgoanam03.html |date=5 July 2008 }}</ref>

In 1961, {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} (formerly HMS ''Hercules'') was acquired by the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLdeAAAAIAAJ&q=INS+Vikrant |title=''Military Year-book'' – India 1965 |access-date=27 June 2013|last1=Baranwal |first1=Sukhdeo Prasad |year=1971 }}</ref> ''Vikrant''{{'}}s initial airwing consisted of British [[Hawker Sea Hawk]] fighter-bombers and a French [[Breguet Alize|Alize]] anti-submarine aircraft. On 18 May 1961, the first jet landed on board, piloted by [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] (later [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]) [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]]. That year, the [[INAS 310|No.310 Cobras Squadron]] (consisting of Alize aircraft<ref name="warbirdsofindia.com"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PY8CvlKC7kgC&q=310+cobras+squadron&pg=PA159 |title=Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft By Richard Jones, Chris Bishop, Chris Chant, Christopher Chant |date=15 October 2004 |access-date=27 June 2013|isbn=9780760320051 |last1=Bishop |first1=Chris |last2=Chant |first2=Christopher|publisher=MBI Publishing Company LLC }}</ref>) was commissioned. After playing an important role in several major Indian military actions, specifically the [[Annexation of Goa|Liberation of Goa]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|India-Pakistani war of 1971]], she was decommissioned in January 1997<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEj-2a7pmVMC&q=INS+Vikrant+decommissioned&pg=PA20 |title=Students' Britannica India By Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani |access-date=27 June 2013|isbn=9780852297605 |year=2000 |last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref> and [[scrapped]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Dismantling-of-INS-Vikrant-begins/article60388697.ece ''Dismantling of INS Vikrant begins''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424034721/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Dismantling-of-INS-Vikrant-begins/article60388697.ece |date=24 April 2025 }}</ref>

In 1976, the [[Indian Air Force]] handed over [[Super Constellation]]<ref>[http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/wbgoanam06.html ''Naval Aviation Museum, Dabolim, Goa, India'' – http://www.warbirdsofindia.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719170543/http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/wbgoanam06.html |date=19 July 2008 }}</ref> aircraft to the No.312 Albatross Squadron<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html ''Bharat-Rakshak.com'' – Indian Navy Timeline – "1976: No.312 Albatross Squadron (consisting of Super Constellation aircraft) commissioned."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119132611/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html |date=19 November 2007 }}</ref> in [[Dabolim]], Goa. Being fairly old aircraft at that point, these were withdrawn from active service by 1983. To replace them in the maritime patrol role, Soviet aircraft were acquired. The [[INAS 315|No. 315 Winged Stallions Squadron]] was commissioned in 1977 with the [[Ilyushin Il-38]] aircraft.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html ''Bharat-Rakshak.com'' – Indian Navy Timeline – "01 October 1977: No.315 Winged Stallions Squadron (consisting of IL-38 aircraft) commissioned."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119132611/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html |date=19 November 2007 }}</ref>

In December 1961, INS ''Vikrant'' participated in [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]], the liberation of [[Goa]] from [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]]. Its role was primarily to deter foreign naval intervention during the 40-hour-long military action.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 January 2009 |url=http://www.sankalpindia.net/drupal/?q=node/2413 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910042637/http://www.sankalpindia.net/drupal/?q=node/2413 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Sankalp India Foundation – "What happened during Operation Vijay (1961)?" |publisher=Sankalpindia.net |access-date=27 June 2013 }}</ref>

INS ''Vikrant'' played a major role in the successful naval blockade of [[East Pakistan]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PY8CvlKC7kgC&dq=Vikrant+1971&pg=PA64 Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627162900/http://books.google.com/books?id=PY8CvlKC7kgC&pg=PA64&dq=Vikrant+1971&ei=ibFTSM_PMY6QtAPb4fm7Cw&sig=-dy2013FLTEJScp0xIjPhdvxN8w |date=27 June 2014 }} By Richard Jones, Chris Bishop, Chris Chant, Christopher Chant</ref> Stationed off the [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]] escorted by the {{sclass|Leopard|frigate|1}} {{INS|Brahmaputra|1957|6}}, as well as {{INS|Beas|1958|6}}, ''Vikrant'' redeployed towards [[Chittagong]] at the outbreak of hostilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj30oQuTBDU |title=YouTube documentary |via=YouTube |date=13 April 2007 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411225622/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj30oQuTBDU |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The morning of 4 December 1971, the eight Sea Hawk aircraft on ''Vikrant'' launched an air raid on [[Cox's Bazar]] from {{convert|60|nmi|lk=in}} away. That evening, the air group struck Chittagong harbour. Other strikes targeted Khulna and Mongla. A PTI message is supposed to have read, "Chittagong harbour ablaze as ships and aircraft of the (Pakistan) Eastern Naval Fleet bombed and rocketed. Not a single vessel can be put to sea from Chittagong". Air strikes staged from ''Vikrant'' continued till 10 December 1971.

Given naval intelligence that indicated the intent of the [[Pakistan Navy]] to break through the Indian Naval blockade using camouflaged merchant ships, ''Vikrant''{{'}}s Sea Hawks struck shipping in the Chittagong and Cox's Bazar harbours, sinking or incapacitating most merchant ships there.

The [[Hughes 269]] helicopter was previously in service for training.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jetphotos.net/viewphoto.php?id=7498539&nseq=2 |title=Indian Naval Hughes 269C |publisher=jetphotos.net |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001951/http://jetphotos.net/viewphoto.php?id=7498539&nseq=2 |archive-date=11 September 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Harrier IN Malabar 07.jpg|thumb|A [[Sea Harrier]] takes off from {{INS|Viraat}}]]
The [[BAE Sea Harrier]] inducted in the 1980s operated from {{INS|Viraat}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlAiq2Umj1w|title=YouTube|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117212634/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlAiq2Umj1w|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Until 6 March 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/59005/indian-navy-prepares-to-retire-its-sea-harriers|title=Indian Navy prepares to retire its Sea Harriers|publisher=Janes|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326020230/http://www.janes.com/article/59005/indian-navy-prepares-to-retire-its-sea-harriers|archive-date=26 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=PIB>{{cite web|title=INAS 300 retires Harriers|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145203|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603150019/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145203|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/naval/naval-aviation/2016/03/21/indian-navy-retires-sea-harriers/82070296/|title=Indian Navy retires Sea Harriers|date=21 March 2016|publisher=Defense News|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> the BAE Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51 / T Mk.60 flew with the [[INAS 300]] and [[INAS 552]] squadrons of the Indian Navy. The Sea Harriers are armed with the Matra Magic-II AAM and the Sea Eagle Anti-ship missiles. The aircraft were upgraded with the [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] radar and the [[Rafael Derby]] BVRAAM missiles.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/AirArm/Harrier/ Bharat-Rakshak.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607000215/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/AirArm/Harrier/ |date=7 June 2014 }}: The White Tigers of Rewa</ref>

[[File:Indian Navy Tupolev Tu-142MK-E Krivchikov.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tu-142|Tu-142MK-E]]]]
Year 1988 saw the induction of [[Tupolev Tu-142|Tupolev 142M]] into service. The aircraft started operations from Dabolim in Goa and later shifted its operations to INS Rajali in 1992. Tu-142M was primarily used in the long-range maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare role. The aircraft served the navy till 2018 and participated in the Indian Peace Keeping Mission in Sri Lanka. Also participated in Operation Cactus in Maldives, in which the fleeing mercenaries were detected and tracked until apprehended by ships.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Navy bids adieu to TU 142M patrol and anti-sub aircraft |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-bids-adieu-to-tu-142m-patrol-and-anti-sub-aircraft/articleshow/57890659.cms |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>

On 11 May 2013, first squadron of MiG-29K was commissioned.<ref name="Pandit">{{cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-commission-its-first-supersonic-naval-fighter-squadron-of-mig-29k-jets/articleshow/19999349.cms |title=Commissioning of MiG-29K squadron |work=The Economic Times|date=11 May 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117212634/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-commission-its-first-supersonic-naval-fighter-squadron-of-mig-29k-jets/articleshow/19999349.cms |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> These aircraft were commissioned as a replacement of the ageing Sea Harrier.<ref name="INAS 300 retires Harriers">{{cite web|title=INAS 300 retires Harriers|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145203|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref> after 46 years of service the [[Ilyushin Il-38|Il-38]] patrol aircraft was retired from the force on 31 October 2023. More [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I]] aircraft are planned to replace them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=Indian Navy, IAF decommission old Ilyushin-38, MiG-21 aircraft |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navy-iaf-decommission-old-ilyushin-38-mig-21-aircraft-2750567 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Naval Aviation Museum (India)|Naval Aviation Museum]] located in Bogmalo, {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} from [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], India showcases the history of the Naval Air Arm.

==Aircraft inventory==
{{See also|List of active Indian military aircraft#Naval Air Arm|List of Indian naval air squadrons}}

===Fixed-wing aircraft===

====[[Mikoyan MiG-29K]]====
[[File:An Indian Navy MIG-29K Fulcrum flies over the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68) during Exercise Malabar 2017.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG 29K]] during Malabar 2017 exercise]] As reported by MiG Bureau, the Indian Navy's association with the MiG-29K began in Apr 2002 when a team led by Commander Gupta reached Moscow to evaluate the MiG-29K prototype for possible induction into the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/mig-29.htm |title=MIG-29 FULCRUM (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH) |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516132943/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/mig-29.htm |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/MiG-29K.html MiG-29K/KUB FULCRUM-D at Bharat-Rakshak] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302210457/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/MiG-29K.html |date=2 March 2008 }}</ref> The Team evaluated the aircraft on ground as well as in the air (the flight evaluation was conducted by a Navy Test Pilot Commander Ahuja). Some other aircraft were also evaluated but the MiG-29K was chosen. On 20 January 2004, the Indian Navy signed a contract for 12 single-seat MiG-29K and 4 two-seat MiG-29KUB. The first MIG-29K for the Indian Navy took flight on 22 January 2007. The MIG-29 KUB (two-seat trainer) is similar to the MIG-29K but with reduced operational range. The aircraft will be fielded on the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikramaditya||6}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/21523.html |title=First MiG 29 K for Indian Navy takes off |work=The Indian Express|date=23 January 2007 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125130027/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/21523.html |archive-date=25 January 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first squadron, [[INAS 303]], the "Black Panthers",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://livefist.blogspot.com/2009/08/exclusive-mig-29k-squadron-to-be-called.html |title=Livefist: EXCLUSIVE: Navy's MiG-29K Squadron To Be Called "Black Panthers" |publisher=Livefist.blogspot.com |date=28 August 2009 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902072020/http://livefist.blogspot.com/2009/08/exclusive-mig-29k-squadron-to-be-called.html |archive-date=2 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> was commissioned on 11 May 2013.<ref name="Pandit"/> On 11 July 2016, second squadron, [[INAS 300]], was commissioned.<ref name="INAS 300 retires Harriers"/> The delivery of the aircraft to the Indian Navy started in 2009.

The fighter plane is different from the MiG-29 flown by [[Indian Air Force]]. The aircraft has been modified for aircraft carrier operation by hardening the undercarriage. It also has much better 'over-the-nose' vision to make it easy to land aboard a carrier at a high [[angle of attack]]. Modifications made for Indian Navy requirement featured Zhuk-ME radar, RD-33MK engine, combat payload up to {{convert|5500|kg|abbr=on}}, 13 [[hardpoints]] (inclusive of the multi-lock bomb carriers), additional fuel tanks situated in dorsal spine fairing and wing [[LERX]]s, increased total fuel capacity by 50% comparing to first variant of MiG-29 and an updated 4-channel digital fly-by-wire flight control system. With special coatings, the MiG-29K [[radar]] reflecting surface is 4–5 times smaller than of basic MiG-29. Cockpit displays consist of wide [[Head-up display|HUD]]s, 3 colour LCD [[Multi-function display|MFD]]s (7 on the MiG-29KUB), a French Sigma-95 satellite GPS module and [[Topsight E]] helmet-mounted targeting system compatible with the full range of weapons carried by the MiG-29M and MiG-29SMT.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/25navy.htm|title=Navy's MiG-29K superior to IAF's SU-30MKI|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155837/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/25navy.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

====[[Boeing]] [[P-8I Neptune]]====
[[File: Boeing P-8I of the Indian Navy.jpg|thumb|A [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I]] of the Indian Navy]]
New Delhi and Boeing signed a $2.1 billion contract in January 2009 to deliver eight P-8Is for anti-submarine operations, to replace the ageing fleet of Russian-manufactured [[Tupolev Tu-142|Tupolev Tu142M]] planes. The P-8I varies from the P-8A, wherein it has a [[Magnetic anomaly detector]] (MAD) and an aft-mounted radar that provides it with 360-degree aerial radar surveillance capability.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Diplomat |first=Franz-Stefan Gady, The |title=India Inducts First Squadron of Anti-Submarine Warfare Plane |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/india-inducts-first-squadron-of-anti-submarine-warfare-plane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109163242/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/india-inducts-first-squadron-of-anti-submarine-warfare-plane/ |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=thediplomat.com}}</ref> It features communication and other devices on-board that have been indigenously developed by [[Bharat Electronics|Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2010 |title=BEL supplies P-8I aircraft equipment to Boeing |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bel-supplies-p-8i-aircraft-equipment-to-boeing/articleshow/7150520.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414203322/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bel-supplies-p-8i-aircraft-equipment-to-boeing/articleshow/7150520.cms |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The first squadron, [[INAS 312]], was formed with eight aircraft in November 2015.<ref name=":0" /> A follow-on order worth over $1 billion for the purchase of four additional P-8Is was signed in July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=India-US deal to procure four Poseidon-8I aircraft |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/560550/india-us-deal-procure-four.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414202227/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/560550/india-us-deal-procure-four.html |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Indian Navy decommissioned the Tupolev Tu-142M aircraft in March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=Indian Navy bids farewell to TU-142M aircraft after 29 years of service |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-bids-farewell-to-tu-142m-aircraft-after-29-years-of-service/story-lShEXj1Khjh23nHVqrnb3H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001171706/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-bids-farewell-to-tu-142m-aircraft-after-29-years-of-service/story-lShEXj1Khjh23nHVqrnb3H.html |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> With Boeing delivering the 12th and the final P-8I in February 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=D |date=24 February 2022 |title=Navy gets full complement of P-8I maritime aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/boeing-delivers-12th-p-8i-maritime-patrol-aircraft-to-indian-navy/article65080711.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033335/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/boeing-delivers-12th-p-8i-maritime-patrol-aircraft-to-indian-navy/article65080711.ece |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> the second squadron, [[INAS 316]], with four aircraft was formed in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=After 45 years, Indian Navy gets new squadron to keep an eye in the sky |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-45-years-indian-navy-gets-new-squadron-to-keep-an-eye-in-the-sky/articleshow/90481751.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416172512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-45-years-indian-navy-gets-new-squadron-to-keep-an-eye-in-the-sky/articleshow/90481751.cms |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2026 6 additional P-8I's were ordered<ref>https://scramble.nl/military-news/additional-p-8i-neptune-lrmr-aircraft-for-india</ref>

====[[Dornier 228]]====
Indian Navy operates 27<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=World Air Forces directory 2022|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-directory-2022/146695.article|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> [[Dornier 228]] and in process to induct 8 more state-of-the-art Dornier for [[anti-submarine warfare]] and [[maritime patrol]] from [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. These aircraft are equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features. Currently 4 of Dornier 228 NG aircraft in service in [[INAS 314]].<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/commissioning-inas-314-%E2%80%9Craptors%E2%80%9D|title=Commissioning of INAS 314 - "RAPTORS"|website=Indian Navy|date=29 November 2019|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

===[[Military helicopter|Helicopters]]===
[[File:EzV0D8uUcAYRFJy (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[HAL Dhruv]] MKIII operated by Indian Navy's INAS 323 Harriers squadron.]]
'''[[HAL Dhruv]]''': developed by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], the Navy received its first Dhruvs on 28 March 2002.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/AirArm/Dhruv/ Bharat-Rakshak.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112050357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/AirArm/Dhruv/ |date=12 November 2007 }}: HAL Dhruv at Aero India '05</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/november-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1353--indian-navy-commissions-first-advanced-light-helicopter-dhruv-squadron-.html |title=Indian Navy Commissions First Advanced Light Helicopter (Dhruv) Squadron |date=12 November 2013 |access-date=6 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117212634/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/november-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1353--indian-navy-commissions-first-advanced-light-helicopter-dhruv-squadron-.html |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is expected to receive a total of 120 units to replace the Chetak helicopters in service. The naval variant is fitted with the Super Vision-2000 maritime radar, capable of detecting targets with low radar cross-section at a range of {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}}. The anti-submarine version of the helicopter is fitted with dunking sonar, torpedoes, depth charges. The helicopter may also be fitted with the missiles for anti-ship roles. However, in 2008, the Indian Navy pronounced Dhruv unsuitable for its role as an ASW platform. Indian Navy will continue to procure Dhruv as a multi-role utility platform. During the commissioning ceremony Vice Admiral Sinha said that "In the Navy, Dhruv helicopters have transformed into an advanced search and rescue (SAR) helicopter also used for missions like heliborne operations, and armed patrol with night vision devices. Such machines in the inventory have become imperative for the Navy given the scenario of low-intensity maritime operations (LIMO) and coastal security construct."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-the-indian-navy-s-first-advance-light-helicopter-alh-was-commissioned-at-kochi-1917911|title=The Indian Navy's first Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) was commissioned at Kochi|website=dna|date=12 November 2013|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209143354/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-the-indian-navy-s-first-advance-light-helicopter-alh-was-commissioned-at-kochi-1917911|archive-date=9 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013 Indian Navy showed keen interest in the armed version of the [[HAL Rudra]]. Impressed with the Dhruv's sensors which were able to track ships and also read their names at ranges of {{convert|12|to|14|km|abbr=on}}. The Navy may induct 20 more helicopters into service.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/navy-keen-on-weaponised-dhruv/article4401783.ece|title=Navy keen on weaponised Dhruv|author=S. Anandan|website=The Hindu|date=11 February 2013|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520063346/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/navy-keen-on-weaponised-dhruv/article4401783.ece|archive-date=20 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> A new squadron INAS 323 Harriers was commissioned with HAL Dhruv MKIII variant. Navy placed order for 16 MKIII helicopters and 6 of them are delivered with the remaining 10 to be delivered by Dec 2021. Naval variant of MKIII comes with 19 specific systems suited for maritime role.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Newton Sequeira|date=Apr 20, 2021|title=Harriers take flight as Navy inducts indigenous version {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/harriers-take-flight-as-navy-inducts-indigenous-version/articleshow/82152035.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

'''[[Kamov Ka-25]], [[Kamov Ka-28]] and the [[Kamov Ka-31]]''': The Ka-25 was acquired by the Indian Navy in 1980 for [[anti-submarine warfare]], but had severe technological limitations. The Ka-28s were acquired in the mid-80s and were said to be a quantum leap over their predecessors from an ASW standpoint. The Ka-31<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/AirArm/Ka31/ Bharat-Rakshak.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302205901/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/AirArm/Ka31/ |date=2 March 2008 }}: Eyes in the Skies</ref> takes the Kamov capabilities even further by enabling real-time network-centric warfare for the Indian Navy.

'''[[Westland Sea King#India|Westland Sea King Mk.42B/C]]''': Used principally for [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) and search & rescue roles,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/equipment/current/westland-sea-king/|title=Sea King|access-date=26 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512150419/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Seaking.html|archive-date=12 May 2008|url-status=live|date=29 October 2008}}</ref> the helicopter fleet operate from [[INS Garuda]] (Kochi) as well as [[INS Shikra]] air stations. US sanctions on India in response to India's [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] resulted in a large part of the Sea King fleet being grounded for want of spare parts. Seventeen of the Sea King helicopters will be upgraded. The upgrade will feature day and night capability, the capability to work in adverse weather conditions, integration of two anti-ship missiles with a range of fifty kilometres and a new radar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3585408&c=ASI&s=AIR|title=India to Upgrade 17 Sea King Copters for $300M|access-date=6 February 2015}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The six Mk.42C variants, earlier forming a part of [[MARCOS|Marine Commando Flight]],<ref name="indiannavy22">{{cite web |title=Indian Naval Air Squadrons|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/indian-naval-air-squadrons|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226081408/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/indian-naval-air-squadrons|archive-date=26 December 2014|accessdate=27 December 2014|publisher=Indian Navy}}</ref> replaced the [[UH-3H Sea King]]s of the [[INAS 350]] squadron in June 2024. The Mk.42C serves the role of a [[Utility helicopter|utility and transport helicopter]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy bids farewell to UH – 3H helicopter|date=2024-06-28|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2029416|access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>

[[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Aérospatiale SA 316 Alouette III]]: Also known as the Chetak, these choppers have seen active service in the Navy as well as the Coast Guard. They are carried on several combatants as well as non-combatant ships. They are also operated from and maintained at the [[INS Shikra]] and [[INS Utkrosh]] [[Naval Air Station]]s in Mumbai and Port Blair respectively.[[File:Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk helicopter of Indian Navy.jpg|thumb|[[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk#MH-60R|MH-60R Seahawk "Romeo"]] of Indian Navy]][[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk#MH-60R|Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk]]: The Indian Government signed a $2.4 billion contract in February 2020 for 24 MH-60R helicopters to replace its fleet of [[Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King|Sea King]] helicopters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Indian Navy receives first two of 24 MH-60R helicopters from US |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-receives-first-two-mh-60r-helicopters-from-us-1829217-2021-07-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008085647/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/indian-navy-receives-first-two-mh-60r-helicopters-from-us-1829217-2021-07-17 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Seahawks will be Indian Navy's primary helicopter for a host of roles including [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine warfare (ASW)]], [[Anti-surface warfare|anti-surface warfare (ASuW)]] and [[Airborne early warning and control|airborne early warning and control (AEW&C)]]. The communication equipment like satellite communication and [[Identification friend or foe|Identification, friend or foe (IFF)]] equipment for helicopters in this order have been indigenously developed.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=John |date=29 February 2024 |title=Six MH 60R multi-mission helicopters to be commissioned into Indian Navy in March |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/six-mh-60r-multi-mission-helicopters-to-be-commissioned-into-indian-navy-in-march/article67899848.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403011856/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/six-mh-60r-multi-mission-helicopters-to-be-commissioned-into-indian-navy-in-march/article67899848.ece |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Deliveries commenced in July 2021 when the first 2 helicopters were handed to the Indian Navy.<ref name=":2" /> The helicopter was integrated with [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]] in May 2023 with its maiden landing on the aircraft carrier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=MH60R helicopter makes maiden landing on INS Vikrant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mh60r-helicopter-makes-maiden-landing-on-ins-vikrant/articleshow/100657468.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901004408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mh60r-helicopter-makes-maiden-landing-on-ins-vikrant/amp_articleshow/100657468.cms |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The first squadron, [[INAS 334]], was formed with six helicopters in March 2024, at Kochi. All remaining helicopters to be delivered by 2025.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=3 March 2024 |title=Navy to raise first MH-60R Seahawk squadron in Kochi on March 6 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/navy-to-raise-first-mh-60r-seahawk-squadron-in-kochi-on-march-6-101709466297205-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314082906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/navy-to-raise-first-mh-60r-seahawk-squadron-in-kochi-on-march-6-101709466297205-amp.html |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===UAVs===
The [[Indian Navy]] operates at least two squadrons of [[IAI Heron|Heron]] and [[IAI Searcher|Searcher Mk-II]] UAVs, based in [[INS Garuda|Kochi]] ([[INAS 342]]) and [[Porbandar Airport|Porbandar]] ([[INAS 343]]).<ref name=toi-uav>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Eye-in-the-sky-to-guard-Gujarat-coast/articleshow/7308504.cms | work=The Times of India| title=Eye in the sky to guard Gujarat coast | date=18 January 2011 | access-date=18 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122060012/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Eye-in-the-sky-to-guard-Gujarat-coast/articleshow/7308504.cms | archive-date=22 January 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news678714.html|title=Navy to commission UAV squadron at Porbandar|website=Zee News|date=5 January 2011|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112034029/http://www.zeenews.com/news678714.html|archive-date=12 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> There are plans to have at least two more squadrons of UAVs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/indian_uav.htm|title=domain-b.com : Birds of a different feather|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215819/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/indian_uav.htm|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> UAVs are controlled from ships to increases the range of surveillance. There are plans to introduce rotary UAVs into the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121504351600.htm|title=Maritime surveillance capability needs to be strengthened: Mehta|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044955/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121504351600.htm|archive-date=16 May 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-12-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> These UAVs will have higher endurance and load carrying capability resulting in better reconnaissance capabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200802110325.htm|title=Indian Navy developing new generation UAV|access-date=5 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415203103/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200802110325.htm|archive-date=15 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Navy operates 2 leased [[MQ-9 Reaper]] for maritime surveillance in the Indian Ocean region.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/modi-government-to-fast-track-acquisition-of-lethal-predator-drones-for-indian-navy-and-indian-army/1430508/ |title=Modi government to fast-track acquisition of lethal Predator drones for Indian Navy and Indian Army|website=The Financial Express |date=January 2019|access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010353/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/modi-government-to-fast-track-acquisition-of-lethal-predator-drones-for-indian-navy-and-indian-army/1430508/ |archive-date=23 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The service also operates a [[Drishti-10 Starliner|Drishti-10 ''Starliner'']] from Porbandar for [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|ISR missions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-10 |title=Indian Navy to Induct 10 Drishti 10 MALE Drones for Round-the-Clock Sea Surveillance |url=https://defence.newsd.in/military/navy/indian-navy-to-induct-10-drishti-10-male-drones-for-round-the-clock-sea-surveillance |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Newsd Defence |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2009974133673861613 |user=Resonant_News |title=𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝘃𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁 𝟭𝟬 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗵𝘁𝗶 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗘 𝗗𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀 |date=2026-01-10 |access-date=2026-01-12}}</ref>

== Training ==

* '''Fighter''': As of 2024, [[INAS 551]] is a pure shore-based fighter training squadron at [[INS Dega]]. Fighter pilots initially join this squadron for Naval Orientation Flying before being selected for undergoing conversion training for [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]]s at [[INAS 300]]. Later the pilots are qualified for operational service with MiG-29Ks with [[INAS 303]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Life on Squadron |url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/page/life-on-squadron.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=joinindiannavy.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''Fixed-wing''': [[INAS 550]] provides Dornier Operational Flying Training to fixed wing pilots at [[INS Garuda]]. The pilots are then further posted to operational squadrons equipped with Short Range Maritime Reconnaissance (SRMR) aircraft [[Dornier 228]] ([[INAS 310]], [[INAS 311|311]], [[INAS 313|313]], [[INAS 314|314]], [[INAS 318|318]]) or Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance (LRMR) aircraft [[Boeing P-8I Neptune]] ([[INAS 312]], [[316]]).<ref name=":4" /> The squadron shall also impart training to pilots of Medium Range Maritime Reconnaissance (MRMR) aircraft [[EADS CASA C-295]] planned to be inducted in future.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Defence Ministry approves acquisition of 15 maritime patrol aircraft: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/defence-ministry-approves-acquisition-of-15-maritime-patrol-aircraft-report-101708072429958.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: DAC clears capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 84,560 crore to boost the capabilities of the Armed Forces & Indian Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2006552 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
* '''Helicopter''': [[INAS 561]] acts as the Helicopter Training School (HTS) for training [[rotary-wing aircraft]] pilots and is based at [[INS Rajali]]. The pilots are trained for different roles like fleet support, [[MEDEVAC]] as well as [[Search and Rescue]]. They are also trained for operating from various types of platforms like shore bases, ships and even [[Oil platform|oil rigs]]. The pilots after graduation are posted to squadrons operating single engine helicopters like [[HAL Chetak]] ([[INAS 321]]). Later, pilots with adequate experience on HAL Chetaks are allotted to twin-engine helicopter squadrons. These include [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]] ([[INAS 330]], [[INAS 336|336]], [[INAS 339|339]] and [[INAS 350|350]]), [[Kamov Ka-31]] ([[INAS 339]]), [[Kamov Ka-27|Kamov Ka-28]] ([[INAS 333]]) and [[HAL Dhruv]] ([[INAS 322]], [[INAS 323|323]] and [[INAS 324|324]]).<ref name=":4" />

== Retired aircraft ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Aircraft
!Role
!Squadrons
!No.
!Service from
!Service till
!Notes
|-
|[[Short Sealand]]
|Amphibious seaplane
|[[INAS 550]]
|10
|1953
|N/A
|
|-
|[[Fairey Firefly]]
|Target tugging
|[[INAS 550]]
|10
|1955
|N/A
|''IN116'' crashed, ''IN112'' preserved in [[Naval Aviation Museum (Goa)|Naval Aviation Museum]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fairey Firefly TT.1 & TT.4 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pillarisetti |first1=Jagan |date=10 October 2006 |title=Fairey Firefly [INS112] |url=http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/goa/nam/37-fairey-firefly-ins112.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409080339/http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/goa/nam/37-fairey-firefly-ins112.html |archivedate=9 April 2019 |accessdate=20 October 2020 |website=Warbirds of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hawker Sea Hawk|Hawker Sea Hawk FGA.6]]
|[[Carrier-based aircraft|Carrier-based fighter]]
|[[INAS 300]],
[[INAS 551]]
|36
|1960
|1983
|Operated from [[INS Vikrant (1961)|INS Vikrant]]. There are several [[Hawker Sea Hawk#Surviving aircraft|surviving aircraft]].
|-
|[[Bréguet 1050 Alizé]]
|Carrier-based ASW aircraft
|[[INAS 310]]
|14
|1961
|1991
|Operated from [[INS Vikrant (1961)|INS Vikrant]]. One unit preserved in [[Naval Aviation Museum (Goa)|Naval Aviation Museum]].
|-
|[[Hughes 269|Hughes 269C]]
|Helicopter training
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|One unit preserved in [[Naval Aviation Museum (Goa)|Naval Aviation Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Naval Hughes 269C |url=http://jetphotos.net/viewphoto.php?id=7498539&nseq=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001951/http://jetphotos.net/viewphoto.php?id=7498539&nseq=2 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |access-date=21 February 2013 |publisher=jetphotos.net}}</ref>
|-
|[[HAL HPT-32 Deepak]]
|Basic Trainer
|N/A
|N/A
|8
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|[[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]]
|[[Maritime patrol aircraft]]
|[[INAS 312]]
|N/A
|1976
|1983
|''IN315'' preserved in [[Naval Aviation Museum (Goa)|Naval Aviation Museum]]. Replaced by [[Tupolev Tu-142]].
|-
|[[British Aerospace Sea Harrier|BAe Sea Harrier FRS.51]]
|Carrier-based fighter
|[[INAS 300]],
[[INAS 551]],
[[INAS 552]]
|30
|1988
|2016
|Operated from [[INS Viraat]] and initially from INS Vikrant. During retirement, 12 remained in service.
|-
|[[Tupolev Tu-142|Tupolev Tu-142MK-E]]
| rowspan="2" |Maritime patrol aircraft, ASW aircraft
|[[INAS 312]]
|8
|1988
|2017
|Replaced by [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=160149 |title=De-Induction Of Indian Navy's TU142M Aircraft and Induction of Boeing P 8 I Into INAS 312 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825110356/http://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=160149 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two units preserved including [[Beach Road, Visakhapatnam]] and [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TU 142M Aircraft Museum at Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/tu-142m-aircraft-museum-visakhapatnam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914213752/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/tu-142m-aircraft-museum-visakhapatnam |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=20 January 2019 |website=[[Indian Navy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2020 |title=Indian Navy aircraft arrives in city, to be soon put up at naval museum |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/indian-navy-aircraft-arrives-city-soon-put-naval-museum-1502856886.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802062451/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/indian-navy-aircraft-arrives-city-soon-put-naval-museum-1502856886.html |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ilyushin Il-38|Ilyushin Il-38SD]]
|[[INAS 315]]
|5
|1977
|2023
|Could carry 2 [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] and [[Kh-35|Kh-35E]] AShM. ''IN302'' and ''IN304'' crashed in 2002.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=1 October 2002 |title=India navy planes collide in mid-air |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2289429.stm |via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Replaced by [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune.]]
|-
|[[IAI Searcher|IAI Searcher MkII]]
|[[Reconnaissance aircraft|Reconnaissance]] [[UAV]]
|[[INAS 342]]
|8
|2002
|2024
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-11 |title=After 22 yrs, Navy de-inducts eight Searcher Mk II UAVs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/indian-navy-de-inducts-searcher-mk-ii-uavs-after-22-years-of-service/articleshow/116185617.cms |access-date=2024-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-10 |title=Navy bids farewell to eight Searcher Mk II UAVs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/navy-bids-adieu-to-eight-searcher-mk-ii-uavs/article68969721.ece/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[UH-3H Sea King|Sikorsky UH-3H Sea King]]
|[[Utility helicopter]]
|[[INAS 350]]
|6
|2009
|2024
|Six were bought along with {{INS|Jalashwa|L41}}.<ref name="indiannavy2">{{cite web |title=Indian Naval Air Squadrons|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/indian-naval-air-squadrons|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226081408/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/indian-naval-air-squadrons|archive-date=26 December 2014|accessdate=27 December 2014|publisher=Indian Navy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |first=Mike |date=2024-07-02 |title=Indian navy retires UH-3H Sea Kings |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/helicopters/indian-navy-retires-uh-3h-sea-kings/158988.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226050239/https://www.flightglobal.com/helicopters/indian-navy-retires-uh-3h-sea-kings/158988.article |archive-date=2026-02-26 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, three remaining units were replaced by [[Westland Sea King|Sea King 42C]].<ref name=":5" />
|}

==Future==
During [[List of Aero India Editions#15th edition (2025)|Aero India 2025]], the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Dinesh K Tripathi]] and Minister of State for Defence [[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]] released a vision document for naval aviation named Atmanirbhar Indian Naval Aviation Technology Roadmap, 2047. The roadmap focused on being equipping the Naval Air Arm with a 400 aircraft strong fleet capable of [[Network-centric warfare|network-cetric]] operations and indigenising the entire fleet by 2047. As per the document, the Navy will induct multiple aircraft types over the next two decades which include:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath S. |date=2025-02-12 |title=Aero India 2025: Indian Navy envisages a fleet of 400 aircraft to monitor maritime security |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scope-for-domestic-industry-to-indigenise-solutions-in-maritime-air-domain-chief-of-naval-staff/article69210669.ece |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy releases vision document on naval aviation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navy-releases-vision-document-on-naval-aviation-3402845 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Ramu |date=2025-02-07 |title=Indian Navy opens doors to innovators for critical naval aviation technologies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Feb/13/indian-navy-opens-doors-to-innovators-for-critical-naval-aviation-technologies |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Fifth-generation fighter|fifth generation]] [[TEDBF|twin engine deck-based fighter]] multirole aircraft (replacing the current fighter fleet)
* Long Range, Medium Range and Short Range [[Maritime reconnaissance aircraft|Maritime Reconnaissance Aircraft]]
* Aircraft Carrier-Borne [[Airborne Early Warning and Control]] Aircraft
* [[Amphibious aircraft]]
* [[Aerial tanker|Air-to-Air Refueller Aircraft]] (manned or uncrewed)
* [[Multirole helicopter|Multirole]] and heavy lift helicopters
* different types of [[remotely piloted aircraft]] and unmanned aerial systems.

=== Future acquisition ===
{{Excerpt|Future of the Indian Navy#Aircraft}}

==Structure==
Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA) controls training, maintenance and other functions of naval aviation. Aircraft yards at [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], [[Kerala]] and [[Dabolim]], [[Goa]] are responsible for maintaining the fleet's air arm. An exclusive base, [[INS Shikra]] for helicopters was commissioned in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/23/stories/2009012355401300.htm|title=Navy chief calls for enhanced preparedness|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193431/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/23/stories/2009012355401300.htm|archive-date=3 November 2012|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-01-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>

To protect and preserve India's growing trade with Southeast Asia and offer a defence against increasing Chinese naval presence in the Bay of Bengal, a new naval base is being built near [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Aviation/Stations.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117143844/http://bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Aviation/Stations.html|date=17 November 2011}}: Western Command</ref> It is expected to be capable of harbouring two aircraft carriers, including the planned new [[INS Vikrant (2013)|Vikrant-class aircraft carrier]]. There are two more naval air stations, [[INS Rajali]] and [[INS Parundu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].

Southern Command has at least one airfield, [[INS Garuda]], in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Aviation/Stations/69-INS-Garuda.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718032328/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Aviation/Stations/69-INS-Garuda.html|date=18 July 2011}}: Southern Command</ref> [[The Hindu|The ''Hindu'']] reported on 2 February 2009 that a new airbase will be set up in [[Muscat]], [[Oman]] to tackle piracy in the [[Gulf of Aden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/02/02/stories/2009020250210600.htm|title=Naval air base to tackle piracy|website=Business Line|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106010951/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/02/02/stories/2009020250210600.htm|archive-date=6 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Three years later in 2012 it is not clear whether any action has been taken on this proposal.
The southernmost naval air station, [[INS Baaz]] was formally opened on 31 July 2012 by the [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Indian Navy]] at [[Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar)|Cambell Bay]] in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. With the commissioning of this station, the country acquired increased capability to keep vigil on the vital maritime channel of the [[Straits of Malacca]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3707955.ece| title= Naval air station opened in Campbell Bay| date= 1 August 2012| access-date= 1 August 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120802210848/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3707955.ece| archive-date= 2 August 2012| url-status= live}}</ref>

==Notable members==
Four naval aviators have risen to become the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS) - [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]s [[R. H. Tahiliani]], [[Arun Prakash]], [[Sureesh Mehta]] and [[Karambir Singh]].

* Admiral [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]] - the first naval aviator to serve as [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].
* [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Mihir K. Roy]] - the first [[air observer|observer]] of the Indian Navy and the first aviator to command the aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Vikrant|1961}}.
* Admiral [[Arun Prakash]] - the first [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] and the second aviator to rise to be CNS.
* Vice Admiral [[Shekhar Sinha]] - the first naval aviator to serve as [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]].
*[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Karambir Singh]] - the first helicopter aviator to become [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)]]

==See also==

; Indian navy related lists
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft#Naval Air Arm|List of active aircraft of the Indian Naval Air Arm]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[List of ships of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of submarines of the Indian Navy]]

; Other Indian navy related
* [[Naval ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Indian maritime history]]
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]
* [[Indian Coast Guard]]
* [[Middle Ground Coastal Battery]]
* [[Naval Aviation Museum (Goa)]]
* [[Naval Aircraft Museum (Kolkata)]]

; Indian military related
*[[Army Aviation Corps (India)]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]
* [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aircraft of the Indian Navy}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091026052259/http://www.indian-military.org/home/reports/indian-military-blog/imorg-exclusive-admins-visit-to-vt-21-fighting-redhawks-at-us-naval-air-stationkingsville-tx.html Indian Navy Pilot training facility at US NAS Kingsville, Texas, USA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100214161732/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Air-Arm.html Naval Air Arm]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060710173052/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_431.shtml Indian Naval Aviation – Part 1 @ ACIG.org]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040804201915/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_432.shtml Indian Naval Aviation – Part 2 @ ACIG.org]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090412010100/http://www.lca-tejas.org/naval%20tejas.html Naval Tejas, lca-tejas.org]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeX4-vVWmRM Documentary on YouTube on the INS Vikrant]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0r4blywbzl8 Video of IL-38 of IN firing anti-ship missile]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-84fIZggHA YouTube video by user vishv with some good photographs]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/vikramwalia/2127148882/ INS Vikrant docked in Mumbai]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/mogun23/2112156393/ Image of Kamov helicopter]
* [https://defencenewshindi.com/p8i-submarine-hunter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211161610/https://defencenewshindi.com/p8i-submarine-hunter/ |date=11 December 2022 }}

{{Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Naval Air Arm}}
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Indian naval aviation| ]]
[[Category:Naval aviation services]]
[[Category:Aviation in India|Naval Air Arm]]
[[Category:Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

Television in India

2026-03-26T13:00:33Z

LouJ11418910501: updated section for accuracy and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Culture of India}}
{{Indian television topics}}

The '''television industry in India''' is one of the largest broadcasting ecosystems in the world, producing thousands of programmes across numerous Indian languages. According to the 2020 TV Universe Estimates released by the [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC India]], the country had approximately '''210 million television households'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARC India Releases TV Universe Estimates 2020 |url=https://barcindia.co.in/announcement/barc-india-releases-tv-universe-estimates-2020.pdf |website=BARC India |access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>

By 2025, the [[Government of India]] reported that India had '''918 operational private satellite TV channels''', serving a nationwide audience of more than 900 million viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Satellite TV Channels in India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2192398 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=2025 |access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> Industry projections indicate continued growth, with television households expected to increase from '''190 million in 2024 to 214 million by 2026'''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TV Will Grow from 190 Mn in 2024 to 214 Mn Households by 2026: Kevin Vaz |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/tv-will-grow-from-190-mn-in-2024-to-214-mn-households-by-2026-kevin-vaz-142120.html |website=Exchange4Media |date=2025 |access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>

The industry operates in dozens of languages, with national channels broadcasting in [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]], alongside major regional networks in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and several others. Industry studies by KPMG and FICCI highlight the dominance of the '''Hindi, Tamil and Telugu television markets''', which collectively command the largest share of viewership and revenues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Television – KPMG FICCI Frames Report |url=https://www.in.kpmg.com/ficci-frames-16/television.html |website=KPMG India |access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>

The national broadcaster is [[Doordarshan]], owned by [[Prasar Bharati]]. There are several commercial television broadcasters such as [[Culver Max Entertainment]] (Sony), [[Disney Star]], [[Viacom18]] (owned by [[Reliance Industries]] through [[Network18 Group]]), [[Warner Bros. Discovery India]] and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] at the national level, and [[Sun TV Network]] and [[ETV Network]] at the regional level.

Currently, the major Hindi general entertainment channels (GECs) dominating pay television include [[StarPlus]], [[Sony SAB]], [[Sony Entertainment Television]], [[Zee TV]] and [[Colors TV]]. Since 2019, free-to-air Hindi channels such as [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]] and [[Goldmines]] have grown significantly in popularity due to their availability on [[DD Free Dish]]. Regional-language channels like [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and [[Star Vijay]] (Tamil), [[Star Maa]] and [[Zee Telugu]] (Telugu), [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] (Malayalam) and [[Star Pravah]] (Marathi) also continue to lead viewership rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARC Rating 9th Week: Sun TV maintains lead position in all genres |url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/barc-rating-9th-week-sun-tv-maintains-lead-position-in-all-genres/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Indian Broadcasting World |date=10 March 2022 }}</ref>

Unlike many other countries, major Indian entertainment channels generally do not air news, with some exceptions in South India such as [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} This practice is partly attributed to Indian media regulations that restrict Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in news broadcasting to 26%.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Foreign-owned broadcasters such as [[Disney Star|Star]] have previously exited news broadcasting.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Several media groups, including [[ABP Group]], [[Living Media|India Today Group]], TV9 Network and [[ITV Network (India)|ITV Network]], operate exclusively news channels, while others such as [[NDTV]] and [[The Times Group]] operate both news and non-news channels.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Meanwhile, [[Zee Media Corporation]] and [[Network18 Group]] function separately from the Zee and Viacom18 entertainment businesses, which have foreign shareholdings.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==History==
In January 1950, [[The Indian Express]] reported that a television was put up for demonstration at an exhibition in the [[Teynampet]] locality of [[Chennai]] (formerly Madras) by B. Sivakumaran, a student of [[electrical engineering]]. A letter was scanned and its image was displayed on a [[cathode-ray tube]] screen. The report said that "It may be this is not the whole of television but it is certainly the most significant link in the system" and added that the demonstration of the sort could be the "first in [[India]]".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seshadri|first1=T. N.|title=Television Apparatus in Swadeshi Exhibition|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B8c-AAAAIBAJ&pg=4191%2C543248|website=The Indian Express|access-date=3 May 2017|date=6 January 1950}}</ref>

The first TV transmitter in India was installed in the Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering Department of the [[Jabalpur Engineering College]] on 24 October 1951.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.jecjabalpur.ac.in/advertisement/jec%20annual%20report%202018-19020720021126.pdf | title=Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur | website=www.jecjabalpur.ac.in | access-date=9 August 2021 | archive-date=12 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512101946/https://www.jecjabalpur.ac.in/advertisement/jec%20annual%20report%202018-19020720021126.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In Srinagar, television was first used in the house of the Jan family, which was a huge milestone for industrialisation.

In 1952, the government's Scientific Advisory Committee for Broadcasting recommended the creation of a pilot station to showcase television's potential to viewers.<ref>{{cite news|title=India prepares for TV|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/freepress19520910-1.2.28|access-date=29 September 2023|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|date=10 September 1952}}</ref> A television demonstration was held in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] from 10 to 12 October 1954.<ref>{{cite news|title=TV IN BOMBAY|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19541014-1.2.37|access-date=29 September 2023|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|date=14 October 1954}}</ref> In 1955, an officer of [[All India Radio]] went to the United States to study telecommunications. Television remains a widely consumed medium across India, with its reach spanning millions of viewers across urban and rural regions.<ref>{{cite news|title=To Set Up T.V. Station in India|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19541014-1.2.37|access-date=29 September 2023|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|date=14 October 1954}}</ref> An experiment was conducted at the American Pavilion of the 1955 Indian Industries Fair, which opened on 29 October 1955, with PM Nehru being the first face to appear on television in India. Existing radio networks were open to start a television network.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mr. Nehru TV Star |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19551013-1.2.51|access-date=21 January 2025|newspaper=Indian Daily Mail|date=13 October 1955}}</ref>

Terrestrial television in India officially started with the experimental telecast starting in [[Delhi]] on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue18/kunhikrishnan.html|title=Online Journal of Space Communication|website=spacejournal.ohio.edu|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Daily transmission began in 1965 as a part of [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] (formerly All India Radio AIR). Television service was later extended to [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay) and [[Amritsar]] in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had television services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/prasar-bharati-looks-at-a-turnaround/819379/|title=Prasar Bharati looks at a turnaround|date=19 July 2011|website=The Financial Express|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> [[Satellite Instructional Television Experiment]] (SITE) was an important step taken by India to use television for development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mit.edu/afs.new/athena/activity/s/sctv/old_sites/20030411021545/http://mitv.mit.edu/HK/Indian.TV.html|title=Indian TV|website=mit.edu|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> The programmes were mainly produced by [[Doordarshan]] (DD) which was then a part of AIR. The telecast happened twice a day, in the mornings and evenings. Other than information related to agriculture, health and family planning were the other important topics dealt with in these programmes. Entertainment was also included in the form of dance, music, drama, folk and rural art forms. Television services were separated from radio in 1976. The national telecast was introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour television was introduced in the Indian market. The introduction of colour television was sluggish compared to other countries, taking into account rampant poverty, the cost of conversion and the late arrival of television to cities such as Bengaluru, whose television station switched on in November 1981. By contrast, both Pakistan and Bangladesh already had colour television.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colour TV debate in India |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19820311-1.2.165.4|access-date=21 January 2025|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=11 March 1982}}</ref> The return of [[Indira Gandhi]] to government also enabled the improvement of radio and television infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bringing colour to India |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19820609-1.2.125.11|access-date=21 January 2025|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=9 June 1982}}</ref> In 1983, Minister H.K.L. Bhagat suggested that the conversion to colour television would be complete by 1985, by then with a possible 17-hour daily schedule, as well as a project to launch 70 new low-powered transmitters to increase its reach to virtually every city and city cluster.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Indians see red |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19830824-1.2.127.5|access-date=21 January 2025|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=24 August 1983}}</ref>

Indian small-screen programming began in the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nkl SdWni|date=29 October 2014|title=Growth and reach of television in india|url=https://www.slideshare.net/nklsdwni9/growth-and-reach-of-television-in-india}}</ref> During this time, there was only one national channel, the government-owned [[Doordarshan]]. Mythological TV series [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]] and [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]], both based on the Indian epics of the same names, were the first major television series produced. They notched up a world record in viewership numbers. By the late 1980s, more people began to own television. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence, the government initiated another service, which had part national programming and part regional. The channel, known as [[DD Metro]] (formerly DD 2) was broadcast terrestrially along with [[DD National]]. In 1997, [[Prasar Bharati]], a statutory autonomous body was established. [[Doordarshan]] along with AIR were converted into government corporations under [[Prasar Bharati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/|title=Prasar Bharati | Public Service Broadcaster|website=prasarbharati.gov.in}}</ref> The Prasar Bharati Corporation was established to serve as the public service broadcaster of the country which would achieve its objectives through AIR and Doordashan. This was a step towards greater autonomy for [[Doordarshan]] and AIR. However, Prasar Bharati has not succeeded in shielding Doordarshan from government control.

The transponders of the American satellites [[PAS-1]] and [[PAS-4]] helped in the transmission and broadcast of Doordarshan's television services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panwar|first1=J. S.|title=Beyond Consumer Marketing: Sectoral Marketing and Emerging Trends|date=15 June 2004|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=9780761932581|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLzoW9NYB34C|access-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> An international channel called DD International was launched in 1995 and it broadcast programmes for 19 hours a day to foreign countries via PAS-4 to Europe, Asia and Africa and PAS-1 to North America.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mass Communication In India: A Sociological Perspective|last=Vilanilam|first=J|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2005|pages=153}}</ref>

The 1980s was the "Golden Era of Doordarshan" with various shows like [[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]] (1984–1985), [[Wagle Ki Duniya]] (1988), [[Buniyaad]] (1986–1987) and comedy shows like [[Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi]] (1984) glued millions to Doordarshan and later on [[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]] (1994–1996). Hindi film songs-based programmes like [[Chitrahaar]], [[Rangoli (TV series)|Rangoli]], Superhit Muqabla and crime thrillers like [[Karamchand]], [[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]. Shows targeted at children included Divyanshu Ki Kahaniyan, [[Vikram Aur Betaal]], [[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]], and Tenali Rama. It is also noted that Bengali filmmaker [[Prabir Roy]] had the distinction of introducing colour television coverage in India in February–March 1982 during the [[Nehru Cup]], a football tournament which was held at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], with five on-line camera operation, before [[Doordarshan]] started the same during the [[1982 Asian Games]] in November that year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandran|first1=Kannan|title=Indian TV goes colour for Games|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19821008-1.2.221.3|access-date=26 April 2018|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=8 October 1982|page=13}}</ref>

The central government, under the leadership of the Congress, launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under the then-Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. Under the new policies, the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beginner's Guide to Journalism & Mass Communication|last=Roy|first=Barun|year=2012|pages=33}}</ref> This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations. Foreign broadcasters like [[CNN]], the [[BBC]] and [[Disney Star]] and private domestic broadcasters such as [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|ZEEL]], [[ETV Network]], [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, television in India had covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ranjanvelari201416.blogspot.com/2016/03/development-of-television-in-india-and.html|title=Ranjan Velari's assignments: Development of Television in India and Television as a Medium of Education|last=Unknown|date=28 March 2016|website=Ranjan Velari's assignments|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>

==Broadcast media==
{{update|section|date=March 2016}}
There are at least five basic types of television in [[India]]: [[terrestrial television|broadcast]] or "over-the-air" television, unencrypted satellite or "[[free-to-air]]", [[Satellite television|Direct-to-Home (DTH)]], cable television, [[Internet Protocol television|IPTV]] and [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT]]. Over-the-air terrestrial and free-to-air TV (such as [[DD Free Dish]]) is free with no monthly payments while cable, DTH, and IPTV require a subscription that varies depending on how many channels a subscriber chooses to pay for and how much the provider is charging for the packages. Channels are usually sold in groups or [[A la carte pay television|a la carte]]. All television service providers are required by law to provide the a la carte selection of channels. India is the second largest pay-TV market in the world in terms of subscribers after China and has more than doubled from 32% in 2001 to 66% in 2018.

===Terrestrial television===
In India, the broadcast of free-to-air television is governed through a state-owned [[Prasar Bharati]] corporation, with the [[Doordarshan]] group of channels being the only broadcaster. As such, cable television is the primary source of TV programming in India.

===Broadcast cable and satellite television===
{{main|Lists of television stations in India}}

As per the TAM Annual Universe Update – 2015,<ref>{{cite web|last1=(TAM)|first1=Television Audience Measurement|title=TAM Annual Universe Update|url=http://www.tamindia.com/ref_pdf/Overview_Universe_Update_2015.pdf|publisher=TAM India|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702013518/http://www.tamindia.com/ref_pdf/Overview_Universe_Update_2015.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> India had over 167 million households (out of 234 million) with televisions, of which over 161 million have access to cable or satellite television, including 84 million households which are DTH subscribers. Digital TV households have grown by 32% since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and analogue broadcasts. TV-owning households have been growing at between 8–10%. Digital TV penetration is at 64% as of September 2014. India now has over 850 TV channels (2018) covering all the main languages spoken in the nation and whereby 197 million households own televisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-a-billion-screens-of-opportunity/$FILE/EY-a-billion-screens-of-opportunity.pdf|title=A Billion Screens of opportunity|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209040807/https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-a-billion-screens-of-opportunity/%24FILE/EY-a-billion-screens-of-opportunity.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase digitization policy by the Government of India. An ordinance was introduced by the government regarding the mandatory digitisation of cable services. According to this amendment made in Section 9 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 1995, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting is in the process of making the Digital Addressable System mandatory. As per the policy, viewers would be able to access digital services only through a [[set-top box]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Digitization of Cable TV: Way Ahead for Indian Television – Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir|url = https://earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=111850|website = early times.in|access-date = 23 July 2015}}</ref>

Starting in December 1991, [[Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific|Star TV]] introduced four major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space that had so far been monopolised by the Indian government-owned [[Doordarshan]]: [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]], [[StarPlus|STAR Plus]], [[Star Movies (Indian TV channel)|Star Movies]], [[BBC News (international TV channel)|BBC World Service Television]] and [[Prime Sports]]. In October 1992, India saw the launch of [[Zee TV]], the first privately owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by the Asia Television Network (ATN). A few years later [[CNN International South Asia|CNN]], [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]] and [[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)|National Geographic]] made their foray into India. Later, Star TV Network expanded its bouquet with the introduction of [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|STAR World]], [[Star Sports India|STAR Sports]], [[ESPN]], [[Channel V India|Channel V]] and [[Disney Star|STAR Gold]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

With the launch of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] in 1993, [[South India]] saw the birth of its first private television channel. With a network comprising more than 20 channels in various [[South India]] languages, Sun TV network recently launched a [[Satellite television|DTH]] service and its channels are now available in several countries outside India. Following Sun TV, several television channels sprung up in the south. Among these are the Tamil channel [[Raj TV]] (1993) and the [[Malayalam]] channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] launched in 1993 from Asianet Communications, which was later acquired by [[Disney Star]]. Asianet Cable Network and Asianet Broadband were from Asianet Communication Ltd. These three networks and their channels today take up most of the broadcasting space in South India. In 1994, industrialist [[N. P. V. Ramasamy Udayar]] launched a Tamil channel called ''GEC'' (Golden Eagle Communication), which was later acquired by [[Vijay Mallya]] and renamed as [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]. In Telugu, Telugu daily newspaper [[Eenadu]] started its television division called [[ETV Network]] in 1995 and later diversified into other Indian languages. The same year, another Telugu channel called [[Gemini TV]] was launched which was later acquired by the Sun TV Network in 1998.

Throughout the 1990s, along with a multitude of [[Hindi-language]] channels, several regional and English-language channels flourished all over India. By 2001, international channels [[HBO India|HBO]] and [[History TV18|The History Channel]] started providing service. In 1995–2003, other international channels such as [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]], [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]], VH1 and Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are [[NDTV 24x7]], [[NDTV India]], [[CNN-News18]], [[Times Now]] and [[Aaj Tak]].

==== Conditional Access System ====
CAS, or conditional access system, is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set-top box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.

The idea of CAS was mooted in 2001, due to a furore over charge hikes by channels and subsequently by cable operators. Poor reception of certain channels; arbitrary pricing and increase in prices; bundling of channels; poor service delivery by Cable Television Operators (CTOs); monopolies in each area; lack of regulatory framework and redress avenues were some of the issues that were to be addressed by implementation of CAS

It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where, until very recently, it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

{{As of|April 2008}} Only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed to the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.

===Analogue switchover===
The [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] issued a notification on 11 November 2011, setting 31 March 2015 as the deadline for complete [[Digital television transition|shift from analogue to digital systems]]. In December 2011, Parliament passed the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Act to digitise the cable television sector by 2014.<ref>[http://www.thinkdigit.com/TVs/Cable-TV-Digitization-Everything-you-need-to_9535.html Cable TV Digitization: Everything you need to know – LCD TVs | Plasma TV & Televisions | ThinkDigit Features]. Thinkdigit.com.</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/15-day-grace-period-to-get-TV-set-top-box/Article1-1036983.aspx 15-day grace period to get TV set-top box] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407062652/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi/15-day-grace-period-to-get-TV-set-top-box/Article1-1036983.aspx |date=7 April 2013 }}. Hindustan Times (4 April 2013).</ref> [[Chennai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Mumbai]] had to switch by 31 October 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/digitisation-cable-tv-dth-broadcast-television/1/189447.html | work=Business Standard | title=Questions raised over I&B ministry's digitisation numbers | date=29 October 2012}}</ref> The second phase of 38 cities, including [[Bangalore]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Nagpur]], [[Patna]], and [[Pune]], was to switch by 31 March 2013. The remaining urban areas were to be digitised by 30 November 2014 and the rest of the country by 31 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/TV-signals-to-go-digital-by-2015/articleshow/7421490.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312025408/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-04/india/28376135_1_set-top-boxes-digital-cable-tv-digital-systems | url-status=live | archive-date=12 March 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=TV signals to go digital by 2015 | date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

{| class=" wikitable"
|-
!Phase (planned date) !! City/Region !! Date of switchover†
|-
| rowspan="4" | Phase I (31 October 2012) || [[Delhi]] || 31 October 2012
|-
|[[Mumbai]] || 31 October 2012
|-
|[[Kolkata]] || ''15 January 2013''
|-
|[[Chennai]] || ''Not completed''
|-
|Phase II (31 March 2013) || 38 cities in 15 states || 31 March 2013
|-
|Phase III (30 September 2014) || All remaining urban areas || 31 March 2017
|-
|Phase IV (31 December 2014) || Rest of India || 31 December 2022
|}
†Indicates the date when analogue signals were switched off and not necessarily the date when 100% digitisation was achieved.

====Phase I====
{| class="wikitable"
!Phase
(planned date)
!City/Region
!Date of switchover†
|-
| rowspan="4" |Phase I
(31 October 2012)
|[[Delhi]]
|31 October 2012
|-
|[[Mumbai]]
|31 October 2012
|-
|[[Kolkata]]
|''15 January 2013''
|-
|[[Chennai]]
|''Not completed''
|-
|Phase II
(31 March 2013)
|38 cities in 15 states
|31 March 2013
|-
|Phase III
(30 September 2014)
|All remaining urban areas
|31 March 2017
|-
|Phase IV
(31 December 2014)
|Rest of India
|31 December 2022
|}
From midnight on 31 October 2012, analogue signals were switched off in Delhi and Mumbai. [[Pirate television|Pirated signals]] were available in parts of Delhi even after the date.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediamughals.com/News/1/1/Article/11306/Kolkata_fails_to_meet_the_digitisation_deadline_for_the_3rd_time.htm |title=Kolkata fails to meet the digitisation deadline for the 3rd time |publisher=Mediamughals.com |access-date=9 January 2013 |archive-date=31 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231214557/http://www.mediamughals.com/News/1/1/Article/11306/Kolkata_fails_to_meet_the_digitisation_deadline_for_the_3rd_time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Kolkata, on 30 October 2012, the state government refused to switch off analogue signals citing low penetration of set-top boxes (STBs) required for receiving digital signals. The Ministry did not push for switching off of analogue signals in Kolkata. After approximately the Centre estimated that 75% of Kolkata households had installed STBs, the ministry issued a directive to stop airing analogue channels in some parts of the city beginning 16 December and completely switch off analogue signals after 27 December.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediamughals.com/News/1/1/Article/11241/Kolkata_will_finally_enter_the_digitisation_grid_from_28th_December.htm |title=Kolkata will finally enter the digitisation grid from 28th December |publisher=Mediamughals.com |access-date=9 January 2013 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115203815/http://www.mediamughals.com/News/1/1/Article/11241/Kolkata_will_finally_enter_the_digitisation_grid_from_28th_December.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 17 December 2012, the West Bengal government openly defied the directive and stated that it would not implement it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Minister-attacks-Centre-on-cable-digitization/articleshow/17658450.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508221607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-18/kolkata/35889308_1_digitization-msos-centre |url-status=live |archive-date=8 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Minister attacks Centre on cable digitization |date=18 December 2012}}</ref> The state government then announced that it would extend the deadline to 15 January 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Mamata-government-defers-cable-TV-digitization-date-yet-again/articleshow/17936957.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121101504/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-08/kolkata/36215692_1_digitization-mamata-government-swapan-chowdhury |url-status=live |archive-date=21 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Mamata government defers cable TV digitization date yet again |date=8 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinkdigit.com/TVs/Cable-TV-digitisation-deadline-for-Kolkata-extended_12905.html |title=Cable TV digitisation deadline for Kolkata extended to January 15 – LCD TVs | Plasma TV & Televisions | ThinkDigit News |date=2 January 2013 |publisher=Thinkdigit.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawest.com/news/8454-bengal-ignores-dec-27-deadline-for-digitization.html |title=Bengal Ignores Dec. 27 Deadline for Digitization |publisher=Indiawest.com |date=8 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118061301/http://indiawest.com/news/8454-bengal-ignores-dec-27-deadline-for-digitization.html |archive-date=18 January 2013 }}</ref> The Ministry had initially threatened to cancel the licence of [[List of multiple-system operators|multi system operators]] (MSOs) in Kolkata if they did not switch off all analogue channels. However, the ministries softened their stand following a letter from MSOs, explaining how they were sandwiched between divergent orders from the Central and State Governments.

In Chennai, the deadline was extended twice to 5 November by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/TV-digitization-deadline-ends-Chennai-gets-relief/articleshow/17040078.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610154309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/india/34856391_1_tv-digitization-i-b-ministry-stbs |url-status=live |archive-date=10 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=TV digitization deadline ends, Chennai gets relief |date=1 November 2012}}</ref> The extension was in response to a petition filed by the Chennai Metro Cable TV Operators Association (CMCOA), who argued at the beginning of November that only 1,64,000 homes in Chennai had the proper equipment, and three million households would be left without service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Madras-high-court-extends-TV-digitization-date-in-Chennai-by-5-days/articleshow/17041675.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508212437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/chennai/34858576_1_tv-digitization-stbs-madras-high-court |url-status=live |archive-date=8 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Madras high court extends TV digitization date in Chennai by 5 days |date=1 November 2012}}</ref> When a week later only a quarter of households had their set-top boxes, the Madras High Court further extended the deadline to 9 November. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting stated that it would allow an additional extension to 31 December.<ref>{{cite web|author=S. Bridget Leena |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/jS10y8tJxqNbQb7yDN4rWJ/Madras-HC-extends-Chennai-digitization-deadline.html |title=Madras HC extends Chennai digitization deadline |publisher=Livemint |date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/madras-hc-to-hear-digitisation-casefriday_777987.html |title=Madras HC to hear digitisation case on Friday – CNBC-TV18 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=6 November 2012}}</ref> As of March 2013, out of 3 million subscribers, 2.4 million continued to be without set-top boxes.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/24-lakh-houses-in-Chennai-still-without-set-top-boxes/articleshow/19285596.cms]. [[The Times of India]]</ref>

A similar petition, filed by a local cable operator (LCO), to extend the deadline in Mumbai was rejected by the [[Bombay High Court]] on 31 October 2012.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bombay-high-court-rejects-pleashifting-digitisation-deadline/193834/on Bombay High Court rejects plea on shifting digitisation deadline]. Business Standard (31 October 2012).</ref>

====Phase II====
In the second phase, 38 cities in 15 states had to digitise by 31 March 2013. Of the 38, [[Maharashtra]] has 9 cities, [[Uttar Pradesh]] has 7 and [[Gujarat]] has 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IB-sets-March-31-deadline-for-38-more-cities-to-go-digital/articleshow/17122097.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526090141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/india/34972403_1_stbs-i-b-ministry-uday-kumar-varma |url-status=live |archive-date=26 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=I&B sets March 31 deadline for 38 more cities to go digital |date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/digitisation-countdown-begins-for-phase-ii/194791/on Digitisation: Countdown begins for Phase II]. Business Standard (6 November 2012).</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ib-ministry-plans-for-phase-ii-of-cable-tv-digitisation/article4071226.ece |title=I&B ministry plans for phase II of cable TV digitisation |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2012}}As of 2019 almost 90% of the population have started using STB for pay channels as has been mandated by the Ministry in India.</ref>

About 25% of the 16 million households covered did not have their equipment installed before the deadline. Secretary Uday Kumar Varma extended a 15-day grace period.<ref name="hindustantimes.com" /> The Ministry estimated that as of 3 April 2013, 25% of households did not have set-top boxes.<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/business/news/technology/no-extension-of-deadline-in-2nd-phase-of-digitization-tewari_73488.html No extension of the deadline in 2nd phase of digitization: Tewari]. [[Zee News]].</ref> Enforcement of the switchover varied from city to city.<ref name="zeenews.india.com">[https://zeenews.india.com/business/news/technology/digitisation-phase-ii-govt-to-allow-grace-period-of-15-days_73374.html Cable digitisation: Govt allows grace period of 15 days]. Zeenews.india.com.</ref> Vishakhapatnam had the lowest rate of conversion to the new system at 12.18 per cent. Other cities that had low figures included Srinagar (20 per cent), Coimbatore (28.89 per cent), Jabalpur (34.87 per cent) and Kalyan Dombivli (38.59 per cent).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130603212717/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tv-digitisation-consumers-can-utilise-transition-period-of-10-to-15/382864-3.html TV Digitisation: Consumers can utilise transition period of 10 to 15]. CNN-IBN.in.com (3 April 2013).</ref>

===Satellite television===
{{main|Direct-to-home television in India}}

As of 2016, over 1600 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned [[Doordarshan]], [[The Walt Disney Company India|Disney India]] owned [[Disney Star|Star]], [[Sony]] owned [[Sony Entertainment Television]], [[Zee TV]], [[Sun TV Network]] and [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. Direct To Home service is provided by [[Airtel digital TV|Airtel Digital TV]], [[DD Free Dish]], [[DishTV]], [[Sun Direct]], [[Tata Play]] and Videocon [[Dish TV|D2H]]. Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.
[[File:Tata Sky Dish.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Tata Sky Dish India]]
These services are provided by locally built satellites from [[ISRO]] such as INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned [[NSS-6]], Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/satreckon/satelliteindia/satellitesoverindia.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's Satellites over India |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=6 September 2008}}</ref>

[[Satellite television|DTH]] is defined as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home. As of December 2012, India had roughly 54  million DTH subscribers.

Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

India currently has 5 major DTH service providers (including Free-to-Air provided DD Free Dish) and a total of over 54  million subscriber households as of December 2012. [[Dish TV|DishTV]] (a ZEE TV subsidiary), [[Tata Play]], Sun Network owned ' [[Sun Direct]] DTH', Bharti Airtel's DTH Service '[[Airtel digital TV|Airtel Digital TV]]' and the public sector [[DD Free Dish]]. As of 2012, India has the most competitive Direct-broadcast satellite market, with 7 operators vying for more than 135  million TV homes. India overtook the US as the world's largest Direct-broadcast satellite market in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=89&id=15742&Itemid=1&sectionid=25 |title=Thinking blue sky – Business Today – Business News |work=India Today |date=8 August 2010}}</ref>

The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, and the need to measure viewership in this space is more than ever; [[Audience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. (aMap)|aMap]], the overnight ratings agency, has mounted a people meter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes in India.<ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k9/dec/decmam77.php aMap secures Tata Sky DTH audience measurement biz And Recently Videocon has launched D2H] Indian television.com</ref>

===Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)===
There are IPTV Platforms available for subscription in India in the main cities as [[broadband]] in many parts of the country, they are
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207052246/http://icontrol.in/ iControl IPTV] A joint venture between [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited|MTNL]] and [[BSNL]] also in association with [http://akshoptifibre.com/ Aksh Optifiber] a company that also provides [[Fiber to the x|FTTH]] and [[Voice over IP|VoIP]] services available in some of the main cities in India such as Mumbai which has about 200 television channels on offer with [[time shifting]] in several basic and premium Packages including Movies on Demand offered at various basic, premium and [[pay-per-view]] rates and other services such as an interactive karaoke channel, The IPTV operator uses the [[UTStarcom|UTStarcom Rolling Stream IPTV Solution]] as its end-to-end Delivery Platform.
*Airtel IPTV is available in some of the main cities in India such as New Delhi and Bangalore which have about 175 television channels on offer with [[time shifting]] in several TV packages and a small number of television channels offered on premium subscription rates including Movies on Demand offered at premium and pay-per-view rates SVOD and other services such as Digital Radio and Games, The IPTV Operator uses the [[UTStarcom|UTStarcom RollingStream IPTV Solution]] as its end-to-end delivery platform.
*Smart TV group also operates an IPTV platform based on the Sea-Change International IPTV and Cisco IPTV standards in many parts of India with the following services:
:*185 TV channels on various basic and premium packages
:*40 TV channels [[Video on demand]] (VOD) service
:*250 hours [[Digital video recorder]] (DVR)
:*A 5000+ hour movie library
:*Digital Radio and Karaoke Service

The service is available to [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited|MTNL]] and [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]] broadband Internet customers.

*[[Andhra Pradesh State FiberNet Limited|APSFL]] is an IPTV service provider. It was launched in 2016 and offers over 250 channels, out of which 49 are in HD. It is currently only available in [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Programming==
[[Indian television drama]] is by far the most common genre on Indian television. Fiction shows (including thriller dramas and sitcoms) are extremely popular among Indian audiences. There are thousands of television programmes in India, all ranging in length, air time, genre and language.

Major sports networks include [[Star Sports India|Star Sports]], [[Sony Sports Network]], [[Eurosport (Indian TV channel)|Eurosport]] and [[DD Sports]].

==Advertising==
India has a huge advertising industry. In 2021, India's advertising sector generated revenue worth ₹74,600 crore, which included type types advertising. Traditionally organisations and manufacturing industries used to advertise through Television due to its vast reach. Indian TV and print media frequently run advertisements are often types of [[Surrogate advertising]]s, [[False advertising]]s etc. Alcohol advertising is illegal in India but brands frequently run surrogate advertising campaigns. The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), the consumer rights protection body of the Consumer Affairs Ministry issued guidelines against surrogate advertising.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/advertising-sector-to-touch-rs-1-lakh-crore-revenue-by-2024-says-ey-ficci-eport-news-187937 | title=Advertising Sector to Touch Rs 1 Lakh Crore Revenue by 2024, Says EY-FICCI report | date=21 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/liquor-brands-get-notices-over-surrogate-advertising/articleshow/94691983.cms | title=Liquor brands get notices over surrogate advertising | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=7 October 2022 | last1=Anand | first1=Shambhavi | last2=Malviya | first2=Sagar }}</ref>

==Audience metrics==
Television metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented, consolidated and then fragmented again. One key difference in Indian culture is that families traditionally limit themselves to owning only one screen. {{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===DART===
During the days of the single-channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART ([[Doordarshan|Doordarshan Audience Research Team]]) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India.<ref>[http://list.msu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9909e&L=aejmc&T=0&P=1721 Identity and Consumerism on Television in India] AEJMC Archives</ref> DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART is one of the rating systems that measure audience metrics in Rural India.<ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/total-tv-universe-up-to-183-mn-rate-of-rural-growth-higher-than-urban-barc-survey-170217]. Indiantelevision.com.</ref>

===TAM and INTAM===
In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG (Operations Research Group - Multiple Action Research Group) introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement). Ex-[[Doordarshan]] officials claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered.<ref name="mobility">[https://pikashow.info.in/ Why is TRP a contentious issue?] Screen India</ref>

In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by [[Nielsen Corporation]]<ref>[http://www.tamindia.com/tamindia/Company_Profile.htm Company Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130203114418/http://www.tamindia.com/tamindia/Company_Profile.htm |date=3 February 2013 }} stamina.com</ref>) as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics.<ref name="screening">[https://pikashowapk.pro.in/ Why is TRP a contentious issue?]{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Screen India</ref> Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programmes.

In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data.<ref name="mobility" /><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/how-real-is-tam/intam-rating/articleshow/1657160735.cms How real is Tam/Intam rating?] ''The Times of India''</ref><ref>[https://ia.rediff.com/money/2001/sep/05trp.htm TRP rating: The slip is showing] Business Standard via Rediff.com</ref> This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM.<ref>[http://cricket.expressindia.com/old//fulliestory.php?content_id=38689 Security Check: TAM, INTAM Try To Ensure Data Sanctity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221071448/http://cricket.expressindia.com/old/fulliestory.php?content_id=38689 |date=21 February 2009 }} Express cricket</ref> For several years after this, despite misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the de facto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game.<ref>[http://indiantelevision.com/perspectives/y2k3/adagerating3.htm Quibbles apart, TAM is only currency industry can use] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820141838/http://www.indiantelevision.com/perspectives/y2k3/adagerating3.htm |date=20 August 2008 }} Indian television.com</ref>

===AMAP===
In 2004, a rival ratings service funded by American [[Non-residential Indian|NRI]] investors, called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited (AMAP) was launched.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-tv-rating-system-to-challenge-tam-monopoly/articleshow/803398.cms New TV rating system to challenge TAM monopoly] ''[[The Times of India]]''</ref><ref name="Hindu">[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/08/04/stories/2004080401660900.htm][[Audience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. (aMap)|aMap]] brings TV ratings online ''Business Line''</ref><ref name="bs">[http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftnm=blife&bKeyFlag=BO&autono=322078 Ratings cos fight for market share] ''[[Business Standard]]''</ref> Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAM monopoly was broken.

What differentiates [[Audience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. (aMap)|aMap]] is that its ratings are available within one day as compared to TAM's timeline of one week.<ref name="Hindu" />

===BARC India===
[[Broadcast Audience Research Council]] (BARC) India is an industry body set up to design, commission, supervise and own an accurate, reliable and timely television audience measurement system for India. It currently measures the TV Viewing habits of 183 million TV households in the country, using 30,000 sample panel homes. This will go up to 50,000 in the next couple of years, as mandated by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] (MIB).

As per the [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]]'s Broadcast India (BI) 2018 Survey released in July 2018, based on a sample of 3 lakh homes in the country, TV homes in the country have seen a 7.5% jump,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/indians-are-watching-tv-for-3-hour-44-minutes-every-day-barc-india/articleshow/65151371.cms|title=Indians are watching TV for 3 hours 44 minutes every day: BARC India|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|date=26 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> outpacing the growth of homes in India which grew at 4.5%. India currently boasts 298 million homes, of which 197 million have a TV set, having an opportunity to almost 100 more TV homes in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/tv-viewership-on-a-rise-in-india-survey/articleshow/65159050.cms|title=TV viewership on a rise in India: Survey |work=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref>

Guided by the recommendations of the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] (MIB) notifications of January 2014, BARC India brings together the three key stakeholders in television audience measurement – broadcasters, advertisers, and advertising and media agencies, via their apex bodies.

BARC India is committed to establishing a robust, transparent and accountable governance framework for providing data points that are required to plan media spending more effectively.<ref name="bs" /><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/New-rival-to-stare-TAM-in-eyeball/308769/New rival to stare TAM in eyeball] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221181747/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/New-rival-to-stare-TAM-in-eyeball/308769/New |date=21 February 2009 }} Financial Express</ref>

The role of television media was especially crucial in 2020 as citizens were asked to stay home to fight the pandemic in India. Talking about how media was used as a tool to instil fear and discipline among the public in India during the lockdown, an article in the Doing Sociology blog discusses how television has so become part and parcel of life, the audio-visual platform was used for image-building and influence by the ruling dispensation on one hand, and utilized by popular brands for keeping the consumer culture up on the other.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://doingsociology2020.blogspot.com/2020/05/media-in-pandemic-times-state-democracy.html|title=MEDIA IN PANDEMIC TIMES: FEAR, DISCIPLINE AND COMMERCIAL BREAKS |work=Doing Sociology|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>

==Awards==
===Hindi-language===
* [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
* [[Indian Telly Awards]]
* [[Gold Awards]]

==Effect of OTT on the Indian television industry ==
Online video streaming, also known as [[Over-the-top media service|Over-the-top]] (OTT) services gained popularity in India after 2015. It created a threat to the Indian television industry. TV viewers have to follow the schedule of TV channels to watch their favourite programmes. On the other hand, OTT service providers allow their users to watch their favourite content whenever they want. Moreover, penetration of Internet access in India helps OTT users to access content from anywhere. This convenience of OTT has helped it to gain popularity among young internet users in India. The usage of OTT significantly increased during the national lockdown period (From March 2020 onwards) after the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. More people began to watch OTT platforms for foreign content and their spending on TV was significantly reduced.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Puthiyakath |first1=Hashim Hamza |last2=Goswami |first2=Manash Pratim |date=2021-05-06 |title=Is Over the Top Video Platform the Game Changer over Traditional TV Channels in India? A Niche Analysis |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1326365X211009639 |journal=Asia Pacific Media Educator |language=en |volume=31 |pages=133–150 |doi=10.1177/1326365X211009639 |issn=1326-365X |s2cid=235405617|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
*[[Surrogate advertising]] - Deceptive advertising tactic by ill-legal [[Gambling]] companies, mobile apps in India
*[[Lists of television channels in India|List of television stations in India]]
*[[List of HD channels in India]] (HD Feed)
*[[Cinema of India|Entertainment industry in India]]
*[[Digital television transition in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Television in India}}
{{Media of India|television}}
{{Television in Asia}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Television in India| ]]
[[Category:Entertainment in India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]
[[Category:Television by country|India]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]

Kailash Chandra Pant

2026-03-25T12:42:07Z

LouJ11418910501: Put Up A Details

{{Short description|Indian writer and journalist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kailash Chandra Pant
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|04|26}}
| birth_place = [[Mhow]], [[Indore district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Writer, journalist
| organization = Madhya Pradesh Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti
| known_for = Promotion of the Hindi language
| title = General Secretary
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
}}
'''Kailash Chandra Pant''' (born 26 April 1936) is an Indian writer and journalist. An advocate for the [[Hindi]] language, he is the [[Secretary (title)|general secretary]] of the [[Madhya Pradesh]] Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti, based in [[Bhopal]]. In 2025, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award in India, for his contributions to literature and education.

==Career==
Pant through his role at the Madhya Pradesh Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti, he has organized numerous seminars, workshops, and literary events aimed at fostering the language.<ref name="Print25">{{cite news |title=Dedicate Padma Shri to Hindi lovers who work for enriching language: Kailash Chandra Pant |url=https://theprint.in/india/dedicate-padma-shhri-to-hindi-lovers-who-work-for-enriching-language-kailash-chandra-pant/2836407/ |work=The Print |date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref>

He served as the editor of ''[[Akshara]]'', a quarterly magazine dedicated to [[Hindi literature]]. Throughout his career, Pant has authored several books and worked extensively to promote Hindi both within India and internationally.<ref name="News1826">{{cite news |date=2026-01-26 |title=Padma Shri 2026: MP's Kailash Chandra Pant honoured for lifelong dedication to Hindi literature and journalism |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-padma-shri-2026-mps-kailash-chandra-pant-lifelong-dedication-to-hindi-literature-journalism-honoured-local18-10106158.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=News18 Hindi}}</ref>

He also published the Hindi weekly ''Janadharm'' for over two decades, contributing significantly to Hindi journalism and cultural discourse in Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Bhaskar26">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Padma Shri awardees include Kailash Chandra Pant |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/amp/local/mp/news/madhya-pradesh-padma-shri-awardees-kailash-chandra-pant-mohan-nagar-bhagwandas-raikwar-narayan-vyas-137040219.html |work=Bhaskar English |date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-02-11}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pant was born on 26 April 1936 in [[Mhow]], [[Indore district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Over the course of his journalistic career, he has been associated with several Hindi publications and cultural institutions. Pant comes from a background rooted in social and cultural service. His father, Prabhakar Pant, was a [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]], and his father-in-law, Satyendra Sharma, was a noted scholar. Pant has attributed his commitment to cultural and linguistic work to the influence of these family connections.<ref name="Hans25">{{cite news |date=2025-01-27 |title=Fortunate to be connected with cultural families: Padma awardee Kailash Chandra Pant |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/fortunate-to-be-connected-with-cultural-families-padma-awardee-kailash-chandra-pant |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Hans India}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025): Awarded for his contribution to Hindi language and literature. The award was conferred by the [[president of India]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day.]] Pant dedicated the honour to those working for the promotion of Hindi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-01-25 |title=Ex-bus conductor, nonagenarian musician among 45 awarded Padma Shri in ‘unsung heroes’ category |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-bus-conductor-nonagenarian-musician-among-45-awarded-padma-shri-in-unsung-heroes-category/article70549387.ece |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pant, Kailash Chandra}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Journalists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Oommen Mammen

2026-03-21T06:34:34Z

LouJ11418910501: created.

{{Short description|Indian Anglican priest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = priest
| honorific-prefix = [[The Venerable]]
| name = Oommen Mammen
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Archdeacon]] of [[Mavelikkara]]
| image = Archdeacon Oommen Mammen.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Church of England]] in [[British India]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Madhya Kerala Diocese|Anglican diocese of Travancore & Cochin]]
| see =
| elected =
| appointed =
| term =
| term_start = 22 March 1900
| quashed =
| term_end = 23 August 1904
| predecessor = [[Archdeacon K. Koshy]]
| opposed =
| successor =
| other_post =

| ordination = 16 March 1856 (deacon) 9 November 1859 (priest)
| ordained_by = [[Thomas Dealtry]]
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =

| birth_name = Oommen Mammen Tharakan
| birth_date = {{birth year|1830}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death year|1904}}
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[Travancore|Travancorean]]
| religion = [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] (1830–1850) [[Anglicanism]] (1850–1904)
| residence =
| parents = Kuncheria Mammen Tharakan & Annamma Thoompunkal
| spouse = Annamma Joseph
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| previous_post =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[CMS College Kottayam]]}}
'''Oommen Mammen Tharakan''' (24 March 1830 – 23 August 1904) was an Indian Anglican priest and [[Malayalam]] litterateur.

== Early life ==
Oommen Mammen was born the son of Kuncheria Mammen Tharakan and Annamma Thoompunkal to the distinguished [[Nazrani people|Nazrani]] family of Alummoottil in [[Puthencavu]], near [[Chengannur]].{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}}{{sfn|Thomas|1974|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=30}} The hereditary honorific title '[[Tharakan (title)|Tharakan]]' was bestowed upon his family by a local [[Raja]]. They were members of the [[Malankara Syrian Church]].{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}}{{sfn|Thomas|1974|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=31–32}} When Oommen was just twenty-two days old, his father died.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=30}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=66}} While Oommen was still an infant, his mother took him to [[St. Mary's Church, Niranam|St. Mary's Orthodox Church]] in [[Niranam]], and dedicated him to the service of the Lord and the church.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=31–32}}

By the time Oommen reached twelve years of age, his mother remarried, effectively rendering him an orphan.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=32}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=66}} His relatives seized his paternal inheritance, and he was left in the care of his mother's sister's husband Rev. J. Tharian Parambil, in [[Mavelikkara]].{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=32}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=66}}

== Education ==
Oommen studied [[Malayalam]] at the Anglican [[Church Mission Society]] school in Mavelikkara.{{sfn|Jeffrey|1976|pp=339–340}}{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}} At that time, [[British people|British]] missionary Rev. J. Hawksworth took Oommen under his wing.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=33}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=66}} Later, with Hawksworth's assistance, Oommen learned English at [[CMS College Kottayam]], which was also run by Anglican missionaries.{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}}{{sfn|Jeffrey|1976|p=340}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=33–34}} Under the influence of his missionary teachers, Oommen converted from [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] to [[Anglicanism]].{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=32–34}}{{sfn|Thomas|1974|pp=112–113}}

== Ordinations and ministry ==
From 1851 to 1856, Oommen Mammen served as a travelling evangelist for the [[Church Mission Society]] in Travancore.{{sfn|Jeffrey|1976|pp=52,340}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=34}}
He was ordained as deacon on 16 March 1856, by the Anglican bishop of [[Madras]] Rt. Rev. [[Thomas Dealtry]].{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=35}}{{sfn|Jeffrey|1976|p=340}}{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}} Subsequently, he was trained for priesthood by Anglican missionary priests Rev. Chapman, Rev. Hawksworth, Rev. Joseph Peet and Rev. Whitehead.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=35}} On 9 November 1859, he was ordained a priest at the Holy Trinity Anglican Church in [[Kottayam]].{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=35}}{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}}

As a priest, Oommen served in many [[Church of England]] parishes in [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=67}} He himself prepared a curriculum for Sunday School in 1868, whilst serving in [[Mallapally]] Anglican church.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=67}} Oommen worked tirelessly for the upliftment of non-Christian [[Dalit]]s, evangelizing and educating them, provoking the ire of [[forward caste]] people.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=38,79–84}}{{sfn|Nellimukal|2013|pp=306–309}}{{sfn|Society|1904|p=297}} The last twenty-four years (1880–1904) of his vocation was based out of the Christ Anglican church in [[Mavelikkara]].{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=35}} Throughout his ministry, he remained close to the royal families of Mavelikkara and Travancore.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=41–46}} On 22 March 1900, he was made the Archdeacon of Mavelikkara, the second Indian to be raised to that rank in the Church of England, after [[Archdeacon K. Koshy|K. Koshy]].{{sfn|MacKenzie|1901|p=48}}{{sfn|Stock|1916|pp=198,251,253}}{{sfn|Aiya|1906|p=220}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=41}}

== Literary pursuits ==
Oommen was a prolific [[Malayalam]] writer, who authored eighteen books, of which some were translations from English to Malayalam.{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=49}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=67}} Pre-eminent Malayalam poet and literary scholar [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] in his famous book {{cite book |title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram (History of Kerala Literature) |url=https://www.amazon.com/KERALA-SAHITYA-CHARITRAM-Ulloor/dp/8193036840 |isbn=8193036840}}, has duly recognized Archdeacon Oommen Mammen's contributions to Malayalam literature.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=47–48,50}} Oommen's works include,
* ''Athmeekaranam'' (Spiritualization)
* ''Rogathepattiyulla Dhyanam'' (Meditation on sickness)
* ''Uttama Sthreekalude Kathakal'' (Stories of noble women)
* ''Balapriyan'' (Children's friend), parts I and II
* ''Sukruthamulla Sthree'' (Virtuous woman)
* ''Salomonte Subhashithangal'' – translation of [[Charles Bridges (theologian)|Charles Bridges]]'s ''Exposition of Proverbs'', in three volumes
* ''Ente Rajavu'' – translation of [[Frances Ridley Havergal]]'s ''My King''{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=49}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=67}}

== Personal life and descendants ==
[[File:Syrian Anglican priest Kaipuredathu M. Matthai and family.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Thomas Anglicans|Syrian Anglican]] priest Kaipuredathu M. Matthai with his wife Achiamma (d/o archdeacon Oommen Mammen) and children]]
On 30 October 1851, Oommen Mammen married Annamma Joseph, daughter of Syrian [[Kathanar]] Joseph Vaidyan.{{sfn|Addison|Oakes|Lawson|Sladen|1905|p=1064}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=34}}{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=67}} Oommen's brother-in-law was also a Syrian priest.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=34}} The marriage was solemnized by Rev. J Hawksworth at the Christ Anglican church in [[Mavelikkara]].{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=34}}

Oommen and Annamma together had five sons and five daughters that survived into adulthood, and two other children, who died in infancy.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=64}} Several of Oommen's descendants were clerics in the [[Diocese of Travancore and Cochin]] of the [[Church of England]] and its successor the [[Church of South India]], as well as the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfn|Chatterton|1924}} This includes Rev. A. O. Matthai (son), Rev. A. V. George (grandson), Rev. K. V. Thomas (grandson) and Rev. A. Joseph Matthew (grandson) of the [[Anglican church]], along with Most Rev. [[Alexander Mar Thoma|Alexander Mar Thoma Metropolitan]] (great-grandson through daughter Mariamma Anjilivelil) and Rev. P. M. Thomas (great-grandson) of the Mar Thoma Church.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=64–65}} Additionally his sons-in-law Rev. Kaipuredathu M. Matthai and Rev. M. T. Chacko were also Church of England priests in British India.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfn|Richards|1908|pp=114–115}} Former [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] C. Thomas ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]) is also his great-grandson through daughter Saramma Mullamangalam.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|pp=21–22,65}}{{sfn|TH1|2018}}

== Death ==
Oommen continued as archdeacon till his death on 23 August 1904.{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=67}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=45}}{{sfn|Mooken|1983|p=81}} In response to the telegram intimating the news of the archdeacon's death, [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]] of [[Travancore royal family]] replied, "I have lost an esteemed friend; the mission, a zealous worker; and the poor, a true benefactor".{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=45}} Oommen was laid to rest at the Mavelikkara Anglican cemetery.{{sfn|Idiculla|2012|p=67}} A memorial service was held in the Holy Trinity Anglican cathedral, [[Kottayam]], on 4 September 1904.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=45}}

== See also ==
*[[Saint Thomas Christians]]
*[[Saint Thomas Anglicans]]
*[[Church Missionary Society in India]]
*[[Christianity in Kerala]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Parumootil Joseph |title=100 Indian Witnesses to Jesus Christ |date=1974 |publisher=Bombay Tract and Book Society |page=112–113 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/100_Indian_Witnesses_to_Jesus_Christ/EuQgAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |title=The Decline of Nayar Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847-1908 |date=1976 |author1-link=Robin Jeffrey |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0486-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IE5dvgEACAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mooken |first1=Mar Aprem |title=Indian Christian who is who |date=1983 |author1-link=Aprem Mooken |publisher=Bombay Parish Church of the East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2s5AAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Addison |first1=Henry Robert |last2=Oakes |first2=Charles Henry |last3=Lawson |first3=William John |last4=Sladen |first4=Douglas Brooke Wheelton |title=Who's who |date=1905 |publisher=A. & C. Black |page=1064 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Who_s_who/vDsJAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=M.C. |title=Archdeacon Oommen Mammen (Biography) |date=2010 |publisher=Heritage Trust for Christian Research Publications and Charity |location=Trivandrum |pages=1–103 |language=ml}}
* {{cite book |last1=Idiculla |first1=Dr. Shajan A. |title=Douthyathinte Edukal (History of CSI Central Kerala Diocese) |date=2012 |publisher=CMS Press |location=Kottayam |pages=66–67 |language=ml}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of the Church of England in India Since the Early Days of the East India Company|author1-first=Eyre|author1-last=Chatterton|author1-link=Eyre Chatterton|location=London|publisher=SPCK|year=1924|chapter=The Diocese of Travancore and Cochin, 1879. The Country of Fiords, Mountains, and Moplahs Bishops|chapter-url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/20.html}}
* {{cite news |ref={{harvid|TH1|2018}} |title=Former Chief Secretary C. Thomas dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-chief-secretary-c-thomas-dead/article24629353.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 August 2018 |language=en-IN}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nellimukal |first1=Dr. Samuel |title=Keralathile Samoohyaparivarthanam – The Social Transformation of Kerala |date=2013 |publisher=K. S. Books |location=Kottayam |pages=306–309 |language=ml}}
* {{cite book |last1=MacKenzie |first1=Gordon Thomson |title=Christianity in Travancore |date=1901 |publisher=Printed at Travancore Government Press |page=48 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Christianity_in_Travancore/cVQoAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Society |first1=Church Missionary |title=Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East... |date=1904 |publisher=Church Missionary House |page=297 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Proceedings_of_the_Church_Missionary_Soc/nfokHF0rOJcC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stock |first1=Eugene |title=The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men and Its Work |date=1916 |publisher=Church Missionary Society |page=198,251,253 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_the_Church_Missionary_Soc/EOMpAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Aiya |first1=V. Nagam |title=The Travancore State Manual |date=1906 |publisher=Travancore government Press |page=220 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Travancore_State_Manual/tHsoAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=William Joseph |title=The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: Otherwise Called the Syrian Christians of Malabar : a Sketch of Their History and an Account of Their Present Condition as Well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas |date=1908 |publisher=Bemrose |page=114–115 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indian_Christians_of_St_Thomas/bIgSAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Church of South India clergy]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Indian Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Anglican priests]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]

Dholpur House

2026-03-18T05:31:07Z

LouJ11418910501: minor expanded page per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Building in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Coord|28.608204|77.226728|display=title}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Dholpur House
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The [[Dholpur House]] was
constructed in 1920 by [[Maharaja|Maharaj]]-[[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Udai Bhan Singh|Udai bhan Singh]], the [[Jats|Jat]] Ruler of erstwhile princely state of [[Dholpur state|Dholpur]]. It was built for his transit
residence whenever he was at Delhi. Dholpur House is located on [[Shahjahan Road]], near [[India Gate]].<ref name=":1" /> It was built in the [[Art Deco]] style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Ekta |date=6 July 2023 |title=Delhi's every 'just another old building' could be an Art Deco gem |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/inspired-by-european-movement-art-deco-houses-remain-unknown-in-delhi-8543654/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The exterior walls of Dholpur House are painted white.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mehra |first=Ajay K. |date=12 September 2024 |title=What Have Administrative Reform Committees Said About Lateral Entry in the Past? |url=https://thewire.in/government/what-have-administrative-reform-committees-said-about-lateral-entry-in-the-past |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

Today, the building serves as the headquarters of the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Union Public Service Commission|url=http://upsc.gov.in/|website=upsc.gov.in}}</ref> The UPSC conducts interviews at Dholpur House to recruit candidates for the [[All India Services]] and [[Central Civil Services|Group A services]] for the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0" />[[File:Dholpur House.jpg|thumb|Dholpur House]]
A Museum is also located within the premises of the UPSC, the Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Union Public Service Commission Museum|url=https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Museum_Eng_20052022-F_2-end.pdf|website=upsc.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
After India's independence, on April 7, 1949, [[Udai Bhan Singh|Maharaja Rana Udaybhanu Singh]] acceded [[Dholpur state|Dholpur State]] into the [[Union of India (country)|Union of India]]. Dholpur was merged with three neighboring states to form the [[Matsya States Union|Matsya Union]] within the Union of India of which he was made [[Rajpramukh]]. Later, the present day state of [[Rajasthan]] was created by merging Matsya and several other unions. In 1949 with the merger of Dholpur State with the Union of India, Dholpur House became part of Indian Government's property. In 1952, the office of UPSC was shifted to Dholpur House.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Baroda House]]
* [[Bikaner House]]
* [[Hyderabad House]]
* [[Jaipur House]]
* [[Jodhpur House]]
* [[Patiala House]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|Union-Public-Service-Commission-136309766394260|Union Public Service Commission}}

[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Delhi]]
[[Category:Art Deco]]

{{delhi-geo-stub}}

Lok Bhavan, Mumbai

2026-03-17T17:47:26Z

LouJ11418910501: put up new info

{{short description|Official residence of the Governor of Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lok Bhavan, Mumbai
| image = File:Entrance of Lok Bhawan Mumbai.jpg
| caption = Entrance of Lok Bhawan, Mumbai in 2021.
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.940194|72.793436|type:landmark_scale:2500|display=it}}
| construction_start_date =
| current_tenants = * '''[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]''' ([[ Governor of Maharashtra|Governor of MH]])
| completion_date = 1880
| number_of_rooms =
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| architect = Mountstuart Elphinstone
| engineer =
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| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| operator =
| references = [http://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/ Website]
}}

The Lok Bhavan is located in {{convert|20|ha|acre}} of sylvan surroundings, surrounded on three sides by the sea. The estate has several heritage bungalows, trees, large lawns and a beach.<ref name="toi">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-desecrated-Raj-Bhavan/articleshow/791188.cms | title=A 'desecrated' Raj Bhavan | accessdate=11 November 2018 | first=Nauzer | last=Bharucha | date=26 July 2004 | newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> It also hosts mile long stretch of thick forests, a sandy beach and several lush lawns.

The bhavan has a precious collection of beautiful carpets, paintings, exquisitely carved doors and elegant French style chairs and sofas with intricate portraits on them. The bhavan breathes a century and a half of history.

==History==

The '''Government House''', part of the historic [[Bombay Castle]], used to be the residence of the [[Governor of Bombay]] during the [[British Raj]] until 1757. The governor's residence then moved to [[Great Western Building]] on Apollo Street, then to Parel (the site of the present [[Haffkine Institute]]) before finally settling at Malabar point in 1885.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/Pages/frm_rajbhavanhistory.aspx?lang=en-US|title=The History of Raj Bhavan, Mumbai|publisher=Raj Bhavan Maharashtra|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074555/https://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/Pages/frm_rajbhavanhistory.aspx?lang=en-US|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Wall Plaque of Governors of Maharashtra from 1960 to 2021.jpg|Wall Plaque of Governors of Maharashtra from 1960 to 2021.
File:Entrance of Ball Room of Lok Bhavan Mumbai.jpg|Entrance of Ball Room.
File:RML 10 inch Coastal Defence guns at Lok Bhavan Mumbai.jpg|RML 10 inch Coastal Defence guns outside Ball Room.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/ Official site]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Government buildings in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Governors' houses in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1883 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Harsha Bhogle

2026-03-10T22:03:30Z

LouJ11418910501: minor edit

{{short description|Indian cricket commentator}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Harsha Bhogle}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harsha Bhogle
| image = Harsha Bhogle.JPG
| caption = Bhogle in October 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]](present{{endash}}day [[Telangana]]), India
| education = (B.Tech) [[Osmania University]] [[Hyderabad]]
(MBA) [[IIM Ahmedabad]]
| occupation = TV commentator and presenter
| spouse = Anita Bhogle
| children =
| website = {{URL|www.harshabhogle.com}}
| imagesize =
| networth =
}}

'''Harsha Bhogle''' (born 19 July 1961) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[cricket]] [[Sportscaster|commentator]] and journalist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/tag/harsha-bhogle/ |title=Harsha Bhogle: About Harsha Bhogle, News and Photos on Harsha Bhogle - The Indian Express |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US |access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref> Bhogle has cemented his reputation for being a notable personality in the global cricket broadcasting industry.

== Early life ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
Bhogle was born into a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking family in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/harsha-bhogle-1253195|title=Harsha Bhogle Profile}}</ref> He is the son of Achyut D. Bhogle, a professor of French language, and Shalini Bhogle, a professor of [[psychology]]. During an interview with [[The Grade Cricketer]] podcast, Bhogle revealed that his mother's family was originally from [[Lahore]] and she migrated to India as a child during the [[Partition of India|partition]], in the middle of 1947. He attended [[Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]], and subsequently earned a [[B.Tech]] degree in [[chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]] from [[Osmania University's College of Technology]] in Hyderabad. He received an [[Masters in Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]]. He then joined an advertising agency for which he worked for two and a half years, following which he served at a sports management company for an equal period.

== Career ==
Early on, Bhogle played A Div cricket in Hyderabad and represented Osmania University at the Rohinton Baria Tournament. He started commentating at the age of 19 with [[All India Radio]], while living in Hyderabad. In 1991–92, he became the first Indian commentator to be invited by the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] during India's cricket series before the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]]. He has since worked for [[ABC Radio Grandstand]] during India's Australian tours, and for eight years worked for the [[BBC]] as part of their commentary team in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]] and the [[1999 Cricket World Cup]]s.

Since 1995, he has been presenting live cricket from all around the world for ESPN STAR Sports and was part of the commentary team that included [[Ravi Shastri]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]], and [[Alan Wilkins (cricketer)|Alan Wilkins]] along with [[Geoff Boycott]] and [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]], for a few seasons, and later, [[Ian Chappell]] and [[Sanjay Manjrekar]].

He covered the 2011–12 series in Australia solely for ABC Radio.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

Bhogle has been covering all [[Indian Premier League]] seasons since 2009. He was dropped from the commentary team by BCCI in April 2016. No official reason was given, but according to media reports, it was due to a combination of factors including criticism from Indian players and an incident during the opening game of the T20 World Cup where Bhogle's access between Hindi and English commentary boxes was restricted.

He has hosted television programs such as ''Harsha Online'', ''Harsha Unplugged'' and ''School Quiz Olympiad'' for [[ESPN]] and [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]].

Bhogle had a television programme named after him, ''Harsha ki khoj''({{Literally|Harsha's search}}), that strove to find broadcasting talent in India.

Bhogle expanded his online presence by hosting ''Out of the Box with Harsha Bhogle'' on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://harshabhogle.com|title=Indian Cricket Commentators. Cricket Tweets, Blogs – Official Website Harsha Bhogle|date=2013-12-16|work=Harsha Bhogle|access-date=2018-03-29|language=en-US}}</ref>

Bhogle was voted the favourite TV cricket commentator by ESPNcricinfo users based on a worldwide poll.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/360351.html|title=Bhogle, Shastri, Benaud voted favourite commentators|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2018-03-29|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708123247/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/360351.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bhogle has also anchored BBC's travel serial ''Travel India'' and Business Today Acumen Business Quiz and Debate competitions.

Bhogle was the advisor to the [[Mumbai Indians]] for the 2008 [[Indian Premier League|IPL]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thatscricket.oneindia.in/news/2008/04/08/bhogle-appointed-as-mumbai-ipl-side-advisor.html |title=Harsha Bhogle appointed as Mumbai IPL team advisor |access-date=8 May 2008 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043852/http://thatscricket.oneindia.in/news/2008/04/08/bhogle-appointed-as-mumbai-ipl-side-advisor.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bhogle has published and authored a number of books, including a biography of [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] and a collection of columns in ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''Out of the Box – Watching the Game We Love'' and is also a columnist for the Chennai-based "The Sportstar" a subsidiary of The Hindu group of Publications under the title "Hitting Hard" by Bhogle. (2009). Bhogle has presented the program ''Travel India: With Harsha Bhogle'' on the [[Discovery channel]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]].

In the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]] held in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh]], he anchored the pre and post match shows that featured [[Simon Hughes (cricketer)|Simon Hughes]], [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Tony Greig]] and [[Sourav Ganguly]].

In 2013, he was given the seat in commentary by [[Ian Bishop (cricketer, born 1967)|Ian Bishop]] to conduct the final interviews when [[Sachin Tendulkar]] played his final test.<ref>{{Citation|last=Cricbuzz|title=Episode 1: The Little Master Bids Goodbye (English version)|date=2016-11-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BHZhu0v0UA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/4BHZhu0v0UA |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-01-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Bhogle currently hosts a weekly show called "This Week's Special" aired on Star Sports. The show takes the viewers back in time to make them relive cricketing memories from the past. The first episode was aired from 1 October 2015. On 10 April 2016 His IPL contract as a commentator was terminated. The decision came as a surprise for the voice of Indian cricket since he had conducted the Season 9 draft auction, featured in the league's promotional videos, was in the commentators’ 51-day-long duty roster, and even had his flight booked by the production house. Board (BCCI) officials said Bhogle had an angry exchange with a cricket official at the venue as he wanted him to open the door, and this reached the Nagpur-based BCCI president Shashank Manohar. Those in the know said this incident was the trigger that resulted in Bhogle losing out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/harsha-bhogle-off-air-for-ipl-2016-says-no-one-told-me-anything/|title=Harsha Bhogle off air for IPL 2016, says ‘no one told me anything’|date=2016-04-10|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-04-10}}</ref>

He has been a part of Times Group subsidiary [[Cricbuzz]] since 2016 and writes articles as well as doing video analyses with them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Cricexec |date=2022-07-01 |title=Who’s Who in Cricket: Harsha Bhogle |url=https://www.cricexec.com/whos-who-in-cricket-harsha-bhogle%EF%BF%BC/37552/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=cricexec |language=en}}</ref>

Bhogle is currently one of the Board of Governors of IIM Udaipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimu.ac.in/about/people-at-iim|title=Vision, Knowledge, Leadership|website=IIMU|language=en|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref>

On 16 May 2019, he was named among the 24 commentators for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 ICC World Cup]] held in [[England]] and [[Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1221576|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 announces most advanced Cricket World Cup coverage to date|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref>

During the 2nd test of Bangladesh's tour of India, the 1st D/N test of both Indian and Bangladeshi cricket teams, a few Bangladeshi batsmen were struck by the pink ball. Bhogle raised concerns about the visibility of the ball, with Sanjay Manjrekar, his fellow commentator, replying that only people like Bhogle would need to ask such questions as they have not played at that level. This on-air spat raised many eyebrows.

== Books ==
Bhogle and his wife Anita have written books titled ''The Winning Way'' and ''The Winning Way 2.0'' based on their business knowledge drawn from the sporting world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vembu|first=Venky|title=Sports meets biz|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/books/sports-meets-biz/article9804745.ece|access-date=2021-12-27|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> He has also authored a biography of [[Mohammad Azharuddin]], and published a collection of articles in a book called ''Out of the Box''.

===''The Winning Way''===
{{Infobox book
| italic title = no
| name = The Winning Way

| author = Harsha Bhogle, Anita Bhogle
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series =
| subject = [[Cricket]]
| genre = [[Sports Management]]
| publisher = Westland And Tranquebar Press
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date = 1 May 2011
| media_type =
| pages = 226
| isbn = 978-9380658322
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| exclude_cover = yes
}}

'''''The Winning Way''''' is a 2011 [[debut novel|debut]] book by Harsha Bhogle and Anita Bhogle, published by Westland And Tranquebar Press.<ref>[http://sports.in.msn.com/cricket/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5236148 Corporates can learn from Team India: Anita & Harsha Bhogle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041030/http://sports.in.msn.com/cricket/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5236148 |date=2013-12-03 }} MSN India</ref> It is Harsha's first book published as an author.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/05/anita-harsha-bhogle-unveils-their-first-book-the-winning-way/|title=Anita & Harsha Bhogle unveils their first book 'The Winning Way'|publisher=BestMediaInfo.com}}</ref> The pair stated that the book took them two years to write, with ''[[The Hindu]]'' calling it "lively".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2054115.ece Winning and how!] The Hindu</ref>

''The Winning Way'' is a management advice book that focuses on what comprises a successful athlete and shows how management teams could apply that to their work force. ''The Hindu'' reviewed the book, calling it a "right pick as a playbook for managers."<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2155866.ece Check if you are a Sachin or a Sourav] ''The Hindu''</ref> [[Business Today (business magazine)|''Business Today'']] praised the book, saying it "captures the essence of values in sport, values that make champion players and champion teams".<ref>[http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-winning-way-review/1/16438.html Going beyond talent] ''Business Today''</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bhogle is married to Anita,<ref>{{cite news|last=Jadhav|first=Prashant|title=Launch of Harsha Bhogle and wife Anita's book on cricket|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sport/slideshow_launch-of-harsha-bhogle-and-wife-anitas-book-on-cricket_1547009|access-date=7 June 2012|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=24 May 2011}}</ref> his classmate from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]], and they live in Mumbai with their two adult sons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/31/stories/2004033100840400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927144223/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/31/stories/2004033100840400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 March 2004|access-date=7 June 2012|title=Shots of life: Catch Harsha Bhogle unplugged over soup and salad|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika}}</ref> Bhogle has been a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] since age 17.<ref>[https://archive.today/20230123224611/https://wirally.com/top-16-indian-celebrities-that-avoid-meat/ "Top 16 Indian Celebrities That Avoid Meat"]. wirally.com. Retrieved 20 January 2023.</ref>

The couple run a sport-based communication consultancy called ''Prosearch''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prosearch.in/about-us/|title=About Us. Prosearch|website=www.prosearch.in|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|1=
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnstar.com/opinion/full-bio/item56305/|title=Harsha Bhogle|website=[[ESPN Star Sports]]|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422021822/http://www.espnstar.com/opinion/full-bio/item56305|archive-date=22 April 2012}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://harshabhogle.com}}
* {{IMDb name|2577668}}
* [http://archive.indianexpress.com/columnist/harshabhogle/ Harsha Bhogle's columns] at ''[[The Indian Express]]''
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/FameboxCricket Out of the Box with Harsha Bhogle] on YouTube {{plays audio}}
* {{TED speaker}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhogle, Harsha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian sports commentators]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]

Purnima Devi Barman

2026-03-10T05:45:16Z

LouJ11418910501: bio.

{{short description|Indian biologist}}
{{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = Purnima Devi Barman and her Nari Shakti Puraskar (sq cropped).jpg
| caption = Barman receiving [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] on 8 March 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1980}}
| birth_place = Pub Majir Gaon, [[Kamrup region]], [[Assam]], India
| education = MSc (zoology); PhD (zoology)
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]]
| occupation = [[Wildlife biologist]]
| organization = [[Aaranyak]]
| known_for = [[Bird conservation]] Hargila Army
| awards = [[Earth Heroes Award]] (2016) [[Whitley Awards (UK)|Whitley Awards]] (2017) [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
}}

'''Purnima Devi Barman''' is a wildlife biologist from Assam, India. She is known for her conservation work with the [[greater adjutant]] stork (''Leptoptilos dubius''), known locally as the Hargila. She is the founder of the Hargila Army, an all-female conservation initiative. In 2017, Barman was the recipient of both the [[Whitley Awards (UK)|Whitley Award]] for her conservation efforts and the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], the highest women-exclusive civilian award, presented by the [[President of India]].

== Biography ==
Purnima Devi Barman attended [[Gauhati University]] in [[Assam]],<ref name ="eight">GU fraternity felicitates two conservationists. The Assam Tribune. 2017 Jul 1 [accessed 2019 Nov 6]. http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul0117/city058 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112143123/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul0117%2Fcity058 |date=12 January 2021 }}</ref> where she obtained her Masters in Zoology, with a specialization in Ecology and Wildlife Biology.<ref name="nine">Barman PD, Das AK, Das BK, Biswas S. Conservation initiatives for Greater Adjutant Stork in Assam, India. Aaranyak; 2011. Report No.: Final Report CLP project ID: 331509.</ref> In 2007 she started her PhD research, but she delayed finishing it until 2019 in order to focus on community conservation education in villages in rural Assam.<ref name="two">{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2019-08-01 |title=How One Woman With a Special Plan Saved Assam's 'Hargila' Storks From Extinction |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/190470/assam-stork-hargila-visit-conservation-rescue-save-barman/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>
Barman has worked as a Senior Wildlife Biologist in the Avifauna Research and Conservation Division at [[Aaranyak]], a non-government organization for biodiversity conservation, where she coordinated Aaranyak's [[greater adjutant]] stork conservation project.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Barman is also a Director at WiNN (Women in Nature Network) India,<ref name="thirteen">{{Cite web |title=Recent News |url=https://www.womeninnaturenetwork.org/recent-news.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Women In Nature Network |language=en}}</ref> and a Member of the [[IUCN]] Stork, Ibis and Spoon bill Specialist Group.<ref name="fourteen">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Meet our members - Stork, Ibis and Spoonbill Specialist Group |url=https://storkibisspoonbill.org/members/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Greater adjutant ==
[[File:Greater adjutant.jpg|thumb|[[Greater adjutant]]]]
Barman is known for her work with the [[greater adjutant]], a large stork listed as endangered by the [[IUCN red list]].<ref name ="fifteen">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2016 |title=''Leptoptilos dubius'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22697721A93633471 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697721A93633471.en |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> It has a global population of 800–1,200 mature individuals, with the majority of these individuals (650–800) found in Assam India.<ref name="nine" /><ref name="fifteen" /><ref name ="sixteen">Barman PD, Ali S, Deori P, Sharma DK. Rescue, Treatment and Release of an Endangered Greater Adjutant Leptoptilos dubius. Zoo's print. 2015;30(9):6–9.</ref> In Assam this bird lives in close contact with urban areas, nests in privately owned trees and scavenges at rubbish dumps.<ref name="nine" /><ref name="fifteen" /> As a result, the greater adjutant is threatened by pollution, habitat loss, and felling of nesting trees.<ref name="fifteen" />

Barman began working with greater adjutants while conducting her PhD research in the remote villages of [[Dadara, Kamrup|Dadara]], [[Pacharia]] and Singimari in the [[Kamrup district]] of [[Assam]].<ref name="two" /> In 2007, she witnessed a tree owner cutting down a tree containing a greater adjutant nest with nestlings inside.<ref name="two" /> This led Barman to discover that this bird had a bad reputation among the villagers due to its unattractive appearance, scavenging nature and foul-smelling nests.<ref name="two" /><ref name="three">{{Citation |title=Purnima Barman, India - Whitley Awards 2017 | date=19 May 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eWLp_eCWBE |access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en}}</ref> Barman then decided to postpone her PhD in order to focus on educating local communities about the ecological importance of the greater adjutant.<ref name="two" /><ref name="sixteen" /><ref name="seventeen">{{Cite news |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=2017-12-30 |title=Purnima Barman works with communities to protect a scruffy, endangered stork in Assam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/purnima-barman-works-with-communities-to-protect-a-scruffy-endangered-stork-in-assam/article22325079.ece |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Barman led a number of conservation campaigns that integrated the culture and traditions of the local villagers. These included presenting conservation messages during religious functions, cooking competitions, street plays and community dances.<ref name="two" /><ref name ="eighteen">Barman PD, Borthakur M, Das AK, Da J. Greater Adjutant Conservation Through Community Participation in Assam, India. Aaranyak; 2014. p. 76pp. Report No.: CLP Project ID F03110012. Final Project Report.</ref> Other education techniques included involving film celebrities to spread conservation awareness,<ref name="nine" /> and throwing celebrations for owners of nesting trees used by the greater adjutant.<ref name="nine" /><ref name="twelve">{{Cite web|title=Welcome to official Website of Aaranyak {{!}} Home|url=https://aaranyak.org/showsubsubpage.asp?ssubid=33&subid=1&id=2|access-date=8 January 2021|website=aaranyak.org|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112143132/https://aaranyak.org/showsubsubpage.asp?ssubid=33&subid=1&id=2|url-status=live}}</ref> Education campaigns were also directed at children and young adults, using games and activities to educate them on the ecological importance of the greater adjutant.<ref name="two" /><ref name="nine" /><ref name="twelve" /><ref name="eighteen" /> A scholarship was also developed for children of nesting tree owners.<ref name="eighteen" /> Barman also gathered support from Kamrup district government by inviting government officials to visit greater adjutant habitats<ref name="two" /><ref name="nine" /> and by engaging local forestry and police departments to directly participate in conservation actions.<ref name="nine" /><ref name="eighteen" />

== Hargila Army ==
Barman is also the founder of the Hargila Army, an all female grassroots conservation group named after the local name of the greater adjutant.<ref name="two" /><ref name="three" /><ref name="four">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Assam Conservationist Purnima Barman Has Won The 'Green Oscars' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/assam-conservationist-purnima-barman-has-won-the-green-oscars_a_22096493 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref><ref name="five">{{Cite web |title=Village forms ' hargila army' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/village-forms-hargila-army/cid/1531206 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="seventeen" /> This name comes from the [[Sanskrit]] word for "bone swallower."<ref name="Rhodes">{{Cite news |last=Rhodes |first=Carla |date=2021-03-29 |title=A Biologist, an Outlandish Stork and the Army of Women Trying to Save It |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/29/travel/india-greater-adjutant-stork.html |access-date=2022-09-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This group has over 20,000 members including 400 local Assamese volunteers.<ref name="twenty five">{{Cite web|date=22 June 2020|title=Meet the Indian Scientist Who Gave the Greater Adjutant Stork an Image Makeover|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/meet-the-indian-scientist-who-gave-the-greater-adjutant-stork-an-image-makeover/|access-date=8 January 2021|website=All About Birds|language=en-US|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112143129/https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/meet-the-indian-scientist-who-gave-the-greater-adjutant-stork-an-image-makeover/|url-status=live}}</ref> Their goal is to remove all obstacles that prevent greater adjutant conservation.<ref name="five" /> This movement has been credited with empowering marginalized women and giving them a voice in local conservation issues.<ref name="four" /><ref name="thirteen" />

Barman and the Hargila Army also actively rescue and rehabilitate injured greater adjutant nestlings.<ref name="sixteen" /> Villagers place nets around nesting trees to catch nestlings if they fall out of trees on windy days (especially during monsoons), and injured nestlings are given medical treatment, rehabilitated at a local zoo then released by the community.<ref name="two" /><ref name="sixteen" /> Barman has also developed an artificial breeding platform for the greater adjutant, which was successfully used to hatch a nestling in 2019.<ref name="two" />

Since the onset of Barman's conservation efforts, local greater adjutant populations have increased. When conservation efforts began in 2007 only 28 nests were found in the Kamrup district colony, but as of 2019 there were 200 nests<ref name="two" /> making this greater adjutant colony the largest in the world.<ref name="sixteen" /><ref name="nineteen">Barman PD, Sharma DK. Largest breeding colony of Greater Adjutant, Leptoptilos dubius Gmelin, in Dadara-Pasariya-Singimari Villages in Assam, India. Zoo's print. 2015;30(11):5–6.</ref>

Barman is also credited with integrating greater adjutant conservation into the culture of rural Assamese villages.<ref name="twenty five" /> Following Barman' conservation efforts, villagers of the Kamrup district have become actively involved in greater adjutant conservation <ref name="nine" /><ref name="eighteen" /> and as of 2010, no nesting trees have been cut down.<ref name = "twenty six">{{Cite web |url=https://round.glass/sustain/people/greater-adjutant-purnima-barman/ |title=The Greater Adjutant's All-Woman Army | RoundGlass | Sustain |work=RoundGlass | Sustain |date=29 July 2019 |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112143208/https://round.glass/sustain/people/greater-adjutant-purnima-barman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Efforts to change the image of the birds from bad omens or pests into one worthy of representation in celebrated human traditions like marriage and childbirth.<ref name="Rhodes"/> The greater adjutant has been incorporated into local folk songs, traditions and cultural festivals.<ref name="two" /><ref name="seventeen" /> For example, villagers give expecting greater adjutants a [[baby shower]] or Panchamrit ceremony, using the same rituals done for expecting Assamese women,<ref name="eighteen" /> and Greater Adjutant Day is celebrated every year on 2 February.<ref name="twelve" /> Women of the Hargila Army also weave images of the greater adjutant into their fabrics, spreading awareness about conservation while generating income for their families.<ref name="five" /><ref name="twelve" /> Another outreach initiative is based around educating elementary-age children in the schools through discussions and games, as well as field trips to the landfills where the scavenger birds can often be found.<ref name="Rhodes"/> Journalist [[Abdul Gani]] won Laadli Media & Advertising Award (2015–16) for his reporting on Greater Adjutant Stork conservation efforts by Purnima Devi Barman and her team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When all becomes one |url=https://www.nezine.com/info/UXoxcTdWUlJHOGlTYzlUSUdZSmovdz09/when-all-becomes-one.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=nezine.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdul Gani of Guwahati bags Laadli media award |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/15479-abdul-gani-of-guwahati-bags-laadli-media-award/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Barman was the recipient of the 2017 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] (the highest civilian award for Indian women) presented by the [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="seven">{{Cite web |title=Assam's Purnima Devi Barman achieves Nari Shakti Puraskar from President |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/assam-s-purnima-devi-barman-achieves-nari-shakti-puraskar-from-president |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref> Also in 2017, a [[Whitley Awards (UK)|Whitley Award]] (also known as a Green Oscar) was presented to her by [[Anne, Princess Royal]] of the United Kingdom.<ref name="twenty">{{Cite web |title=Green Oscar for Assam conservationist |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/green-oscar-for-assam-conservationist/cid/1500119 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
In addition, Barman has received the Leadership Award 2015 from the Conservation Leadership Programme (CLP),<ref name= "twenty two">Knight T. Endangered giant stork protected by all-female army. Fauna and Flora International. 2018 Apr 18 [accessed 2019 Nov 3]. https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/national-recognition-indian-conservationist-mobilised-female-army {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112143131/https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/national-recognition-indian-conservationist-mobilised-female-army |date=12 January 2021 }}</ref><ref name="twenty three">{{Cite web |title=Conservation initiatives for greater adjutant stork in Assam, India |url=https://www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org/project/greater-adjutant-stork-assam-india/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Conservation Leadership Programme |date=26 November 2014 |language=en-GB}}</ref> the Future conservationist award 2009,<ref name="ten" /> UNDP India Biodiversity Award 2016 from the United Nations,<ref name="ten">{{Cite web |url=https://www.european-environment-foundation.eu/en-en/environetwork/profiles/devi-barman-purnima |title=European Environment Foundation |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112143134/https://www.european-environment-foundation.eu/en-en/environetwork/profiles/devi-barman-purnima |url-status=live }}</ref> Royal Bank of Scotland RBS "Earth Hero Award" 2016,<ref name="ten" /> Bharat Sanchar Roll of Honour 2017 from BSNL in 2017,<ref name="ten" /> Balipara Foundation "Green Guru Award" in 2016,<ref name="ten" /> and the FIICI FLO Women Achiever Award from North East in 2017.<ref name="ten" /> Barman has been honoured with the UN Environment Programme's (UNEP) 2022 [[Champions of the Earth]] award in the Entrepreneurial Vision category.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-11-22 |title=India's Purnima Devi Barman honoured with U.N.'s highest environmental award |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-purnima-devi-barman-honoured-with-uns-highest-environmental-award/article66169873.ece |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2024, she won the GBP £100,000 Whitley Gold Award from the Whitley Fund for Nature (WFN), which supports grassroots conservation leaders from around the world.<ref name="Green Oscar' Whitley Gold Award">{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assams-purnima-devi-barman-receives-green-oscar-whitley-gold-award-2024-5573962 | title=Assam's Purnima Devi Barman Receives 'Green Oscar' Whitley Gold Award 2024 | work=NDTV | date=2024-05-02 | agency=NDTV | access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="AIR">{{cite news | url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/assams-wildlife-conservationist-dr-purnima-devi-barman-conferred-whitley-gold-award-for-2024/ | title=Assam's Wildlife Conservationist, Dr. Purnima Devi Barman Conferred Whitley Gold Award For 2024 | work=AIR India | date=May 2, 2024 | agency=Aakashbani_Prasar Bharati | access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref> She was named one of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'s'' Women of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/nation/2025/02/time-magazine-unveils-2025-women-of-the-year-see-who-made-the-list.html|title=Time Magazine unveils 2025 Women of the Year. See who made the list.|first=Molly|last=Walsh|date=20 February 2025|website=cleveland}}</ref> and also listed in the [[Asian Scientist 100]] in 2025.

== Selected works ==

* Barman, P.D., A.K Das, B.K Das, S. Biswas. 2011. Conservation Initiatives for Greater Adjutant in Assam, India. Final Report, CLP project ID 331509. Aaranyak.<ref name="nine" />
* Barman, P.D., M. Barthakur, A.K. Das, J. Das. 2014. Greater Adjutant conservation through community participation in Assam, India. Final Report, CLP Project ID F03110012. Aaranyak.<ref name="eighteen" />
* Barman, P.D., and D.K Sharma. 2015. Largest breeding colony of Greater Adjutant, ''Leptoptilos dubius Gmelin'', in Dadara-Pasariya-Singimari Villages in Assam, India. Zoo's Print. 30(11): 5–6.<ref name="nineteen" />
* Barman, P.D., S. Ali, P. Deori, D.K. Sharma. 2015. Rescue, Treatment and Release of an Endangered Greater Adjutant ''Leptoptilos dubius''. Zoo's Print. 30(9): 6–9.<ref name="sixteen" />
* Barman, P.D., and D.K. Sharma. 2017. Behavioural ethogram of the endangered greater Adjutant Stork ''Leptoptilos dubius'' (Gmelin). International Journal of Zoology Studies. 2(6): 272–281<ref name= "twenty four">Barman PD, Sharma DK. Behavioural ethogram of the endangered greater Adjutant Stork Leptoptilos dubius (Gmelin). International Journal of Zoology Studies. 2017;2(6):272–281.</ref>
* Barman, P.D., and D.K. Sharma. 2020. Foraging analysis of Endangered Greater Adsjutant Stork ''Leptotilus dubios'' (Gemlin) in certain habitat of Assam, India. Cold Stream Harbor Laboratory.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Barman |first1=Purnima Devi |last2=Sharma |first2=D. K. |date=2020-06-01 |title=Foraging analysis of Endangered Greater Adsjutant Stork Leptotilus dubios Gemlin in certain habitat of Assam, India |language=en |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.05.31.125328}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barman, Purnima Devi}}
[[Category:Indian ornithologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian animal rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:People from Kamrup Metropolitan district]]

Amma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Biddalu

2026-03-07T04:21:03Z

LouJ11418910501: adding new stub

{{short description|Indian film directed by Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Biddalu
| image = Amma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Biddalu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Siddartha Thatolu [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = Ajay Mysore
| writer = [[Ram Gopal Varma]] Karun Venkat
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ajmal Ameer]]|Dhananjay Prabhune|[[Brahmanandam]]|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]}}
| music = [[Ravi Shankar (music director)|Ravi Shankar]]
| cinematography = Jagadeesh Cheekati
| editing = Anwar Ali
| studio = TigerProduction Ajay Mysore Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|12|12}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/amma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-reddlu/movieshow/72209394.cms|title=SYNOPSIS|website=Times of India|date=9 December 2019|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/amma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-reddlu/movieshow/72209394.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Amma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Biddalu''''' ({{Translation|Sons of [[Kadapa]] in the mother's kingdom}}), originally titled '''''Kamma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Reddlu''''' ({{Translation|The [[Reddy]]s of [[Kadapa]] in the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] kingdom),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-gopal-varmas-kamma-raajyam-lo-kadapa-redlu-is-now-called-amma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-biddalu/articleshow/72272059.cms|title=Ram Gopal Karma's "Kamma Raajyam lo Kadapa Redlu" is now called "Amma Rajyam lo Kadapa Biddalu".|website=Times of India|date=29 November 2019|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=15 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915105420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-gopal-varmas-kamma-raajyam-lo-kadapa-redlu-is-now-called-amma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-biddalu/articleshow/72272059.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name="lm" /> is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political satire]] film directed by Siddartha Thatolu and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and produced by Ajay Mysore. The film stars [[Ajmal Ameer]], Dhananjay Prabhune, [[Brahmanandam]], and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ajmal-amir-to-star-as-jaganmohan-reddy-in-ram-gopal-varma-film/articleshow/71784291.cms|title=Ajmal Amir to star as Jaganmohan Reddy in Ram Gopal Varma film.|website=TimesofIndia|date=28 October 2019|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ajmal-amir-to-star-as-jaganmohan-reddy-in-ram-gopal-varma-film/articleshow/71784291.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Premise==
The plot depicts the political rivalry between the two dominant [[Caste system in India|castes]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], namely, [[Reddy]] and [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]], at the onset of [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="lm">{{Cite web|last=Lasania|first=Yunus Y.|date=2019-12-03|title=Ram Gopal Varma's upcoming movie on Andhra politics whips up a storm|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/ram-gopal-varma-s-upcoming-movie-on-andhra-politics-whips-up-a-storm-11575383713271.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-10|website=[[livemint]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204154926/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/ram-gopal-varma-s-upcoming-movie-on-andhra-politics-whips-up-a-storm-11575383713271.html |archive-date=4 December 2019 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as V. S. Jagannnath Reddy, (based on [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]])
* Dhananjay Prabhune as Babu, (based on [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]])
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Rambabu, driver of Babu
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as speaker Pammineni Ram (based on [[Thammineni Seetharam]])
* [[Srikanth Iyyengar]] as politician Dayaneni Rama (based on [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao|Devineni Uma]])
* K. V. Dheeraj as Aakash Babu, Babu's son (based on [[Nara Lokesh]])
* [[Nidhi Kushalappa]] as Ramani, Aakash's wife (based on [[Nara Brahmani]])
* [[Kathi Mahesh]] as Special officer
* [[Swapna (journalist)|Swapna]] as Police Inspector
* [[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]] as Gangaveeti Bhavani (based on Jr. Vangaveeti Mohana Ranga)
* Rakesh Bhavsar as Paul (based on [[K. A. Paul]])
* Jaffar Babu as himself
*[[Ram Gopal Varma]] as himself
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] in a [[cameo appearance]] as Political expert Durgeswar (based on Professor [[K. Nageshwar]])

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kamma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Reddlu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Ravi Shankar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:17
| label =
| producer = Ravi Shankar
| prev_title = [[Bhairava Geetha]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = Beautiful
| next_year = 2019
}}

Music is composed by Ravi Shankar. The song "Pappu Laanti Abbayi" is based on "Chukkalanti Ammayi" from ''[[Abhinandana]]'' (1988).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://teluguvoice.com/Movies/Pappu-Laanti-Abbayi-Video-Song-is-an-Insult-but-Hilarious-7248 | title=Pappu Laanti Abbayi Video Song is an Insult but Hilarious! }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:17
| title1 = Kamma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Reddlu
| lyrics1 = Sirasri
| extra1 = Ravi Shankar
| length1 = 4:25
| title2 = Caste Feeling
| lyrics2 = Sirasri
| extra2 = Ram Gopal Varma / RGV
| length2 = 7:05
| title3 = Babu Champesthaadu
| lyrics3 = Sirasri
| extra3 = Ram Gopal Varma / RGV
| length3 = 4:44
| title4 = Nene KA Paul
| lyrics4 = Sirasri
| extra4 = Ravi Shankar
| length4 = 3:30
| title5 = Pappu Laanti Abbayi
| lyrics5 = Sirasri
| extra5 =
| length5 = 2:47
| title6 = Dhandam
| lyrics6 = Sirasri
| extra6 = [[Hamsika Iyer]], Sakshi holkar, Harman Nazim
| length6 = 3:45
}}

== Release ==
The film, originally titled ''Kamma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Reddlu'', was scheduled to release on 29 November 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kamma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-reddlu-release-date-locked-telugu-news-247523|title='Kamma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Reddlu': Release date locked.|website=India Glitz|date=10 November 2019|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111140134/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kamma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-reddlu-release-date-locked-telugu-news-247523|url-status=live}}</ref> but postponed due to censor issue<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tollywood.net/kamma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-reddlu-postponed-due-to-censor-issue/|title=Kamma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Reddlu postponed due to Censor Issue as Mr Indrasena Chowdary filed an objection on it.|website=Tollywood.net|date=29 November 2019|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202212717/https://www.tollywood.net/kamma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-reddlu-postponed-due-to-censor-issue/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Telangana High Court]] has put a stay to change the title of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/telangana-hc-puts-stay-on-ram-gopal-varmas-kamma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-redlu-asks-him-to-change-the-films-title/520779|title=Telangana HC puts stay on Ram Gopal Varma's Kamma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Redlu; asks him to change the film's title.|website=Times Now|date=29 November 2019|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202212721/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/telangana-hc-puts-stay-on-ram-gopal-varmas-kamma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-redlu-asks-him-to-change-the-films-title/520779|url-status=live}}</ref> After censor clearance Ram Gopal Varma announced the release date as 12 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/amma-rajyamlo-kadapa-biddalu-gets-censor-clearance-101209|title=Amma Rajyamlo Kadapa Biddalu Gets Censor Clearance.|website=GreatAndhra|date=2019-12-07|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155154/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/amma-rajyamlo-kadapa-biddalu-gets-censor-clearance-101209|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
A first look poster was released on 7 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-gopal-varma-releases-the-first-look-poster-of-kamma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-reddlu/articleshow/71023598.cms|title=Ram Gopal Varma releases the first look poster of Kamma Rajyam lo Kadapa Reddlu.|website=Times of India|date=7 September 2019|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005031428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-gopal-varma-releases-the-first-look-poster-of-kamma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-reddlu/articleshow/71023598.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Another poster was released on 25 October 2019 revealing the characters and announcing the trailer release date and time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rgv-reveals-looks-pawan-kalyan-chandrababu-naidu-jagan-reddys-roles-krkr-before-its-trailer-807749|title=RGV reveals looks of Pawan Kalyan, Chandrababu Naidu, Jagan Reddy's roles in KRKR before its trailer.|website=ibtimes|date=25 October 2019|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028095446/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rgv-reveals-looks-pawan-kalyan-chandrababu-naidu-jagan-reddys-roles-krkr-before-its-trailer-807749|url-status=live}}</ref> The trailer was released on the occasion of ''[[Diwali]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tollywood.net/kamma-rajyamlo-kadapa-redlu-trailer-review/|title=Kamma Rajyamlo Kadapa Redlu Trailer review.|website=tollywood.net|date=27 October 2019|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028094842/https://www.tollywood.net/kamma-rajyamlo-kadapa-redlu-trailer-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> 27 October 2019.

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 1.5 of 5 stars and stated, "Be it movies or politics, the only thing people of this country want is entertainment,” says RGV in a grand statement, "but where is the entertainment in ARKB, we ask? All we see is a film that's a hot mess of random scenes stitched together."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/amma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-biddalu/movie-review/72489517.cms|title=Amma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Biddalu Movie Review : Nothing entertaining about AP politics|website=The Times of India|date=2019-12-12|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212102752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/amma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-biddalu/movie-review/72489517.cms|url-status=live}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave 2 of 5 stars and stated, "The movie doesn't have a solid story which will be the biggest minus point of this film. Director Siddharth Thatholu along with the supervision of Ram Gopal Varma focused more on the unnecessary elevations for the hero and the slow-paced narration will test the patience of the audience. The performances are decent but the story execution is very poor. The screenplay is also terrible and most of the scenes don't have any connection. Also, the violence and the bloodshed in the film will irk some sections of the audience. Especially, the second half is extremely slow and some of the scenes are just logicless".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/ram-gopal-varmas-amma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-biddalu-movie-review-rating-76205|title=Ram Gopal Varma's Amma Rajyam lo Kadapa Biddalu Movie Review & Rating|website=The Hans India|date=2019-12-12|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212120135/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/ram-gopal-varmas-amma-rajyam-lo-kadapa-biddalu-movie-review-rating-76205|url-status=live}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about public opinion]]
[[Category:Journalism adapted into films]]
[[Category:Films about Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
[[Category:Films about N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Indian political comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:2010s political comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films à clef]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Agathiyar

2026-03-04T04:53:16Z

LouJ11418910501: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|1972 film}}
{{for|the title character|Agastya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agathiyar
| image = Agathiyar poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| writer = A. P. Nagarajan
| starring = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subba Rao
| editing = T. Vijayarangam
| music = [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| studio = Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1972|1|15|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agathiyar (1972) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/agathiyar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119111952/https://screen4screen.com/movies/agathiyar |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''Agathiyar''' is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] written, directed, and produced by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]. The film stars [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] playing the main character, [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Kumari Padmini]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[Suruli Rajan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[Sridevi]] were in supporting roles. This film ran for 100 days and won widespread appreciation.<ref>{{Cite web |title="KALAIMAMANI" SIRKALI'S MEMORABLE MOVIES |url=http://sirkali.org/movies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041617/http://sirkali.org/movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=sirkali.org}}</ref> The film was dubbed into [[Hindi]] under the title ''Maharish'' in 1986.

== Plot ==
The story is about Agathiyar Muni, who is considered to be the embodiment of one of celestial intellectuals who descended on earth to enlighten human beings. During the wedding of [[Shiva]] and [[Goddess Parvati]], the earth tilted to the northern side, as the whole world was witnessing the marriage. Shiva gave the responsibility of balancing the earth to Agathiyar by going to the southern side. Agathiyar is also given the additional responsibility of spreading goodness and equality. He has the additional task of spreading the [[Tamil language]]. Many small stories between heaven and earth are interwoven in the movie. The stories teach one to lead a simple existence without ego. It also shows how Agathiyar's journey facing Vindhya Mount, [[River Kaveri]], Vilvala/Vaathapi, Lord Murugan, A Farmer,[[Ravana]], Urvashi, Tholkappiyan thereby teaching them the greatness of humility.

== Cast ==
;Actors
* [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] as [[Agastya|Agathiyar]]
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as [[Narada|Narathar]]
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as [[Lord Shiva|Lord Siva]]
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as [[Ravana|Ravaneswaran]]/[[Ravana|Langeswaran]]
*[[T. K. Bhagavathi|T. K. Bhagavathy]] as [[Indra|Devendran]]
* Sasikumar as [[Jayanta|Jayandran]] (Devendran's son)
* [[Sivakumar]] as Poet [[Tholkappiar|Tholkappiayan]]
* [[Suruli Rajan]]
*[[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Saint
*[[Usilai Mani]] as Boodham
*[[O. A. K. Thevar]] as [[Vindhya Range|Vinthiyan]] (Vindhya mount)
* T. N. Sivathanu as Vadhaapi or Saththamuni
* [[Typist Gopu]] as Vilvala or Saagaramuni
*[[E. R. Sahadevan]]
* [[K. D. Santhanam]]
*[[Shanmugasundari]]
* [[Master Sekhar]]
* [[Master Sridhar]]
*Gundu Karuppaiah
*S. Ramarao

;Actresses
* [[Kumari Padmini]] as [[Goddess Parvathy]]
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as [[River Kaveri|Ponni]]/[[River Kaveri|Kaviri]]
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as [[Mandodari|Mandothari]]
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Selli
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]] as [[Urvashi|Urvasi]]
* [[M. Bhanumathi]] as Kakkai Padiniyar
* [[Rajakokila]]
* [[Baby Sridevi]] as [[Murugan|Lord Murugan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=7 memorable performances by Sridevi as a child actor, watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sridevi-top-performances-child-actor-on-death-anniversary-7201669/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221174606/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sridevi-top-performances-child-actor-on-death-anniversary-7201669/ |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* V. Vasantha
* P. Seethalakshmi
* Kalasree

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agathiyar (1972) |url=http://mio.to/album//Agathiyar+(1972) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118085803/http://mio.to/album//Agathiyar+(1972) |archive-date=18 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agathiyar (1972) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Agathiyar-songs-T0001344 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119183601/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Agathiyar-songs-T0001344 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=2 November 2015 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Isaiyai Tamizhai" is set in [[Kharaharapriya]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=13 April 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Kingly Kharaharapriya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-kingly-kharaharapriya/article3310742.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823092601/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-kingly-kharaharapriya/article3310742.ece |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=16 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Vendriduven" is a [[ragamalika]] comprising 16 ragas and is composed in such a way that the name of the raga used in each stanza is a word play on a common Tamil word which sounds similar to the raga's name starting with [[Nata (raga)|Natta]]<nowiki/>i,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=20 December 2013 |title=Versatile Nattai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/versatile-nattai/article5482691.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221051732/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/versatile-nattai/article5482691.ece |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=16 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=6 July 2012 |title=Bewitching Bhairavi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bewitching-bhairavi/article3609568.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831023836/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bewitching-bhairavi/article3609568.ece |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Hanumatodi|Todi]], [[Arabhi]], [[Shanmukhapriya]], [[Darbar (raga)|Darbar]], [[Hamsadhvani|Hamsadhwani]], [[Vasantha (raga)|Vasantha]], [[Mohanam]], Manolayam, [[Bageshri]], Saranga, [[Kambhoji|Kamboji]], [[Gourimanohari|Gowrimanohari]], [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] and [[Vachaspati (raga)|Saraswathi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="— collapse:collapse; font -size:95%;"
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| "Ulagam Samanilai Peravendum" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || rowspan=4|Ulundurpet Shanmugam || 3:06
|-
| "Aandavan Tharisaname" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] || 3:42
|-
| "Malainindra Thirukumara" || T. R. Mahalingam || 2:20
|-
| "Ventriduven Unnai" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], Sirkazhi Govindarajan || 8:07
|-
| "Thaayir Chirandha" || [[T. K. Kala]] || Poovai Senguttuvan || 2:55
|-
| "Kannai Pole Mannai Kakkum" || [[L. R. Eswari]] and Chorus || Puthuneri Subramnyam || 3:55
|-
| "Naadanthai Vaali Kaveri" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan || rowspan=3|[[K. D. Santhanam]]|| 3:33
|-
| "Thalaiva Thavaputhalvaa" || M. R. Vijaya and P. Radha|| 4:35
|-
| "Isaiyai Thamizhai" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan, T. R. Mahalingam || 3:29
|-
| "Namachivayamena Solvome" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan, T. R. Mahalingam || Era. Pazhanisamy || 4:17
|-
| "Muzhu Muthar Porulae" || T. R. Mahalingam || Nellai Arulmani || 2:10
|}

== Reception ==
{{empty section|date=August 2024}}
<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 1972 |title=அகத்தியர் |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-8-10-31 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=[[Theekkathir]] |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246414}}
{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1970s dance films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 musical films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

India at the Asian Para Games

2026-03-02T13:46:48Z

LouJ11418910501:

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Paralympic Committee of India]]
| oldcode =
| year =
| date =
| games = Asian Para Games
| location =
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 46
| silver = 74
| bronze = 107
| rank = 9
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
| website = {{URL|www.paralympicindia.org.in|Paralympic India}}
}}

'''[[India]]''' is a member of the South Asian Zone of the [[Olympic Council of Asia]], and participates in the [[Asian Para Games]]. The [[Paralympic Committee of India]] is recognised by the [[International Paralympic Committee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-at-asian-games-history-medals|title=India at Asian Games: A storied history and why PT Usha is jewel in the crown|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>

India was one of the first five founding members of the [[Asian Games Federation]] on 13 February 1949, in New Delhi. It disbanded on 26 November 1981 and was replaced by the Olympic Council of Asia.<ref name="la84foundation_1951 Games">{{cite web | url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1951/BDCE25/BDCE25j.pdf | title=The First Asian Games Championships will be held in March 1951 at New Delhi | publisher=la84foundation.org. LA84 Foundation | access-date=9 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207105509/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1951/BDCE25/BDCE25j.pdf | archive-date=7 December 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ocasia.org/Council/History.aspx | title=Council – OCA History | publisher=ocasia.org. Olympic Council of Asia | access-date=12 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216112714/http://www.ocasia.org/Council/History.aspx | archive-date=16 February 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Medal table==
{{See also|Asian Para Games|All-time Asian Para Games medal table}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-top:0em; text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
!Games
!Host
! style="width:4em;" |Rank

!{{Asia1}} Gold
!{{Asia2}} Silver
!{{Asia3}} Bronze
! style="width:4em;" |Total
|-
| [[2010 Asian Para Games|2010 Guangzhou]]
| {{flagIOC2|CHN|Asian Para Games}}
| 15
| 1
| 4
| 9
| 14
|-
| [[2014 Asian Para Games|2014 Incheon]]
| {{flagIOC2|KOR|Asian Para Games}}
| 15
| 3
| 14
| 16
| 33
|-
| [[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]]
| {{flagIOC2|INA|Asian Para Games}}
| 9
| 15
| 24
| 33
| 72
|-
| [[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]
| {{flagIOC2|CHN|Asian Para Games}}
| 5
| 27
| 32
| 49
| 108
|-
| [[2026 Asian Para Games|2026 Aichi–Nagoya]]
| {{flagIOC2|JPN|Asian Para Games}}
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
|-
! colspan="2" | Total !! 9 !! 46!! 74 !! 107 !! 227
|}

Source: <ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultsapg.hangzhou2022.com.cn/rds/nations/detail/IND|title=Hangzhou Asian Para Games, India - 2023 Schedule|website=resultsapg.hangzhou2022.com.cn|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231029160151/https://resultsapg.hangzhou2022.com.cn/rds/nations/detail/IND|archive-date=29 October 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[India at the Olympics]]
*[[India at the Deaflympics]]
*[[India at the Youth Olympics]]
*[[India at the World Games]]
*[[India at the Asian Games]]
*[[India at the Asian Youth Games]]
*[[India at the Commonwealth Games]]
*[[India at the Lusofonia Games]]
*[[India at the South Asian Games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of India}}
[[Category:India at the Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Nations at the Asian Para Games]]

Arunachal Pradesh

2026-02-23T09:37:26Z

LouJ11418910501: correct intro based on references per sources

{{Short description|State in northeast India}}
{{Redirect|Arunachal|the hill at Thiruvannamalai|Arunachala|other uses|Arunachalam (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Arunachal Pradesh
| type = State
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2/2/2/2
| image1 = The Tawang Monastery.jpg
| caption1 = [[Tawang Monastery]]
| image2 = Tawang Gate.jpg
| caption2 = Tawang Gate, [[Tawang]]
| image3 = A wintry morning in Vijaynagar.jpg
| caption3 = [[Vijaynagar, Arunachal Pradesh|Vijaynagar]]
| image4 = Golden Pagoda Namsai Arunachal Pradesh.jpg
| caption4 = [[Golden Pagoda, Namsai|Golden Pagoda]], [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]]
| image5 = Natural beauty of Mechuka, Arunachal Pradesh 8.jpg
| caption5 = [[Mechuka]]
| image6 = Ziro valley of Aruncahl in summer season.jpg
| caption6 =[[Ziro|Ziro valley]]
| image7 = Madhuri Lake.jpg
| caption7 = Madhuri Lake
| image8 = Sela Pass .jpg
| caption8 = [[Sela Pass]]
| image9 =
| caption9 = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
}}
| image_caption =
| image_seal = Arunachal Pradesh Seal.svg
| etymology = Arunachal ('dawn-lit mountains') and Pradesh ('province or territory')
| nickname = "Land of Rising Sun"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth Alone Triumphs)
| image_map = IN-AR.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|27.06|93.37|region:IN-AR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = Northeast India
| before_was = [[North-East Frontier Agency]]
| formation_date1 = 21 January 1972
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 20 February 1987<ref>[http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/govt.htm Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007041243/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/govt.htm |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref>
| capital = Itanagar
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh|28]]
| government_footnotes =
| Governor = [[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Pema Khandu]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| Deputy_CM = [[Chowna Mein]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| judiciary = [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati High Court-Itanagar Bench]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 60 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 2 seats
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|others=Hosted by: G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development. Sponsored by: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt of India|title=Arunachal Pradesh: Physiography, At a glance|url=http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/Arunachal_glance.html|access-date=23 June 2021|website=gbpihedenvis.nic.in|publisher=ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211513/http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/Arunachal_glance.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 83743
| area_rank = 14th
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=4 Reasons Why Arunachal Pradesh is a Natural Wonderland|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/68025/4-reasons-arunachal-pradesh-natural-wonderland|access-date=23 June 2021|website=Outlook India Traveller|quote=We may as well call Arunachal a flowery paradise. Arunachal is also called Orchid State of India|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205857/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/68025/4-reasons-arunachal-pradesh-natural-wonderland|url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 7,090
| elevation_max_point = [[Kangto]]
| elevation_min_m = 44
| elevation_min_point = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| population_total = {{Increase}} 1,383,727
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 27th
| population_urban = 22.94%
| population_rural = 77.06%
| population_density = 17
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011Abstract">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables (India & States/UTs – District Level) |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408052329/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx |archive-date=8 April 2022 }}</ref>
| population_demonym = Arunachalis
| 0fficial_Langs = English<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025343/https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WORKING IN HINDI LANGUAGE |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2863engls.pdf |website=rajbhasha.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225114825/https://rajbhasha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2863engls.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| official_script = [[Latin script]]
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|0.47823|lc|lk=r}}
| GDP_year = 2025–26
| GDP_rank = 31st
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|280380|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 16th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.722 {{color|green|High}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 17th
| literacy = 84.2%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 21st
| sex_ratio = 997[[female|♀]]/1,000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019–2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India|access-date=29 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2021
| sexratio_rank = 5th
| iso_code = IN-AR
| registration_plate = AR
| website = arunachalpradesh.gov.in
| foundation_day = Arunachal Pradesh Day
| mammal = [[Gayal|Mithun]]
| bird = [[Hornbill]]
| fish = Golden Mahseerref
| flower = [[Foxtail orchid]]
| tree = Hollong
| image_highway = SH IN-AR.png
}}

'''Arunachal Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ər|ʊ|ˌ|n|ɑː|tʃ|əl|_|p|r|ə|ˈ|d|eɪ|ʃ}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Arunachal_Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516154328/https://www.lexico.com/definition/arunachal_pradesh |archive-date=16 May 2021 |title=Arunachal Pradesh |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{Literal translation|Dawn-Lit Mountain Province}})<ref>{{cite news |title='We Wake Up at 4 am': Arunachal Pradesh CM Pema Khandu Wants Separate Time Zone |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308 |work=Outlook |date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152928/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308|archive-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[northeast India]]. It was known as the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] until 1972, after which it became a [[union territory]] under the name Arunachal Pradesh. It became a state on 20 February 1987. [[Itanagar]] is its capital and largest town.

It shares [[Borders of India|international borders]] with [[Bhutan]] in the west, [[Myanmar]] in the east, and a disputed 1,129 km border with [[China]]'s [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in the north at the [[McMahon Line]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |date=23 September 2020 |title=Arunachal Residents Write To PM On Road Project, Quote National Security |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 |work=NDTV |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144101/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nearly four-fifths of Arunachal Pradesh is claimed{{efn|Except the districts of [[Longding district|Longding]], [[Tirap district|Tirap]], [[Changlang district|Changlang]] and [[Namsai district|Namsai]] and some parts of [[Lohit district|Lohit]] and [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]] districts. The area of these districts is nearly 14,000 km² as per state figures.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Profile of Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/state_wise_dips/STATE%20PROFILE%20OF%20ARUNACHAL%20%20PRADESH,%202015_14316.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India|pages=12–15|date=2014}}</ref>}}<ref name="BBC_Apr2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=21 October 2024 |title=India says it reached a pact with China on military patrols along their disputed border |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-china-ladakh-border-standoff-c7c5fcf61b2378428842207b52b547c3 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2022 |title=China returns Indian citizen at disputed border |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-says-it-questioned-then-returned-indian-citizen-disputed-border-2022-01-27/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> by China as [[Southern Tibet]] as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region;<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691136097/strong-borders-secure-nation |title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation |date=14 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-691-13609-7 |pages=326–327 |quote=The territorial dispute between China and India concerns three sectors. The eastern sector includes 90,000 square kilometers south of the McMahon Line and north of what China claims as Tibet’s customary boundary, effectively the present-day Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, previously known as the North Eastern Frontier Agency. India claims that the frontier here was delimited by the McMahon Line drawn at the 1913–14 Simla Conference. China does not recognize the McMahon Line itself or any of the documents from this conference, which it never ratified. In addition, as the line itself was drawn directly on a map, it lacks a precise delimitation. Historically, Tibet had administered the area around Tawang in the far western portion of this sector, where the sixth Dalai Lama was born, and claimed additional areas on the southern slope. After independence in 1947, India moved to assert its authority, slowly administering this region in the early 1950s and in some cases replacing local Tibetan officials. |last1=Taylor Fravel |first1=M. |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802045657/https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691136097/strong-borders-secure-nation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarmah |first=Minakshi |date=2021 |title=Is China's Territorial Claim On Arunachal Pradesh Justifiable? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48654881 |journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=78–89 |jstor=48654881 |issn=0971-8052}}</ref> China [[Sino-Indian War|occupied some regions]] of Arunachal Pradesh in 1962 but later withdrew its forces.<ref name="Mayilvaganan-Bej-Khatoon">{{cite book |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2020 |editor-last1=Mayilvaganan |editor-first1=M. |editor-last2=Bej |editor-first2=Sourina |editor-last3=Khatoon |editor-first3=Nasima}}</ref>{{rp|22|quote=A theatre to the 1962 war, Tawang remained captive for a brief spell of time till China voluntarily retreated the territory in November 1962.}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Open War: State-Making's Dress Rehearsal |date=2016 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shadow-states/open-war/6069407DCF915B6A0D6A38EEB8E43ECA |work=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |pages=232–264 |editor-last=Guyot-Réchard |editor-first=Bérénice |access-date=12 June 2023 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316796894.012 |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071134/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shadow-states/open-war/6069407DCF915B6A0D6A38EEB8E43ECA |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,383,727. With only 17 inhabitants per square kilometre, it is the least densely populated state in India. It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly [[Monpa people]] in the west, [[Tani people]] in the centre, [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] and [[Tai peoples|Tai people]] in the east, and [[Naga people]] in the southeast of the state. About 23 major tribes and 100 sub-tribes live in the state,{{cn|date=February 2022}} including [[Nocte people|Nocte]], [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], [[Jingpo people|Singpho]], [[Galo tribe|Galo]], [[Tagin people|Tagin]], and [[Apatani people|Apatani]]. The Nyishi are the largest ethnic group in the region. The Mishmi tribe has three sub-tribes, namely Idu-Mishmi, Digaru-Mishmi, and Miju-Mishmi.

==Etymology==
Arunachal Pradesh means ''Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains'', which is the [[sobriquet]] for the state in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Discovery of North-East India |first=Usha |last=Sharma |isbn=978-81-8324-034-5 |page=65 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2005}}</ref> The term was coined during the formation of the state. Prior to the year 1972, it was called [[North-East Frontier Agency]].

The [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) does not recognize Arunachal Pradesh, and claims the land to be part of Tibet, calling it [[Southern Tibet]] ({{lang-zh|c=藏南}} [[pinyin]]: ''Zàngnán'').<ref name="Mayilvaganan-Bej-Khatoon" />{{rp|22|quote=China's Ministry of Civil Affairs announced that it was standardising the names of six places in its 'south Tibet region' (''Zangnan diqu'') that refers to a portion of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.}}{{rp|155|quote=The ROC officially has never ceased to claim that it is the legitimate government of all China and continues, therefore, to claim all the territories that the People's Republic of China claims and more. This includes territories in dispute with India, too.}}<ref>{{cite news |date=10 September 2020 |title=India launches villages programme in Arunachal, ignores angry China |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-criticises-indian-ministers-visit-arunachal-pradesh-foreign-ministry-2023-04-10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131004/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-criticises-indian-ministers-visit-arunachal-pradesh-foreign-ministry-2023-04-10/ |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |agency=Reuters }}</ref> In ancient [[Classical Tibetan language|Tibetan]] texts, eastern Arunachal Pradesh{{Clarify|reason=Which part? Vague description.|date=January 2025}} and some parts of Tibet{{Which|date=January 2025}} were called Lhoyü while the residents were called Lhobha people,<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Web Page of Government of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/tourism.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320144930/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/tourism.htm |archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2025}} while [[Tawang district]] and [[West Kameng district]] in western Arunachal Pradesh were called Monyul.{{Efn|name=Monyul|{{harvnb|Nanda|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8i3rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30]}}: "Tawang, Dirang and parts of Western Kameng of Arunachal Pradesh, were historically and territorially (traditionally) part of the 'Monyul'."}}

== History ==
===Ancient period===
{{Main|Monpa people|Prince Tsangma}}

Very little ancient history is known about the region apart from the Northwestern corner, and the areas bordering current [[Assam]]. The Northwestern regions came under Monpa and [[Tibet]]an control.

Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul under Tibet which flourished between 500 BCE and 600 CE. The [[Monpa people|Monpa]] and [[Sherdukpen]] keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well.<ref>{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|pp=15–16}}</ref>

According to Tibetan chronicles, Monyul was ruled by Gongkar Gyal, descendent of an exiled Tibetan ruler named [[Prince Tsangma|Lhase Tsangma]], the brother of Tibetan king [[Ralpacan]] who arrived in Monyul in 837 A.D or earlier.<ref>{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=16}}</ref>

A descendant of Gongkar Gyal became the ruler of Trashiyangtse region of Bhutan and Gapde Tsan another descendant was the ruler of Khorwong valley in [[Thembang]] town (now [[West Kameng district]], Arunachal Pradesh).<ref name="ReferenceB">{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|pp=16–17}}</ref>
[[File:Thembang msb.jpg|thumb|250px|Thembang dzong built during the 12th century, a type of dzong commonly found in Bhutan and Tibet]]

Later, the second son of Gongkar Gyal, Wongme Palde who returned to Tibet owing to the poverty in Khorwong valley came back to Monyul to become its ruler.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

The Rgyal rigs text written in 1668 or 1728 contains a record of taxes collected. Taxes were paid via coins, foodstuffs, or livestock from area around present-day [[Kameng district]] and [[Tawang district]].<ref>{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=27}}</ref>

The Monpas ({{bo|t=མོན་པ}}) ་known to the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] as '''Menba'''<ref>{{harvcol|Eilmer|2014|p=127}}</ref> were responsible for trade between Assam and Tibet and held the Koriapar Dooar at [[Sonitpur district]] of [[Assam]]. The Monpa chief were subordinate to the ruler of [[Tawang]] who in turn were subordinate to the [[Ganden Phodrang|Government of Tibet]] or Ganden Phodrang in [[Lhasa]].<ref name="harvcol|Das|1998|p=38">{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=38}}</ref> The Tibetan government at Lhasa appointed Tibetan officials called Gellongs to supervise the local Monpa chief. The Monpa chief who looked after the Duar were called Tsorgon, a position created in the 16th century.<ref name="harvcol|Das|1998|p=38"/>

According to historical Tibetan text the state of Arunachal Pradesh known as Lhoyu came under the control of Tubo Kingdom or [[Tibetan Empire]] in the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |title=China's Tibet |author=Xiaoming Zhang |publisher=五洲传播出版社 |year=2004 |page=23 |isbn=7-5085-0608-1|quote=According to historical records, in the 7th century and thereafter, Lhoyu fell under the jurisdiction of the Tubo Kingdom and of the local government of Tibet}}</ref>

[[File:Tibetan empire greatest extent 780s-790s CE.png|thumb|250px|Arunachal Pradesh under the Tibetan Empire in 7th and 8th century CE]]

===Medieval period===
{{Main|Tsangyang Gyatso|Tawang Monastery}}

[[File:Tawang Monastery second largest monastery in Asia Arunachal Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.13|[[Tawang Monastery]] built in the 17th century under the instruction of the [[5th Dalai Lama]], is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], Tibet. It is one of the few monasteries of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] that have remained protected from [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]] without any damage.{{Sfn|Richardson|1984|p=210}}]]

In the 17th century, the 5th Dalai Lama [[Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso]] (1617–1682), who achieved political supremacy over Tibet in 1642, imposed a tax called ''Khrey'' over Monyul and instructed the construction of fortresses in Monpa area called [[Dzong]] which served as centers for administration and tax collection.<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=32">{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=32}}</ref>

[[File:Dirang Monastery.jpg|thumb|250px|Dirang Dzong build under instruction of the 5th Dalai Lama [[Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso]]]]

The fortressess built were Dirang Dzong, Taklung Dzong and Gyangkhar Dzong to collect tax from the [[Dirang|Dirang Monpa]], [[Kalaktang|Kalaktang Monpa]] and [[Tawang|Tawang Monpa]] respectively. The officials who collected the taxes were called [[Dzongpen|Dzongpon]].<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=32"/>

The tax was carried to Tawang Monastery and then to Lhasa via [[Tsona]] city (present-day China).<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=32"/>
[[File:Tsangyang Gyatso birth place.jpg|thumb|[[Urgelling Monastery]] built in 1489 A.D by Urgen Sangpo in Tawang is the birthplace of [[6th Dalai Lama]], Tsangyang Gyatso]]

The 6th [[Dalai Lama]] [[6th Dalai Lama|Tsangyang Gyatso]] (1683–1706) was born in [[Tawang]] and died in [[Amdo]] (present-day China) on his way to [[Beijing]] after being kidnapped by the [[Mongols|Mongol]] forces under [[Lha-bzang Khan]], the last ruler of [[Khoshut Khanate]] on the approval of [[Kangxi Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]].

Before his death the [[6th Dalai Lama]] instructed the construction of notable buildings like [[Tromzikhang]] in [[Barkhor]], [[Lhasa]].

[[File:Lhasa khrom gzigs khang 2014.09.23 11-19-07.jpg|thumb|Tromzikhang in Lhasa build under the instruction of the 6th Dalai Lama]]

Arunachal Pradesh falls under [[Kham]] ({{bo|t=ཁམས་}}) and [[Ü-Tsang]] ({{bo|t=དབུས་གཙང་}}) cultural region of Tibet which also includes the [[Brahmaputra River]] watershed.

The foothills and the plains, were under the control of the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] kings of [[Assam]]. Inner parts of the state remained independent and self-governed even though interactions with external parties did exist.<ref>[[Claude Arpi]], The Pure Crystal Mountain Pilgrimage of Tsari, ''1962: The McMahon Line Saga''.</ref>

The main archaeological sites of the state include:<ref>{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Swarnalata |title=Chutia Jaatir Buranji |year=2004 |publisher=Banalata Publications |location=Guwahati}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Site || Dated to || Built by
|-
| [[Bhismaknagar|Bhismaknagar Fort]], [[Roing]] || 8th–15th century<ref name="roing.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=https://roing.nic.in/tourism/|title=Tourism | District Lower Dibang Valley, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. | India|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515105256/https://roing.nic.in/tourism/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia kings]]
|-
| Bolung Fort, Bolung || 13th century || Chutia kings
|-
| Dimachung-Betali, West Kameng || 13th century || Chutia kings
|-
| [[Gomsi]] Fort, [[East Siang district|East Siang]] || 13th century<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201996_97%20A%20Review.pdf |title=Indian Archeology-1996-97 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224044929/http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201996_97%20A%20Review.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|| Chutia kings
|-
| Rukmini Fort, Roing || 14th–15th century<ref name="roing.nic.in"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Tezu Fort, Roing || 14th–15th century<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf |title=Chattopadhyay, S., ''History and archaeology of Arunachal Pradesh'', p. 71 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121180648/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/pdfToThesis.jsp?toHandle=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/159414&toFile=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
| Naksha Parbat ruins, [[East Kameng district|East Kameng]] || 14th–15th century<ref>Borah, D.K.''Archaeological ruins of Naksabat'', p.32</ref>
|| Chutia kings
|-
| [[Ita Fort]], Itanagar || 14th–15th century<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itanagar.nic.in/tourist-place/ita-fort/|title=Ita Fort | Itanagar Capital Complex|website=itanagar.nic.in|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406223800/https://itanagar.nic.in/tourist-place/ita-fort/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
|Buroi Fort, [[Papum Pare]]|| 13th century<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2613|title=Early history of Kamarupa|first=Rai K. L.|last=Barua|date=27 January 1933|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>||Chutia kings
|-
| [[Malinithan]] Temple, Likabali || 13th–14th century<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thakur|first=A.K.|title=Pre-Historic Archaeological Remains of Arunachal Pradesh and People's Perception: An Overview|year=2004|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=65|pages=1185–1196|jstor=44144827}}</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
| Ita Pukhuri, Ithili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1214_PART_A_DCHB_LOWER%20DIBANG%20VALLEY.pdf |title=District Handbook of Lower Dibang District |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111181928/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1214_PART_A_DCHB_LOWER%20DIBANG%20VALLEY.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Chutia kings
|-
| Padum Pukhuri, Ithili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Kampona brick tank, Idili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Kanying brick tank, Idili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Bolung brick canal, Bolung|| 13th–14th century<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf |title=Chattopadhyay, S. "History and Archeology of Arunachal Pradesh Chapter3: Archeological remains", p.76. |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611010056/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Chutia kings
|-Dibang fortifications, Dibang-Dikrung valley|| 13th–14th century<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124005#page/581/mode/1up |title=Notes on ancient temples and other remains in the vicinity of Sadiya by Major S.F.Hannay |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331094100/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124005#page/581/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> || Chutia kings
|-
| Dirang [[Dzong architecture|Dzong]], West Kameng || 17th century || [[Monpa people|Monpa]]
|-
| [[Tawang Monastery]], Tawang || 17th century (1680–1681) || Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso
|}

===British India===
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|262px|Map of the [[British Indian Empire]] from the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909 showing the Outer Line as the border of Assam]]

[[File:North-East Frontier in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The North-East Frontier Tracts in 1946]]

Following the annexation of Assam after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], the British inherited the previous [[Ahom Kingdom]]'s tributary system in appeasing the frontier tribes known as ''posa''. The system was optimised with contracts to the leading chiefs to standardise who had the right to demand tribute from the British to curb raiding. With the goals of economic growth and extraction of tea, coal, oil and minerals in Assam, the British set out on a policy to curb tribal headhunting, civil wars and slavery.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=19}} Prior to the [[Simla Conference]] there was no declaration of British intentions towards the frontier tracts and tribes of the region. The region was treated as [[terra nullius]] neither to the British Raj or to any other entity. The British in their official documentation did not assert any recongition or affilitation of the frontier tracts with Tibetan or Chinese polities. Their assumption rested in that tribal territories were within the British sphere of influence until clear Tibetan boundaries were evident. In the 19th century, there was uncertainty along the border and no urgency to demarcate it.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=20}}

The first territorial policy with the frontier tracts was the introduction of the [[Inner Line Permit|Inner Line]] system. This was designed to restrict people beyond a certain territory to avoid provoking hostile relations with tribal groups on the frontier. However, the Inner Line was less of an international boundary and more of a framework for migration management. Before 1880, tribal relations with the British were handled ''ad-hoc'' by British officials. In 1880, a Frontier Tract Regulation was adopted and extended to any tract inhabited or freqeuented by barbarous or semi-civilised tribes adjoining or within the borders of any of the districts with the Territories under the administration of the Chief Commissioner of Assam. With this declaration, the Dibrugah Frontier Tract (east of the Subansiri River) was formally put under the adminsitration of Lakhimpur with a political officer at Sadiya. The western section was in charge of the Deputy Commissioner of Darrang.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=20}}

In 1912, the sudden activity of Chinese military forces in the vicinity prompted the British to negotiate a formal delimitation of the international boundary. This was attributed to the [[Qing Empire]]'s attempts to establish Chinese authority in the Kham area of Tibet in 1910. The British recorded that various reports of dubious origin stated Chinese influence in the region. A party of Chinese were rumoured to have appeared in the Aka country, not far from the Inner Line boundary in the west. Chinese officials in Rima had also reportedly summoned the Mishmi chiefs to offer them to submit. Other rumours described a Chinese force ordered to march down the Siang river valley into the homeland of the Abors. As a response to these rumours, the British dispatched three missions into the hills. The Miri Mission explored the hills west of the Subansiri River. The Abor Mission between Subansiri and Siang was conducted along with the Mishmi Mission in the Sisseri, Dibang and Lohit river valleys. The goal of these missions was to establish the "natural and traditional frontier" between the frontier tribes and Tibet, and to inform the tribes that they were under British sovereignty and must adhere to British laws and punishments.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=21}}

The results of these missions led the boundary commission to create the [[McMahon Line]], which was influenced by the findings of the three missions. The one major exception was the incorporation of Tawang in the westernmost area. The inhabitants held close cultural and religious ties to Tibet and Bhutan, and the British had previously characterised this as a "dependancy of Thibet" not included in the tribal area designation. However, as knowledge of the Lhasa and Sub-Himalayan Buddhist communities grew, the accuracy of the statements of Tawang being a Tibetan dependency was questioned by the British and attributed to a category analogous to Bhutan and Sikkim, who were distinct groups with ties to the religious institution of Tibet. Another region between the tribals and Bhutan was considered highly undesirable, which in 1914 was examined by the British. The report by the Balipara Political Officer stated that the Tawang Monastery, the political authority of the region, was an offshoot of Drepung Monastery near Lhasa but recommend incorporation into the British regardless. Hence with these cosniderations the current McMahon line was drawn up.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=21}}

In 1912–13, the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] established the [[North-East Frontier Agency|North-East Frontier Tracts]] via three divisions: the Western section, the Central and Eastern section, and the Lakhimpur tract. In 1919, they eventually came to be called the Ballipara Frontier Tract, Lakhimpur Frontier Tract and Sadiya Frontier Tract.{{sfnp|State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh|2010|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=21-22}}

==== The McMahon line ====
{{Main|McMahon Line}}

[[File:McMahon Line on 1936 Survey of India map of Tibet.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A 1936 map of Tibet by [[Survey of India]], showing the [[McMahon Line]]]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 280
| image1 = 1947 India showing Provinces, States and Districts by Survey of India (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = The first political map of India (1947)
| image2 = North-East Frontier in 1947 Political Map of India.jpg
| caption2 = The North-East Frontier Tracts in 1947
}}

In 1913–1914, representatives of the [[Tibet (1912–1951)|''de facto'' independent state of Tibet]] and Britain met in India to define the borders of 'Outer Tibet' (with respect to China). British administrator [[Sir Henry McMahon]] drew the {{convert|550|mi|km}} [[McMahon Line]] as the border between [[British India]] and Tibet, placing [[Tawang]] and other areas within British India. The Tibetan and British representatives devised the [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Accord]] including the McMahon Line,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |title=Simla Convention |publisher=Tibetjustice.org |access-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215213927/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |archive-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the Chinese representatives did not concur.<ref name="Shakya1999">{{cite book |first=Tsering |last=Shakya |title=The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279 |year=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11814-9 |page=279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330183541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Simla Accord denies other benefits to China unless it assents to the Accord.<ref>Lamb, Alastair, ''The McMahon line: a study in the relations between India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914'', London, 1966, p529</ref>

The Chinese position was that Tibet was not independent from China and could not sign treaties, so the Accord was invalid, like the [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet|Anglo-Chinese (1906)]] and [[Anglo-Russian Convention|Anglo-Russian (1907)]] conventions.<ref name="int">{{Cite book |title=Aspects of India's International relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |series=History of science, philosophy, and culture in Indian civilization: Towards independence |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |page=202}}</ref> British records show that the condition for the Tibetan government to accept the new border was that China must accept the Simla Convention. As Britain was not able to get an acceptance from China, Tibetans considered the McMahon line invalid.<ref name="Shakya1999" />

In the time that China did not exercise power in Tibet, the line had no serious challenges. In 1935, a Deputy Secretary in the Foreign Department, [[Olaf Caroe]], "discovered" that the McMahon Line was not drawn on official maps. The [[Survey of India]] published a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary in 1937.<ref name="Ray2007">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA203 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |page=203|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017012124/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA203|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1938, two decades after the Simla Conference, the British finally published the Simla Accord as a bilateral accord and the Survey of India published a detailed map showing the McMahon Line as a border of India.

In April 1938, a small British force led by Captain G. S. Lightfoot arrived in Tawang and informed the monastery that the district was now Indian territory.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|p=307}} The Tibetan government at [[Lhasa]] protested and its authority was restored after Lightfoot's return.

In 1944, Britain established administrations in the area, from Dirang Dzong in the west to [[Walong]] in the east. Administrative control extended over the area of the Tawang tract lying south of the [[Sela Pass]] when [[James Philip Mills|J.P. Mills]] set up an [[Assam Rifles]] post at [[Dirang]] [[Dzong]] and sent the Tibetan tax-collectors packing. Tibetan protests were brushed aside. However, no steps were taken to evict Tibet from the area north of the pass which contained Tawang town.<ref name=Maxwell>{{harvnb|Maxwell|1972|pp=50–51}}</ref> The Tawang district remained under Tibetan authority until 1951.

=== Sino-Indian War ===
{{Main|Sino-Indian War}}

Following the conclusion of British rule, India gained independence in 1947, while the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949. The new Chinese administration maintained the position that the McMahon Line was not valid.<ref name="Shakya1999"/>

In October 1947, independent [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] wrote a note to the Government of India asking for a "return" of the territories that the [[British Raj|British]] had allegedly occupied from Tibet. Among these were listed [[Zayul]] and [[Walong]] and in direction of [[Mêdog County|Pemakoe]], Lonag, Lopa, Mon, [[Bhutan]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]]. After negotiation with the Indian government, Tibet relinquished claims on these territories.{{sfnp|Woodman, ''Himalayan Frontiers''|1969|pp=213–214}}{{sfnp|Maxwell, India's China War|1970|p=69}}<ref name="Lamb2-580">{{harvp|Lamb, ''The McMahon Line'', Vol. 2|1966|p=580}}</ref>

In November 1950, the PRC was poised to take over [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|Tibet by force]], and India supported Tibet. Journalist Sudha Ramachandran argued that China claimed Tawang on behalf of Tibetans, though Tibetans did not claim Tawang as part of Tibet.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF27Df01.html |title=China toys with India's border |first=Sudha |last=Ramachandran |date=27 June 2008 |work=South Asia |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20091122200123/http%3A//www%2Eatimes%2Ecom/atimes/South_Asia/JF27Df01%2Ehtml |archive-date=22 November 2009 | url-status= unfit}}</ref>

In February 1951, India sent [[Ralengnao Khathing]] of [[Manipur]] with a small escort and several hundred porters to Tawang and took control of the remainder of the Tawang tract from the Tibetans, removing the Tibetan administration.<ref>{{harvnb|Maxwell|1972|p=66}}</ref>{{efn|The official was [[Ralengnao Khathing]] of [[Manipur]], the Assistant Political Officer of the Sela subagency (now [[West Kameng district]]). He was accompanied by two platoons of [[Assam Rifles]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Manipur-remembers-man-who-won-Tawang/articleshow/45859646.cms Manipur remembers man who won Tawang], The Times of India, 13 January 2014.</ref>}}

What is now Arunachal Pradesh was established as the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) in 1954. [[Sino-Indian relations]] were cordial until 1960. Resurgence of the border disagreement was a factor leading to the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, during which China captured most of Arunachal Pradesh, including the Tawang tract.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/> China soon declared victory, withdrew back to the [[McMahon Line]], and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell">{{cite book |title=India's China War |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |year=1970 |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |isbn=978-0-224-61887-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaschinawar0000maxw |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Noorani2">A.G. Noorani, "{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050326174852/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm Perseverance in peace process]}}", ''India's National Magazine'', 29 August 2003.</ref><ref name="Joshi">Manoj Joshi, "Line of Defence", ''Times of India'', 21 October 2000</ref>

The war resulted in the termination of [[barter trade]] with Tibet, although since 2007 the Indian government has shown signs of wanting to resume barter trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/061227/48/6amqn.html|title=PM to visit Arunachal in mid-Feb|access-date=2 January 2007|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219083155/https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Renaming and statehood===
Under the leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]], The North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) was renamed Arunachal Pradesh {{citation needed span|date=February 2025|by Bibhabasu Das Shastri, Daya Krishna Goswami and O. P. Upadhya}} on 20 January 1972, and it became a [[union territory]]. Later on, Arunachal Pradesh became a state on 20 February 1987 during [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} DISTRICT UPPER SIANG {{!}} India |url=https://uppersiang.nic.in/history/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224051233/https://uppersiang.nic.in/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

NB: K A A Raja, as Chief Commissioner to NEFA, under [[Assam]], whose Capital used to be [[Shillong]], later on went to become the first Lieutenant Governor to the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=KAA Raja brought democracy: C T Mein |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2017/03/16/kaa-raja-brought-democracy-c-t-mein/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=Arunachal Observer }}</ref>

=== Recent claims ===
The [[14th Dalai Lama]] did not originally recognise India's sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh. As late as 2003, he said that "Arunachal Pradesh was actually part of Tibet".<ref name="Tawang Dalai Lama">{{cite news |title=Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tawang-is-part-of-india-dalai-lama/articleshow/3097568.cms |archive-date=25 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125122218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |url-status=live |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2008 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> In January 2007, the Dalai Lama said that both Britain and Tibet had recognised the McMahon Line in 1914. In 2008, he said that Arunachal Pradesh was a part of India under the [[Simla Accord (1914)|agreement]] signed by Tibetan and British representatives.<ref name="tpt">{{cite news |title=Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher=TNN |date=4 June 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |access-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125122218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Dalai Lama, "In 1962 during the India-China war, the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) occupied all these areas (Arunachal Pradesh) but they announced a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew, accepting the current international boundary".<ref>"Dalai Lama's visit to Arunachal nostalgic: Top aide" [[Hindustan Times]] dated Dharamsala, 8 November 2009</ref>

In recent years, China has occasionally asserted its claims on [[Tawang district|Tawang]]. India rebutted these claims and told the Chinese government that Tawang is an integral part of India. India reiterated this to China when the two prime ministers met in [[Thailand]] in October 2009. A report that the [[Chinese Army]] had briefly invaded Arunachal Pradesh in 2016 was denied by India's [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#List of Ministers of State|Minister of State for Home Affairs]], [[Kiren Rijiju]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/News-of-Chinese-incursion-in-Arunachal-Pradesh-incorrect-MoS-Rijiju/articleshow/54560708.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161003011521/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/News-of-Chinese-incursion-in-Arunachal-Pradesh-incorrect-MoS-Rijiju/articleshow/54560708.cms|archive-date = 3 October 2016|title = Kiren Rijiju: News of Chinese incursion in Arunachal Pradesh incorrect: MoS Rijiju |website = [[The Times of India]]| date=28 September 2016 }}</ref> In April 2017, China strongly objected to a visit to Tawang by the Dalai Lama, as it had to an earlier visit by the US ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dalai-lama-in-tawang-what-next/391957.html |title=Dalai Lama in Tawang: What next |work=Tribuneindia News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424090023/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dalai-lama-in-tawang-what-next/391957.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=live |date=15 April 2017 |last1=Dikshit |first1=Sandeep }}</ref> China had objected to the Dalai Lama's previous visits to the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2009/11/10/232126/Thousands-flock.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114542/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2009/11/10/232126/Thousands-flock.htm|title=Thousands flock to see Dalai Lama in Indian state. |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2024, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that, according to [[satellite imagery]], China had constructed villages along and inside of disputed territory within Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last1=Xiao |first1=Muyi |last2=Chang |first2=Agnes |date=10 August 2024 |title=China's Great Wall of Villages |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/10/world/asia/china-border-villages.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=10 August 2024 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810234238/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/10/world/asia/china-border-villages.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese individuals, called "border guardians", received annual subsidies to relocate to newly built villages and paid to conduct border patrols.<ref name=":02" />

=== Insurgency ===
{{Main|Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh}}

Arunachal Pradesh has faced threats from insurgent groups, notably the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN), who are believed to have base camps in the districts of [[Changlang district|Changlang]] and [[Tirap district|Tirap]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030812/asp/northeast/story_2255514.asp |title=Apang rules out Chakma compromise |date=12 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526000435/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030812/asp/northeast/story_2255514.asp|archive-date=26 May 2011 |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> These groups seek to decrease the influence of Indian government in the region and merge part of Arunachal Pradesh into [[Nagaland]].

The [[Indian army]] is present along the Tibetan border to thwart any Chinese incursion. Under the [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)]], [[Inner Line Permit]]s (ILPs) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on the border with [[Assam]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[File:Mountains of Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Kettle (landform)|kettle lake]] at [[Sela Pass|Se La]] in [[Tawang district]].]]

Arunachal Pradesh is located between 26.28° N and 29.30° N latitude and 91.20° E and 97.30° E longitude and has an area of {{convert|83743|km2|abbr=on}}.

The highest peak in the state is [[Kangto]], at {{convert|7060|m|ft}}. Nyegi Kangsang, the main [[Gori Chen|Gorichen]] peak, and the Eastern Gorichen peak are other tall Himalaya peaks. The state's mountain ranges, in the extreme East of India, are described as "the place where the sun rises" in historical Indian texts and named the Aruna Mountains, which inspired the name of the state. The villages of [[Dong, Arunachal Pradesh|Dong]] (more accessible by car, and with a lookout favoured by tourists) and [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]] (on the edge of Myanmar) receive the first sunlight in all of India.
[[File:Salna Bari, Bhalukpong.jpg|thumb|A view from [[Bhalukpong]], a small town by the southern reaches of the Himalayas.]]
Major rivers of Arunachal Pradesh include the [[Kameng River|Kameng]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Siang ([[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]), [[Dibang River|Dibang]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]] and [[Noa Dihing]] rivers. Subsurface flows and summer snow melt contribute to the volume of water. Mountains until the Siang river are classified as the Eastern Himalayas. Those between the Siang and Noa Dihing are classified as the [[Mishmi Hills]] that may be part of the [[Hengduan Mountains]]. Mountains south of the Noa Dihing in [[Tirap District|Tirap]] and [[Longding district|Longding]] districts are part of the [[Patkai]] Range.

=== Climate ===
The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. The low-altitude areas have a [[humid subtropical climate]]. High-altitude areas (3,500–5,500 m) have a [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] and alpine climate. Arunachal Pradesh receives {{convert|2,000|to|5,000|mm}} of rainfall annually,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhar |first1=O. N. |last2=Nandargi |first2=S. |date=1 June 2004 |title=Rainfall distribution over the Arunachal Pradesh Himalayas |journal=Weather |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=155–157 |doi=10.1256/wea.87.03 |issn=1477-8696 |bibcode=2004Wthr...59..155D|s2cid=121748669 }}</ref> 70%–80% obtained between May and October.

=== Biodiversity ===

Arunachal Pradesh has among the highest diversity of mammals and birds in India. There are around 750 species of birds<ref name="Choudhury2006">{{cite book |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=A pocket guide to the birds of Arunachal Pradesh. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India |location=Guwahati, India |isbn=81-900866-5-0 |date=2006}}</ref> and more than 200 species of mammals<ref name="Choudhury2003">{{cite book |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=The mammals of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=Regency Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87498-80-3 |date=2003}}</ref> in the state.
[[File:Clean ziro green ziro.jpeg|left|thumb|Ziro valley]] Arunachal's forests account for one-third of habitat area within the Himalayan biodiversity hot-spot.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hotspots revisited. |last=Mittermeier |first=Russell A. |publisher=Cemex |year=2004}}</ref> In 2013, {{convert|31273|km2|abbr=on}} of Arunachal's forests were identified as part of a vast area of continuous forests ({{convert|65730|km2|disp=or|abbr=on}}, including forests in Myanmar, China and Bhutan) known as [[Intact forest landscape]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Potapov |first1=Peter |last2=Hansen |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Laestadius |first3=Lars |last4=Turubanova |first4=Svetlana |last5=Yaroshenko |first5=Alexey |last6=Thies |first6=Christoph |last7=Smith |first7=Wynet |last8=Zhuravleva |first8=Ilona |last9=Komarova |first9=Anna |date=1 January 2017 |title=The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013 |journal=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1600821 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1600821 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5235335 |pmid=28097216 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E0821P}}</ref> There are three tiger reserves in the state: a reserve in [[Namdapha National Park]], Mouling National Park and [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="Arunachal Forest">{{cite web |last1=PCCF Arunachal Pradesh |title=Protected Areas |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/protected_areas.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests & Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607084038/http://arunachalforests.gov.in/protected_areas.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Flora===
In the year 2000, Arunachal Pradesh was covered with {{convert|63,093|km2|abbr=on}} of tree cover<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=M. C. |last2=Potapov |first2=P. V. |last3=Moore |first3=R. |last4=Hancher |first4=M. |last5=Turubanova |first5=S. A. |last6=Tyukavina |first6=A. |last7=Thau |first7=D. |last8=Stehman |first8=S. V. |last9=Goetz |first9=S. J. |s2cid=23541992 |date=15 November 2013 |title=High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |pages=850–853 |doi=10.1126/science.1244693 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24233722 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..850H}}</ref> (77% of its land area). It harbours over 5,000 plants.<ref>Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. {{cite web |url=http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/bio.htm |title=Official Web Page of Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415005713/http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/bio.htm |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with [[Assam]], are [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]. Toward the northern border with Tibet, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|Eastern]] and [[Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] followed by [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks. It supports many medicinal plants and within Ziro valley of Lower Subansiri district 158 medicinal plants are being used by its inhabitants.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=1315349 |pmid=16288657 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-1-11 |volume=1 |title=Ethnomedicinal botany of the Apatani in the Eastern Himalayan region of India |year=2005 |journal=J Ethnobiol Ethnomed |article-number=11 |last1=Kala |first1=CP |doi-access=free }}</ref> The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf [[rhododendron]], [[oak]], [[pine]], [[maple]] and [[fir]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A revised survey of the forest types of India(1968). |last1=Champion |first1=HG |first2=Shiam Kishore |last2=Seth |year=1968}}</ref> The state has [[Mouling National Park|Mouling]] and [[Namdapha National Park|Namdapha]] national parks.

===Fauna===

The major animal species are [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[snow leopard]], [[Asian elephant]], [[sambar deer]], [[chital deer]], [[barking deer]], [[sloth bear]], [[Bos frontalis|mithun]] (''Bos frontalis''), [[gaur]], [[dhole]], [[giant squirrel]], [[marbled cat]], [[leopard cat]].<ref name="Arunachal Forestb">{{cite web |title=Flora and Fauna |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/wildlife_special.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests & Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608224915/http://arunachalforests.gov.in/wildlife_special.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A new subspecies of hoolock gibbon has been described from the state which has been named as the [[Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon]] (''H. h. mishmiensis'').<ref name="Choudhury2013b">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'' from North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=49–59 |year=2013}}</ref> Three new giant flying squirrels were also described from the state during the last one and half-decade. These were, [[Mechuka giant flying squirrel]],<ref name="Choudhury2007">{{cite journal|first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=A new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. |journal= The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation NE India |volume=7 |pages=26–32 |date=2007}}</ref> [[Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel]],<ref name="Choudhury2009">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=One more new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation NE India |volume=8 |pages=27–35 |date=2009}}</ref> and [[Mebo giant flying squirrel]].<ref name="Choudhury2013a">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Siang basin, Arunachal Pradesh in North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=30–38 |date=2013}}</ref>

== Administration ==
=== Districts ===
{{Main|Districts of Arunachal Pradesh}}

Arunachal Pradesh comprises three divisions, namely, Central, East and West, each headed by a [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] and twenty-eight districts, each administered by a [[district magistrate|deputy commissioner]]. West Siang is the largest district by area and Tawang is the smallest district. Papum is the largest district by population and Diwang Valley is the smallest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh Districts |url=https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ |website=arunachalpradesh.gov.in |access-date=22 December 2025 |archive-date=22 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222005915/https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Arunachal Pradesh districts}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Division<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/extraordinary_gazette/1513159055_2017%2520EOG%2520217%2520PERSONNEL.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224190501/https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/extraordinary_gazette/1513159055_2017%20EOG%20217%20PERSONNEL.PDF |archive-date=24 February 2021 |title=Administrative jurisdiction of divisions and districts |publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>
! West
! Central
! East
|-
| Headquarters
| [[Yazali, Arunachal Pradesh|Yazali]]
| [[Basar, Arunachal Pradesh|Basar]]
| [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]]
|-
| Districts
|
* [[East Kameng District|East Kameng]]
* [[Kamle district|Kamle]]
* [[Kra Daadi District|Kra Daadi]]
* [[Kurung Kumey District|Kurung Kumey]]
* [[Lower Subansiri District|Lower Subansiri]]
* [[Pakke-Kessang district|Pakke-Kessang]]
* [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]
* [[Tawang District|Tawang]]
* [[West Kameng District|West Kameng]]
|
* [[Lepa-Rada district|Lepa-Rada]]
* [[Lower Siang district|Lower Siang]]
* [[Shi-Yomi district|Shi-Yomi]]
* [[Upper Subansiri District|Upper Subansiri]]
* [[West Siang District|West Siang]]
|
* [[Anjaw District|Anjaw]]
* [[Changlang District|Changlang]]
* [[Dibang Valley District|Dibang Valley]]
* [[East Siang District|East Siang]]
* [[Lohit District|Lohit]]
* [[Longding District|Longding]]
* [[Lower Dibang Valley District|Lower Dibang Valley]]
* [[Namsai District|Namsai]]
* [[Siang District|Siang]]
* [[Tirap District|Tirap]]
* [[Upper Siang District|Upper Siang]]
|}

=== Major towns ===
{{see also|List of cities and towns in Arunachal Pradesh}}
Below are the major towns in Arunachal Pradesh.

==== Municipal corporation ====
* [[Itanagar|Itanagar Municipal Corporation]]

==== Municipal councils ====
* [[Pasighat|Pasighat Municipal council]]

==== Municipal committees ====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Deomali]]
* [[Aalo]]
* [[Seppa]]
* [[Tezu]]
* [[Daporijo]]
* [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]]
* [[Ziro]]
* [[Roing]]
* [[Tawang]]
* [[Khonsa]]
* [[Bomdila]]
* [[Pasighat]]

{{div col end}}

==== Towns ====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Jairampur]]
* [[Deomali]]
* [[Aalo]]
* [[Yingkiong]]
* [[Changlang]]
* [[Miao, Changlang|Miao]]
* [[Basar, Arunachal Pradesh|Basar]]
* [[Dirang]]
* [[Anini]]
* [[Koloriang]]
* [[Rupa, Arunachal Pradesh|Rupa]]
* [[Boleng]]
* [[Hawai, India|Hawai]]
* [[Sagalee]]
* [[Yupia]]
* [[Doimukh]]
* [[Gumto railway station|Gumto]]
* [[Longding]]
* [[Pangin]]
* [[Likabali]]
* [[Malinithan]]
* [[Bhalukpong]]
* [[Nampong]]
* [[Hayuliang]]
* [[Palin, Arunachal Pradesh|Palin]]
* [[Jamin (Arunachal Pradesh)|Jamin]]
* [[Bhismaknagar]]
* [[Akshiganga]]
* [[Mechuka|Mechukha]]
* [[Pasighat]]
* [[Ziro]]
* [[Raga, Arunachal Pradesh|Raga]]
{{div col end}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{more citations needed section|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Nishi tribal from Arunachal - Diganta Talukdar.jpg|thumb|left|Nyishi man in traditional dress]]
{{Historical population
| 1961 | 336,558
| 1971 | 467,511
| 1981 | 631,839
| 1991 | 864,558
| 2001 | 1,097,968
| 2011 | 1,383,727
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title= A – 2 DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/12%20A-2%20Arunachal%20Pradesh.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808132041/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/12%20A-2%20Arunachal%20Pradesh.pdf |archive-date= 8 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Census Population">{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Census Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Finance India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population and decadal change by residence: 2011 (PERSONS) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=2 |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015117/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf }}</ref>
}}

As per the 2011 Census, Arunachal Pradesh has 12 [[List of Scheduled Tribes#Arunachal Pradesh|Scheduled Tribes]], comprising 68.79% of its population. The state can be roughly divided into a set of semi-distinct cultural spheres, on the basis of tribal identity, language, religion and material culture: the [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]-speaking [[Monpa people|Monpa]] area bordering [[Bhutan]] in the west, the [[Tani people|Tani]] area in the centre of the state, the [[Mishmi Hills|Mishmi]] area to the east of the Tani area, the [[Tai peoples|Tai]]/[[Singpho people|Singpho]]/[[Tangsa]] area bordering Myanmar, and the [[Naga people|Naga]] area to the south, which also borders Myanmar. In between there are transition zones, such as the [[Aka (tribe)|Aka]]/[[Hruso people|Hruso]]/[[Miji people|Miji]]/[[Sherdukpen]] area, between the Tibetan Buddhist tribes and the animist [[Tani (tribes)|Tani hill tribes]]. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state, such as the Sulung.
[[File:A senior Adi Gaon bura in his official coat and badge, G.B.Simong, Upper Siang district.jpg|thumb|An Adi ''gaon-bura'' (village headman) in G.B.Simong village of the Upper Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh]]
Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetan refugees. Within the [[Tani people|Tani]] area, major tribes include the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]]. [[Apatani people|Apatani]] also live among the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], but are distinct. In the north one find the Tagin People. In the centre, one finds predominantly [[Galo people]], with the major sub-groups of Karka, Lodu, Bogum, Lare and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the [[Adi people|Adi]] with many subtribes including [[Padam tribe|Padam]], Pasi, [[Minyong]] and [[Bokar language|Bokar]], among others. [[Milang tribe|Milang]], while also falling within the general Adi sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]], [[Miju Mishmi tribe|Miju]] and [[Digaro Mishmi language|Digaru]] make up the [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] cultural-linguistic area.

Moving southeast, the [[Tai peoples|Tai]] [[Khamti people|Khamti]] are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachalese tribes. They follow the [[Theravada]] sect of Buddhism. They also exhibit considerable convergence with the [[Singpho people|Singpho]] and [[Tangsa]] Naga tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. They are one of the most recent people group migrated to Arunachal region from Burma. The [[Nocte language|Nocte]] Naga and [[Wancho language|Wancho]] Naga are another two major ethnic tribes. Both the tribes exhibit very much cultural similarities. Finally, the [[Deori people|Deori]] tribe is also a major community in the state, with their own distinctive identity. They are the descendants of the priestly class of [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia people]] who were allowed to continue their livelihood after the defeat of the Chutias. Deoris are one of the only Arunachal tribes in the historical records – which shows they are among the first ethnic groups to inhabit the Himalayas of the districts of Dibang Valley and Lohit, before the arrival of many other tribes in the region between 1600 and 1900.

===Religion===
{{main|Religion in Arunachal Pradesh|Hinduism in Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[File:BuddhaTwang.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.13|[[Buddhism]] is practised by 12% of the population. Shown here is a statue of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] in [[Tawang]], Arunachal Pradesh.]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Arunachal Pradesh (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW12C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401141634/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW12C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|value1 = 30.26
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 29.04
|color2 = Darkorange
|label3 = [[Donyi-Polo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Appendix – 2011 Details Of Religious Community Shown Under 'other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table C-1 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803134400/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|value3 = 26.20
|color3 = Crimson
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 11.77
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Islam]]
|value5 = 1.95
|color5 = Green
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.78
|color6 = Gray
}}
According to the 2011 Indian Census, 418,732 (30.26%) are [[Christians]], 401,876 (29.04%) are [[Hindus]], 162,815 (11.77%) [[Buddhists]], 27,045 (1.95%) [[Muslims]], 3,287 (0.24%) [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], 771 (0.06%) [[Jainism|Jains]] and 362,553 (26.20%) are adherents of various tribals belief including [[Donyi-Polo]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Religious Composition |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=27 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live}}
</ref> However, the religious landscape of Arunachal Pradesh is diverse with no single religious group representing the majority of the population, although it is one of the few Indian states where [[Christianity]] has the most followers. A relatively large percentage of Arunachal's population are nature worshippers ([[indigenous religions]]), and follow their own distinct traditional institutions like the Nyedar Namlo by the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the [[Rangfrah]] by the [[Tangsa Naga|Tangsa]] & [[Nocte people|Nocte]], Medar Nelo by the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the Kargu Gamgi by the [[Galo tribe|Galo]] and Donyi-Polo Dere by the [[Adi people|Adi]] under the umbrella of the indigenous religion the [[Donyi-Polo]]. A small number of Arunachali people have traditionally identified as [[Hindu]]s,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms |title=How churches in Arunachal Pradesh are facing resistance over conversion of tribals|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201122855/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=19 November 2017 |last1=Katiyar |first1=Prerna}}</ref> although the number may grow as animist traditions are absorbed into Hinduism. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] predominates in the districts of [[Tawang]], [[West Kameng]], and isolated regions adjacent to [[Tibet]]. [[Theravada Buddhism]] is practised by groups living near the [[Myanmar]] border. Around 30% of the population are Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=Census of India: C-1 Population By Religious Community|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Buddhism arrived in Arunachal Pradesh in 8th century CE from Tibet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in | title=Theravada Buddhist Monasteries of Arunachal Pradesh: A Study of Art and Visual Culture | access-date=24 June 2022 | archive-date=26 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626051042/https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1971, the percentage of Christians in the state was 0.79%. This increased to 10.3% by 1991 and by 2011 it had crossed 25%.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bansal|first1=Samarth|last2=Ramachandran|first2=Smriti Kak|date=8 March 2017|title=Christian population on the rise in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/christian-population-on-the-rise-in-arunachal-pradesh-manipur/story-8Go2uITu2BLFJ547MPwohM.html|access-date=26 January 2021|work=Hindustan Times|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163854/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/christian-population-on-the-rise-in-arunachal-pradesh-manipur/story-8Go2uITu2BLFJ547MPwohM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{see also|Arunachal languages}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Arunachal Pradesh in 2011<ref name="Census of India">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10194/download/13306/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809135135/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10194/download/13306/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
| label1 = [[Nyishi language|Nyishi]]
| value1 = 20.74
| color1 = teal
| label2 = [[Adi language|Adi]]
| value2 = 17.35
| color2 = firebrick
| label3 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value3 = 6.89
| color3 = goldenrod
| label4 = [[Bangni-Tagin language|Tagin]]
| value4 = 4.54
| color4 = White
| label5 = [[Bhotia language|Bhotia]]
| value5 = 4.52
| color5 = violet
| label6 = [[Wancho language|Wancho]]
| value6 = 4.23
| color6 = red
| label7 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| value7 = 3.89
| color7 = Peru
| label8 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value8 = 3.66
| color8 = darkorchid
| label9 = [[Hindi]]
| value9 = 3.45
| color9 = orange
| label10 = [[Chakma language|Chakma]]
| value10 = 3.40
| color10 = peachpuff
| label11 = [[Apatani language|Apatani]]
| value11 = 3.21
| color11 = cornflowerblue
| label12 = [[Digaro languages|Mishmi]]
| value12 = 3.04
| color12 = darkgrey
| label13 = [[Tangsa language|Tangsa]]
| value13 = 2.64
| color13 = indianred
| label14 = [[Nocte language|Nocte]]
| value14 = 2.19
| color14 = darkgreen
| label15 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| value15 = 2.04
| color15 = darkorange
| label16 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]]
| value16 = 1.04
| color16 = palegoldenrod
| label17 = Others
| value17 = 13.16
| color17 = Grey
| footer = Hindi is spoken by 62.8% (nearly 0.9 million) of the state population as a primary, secondary, or additional language, serving as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' for diverse ethnolinguistic social groups.<ref>{{cite web|title=C-17: Population by bilingualism and trilingualism, Arunachal Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10274/download/13386/DDW-C17-1200.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
}}

The speakers of major languages of the state according to the 2011 census are [[Nishi language|Nyishi]] (20.74%), [[Adi people#Language|Adi]] (17.35%, includes Adi and [[Gallong language|Gallong]]), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (6.89%), [[Bangni-Tagin language|Tagin]] (4.54%), [[Bhotia language|Bhotia]] (4.51%), [[Wancho language|Wancho]] (4.23%), [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (3.9%), [[Bangla language|Bangla]] (3.65%), [[Hindi]] (3.45%), [[Chakma language|Chakma]] (3.40%), [[Apatani language|Apatani]] (3.21%), [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] (3.04%), Tangsa (2.64%), Nocte (2.19%), [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] (2.04%) and [[Sadri language|Sadri]] (1.03%).

The vast majority of Arunachal Pradesh speaks [[Tani languages]] of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language family. [[Tani people]] are indigenous to central Arunachal Pradesh, including (moving from west to east) the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the [[Tagin people|Tagin]], the [[Galo people|Galo]], the [[Bokar language|Bokar]], the [[Adi people|Adi]], the [[Padam people|Padam]], the Pasi, and the [[Minyong people|Minyong]]. The Tani languages are noticeably characterised by an overall relative uniformity, suggesting relatively recent origin and dispersal within their present-day area of concentration. Most of the [[Tani languages]] are mutually intelligible with at least one other Tani language, meaning that the area constitutes a [[dialect chain]], as was once found in much of Europe; only [[Apatani language|Apatani]] and [[Milang language|Milang]] stand out as relatively unusual in the Tani context. Tani languages are among the better-studied languages of the region.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

To the east of the Tani area lie three virtually undescribed and highly endangered languages of the "[[Digaro languages|Mishmi]]" group of Tibeto-Burman: [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]], [[Digaro Mishmi language|Digaru]] and [[Mishmi people]]. A number of speakers of these languages are also found in [[Tibet]]. The relationships of these languages, both among one another and to other area languages, are as yet uncertain. Further south, one finds the [[Jingpho language|Singpho (Kachin) language]], which is primarily spoken by large populations in [[Myanmar]]'s [[Kachin State]], and the [[Nocte language|Nocte]] and [[Wancho language]]s, which show affiliations to certain [[Naga languages]] spoken to the south in modern-day [[Nagaland]].

To the west and north of the Tani area are found at least one and possibly as many as four [[Bodic languages]], including [[Dakpa language|Dakpa]] and [[Tshangla language]]; within modern-day India, these languages go by the cognate but, in usage, distinct designations Monpa and [[Memba people|Memba]]. Most speakers of these languages or closely related Bodic languages are found in neighbouring [[Bhutan]] and [[Tibet]], and Monpa and Memba populations remain closely adjacent to these border regions.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Between the Bodic and Tani areas lie many almost completely undescribed and unclassified languages, which, speculatively considered Tibeto-Burman, exhibit many unique structural and lexical properties that probably reflect both a long history in the region and a complex history of language contact with neighbouring populations. Among them are [[Sherdukpen language|Sherdukpen]], [[Bugun language|Bugun]], [[Hrusish languages|Hruso]], [[Koro language (India)|Koro]], [[Miji languages|Miji]], [[Bangru language|Bangru]] and [[Puroik language|Puroik]]/[[Sulung]]. The high linguistic significance these languages is belied by the extreme paucity of documentation and description of them, even in view of their highly endangered status. Puroik, in particular, is perhaps one of the most culturally and linguistically unique and significant populations in all of Asia from proto-historical and anthropological-linguistic perspectives, and yet virtually no information of any real reliability regarding their culture or language can be found in print.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Finally, other than the Bodic and Tani groups, there are also certain migratory languages that are largely spoken by migratory and central government employees serving in the state in different departments and institutions in modern-day Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} They are classified as Non-Tribal as per the provisions of the [[Constitution of India]].

Outside of Tibeto-Burman, one finds in Arunachal Pradesh a single representative of the [[Tai languages|Tai family]], spoken by [[Khamti people|Tai Khamti]], which is closely affiliated to the [[Shan language]] of [[Myanmar]]'s [[Shan State]]. Seemingly, Khampti is a recent arrival in Arunachal Pradesh whose presence dates to 18th or early 19th-century migrations from northern [[Myanmar]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In addition to English, various Indo-Aryan languages [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and especially [[Hindi]] are making strong inroads into Arunachal Pradesh. Primarily as a result of the primary education system—in which classes are generally taught by Hindi-speaking migrant teachers from [[Bihar]] and other Hindi-speaking parts of northern India, a large and growing section of the population now speaks a semi-[[Creolization|creolised]] variety of Hindi as a mother tongue. Hindi acts as a lingua franca for most of the people in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh |title=How Hindi became the language of choice in Arunachal Pradesh |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211120138/http://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh |archive-date=11 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite, or perhaps because of, the linguistic diversity of the region, English is the only official language recognised in the state.

===Education===
Literacy has risen in official figures to 66.95% in 2011 from 54.74% in 2001. The literate population is said to number 789,943. The number of literate males is 454,532 (73.69%) and the number of literate females is 335,411 (59.57%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Table-2(3)_literacy.pdf |title=Census of India: Provisional Population Tables – Census 2011 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409075627/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Table-2%283%29_literacy.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2011}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{see also|List of Indian states by GDP}}
The chart below displays the trend of the gross state domestic product of Arunachal Pradesh at market prices by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in billions of Indian Rupees.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Gross Domestic Product (Billion ₹)
|-
| 1980 || align=right|1.070
|-
| 1985 || align=right|2.690
|-
| 1990 || align=right|5.080
|-
| 1995 || align=right|11.840
|-
| 2000 || align=right|17.830
|-
| 2005 || align=right|31.880
|-
| 2010 || align=right|65.210
|-
| 2015|| align=right|155.880
|}

Arunachal Pradesh's [[Gross domestic product|gross state domestic product]] was estimated at US$706 million at current prices in 2004 and US$1.75 billion at current prices in 2012. Agriculture primarily drives the economy. Jhum, the local term used for shifting cultivation is being widely practised among the tribal groups, though owing to the gradual growth of other sources of income in the recent years, it is not being practised as prominently as it was earlier. Arunachal Pradesh has close to 61,000 km2 of forests, and forest products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation and processing units, and handloom handicrafts. [[Sawmill]]s and plywood trades are prohibited under law.<ref>[http://www.thisismyindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-economy.html Arunachal Pradesh Economy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508051639/http://www.thisismyindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-economy.html |date=8 May 2016 }}, ''This Is My India''</ref> There are many saw mills in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/economy.html |title=Economy of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027102248/http://www.mapsofindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/economy.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
A significant portion of India's unexplored hydroelectric capacity is attributed to Arunachal Pradesh. In 2008, the Arunachal Pradesh government entered into several memoranda of understanding with multiple companies, outlining around 42 hydroelectric projects intended to generate over 27,000 MW of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2008/feb/env-arunachal.htm |title=Massive dam plans for Arunachal |date=17 February 2008 |publisher=Indiatogether.org |access-date=6 October 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Construction of the [[Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project]], which is expected to generate between 10,000 and 12,000 MW, began in April 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article53042.ece |title=India pre-empts Chinese design in Arunachal |work=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234659/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article53042.ece|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Air ===
[[Itanagar Airport]], a [[greenfield project]] serving Itanagar, was constructed at Holongi at a cost of {{INR}}6.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=PMO ends tussle between AAI and Arunachal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3696836.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 July 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730222350/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3696836.ece |archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> In 2022, [[IndiGo]] began direct flights to Itanagar from [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-commences-operations-from-donyi-polo-airport-itanagar.html |title= IndiGo commences operations from Donyi Polo Airport, Itanagar |website=IndiGo |date=28 November 2022 |access-date=22 December 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230205105931/https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-commences-operations-from-donyi-polo-airport-itanagar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=December 2024}} [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] operates flights to the state flying from Kolkata via [[Guwahati]] to [[Pasighat Airport]]. This route commenced in May 2018 under the Government's Regional Connectivity Scheme [[UDAN]] following the completion of a passenger terminal at Pasighat Airport in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/arunachals-first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pasighat-airport/articleshow/64271968.cms |title=Arunachal's first commercial flight lands at Pasighat airport |website=The Times of India |date=22 May 2018 |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526033123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/arunachals-first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pasighat-airport/articleshow/64271968.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> State-owned [[Daporijo Airport]], [[Ziro Airport]], [[Along Airport]], and [[Tezu Airport]] are small and not in operation, but the government has proposed to develop them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt considering setting up of 3 greenfield airports in NE |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/govt-considering-setting-up-of-3-greenfield-airports-in-ne/article6312413.ece |date=13 August 2014 |work=[[Business Line|The Hindu Businessline]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035352/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/Govt-considering-setting-up-of-3-greenfield-airports-in-NE/article20842073.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the state was connected by roads, these airstrips were used to distribute food.

=== Roads ===
[[File:Parsuram.jpg|thumb|The road from Tinsukia to [[Parshuram Kund]]]]
[[File:Hunli Signboard Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Hunli signboard]]
The main highway of Arunachal Pradesh is the [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]], [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]] ({{convert|1293|km|abbr=on|adj=on}}; formerly NH-229 and NH-52). It originates in [[Tawang Town|Tawang]] and spans most of the width of Arunachal Pradesh, then crosses south into [[Assam]] and ends at [[Wakro]]. The project was announced by then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2008 for completion by 2015–16, but only became operational in 2018.

[[National Highway 15 (India)|NH-15]] through Assam follows the southern border of Arunachal Pradesh. Access to central Arunachal Pradesh has been facilitated by the [[Bogibeel Bridge]], an earthquake-resistant rail and road bridge over the [[Brahmaputra River]] in Assam, opened for public use on 25 December 2018 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. A spur highway numbered [[National Highway 415 (India)|NH-415]] services Itanagar.

State-owned [[Arunachal Pradesh State Transport Services]] (APSTS) runs daily bus service from [[Itanagar]] to most district headquarters including [[Tezpur]], [[Guwahati]] in Assam, [[Shillong]] in Meghalaya, and [[Dimapur]] in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/itanagar-dimapur-bus-service-flagged-off/articleshow/56168153.cms |title=Itanagar-Dimapur bus service flagged off |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 December 2016 |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208223430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/itanagar-dimapur-bus-service-flagged-off/articleshow/56168153.cms |archive-date=8 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/csp_ap_portal/night-bus-service-again.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170752/http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/csp_ap_portal/night-bus-service-again.html|title=Night coach bus services introduced |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.com/public-transports-in-india/arunachal-pradesh/ |title=PSTS |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170146/http://www.indiamapped.com/public-transports-in-india/arunachal-pradesh/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Official Page of NRC Yak, Dirang.. |url=http://www.icar.org.in/nrcyak/background.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040347/http://www.icar.org.in/nrcyak/background.html |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=www.icar.org.in}}</ref>

{{as of|2007}}, every village is connected by road, thanks to funding provided by the central government. Every small town has its own bus station with daily bus service. Connections to [[Assam]] have increased commerce.

In 2014, two additional east–west highways were proposed: an [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|Industrial Corridor Highway]] in the lower foothills, and a [[Arunachal Frontier Highway|Frontier Highway]] along the [[McMahon Line]].<ref name=BR1>{{cite news |title=Top officials to meet to expedite road building along China border |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms |work=Dipak Kumar Dash |date=16 October 2014 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018192037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR2>{{cite web |title=Narendra Modi government to provide funds for restoration of damaged highways |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106 |publisher=dnaindia |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027082007/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106|archive-date=27 October 2014|url-status=live |date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR3>{{cite web |title=Indian Government Plans Highway Along Disputed China Border |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/ |work=Ankit Panda |publisher=thediplomat.com |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018054055/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR4>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |title=Govt planning road along McMohan line in Arunachal Pradesh: Kiren Rijiju |newspaper=Live Mint |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202035956/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |archive-date= 2 December 2014 |url-status= live}}</ref> The proposed alignment of the Frontier Highway has been published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225424/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Railway ===
Arunachal Pradesh got its first railway line in late 2013 with the opening of the new link line from Harmuti on the main [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section|Rangpara North–Murkongselak railway line]] to Naharlagun in Arunachal Pradesh. The construction of the 33-kilometre {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad-gauge railway]] line was completed in 2012, and the link became operational after the gauge conversion of the main line from Assam. The state capital Itanagar was added to the Indian railway map on 12 April 2014 via the newly built 20-kilometre Harmuti-Naharlagun railway line, when a train from Dekargaon in [[Assam]] reached [[Naharlagun railway station]], 10 kilometres from the centre of Itanagar, a total distance of 181 kilometres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/arunachal-pradesh-capital-itanagar-put-on-indias-railway-map-139950.html |title=Arunachal Pradesh Capital Itanagar Put on India's Railway Map |work=indiatimes.com|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429092408/http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/arunachal-pradesh-capital-itanagar-put-on-indias-railway-map-139950.html|archive-date=29 April 2014|url-status=live |date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/news/49080232_1_harmuti-railway-map-arunachal-pradesh |title=Arunachal Pradesh now on railway map, train reaches Naharlagun, a town near capital Itanagar |work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090627/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/news/49080232_1_harmuti-railway-map-arunachal-pradesh|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>

On 20 February 2015, the first through train was run from New Delhi to Naharlagun, flagged off from the capital by the Indian prime minister, [[Narendra Modi]]. India plans to eventually extend the railway to [[Tawang]], near the border with China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalita |first1=Prabin |title=Modi to flag off first train from Arunachal to Delhi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-to-flag-off-first-train-from-Arunachal-to-Delhi/articleshow/46307403.cms |access-date=23 February 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223113655/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-to-flag-off-first-train-from-Arunachal-to-Delhi/articleshow/46307403.cms|archive-date=23 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[File:NERIST academic block.jpg|thumb|left|[[NERIST]] academic block]]
[[File:NIT Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|[[NIT Arunachal Pradesh]] temporary campus in [[Yupia]]]]

The state government is expanding the relatively underdeveloped education system with the assistance of NGOs like [[Vivekananda Kendra]], leading to a sharp improvement in the state's literacy rate. The main universities are the [[Rajiv Gandhi University]] (formerly known as Arunachal University), under which come 36 institutions offering regular undergraduate courses as well as teacher education and health sciences and nursing degrees, both under governmental and private managements, [[Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University]] and [[Himalayan University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163931_1_apex-professional-university-education-bills-education-minister-bosiram-siram |title=Quality higher education |work=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214064057/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163931_1_apex-professional-university-education-bills-education-minister-bosiram-siram |archive-date=14 December 2012 }}</ref> as well. The first college, Jawaharlal Nehru College, Pasighat, was established in 1964. The First Technical University is Established in 2014 namely [[North East Frontier Technical University (NEFTU)]]. In Aalo, West Siang District by The Automobile Society India, New Delhi. There is also a [[deemed university]], the [[North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology]] as well as the [[National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh]], established on 18 August 2010, is located in [[Yupia]] (headquarter of Itanagar).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nitap.in |title=NIT Arunachal Pradesh, Govt. of India|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224042511/http://nitap.in/|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> NERIST plays an important role in technical and management higher education. The directorate of technical education conducts examinations yearly so that students who qualify can continue on to higher studies in other states.
[[File:St Claret College Ziro.JPG|thumb|St Claret College Ziro]]
Of the above institutions, only the following institutions are accredited by NAAC ([[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]), in the order of their grade: [[Jawaharlal Nehru College]], Pasighat (Grade A), [[St Claret College, Ziro]] (Grade A), [[Indira Gandhi Government College, Tezu|Indira Gandhi Govt. College]], Tezu (Grade B++), [[Rajiv Gandhi University]] (Grade B), [[National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh]] (Grade B), Dera Natung Government College, Itanagar (Grade B), Govt. College, Bomdila (Grade B), [[Donyi Polo Government College, Kamki|Donyi Polo Govt. College]], Kamki (Grade B), and [[Rang Frah Government College, Changlang|Rang Frah Govt. College]], Changeling (Grade C).

Wangcha Rajkumar Government College, [[Deomali]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WANGCHA RAJKUMAR GOVT.COLLEGE |url=https://www.wrgcollege.edu.in/ |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=www.wrgcollege.edu.in |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009152333/https://www.wrgcollege.edu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is the only college in the southeastern part of Arunachal Pradesh. It caters to the students from [[Tirap district|Tirap]], [[Changlang]] and [[Longding district|Longding]] districts.

There are also trust institutes, like Pali Vidyapith, run by Buddhists. They teach Pali and [[Khamti language|Khamti]] scripts in addition to typical education subjects. [[Khamti people|Khamti]] is the only tribe in Arunachal Pradesh that has its own script. Libraries of scriptures are in a number of places in [[Lohit district]], the largest one being in [[Chowkham]].

The state has two polytechnic institutes: [[Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic]] in Itanagar established in 2002 and Tomi Polytechnic College in Basar established in 2006. There are two law colleges, namely, the private-owned Arunachal Law Academy at Itanagar and the government-owned Jarbom Gamlin Government Law College at Jote, Itanagar. The College of Horticulture and Forestry is affiliated to the [[Central Agricultural University]], [[Imphal]].

==Politics==
{{see also|Politics of Arunachal Pradesh}}
Arunachal Pradesh suffered [[2015–16 Arunachal Pradesh political crisis|political crisis]] between April 2016 and December 2016. The [[Indian National Congress]] Chief Minister [[Nabam Tuki]] replaced [[Jarbom Gamlin]] as the [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]] on 1 November 2011 and continued until January 2016. After a political crisis in 2016, [[President's rule]] was imposed ending his tenure as the chief minister. In February 2016, [[Kalikho Pul]] became the Chief Minister when 14 disqualified MLAs were reinstated by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. On 13 July 2016, the Supreme Court quashed the Arunachal Pradesh Governor [[Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa|J.P. Rajkhowa]]'s order to advance the Assembly session from 14 January 2016 to 16 December 2015, which resulted in President's rule in Arunachal Pradesh. As a result, Nabam Tuki was reinstated as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 13 July 2016. But hours before floor test, he resigned as the chief minister on 16 July 2016. He was succeeded by [[Pema Khandu]] as the INC Chief Minister who later joined PPA in September 2016 along with majority of MLAs. Pema Khandu further joined BJP in December 2016 along with majority of MLAs. Arunachal Pradesh becomes second northeast Indian state to achieve [[Open defecation#Open defecation free|ODF]] status.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-becomes-2nd-ne-state-to-achieve-odf-status/articleshow/62348405.cms |title=Arunachal becomes 2nd NE state to achieve ODF status |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125030743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-becomes-2nd-ne-state-to-achieve-odf-status/articleshow/62348405.cms |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
During 2017, 2021, and 2023, China compiled a list of name alterations for multiple locations in Arunachal Pradesh, in both Chinese and Tibetan languages. China asserts these areas as belonging to "Southern Tibet" and being integral parts of China. The proposed changes encompassed 11 alterations, covering geographical landmarks like mountain summits and rivers, as well as residential zones.<ref name=HT/> The Indian government has continued to reject Chinese claims of geographical ownership of parts of Arunachal Pradesh. National military forces on both sides have increased over the Indian-Chinese border.<ref name="BBC_Apr2023">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh: India rejects China's attempt to rename disputed places |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65134534 |work=BBC News |date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404074648/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65134534 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 August 2023, China further provoked India when the PRC's Ministry of Natural Resources released its new 'standard map' in which Arunachal Pradesh was depicted as a part of PRC. Other internationally disputed lands and waters were also depicted as PRC territory on their new map.<ref name=HT>''Himalayan Times'', "China Provokes India, includes Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin in new 'standard map' ", p.3, 30 August 2023. ''Asian News International'', Beijing, 29 August 2023.</ref>

== State symbols ==

{{see also|List of symbols of Indian states and territories}}

{| class="toccolours" style="margin:0.2em;"

|-
|-
| '''Emblem'''
| [[Emblem of Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[File:Arunachal Pradesh Seal.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''Animal'''
| Mithun (''[[Bos frontalis]]'') || [[File:Wild Bos gaurus Upparabeeranahalli.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Bird'''
| Hornbill (''[[Buceros bicornis]]'') || [[File:Great-Hornbill.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Flower'''
| Foxtail orchid (''[[Rhynchostylis retusa]]'') || [[File:Rhynchostylis retusa.JPG|50px]]
|-
| '''Tree'''
| [[Hollong]] (''Dipterocarpus retusus'')<ref name="State Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh">{{Cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol.php |title=Arunachal Pradesh Symbols |website=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127114512/http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol.php |archive-date=27 November 2017 }}</ref> || [[File:Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Hollong young leafIMG 1920 05.jpg|50px]]
|-
|}
{{clear}}

==Geographical indication==
[[Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice)]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 3 October 2023 and is valid until 12 December 2031.<ref>{{cite news |title=18 lesser-known GI-certified products of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/18-lesser-known-gi-certified-products-of-arunachal-pradesh/photostory/108183979.cms |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

Namsai Organic Spices and Agricultural Producer Company Limited from Lohit, proposed the GI registration of Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice). After filing the application in December 2021, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice)" exclusive to the rice grown in the region. It thus became the first rice variety from Arunachal Pradesh and the 3rd type of goods from Arunachal Pradesh to earn the GI tag. The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Aksai Chin]]
* [[Arunachal Scouts]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh Police]]
* [[Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of people from Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=The McMahon Line: a Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 2: Hardinge, McMahon and the Simla Conference |year=1966 |publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/mcmahonlinestudy0002lamb_h1e5 |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 2|1966}}}}
* {{citation |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |title=India's China War |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-394-47051-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaschinawar0000maxw |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Maxwell, India's China War|1970}}}}
* {{citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |title=Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries |publisher=Praeger |year=1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanfrontie00wood |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969}}}}
* {{citation |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |title=A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC |year=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91176-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Neville |last=Maxwell |title=India's China War |publisher=Anchor Books |year=1972}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mizuno|first1=Kazuharu|last2=Tenpa|first2=Lobsang|title=Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India: A Study of Monpa|year=2015|publisher=Springer
}}
* {{cite book|last=Eilmer|first=David|title=The Emperor Far Away:Travels at the Edge of China|year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949|type=PhD|publisher=Guwahati University|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|hdl=10603/67909|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100526/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Kri |editor-first=Sokhep |title=State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh, Volume 1 |publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh |year=2010 |isbn=978-81906587-3-7 |url=https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/state-gazetteer.pdf |ref={{sfnref|State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Richardson |first=Hugh E. |title=Tibet and its History |edition=Second |publisher=Shambala |location=Boulder/London |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-87773-789-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45QizQEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Nanda |first=Neeru |chapter=Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands: A Historical Overview |editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Mayilvaganan |editor2-first=Nasima |editor2-last=Khatoon |editor3-first=Sourina |editor3-last=Bej |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition: Life and Society along the India-China Borderland |year=2020 |pages=29–44 |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-4346-3 |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4346-3_3 |s2cid=226473864}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Leo E.|last2=Fisher|first2=Margaret Welpley |title=The North-East Frontier Agency of India |date=1967 |publisher=Institute of International Studies |location=California |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/The_North_East_Frontier_Agency_of_India/AIG1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=14 February 2026}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Arunachal Pradesh}}
;Government
* [http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ Official Site of the government of Arunachal Pradesh]
* [http://arunachaltourism.com/#0 Official Tourism Site of Arunachal Pradesh, India]

;General information
* {{Britannica|37367}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2027346}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Arunachal Pradesh
|North = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], China
|Northeast =
|East = {{flag|Kachin State}}, Myanmar
|Southeast = {{flag|Sagaing Region}}, Myanmar
|South = [[Nagaland]]
|Southwest = [[Assam]]
|West = [[Samdrup Jongkhar District|Samdrup Jongkhar]], [[Trashigang District|Trashigang]] and [[Trashiyangtse District|Trashiyangtse]] Districts, Bhutan
|Northwest =
}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{North East India|state=collapsed}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]
[[Category:Tibet]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in India]]

Chopra clan

2026-02-22T12:58:53Z

LouJ11418910501:

{{Short description|Punjabi clan in Pakistan and India}}

{{infobox caste
| caste_name = '''Chopra'''
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| jati =
| gotra =
| religions = {{hlist| [[Hinduism]] | [[Sikhism]] | [[Jain]] }}
| languages = {{hlist| [[Gujari language|Gujari]] | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] | [[Dogri language|Dogri]] | [[Pahari language|Pahari]] | [[Hindi]] | [[Urdu]]}}
| country = {{hlist| [[India]] | [[Pakistan]] }}
| region = {{hlist| [[Punjab, Pakistan]] | [[Rajasthan]] | [[Punjab, India]] | [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] | [[Haryana]] | [[Azad Kashmir]] | [[Himachal Pradesh]] | [[Uttar Pradesh]] | [[Uttarakhand]]}}
| ethnicity = [[Gurjar]] (Gujjar)
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names =
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| subdivisions =
| related =
}}
'''Chopra''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiVjAAAAIAAJ&q=Chopra+Gujjar |title=Himachal: Nature's Peaceful Paradise |date=1971 |publisher=Indian School Supply Depot |pages=102 |language=en |quote=Gujjar: They were mostly Hindus but during the reign of Aurangazeb they embraced Islam, hence are mostly Sunnis though their sub-castes viz, Chandel, Bhatti, Banja, Lodhe, Kasane, Bhensi, '''Chopra''', Chauhan, Chechi, Khatapa.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9s8cAQAAMAAJ&q=Gujjar+subcaste+Chopra |title=Contemporary Social Sciences |date=1975 |publisher=Research Foundation |language=en |quote=Gujjars: They were mostly Hindus but during the reign of Aurangazeb, most of them embraced Islam. Hence, they are mostly Sunnis though their sub - castes viz . Chandel, Bhatti, Banja, Lodhe, Kasane, Bhensi, Chopra, Chauhan...}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9pwEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chopra+gujjars&pg=PA76 |title=The Gujjars -Vol 04 (Gujjars History & Culture) by Dr. Javaid Rahi |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture, Languages, Jammu |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warikoo |first1=Kulbhushan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chopra+gujjars |title=Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir |last2=Som |first2=Sujit |date=2000 |publisher=Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref> is a clan found in the [[Gurjar]] Punjabi ethnic community of Pakistan and India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Negi |first=Thakur Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGYeAAAAMAAJ&q=Chopra+Gujjar |title=Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh: A Profile |date=1976 |publisher=Negi |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref>

They are mainly adherents of Hinduism, Sikhism and Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Promode Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a54tAAAAMAAJ&q=Chopra+Gujjar |title=Nomads in India: Proceedings of the National Seminar |last2=Malhotra |first2=K. C. |date=1982 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |pages=65 |language=en |quote=Gujjars: But a section of them who were not converted or who after conversion abandoned Islam still continues to be Hindus, though they are in the minority. Their sub-castes or gotras like Bhatti, Chandal, Chauhan, Baniya, Lodha, Kasara, Bhensi, Chopra, Chechi, Khatara, etc.}}</ref> The variations of the name include Chopra,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Otppyf6MbxgC&dq=Chopra+Gujjar&pg=PA80 |title=The World of Nomads |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-8382-051-6 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref> '''''Chonpra''''', or '''''Chupra.'''''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&q=Chupra+chopra&pg=PA446 |title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern |date=2008 |publisher=Kalpaz Publisher |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |language=en |quote=Gujar sections: Chupra, Gurdaspur, Chopra, Ludhiana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warikoo |first1=Kulbhushan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chopada+Gujar |title=Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir |last2=Som |first2=Sujit |date=2000 |publisher=Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya |pages=8 |language=en |quote=The Desh Mukhas of '''Chopada''' are one of the chief Dor Gujar families in Khan-desh. They claim to belong to Pavar (Parmar) family of Kashyap rishi clan.}}</ref>

==Ethnography==

Some Chopra Gujjar families have settled in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], and Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, but the vast majority of them live in the northern [[India]]n states of [[Himachal Pradesh]],<ref name=":2" /> [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref name=":0" /> (mainly in the districts of [[Gurdaspur]], [[Ludhiana]] and [[Hoshiarpur]]), Haryana and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":1" />

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
#James M. Campbell (1880) [https://books.google.com/books?id=cxkP2xgNfh0C&dq=Chopada+Gujar&pg=PA67 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Under Government Orders. Khàndesh. Volume XII] [Dr.]: Government Central Press. p. 67
#[[Horace Arthur Rose]] (1911) [https://books.google.com/books?id=axkwAQAAIAAJ A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province] Low Price Publications. p. 182 "CHONPRA, a Gujar clan (agricultural) found in Amritsar."
#V.Verma (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=jA1uAAAAMAAJ Ban-Gujars: A Nomadic Tribe in Himachal Pradesh] B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 104 {{ISBN|9788176461122}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}

2014–15 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-21T15:47:03Z

LouJ11418910501:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2014–15 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate = 7 December 2014
| todate = 12 March 2015
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, awarded to the winners
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| champions = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| count = 8
| participants = 27
| matches = 115
| most runs = [[Robin Uthappa]] (912) (Karnataka)
| most wickets = [[Vinay Kumar]] (48) (Karnataka)
| previous_year = 2013–14
| previous_tournament = 2013–14 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2015–16
| next_tournament = 2015–16 Ranji Trophy
}}
The '''2014–15 [[Ranji Trophy]]''' was the 81st edition of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India. It was contested by 27 teams divided into three groups of nine teams each. The top three teams from Groups A and B advanced to the quarter-finals with the top two teams from Group C. [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] retained the title won during the [[2013–14 Ranji Trophy|2013–14 season]]. In the final, [[Karun Nair]] scored 328 runs, the highest total in the final of the Ranji Trophy.<ref name="OTD">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149428.html |title=The most exhilarating ODI of them all |access-date=14 March 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Points system==
The 27 teams are divided into three groups of nine teams each. The top three teams from Groups A and B advance to the quarterfinals along with the top two teams from Group C. The winner of this knock-out tournament wins the Ranji Trophy. These knock-out matches are decided on the first innings result if the final result is a [[draw (cricket)|draw]].

Points in the group stage of the tournament are awarded as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scenario !! Points
|-
| Outright win || 6
|-
| Bonus point (for innings and 10 wicket wins) || 1
|-
| 1st innings lead (in case of draw) || 3
|-
| 1st innings deficit (in case of draw) || 1
|-
| No result || 1
|-
| Outright defeat || none
|}

==Groups==
The groups drawn are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=J&K to play Ranji matches away from home|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/803141.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Group A'''
* [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
* [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
* [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
* [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
* [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]

{{col-3}}
'''Group B'''
* [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
* [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
* [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
* [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
* [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
* [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
* [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
* [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
* [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]

{{col-3}}
'''Group C'''
* [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
* [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
* [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
* [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
* [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
* [[Services cricket team|Services]]
{{col-end}}

==Points table==

Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2014-15/engine/series/775441.html?view=pointstable|title=League Points Table|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Group A'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! style="width:150px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:50px"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || 8 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''33''' || 1.633
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || 8 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''29''' || 1.244
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 8 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''20''' || 0.937
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || 8 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 6 || 0 || '''19''' || 1.143
|-
| [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || 8 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 5 || 0 || '''18''' || 1.078
|-
| [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || 8 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.922
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || 8 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''15''' || 0.760
|-
| [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || 8 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 7 || 0 || '''13''' || 0.921
|--bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 8 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 4 || 0 || '''12''' || 0.601
|}

{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].
* {{Color box|#fcc|border=darkgray}} Relegated to Group C for [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]].
}}

{{col-3}}
'''Group B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! style="width:150px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:50px"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || 8 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''37''' || 1.471
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || 8 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''26''' || 1.269
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || 8 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.675
|-
| [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || 8 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''24''' || 0.965
|-
| [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] || 8 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''20''' || 0.965
|-
| [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || 8 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''19''' || 0.947
|-
| [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || 8 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''18''' || 0.821
|-
| [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || 8 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''17''' || 0.875
|--bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || 8 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''10''' || 0.688
|}

{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].
* {{Color box|#fcc|border=darkgray}} Relegated to Group C for [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]].
}}
{{col-end}}

'''Group C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! style="width:150px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:50px"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] || 8 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''38''' || 1.325
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || 8 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''29''' || 1.454
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] || 8 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 || '''28''' || 1.677
|-
| [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] || 8 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 0 || '''21''' || 1.171
|-
| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || 8 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 6 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.123
|-
| [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || 8 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 6 || 0 || '''20''' || 0.908
|-
| [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] || 8 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 5 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.635
|-
| [[Services cricket team|Services]] || 8 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.779
|-
| [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || 8 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 5 || 0 || '''5''' || 0.664
|}

{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]] and promoted to Group A and B respectively for [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]].
}}

==Knockout stage==
{{8TeamBracket |nowrap=y
| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px
| RD3 = Final

| RD1-seed1 = C1
| RD1-team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| RD1-score1 = 185 & 338/4
| RD1-seed2 = '''A1'''
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (F)'''
| RD1-score2 = '''452 & 415/5d'''

| RD1-seed3 = B1
| RD1-team3 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD1-score3 = 166 & 236
| RD1-seed4 = '''A3'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''156 & 450'''

| RD1-seed5 = '''A2'''
| RD1-team5 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (F)'''
| RD1-score5 = '''403 & 266'''
| RD1-seed6 = B3
| RD1-team6 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| RD1-score6 = 259 & 142/8

| RD1-seed7 = C2
| RD1-team7 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| RD1-score7 = 138 & 101
| RD1-seed8 = '''B2'''
| RD1-team8 = '''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''
| RD1-score8 = '''91 & 223'''

| RD2-seed1 = '''A1'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''202 & 286'''
| RD2-seed2 = A3
| RD2-team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD2-score2 = 44 & 332

| RD2-seed3 = '''A2'''
| RD2-team3 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (F)'''
| RD2-score3 = '''549 & 119/0d'''
| RD2-seed4 = B2
| RD2-team4 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| RD2-score4 = 454

| RD3-seed1 = '''A1'''
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''762'''
| RD3-seed2 = A2
| RD3-team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD3-score2 = 134 & 411
}}

'''(F)''' - Advanced to next round on First Innings Lead

===Quarter-finals===
{{Test match| date = {{anchor|match109}} 16–20 February | team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] | team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 452 (144.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 153 (227)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Krishna Das (cricketer)|Krishna Das]] 4/101 (37.2 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 185 (75 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gokul Sharma]] 58 (168)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sreenath Aravind]] 3/36 (17 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 415/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (115 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ravikumar Samarth]] 178 (298)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Arup Das]] 2/63 (19 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 338/4 (88 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Gokul Sharma]] 127[[Not out|*]] (191)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravikumar Samarth]] 2/67 (15 overs)
| venue = [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]], [[Indore]]
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] and [[Pashchim Pathak]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2014-15/engine/match/776171.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = Karnataka won on 1st innings
| motm = [[Robin Uthappa]] (Karnataka)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match110}} 16–20 February | team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] | team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 156 (81 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Nikhil Patil]] 54[[Not out|*]] (116)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sumit Narwal]] 3/37 (19 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 166 (54 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 49 (58)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 5/54 (16 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 450 (143.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Akhil Herwadkar]] 161 (272)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Manan Sharma]] 4/92 (30 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 236 (87 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rajat Bhatia]] 49 (122)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Balwinder Sandhu (cricketer, born 1987)|Balwinder Sandhu]] 3/35 (17 overs)
| venue = [[DRIEMS Ground]], [[Cuttack]]
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to field
| umpires = [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2014-15/engine/match/776173.html Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by 204 runs
| motm = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Mumbai)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match111}} 16–20 February | team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] | team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 403 (169.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] 111 (305)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rakesh Dhurv]] 3/106 (35.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 259 (105.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Katariya]] 42 (152)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Malolan Rangarajan]] 3/42 (24.2 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 266 (98.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] 82 (146)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Swapnil Bandiwar]] 3/42 (14 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 142/8 (49 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ganesh Satish]] 59[[Not out|*]] (131)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Baba Aparajith]] 3/41 (19 overs)
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field
| umpires = [[Anil Dandekar]] and [[Rajesh Deshpande]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2014-15/engine/match/776175.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = Tamil Nadu won on 1st innings
| motm = [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] (Tamil Nadu)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match112}} 16–20 February | team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] | team2 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 91 (41.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohit Motwani]] 23 (66)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Siva Kumar]] 6/41 (16.5 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 138 (63.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Murumulla Sriram]] 31 (83)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Anupam Sanklecha]] 4/45 (18 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 223 (68.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kedar Jadhav]] 81 (86)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Siva Kumar]] 6/79 (21.3 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 101 (46.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[AG Pradeep]] 25 (80)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anupam Sanklecha]] 4/19 (11 overs)
| motm = [[Kedar Jadhav]] (Maharashtra)
| venue = [[Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium]], [[Rohtak]]
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] and [[Virender Sharma]]
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2014-15/engine/match/776177.html Scorecard]
| result = Maharashtra won by 75 runs
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match113}} 25 February-1 March | team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] | team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 202 (60.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 68 (100)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/61 (18 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 44 (15.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 15 (15)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 6/20 (8 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 286 (77.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 89 (113)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/69 (17.5 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 332 (121.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Aditya Tare]] 98 (207)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 4/69 (34 overs)
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| motm = [[Vinay Kumar]] (Karnataka)
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2014-15/engine/match/776179.html Scorecard]
| result = Karnataka won by 112 runs
| rain =
| notes = This is 2nd Lowest total(44) for Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2014-15/content/story/838755.html|title=Karnataka dismantle Mumbai for 44 |publisher=ESPN |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date= 25 February 2015}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match114}} 25 February-1 March | team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] | team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 549 (226.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 113 (304)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anupam Sanklecha]] 3/115 (45 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 454 (142 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Swapnil Gugale]] 154 (282)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Aswin Crist]] 4/89 (34 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 119/0 d (46.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Abhinav Mukund]] 66[[Not out|*]] (144)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 0/7 (6 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets = team2-inns2 =
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| motm = [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] (Tamil Nadu)
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to bat
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] and [[Pashchim Pathak]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2014-15/engine/match/776181.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| rain =
| notes = Tamil Nadu won on 1st innings
}}

===Final===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match115}} 8–12 March | team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] | team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 134 (62.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Abhinav Mukund]] 35 (137)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 5/34 (15.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 762 (231.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Karun Nair]] 328 (560)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] 3/95 (34 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 411 (107.5 ov)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 120 (112)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shreyas Gopal]] 4/126 (25 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets = team2-inns2 =
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| motm = [[Karun Nair]] (Karnataka)
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2014-15/engine/match/776183.html Scorecard]
| result = Karnataka won by an innings and 217 runs
}}

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Team
! class="unsortable" | Inns
! Runs
! Ave
! HS
! 100s
! 50s
|- align="center"
| [[Robin Uthappa]] || Karnataka || 19 || '''912''' || 50.66 || 156 || 2 || 5
|- align="center"
| [[Dinesh Karthik]] || Tamil Nadu || 19 || '''884''' || 55.25 || 129 || 4 || 2
|- align="center"
| [[Abhinav Mukund]] || Tamil Nadu || 20 || '''858''' || 45.15 || 140 || 2 || 4
|- align="center"
| [[KL Rahul]] || Karnataka || 9 || '''838''' || 93.11 || 337 || 2 || 3
|- align="center"
| [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]] || Saurashtra || 14 || '''819''' || 68.25 || 181* || 3 || 3
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
! Player
! Team
! Inns
! Wickets
! Ave.
! BBI
! BBM
! 5/i
! 10/m
|- align="center"
| [[Shardul Thakur]] || Mumbai|| 18 || '''48''' || 20.81 || 6/20 || 9/90 || 3 || 0
|- align="center"
| [[Vinay Kumar]] || Karnataka|| 19|| '''48''' || 18.72 || 6/53 || 9/123 || 5 || 0
|- align="center"
| [[Siva Kumar]] || Andhra || 15 || '''44''' || 14.25 || 7/30 || 12/120 || 4 || 2
|- align="center"
| [[Sreenath Aravind]] || Karnataka || 19 || '''42''' || 17.42 || 4/9 || 8/61 || 0 || 0
|- align="center"
| [[Rishi Dhawan]] || Himachal Pradesh || 13 || '''40''' || 24.75 || 7/93 || 11/185 || 4 || 1
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2014-15/content/series/775441.html 2014–15 Ranji Trophy on ESPNcricinfo]

{{Ranji Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2014-15}}
[[Category:2014 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2015 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2014–15]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Radhe Maa

2026-02-19T12:55:14Z

LouJ11418910501: created

{{Short description|Indian Hindu guru (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Sukhvinder Kaur
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1965|4|4}}<ref name="DNA_who_2015"/>
| birth_place = [[Gurdaspur district, Punjab]], India
| organization = Shri Radhe Guru Maa Charitable Trust
| website = {{url|radhemaa.com}}
}}
'''Sukhvinder Kaur''' (born 4 April 1965), better known as '''Radhe Maa''', is an Indian [[guru]] and [[Godman (India)|godwoman]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-05|title=From tailor to controversial 'godwoman': 10 things to know about Radhe Maa|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-tailor-to-controversial-godwoman-10-things-to-know-about-radhe-maa/story-tst3CbRQWgM711EzyCjnjI.html|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> She has been involved with families in [[Mukerian]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]] and abroad. She made her television debut as a guest on [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torkham |first=Sulabha |date=2020-09-29 |title=Controversial godwoman Radhe Maa to enter Bigg Boss 14 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/controversial-godwoman-radhe-maa-to-enter-bigg-boss-14-1726711-2020-09-29 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sukhvinder Kaur was born in Dorangala village, [[Gurdaspur district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="DNA_who_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-radhe-maa-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-god-woman-2111688 |title=Who is Radhe Maa? Everything you wanted to know about the 'god-woman' |newspaper=DNA |date=2015-08-06 }}</ref> Her followers state that she was drawn to spirituality as a child, and spent a lot of time at the [[Kali]] temple in her village.<ref name="DNA_who_2015"/> However, according to people of her village, she did not show any spiritual leanings as a child. Kaur studied till the 4th standard.<ref name="MM_how_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/How-Sukhwinder-Kaur-became-Radhe-Maa/articleshow/48383809.cms |title=How Sukhwinder Kaur became Radhe Maa |author=Gagandeep Dhillon |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=2015-08-07 }}</ref>

== As a spiritual leader ==
During her early years in [[Mumbai]], Kaur used to frequently travel back to [[Hoshiarpur]] and [[Kapurthala]] in Punjab for [[satsang|''satsang'']]. Later she started giving out money to poor for gaining more followers in Mumbai, [[Delhi]] and other cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The many devotions of India |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/radhe-maa-asaram-ramdev-sadhguru-godmen-gurus-superstition-blind-faith-5864 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}</ref>

A lot of veteran [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] and TV actors are also reported to be ''[[Bhakti movement|bhakt]]'' (devotees) of Kaur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Radhe-Maa-and-her-small-screen-connection/photostory/48748256.cms|title=Radhe Maa and her small screen connection|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 August 2015 }}</ref>

Bollywood film director [[Subhash Ghai]] visited her to take her blessings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-celebrities-and-their-spiritual-gurus/16478168 | title=Subhash Ghai visits Radhe Maa to take her blessings| date=24 August 2015}}</ref>

In December 2017, Kaur was declared a "fraud" by [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]], an organisation of [[Hindu]] [[Sant (religion)|Sants]] (saints) and [[Sadhu|Sadhus]] (ascetics) in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Apex body of sadhus releases 2nd list of fake godmen – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/apex-body-of-sadhus-releases-2nd-list-of-fake-godmen/articleshow/62299603.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615144958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/apex-body-of-sadhus-releases-2nd-list-of-fake-godmen/articleshow/62299603.cms |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sources of authority within the Hindu tradition, and their impact on wider society - RE:ONLINE |url=https://www.reonline.org.uk/knowledge/hindu-worldview-traditions/sources-of-authority/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206151128/https://www.reonline.org.uk/knowledge/hindu-worldview-traditions/sources-of-authority/ |archive-date=2023-12-06 |access-date= |work=RE:ONLINE |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Legal issues and controversies ==
In 2015, a woman named Niki Gupta filed a complaint alleging that Kaur had instigated her in-laws to harass her for [[Dowry system in India|dowry]]; in response, Kaur was granted anticipatory bail by the [[Bombay High Court]], which directed her to cooperate with [[Kandivali]] police during the investigation.

In 2016, Kandivali police submitted a charge sheet in that dowry harassment case but omitted Kaur's name, citing lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2016 |title=Radhe Maa not named as accused in dowry harassment case |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050716/radhe-maa-not-named-as-accused-in-dowry-harassment-case.html |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

In April 2017, the [[Bombay High Court]] asked the police to record the complainant's statement and reevaluate the probe.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2017 |title=Dowry case: HC tells police to record statement against Radhe Maa |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/dowry-case-hc-tells-police-to-record-statement-against-radhe-maa-398971 |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

In 2023, a sessions court rejected Kaur's plea to quash a defamation suit filed by Gupta, in which Gupta claimed that Kaur's remarks in a television interview had defamed her.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2023 |title=Sessions court rejects relief to Radhe Maa in defamation case filed by Borivali resident Nikki Gupta |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/sessions-court-rejects-relief-to-radhe-maa-in-defamation-case-filed-by-borivali-resident-nikki-gupta-101689880833078.html |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maa, Radhe}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]

Sikh culture

2026-02-17T17:51:12Z

LouJ11418910501: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|none}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

The [[Sikhs]] are adherents to [[Sikhism]], the fifth largest organized religion in the world, with around 25 million adherents.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism |title=Sikhism |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=7 August 2018 }}</ref> Sikh History is around 500 years and in that time the Sikhs have developed unique expressions of art and culture which are influenced by their faith and synthesize traditions from many other cultures depending on the locality of the adherents of the religion. Sikhism is the only religion that originated in the [[Punjab region]] with all other religions coming from outside Punjab (with the possible exception of Punjabi Hinduism since the oldest Hindu scripture – the [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]] – was composed in the [[Punjab region]]. Some other religions, like [[Jainism]], may also claim to have originated in Punjab since Jain symbolism has been found among artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization). All the Sikh gurus, many saints, and many of the martyrs in Sikh history were from Punjab and from the [[Punjabi people]] (as well as other parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]]).

[[Punjabi culture]] and Sikhism are mistakenly considered inseparably intertwined. "Sikh" properly refers to adherents of Sikhism as a religion, strictly not an ethnic group. However, because Sikhism has seldom sought converts, most Sikhs share strong [[Ethnoreligious group|ethno-religious]] ties, therefore it is a common stereotype that all [[Sikhs]] share the same [[ethnicity]]. Many countries, such as the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], therefore misconcievingly recognize Sikh as a designated ethnicity on their censuses.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Petition to Disaggregate Sikhs Correctly in the 2010 Census
| url = http://www.unitedsikhs.org/petitions/census.php
| access-date = 20 November 2014}}</ref> The American non-profit organization [[United Sikhs]] has fought to have Sikhs included on the [[United States|U.S.]] census as well, arguing that Sikhs "self-identify as an 'ethnic minority'" and believe "that they are more than just a religion".<ref>{{cite web
| title = Memorandum Regarding the Tabulation of Sikh Ethnicity in the United States Census
| url = http://www.unitedsikhs.org/petitions/Memo%20re%20Sikh%20Ethnicity.pdf
| access-date = 20 November 2014}}</ref>

==Cultural societies of the Sikhs==
[[File:True-colour photograph - ‘Group of Tibetans at the “Golden Temple” of the Sikhs’, 15 January 1914.jpg|thumb|True-colour photograph - ‘Group of [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] at the “Golden Temple” of the Sikhs’, 15 January 1914]]
There is a common misconception that all Sikhs belong to the [[Punjab region]]. The religion's birthplace of Punjab itself has been called "India’s melting pot",<ref>[http://www.craftsbridge.com/craftsbridge/scripts/gotofacts?url=/information/regions/punjab/pnlife.htm the Crafts of the Punjab]</ref> and many other parts of [[Northern India]] due to the heavy influence of invading cultures, such as [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Medieval Persia|Persian]], that mirrors the confluence of rivers from which the region gets its name (from [[Persian language|Persian]], "panj" پنج meaning "five" and "-āb" آب meaning water thus meaning land of the five waters). Thus, Sikh culture is to a large extent a result of groups of various cultures uniting together, thus forming a unique one.

[[Sikhism]] has forged a unique form of [[Sikh architecture|architecture]] which Bhatti describes as being "inspired by [[Guru Nanak]]’s creative mysticism" such that [[Sikh architecture]] "is a mute harbinger of holistic humanism based on pragmatic spirituality".<ref>[http://www.punjabheritage.org/catagories/architectural-heritage/the-magnificence-of-sikh-architecture.html The magnificence of Sikh architecture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214193843/http://www.punjabheritage.org/catagories/architectural-heritage/the-magnificence-of-sikh-architecture.html |date=2007-12-14 }}</ref> The keynote of Sikh architecture is the [[Gurdwara]] which is the personification of the "melting pot" of [[Indian culture]]s, full of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]], [[Aryan]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] influences.
The reign of the [[Sikh Empire]] was the single biggest catalyst in the creation of a uniquely Sikh form of expression, with Maharajah [[Ranjit Singh]] patronising the building of forts, palaces, bungs (residential places), colleges, etc. that can be said to be of the ''Sikh Style''. The "jewel in the crown" of the ''Sikh Style'' is the [[Harmandir Sahib]].

Sikh culture and identity are heavily influenced by militaristic motifs, with [[Khanda (Sikh symbol)|Khanda]] being the most obvious; thus it is no surprise that the majority of Sikh artifacts, independent of the relics of the [[Sikh Guru|Gurus]], have a military theme. This motif is again evident in the Sikh festivals of [[Hola Mohalla]] and [[Vasakhi]] which feature marching and practicing displays of valor, respectively.

The art, culture, identity, and society of the [[Sikhs]] have been merged with the different localities and ethnicities of different Sikhs into categories such as 'Agrahari Sikhs', 'Dakhni Sikhs' and 'Assamese Sikhs'; however there has emerged a niche cultural phenomenon that can be described as 'Political Sikh'. The art of prominent [[Sikh diaspora|diaspora Sikhs]] such as Amarjeet Kaur Nandhra,<ref>[https://www.artministry.co.uk/services/delta_cms/content/communitygroup.aspx?GroupID=104 Textile artist Amarjeet Kaur Nandhra]</ref> and Amrit and Rabindra Kaur Singh ([[The Singh Twins]]),<ref>[http://sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=168&cat=1 Singh Twins Art Launches Liverpool Fest]</ref> is partly informed by their Sikh spirituality and influence.

== Physical culture ==
{{See also|Sports in Punjab|Indian physical culture}}
[[File:A Sikh Warrior At Kila Raipur Sports Thakur Dalip Singh (130487623).jpeg|thumb|Sikh rider during the [[Qila Raipur Sports Festival]]]]
Physical fitness is a major part of Sikhism, having been a major part of the religion in the context of military preparedness from the time of the gurus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samachar |first=Asia |date=2025-04-15 |title=Sikhs and the sporting spirit |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2025/04/15/sikhs-and-the-sporting-spirit/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Asia Samachar |language=en-GB}}</ref> This saw the community become termed as a [[martial race]] by the British during the colonial era (see also: [[Sikhism and the British Empire]]).<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Johal |first=Sanjiev |title=The sport of lions: the Punjabi-Sikh sporting experience: a study into the place of sport in the socio-cultural landscape of Punjabi-Sikhs in Britain |date=2002 |degree=phd |publisher=University of Warwick |url=https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/2890/ |language=en |pages=108}}</ref>

==Culture of Sikh communities==
Dusenbery (2014) states that Punjabi Sikhs form the majority of the Sikh population. He notes that "some Sindhis and other South Asians have been affiliated at the margins as [[Nanakpanthi]]s (‘followers of Nanak’s path’) or [[Sehajdhari]] (‘slow adopter’) Sikhs" but in the main, "the Sikh Panth has remained largely a Punjabi affair".<ref>
Verne A. Dusenbery (2014) Punjabi Sikhs and Gora Sikhs. The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Edited by Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech
3DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.025</ref> However, the Sikh community is varied and includes people who speak the [[Pashto language]], the [[Sindhi language]], the [[Telugu language]] and many more. The many communities following Sikhism are detailed below.

===Afghani Sikhs===
{{main|Sikhism in Afghanistan}}
The Sikhs of [[Afghanistan]] have a unique culture which has elements of the [[culture of Afghanistan]]. Tatla (2014) states that there were 3,000 Sikhs in Afghanistan in his book The Sikh Diaspora which was published in 2014.<ref>Tatla, D. S (2014) The Sikh Diaspora. The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Edited by Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.040</ref>

===American Sikhs===
{{Main|Sikhism in the United States}}
[[Yogi Bhajan]] is credited with [[3HO|raising awareness]] of Sikhism amongst the non-Asian community of the United States of America. This community is known as the white Sikh community which practices Sikhism and maintains a distinct culture.<ref>Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt [https://books.google.com/books?id=qT0yAQAAQBAJ&dq=white+sikhs+culture&pg=PA43]</ref>

===Assamese Sikhs===
{{See also|Sikhism_in_India#Assamese_Sikhs}}
The presence of [[Sikhism]] has existed in [[Assam]]<ref>[http://sikhinstitute.org/sikhs_living_outside/5-himadribanerjee.html Himadri Banerjee Institute of Sikh Studies]</ref> for over 200 years. The community traces its origins to the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who took his army to Assam and put some influence of the religion towards the locals. According to the 2001 census, there were 22,519 [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] in [[Assam]],<ref name="Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner 2001">{{cite web|url = http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Census of India 2001: Population by religious communities|author=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|year=2001|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref> out of which 4,000 are Assamese Sikhs.<ref name="The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 2003">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030824/spectrum/book8.htm The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 2003]</ref>

Assamese Sikhs follow the Sikh religion and celebrate Sikh festivals. They also celebrate cultural festivals such as [[Magh Bihu]] and wear traditional Assamese dress. Their language is the [[Assamese language]].<ref name="The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 2003"/><ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/244159/though-nearly-200-years-assam.html Deccan Herald 23 04 2012]</ref>

===Agrahari Sikhs===
{{Main|Agrahari Sikh}}
[[Agrahari Sikh]] is a [[Sikh]] community found in [[eastern India]] including the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]. Agrahari Sikhs, also known as ''Bihari Sikhs'', have existed for centuries in [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://sikhinstitute.org/sikhs_living_outside/5-himadribanerjee.html
|title=Sikhs and Sikhism in Eastern and North-Eastern India
|work=Institute of Sikh Studies
}}</ref>

Bihari Sikhs share their culture with the local Bihari community. The men generally wear the local dhoti and women wear the sari. They also celebrate cultural festivals such as the [[Chath]] festival.<ref>Calcutta Mosaic: Essays and Interviews on the Minority Communities of Calcutta : edited by Nilanjana Gupta, Himadri Banerjee, Sipra Mukherjee [https://books.google.com/books?id=0RrOpM9L5xMC&dq=Agrahari+sikhs+culture&pg=PA175]</ref>

===Dakhni Sikhs===
{{See also|Sikhism_in_India#South_Indian_Sikhs}}
[[File:Painting depicting the wedding of Guru Nanak from an illustrated manuscript of the Janamsakhi from Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting the wedding of Guru Nanak from a 19th-century illustrated manuscript of the ''[[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]]'' from Maharashtra]]
Dakhni Sikhs are from the [[Deccan Plateau]] in India located within the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana|Telegana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Zee New 18 10 2011">[https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/away-from-punjab-the-south-indian-sikhs_737141.html Zee New 18 10 2011]</ref> The traditional dress of women is the [[sari]]. The native languages of Dakhni Sikhs include [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>The Tribune 28 10 2014 Birinder Pal Singh</ref>

===Kashmiri Sikhs===
{{Main|Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir}}
Ethnic Kashmiri Sikhs speak the [[Kashmiri language]] and observe Kashmiri culture. They trace their religious heritage to the influence of Sikh soldiers who settled in [[Kashmir]] under Maharaja Ranjit Singh's rule in 1819. However, the soldiers permanently settled in [[Kashmir]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5cXqAQAAQBAJ&dq=kashmiri+sikhs&pg=PA100 Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People By Mohini Qasba Raina]</ref>

===Punjabi Sikhs===
{{Main|Punjabi Sikhs}}{{See also|Punjabis|Sikhism in Pakistan|Religion in Punjab}}
Punjabi Sikhs follow the [[Punjabi culture]]. Their traditional dress includes the [[Punjabi Salwar Suit]], [[Punjabi Tamba and Kurta]], [[Punjabi juti]] and [[Patiala salwar]].

In addition to the [[List of Sikh festivals|Sikh festivals]] using the [[Nanakshahi calendar]], Punjabi Sikhs observe traditional [[Punjabi festivals]] using the [[Punjabi calendar]].

===Sindhi Sikhs===
{{main |Sindhis in India}}
{{See also|Sikhism in Pakistan}}In addition to celebrating Sikh festivals, Sindhi Sikhs celebrate cultural festivals such as [[Cheti Chand]], the Sindhi new year. Sindhi Sikhs speak the [[Sindhi language]]. [[Tat Khalsa|Khalsa]] Sikhs historically had a stronghold in Kandhra, [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]] during the reign of the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] Mirs (1775–1955).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=21 December 2018 |title=Mirs and Minorities |url=https://www.academia.edu/38046277 |website=Originally published on The Friday Times, republished on Academia.edu}}</ref> However, most Sikhs in Sindh are followers of the [[Udasi]], [[Sewapanthi]], and [[Nanakpanthi]] sects.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagraj |title=A complete guide to Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Unistar Books |isbn=978-81-7142-754-3 |location=Chandigarh, India |pages=249 |oclc=319683249 |quote=Sewa Panthi Sampardai: Literally sewa panthi sampardai means fellowship of service. It was founded by Bhai Ghahnaiya, who during the siege of Anandpur toured the battlefield carrying water and serving it to friend and foe alike. Sewa Panthis are principally Sindhi Sikhs, celibate, and very few. They have established a big dera at Goniana Mandi in Bathinda district and now are mainly devoted to the cause of education in addition to preaching Sikhism.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=26 May 2013 |title=The Sikhs of Sindh |url=https://sikhchic.com/history/the_sikhs_of_sindh |website=Originally published on The Friday Times, republished on SikhChic}}</ref> Only around 8,000–10,000 people in present-day Sindh are mainstream, orthodox Khalsa Sikh. The vast majority belong to the aforementioned sects whom may practice varying degrees of religious kinship and syncretism with Hinduism and Sufism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramey |first=Steven W. |title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |isbn=9780230616226 |edition=1st |pages=180–81}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Falzon |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mzh7EAAAQBAJ&dq=sindhi+guru+granth+sahib&pg=PT23 |title=Selling Anything Anywhere: Sindhis and Global Trade |date=2022-07-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-578-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takhar |first1=Opinderjit Kaur |title=Global Sikhs: Histories, Practices and Identities |last2=Jakobsh |first2=Doris R. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000847352 |series=Routledge Critical Sikh Studies |quote=Unlike Sufi shrines, the Sindhi mandir has escaped academic attention in the tracing of pre-partition syncretic traditions partially because of the geographical boundaries of Sikh and Panjab studies. The history of Sikhism in Sindh and the appeal of particular forms of Sikhism among Sindhi mandir can provide a glimpse into the co-existence of Sikh and Hindu practices in the Sindhi mandir. It was Richard F. Burton who, in his book Sindh & the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus (1851), "describes the curious mix of Hindu and Sikh practices among Sindhi Hindus". He observes that "they show a general tendency towards the faith of Nanak Shah, and that many castes have so intermingled the religion of the Sikhs with their original Hinduism, that we can scarcely discern the line of demarcation (1851)." The historical reason for the prevalence of these syncretic practices in Sindh was due to the Sindhis being introduced to Sikhism by the Udasipanth popularized by Guru Nanak's son Sri Chand whose followers are known as Nanakpanthi Sikhs in Sindh. Nanakpanth refers to Sikhs who follow the teachings of Guru Nanak without observing the five Ks prescribed for Khalsa Sikhs and do not find Hinduism as conflictual with Sikhism. Unlike Nanakpanthis who follow the rituals of Hinduism, perform idol worship, and are Hindus except that they keep Guru Granth Sahib in their places of worship, new categories of Sikhs in Sindh who describe themselves as Gursikhs claim to bow their heads only in front of the Guru Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref>Jatt, Zahida. (2018). Devotion Transcending Regional Boundaries: An Exploration of the Origin, Adaption and Development of Udasipanth in Sindh. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322343647_Devotion_Transcending_Regional_Boundaries_An_Exploration_of_the_Origin_Adaption_and_Development_of_Udasipanth_in_Sindh</ref> Udasis are generally concentrated in northern Sindh whilst Nanakpanthis can be found throughout the region except in areas of the [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani cultural sphere]] ([[Dhatki language|Dhatki]]-speaking areas) who practice a more mainstream, non-syncretic, and differentiated form of Hinduism.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Inderjeet |date=2017-03-24 |title=Sindhi Hindus & Nanakpanthis in Pakistan |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/sindhi-hindus-nanakpanthis-pakistan |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref> Nanakpanth and Udasipanth are different sects of Sikhism, with a major difference being that Udasis adopt a life-hood of celibacy whilst Nanakpanthis freely marry and bear children.<ref name=":4" /> Another Sikh sect, the Jagiasi, who claim to have been founded by the younger son of Guru Nanak named Lakhmi Das, were also historically prevalent in Sindh, especially during the period of Baba Gurupat, who was a descendant of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2011 |edition=3rd |volume=2: E-L |pages=318}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |date=October–December 2020 |title=Nanakpanthis |url=https://www.sikhinstitute.org/oct_2020/8_bhupinder.html |journal=Abstracts of Sikh Studies |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |volume=XXII |issue=4}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupender |title=Baba Nanak Shah Fakir |year=2022 |isbn=9789357046602 |pages=14–15 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jotwani |first=Motilal Wadhumal |title=Sindhi Literature and Society |publisher=Rajesh Publications |year=1979 |pages=65–66}}</ref> Baba Gurupat conducted missionary works in Sindh and founded many Jagiasu ''tikanas'' (seats; a term for a place of worship in many [[Sects of Sikhism|Sikh sects]]) in the region, specifically in [[Khairpur District|Khairpur]], [[Hyderabad District, Sindh|Hyderabad]], Halani, and [[Kandiaro Tehsil|Kandyaro]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":0" /> Sindhis may have been converting to Sikhism ever since the time of Guru Nanak, who traveled to the region.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Kochar |first1=Mandeep Kaur |title=Ideology of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Sindhiyat: Leading to a Virtuous World |last2=Pahwa |first2=Gurjit Kaur |last3=Garcha |first3=Pargat Singh |last4=Wadhwani |first4=Heena D. |publisher=Twentyfirst Century Publications |year=2019 |isbn=978-81-943233-9-6 |edition=1st |location=Patiala |pages=120–124 |chapter=A Historical Overview of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan and India — Their Reverence to Guru Nanak Devji}}</ref> [[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]] literature narrate that Guru Nanak traveled to [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]], possibly as far as [[Sukkur District|Sukkur]].<ref name=":1" /> Sindhi women learnt the Gurmukhi script in-order to understand the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":1" /> A lot of converts to Sikhism came from the [[Amils|Amil]] caste.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Chief Khalsa Diwan]] sent out orthodox Sikh missionaries to Sindh in the 1930s to preach towards [[Sahajdhari|''Sehajdharis'']] (literally "slow adopters"), which dominated the landscape of Sikhism in Sindh.<ref name=":1" /> The result was the number of ''[[Khalsa|Keshdhari]]'' (those who keep uncut hair) Sikhs recorded increasing from 1,000 in the 1901 census to over 39,000 in the 1941 census.<ref name=":1" /> Sant Thahriya Singh was a prominent Sindhi Sikh saint of the 20th century, and many gurdwaras are constructed in his name in the region.<ref name=":1" />

===South Indian Sikhs===
{{See also|Sikhism_in_India#South_Indian_Sikhs}}
[[File:Tanjore-style painting of a Sikh couple from South India, circa 1805.jpg|thumb|[[Tanjore Painting|Tanjore]]-style painting of a Sikh couple from [[South India]], circa 1805]]
There are [[Sikh]] communities in [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]] who converted to Sikhism centuries ago.

The Sikhs comprise [[Banjara]] and [[Satnami]]. The process of blending the religion into southern India for the Sikligars began at the time of the 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh, who came to the Deccan and died in 1708 at Nanded (Maharashtra).

It all came by the Sikligars as they came to southern India as expert arms-making camp followers of the tenth Guru. Sikligar is a compound of the Persian words `saiqal` and `gar` meaning a polisher of metal.<ref name="Zee New 18 10 2011"/> The traditional occupation of the [[Sikligar]]s is crafting kitchen implements.

Banjaras are a nomadic tribe who traditionally travelled with merchandise and are found across a large swathe of northern India, as well as in the south. Sikh Banjaras too travelled with armies of the past supplying them with provisions.<ref name="Zee New 18 10 2011"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|A frontispiece to the [[Dasven Padshah Da Granth|Dasam Granth]].
File:Hazuri Bagh bardari.jpg|The Bardari of Ranjit Singh, built in the Hazuri Bagh.
File:Ram bagh.jpg|Gateway of the [[Ram Bagh, Amritsar|Ram Bagh]], North-East of [[Amritsar]]; built by Maharajah [[Ranjit Singh]].
File:Sikh helmet.jpg|A Sikh helmet from the late 18th century. Note the adaptation on the helmet's crown to allow for a Sikh's uncut hair.
File:India Delhi Gurdwara Bangla Sahib 03 ni.JPG|One of the gates at the Sikh temple called Gurdwara Bangla Sahib, in Delhi.
File:Sri Guru Granth Sahib Nishan.jpg|Illuminated [[Adi Granth]] folio with ''nisan'' (autograph or signature) of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].
File:SikhNakashi.jpg|An opaque watercolour on paper, copy of Nakashi, c. 1880.
File:Templo dorado-Amritsar-India015.JPG|[[Harmandir Sahib]] or the Golden Temple, Amritsar, India.
File:Interior of Akal Takht.jpg|Interior of the [[Akal Takht]].
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Sikh art]]
*[[Indian art]]
*[[Turban training centre]]
*[[Sikh architecture]]
*[[Sikh scriptures]]
*[[History of Sikhism]]
*[[Punjabi culture]]
*[[Shastar Vidya]]
*[[Sikh chola]]
*[[Sikh Ajaibghar]]
*[[Mehdiana Sahib]]

== References and notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Sikhism}}
{{Asia in topic|Architecture of}}
{{Culture by religion}}

[[Category:Art movements]]
[[Category:Sikh culture]]

Sumathi Srinivas

2026-02-12T03:00:15Z

LouJ11418910501: Stub - done

{{Short description|CEO and founder of Twilite group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = December 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumathi Srinivas
| image = Sumathi Srinivas.jpg
| occupation = Social Entrepreneur
| spouse = Srinivas
| website =
}}

'''Sumathi Srinivas''' is best known as a [[Social Entrepreneur]] and an inspirational [[Motivational speaker|Speaker]]. She is the CEO & Founder of The Twilite Group, a media house with multiple divisions. She is the managing Trustee of an NGO called Soulmates Foundation, Founder of Twilite Creations event management company, Producer of ''Mrs. Home Maker'' – a reality show for women, Founder of a business networking forum called EWC – Elite Women Club, and the [[publisher]], [[editor-in-chief]] of ''WE Magazine''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sumathi-srinivas-inspires-entrepreneurs-across-the-world/article8576155.ece|title=More than words|last=Vijayan|first=Naveena|date=2016-05-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and ''Club Elite Magazine''.

== Social involvement ==
Sumathi Srinivas is the Managing Trustee of the NGO Soulmates Foundation<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140118/entertainment-tvmusic/article/sumathi-sets-clich%C3%A9s-straight|title=Sumathi sets the clichés straight|last=subramanian|first=anupama|date=2014-01-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/jul/09/recognising-a-soulmates-contribution-to-success-781172.html|title=Recognising a Soulmate's Contribution to Success|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 July 2015 |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> founded in 2013.

== We Magazine ==
''Women Exclusive Magazine''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/when-women-entrepreneurs-shared-empowering-stories/articleshow/63447613.cms|title=When women entrepreneurs shared empowering stories – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 March 2018 |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> is 15-year-old Indian magazine that has evolved to cover various topics including fashion, cinema, relationships, and achievers who have left a mark in the society.

Its marquee property includes the ''WE Awards''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/yashika-looked-pretty-at-the-14th-we-awards-at-feathers/articleshow/66556569.cms|title=Yashika looked pretty at the 14th We Awards at Feathers – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2018 |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/sivakarthikeyan-sj-surya-vikram-prabhu-pa-ranjith-atlee-12th-we-awards-2016-7705-slide-46841|title=Sivakarthikeyan, SJ Surya, Vikram Prabhu, Pa Ranjith, Atlee at 12th We Awards 2016 – Photos|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Raindrops Sadhanai Pengal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventyas.com/XX/Unknown/661027577281455/Raindropss-Women-Achiever-Awards---WAA|title=Raindropss Women Achiever Awards – WAA (2019)|website=www.eventyas.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>
* Tamil Business Women of the year(UK)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.b4umedia.in/?p=64839|title=WE magazine CEO Mrs.Sumathisrinivas was invited to give a speech in British parliament|last=admin|date=2016-04-21|website=B4 U Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-22}}{{Dead link|date=December 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, Sumathi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Ramachandran Ganapati

2026-02-10T02:53:21Z

LouJ11418910501: stub.

{{more citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Ramachandran Ganapati
|image=
|caption=The Inimitable Voice of Divinity
|birth_date = {{birth date|1935|9|1|df=y}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|2012|2|20|1935|9|1|df=y}}
}}

'''Ramachandran Ganapati''' (1 September 1935 – 20 February 2012) was an Indian writer.

==Family==
Ganapati was born on [[Vinayaka Chaturthi]] day, 1 September 1935. It was due to this reason that he was named so. His father was C. V. Ramachandra Iyer, honors degree holder in mathematics, vedic scholar, and official in the department of commercial tax, both under the British and the post-independence Indian governments. Ganapati’s mother was Jayalakshmi, a pious lady who hailed from a family of lawyers. Ganapati’s only sibling is Tripurasundari Subrahmanyan.

==Education & career==
Ganapati was a student of Hindu High School and later the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College, Madras]]. He was an honors graduate in English Literature. After a brief stint as reporter, he joined ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', the Tamil magazine. A suggestion letter written to [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] proved to be a life changer. [[Kalki Sadasivam]], who read the letter, immediately invited Ganapati to join ''Kalki''. He also assisted [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in the editorial functions of his journal ''[[Swarajya (magazine)|Swarajya]]''. He had contributed to editorial and music reviews in ''Kalki'' and had written under the pen-name of ''Kanya''. He regularly contributed articles and advised artists’ features on religion, temples, and epic-episodes. One of his most outstanding and much-quoted articles was the one on [[Kanchi Mahaswamigal]] delineation of the [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] classic ''Shri Subrahmanyaya Namaste'' to [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]].

==Works==
His first big work was ''Jaya Jaya Shankara'', which was published as a serial in ''Kalki'' in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|author=Charukesi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/religion/article2923784.ece |title=Voice of Paramacharya |work=The Hindu |date= 23 February 2012|accessdate=2013-08-08}}</ref> Reading about [[Adi Shankara]] and his philosophy of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]], in this book, people went to meet him for clarifications, and were taken by surprise to see a youngster as the author of such a complex subject. After working at ''Kalki'' for over ten years, he went on to write several other serialized biographies of saints like [[Ramakrishna]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Sarada Devi]], and [[Mirabai]].

Over another 25 years, after leaving ''Kalki'', he wrote a number of books and articles touching on the life and deeds of religious luminaries [[Kanchi Mahaswamigal]]. It is called as Deivathin Kural meaning "The voice of God", [[Sathya Sai Baba]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Ramana Maharshi]], [[Yogi Ramsuratkumar]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://divyavidyatrust.org/index.html |title=Divyavidyatrust.org |access-date=3 October 2012 |archive-date=16 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916095110/http://divyavidyatrust.org/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Death==
Ganapati died on 20 February 2012 on a [[Maha Sivaratri]] Day. Thus, both the day on which he was born and on which he died were special days for Hindus.

==See also==
* [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}



{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganapati, Ra}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]

Jerman Lepcha

2026-02-07T23:04:30Z

LouJ11418910501: Put Up New Details

{{Orphan|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
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'''Jerman Lepcha (German Lepcha)''' was a well known reformist against the Kazi Contractors exploitation of the people of Sikkim. Father of ex Deputy Speaker of Sikkim Assembly Mr. Ram Lepcha and grandfather of [[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Lepcha|first=Jerman|title=History of Democratic Movement|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim|year=2002|isbn=|location=Sikkim, India.|pages=73–74}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Jerman was born on 1 May 1910 in [[Namthang]], [[Sikkim]]. He was deprived of higher education because of lack of any school in the village but had functional knowledge of [[Lepcha language]] and [[Nepali language]]. His name became Jerman from Germon, which in lepcha language means yellow by an error.<ref name=":0" />

== Reform ==
Jerman was tormented by the exploitation of the Kazi contractors and hence decided to reform against them. He succeeded in abolishing the trend of carrying Kazis in palanquins by locals. He became part of an underground movement launched by Jainarayan Sapkota, Krishnalal Dahal, Khadanand Dahal, Dharmidhar Dahal and Mahasing Limbu. He also became part of non cooperative movement and encouraged the farmers to keep the lands of the Kazi contractors uncultivated and in famine asked people to loot the food reserves of the Kazi contractors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Dr Rajen|title=Member Party- The First Political Party of Sikkim|url=http://sikkim-historyhunter.blogspot.com/2010_04_07_archive.html|access-date=2020-10-23|website=Sikkim- A Look Back View}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Persecution ==
Jerman was persecuted and tortured by the powerful Kazi contractors. One story says that he was tied in front of a tiger to be killed by it but he fought it bare handed and killed it. Few attempts of assassination of Jerman were also planned but he survived. Kazi contractors framed legal charges against him but failed to prove anything against him.<ref name=":0" />

== Later life ==
Because of Jerman's dedication and contribution to the welfare of the people of Sikkim, he was elected councilor of Sikkim. His work against injustice and suppression are numerous in favor of the people of Sikkim. He is considered a pillar of the democratic movement of Sikkim. His grandson Dorjee Tshering Lepcha is a well known politician of India. His son Ram Lepcha was ex deputy speaker of the Sikkim assembly. Till the end of his life he kept fighting for the rights of people of Sikkim.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Jerman died on 1 August 1992 in Sikkim. Government of Sikkim named a government school in Sikkim after him to pay tribute to him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jerman Lepcha Government Secondary School in South-Sikkim - 0 {{!}} Schools|url=https://www.indiacom.com/south-sikkim/jerman-lepcha-government-secondary-school_south-sikkim_skm_87.html|access-date=2020-10-23|website=www.indiacom.com|archive-date=20 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220163901/https://www.indiacom.com/south-sikkim/jerman-lepcha-government-secondary-school_south-sikkim_skm_87.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lepcha, Jerman}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Namchi district]]
[[Category:Reformers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sikkim]]
[[Category:Lepcha people]]

Hindutva pop

2026-02-06T02:13:01Z

LouJ11418910501: Put Up Post

{{Short description|Hindutva music genre}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Hindutva pop
| other_names = H-Pop
| stylistic_origins =
| cultural_origins = 1980s – 1990s, [[India]]
}}
'''Hindutva pop''', often referred to as '''H-Pop''', is a genre of [[Indian pop|Indian pop music]] that promotes [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] ideology. The music has become increasingly popular in the 2010s and 2020s and frequently includes [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] lyrics.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=India: Soundtrack of hate |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-soundtrack-of-hate/video-64544108 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rehbar |first=Quratulain |date=2022-06-02 |title='Hindutva pop': The singers producing anti-Muslim music in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/2/hindutva-pop-the-singers-producing-anti-muslim-music-in-india |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The songs have sometimes been played on loudspeakers by Hindutva groups during [[Violence against Muslims in India|violent attacks on Indian Muslims]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last1=Zaffar |first1=Hanan |last2=Pandit |first2=Danish |date=2022-12-20 |title=Hindutva Pop: the Soundtrack to India's Anti-Muslim Movement |url=https://time.com/6242156/hindutva-pop-music-anti-muslim-violence-india/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004120312/https://time.com/6242156/hindutva-pop-music-anti-muslim-violence-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Roots ===
In the 1980s and 1990s, the [[Ram Janmabhoomi|Ram janmabhoomi]] movement distributed audio-cassette tapes that included Hindutva speeches intermixed with music. One was entitled "Mandir ka nirman karo" ("Build the temple").<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":25">Callen, Jeffrey. 1999. [https://ethnomusicologyreview.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/prevol9.pdf "Ram's Chariot: Popular Culture, Music, & the Hindu Nationalist Movement."] ''Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology'' 9 (1): 27-45.</ref> Despite some of the tapes being banned by the authorities, many copies were sold. The tapes have been credited with contributing to anti-Muslim violence.<ref name=":25" />

Hindutva pop, including the music of Laxmi Dubey and Prem Krishnavanshi, became increasingly popular after the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) came to power in 2014 and [[Narendra Modi]] became Prime Minister.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaffar |first=Hanan |date=2022-08-26 |title=How India's 'Hindutva pop' stars use music to target Muslims |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/26/how-indias-hindutva-pop-stars-use-music-to-target-muslims/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Religion News Service |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-01 |title=Hindutva pop singer Laxmi Dubey spreading hate in India |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1592136/world |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> A few years later, [[Yogi Adityanath]], accused of inciting violence, and [[Pragya Singh Thakur|Sadhvi Pragya]], accused of participating in the [[2008 western India bombings|2008 Malegaon Blasts]], were elected to government office. Professor Anirban K. Baishya has pointed to these events as examples of the "mainstreamization" of Hindutva ideals and imagery that have contributed to the increasing popularity of Hindutva pop.<ref name=":6" /> Similarly, Professor Badri Narayan has stated: "Hindutva has changed in the common sense. People have a sense of history and it reaches more popularity through music.”<ref name=":13" />

In 2015, a Muslim man was [[2015 Dadri lynching|lynched in Dadri, Uttar Pradesh]] for allegedly eating beef. The arrests of 18 men in connection with the crime were resented by many local residents. This incident and the 2017 election of Yogi Adityanath contributed to the increasing popularity of Upendra Rana, a local Hindutva pop singer.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":18" />

In February 2019, a [[2019 Pulwama attack|suicide bomber]] killed 40 [[Paramilitary forces of India|Indian paramilitary soldiers]] in the Pulwama area of Kashmir.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |title=H-Pop |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2023 |location=Gurugram, Haryana |chapter=An Introduction to Kavi Singh}}</ref> Kavi Singh credits the attack with inspiring her Hindutva pop music career.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /> She recorded a song, "Pulwama mein veeron ne jo jaan desh pe vaari hai" ("The Sacrifices by Our Martyrs in Pulwama"), which blamed [[Kashmiri Muslims]] for the attack and called to "finish off that traitor". After the song quickly went viral on WhatsApp, Singh recorded a music video which also went viral.<ref name=":12" />

=== Communal Violence ===
In April 2017, a [[Rama Navami]] procession in [[Gumla|Gumla, Jharkhand]] stopped in front of a mosque and played a Hindutva pop song, leading participants to chant Hindu slogans and provoking Muslims in the area. The police prevented an immediate escalation by stopping the music. A few hours later, some Hindu men who had attended the procession lynched a Muslim man, Mohammad Shalik, after seeing him with a Hindu woman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |date=2019-06-04 |title=In Jharkhand, Ram Navami celebrations have become weaponised sites of communal tension |url=https://scroll.in/article/925788/in-jharkhand-ram-navami-celebrations-have-become-weaponised-sites-of-communal-tension#:~:text=Irshad%20Khan%20knew%20there%20would,The%20halt%20made%20everyone%20anxious. |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |title=H-Pop |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2023 |location=Gurugram, Haryana |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-08 |title=Muslim Man Killed In Jharkhand Allegedly Over 'Affair' With Hindu Girl |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/muslim-man-killed-in-jharkhand-allegedly-over-affair-with-hindu-girl-1678824 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In April 2022, a Hindutva pop song by Sandeep Chaturvedi was played in [[2022 Karauli violence|Karauli, Rajasthan]], during a Hindu New Year celebration. The song threatens violence against "skull-cap wearers", i.e. Muslims. After the procession passed through a Muslim neighborhood, the worst [[communal violence]] in the city since [[Partition of India|Partition]] erupted, leading to damaged property, injuries of at least 35 people, and arrests of 29 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Aishwarya |date=2022-04-11 |title='The day my blood boils': How songs incited hate at a Navratri rally in Rajasthan's Karauli |url=https://scroll.in/article/1021548/the-day-my-blood-boils-how-songs-incited-hate-at-a-navratri-rally-in-rajasthan-s-karauli |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Pooja |last2=Xiong |first2=Yong |date=2023-03-08 |title=YouTube hosts Hindutva pop videos that violate its hate policies, auto-generates more |url=https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/youtube-allows-hindutva-pop-videos-that-violate-its-hate-policies-auto-generates-more.php |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |date=2022-04-18 |title='Hatred, bigotry and untruth': communal violence grips India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/18/hatred-bigotry-and-untruth-communal-violence-grips-india |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wahid |first=Saif Azam, Danishmand Khan and Abdul |date=2023-04-04 |title=Muslims suffer in the aftermath of 2022 violence in Rajasthan's Karauli |url=https://www.himalmag.com/politics/muslims-aftermath-of-violence-in-rajasthans-karauli |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en}}</ref>

Around the same time in [[2022 Khargone violence|Khargone, Madhya Pradesh]], a Rama Navami procession played Hindutva pop outside a mosque before attacking and burning the homes of several Muslims.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-01 |title=German report on high price of 'Hindutva pop' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/german-report-on-high-price-of-hindutva-pop/cid/1913424 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref> One of the music tracks was created for the event and mixed "Jai Shri Ram" chants with the sounds of a Hindu woman being attacked from the controversial film ''[[The Kashmir Files]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Supriya |date=2022-04-29 |title=How 'Kashmir Files' added to communal fires in Khargone that ended with bulldozer injustice |url=https://scroll.in/article/1022860/how-kashmir-files-added-to-communal-fires-in-khargone-that-ended-with-bulldozer-injustice |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> More than 24 people were injured in the violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=10 houses burnt, many hurt in Madhya Pradesh city; curfew imposed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhopal/10-houses-burnt-many-hurt-in-mp-city-curfew-imposed-7863135/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220411105441/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhopal/10-houses-burnt-many-hurt-in-mp-city-curfew-imposed-7863135/ |archive-date=2022-04-11 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, a Rama Navami procession in [[Bihar Sharif|Bihar Sharif, Bihar]], burned several Muslim buildings, including a 110 year old library with historical texts.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |last=Rehbar |first=Quratulain |date=2023-05-09 |title=Secularism up in smoke: Hindutva mob torches century-old madrasa and incinerates Indian pluralism |url=https://www.newarab.com/features/hindutva-mob-torches-madrasa-and-cremates-indian-pluralism |work=The New Arab}}</ref> Local residents reported that the mob played Hindutva pop songs,<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-01 |title=Mosque set on fire in Bihar town during Ram Navami procession |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/features/mosque-set-on-fire-in-bihar-town-during-ram-navami-procession/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref> including one with the lyrics: "Kill them or send them to Pakistan".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anwar |first=Tarique |date=2023-04-17 |title=Ram Navami Violence: How Bihar Sharif Saw the Communal Flare-up |url=https://www.newsclick.in/ram-navami-violence-how-bihar-sharif-saw-communal-flare |work=Newsclick}}</ref> According to the police, the attack was pre-planned via a WhatsApp group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Ram Navami Violence Was Planned On Social Media, WhatsApp: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-ram-navami-violence-was-planned-on-social-media-whatsapp-cops-3934476 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Themes and Content ==
H-pop songs often feature catchy dance beats, violent lyrics,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Schultz |first=Kai |date=2019-11-10 |title=India's Soundtrack of Hate, With a Pop Sheen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/asia/india-hindutva-pop-narendra-modi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210121075154/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/asia/india-hindutva-pop-narendra-modi.html |archive-date=2021-01-21 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Baishya |first=Anirban K. |date=2022-07-03 |title=Violent spectating: Hindutva music and audio-visualizations of hate and terror in Digital India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14791420.2022.2099918 |journal=Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=289–309 |doi=10.1080/14791420.2022.2099918 |issn=1479-1420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and low production values.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Shamani |date=2019-08-26 |title=Songs in India's 'Patriotism Pop' Genre Are Urging Hindus to Claim Kashmir |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/songs-in-indias-patriotism-pop-genre-are-urging-hindus-to-claim-kashmir/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Nachiket |date=2024-02-25 |title='H-Pop': A cut-throat digital economy and deep-rooted hatred have fundamentally changed India |url=https://scroll.in/article/1064129/h-pop-a-cut-throat-digital-economy-and-deep-rooted-hatred-have-fundamentally-changed-india |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=2018-11-18 |title=Sing a song of saffron: How Hindutva is going pop |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/sing-a-song-of-saffron-how-hindutva-is-going-pop/articleshow/66671679.cms |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The vocals are often auto-tuned<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":16" /> and performed by untrained singers.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=2023-06-14 |title=Hindutva pop: Selling hate through music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/hindutva-pop-selling-hate-through-music/article66967878.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230615113644/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/hindutva-pop-selling-hate-through-music/article66967878.ece#selection-1299.265-1299.277 |archive-date=2023-06-15 |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> H-pop music videos have been described as "garish",<ref name=":10" /> "amateurish",<ref name=":6" /> and "poorly-synced";<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":16" /> they often feature weaponry<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":13" /> and Hindu gods.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":17" /> Typically Hindutva pop songs are in [[Hindi]], but some have also been composed in other languages.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Matharu |first=Sonal |date=2022-03-19 |title='Ab hathiyaar uthao': A Dadri singer is firing up youth with Rajput-Hindutva DJ tracks |url=https://theprint.in/features/ab-hathiyaar-uthao-how-a-dadri-singer-is-firing-up-youth-with-rajput-hindutva-dj-tracks/878316/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Many songs feature the Hindu phrase: "[[Jai Shri Ram]]".<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":17" /> Singers often wear Hindu symbols: including [[tilaka]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":17" /> marigold garlands,<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":1" /> and [[Saffron (color)|saffron]] clothing.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" />

Hindutva pop features a range of Hindu nationalist and anti-Muslim themes. Some songs praise BJP leaders like Narendra Modi or [[Yogi Adityanath]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> including songs urging fans to vote for Modi in the [[2024 elections in India|2024 elections.]]<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Taniya |title=India election: Hindutva pop fills the airwaves as PM Modi's party seeks another victory |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/asia/2024/05/10/india-election-hindutva-music/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Aiswarya |date=2024-04-21 |title=Singing the BJP's tune, the songsters taking the '400 paar' message to voters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-message-singers-400-paar-9282779/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421120623/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-message-singers-400-paar-9282779/ |archive-date=2024-04-21 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |date=2024-04-13 |title=How Hindutva Pop Music Is Aiding PM Modi's Rise |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/how-hindutva-pop-music-is-aiding-pm-modis-rise |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> After Modi [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], there were songs celebrating the decision<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |date=2023-11-20 |title=How Hindutva pop music is giving hate a soundtrack |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/how-hindutva-pop-music-is-giving-hate-a-soundtrack/article67553452.ece |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |date=2023-11-17 |title=How 25-year-old 'Hindutva-pop' star Kavi Singh shot to fame with songs to stoke nationalism |url=https://scroll.in/article/1059026/how-25-year-old-hindutva-pop-star-kavi-singh-shot-to-fame-with-songs-to-stoke-nationalism |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> and songs about Hindus moving to Kashmir and marrying Kashmiri women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 'patriotism pop' songs urge Hindus to claim Kashmir |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/22/indias-patriotism-pop-songs-urge-hindus-to-claim-kashmir |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-11 |title=The new K-pop |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-new-k-pop/articleshow/70622823.cms |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Other songs glorify historical Hindu leaders<ref name=":1" /> or promote [[Caste|casteism]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=When lilting songs and music spread a particular brand of hate: Hindutva pop |url=https://sabrangindia.in/when-lilting-songs-and-music-spread-particular-brand-hate-hindutva-pop/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-20 |title=Hindutva pop: The anthem of Yati Narsinghanand and others like him |url=https://www.siasat.com/hindutva-pop-the-anthem-of-yati-narsinghanand-and-others-like-him-2293689/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> Some songs encourage Hindus to take pride in their religion or call for a [[Hindutva#Definitions|Hindu rashtra.]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":18" />

Some songs threaten Muslims and mosques with violence,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> often accusing Muslims of loyalty to Pakistan<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last1=Islam |first1=Muheet UI |last2=Shakir |first2=Pirzada |date=2022-06-24 |title=Hindutva pop: The rise of India's hate music scene |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/hindutva-pop-rise-indias-hate-music-scene |work=The New Arab}}</ref> or warning against [[Love jihad conspiracy theory|love jihad]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /> or decrying the [[demographic threat]] of Muslims.<ref name=":2" /> One of Laxmi Dubey's most popular songs includes the lyric: "Hindustan me rehna hoga, [[Vande Mataram]] kehna hoga" ("If you want to stay in India, praise the motherland").<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-20 |title=Sound and Fury: The voices creating aggressive Hindutva's soundtrack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/aggressive-hindutva-soundtrack-fury-internet-5545915/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> One popular song, Kavi Singh's "Agar chhua mandir toh tujhe dikha denge" ("Don’t Dare Touch the Temple"), threatens Muslims with violence if they touch or look at Hindu temples.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Shubhangi |date=2024-01-07 |title='Hindutva is good business and H-Pop stars know it' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-hindutva-is-good-business-and-h-pop-stars-know-it-3357493/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Another popular song, Sandeep Acharya's "Aabar Babar Ke Naam se Awadh Me Savchalaye Banwaunga" ("I'll get a toilet made in the name of Babur in Awadh")'','' references [[Babri Masjid]], a 16th century mosque that was destroyed in 1992. The video features images of people cleaning toilets and children defecating, while the lyrics threaten to make Muslims clean toilets.<ref name=":6" />

In one song, Prem Krishnavanshi addresses Muslims: "Insaan nahi ho saalon ho tum kasai, Bohot hua ab hindu muslim bhai bhai" ("You are not humans but butchers, enough of this Hindu-Muslim brotherhood”).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In another song, Krishnavanshi praises BJP leader [[Yogi Adityanath]]. These two songs have been called "street anthems for right-wing supporters, who chant these verses while passing through Muslim dominated neighbourhoods".<ref name=":11" />
== Impact ==

=== Violence against Muslims ===
Hindutva pop has been credited with inspiring and normalizing violence against Muslims in India.<ref name=":0" /> Hindutva songs are sometimes played at religious gatherings that are followed by violent attacks on Muslim communities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> H-pop has been compared to [[Radio Rwanda]] and [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]],<ref name=":2" /> both [[Hutu Power]] radio stations active during the [[Rwandan genocide]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Music to kill to’: Rwandan genocide survivors remember RTLM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/6/7/music-to-kill-to-rwandan-genocide-survivors-remember-rtlm|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en|first=Mia|last=Swart|date=2020-06-07}}</ref> and [[Nazi songs]].<ref name=":1" /> Professor [[Brahma Prakash Singh|Brahma Prakash]] has stated that playing Hindutva pop "will move the mobs and make them participate in massacre. You don’t need an instigator to incite violence. You set the tone, you set the track and the hate will rock."<ref name=":1" /> Professor Anirban K. Baishya has argued that Hindutva pop probably doesn't "directly contribute to" violence, but it "normalizes hatred and dehumanization".<ref name=":6" />

However, some Hindutva pop singers have denied hating Muslims. Laxmi Dubey has stated that she only opposes Muslims who support Pakistan<ref name=":0" /> and that she respects all religions,<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Anshuman |first=Kumar |date=2018-04-06 |title=The rise of the communal hate soundtrack in India |url=https://theprint.in/politics/the-rise-of-the-communal-hate-soundtrack-in-india/47672/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> while Sanjay Faizabadi has stated that he only opposes terrorists.<ref name=":4" /> Prem Krishnavanshi has stated that he does not want to hurt Muslims,<ref name=":0" /> while Ved Vyas has argued: "Had my songs preached violence or hatred then riots would have taken place almost everywhere but nothing such has happened. No one has been harmed."<ref name=":11" />

=== Popularity ===
Hindutva pop music is especially popular within India's [[Hindi Belt|Hindi belt]] of Northern India, considered to be a Hindutva stronghold.<ref name=":1" /> Hindutva songs are frequently posted to YouTube, where some have been viewed millions of times.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> One popular Hindutva song by Laxmi Dubey, "Har Ghar Bhagwa Chayega" ("Every House Shall Turn Saffron"), has been played more than 65 million times online.<ref name=":0" /> As of May 2024, Dubey had around 500,000 subscribers.<ref name=":18" /> As of June 2023, Upendra Rana had 478,000 subscribers.<ref name=":10" />

== Response ==

=== YouTube ===
YouTube has been criticized for auto-generating Hindutva music videos and for failing to adequately moderate Hindutva pop music that violates its policies against hatred and violence.<ref name=":3" /> YouTube has removed various accounts and videos created by Hindutva pop singers such as Sandeep Acharya and Prem Krishnvanshi for violating their hate speech policies. However, their videos continue to be re-uploaded and re-mixed by other users.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

=== Government and Politicians ===
Singers like Laxmi Dubey and Upendra Rana frequently perform for politicians.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> Dubey has stated: "We go wherever B.J.P. leaders invite us to perform. That’s because the B.J.P. is helping to propagate Hindutva."<ref name=":4" /> According to Kavi Singh, the BJP asked her to create a song to support Modi's re-election in 2024, and she regularly campaigns for BJP politicians.<ref name=":20" /> BJP politician [[T. Raja Singh|Raja Singh]] has played or performed Hindutva pop songs at his rallies,<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-12 |title=Hyderabad: Here's the hate speech BJP's Raja Singh was booked for |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-heres-the-hate-speech-bjps-raja-singh-was-booked-for-2307260/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasham |first=Deepika |date=2024-03-27 |title=What are 'Raja Singh songs', aka Hindutva pop, at the heart of recent communal clashes in Telangana? |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/what-are-raja-singh-songs-aka-hindutva-pop-at-the-heart-of-recent-communal-clashes-in-telangana/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> while former BJP MP [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] has recorded his own H-pop music video.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-01 |title=How the Bulldozer Travelled From Fringe Hindutva s Vocabulary to Modi s |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/bulldozer-justice-hindutva-fringe-modi/amp |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=thewire.in}}</ref>

In 2022, Prem Krishnavanshi was given an award by the [[Uttar Pradesh]] government for a song about Yogi Adityanath.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> A BJP spokesperson stated that the award was given for the song's artistic merit and that it was not an endorsement.<ref name=":18" /> The founder of ''[[Muslim Mirror]]'' has said that the government fully supports Hindutva pop singers.<ref name=":0" /> Professor Amir Ali has stated that H-pop "reinforces the electoral and political dominance of the BJP."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title=In India, chorus of anti-Muslim hatred grows louder with rise of H-pop |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3248673/india-chorus-anti-muslim-hatred-grows-louder-rise-aggressive-hindutva-pop |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240117020509/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3248673/india-chorus-anti-muslim-hatred-grows-louder-rise-aggressive-hindutva-pop#selection-2277.52-2277.110 |archive-date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

The government and police have been criticized for not taking sufficient action to suppress H-pop or prosecute its singers for "promoting hatred between religious groups."<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":24" /> Some officers have attempted to control playlists at Hindu religious events to prevent violence.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":23" /> Some officers have said that suppressing H-pop is challenging because of how easy it is to access and upload.<ref name=":24" /> Journalist Kunal Purohit wrote that the police sometimes ban the playing of music instead of trying to resolve the source of the problem.<ref name=":18" />

In 2019, four people were arrested for a viral YouTube music video after the police received multiple complaints.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=2019-07-26 |title='Jo Na bole Jai Sri Ram': Four arrested for composing and uploading 'hate song' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jo-na-bole-jai-sri-ram-four-arrested-for-composing-and-uploading-hate-song/article28725687.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101165140/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jo-na-bole-jai-sri-ram-four-arrested-for-composing-and-uploading-hate-song/article28725687.ece |archive-date=2020-01-01 |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The song was entitled: “Jo Na Bole Jai Shri Ram, Usko Bhejo Kabristan” ("Those who refuse to chant Jai Sri Ram should be sent to the graveyard").<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-27 |title='YouTube uploads of Bhojpuri artist inflammatory' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cops-youtube-uploads-of-bhojpuri-artist-inflammatory/articleshow/70403718.cms |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-26 |title=Varun Bahar, Singer of Controversial 'Bhejo Kabristan' Song Taken into Police Custody Amid Backlash |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/varaun-bahar-singer-of-controversial-bhejo-kabristan-song-arrested-in-ups-gonda-2246467.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Betwa |date=2019-07-26 |title='This Is All About Hindutva,' Says Singer Of Jo Na Bole Jai Shri Ram |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/varun-bahar-jo-na-bole-jai-shri-ram-video-youtube_in_5d3a3d43e4b0ef792e0a06b4 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, [[Deutsche Welle]] produced a news report about Hindutva pop, calling it "soundtrack of hate"<ref name=":14" /> and featuring H-pop singers Sandeep Acharya and Prem Krishnvanshi. In response, a BJP spokesperson stated that her party has no connection to the singers and does not promote hatred. She recommended that anyone offended should file a police report against the singers.<ref name=":15" />
== See also ==
* [[Saffronisation]]
* [[National Socialist black metal]]
* [[White power music]]
* [[Racist music]]
* [[Hate media]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{popmusic}}{{Hindu nationalism}}{{Fascism}}
[[Category:Indian pop]]
[[Category:Incitement to genocide by the Hindutva movement]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related mass media and entertainment controversies]]
[[Category:Political music genres]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]]
[[Category:Hate speech]]

List of high commissioners of Bangladesh to India

2026-02-04T20:20:36Z

LouJ11418910501:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = {{flagicon image|Flag of Bangladesh.svg}} High Commissioner
| body = Bangladesh to the India
| native_name = ভারতে নিযুক্ত বাংলাদেশের হাইকমিশনার
| insignia = File:National emblem of Bangladesh.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| insigniacaption = [[National emblem of Bangladesh]]
| department = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)| Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
| image =
| alt =
| incumbent = [[M. Riaz Hamidullah]]
| incumbentsince = {{dts|2025|05|29}}
| style = {{ubl|[[The Honourable]] (formal)|[[High Commissioner|Mr. High Commissioner]] (informal)|[[Excellency|His Excellency]] (diplomatic)}}
| residence = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| seat =[[High Commission of Bangladesh, New Delhi]], [[India]]
| nominator = The [[government of Bangladesh]]
| appointer = {{ubl|The [[president of Bangladesh]]|on the advice of the|[[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|chief adviser]]}}
| reports_to = [[File:Flag of the Chief Adviser of Bangladesh.svg|20px]] [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|Chief Adviser]] [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|20px]] [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| termlength = Chief adviser’s pleasure
| nominatorpost =
| appointerpost =
| inaugural = [[A R Mallick]]
| formation = {{start date and age|13 March 1972}}
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| deputy =
| salary = {{BDTConvert|300000}} per month (incl. allowances)
| website = [https://newdelhi.mofa.gov.bd/ Official website]
}}

The '''high commissioner of Bangladesh to the Republic of India''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[Bangladesh]] to [[India]].

== List of Bangladeshi high commissioners to India ==
{{multiple image
| align = centre
| image1 = A. K. Khandker in New Delhi on 07 May 2011.jpg
| width1 = 120
| caption1 = A. K. Khandker
| image2 = Tariq Ahmad Karim - Kolkata 2011-05-09 2811.JPG
| width2 = 120
| caption2 = Tariq Ahmad Karim
| image3 = Syed Muazzem Ali (cropped).jpg
| width3 = 120
| caption3 = Syed Muazzem Ali
| image4 = High_Commissioner_Md_Mustafizur_Rahman.jpg
| width4 = 120
| caption4 = Md. Mustafizur Rahman
}}

{|class="wikitable"
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Notes
|-
| [[A R Mallick]]
| 13 March 1972
| 25 January 1975
|<ref>{{cite news |author=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |date=February 5, 2010 |title=In Memoriam: The scholar that was A.R. Mallick |publisher=The Daily Star |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=124886}}</ref>
|-
| [[Khan Shamsur Rahman]]
| 7 August 1975
| 16 October 1978
|
|-
| [[Abul Ehsan]]
| 21 November 1978
|
|
|-
| [[A. K. Khandker]]
| 15 July 1982
| 25 July 1986
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Vice Marshal (Rtd.) A. K. Khandker|url=http://plandiv.gov.bd/planning-minister|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824134759/http://plandiv.gov.bd/planning-minister|archivedate=24 August 2011|accessdate=9 July 2011|publisher=Planning Division}}</ref>
|-
| [[Faruq Ahmed Choudhury]]
| 8 August 1986
| 3 January 1992
|<ref>{{cite news| title=Diplomat Faruq Ahmed Choudhury passes away|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/05/17/diplomat-faruk-ahmed-chowdhury-passes-away/|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=2017-05-17|accessdate=2017-06-03}}</ref>
|-
| [[Farooq Sobhan]]
| 19 May 1992
| 28 February 1995
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farooq Sobhan|url=https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/farooq-sobhan|access-date=2020-09-19|website=successfulsocieties.princeton.edu}}</ref>
|-
| [[C. M. Shafi Sami]]
| 7 April 1995
| 7 June 1999
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=BUSINESS BRIEFS|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/business-briefs/cid/919926|access-date=2020-09-19|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mostafa Faruk Mohammad]]
| 6 August 1999
| 31 December 2001
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former diplomat, minister Mostafa Faruk Mohammad no more|url=https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/en/detail/bangladesh/1268002|access-date=2020-09-19|website=m.bdnews24.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tufail K. Haider]]
| 31 January 2002
| 15 October 2003
|
|-
| [[Hemayet Uddin (secretary)|Hemayet Uddin]]
| 23 November 2003
| 8 March 2005
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 17, 2003|title=Bangladesh appoints new envoy to India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bangladesh-appoints-new-envoy-to-India/articleshow/186193.cms|access-date=2020-09-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Liquat Ali Chowdhury]]
| 28 May 2005
| 6 May 2009
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liaquat Ali Choudhury new HC to India|url=https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/en/detail/bangladesh/77221|access-date=2020-09-20|website=m.bdnews24.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tariq Ahmed Karim]]
| August 2009
| October 2014
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-05|title=Tariq A Karim|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/author/tariq-karim|access-date=2020-09-20|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Embassy of Bangladesh in Washington DC - Ambassador Ahmad Tariq Karim|url=http://www.bdembassyusa.org/index.php?page=ambassador-ahmad-tariq-karim|access-date=2020-09-20|website=www.bdembassyusa.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Syed Muazzem Ali]]
| 2014
| November 2019
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Habib|first=Haroon|date=2014-09-29|title=Syed Muazzem Ali is new Bangladesh envoy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/syed-muazzem-ali-is-new-bangladesh-envoy/article6455278.ece|access-date=2017-10-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[Muhammad Imran (Diplomat)|Muhammad Imran]]
| November 2019
| July 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-12|title=Muhammad Imran new envoy to India|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/muhammad-imran-new-envoy-india-1826062|access-date=2020-09-20|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=High Commissioner|url=http://bdhcdelhi.org/high-commissioner.html|access-date=2020-09-20|website=bdhcdelhi.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mustafizur Rahman (diplomat)|Mustafizur Rahman]]
|July 2022
|October 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/national/753225/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8|title=ভারতে বাংলাদেশের নতুন হাইকমিশনার মুস্তাফিজুর রহমান|language=bn|website=Bangla Tribune}}</ref>
|-
|[[M. Riaz Hamidullah]]
|May 2025
|Incumbent
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=M Riaz Hamidullah presents his credentials to Indian president |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/04df3wh4a5 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of ambassadors of Bangladesh to the United States]]
* [[List of high commissioners of Bangladesh to Canada]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Bangladesh to Turkey]]
* [[List of ambassadors of India to Bangladesh]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Bangladesh to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]]
* [[List of high commissioners of Bangladesh to the United Kingdom]]
* [[List of high commissioners of Bangladesh to Pakistan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category inline|High Commissioners of Bangladesh to India}}
* {{Cite web|title=Previous High Commissioners|url=http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/receptionist/item/82-previous-high-commissioners|access-date=2020-09-20|website=Bangladesh High Commission, Delhi, India}} {{link note|note=Incomplete list of the high commissioners}}

{{Ambassadors to India}}

[[Category:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Bangladesh to India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of Bangladesh|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Bangladesh]]

Lahuradewa

2026-01-29T11:23:36Z

LouJ11418910501: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Location map|India Uttar Pradesh
|relief = yes
|caption = Location of Lahuradewa site
|alt = Lahuradewa
|label = Lahuradewa
|mark =
|marksize = 7
|lat_deg = 26 |lat_min = 46 |lat_sec = 12 |lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 82 |lon_min = 56 |lon_sec = 59 |lon_dir = E
}}
'''Lahuradewa''' (Lat. 26°46'12" N; Long. 82°56'59" E) is located in [[Sant Kabir Nagar District]], in Sarayupar (Trans-Sarayu) region of the Upper Gangetic Plain in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. The Sarayupar Plain is bounded by the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]] in the west and south, Nepalese [[Terai]] in the north, and the [[Gandak]] River in the east.

The site is noted to have been occupied as early as 9,000 BCE,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWbwAwAAQBAJ&dq=Lahuradewa&pg=PT1335|title=The Cambridge World Prehistory|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author1=Colin Renfrew|author2=Paul Bahn|date=9 June 2014|page=1335|isbn=9781107647756}}</ref> it provides the oldest evidence of [[ceramics]] in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&dq=Lahuradewa+9000&pg=PA250|page=250|author1=Peter Bellwood|author2=Immanuel Ness|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration|date=10 November 2014|isbn=9781118970591}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ&dq=Lahuradewa+7000&pg=PA350|title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=350|author1=Gwen Robbins Schug|author2= Subhash R. Walimbe|date=13 April 2016|isbn=9781119055471}}</ref> This pottery belong to 'Mesolithic' ceramic tradition that developed among [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] hunter-gatherers during the [[Mesolithic]] period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=D. Petraglia |first1=Michael |title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia |date=26 March 2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781402055614 |pages=407 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&q=407 |access-date=26 March 2007}}</ref>

Excavations reported earliest archaeological sites in the world for cultivation of [[rice]], with Lahuradewa Period IA giving samples that were dated by AMS [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon]] to the 7th millennium BCE.<ref>Early Farming at Lahuradewa; [[Rakesh Tewari]], R.K. Srivastava, K.S. Saraswat, I.B. Singh, K.K. Singh [http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/efl_rtrk.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712195732/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/efl_rtrk.pdf|date=12 July 2015}}</ref> However, it is still debated whether the early rice grains were [[history of rice cultivation|cultivated/domesticated]] or in fact simply [[hunter-gatherer|gathered]] from wild rice.<ref>{{cite web | title=Debating the Origins of Rice | website=Rice | date=2018-07-05 | url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/rice/history-rice/debating-origins-rice | ref={{sfnref|Rice|2018}} | access-date=2025-04-29}}</ref><ref name="Ray">{{cite journal | last=Ray | first=Avik | last2=Chakraborty | first2=Debarati | last3=Ghosh | first3=Surajit | title=A Critical Evaluation Revealed the Proto-indica Model Rests on a Weaker Foundation and Has a Minimal Bearing on Rice Domestication | journal=Ancient Asia | publisher=Ubiquity Press, Ltd. | volume=11 | year=2020 | issn=2042-5937 | doi=10.5334/aa.175 | doi-access=free | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345464074_A_Critical_Evaluation_Revealed_the_Proto-indica_Model_Rests_on_a_Weaker_Foundation_and_Has_a_Minimal_Bearing_on_Rice_Domestication| hdl=10568/111066 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In addition, the claims of such early dating of rice cultivation at Lahuradewa have been questioned by historian [[Irfan Habib]], who writes: "both the cultivated rice grain and its early date remain dubious, given the other evidence from the site". Habib has noted that four other carbon dates (out of five) from the earliest period of occupation at Lahuradewa were in the range of 4220 to 2879 BCE, and that the same archaeological levels also contained "[[steatite]] beads of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan]] type!", i.e., demonstrating that Lahuradewa since the beginning had trade contacts with the Indus Valley Civilisation (which arose during 4th millennium BCE).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Habib | first=Irfan | title=Book review: Tony Joseph, The Early Indians: The Story of Our Ancestors and Where They Came From | journal=Studies in People's History | volume=7 | issue=1 | date=2020 | issn=2348-4489 | doi=10.1177/2348448920908515 | pages=91–93}}</ref>

Other archaeological sites of Northern India where rice grains were found are considered as showing evidence of domesticated rice cultivation by ca. 2000 BCE, whereas other rice grains dated during ca. 4800 to 3500 BCE are considered as wild or uncertain whether wild/domesticated.<ref name="Ray"/>

[[Dorian Fuller]] — an [[archaeobotany|archaeobotanist]] — has argued that the earliest rice from Lahuradewa was "more suggestive of wild rice collecting," and the [[fauna]] reported from early levels was entirely wild, not domesticated, suggesting that this site initially had only "intermittent" occupation by hunter-gatherers, and it probably was not until the 3rd millennium BCE when settlement became "more regular" with unambiguous evidence of farming.<ref name="Fuller">{{cite journal | last1 = Fuller | first1 = Dorian | year = 2006 | title = Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis | url = http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/JWP20.pdf | journal = Journal of World Prehistory | volume = 20 | page = 42 | doi = 10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8 | s2cid = 189952275 | access-date = 11 July 2016 | archive-date = 17 May 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110517050130/http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/JWP20.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Fuller also mentions that for some other sites (such as [[Koldihwa]]) in the Ganges Plain region, where earlier reported dates for early [[South Asian Stone Age#Neolithic|Neolithic]] were as old as the 6th millennium BCE, were more recently re-examined and re-dated, showing that they "have clear stratified occupation from the later Neolithic, starting after ca. 1900 BC", which is more consistent with the known material culture and "can be linked by ceramic styles and other dating evidence to a number of other sites in the region". Fuller notes that: "Caution is warranted in considering early/mid-[[Holocene]] radiocarbon dates reported from this region [i.e., Ganges Plains]" which "dates would appear to be residual within their archaeological contexts, or represent [[Old wood effect|very old wood]]", and has concluded: "The unambiguous evidence for sedentary, agricultural villages after mid-third millennium and mainly after 2000 BC, as well as ceramic links, suggests that the Neolithic mainly of the later third millennium/early second millennium with possible origins in the earlier fourth millennium".<ref name="Fuller"/>

==See also==
* [[Chopani Mando]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Archaeology of India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sant Kabir Nagar district]]

{{SantKabirNagar-geo-stub}}

Ilamparthi A. R.

2026-01-20T18:24:14Z

LouJ11418910501: Put Up A Data

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2009)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Ilamparthi|Avalpoondurai Ravikumar}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2009|3|28}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2026)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main232814.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2525 (January 2026)
| FideID = 45015775
}}

'''Ilamparthi Avalpoondurai Ravikumar''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In February 2023, he won the WR Chess Junior Under-14 Boys tournament, shortly after having won the U14 section of the [[World Youth Chess Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/ilamparthi-wins-wr-chess-juniors-u-14-boys-and-blitz-2023|title=Ilamparthi wins WR Chess Juniors U-14 Boys and Blitz 2023|date=February 28, 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In July 2024, he tied for third place with five other players in the Slovakia Chess Open, ultimately prevailing on tiebreaks and being ranked in third place in the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fide.com/pawel-sowinski-triumphs-in-slovakia-chess-open/|title=Pawel Sowinski triumphs in Slovakia Chess Open|date=July 18, 2024}}</ref>

In November 2024, he won the Singh's Gambit Rating Open with a score of 7.5/8, finishing a half point ahead of the runners-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Ilamparthi-decimates-Singh-s-Gambit-Rating-Open-2024|title=Ilamparthi decimates Singh's Gambit Rating Open 2024|date=December 2, 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In August 2025, he played for Velammal MHS School in the World Schools Team Championship, where the team won the gold medal with a perfect score. He also won the individual gold medal on board 4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Velammal-MHS-Golden-at-World-Schools-Team-Championship-2025-with-a-perfect-score|title=Velammal MHS Golden at World Schools Team Championship 2025 with a perfect score|date=August 9, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In October 2025, he achieved his final GM norm at the Bijeljina Open, becoming India's 90th grandmaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chess-boom-continues-16-year-old-ilamparthi-ar-becomes-indias-90th-grandmaster/articleshow/124954635.cms|title=Chess boom continues! 16-year-old Ilamparthi AR has become India's 90th Grandmaster|date=October 30, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Avalpoondurai Ravikumar, Ilamparthi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2009 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:World Youth Chess Champions]]

Gunasena

2026-01-18T03:23:52Z

LouJ11418910501: Created details

{{Short description|8th/9th-century CE Indian Jain monk}}
{{for|other people with the same name|Gunasena (name)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Acharya Gunasena
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambar]]
| era = 9th century CE
| predecessor = [[Jinasena|Acharya Jinasena]]
| successor = [[Guṇabhadra (Jain monk)|Gunabhadra]]
| works = "[[Dhavala]]" (co-authored)
| disciples = [[Guṇabhadra (Jain monk)|Gunabhadra]], [[Krishna II]]
| teacher = [[Jinasena]]
| birth_date = 850
| death_date = 900
| image = Acharya Gunasena (Jinasena II) 20250725-191055~2.png
| caption = Gunasena (Jinasena II)
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Acharya Gunasena''', known more commonly in modern scholarship as ', was a 9th-century CE Digambara Jain monk, scholar, and spiritual leader. He was a Senior disciple of [[Jinasena|Acharya Jinasena]] and is renowned for completing major Jain commentarial and narrative works.<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 45-50</ref> He served as the spiritual guide (''rajaguru'') to [[Krishna II]] (Akalavarsha), of the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]].<ref>Dundas 2002, p. 27</ref>

== Life and background ==
Gunaseṇa belonged to the Digambara tradition of [[Jainism]] and lived during the Rashtrakuta period in southern India. He was A senior disciple of renowned scholar [[Jinasena|Acharya Jinasena]]. and is mentioned in Kannada ("Prashasti" by [[Lokasena]]), as the teacher of [[Guṇabhadra (Jain monk)|Gunabhadra]], Along with Acharya Jinasena<ref>Upadhye 1965, pp. 41–43</ref><ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 50-53</ref>

Gunaseṇa was the royal spiritual preceptor ('''rajaguru''') of Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna II]], one of the greatest patrons of [[Jainism]] in Indian history.<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 40-44</ref> He later continued in this capacity under Krishna II, Amoghavarsha's successor. Under their patronage, Jain philosophy, literature, and temple architecture experienced significant growth.<ref>Jaini 1979, p. 118</ref>

== Works ==

=== Dhavala commentary ===
Gunaseṇa completed the extensive commentary on the [[Shatkhandagama]], one of the earliest and most sacred Digambara Jain texts. The commentary, known as the [[Dhavala]] and '''Mahādhavala''', was initiated by [[Virasena|Acharya Virasena]]. These texts provide systematic discussions of Jain karma theory, the classifications of the soul (''jīva''), and the metaphysical framework of Jain cosmology.<ref>Dundas 2002, pp. 74–75</ref>

== Legacy ==
Gunaseṇa is regarded as an important figure in the Digambara tradition for his philosophical and literary contributions. He is credited with completing the Dhavala commentary, a work that established his role in the transmission of Jain doctrinal thought. His disciple Guṇabhadra later completed the [[Uttarapurana]],together with which the [[Ādi purāṇa]] forms the [[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]].<ref>Jaini 1979, p. 121</ref>

As the guru to two successive Rashtrakuta rulers, his influence extended beyond religious circles into political and cultural spheres.<ref>Dundas 2002, pp. 26–28</ref>

== See also ==
* ⁠[[Jinasena|Acharya Jinasena]]
* ⁠[[Shatkhandagama]]
* ⁠[[Guṇabhadra (Jain monk)|Gunabhadra]]
* ⁠[[Amoghavarsha I]]
* ⁠[[Krishna II]]
* ⁠[[Jainism in Karnataka]]

== References ==
<references/>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1979 |isbn=9780520034945 |oclc=4779344 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0520034948 |access-date=20 August 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=9780195385021 |oclc=316835730 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/9780195385021 |access-date=20 August 2025}}
* ⁠{{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2002 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-203-39827-0 |oclc=252916273 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0203398270 |access-date=7 August 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Upadhye |first=A. N. |chapter=Jinasena and his Literary Contributions |title=Jaina Sahitya aur Itihasa |publisher=Mysore University Publications |location=Mysore |year=1965 |oclc=3115715 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/3115715 |access-date=20 August 2025}}
* ⁠{{cite book |last=Nagarajaiah |first=Hampa |title=Jainism in Southern Karnataka |publisher=Sapna Book House |location=Bangalore |year=1999 |oclc=45166444 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45166444 |access-date=7 August 2025}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Digambara monks]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Jain writers]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology

2026-01-04T03:35:43Z

LouJ11418910501: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Environmental organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology''', also known as SANE, is an [[environmental organization]] based in the city of [[Port Blair]], in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], India. It was formed for the preservation of the Andaman ecosystem.<ref name="karmayoglink">{{Citation | title=SANE | accessdate=2008-11-19 | url=http://www.karmayog.org/nonmumbaiprofiles/nonmumprodis.asp?r=149&nonnpoproid=2847 | quote=''... Focus: To conserve the natural resources. Geographical reach: Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Programmes: ... protects resources from developmental impacts ... Generates public awareness by using media including newspapers and All India Radio. Encourages communities to watchdog development projects; interacts with authorities to ensure prudent decision making and actions ...''}}</ref>

==Involvement==
Due to increasingly more contact of [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] adivasis of the [[Andaman Islands]], since 1996, previously who were known for their herto fiercely isolationist behaviour, started to emerged from the forest area and made contact with the non-tribal population of the andaman. Due to completion of the [[National Highway 223 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 223]] running throughout the andaman from north to south. The organization filed a suit in [[Calcutta High Court]], under which andamanas jurisdiction comes. The case escalated to the [[Supreme Court of India]] as a [[Public Interest Litigation]] (or PIL).

SANE joined the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and [[Pune]]-bare Kalpavriksh in this petition, whichresulted in the High Court passing a judgment in 2001, directing the administration to take steps to protect the Jarawa from encroachment and contact, as well as preemptively ruling out any program that involved relocating the Jarawa to a new reservation. Planned extensions of the highway were also prohibited by the court.<ref name="thehindu2001jds">{{Citation | title= Who speaks for the Jarawas? | newspaper=The Hindu | date=Dec 9, 2001 | accessdate = 2008-11-19 | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2001/12/09/stories/2001120900100200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229050125/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2001/12/09/stories/2001120900100200.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=29 December 2010 | quote=''... In October 1997, in an inexplicable move, a group of Jarawas ventured out of their forest hideout and made contact with the outside world ... Before intervening in a Public Interest Litigation petition in the High Court, SANE, led by one of the founders Samir Acharya, an islander, went about the task of collecting data on indigenous people ... The Honourable High Court in its epoch making order has directed the A and N administration to prevent poaching and stop anything that encourages the Jarawas to beg by the highway. The order also prohibits any new construction in the Jarawas territory and not to make any extension of the Andaman trunk road, as it would cut right into the forests, the home of the tribe for millennia ... In its order the court has also directed the administration "to teach the local people that the Jarawas are not inferior but different" ...''}}</ref><ref name="indiatogethersdj">{{Citation | title=The road to destruction | newspaper=India Together | accessdate = 2008-11-19 | url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2003/oct/adv-gtroad.htm | quote=''... In 1998, in an issue relating to excessive logging activities in Little Andaman and the danger posed to the Onge tribe, the Pune-based environmental action group Kalpavriksh, the Port Blair-based SANE and the Mumbai-based Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) filed a writ petition before the Kolkata High Court. The administration stonewalled it. It was argued that the matter could be taken up only in the Supreme Court, and the case landed there ...''}}</ref> However the Andaman administration decided defying the order by keeping it open and continuing construction due to being the main and important highway and for its economical and social importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/14/andaman-jarawa-india-human-safari|title = India orders crackdown on 'human safaris' in the Andaman Islands|date = 14 January 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Andamanese peoples]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Organisations based in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Ecology]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{india-company-stub}}

India at the 1996 Summer Olympics

2025-12-13T21:07:56Z

LouJ11418910501:

{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Summer Olympics
| year = 1996
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website = {{URL|olympic.ind.in}}
| location = [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]
| competitors = 49
| sports = 13
| flagbearer = [[Pargat Singh]] (opening) [[Leander Paes]] (closing)
| rank = 71
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 1
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1900
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] competed at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[United States]]. [[Leander Paes]]' bronze in the men's tennis event was the only medal won by the country. It had been 44 years since an Indian last won an individual medal at the Olympics ([[K. D. Jadhav]] earned bronze for [[Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle bantamweight|freestyle bantamweight wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics, Helsinki]]). The medal was also India's first since their [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|men's hockey team won gold at the 1980 Moscow Olympics]]. Subash Razdan, a prominent Indian American community leader in [[Atlanta]] was appointed Attache <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalatlanta.com/subash-razdan-named-india-attach-for-olympic-games|title = Subash Razdan Named India AttachÂ» for Olympic Games|date = 30 November 1994}}</ref> for India by the [[Indian Olympic Association]]. He also served as the acting chef-de-mission <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/us/2003/may/08us3.htm|title = Three Indian-Americans honoured}}</ref> for the Indian contingent.

==Medalists==
{{Main|1996 Summer Olympics medal count}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Medal
! Name
! Sport
! Event
! Date
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Leander Paes]] || [[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Tennis]] || [[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]] || {{dts|August 3}}
|}

== Competitors ==
There were 49 athletes who took part in the medal events across 13 sports.
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=120|Sport
!width=55|Men
!width=55|Women
!width="55"|Athletes
!width="55"| Events
|-
|align=left|[[Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Archery]]
|3||0||3||2
|-
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
| 2 || 4 ||6|| 3
|-
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Badminton]]
| 1 || 1 ||2|| 2
|-
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Boxing]]
| 3 || 0 ||3|| 3
|-
|align=left|[[Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Equestrian]]
|1||0||1||1
|-
|align=left|[[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]]
| 16 || 0 ||16|| 1
|-
|align=left|[[Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Judo]]
| 2 || 2 ||4|| 4
|-
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Shooting]]
| 2 || 0 ||2|| 3
|-
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Swimming]]
| 1 || 1 ||2|| 2
|-
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Table tennis]]
|1||1||2||2
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Tennis]]
| 2 || 0||2|| 2
|-
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]]
| 5 || 0 ||5|| 5
|-
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]]
| 1 || 0 ||1|| 1
|-
! Total||40||9||49||31
|}

==Archery==
{{Main|Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
In India's third appearance in Olympic archery, the nation was represented by three men. Lalremsanga Chhangte was the only one to win a match.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Ranking round
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Changte Lalremsaga]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|Men's Individual]]
|650
|32
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Andrew Lindsay]]|NZL|1996 Summer}} '''W''' 169–156
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Michele Frangilli]]|ITA|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 158–164
|colspan="5" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Limba Ram]]
|644
|44
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Paul Vermeiren]]|BEL|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 140–165
|colspan="6"rowspan="2" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Skalzang Dorje]]
|634
|55
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Matteo Bisiani ]]|ITA|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 156–167
|-
|align=left|[[Limba Ram]] [[Skalzang Dorje]] [[Changte Lalremsaga]]
|[[Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's team|Men's Team]]
|1928
|14
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC|USA|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 235–251
|colspan="4" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

==Athletics==
{{Main|Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}

;Track And Road Events
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Bahadur Prasad]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres|Men's 1500 Meter]]
|3:46.16
|8
|colspan=4{{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Beenamol Mathew]] [[Rosakutty Kunnath Chacko]] [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]] [[Shiny Abraham|Shiny Wilson]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|Women's {{nowrap|4 × 400 m}} relay]]
| colspan="2" |{{AthAbbr|DSQ}}
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
| colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

;Field Events
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
! colspan="2"|Qualification
! colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Rank
!Distance
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shakti Singh (sportsman)|Shakti Singh]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|Men's Discus Throw]]
|56.58m
|30
| colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

==Badminton==
{{Main|Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Athlete
! rowspan="2"|Event
! Round of 64
! Round of 32
! Round of 16
! Quarter-final
! Semi-final
! colspan="2"|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Opposition Score
! Opposition Score
! Opposition Score
! Opposition Score
! Opposition Score
! Opposition Score
! Rank
|- align="center"
|align="left"|[[Deepankar Bhattacharya]]
|align="left"|[[Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's Singles]]
|{{Bye}}
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Heryanto Arbi]]|INA|1996 Summer}} '''L''' (5–15, 4–15)
| rowspan="2" colspan="5" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|- align="center"
|align="left"|[[P.V.V. Lakshmi]]
|align="left"|[[Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's Singles]]
|{{FlagIOCathlete| [[Anne Gibson (badminton)|Anne Gibson]]|GBR|1996 Summer}} '''W''' (11–6, 11–6)
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Katarzyna Krasowska]]|POL|1996 Summer}} '''L''' (5–11, 6–11)
|}

==Boxing==
{{Main|Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Debendra Thapa]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Men's Light Flyweight (48 kg)]]
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Masibulele Makepula]]|RSA|1996 Summer}} '''L''' RCS-1
|rowspan="3" colspan="5" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Gurcharn Singh]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Light heavyweight|Men's Light Heavyweight (81 kg)]]
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Enrique Flores (boxer)|Enrique Flores]]|PUR|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 7–15
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Lakha Singh (boxer)|Lakha Singh]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Heavyweight|Men's Heavyweight (91 kg)]]
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Wojciech Bartnik]]|POL|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 2–14
|}

== Equestrian ==
{{Main|Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Athlete
!Event
!Horse
!Dressage
!Cross Country
!Jumping
!Total
!Rank
|-
|[[Indrajit Lamba]]
|[[Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing|Individual Eventing]]
|[[Karishma (horse)|Karishma]]
|79.40
|'''EL'''
|
|'''EL'''
|
|}

==Field Hockey==
{{Main|Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}'''Team Roster:'''
:*[[Subbaiah Anjaparavanda]]
:*[[Harpreet Singh (field hockey)|Harpreet Singh]]
:*[[Mohammed Riaz]]
:*[[Sanjeev Kumar (field hockey)|Sanjeev Kumar]]
:*[[Baljeet Singh]]
:*[[Sabu Varkey]]
:*[[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)|Mukesh Kumar]]
:*[[Rahul Singh (field hockey)|Rahul Singh]]
:*[[Dhanraj Pillay]]
:*[[Pargat Singh]] (captain)
:*[[Baljit Singh Dhillon]]
:*[[Alloysuis Edwards]]
:*[[Anil Alexander]]
:*[[Gavin Ferreira]]
:*[[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1971)|Ramandeep Singh]]
:*[[Dilip Tirkey]]

;Preliminary round

;Group A
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|winpoints=2

|team1=ESP|name_ESP={{fh|ESP}}
|team2=GER|name_GER={{fh|GER}}
|team3=IND|name_IND={{fh|IND}}
|team4=PAK|name_PAK={{fh|PAK}}
|team5=ARG|name_ARG={{fh|ARG}}
|team6=USA|name_USA={{fh|USA}}

|win_ESP=4|draw_ESP=0|loss_ESP=1|gf_ESP=14|ga_ESP=5
|win_GER=3|draw_GER=1|loss_GER=1|gf_GER=10|ga_GER=3
|win_IND=2|draw_IND=2|loss_IND=1|gf_IND=8|ga_IND=3
|win_PAK=2|draw_PAK=1|loss_PAK=2|gf_PAK=11|ga_PAK=8
|win_ARG=2|draw_ARG=0|loss_ARG=3|gf_ARG=9|ga_ARG=13
|win_USA=0|draw_USA=0|loss_USA=5|gf_USA=3|ga_USA=23

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}
</onlyinclude>

{{Fieldhockeybox|date=20 July 1996|goals2=[[Pablo Lombi|P. Lombi]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}}|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/1631/reports/matchreport Report]|score=0–1|team1={{fh-rt|India}}|team2={{fh|Argentina}}|time=20:00|umpires=Peter von Reth (NED) Amin Ayman (EGY)}}{{Fieldhockeybox|date=22 July 1996|goals2=[[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)|M. Kumar]] {{fhgoal|FG|62}}|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/1636/reports/matchreport Report]|score=1–1|team1={{fh-rt|Germany}}|team2={{fh-rt|India}}|time=17:30|umpires=Roger St Rose (TRI) Floris Idenburg (NED)|goals1=[[Stefan Saliger|Saliger]] {{fhgoal|FG|66}}}}{{Fieldhockeybox|date=24 July 1996|goals2=[[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1971)|R. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PS|10}} [[Dhanraj Pillay|Pillay]] {{fhgoal|FG|28|FG|46}} [[Sanjeev Kumar (field hockey)|S. Kumar]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}}|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/1641/reports/matchreport Report]|score=0–4|team1={{fh-rt|United States}}|team2={{fh-rt|India}}|time=09:00|umpires=Craig Madden (GBR) Guillaume Langle (FRA)|goals1=}}{{Fieldhockeybox|date=26 July 1996|goals2=|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/1648/reports/matchreport Report]|score=0–0|team1={{fh-rt|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh-rt|India}}|time=17:30|umpires=Peter von Reth (NED) Craig Madden (GBR)|goals1=}}{{Fieldhockeybox|date=28 July 1996|goals2=[[Gavin Ferreira|Ferreira]] {{fhgoal|FG|21|PC|41}} [[Sabu Varkey|Varkey]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}}|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/1655/reports/matchreport Report]|score=1–3|team1={{fh-rt|Spain}}|team2={{fh-rt|India}}|time=20:00|umpires=Ray O'Connor (IRL) Kiyoshi Sana (JPN)|goals1=[[Xavier Escudé|Escudé]] {{fhgoal|PC|33}}}}

;Classification matches

;Fifth to eighth place classification

;Crossover
{{fieldhockeybox|date=31 July 1996|time=11:00|team1={{fh-rt|India}}|score=3–3|aet=yes|team2={{fh|South Korea}}|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/1661/reports/matchreport Report]|goals1=[[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1971)|R. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PS|14}} [[Gavin Ferreira|Ferreira]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}} [[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)|Kumar]] {{fhgoal|PC|42}}|goals2=[[Shin Seok-kyo]] {{fhgoal|PC|22|PC|66}} [[Park Shin-heum]] {{fhgoal|PC|49}}|umpires=Steve Horgan (USA) Guillaume Langle (FRA)|penalties1= |penaltyscore=3–5|penalties2= }}

;Seventh and eighth place
{{fieldhockeybox|date=2 August 1996|time=11:00|team1={{fh-rt|India}}|score=3–4|team2={{fh|Great Britain}}|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/1667/reports/matchreport Report]|goals1=[[Baljit Singh Dhillon|Dhillon]] {{fhgoal|FG|2}} [[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1971)|R. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PS|29}} [[Pargat Singh|Powar]] {{fhgoal|PC|70}}|goals2=[[John Shaw (field hockey)|Shaw]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Jason Laslett|Laslett]] {{fhgoal|FG|43}} [[Jon Wyatt|Wyatt]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}} [[Chris Mayer (field hockey)|Mayer]] {{fhgoal|FG|56}}|umpires=Roger St. Rose (TRI) Eduardo Ruiz (ARG)}}
8th Place Finish

==Judo==
{{Main|Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="3" |Athlete
! rowspan="3" |Event
! rowspan="2" |Round of 64
! rowspan="2" |Round of 32
! rowspan="2" |Round of 16
! rowspan="2" |Quarter Finals
! rowspan="2" |Semi Finals
! colspan="2" |Repachage
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Final/{{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-
!Round 1
!Round 2
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Narender Singh (judoka)|Narender Singh]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 60 kg|Men's 60 kg]]
|{{FlagIOCathlete| [[Sean Sullivan (judoka)|Sullivan]]|IRL|1996 Summer}} '''Won'''
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Bagirov ]]|BLR|1996 Summer}} '''Loss'''
| colspan="7" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Najib Aga]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 65 kg|Men's 65 kg]]
|{{N/A}}
|{{FlagIOCathlete| [[József Csák|Csák]]|HUN|1996 Summer}} '''Loss'''
| colspan="3" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|{{FlagIOCathlete| [[Duncan MacKinnon|MacKinnon]]|RSA|1996 Summer}} '''Loss'''
| colspan="3" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Sunith Thakur]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 52 kg|Women's 52 kg]]
|{{N/A}}
|{{Bye}}
|{{FlagIOCathlete| [[Noriko Sugawara|Sugawara]]|JPN|1996 Summer}} '''Loss'''
| colspan="6" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Arti Kohli]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's +72 kg|Women's 72 kg]]
|{{N/A}}
|{{FlagIOCathlete| [[Estela Rodríguez|Rodriguez]]|CUB|1996 Summer}} '''Loss'''
| colspan="7" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

==Shooting==
{{Main|Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan="2" |[[Jaspal Rana]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol|Men's 10 m Air Pistol]]
|574
|29
|rowspan="3" colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|Men's 50 m Air Pistol]]
|534
|45
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mansher Singh]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's trap|Men's Trap]]
|118
|31
|}

==Swimming==
{{Main|Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
! colspan="2" |Heats
! colspan="2" |Swim-Off
! colspan="2" |Final
|-
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Sebastian Xavier]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle|Men's 50m Freestyle]]
|23.80
|44
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Sangeeta Puri]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle|Women's 50m Freestyle]]
|28.02
|48
|}

== Table Tennis ==
{{Main|Table tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group stage
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{tooltip|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Chetan Baboor]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's Singles]]
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Patrick Chila|Chila]]|FRA|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 1–2
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Kalinikos Kreanga|Kreanga]]|GRE|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Segun Toriola|Toriola]]|NGR|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 1–2
|4
| rowspan="2" colspan="5" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[A.Radhika Suresh|Ambika Radhika]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's Singles]]
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Otilia Bădescu|Bădescu]]|ROU|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Rūta Paškauskienė|Paškauskienė]]|LTU|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Bettine Vriesekoop|Vriesekoop]]|NED|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 0–2
|4
|}

==Tennis==
{{Main|Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round 64
!Round 32
!Round 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Leander Paes]]'''
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's Singles]]
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Richey Reneberg|Reneberg]]|USA|1996 Summer}} '''W''' 6–7, 7–6,1–0 {{Tooltip|ret|Retired}}
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Nicolas Pereira|Pereira]]|VEN|1996 Summer}} '''W''' 6–2, 6–3
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Thomas Enqvist|Enqvist]]|SWE|1996 Summer}} '''W''' 7–5, 7–6
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Renzo Furlan|Furlan]]|ITA|1996 Summer}} '''W''' 6–1, 7–5
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Andre Agassi|Agassi]]|USA|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 6–7, 3–6
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Fernando Meligeni|Meligeni]]|BRA|1996 Summer}} '''W''' 3–6, 6–2, 6–4
|{{Bronze3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mahesh Bhupathi]] [[Leander Paes]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Men's Doubles]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{FlagIOCathlete| [[Pan Bing|Bing]] / [[Xia Jiaping|Jiaping]]|CHN|1996 Summer}} '''W''' 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
|{{FlagIOCathlete| [[Todd Woodbridge|Woodbridge]] / [[Mark Woodforde|Woodforde]]|AUS|1996 Summer}} '''L''' 6–4, 2–6, 2–6
| colspan="4" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

==Weightlifting==
{{Main|Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Athlete
!Snatch
!Clean &
Jerk
!Total
!Rank
|-
|[[Badathala Adisekhar]]
|[[Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 54 kg|Men's 54 kg]]
|105.0
|125.0
|230.0
|18
|-
|[[Raghavan Chanderasekaran]]
|[[Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 59 kg|Men's 59 kg]]
|112.5
|140.0
|252.5
|11
|-
|[[Sandeep Kumar (weightlifter, born 1975)|Sandeep Kumar]]
|[[Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 64 kg|Men's 64 kg]]
|110.0
|142.5
|252.5
|33
|-
|[[Samsudeen Kabeer]]
|[[Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 70 kg|Men's 70 kg]]
|125.0
|150.0
|275.0
|23
|-
|[[Satheesha Rai]]
|[[Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 76 kg|Men's 76 kg]]
|140.0
|177.5
|317.4
|15
|}

==Wrestling==
{{main|Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
!Round 1
!Round 2
!Round 3
!Round 4
!Round 5
!Round 6
!Final
!
|-
!Round Type
Opposition

Result
!Round Type
Opposition

Result
!Round Type
Opposition

Result
!Round Type
Opposition

Result
!Round Type
Opposition

Result
!Round Type
Opposition

Result
!Round Type
Opposition

Result
!Rank
|-
|[[Pappu Yadav (wrestler)|Pappu Yadav]]
|[[Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 52 kg|Men's Greco-Roman 52kg]]
|1/16 Finals
{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Ha Tae-yeon]]|KOR|1996 Summer}}

'''Loss''' 0-4ST
|Repachage
{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Andriy Kalashnykov]]|UKR|1996 Summer}}

'''Loss''' 0-4ST
| colspan="6" |did not advance
|}

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|title=The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results |editor=Watkins, Ginger T. |publisher=Peachtree Publishers |location=Atlanta |year=1997 |isbn=1-56145-150-9 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1996/1996v3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222634/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1996/1996v3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2008-02-05 }}

{{NOCin1996SummerOlympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Summer Olympics by year|1996]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian sport|Summer Olympics]]

Mama Bhagne

2025-12-02T17:19:20Z

LouJ11418910501: basic refined citations based on references per sources

{{short description|Rock formation in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{About||the 2009 film|Mama Bhagne (film)}}
'''Mama Bhagne Paharh''' is a rock formation near [[Dubrajpur]] town of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Krishanu |date=2020 |title=Application of SWOT-TOWS Matrix and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the Formulation of Geoconservation and Geotourism Development Strategies for Mama Bhagne Pahar: an Important Geomorphosite in West Bengal, India |journal= Geoheritage|volume=12 |issue=2 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s12371-020-00467-2|s2cid=218912671 }}</ref>
[[File:Mama Bhagne 2.jpg|thumb|Mama Bhagne Pahar]]

==The area==
It is a pair of almost spherical natural boulders of granite rock, one balancing on the top of other. The balancing of the rocks are so surprising that it is a famous landmark in West Bengal, where it is known as Mama Bhagne (the maternal uncle and the nephew). The site has a number of boulders splintered across the place. It is the extreme eastern part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] where "the granite is gray and composed of glassy quartz pink, gray feldspar and black mica".<ref>[http://birbhum.nic.in/birtour2.htm Tourism in Birbhum]</ref> Those rocks were formed due to the extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau before many years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Mama Bhagne Pahar: Witness nature's balancing act in Birbhum's Dubrajpur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/mama-bhagne-pahar-witness-natures-balancing-act-in-birbhums-dubrajpur/cid/1892782 |access-date=13 May 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=18 October 2022}}</ref> At the base of the rocks there is a temple of [[Shiva]] entitled Pahareswar.<ref name= omalley>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Birbhum'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 125-128, first published 1910, 1996 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>

==Mythology==
When [[Rama]] decided to attack [[Ravana]], he found it necessary to throw a [[Adam's Bridge|bridge]] across the [[Palk Strait|straits]] for the conveyance of his troops, he drove in his aerial chariot to the [[Himalayas]], picked up what stones he needed and drove back. As he was passing Dubrajpur his horses took fright and tilted up the chariot and so some stones fell out. These are the stones at Mama Bhagne.<ref name= omalley/>

There is another legend to the effect that they were collected by [[Vishvakarman|Viswakarma]], at the command of [[Shiva]], to erect in one night a second [[Varanasi|Kasi]]. When he collected the rocks and was about to commence work day dawned and so he left.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mama Bhagne, the natural wonder of Birbhum|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/mama-bhagne-the-natural-wonder-of-birbhum|website=Get Bengal|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref> A temple named Pahareshwar is situated at the bottom of hills.<ref name= omalley/>

== In popular culture ==
The rock formation is a thematic motif of the movie ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]'' by [[Satyajit Ray]], where the rocks are seen as symbols of human being carrying its sin accumulated over time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snehamoy Chakraborty |title=In pandal: Hirak Raja |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/in-pandal-hirak-raja/cid/1320076 |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> A [[Feluda]] story of Satyajit Ray, named [[Robertsoner Ruby]] spotted in Mama Bhagne hill area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A trip to ‘Mama Bhagne’ - Jiyo Bangla|url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/news/a-trip-to-mama-bhagne|website=JiyoBangla|date=1970-01-01|access-date=2025-11-28|language=English|first=Jiyo|last=Bangla}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Mama Bhagne Hills and Temple 24.jpg|Mama Bhagne rocks
File:Mama Bhagne 7.jpg|Mama Bhagne Pahar
File:Mama Bhagne Hills and Temple 06.jpg|Mama Bhagne Hills
File:dubrajpur mama bhangne pahar.jpg|The area is dotted with such boulders
File:Mama Bhagne Hills and Temple 01.jpg|Pahareshwar Temple
File:Mama Bhagne Hills and Temple 22.jpg|Mama Bhagne rock
File:Mama Bhagne Hills and Temple 13.jpg|View of Dubrajpur town from Mama Bhagne Hills
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://birbhum.nic.in/gallery/pages/dubrajpur4.htm Rock picture]
* {{Commons category-inline|Mama Bhagne Pahar}}

{{Birbhum topics}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hills of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Birbhum district]]

Gurudas Naik Tari

2025-11-28T20:35:28Z

LouJ11418910501: Put Up New Info

{{short description|Indian politician and social worker (died 2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gurudas Naik Tari
| birth_name = Gurudas Vasudeo Naik Tari
| image = Gurudas Naik Tari.jpg
| caption = Official portrait in 1980
| death_date = {{Death date|2008|3|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_place = [[Sanguem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| majority = 6,365 (51.56%)
| predecessor = [[Sadashiv Marathe]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress (U)]] (1980–1984)
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Social worker
| successor = [[Pandu Naik]]
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1984
| constituency = [[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]
| spouse = Shanti Naik
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Select Committee on Bill No. 27
* [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] Education Bill
* Petitions}}
}}
'''Gurudas Vasudeo Naik Tari''' (unknown – 15 March 2008) was an Indian politician and social worker. He was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sanguem Assembly constituency]] from 1980 to 1984.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=197 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ExMLA-is-dead |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/exmla-is-dead/07613 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZGaoqx4-3wC&q=Gurudas+Naik+Tari |title=Statistical Pocket-book of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu |date=1983 |publisher=Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of Goa, Daman and Diu. |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Gurudas Vasudeo Naik Tari was born and hailed from Taripanta, [[Sanguem]]. He was married to Shanti Naik, a forest contractor. He had a keen interest in reading [[dramas]] and had a special interest in [[social work]].<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
On 15 March 2008, Tari died as a result of a [[heart attack]] while on a [[business trip]] with his friends at [[Nanded]], India.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icIUgRYJWYMC&q=Gurudas+Naik+Tari |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=2008 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* Member of Sanguem V.K. Sahakari Society, [[Sanguem]]
* Member of the Select Committee on Bill No. 27 of 1980
* The [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] Education Bill, 1980
* Member Committee on Petitions 1980–81<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tari Naik, Vasudeo Gurudas}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]

{{Authority control}}

Kovur mandal, Nellore district

2025-11-25T00:05:15Z

LouJ11418910501: Put Up A Place

{{Other uses|Kovur (disambiguation){{!}}Kovur}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kovur mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kovur Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.5001|N|79.9859|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kovur, Nellore district|Kovur]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 100958
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [[Kovur, Nellore district|524137]]
| registration_plate = AP26
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}
'''Kovur mandal''' is one of the 46 [[mandal]]s located on the [[Nellore district]]. It is under the Nellore Revenue Division.

In August 2023, the mandal was in news as a leopard killed a girl near Alipiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Dusi Venkateswara |date=2023-08-12 |title=Leopard kills a girl in Tirumala footpath |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/leopard-kills-a-girl-in-tirumala-footpath-815091 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In Padugupadu, Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank is started in Kovur mandal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=ANDHRA PRAGATHI GRAMEENA BANK PADUGUPADU IFSC Code: ANDHRA PRAGATHI GRAMEENA BANK PADUGUPADU IFSC Code is APGB0004121 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/ifsc/andhra-pragathi-grameena-bank/andhra-pradesh/nellore/padugupadu-ifsccode-apgb0004121.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Mandals in Nellore district]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

Chinnayarasala Harijanawada

2025-11-22T03:31:17Z

LouJ11418910501: Created entry!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = ChinnaYarasala Harijanawada
| native_name = Yarasala Harijanawada
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.987939|N|79.036487|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kadapa
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516505
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08569
| registration_plate = AP 04
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Chinna Yarasala Harijanawada''' is a small village in [[Kadapa district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Porumamilla [[mandal]] of [[List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Rajampeta revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://studentinfo.ap.gov.in/DSE_CI/individual.xls%3Fmode%3DgetSchoolsExcel%26districtCode%3D282010%26mg%3DMZ%26cat%3DP&ved=2ahUKEwjjy9rq8vDlAhXlQ3wKHaYNC4kQFjAGegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw0R-yGpDkGLo8WSzQvq4AF4 |title = Chinnayarasala Harijanawada village |publisher= Andhrapradesh schools report MPP Yerasala HW}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/district/maya-matalato-otladugutaru-403479 |language= te |title = మాయ మాటలతో ఓట్లడుగుతారు|trans-title=ChinnayarasalaHarijanawada Village |publisher=Yarasala Harijanawada News |date = 2016-09-26}}</ref>

== Education facilities ==

An elementary school is in Chinnayarasala Harijanawada

== Medical facilities ==
Primary Health Center is in TekurPeta, two kilometers away from the nearest medical center.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

==Village photos==
[[File:ChinnaYarasala Harijanawada.jpg|thumb]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q55zi2cMmE&feature=youtu.be Chinnayarasala Harijanawada village Ganesh festival video]

[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]

S. P. Sreekumar

2025-11-07T11:41:16Z

LouJ11418910501: done.

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. P. Sreekumar
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = [[Sneha Sreekumar]]
| other names = Lolithan, Uthaman
| years_active = 2008–present
| alma_mater = [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]]
| parents =
}}
'''S. P. Sreekumar''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Malayalam cinema]] and television.

His first television show was ''Chirikidathom'' on [[Amrita TV]] and later his performance as Lolithan in ''Marimayam'' gave him the big break. Within a short span of time Sreekumar has played a variety of roles in the film industry. He played a tribal youth Sankaran, in ''[[Papilio Buddha (film)|Papilio Buddha]]'', but in his next outing ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'', he played Lloyd, a typical [[Kochi]]ite with the local slang, and a serial killer in the film ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]''.<ref name="timesofindia-2013-12-14" /><ref name="deccan.2013-08-29">{{cite news |title=Sreekumar's meteoric rise |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130829/entertainment-mollywood/article/sreekumar%E2%80%99s-meteoric-rise |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |accessdate=25 May 2014 |date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201241/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130829/entertainment-mollywood/article/sreekumar%E2%80%99s-meteoric-rise |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sreekumar says "Acting is my passion and hence I don't mind playing a comic role, a serious one or even a character with grey shades. It all depends on the quality of work, and whatever role I do, I will do it with all sincerity."<ref name="timesofindia-2013-12-14">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/S-P-Sreekumar-is-a-rising-hero-/articleshow/27342605.cms |last1=Pillai |first1=Radhika C |title=S P Sreekumar is a rising hero! |access-date=26 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 December 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/S-P-Sreekumar-is-a-rising-hero-/articleshow/27342605.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

He married television anchor and actress [[Sneha Sreekumar]] in 2019.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Controversy==
In December 2024, sexual assault complaint has been filed against lead actors of ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]'', Sreekumar and [[Biju Sopanam]]. The complaint, lodged by a female actress, alleges that she was assaulted during the shoot of the series. One of the accused is alleged to have assaulted the actress, while the other is accused of threatening her to prevent her from speaking out. The case was initially registered by the Infopark Police and has since been transferred to the Thrikkakara Police for further investigation. A special investigation team (SIT) has been formed to probe the matter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sexual assault case filed against Uppum Mulakum actors Biju Sopanam and S.P. Sreekumar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sexual-assault-case-filed-against-uppum-mulakum-actors-biju-sopanam-and-s-p-sreekumar/articleshow/116703963.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sexual assault case filed against 'Uppum Mulakum' actors Biju Sopanam and S P Sreekumar|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Dec/27/sexual-assault-case-filed-against-uppum-mulakum-actors-biju-sopanam-and-s-p-sreekumar|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

==Awards==
;Kerala State Television Awards
* 2014 {{endash}} Special Mention – Marimayam

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of S. P. Sreekumar film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'' || Cadet ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Dam 999]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Veeraputhran]]''||[[K. Kelappan]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2013 || ''[[Papilio Buddha (film)|Papilio Buddha]]'' || Sankaran ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/festival-gem-papilio-buddha|title=Festival gem: Papilio Buddha|website=BFI|date=19 March 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' || Lloyd Fernandes ||<ref name="deccan.2013-08-29"/>
|-
| ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' || Peter/Anand ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/BCKY|title=Memories (2013)|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Papilio Buddha (film)|Papilio Buddha]]'' ||Prahlathan ||
|-
| ''[[Vallatha Pahayan]]'' ||Shankaran ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Salaam Kashmier]]'' ||Vinu ||
|-
|Rowspan=4 |2015 || ''[[Aadupuliyattam]]'' ||Appu ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]'' ||Broker ||
|-
| ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]'' ||Pindani ||
|-
| ''[[John Honai]]'' ||Janardhanan ||
|-
|Rowspan=2| 2016 || ''[[Campus Diary]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kappiri Thuruthu]]'' ||Panchi ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ayaal Sassi]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/sreenivasans-ayal-sasi-movies-sassippattu-is-here/articleshow/58401908.cms|title=Sreenivasan's 'Ayal Sasi' movie's 'Sassippattu' is here|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=2| 2018 || ''[[Neeli (film)|Neeli]]'' ||Jalal ||
|-
| ''[[Chalakkudikkaran Changathi]]'' ||Joseph||
|-
|Rowspan=2| 2019 || ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' ||Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Soothrakkaran]]'' ||Film Director||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[The Warriorr]]'' || Guru's henchman || Telugu{{Endash}}Tamil bilingual film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-warriorr/cast/2030506758/|title=The Warriorr - Full Cast & Crew|work=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 |2023|| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' ||Joseph||
|-
| ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' ||Shiju Velayudhan ||
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ List of S. P. Sreekumar television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''Chirikidatham'' || || [[Amrita TV]] ||
|-
| 2011{{endash}}2014 || ''[[Marimayam]]'' || Lolithan || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
| 2015 ||''Back Benchers'' || Student || [[Amrita TV]] ||
|-
| 2015{{endash}}2019 || ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]'' || Sreekuttan a.k.a. Kuttumaaman || [[Flowers TV]] || TV sitcom
|-
| 2018{{endash}}2019 || ''Kalli Walli'' || Krishnakumar a.k.a. Kunchu || [[Kairali TV]] || TV sitcom
|-
| 2020{{endash}}2021|| ''Nellikka'' || Appukkuttan || Kairali TV || TV sitcom
|-
| 2020{{endash}}2024 || ''[[Chakkappazham]]'' || Uthaman || Flowers || TV sitcom
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Uppum Mulakum|Uppum Mulakum 3]]'' || Sreekuttan a.k.a. Kuttumaaman || [[Flowers TV]] || TV sitcom<ref>{{Cite news |title='Uppum Mulakum' returns with excitement; Fans hope for Mudiyan's comeback|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-returns-with-excitement-fans-hope-for-mudiyans-comeback/articleshow/111160535.cms|access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Times Of India|date=21 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6178903}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreekumar, S. P.}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Victor Ghoshe

2025-10-26T00:39:37Z

LouJ11418910501: Stub

{{Short description|Indian author}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Notability|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Victor Ghoshe
| image = Victor Ghose Indian Writer.jpg
| birth_place = Kolkata, India
| occupation = Author
| notable_works = The Job Charnock Riddle, Tomb of God
}}

'''Victor Ghoshe''' is an Indian author<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victor Ghoshe {{!}} Authors {{!}} Rupa Publications |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/authors/victor-ghoshe/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125182530/https://rupapublications.co.in/authors/victor-ghoshe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> who has written novels and collection of stories primarily in the thriller and supernatural genres.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Paranormal |publisher=VG Publications |isbn=978-9353464431 |location=India |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Job Charnock Riddle |publisher=Rumour |isbn=978-1943730520 |location=India |language=en}}</ref> As of October 2024, he has written two novels<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Shahid |date=2017-06-03 |title=If Only Job Charnock Knew! |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/book-reviews/if-only-job-charnock-knew-1414843 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> in English and four books containing collections of stories which are in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Job Charnock Riddle is written as a visual treat: Victor Ghoshe {{!}} Trans World Features |url=https://twfindia.in/literary/the-job-charnock-riddle-is-written-as-a-visual-treat-victor-ghoshe/details |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=twfindia.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Job Charnock Riddle |publisher=Rumour |isbn=9781943730520}}</ref>

== Career ==
Victor Ghoshe began his writing career with his debut English novel, The Job Charnock Riddle, published in 2016.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Actor Soumitra Chatterjee launches Victor Kalyan Ghoshe's latest novel {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/life-details/LIT/1551/actor-soumitra-chatterjee-launches-victor-kalyan-ghoshe-s-latest-novel.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Indiablooms.com |date=16 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-08 |title=Kolkata gets its own 'Da Vinci Code' version with Charnock fiction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-gets-its-own-da-vinci-code-version-with-charnock-fiction/articleshow/51315052.cms |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His second novel, Tomb of God, followed in 2021 and is available in the Kerala State Central Library.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Details For Tomb of God |url=https://catalogue.statelibrary.kerala.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=333953 |website=State Central Library Kerala Online Catalogue| date=2021 | publisher=Rupa Publications | isbn=978-93-89967-70-8 }}</ref> The author's latest book, Paranormal 2 was launched in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay launches author Victor Ghosh's latest book PARANORMAL 2 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/shirshendu-mukhopadhyay-launches-author-victor-ghoshs-latest-book-paranormal-2/cid/1942955 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

In rural Uttar Pradesh, Ghoshe contributed to campaigns for the Diarrhea Alleviation through Zinc and ORS project (DAZT), which focused on educating caregivers about diarrhea treatment practices. The purpose of the project was to make caregivers adopt the usage of ORS and Zinc together in order to treat Diarrhea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghoshe |first=Victor |title=MULTIPRONGED COMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR DIARRHEA MANAGEMENT |url=https://www.academia.edu/82143230 |journal=2012, Dialogue - Journal, IIMC |date=January 2012 |via=Acdemia}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{|class='wikitable sortable'
|-
!width=25%|Title
!|Year
!|Publisher
!|ISBN
!|Notes
|-
|The Job Charnock Riddle<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2016-03-08 |title=Kolkata gets its own 'Da Vinci Code' version with Charnock fiction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-gets-its-own-da-vinci-code-version-with-charnock-fiction/articleshow/51315052.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-03 |title=If Only Job Charnock Knew! |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/book-reviews/if-only-job-charnock-knew-1414843 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125182855/https://www.thedailystar.net/book-reviews/if-only-job-charnock-knew-1414843 |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2016
|Rumour
|9781943730520<ref name=":0" />
|Novel
|-
|Paranormal
|2019
|VG Publications
|9789353464431<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bookswagon.com/book/paranormal-victor-ghoshe/9789353464431?srsltid=AfmBOopuk4TFo88ySTVIswH6_9dhon7_Xch8i_TWSoviunKT0ntelrSz |title=paranormal |language=en}}</ref>
|Collection of Stories
|-
|''Ethernet Ebong Onanyo Golpo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victor Kalyan Ghoshe |url=https://books.apple.com/us/author/victor-kalyan-ghoshe/id791936394 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Apple Books |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2010
|Smriti Publishers<ref name="smritipublishers.com">{{Cite web |title=Victor Kalyan Ghoshe {{!}} Author {{!}} Smriti Publishers : Kolkata |url=https://smritipublishers.com/authordetail/Victor-Kalyan-Ghoshe/6/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=smritipublishers.com |language=en}}</ref>
|9788191034097
|Collection of Stories
|-
|Megher Khata<ref>{{Cite book |title=Meghera khata (Bengali) Hardcover – 1 January 2012 |id={{ASIN|8182081114|country=in}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Megher Khata |date=2012 |publisher=N.E. Publishers |isbn=9788182081116 |language=bn}}</ref>
|2012
|N.E. Publishers
|9788182081116
|Collection of Stories
|-
|Tomb of God<ref name="rupapublications.co.in">{{Cite web |title=TOMB OF GOD {{!}} Rupa Publications |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/books/tomb-of-god/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomb Of God by VICTOR GHOSHE {{!}} Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/tomb-of-god/victor-ghoshe/9789389967708 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=www.waterstones.com |language=en}}</ref>
|2021
|Rupa Publications
|9789389967708
|Novel
|-
|Paranormal 2<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=An anthology of ghost & paranormal stories by Victor Ghoshe |url=https://financialsamachar.com/an-anthology-of-ghost-stories-by-victor-ghoshe/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Financial Samachar |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2023
|VG Publications
|9789353464431
|Collection of Stories
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]