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Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar

2026-05-02T08:08:26Z

Lorrine11I:

{{short description|Indian thriller drama series}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ishq Mein Marjawan 2 Naya Safar.jpg
| producer = Yash A Patnaik Mamta Patnaik
| cinematography = Shanoo Singh Rajput
| editor = Kshitija Khandagle
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Beyond Dreams Entertainment [[Inspire Films Private Limited]]
| network = [[Voot|Voot Select]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|03|15|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|07|05|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]'' ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' ''Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan - Aakhri Imtihaan''
| executive_producer =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 97
| list_episodes = #Episode_list
| director = Noel Smith
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = [[Yash A Patnaik]]
| developer = Yash A Patnaik
| screenplay = Garima Goel
| story = Mamta Patnaik
| creative_director = Manjari Mukul
| starring = [[Helly Shah]] [[Rrahul Sudhir]]
| theme_music_composer = Toshi Sharib
| open_theme = "Ishq Mein Marjawan"
| end_theme =
| composer = Dony Hazarika Udbhav Ojha
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar''''' ({{Translation|I will die in this love 2: New journey}}) is an Indian romantic-thriller web series that premiered on [[Voot|Voot Select]] on 15 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2021-03-15|title=Producer Yash Patnaik on 'Ishq Mein Marjawan 2' moves to Voot Select|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/producer-yash-patnaik-on-ishq-mein-marjawan-2-moves-to-voot-select/|access-date=2021-03-16|newspaper=Bizasia | Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB}}</ref> Produced by [[Yash A Patnaik]], it starred [[Helly Shah]] and [[Rrahul Sudhir]]. The 97-episode series went off air on 5 July 2021 in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Vaishali|date=2021-06-11|title=Helly Shah pens emotional note as Ishq Mein Marjawan 2 to go off-air soon|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/helly-shah-pens-emotional-note-as-ishq-mein-marjawan-2-to-go-off-air-soon-710963|access-date=2021-06-11|website=India TV News|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Helly Shah]] as Riddhima Raisinghania
* [[Rrahul Sudhir]] as Vansh Raisinghania
*[[Vishal Vashishtha]] as Kabir Sharma
*[[Ankit Siwach]] as Vyom: Madhuri's husband

===Recurring===
* Manasvi Vashist as Aryan Raisinghania<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=OTT platforms gaining audience: Manasvi Vashist|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/ott-platforms-gaining-audience-manasvi-vashist-232456|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
* Chandni Sharma as Ishani Raisinghania
* Zayn Ibad Khan as Angre
* Nikita Tiwari as Sia Raisinghania
* Meenakshi Sethi as Indrani Raisinghania
* Khalida Jaan as Anupriya Raisinghania
*[[Payas Pandit]] as Chanchal Rudra Raisinghania
* Kristina Patel as Sara/ Gayatri
* Riya Bhattacharjee as Kiara

== Production ==

In February 2021 ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]'' announced to move the series to [[Voot|Voot Select]]. Later it was announced that the series will stream on 15 March 2021 with its new season ''Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV show Ishq Mein Marjawan 2 to end in two weeks - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-ishq-mein-marjawan-2-to-end-in-two-weeks/articleshow/81189055.cms|access-date=2021-04-18|website=The Times of India|date=24 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In March 2021 [[Ankit Siwach]] was introduced as Vyom, a gangster, in the parallel lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Ishq Mein Marjawan 2 streams on Voot Select now, Ankit Siwach to play a villain|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/ishq-mein-marjawan-2-streams-on-voot-select-now-ankit-siwach-to-play-a-villain-1779887-2021-03-16 |access-date=2021-04-18|website=India Today|date=16 March 2021|language=en}}</ref>

The series premiered on [[Colors Rishtey|Colors Rishtey UK]] on 29 March 2021. It airs from Monday to Friday 10PM.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colors Rishtey UK on Instagram: "Witness the change that is about to come in their lives on Ishq Main Marjawan - Naya Safar, starts today, Mon-Fri at 10.00 pm on Colors…"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CM_59AZBGSK/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CM_59AZBGSK |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Instagram|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Colors Rishtey UK|url=https://twitter.com/colorsrishteyuk/status/1376474384957837313|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>

In early April 2021, [[Ankit Siwach]] tested positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ankit Siwach tests positive for COVID-19 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-siwach-tests-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/81837736.cms|access-date=2021-04-06|website=The Times of India|date=April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Keshri|first=Shweta|title=Shubhangi Atre to Aditya Narayan, the Telly Town Covid update|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/shubhangi-atre-to-aditya-narayan-the-telly-town-covid-update-1787451-2021-04-05|access-date=2021-04-06|website=India Today|date=5 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The series premiered on [[Voot|Voot USA]] on 5 April 2021. It streams Monday to Friday.

The series was temporarily shot in [[Goa]] due to the COVID-19 curfew from 14 April 2021 to 1 May 2021 in [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-15|title=Maha curfew: Producers plan to shift shoots outside state, film bodies request govt to allow post-production|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maharashtra-curfew-producers-talk-shifting-shoots-outside-state-film-bodies-request-govt-for-post-production-to-continue-7273357/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-04-14|title=New curbs in Maharashtra to disrupt film, TV productions|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/maharashtra-covid-curbs-tv-braces-for-content-crunch-films-delay-schedules-11618381736029.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra puts films, TV shoots on hold amid surge in COVID cases, film bodies to approach CM|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/maharashtra-puts-films-tv-shoots-on-hold-amid-surge-in-covid-cases-film-bodies-to-approach-cm/2064311|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-04-13|title=Maharashtra Curfew Guidelines: Shooting for Films, TV Shows & Ads To Stop From Tomorrow, Cinema Halls To Remain Closed|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/maharashtra-curfew-cinema-halls-shooting-films-full-details-cm-uddhav-thackeray-coronavirus-section-144-15-days-restrictions-14-april-1452975|access-date=2021-04-16|website=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref> The curfew was extended till 15 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Lockdown in Maharashtra extended till 15th May|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/lockdown-in-maharashtra-extended-till-15th-may/videoshow/82312721.cms|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Economic Times|date=29 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=9 AM News {{!}} Maharashtra lockdown extended till 7 am on May 15; existing restrictions to continue|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/news/9-am-news-maharashtra-lockdown-extended-till-7-am-on-may-15-existing-restrictions-to-continue-701520|access-date=2021-05-06|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> On 7 May 2021, the [[Goa]] government cancelled the permission for shoots due to a rise in the COVID-19 cases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! As Goa government cancels permission for shoots in the wake of raging COVID cases, TV producers forced to wrap up and return to Mumbai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-as-goa-government-cancels-permission-for-shoots-in-the-wake-of-raging-covid-cases-tv-producers-forced-to-wrap-up-and-return-to-mumbai/articleshow/82432964.cms|access-date=2021-05-07|website=The Times of India|date=7 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-07|title=Goa govt cancels permission for film, tele-serial shootings amid rising Covid-19 cases|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/goa-government-cancels-permission-for-film-tele-serial-shootings-amid-rising-covid-19-cases-7304603/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The series was shot in [[Siliguri]] after the lockdown in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mundara|first=Vrinda|date=2021-05-17|title=Helly Rrahul Starrer IMMJ 2 Shifts To Siliguri Post Goa Lockdown|url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/television/helly-rrahul-starrer-immj-2-shifts-to-siliguri-post-goa-lockdown/82853/|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Lehren|language=en-US}}</ref>

The shooting of the series ended on 9 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-06-10|title=Confirmed: 'Ishq Mein Marjawan 2' To Go Off Air, Helly Shah Pens Emotional Post On Last Day Of Shoot|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/ishq-mein-marjawan-2-to-go-off-air-helly-shah-pens-emotional-post-on-last-day-of-shoot-1462882|access-date=2021-06-11|website=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Ratings===

In UK the viewership on week ending Sunday 4 April 2021 was 13,400 K viewers, making it the 3rd most-watched serial on Colors Rishtey UK.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bizasialive.com/uk-ratings-anupamaa-drops-but-stays-at-no-1-in-weekly-chart/|title= UK Ratings: 'Anupamaa' drops but stays at No.1 in weekly chart |website=Biz Asia|access-date=12 April 2021|date=12 April 2021}}</ref> The Ratings then dropped but it still was the 2nd most watched on Colors Rishtey UK gathering 11,800 K viewers on week ending 16 May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bizasialive.com/uk-ratings-anupamaa-stays-ahead-of-rivals-in-weekly-chart-2/ |title= UK Ratings: 'Anupamaa' stays ahead of rivals in weekly chart |website=Biz Asia|access-date=24 May 2021|date=24 May 2021}}</ref> The Viewership increased on week ending Sunday 13 June 2021 with 16,700 K viewers, making it the most watched serial on Colors Rishtey UK.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bizasialive.com/uk-ratings-anupamaa-holds-on-tight-to-no-1-in-weekly-chart/|title= UK Ratings: 'Anupamaa' holds on tight to No.1 in weekly chart|website=Biz Asia|access-date=21 June 2021|date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=cyan|overall= |title= = |airdate= |airdateR= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Vansh gets a warning
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Vansh meets Riddhima, a stranger calls him and warns that Riddhima isn't his anymore.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Whoa! Did Riddhima attack Vansh?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima trespasses into Vansh's room, however, she triggers a burglar alarm and is locked inside.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Riddhima Held At Gun Point
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Aryan kidnaps Riddhima to extract information about the stolen diamonds, however, she refuses to speak.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Riddhima challenges Vansh!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima confronts that she took the diamonds beside challenging Vansh to shoot her. Meanwhile, Vansh learns that Riddhima is not pregnant.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Vansh gets resentful!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima tries to doze Vansh using sleeping medicine and steals the rifle. However, Vansh discovers about Riddhima and gets resentful. Meanwhile, Aryan tries to prove the culprit.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Vansh To Expose Riddhima?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh confronts the family and reveals that Riddhima has stolen the family's valuable possession, an old rifle. Later, Vansh interrogates Riddhima and urges her to reveal the truth about her action.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Vansh Finds Riddhima's look-alike
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh ends up at Vyom's lair looking for Riddhima and ends up finding a shocking truth about Riddhima's look-alike. Meanwhile, Vyom states what he wants from Vansh.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Who Is The Mystery Girl?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh remains stressed to find the diamonds and the family rifle. Adding to the trouble, another shock jolts him when Dadi takes back the control of the family business from him until he makes his decision regarding Riddhima.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Vansh's mission gets sabotaged
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Vansh is on a mission to retrieve his black box, Riddhima's doppelganger sabotages his mission and gets away with the black box.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Vansh hides the 'black box'
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh talks to Angre and informs him that the 'black box' needs to be hidden in a safe location, which Riddhima's doppelganger overhears and figures out the whole plan.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Is Vansh Falling Into Riddhima's Trap?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While Vansh confronts Riddhima at gunpoint about her actions, an explosion in the house shocks everyone, leading Vansh to run out and save his family.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Vansh shoots Riddhima!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Aryan kidnaps Riddhima and takes her to a secluded forest to kill her. However, in a shocking turn of events, Vansh arrives and shoots Riddhima.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Vansh-Vyom's Final Showdown!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sia reveals to Vyom that Vansh killed Riddhima. Later, Vyom panics when he sees Vansh in his room. Subsequently, Vansh holds Vyom at gunpoint and questions him about Riddhima's whereabouts.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Vansh confronts Riddhima's doppelganger!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh reveals to Riddhima's look-alike how he faked her death in front of Aryan and saved her life. Furthermore, he questions her about Riddhima's whereabouts and her plan.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Vansh looks for the caller
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While Angre guards Riddhima's doppelganger, he gets a call informing that Vansh needs him immediately. But, on reaching, they learn that Angre was misled.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = Aryan to expose Vansh?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Aryan finds out that Riddhima is alive after uncovering the CCTV footage in Vansh's room. Immediately, he plans to expose Vansh and alerts Daadi about it.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Aryan shoots Angre!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Aryan learns about Riddhima's whereabouts and goes in pursuit, with a loaded gun to kill her. A scuffle ensues between Angre and Aryan, and in the midst, Aryan shoots Angre.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Vansh held at gunpoint
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After Aryan proves to his grandmother that Vansh had lied about Riddhima's demise, Riddhima presents herself to prove him right. Unable to bear the anger, Vansh's grandmother holds him at gunpoint and questions him.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = Vansh's futile attempt?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While Aryan accepts his crimes of shooting Angre, Ishani falls for his deceit eventually. Meanwhile, Vansh tries his best to decode the 'black box'.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = Riddhima receives a courier
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As requested by Riddhima, Vyom sends a costly pendent to VR Mansion, but Chanchal takes the courier and decides to keep it for herself.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = Vansh sets a trap for Riddhima
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Vansh suspects Riddhima and feels that she is on a mission to retrieve the black box from him, he lets Riddhima have the password for it so that he can find out what she is up to.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = Riddhima is confronted!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh tells Riddhima about noticing a rapid change in her behaviour. He confronts her for stealing from her own house and demands the truth, ensuring her of a certain solution to her problem.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = Vyom flirts with Sia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Indrani threatens Riddhima that she will reveal her and Vansh's secret to Dadi. Meanwhile, Riddhima warns Sia to stay away from Vyom as he is a dangerous man.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = Riddhima to spill the beans?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = During a romantic moment, Riddhima tries to make a shocking revelation to Vansh. However, they get into a heated argument, and Riddhima stops short of making the revelation.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|Title = Vansh makes a discovery
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima confronts Kiara to find a clue about the secret black box. Later, Vansh learns a horrific secret about Riddhima from his spy.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = Vansh gets instigated against Riddhima!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh's trust in Riddhima gets low when he finds out that she has been hiding Kabir in captivity. But things turn ugly when Sia instigates him against Riddhima, lying about the latter plotting his fall!
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|Title = Riddhima is bewildered
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Riddhima is about to call Kiara, she is shocked to find her falling from the first floor to the middle of the house. And Vansh concludes that it was a murder attempt, and the perpetrator has not left the house.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|Title = Riddhima feels threatened
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima finds a note written on the floor with Gulal in the middle of VR Mansion, which says that Riddhima's secrets will soon be exposed to Vansh.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|Title = Riddhima suspects Aryan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima suspects Aryan to be Kiara's killer but is unable to figure out his motive behind the murder. She discusses the same with Vansh, who agrees with her suspicion.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|Title = Did Aryan kill Kiara?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima manages to hide the message on the mirror from Vansh. Later, Ishani accuses Aryan of murdering Kiara after the image of Kiara's tattoo is found in Ishani's phone.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|Title = Vansh falls sick
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh manages to hide the dead body of Kiara before the police could find out. Meanwhile, Sia runs away from home to Vyom.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|Title = Vansh is held at gunpoint!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After Sia goes missing, Vansh confronts Vyom and interrogate him about her whereabouts at gunpoint. However, things take an ugly turn as Vyom wins the gun from him and threaten to kill him.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|Title = Vyom captives Riddhima
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima visits Vyom to request him for the antidote for Vansh and ends up captivated. Later, Vyom calls Vansh and demands the black box to release Riddhima.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|Title = Vansh's race against the clock
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh reaches Vyom to save Riddhima and Angre from his captivity. But a poisoned Vansh fades in front of Vyom, as he begins to run out of time.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|Title = Vansh has his last moments
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = On the verge of death, Vansh savours his last moments with Riddhima and his loved ones. Meanwhile, Vyom is holding the antidote for Vansh in return for the black box.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|Title = Vansh spikes Riddhima's drink
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After Vansh fails to get Riddhima to reveal the truth behind her disappearance, he comes up with a plan to spike Riddhima's drink to make her do his bidding.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|Title = Danger looms over Vansh's family
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vyom calls Indrani to threaten her and vows to wreak havoc in Vansh's life. Later, Riddhima goes missing from the resort, and Vansh grows anxious.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|Title = Riddhima investigates Vansh's family
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vyom is still onto Riddhima and believes that their deal isn't off yet. Meanwhile, Riddhima investigates Vansh's family members one by one to find out who else is working for Vyom.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|Title = Riddhima is in danger
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima arrives at the poolside after she finds a note from Vansh asking her to meet him there. While she waits for Vansh, she gets pushed into the pool.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|Title = Vansh in dilemma!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = By giving Riddhima the first dose of the high risk medicine, Vansh learns a part of the secret she has been hiding. Now, he finds himself in dilemma as the other dose can reveal the truth but it puts Riddhima's life at risk!
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|Title = Vansh gets a lead!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh finds a perfect opportunity to acquire information from Riddhima and sedates her with the drug. Resultingly, an intoxicated Riddhima reveals the name Sara, who is a contract killer.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|Title = Is Ishani a black mamba?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Upon finding out that Ishani pushed her into the pool, Riddhima wonders whether Ishani is a black mamba. Later on, Riddhima and Vansh spend a romantic evening.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|Title = Riddhima feels threatened
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Gayatri challenges Riddhima that she will get rid of Vansh no matter who comes in between them within the next twelve hours.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|Title = Vansh finds the black box
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh starts to grow anxious as his search for the black box leads him nowhere. However, he grows suspicious when he finds the black box in his grandmother's room hidden in the locker.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|Title = Sara to kill Vansh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = In order to stop Sara from harming Vansh, Riddhima locks Sara in her hotel bathroom. However, Sara escapes without Riddhima's knowledge and goes on to implement her plan to kill Vansh and get her revenge.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|Title = Vansh finds himself trapped!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima grows distressed when she fails to find Vansh's whereabouts. Meanwhile, Vansh, who begins to feel breathless, finds himself trapped inside the sauna and ends up losing consciousness.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|Title = Sara's murder attempt fails!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sara's attempt to murder Vansh doesn't go as planned as her aim misses him by an inch. However, frustrated, she declares in front of Riddhima to have another attempt before the time runs out.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|Title = Sara's cunning deception!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After Sara's attempt to murder Vansh fails, she flees from the situation and shoots herself in the hand to create a deception. Moments later, Vansh arrives and grows suspicious, looking at the situation.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|Title = Vansh steals the evidence!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh contacts Angre with a transmitter card and calms down Ishani. However, he makes a master plan and steals the evidence and instructs Aryan to hide them safely.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|Title = Vansh checkmates Vyom
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|11|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh and Ishani trap Vyom and Ajay by capturing a video of them dealing with drugs and checkmate them with the footage. However, Vansh gets a threatening message and learns that Riddhima has been kidnapped.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|Title = Ishani conspires against Riddhima
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Riddhima is kidnapped, Isha looks at it as an opportunity to get rid of Riddhima for good. Meanwhile, Vansh finds clues that will help him find Riddhima.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|Title = Vansh is in a perilous situation
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A temporarily blinded Vansh goes searching for Riddhima, who has been held captive by Vyom. On his way to Riddhima, he gets into a life-threatening situation after stepping on a mine.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|Title = Aryan to foil Vansh's plan?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh prepares to drug Riddhima for the last time to get her to reveal the overall truth she has been hiding. Meanwhile, Aryan learns Vansh's plan and decides to use the opportunity in his favour.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|Title = Riddhima to save Vansh's life?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima confronts Vyom and beseeches in front of him to spare Vansh's life. Moreover, she offers him Vansh's entire business empire in return for his life and refuge in a foreign haven.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|Title = Vyom initiates his plan!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vyom's attention shifts from Vansh to the assassin, who left the former with a lethal wound. And to find out who it is, Vyom forces Aryan to appoint him as the manager of the hotel.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|Title = Riddhima confronts Angre!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A distraught Riddhima is unable to find Vansh and confronts Angre to reveal his location. While Angre refuses to divulge the information, she decides to search for Vansh herself.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|Title = Riddhima gets Vyom arrested
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima traps Vyom in the murder of Gayatri and gets him arrested. However, Riddhima and Gayatri plot the fake case of murder only to sideline Vyom for Vansh's safety.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|Title = Riddhima learns an appalling truth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima finds Gayatri to be brutally injured and soon succumbs to death. When Riddhima looks around to find the murderer, she finds Angre shaking hands with Vyom and confirming the news of her death.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|Title = Riddhima learns about Mallika
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima is left surprised after learning about Mallika, whom she met earlier is believed to be dead. She feels something is fishy and decides to investigate the truth.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|Title = Riddhima spiles on Angre
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After Vyom hoodwinks Riddhima and takes the valuable diamond in his possession, she gets suspicious of Angre's involvement with Vyom and spies on him to find the diamond.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 61
|Title = Riddhima learns the truth about sara
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Riddhima confronts Angre about working for Vyom, he reveals his plan to her and shows her that Gayatri is alive, leaving her shocked. Meanwhile, Vyom desperately looks for the diamond.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 62
|Title = Riddhima's master plan!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima and Angre locate the diamond and make a devious plan to steal it. However, when Riddhima breaks in to commit burglary, she is confronted by Vyom, who already has the diamond in his possession.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 63
|Title = Riddhima gets the upper hand
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima gets her hands on the diamond and holds it as leverage against Vyom in a bid to get him to reveal the location where Vansh has been kept.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 64
|Title = Riddhima spies on Vyom
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While spying on Vyom, Riddhima realises that he has been holding a person in his captivity and decides to investigate.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 65
|Title = Riddhima gets a message
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Riddhima tries to find clues about Vansh, a person bumps into her and drops a pen drive with her name on it. Further, Riddhima finds a cryptic video with the name mentioned as Black Mamba.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 66
|Title = Vyom breaks down!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = On seeing Vyom's emotional breakdown, Riddhima secretly sweeps through his belongings in an attempt to find a clue to solve the puzzle.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 67
|Title = Riddhima gets emotional
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima is overwhelmed with emotions on seeing Vansh and is unwilling to let go of his hand even while going to sleep. The next day, she wakes up and fails to find Vansh by her side.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 68
|Title = Vyom's tragic story
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Riddhima questions an intoxicated Vyom about the whereabouts of the unknown woman and her child, Vyom reveals that they were his wife and daughter, whom Vansh had murdered.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 69
|Title = Riddhima learns Vansh's plan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima gets miffed at Vansh and Angre after learning about their plan from Angre. Later, when she meets Vyom to learn the truth regarding his claims about Vansh's villainy, he attempts to shoot her.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 70
|Title = Vansh shoots Vyom
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Vyom points the gun at Riddhima, Vansh comes to her rescue and by shooting Vyom instead. However, Vyom blames Vansh for his dreadful life and accuses Vansh of backstabbing him.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 71
|Title = Vansh warns Riddhima
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Riddhima and Vansh get into an argument, he warns her to stay out of his business and stop hiding things from him.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 72
|Title = Vansh is angry with Riddhima
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh walks out of the hotel room in anger and questions Riddhima for her action. He grows furious when she fails to justify herself and refuses to reveal the truth to him regarding her sneaky behaviour.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 73
|Title = Riddhima gets a reminder
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Gayatri reminds Riddhima that she has very little time to fulfil her demand or else she will assassinate Vansh. Later, Riddhima goes to Angre for help, but he refuses to agree to Riddhima's terms without Vansh's permission.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 74
|Title = Riddhima gets a nightmare
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima gets a nightmare in which Gayatri kills Vansh right in front of her eyes. Riddhima goes to Vansh's room to ensure everything is fine, but she finds Gayatri taking a shower in Vyom's room.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 75
|Title = Vyom questions Gayatri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vyom enquires about Gayatri from his sources and learns that she is a professional killer named Sarah. He confronts her and enquires the identity of the person who paid her to shoot Vansh.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 76
|Title = Vansh confronts Ishani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima requests Thapa to not share a word with Vansh about their action. While Vansh learns from Thapa that Ishani is trying to make fake documents, he grows angry and confronts her to know about her intentions.
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 77
|Title = Riddhima-Vansh get a surprise
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Worried about Vansh's actions, Riddhima recalls their moments and sheds tears. Meanwhile, Riddhima and Vansh get surprise cards and cakes for their wedding anniversary. How will they react to his surprise? Did they surprise each other?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 78
|Title = Vansh grows furious
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Angre holds Riddhima's hand to stop her from leaving when he asks her about the forged documents. When Vansh sees Angre holding Riddhima's hands, he gets infuriated at Angre and beats him into pulp. Is this a sign of Vansh's love for Riddhima?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 79
|Title = Vansh questions Riddhima
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = On learning that Riddhima had contacted Thappa to create a fake ID, he questions her motive behind it. Will Vansh receive answers from Riddhima?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 80
|Title = Vansh searches for Riddhima
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While Riddhima struggles to get out of the car filled with gas, Vansh arrives at the parking lot as he finds a clue regarding Riddhima's whereabouts. Will Vansh find Riddhima in time to rescue her?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 81
|Title = Vansh is Outraged!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh is left shocked when Ishani reveals that she attempted to kill Riddhima. Fuming with rage, Vansh slaps Ishani and demands her to apologise to Riddhima! Will Ishani comply with Vansh's demand and apologise to Riddhima? Find out, on Voot!
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 82
|Title = Riddhima is accused of murder
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A nervous Riddhima goes to confront Sara after coming across a note that accuses her of having committed a murder. However, Sara refuses to acknowledge Riddhima's questions. Will Riddhima find the person who sent her the note?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 83
|Title = Vyom learns Riddhima's secret
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vyom confronts Riddhima after learning her secret and gleefully assures her that Vansh will never forgive her for her actions. Will this secret drive a wedge between Vansh and Riddhima?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 84
|Title = Riddhima gets probed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Chanchal finds medicines prescribed after abortion to Ishani while secretly searching Riddhima's room. Both of them reveal this to Anupriya who then confronts Riddhima for lying about her pregnancy. What will Riddhima do now?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 85
|Title = Riddhima is in a pickle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A dazed Riddhima wakes up in the hospital to find herself surrounded by Vansh's family, that claims to have arrived after receiving her message. Have they learnt the truth about Riddhima's pregnancy?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 86
|Title = Riddhima confronts Sia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima learns that Sia was following her. In an attempt to destroy her peace, Riddhima confronts her and threatens to inform Vansh. Will Riddhima hold her ground?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 87
|Title = Riddhima's secret is exposed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima's attempt to learn Black Mamba's identity gets foiled when the family exposes her fake pregnancy before Vansh. How will Vansh react to learning this shocking news?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 88
|Title = Riddhima apologises to Gayatri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After learning the truth about Gayatri's past, Riddhima confronts her and apologises for her brutal actions. Later, Riddhima tries to convince Vansh that Gayatri is innocent. Will Vansh pay heed to Riddhima?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 89
|Title = Riddhima looks for Gayatri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima receives some information from Chanchal. However, she begins feeling like something is not adding up and proceeds to look for Gayatri to talk to her but is unable to find her anywhere. Can Riddhima find Gayatri before something bad happens?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 90
|Title = Riddhima loses her patience
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima wakes up to find Vansh busy with his work and tries to get his attention. However, Vansh responds to Riddhima incoherently, leaving her mad. Will Riddhima find a way to get Vansh's undivided attention?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 91
|Title = Riddhima takes up a disguise
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima learns that one of Vansh's business partners is coming to meet him. Furthermore, she decides to take up the partner's appearance in order to spend more time with Vansh. Will Riddhima's plan succeed in letting her be close to Vansh?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 92
|Title = Mr Roy fools Chanchal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Mr Roy aka Riddhima tricks Chanchal into secret magic to convert silver coins into gold ones. Later, Aryan and Ishani see Chanchal eating chillies while moving around a tree rather than keeping her eyes on Mr Roy. Will they suspect her?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 93
|Title = An unpleasant surprise for Riddhima
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima tries her best to keep the guise of Mr Roy a secret. But to her surprise, she learns that Angre and Vansh are already aware of it. So, was Vansh just playing along with Riddhima and Mr Roy?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 94
|Title = The true identity of Mr Roy!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Riddhima reveals to Vansh that she is none other than the mysterious Mr Roy. When Ishani and the others speak ill of Mr Roy, Vansh and Riddhima start laughing at them. Will they reveal the truth to them?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 95
|Title = Riddhima finds a secret room
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vyom shows Riddhima a room and tells her that Vansh is hiding somebody inside it, but Riddhima fails to pay heed. However, when Ishani stops her from entering the room, Riddhima's suspicions grow stronger. Will Riddhima dig deeper?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 96
|Title = Vyom threatens Indrani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vyom meets Indrani and threatens to get rid of her for good and discloses her secrets to Vansh, but she warns him of the consequences. Will Vyom hold back and give in to the threat?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 97
|Title = Will Vansh reveal his secret?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vansh gets enraged after Riddhima wishes him on his birthday, and she asks him the reason behind his annoyance. Vansh tells Riddhima that he has to show her something and takes her to the room. Is the room connected to Vansh's past?
|LineColor = cyan
}}
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt14261232}}
* ''[https://www.voot.com/shows/ishq-mein-marjawan/100713 Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar]'' on [[Voot]]

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]

Umang Bajaj

2026-04-25T05:56:05Z

Lorrine11I:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Umang Bajaj
| image = Umang_bajaj_MLA.jpg
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| constituency = [[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajinder Nagar]]
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Durgesh Pathak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Umang Bajaj''' (born 1994)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Umang Bajaj(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAJINDER NAGAR(NEW DELHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=653 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He is a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency]] in New Delhi district. He won the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinder Nagar Election Result 2025: Umang Bajaj of BJP Wins, Defeats Durgesh Pathak of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajinder-nagar-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218846.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Rajinder Nagar">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Rajinder Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0539.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318091915/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0539.htm |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rajinder Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Rajinder Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/rajinder-nagar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318091922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/rajinder-nagar |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Umang bajaj with Yogi Adityanath.jpg|thumb|Umang bajaj with Yogi Adityanath]]
Bajaj is from [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajinder Nagar]], New Delhi. He is the son of Umesh Bajaj. He completed his masters in mechanical engineering at the [[University of Lancaster]], United Kingdom in July 2016 and later did his international management degree in 2018 at [[University of Southampton]], also in UK. He works as a part time consultant.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Bajaj began his electoral career winning the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] elections and became a Councillor. He won the Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election. He polled 46,671 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Durgesh Pathak]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 1,231 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Rajinder Nagar, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Umang Bajaj defeats AAP's Durgesh Pathak with 6055 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rajinder-nagar-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676409-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajaj, Umang}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Southampton]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Kabzaa (2023 film)

2026-04-20T03:08:22Z

Lorrine11I:

{{Short description|2023 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kabzaa
| image = Kabzaa 2023 film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Chandru]]
| writer = R. Chandru
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anand Pandit]]
* R. Chandru
* Alankar Pandian
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
* [[Kiccha Sudeepa]]
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
* [[Shriya Saran]]
* [[Dev Gill]]
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
* [[Kabir Duhan Singh]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Suneel Puranik]]
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]]
* [[Murali Sharma]]
}}
| cinematography = Arjun Shetty
| editing = Mahesh S. Reddy
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| studio = [[Anand Pandit|Anand Pandit Motion Pictures]] Sri Siddheshwara Enterprises [[Invenio Origin]]
| distributor = [[R. Chandru|Sri Siddheshwara Enterprises]] (Kannada) Anand Pandit Motion Pictures (Hindi) [[Lyca Productions]] (Tamil) Ruchira Entertainments N Cinemas (Telugu) E4 Entertainment (Malayalam)
| released = {{Film date|2023|03|17|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 134 minutes
| budget = {{INR|120 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Kabzaa EXCLUSIVE: Trailer of Upendra and Kichcha Sudeepa film to release on THIS date, confirms Anand Pandit |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kabzaa-exclusive-trailer-of-upendra-and-kichcha-sudeepa-film-to-release-on-this-date-confirms-anand-pandit-1207610 |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228144531/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kabzaa-exclusive-trailer-of-upendra-and-kichcha-sudeepa-film-to-release-on-this-date-confirms-anand-pandit-1207610 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-01-31 |title=After a record 2022, Kannada cinema saw a STEEP decline in box office numbers in 2023; not a SINGLE film crossed even the Rs. 70 cr. mark; footfalls down from 8.1 cr. to 3.2 cr. :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/record-2022-kannada-cinema-saw-steep-decline-box-office-numbers-2023-not-single-film-crossed-even-rs-70-cr-mark-footfalls-8-1-cr-3-2-cr/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kabzaa Box Office Collection: Upendra And Kiccha Sudeep's Film Struggles On Day 11, Collects THIS Much|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kabzaa-box-office-collection-upendra-and-kiccha-sudeeps-film-struggles-on-day-11-collects-this-much-10070919|publisher=Jagran|first=Aanchal|last=Sharma|date=28 March 2023|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|34.5 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kabzaa Box Office Collection: Upendra And Kiccha Sudeep's Film Struggles On Day 11, Collects THIS Much|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kabzaa-box-office-collection-upendra-and-kiccha-sudeeps-film-struggles-on-day-11-collects-this-much-10070919|publisher=Jagran|first=Aanchal|last=Sharma|date=28 March 2023|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kabzaa''''' ({{translation|Possession/Conquest}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Gangster film|period action gangster film]] written and directed by [[R. Chandru]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Kiccha Sudeepa]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]], [[Suneel Puranik]], [[John Kokken]], [[Dev Gill]], [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], and [[Posani Krishna Murali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabzaa teaser sparks huge expectations |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/sep/19/kabzaa-teaser-sparks-huge-expectations-34802.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930151809/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/sep/19/kabzaa-teaser-sparks-huge-expectations-34802.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the film, Arkeshwara, an [[Indian Air Force|air force]] officer, enters the underworld due to unavoidable circumststances and revolves around his life between 1942.

''Kabzaa'' was released on 17 March 2023 in Kannada, along with the dubbed versions of Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam coinciding with the 48th birth anniversary of [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=See Bolly |date=2023-02-18 |title=Kabzaa Movie OTT Release Date, OTT Platform, OTT Rights |url=https://seebolly.com/kabzaa-movie-ott-release-date-ott-platform-ott-rights/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218082223/https://seebolly.com/kabzaa-movie-ott-release-date-ott-platform-ott-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received negative reviews from critics and emerged as a [[Box-office bomb|box-office failure]], grossing ₹34.5 crore against a budget of ₹120 crore. Despite the commercial failure, a sequel titled ''Kabzaa 2'' has been announced and is currently under development.

== Plot ==
During the [[British Raj|British rule in 1945]], Amareshwara, a North Indian Maharaja and a freedom fighter, gets brutally killed by the British, where his wife Tulasi Devi ([[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]) and sons Arkeshwara and Sankeshwara, relocate to Amarapura and work as flag sellers. In 1971, Arkeshwara ([[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]) becomes an [[Indian Air Force|air force]] pilot, while Sankeshwara ([[Suneel Puranik]]) sacrifices his aspirations of joining the Air Force for his brother. Arkeshwara returns to Amarapura for a short holiday, where he spends time with his mother and girlfriend Princess Madhumati ([[Shriya Saran]]), who is the daughter of the head and maharaja of Amarapura, Veer Bahaddur ([[Murali Sharma]]).

Amarapura has always been involved in gang wars between three gangsters: Khaleed (M. Kamaraj), Bagheera ([[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]]) and Malik (John Kokken). When [[Chief Minister of India|CM]] Ghanshyam Pandey (Lakki Lakshman) learns about Veer Bahaddur's plan to nominate himself as a candidate for the CM, to regain power over the people, he hires Khaleed to create chaos in Amarapura, along with his son Sartaaj ([[Taaha Shah]]). Sartaaj begins the chaos until Sankeshwara kills him for shooting an old woman. Enraged, Khaleed kills and beheads Sankeshwara, which disturbs Arkeshwara and Tulasi. An enraged Arkeshwara later kills a police officer for insulting his family, upon which he is sentenced to prison and expelled from the Air Force. Later, Khaleed hires a dreaded gangster Bali ([[Danish Akhtar Saifi]]) to kill Arkeshwara in prison, but Arkeshwara kills Bali.

Sensing an opportunity to get rid of Khaleed, Veer Bahaddur bails out Arkeshwara. Khaleed organises a hit against Arkeshwara, but Arkeshwara finishes Khaleed's men and kills Khaleed, thus seeking justice in Sankeshwara's death and marking his foray into becoming the next crime boss of the [[Organised crime in India|Bangalore crime syndicate]]. However, trouble ensues for Arkeshwara, as he has to deal with Malik and Bagheera. Veer Bahaddur wins the election and becomes the CM. Madhumati informs her decision to him on marrying Arkeshwara, but Veer Bahaddur disrespects her decision and Arkeshwara, leading her to elope with him. Arkeshwara kills Bagheera and Malik, and occupies their empire, where he becomes a dreaded gangster overnight.

In 1973, Arakeshwara leads a family life with Madhumati, their two children and Tulasi Devi, in a massive palace. On their wedding anniversary, Madhumati heads to Veer Bahaddur for reconciliation, but he holds her captive in a cell and tells her about how he used Arkeshwara as a weapon to destroy Bagheera, Khaleed and Malik. He also reveals to her that he tried to get [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Vikram ([[Dev Gill]]) arrest Arkeshwara, but to no avail as he died at the hands of Arkeshwara. Veer Bahaddur then separates Madhumati from her sons and proceeds to burn them alive.

Meanwhile, Arkeshwara gets worried about Madhumati and their children. He calls up Veer Bahaddur to find about their whereabouts, but later gets surrounded by the ruthless cop Bhargava Bakshi ([[Sudeepa|Kiccha Sudeepa]]), along with his battalion. Just as he is about to retaliate against them, a mysterious gangster named Siddhantha ([[Shiva Rajkumar]]) arrives with his gang and aims his weapons at both Bakshi and Arkeshwara, ordering them to be fired, thus hinting a sequel.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Arkeshwara, A Former [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] Pilot-Turned-Gangster<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kabzaa-hindi-teaser-out-all-guns-go-blazing-in-upendra-and-kichcha-sudeeps-period-actioner-2303976-2022-12-01|title=Kabzaa Hindi teaser out! All guns go blazing in Upendra and Kichcha Sudeep's period actioner|website=India Today|date=December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-01|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201160115/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/kabzaa-hindi-teaser-out-all-guns-go-blazing-in-upendra-and-kichcha-sudeeps-period-actioner-2303976-2022-12-01|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Chiru as Young Arkeshwara
* [[Kiccha Sudeepa]] as [[Senior superintendent|SSP]] Bhargav Bakshi, A Ruthless Cop
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Madhumati Bahaddur, Arkeshwara's Wife And Veer Bahadur's Daughter
* [[Murali Sharma]] as [[Chief minister (India)|CM]] Veer Bahaddur, Madhumati's Father And King Of Amarapuram During The British Raj.
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Banghira, A Coastal Gangster Who Wears Viking Attire.
* [[Suneel Puranik]] as Sankeshwara, Arkeshwara's Elder Brother And A Courageous Revolutionary Opposed To Khaleed.
** Jnan as Young Sankeshwara
* [[John Kokken]] as Malik, A North Indian Gangster
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as North Indian King
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Tulasi Devi, Arkeshwara and Sankeshwara's Mother
* [[Dev Gill]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Vikram, A Cop Hired To By Bahaddur To Kill Arkeshwara.
* M. Kamaraj as Khaleed, A Bloodthirsty Gangster Stationed In Amarapuram
*Neenasam Ashwath as Masood, Khaleed's Brother
* [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]] as Bali, A Hitman Who Works For Khaleed.
* [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Arms Dealer
* Lakki Lakshman as CM Ghanshyam Pandey, A Political Opponent To Bahaddur.
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Jambe
* [[Taaha Shah]] as Saartaj, Khaleed's son
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Jailer
* [[Anoop Revanna]] as Fayaaz, Also Known As Target, A Vigilante Don Who Opposes Khaleed And Sides With Arkeshwara.
* [[B. Suresha|B Suresh]] as Varadharaj Mudaliar
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Prithviraj]] as [[superintendent of police|SP]]
* Dharma as [[superintendent of police|SP]]
* [[Tanya Hope]] as Bar Dancer In The Song, "Chum Chum Chali Chali"
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in a [[cameo appearance]] as Siddhantha<ref>{{cite web | date=2023-03-03 | title=Shivarajkumar joins hands with Upendra and Sudeep for Kabzaa | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/shivarajkumar-joins-hands-with-upendra-and-sudeep-for-kabzaa-8477905/ | access-date=2023-03-03 | website=Indian Express | archive-date=2023-03-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303125440/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/shivarajkumar-joins-hands-with-upendra-and-sudeep-for-kabzaa-8477905/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film's shoot had to be suspended due to COVID-19 pandemic and resumed in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upendra to resume shooting for Kabzaa from March 3 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/27/upendra-to-resume-shooting-for-kabzaa-from-march-3-23044.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080729/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/27/upendra-to-resume-shooting-for-kabzaa-from-march-3-23044.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Actor [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] joined the shoot in October 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawab Shah joins Kabzaa cast |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/oct/09/nawab-shah-joins-kabzaa-cast-27171.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080724/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/oct/09/nawab-shah-joins-kabzaa-cast-27171.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sudeepa|Sudeep]] in December 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudeep to enter Kabzaa sets on December 15 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/dec/13/sudeep-to-enter-kabzaa-sets-on-december-15-28380.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080736/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/dec/13/sudeep-to-enter-kabzaa-sets-on-december-15-28380.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Asha Bhat]] joined the cast in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Asha Bhat approached for Upendra-starrer Kabzaa? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/08/asha-bhat-approached-for-upendra-starrer-kabzaa-23841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080736/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/08/asha-bhat-approached-for-upendra-starrer-kabzaa-23841.html |archive-date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=Upendra: I will announce my directorial venture depending on Covid situation |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/sep/12/upendra-i-will-announce-directorial-depending-on-covid-situation-26596.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080724/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/sep/12/upendra-i-will-announce-directorial-depending-on-covid-situation-26596.html |archive-date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film marks the debut of [[Murali Sharma]] in Kannada films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murli Sharma makes his Kannada debut with R Chandru's Kabzaa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/apr/19/murli-sharma-makes-his-kannada-debut-with-r-chandrus-kabzaa-30973.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080911/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/apr/19/murli-sharma-makes-his-kannada-debut-with-r-chandrus-kabzaa-30973.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The team later announced that [[Shiva Rajkumar]] has done a cameo appearance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivarajkumar to make a guest appearance in R Chandru's Kabzaa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/aug/18/shivarajkumar-to-make-a-guest-appearance-in-r-chandrus-kabzaa-33838.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315081337/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/aug/18/shivarajkumar-to-make-a-guest-appearance-in-r-chandrus-kabzaa-33838.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kabzaa
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 February 2023
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature Film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:35
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| prev_title = [[KGF: Chapter 2|KGF 2]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Salaar]]
| next_year = 2023
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Ravi Basrur]] in his maiden collaboration with both [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Kichcha Sudeepa]]. The soundtrack was released by [[Anand Audio]]. The first single titled "Kabzaa Title Track" was released on 4 February 2023. The second single titled "Namaami Namaami" was released on 16 February 2023. The third single titled "Chum Chum Chali Chali" was released on 26 February 2023.

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kabzaa Title Track
| lyrics1 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]], Bhavyashri Bandimata, [[Ravi Basrur]], Sachin Basrur, Manish Dinakar
| length1 = 3:59
|title2 = Namaami Namaami
|lyrics2 = Kinnal Raj
|extra2 = Aishwarya Rangarajan
|length2= 4:38
| title3 = Chum Chum Chali Chali
| lyrics3 = Pramod Maravante
| extra3 = Aira Udupi, Manish Dinakar, Santhosh Venky
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Radha Radha
| lyrics4 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| extra4 = Vijayalaxmi Mettinahole
| length4 = 3:31
| total_length =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kabzaa Title Track
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| extra1 = Snigdhajit Bhowmik, Shruthika Samudrala, Ritesh G Rao,
Saicharan Bhaskaruni, Lokeshwar Edara, [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Ravi Basrur]], Sachin Basrur, Manish Dinakar
| length1 = 3:59
|title2 = Namaami Namaami
|lyrics2 = Deepak Bharti
|extra2 = Aishwarya Rangarajan
|length2= 4:41
| title3 = Main Toh Chali
| lyrics3 = Shabbir Ahmed
| extra3 = Snigdha Sharma, Ritesh G. Rao
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Radha Radha
| lyrics4 = Deepak Bharti
| extra4 = Astha Lohar
| length4 = 3:31
| total_length =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kabzaa Title Track
| lyrics1 = Madhurakavi
| extra1 = Saicharan Bhaskaruni, Aditi Bhavaraju, Prasanth Kamma, Saicharan Bhaskaruni, Lokeshwar Edara, [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Ravi Basrur]], Sachin Basrur, Manish Dinakar
| length1 = 3:59
| title2 = Namaami Namaami
| lyrics2 = Madhurakavi
| extra2 = Vaishnavi Kannan
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Pal Pal Pallanguzhi
| lyrics3 = Madhurakavi
| extra3 = Vagu, Arjun Vijay
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Radhe Radhe
| lyrics4 = Madhurakavi
| extra4 = [[Super Singer 10 |Vaishnavi Kovvuri]]
| length4 = 3:31
| total_length =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kabzaa Title Track
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra1 = Prasanth Kamma, Aditi Bhavaraju, Saicharan Bhaskaruni, Lokeshwar Edara, [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Ravi Basrur]], Sachin Basrur, Manish Dinakar
| length1 = 3:59
| title2 = Namaami Namaami
| lyrics2 = Suresh Gangula
| extra2 = Sahithi Chaganti
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Pal Pal Palli
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra3 = Harini Ivaturi, Santhosh Venky
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Radhe Radhe
| lyrics4 =[[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = [[Super Singer 10 |Vaishnavi Kovvuri]]
| length4 = 3:31
| total_length =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Malayalam
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kabzaa Title Track
| lyrics1 = Sudhamsu
| extra1 = Arjun Vijay, Anna Baby, M.T. Sruthikanth, M.T. Sangeeth, Mathew Roy, [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Ravi Basrur]], Sachin Basrur, Manish Dinakar
| length1 = 3:59
|title2 = Namaami Namaami
|lyrics2 = Rajeev Govindan
|extra2 = Vaishnavi Kannan
|length2= 4:38
| title3 = Min Min Minna Minni
| lyrics3 = Sudhamsu
| extra3 = Vagu, Arjun Vijay
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Radhe Radhe
| lyrics4 = Rajeev Govindan
| extra4 = Nayana Nair
| length4 = 3:31
| total_length =
}}

== Marketing ==
The motion poster of the film was released on the birthday of Upendra on 18 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabzaa motion poster to be unveiled on Upendra's birthday |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/sep/18/kabzaa-motion-poster-to-be-unveiled-on-upendras-birthday-26709.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080727/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/sep/18/kabzaa-motion-poster-to-be-unveiled-on-upendras-birthday-26709.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's teaser was released in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/videos/2022/sep/17/upendra-raos-kabzaa-teaser-out-34774.html|title=Upendra's Kabzaa teaser out|date=17 September 2021|work=Cinema Express|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315082214/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/videos/2022/sep/17/upendra-raos-kabzaa-teaser-out-34774.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Kabzaa'' was theatrically released on 17 March 2023 in Kannada alongside Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and Malayalam languages in 4000 screens in India.<ref name=ti /><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-03-14 |title=Pan-India film Kabzaa Runtime |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pan-india-film-kabzaa-runtime-787758 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315082235/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pan-india-film-kabzaa-runtime-787758 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Lyca Productions]] acquired the theatrical rights for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabzaa's Tamil Nadu theatrical rights sold |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/08/kabzaas-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-sold-40772.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080736/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/08/kabzaas-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-sold-40772.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-03-09 |title=Tamil Nadu theatrical rights for "Kabzaa" have been sold. |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-for-kabzaa-have-been-sold-786908 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080729/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-for-kabzaa-have-been-sold-786908 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindi distribution rights of the film was acquired by [[Anand Pandit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Producer Anand Pandit to distribute Kabzaa in Hindi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/dec/01/producer-anand-pandit-to-distribute-kabzaa-in-hindi-37227.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315082346/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/dec/01/producer-anand-pandit-to-distribute-kabzaa-in-hindi-37227.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Telugu rights were bagged by [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti|Sudhakar Reddy]] Ruchira Entertainments and N Cinemas banner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabzaa overseas rights face great demand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/feb/02/kabzaa-overseas-rights-face-great-demand-2543497.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 February 2023 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315083347/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/feb/02/kabzaa-overseas-rights-face-great-demand-2543497.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chandru himself will distribute the Kannada version.<ref name=ti>{{Cite news |title='Kabzaa' is all set to release in 4,000 screens all over the world |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kabzaa-is-all-set-to-release-in-4000-screens-all-over-the-world/articleshow/98650069.cms |access-date=2023-03-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319111544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kabzaa-is-all-set-to-release-in-4000-screens-all-over-the-world/articleshow/98650069.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Malayalam rights were bagged by LGF Studios and distributed through E4 Entertainments in Kerala.<ref name=ti /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manorama |first=Malayala |date=2023-03-15 |title=പാൻ ഇന്ത്യൻ ചിത്രം 'കബ്സ'യ്ക്ക് കേരളത്തിൽ വൻ റിലീസ്|url= https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/03/15/kabzaa-wide-release-kerala.html|access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.malayalamanoramaonline.com|language=ml}}</ref>

===Home media===
The satellite rights of the film were secured by [[Colors Kannada]], while the digital rights were secured by [[Amazon Prime Video]] for {{INRConvert|140|c}}.<ref name="OTT price">{{Cite web|title=Kabzaa's OTT Rights Sold to Digital Streaming Platform for a Massive Sum|url= https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kabzaas-ott-rights-sold-to-digital-streaming-platform-for-a-massive-sum-788155|date=2023-03-16|access-date=2023-04-05|website=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Kabzaa OTT Rights Sold To THIS Digital Streaming Platform For A Jaw-Dropping Amount: Reports|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kabzaa-ott-rights-sold-to-this-digital-streaming-platform-for-a-jawdropping-amount-reports-10069141|date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-04-05|website= Jagran.com}}</ref> The film was premiered on Amazon Prime Video from 14 April 2023 in Kannada and dubbed versions of Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=10 April 2023 |title=Kabzaa OTT release date: Check details here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kabzaa-ott-release-date-check-details-here/articleshow/99041796.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=10 April 2023 }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film was reported to have collected {{Indian Rupee|11.10 crore}} on its opening day domestically<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kabzaa box office day 1 early estimates: Upendra, Kiccha Sudeep film earns Rs 11.1 crore despite negative reviews |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kabzaa-box-office-day-1-early-estimates-upendra-kiccha-sudeep-film-earns-rs-26-crore-despite-negative-reviews-3030675 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318093229/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kabzaa-box-office-day-1-early-estimates-upendra-kiccha-sudeep-film-earns-rs-26-crore-despite-negative-reviews-3030675 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> though the makers claimed the first day worldwide gross collections to be ₹25 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Kabzaa Box Office Collection: ಕಬ್ಜ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಫಸ್ಟ್ ಡೇ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು? ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಕೊಟ್ರು ಆರ್‌. ಚಂದ್ರು |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/pan-india-kananda-kabzaa-movie-first-day-box-office-collection-report-rvj-dvp-1006802.html |website=News18 Kannada}}</ref> The first weekend gross was reported to be ₹20.60 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2023 |title=Kabzaa box office collection Day 3: Upendra, Kichcha Sudeep's film fails to create magic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kabzaa-box-office-collection-day-3-upendra-kichcha-sudeep-shriya-saran-2348876-2023-03-20 |website=India Today}}</ref> The 5 day collection was reported to be ₹27.19 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2023 |title=Kabzaa Box Office Collection: 'Kabzaa' Box office Collection Day 5: Upendra's film struggles to attract audience, collects this much |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kabzaa-box-office-collection-day-5-upendras-film-falls-flat-collects-this-much-only/articleshow/98902412.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> At the end of 8 days, the collections were reported to be ₹30 - ₹31 crore.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 March 2023 |title=Kabzaa box office collection day 8: Kichcha Sudeep's film struggles to hit big numbers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kabzaa-box-office-collection-day-8-kichcha-sudeeps-film-struggles-to-hit-big-numbers-2351257-2023-03-25}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR}}34.5 crore in 11 days against a budget of ₹120 crore and became a box office bomb.<ref name="bo">{{Cite news |date=28 March 2023 |title='Kabzaa' box office collection day 11 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kabzaa-box-office-collection-upendra-and-kiccha-sudeeps-film-struggles-on-day-11-collects-this-much-10070919 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=[[Jagran]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Kabzaa'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics who praised the cinematography, action sequences, and Upendra's performance, but criticized its screenwriting, music, and similarities with ''[[K.G.F (film series)|K.G.F]]''.<ref name="response">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2023 |title='Kabzaa' Box office Collection: Kichcha Sudeep, Upendra's film struggles to attract audience despite multi-lingual release |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kabzaa-box-office-collection-kichcha-sudeep-upendras-film-struggles-to-attract-audience-despite-multi-lingual-release/articleshow/98933813.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Harish Basavarajaiah of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "There are many one-liners and punching dialogues which play to the gallery. Shivarajkumar’s entry in the climax brings another twist in the tale and is one of the main points in the movie. The story, visual presentation, and ensemble cast makes the movie worth watching".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kabzaa Review: Kabzaa: An underworld saga captivates with its twists and turns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kabzaa/movie-review/98726349.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319111545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kabzaa/movie-review/98726349.cms |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Upendra’s [[Gangster film|gangster drama]] is similar to ‘KGF’ in more than just the looks, flavour, and genre; it's a rip-off loaded with empty shells of everything that made [[Prashanth Neel]]'s films enjoyable"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandar |first1=Bhuvanesh |date=17 March 2023 |title=Kabzaa' movie review: Upendra's action-drama is a dreary, tepid 'KGF' rehash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kabzaa-movie-review-upendras-action-drama-is-a-dreary-tepid-kgf-rehash/article66630835.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121043/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kabzaa-movie-review-upendras-action-drama-is-a-dreary-tepid-kgf-rehash/article66630835.ece |archive-date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[Network18 Group|News 18]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kabzaa is the right film for you if you are craving to see an anti-hero like Rocky Bhai wreak havoc on the enemies in a full-fledged commercial set-up weaved with the help of adrenaline-pumping action sequences, edge-of-the-seat thrill, and larger than life characters. You’re bound to enjoy the twists and turns and the climax will leave you wanting for more".<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=Kabzaa Review: Upendra, Shriya Saran And Kiccha Sudeepa's Action Thriller Is A Mass Entertainer |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kabzaa-review-upendra-shriya-saran-and-kiccha-sudeepas-action-thriller-is-a-mass-entertainer-7317037.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121100/https://www.news18.com/movies/kabzaa-review-upendra-shriya-saran-and-kiccha-sudeepas-action-thriller-is-a-mass-entertainer-7317037.html |archive-date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=News 18}}</ref> Vivek M V of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kabzaa' is a clueless film with little emphasis on emotional resonance. For all its showboating notwithstanding, it lacks a soul to make us care for it".<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title='Kabzaa' movie review: Much ado about nothing |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kabzaa-movie-review-much-ado-about-nothing-1201016.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317122543/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kabzaa-movie-review-much-ado-about-nothing-1201016.html |archive-date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Saketh Reddy Eleti of ''ABP Desam'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kabzaa is a poor imitation of KGF where nothing works out. Climax has absurd ending and Telugu dubbing was bad".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eleti |first=Saketh Reddy |date=17 March 2023 |title=కబ్జ రివ్యూ: ఉపేంద్ర పాన్ ఇండియా సినిమా ఎలా ఉంది? ఎవరు ఎవరిని 'కబ్జ' చేశారు? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/kabzaa-movie-review-starring-upendra-kiccha-sudeep-shivaraj-kumar-directed-by-r-chandru-83065 |website=telugu.abplive.com}}</ref>

Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "The film has nearly half a dozen villain characters but not even one among them manages to impress. Even on the action front, the stunts are too exaggerated to even make us root for Upendra, who sleepwalks through a role that’s interesting on paper but isn’t written in a way that it could become as popular as Yash’s Rocky from the [[K.G.F (film series)|''K.G.F'' franchise]]. Both the roles – which are about a common man’s rise to the top - have so much in common but Arkeshwara feels lifeless".<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=Kabzaa review: Upendra's film is KGF's poor cousin that's all style |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kabzaa-review-upendra-s-film-is-kgf-s-poor-cousin-that-s-all-style-no-soul-101679044675295.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317095041/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kabzaa-review-upendra-s-film-is-kgf-s-poor-cousin-that-s-all-style-no-soul-101679044675295.html |archive-date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{R. Chandru}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 crime action films]]
[[Category:2023 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]

Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:23:01Z

Lorrine11I: article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lachen Mangshila
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 7,713
| mla = [[Hishey Lachungpa]]
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Tenzing Dadul Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Thokchok Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Tasa Tengey Lepcha
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=3 | [[Hishey Lachungpa]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Lachen Mangshila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hishey Lachungpa]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,906 |percentage=75.56% |change={{increase}}16.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Lachenpa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,587 |percentage=24.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,319 |percentage=51.12% |change= {{increase}}31.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,493 |percentage=84.18% |change= {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,713 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}16.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Lachen Mangshila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hishey Lachungpa]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,772 |percentage=59.55% |change={{increase}}14.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nedup Tshering Lachenpa |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,540 |percentage=40.10% |change={{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,232 |percentage=19.45% |change= {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,334 |percentage=87.79% |change= {{increase}}6.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,378 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}14.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Lachen Mangshila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hishey Lachungpa]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,316 |percentage=45.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tseten Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,420 |percentage=27.85% |change={{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganden Tshering Lachungpa |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,363 |percentage=26.73% |change={{decrease}}37.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=896 |percentage=17.57% |change= {{decrease}}19.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,099 |percentage=81.55% |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,424 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Lachen Mangshila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasa Tengey Lepcha |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,452 |percentage=64.51% |change={{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimching Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,032 |percentage=27.15% |change={{decrease}}9.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Wangchuk Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=75 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loden Lepcha |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=42 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,420 |percentage=37.36% |change= {{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,801 |percentage=71.00% |change= {{increase}}13.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,072 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Lachen Mangshila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchok Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,737 |percentage=59.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tenzing Dadul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,077 |percentage=36.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shupan Kazi |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=3.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=660 |percentage=22.44% |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,941 |percentage=63.78% |change= {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,760 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Lachen Mangshila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tenzing Dadul Bhutia |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=864 |percentage=45.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasha Tengay Lepcha |party=Janata Party |votes=525 |percentage=27.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangay Dubo Kazi |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=13.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchok Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=183 |percentage=9.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phutik Bhutia |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=70 |percentage=3.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=339 |percentage=17.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,894 |percentage=53.35% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,811 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Bijwasan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:45Z

Lorrine11I: Creating some details and citations

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bijwasan
| mla = [[Kailash Gahlot]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 36
}}
'''Bijwasan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies in [[Delhi]]. This constituency covers part of Bharthal, Dhulsiras, Vasant Kunj, Mahipalpur, Rangpuri, Nangal Dewat, Bijwasan, Samalkha, Bamnauli, Kapashera, Shahbad Mohammadpur, Rajnagar, Part of Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka.

==Overview==
Present geographical structure of Bijwasan constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Bijwasan is part of [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]], [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]], [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]], [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]], [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]], [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]], [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] and [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sat Prakash Rana]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Devinder Kumar Sehrawat|Devinder Sehrawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Bhupinder Singh Joon]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Kailash Gahlot]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2025"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Bijwasan<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Bijwasan">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Bijwasan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0536.htm |access-date=8 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308120042/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0536.htm |archive-date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bijwasan Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Bijwasan Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/bijwasan |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308120047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/bijwasan |archive-date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kailash Gahlot]]|votes=64,951|percentage=49.77|change={{increase}}4.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Surender Bharadwaj|votes=53,675|percentage=41.13|change={{decrease}} 4.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Devinder Sehrawat]]|votes=9,409|percentage=7.21|change={{increase}}2.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kamal Singh|votes=702|percentage=0.54|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=756|percentage=0.58|change={{increase}}0.03}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,276|percentage=8.64|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,30,504|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = {{increase}}4.55
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
[https://resultuniversity.com/election/bijwasan-delhi-assembly-constituency#2020 ''Source:2020'']
In 2020, Bijwasan legislative assembly constituency had total 2,01,630 electors. Total number of valid vote was 1,24,972. [[Aam Aadmi Party]] candidate [[Bhupinder Singh Joon]] won and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from this seat. He secured total 57,271 votes. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sat Prakash Rana]] stood second with total 56,518 votes. He lost by 753 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bijwasan Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bijwasan-delhi-assembly-constituency#:~:text=In%202020,%20Bijwasan,by%20753%20votes.|access-date=2021-12-23|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
This was categorized as the most marginal victory as the number of votes difference was lowest(753).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi Election Results Highlights: AAP sweeps polls with 62 seats|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/delhi-election-result-2020-live-vote-counting-updates/articleshow/74073761.cms#:~:text=AAP%27s%20Bhupinder%20Singh%20Joon%20wins%20from%20Bijwasan%20by%20lowest%20margin%20of%20753%20votes|access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Bijwasan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Bhupinder Singh Joon]]|votes=57,271|percentage=45.83|change=-9.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sat Prakash Rana]]|votes=56,518|percentage=45.22|change=+6.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Praveen Rana|votes=5,937|percentage=4.75|change=+0.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=448|percentage=0.36|change=-0.05}}
{{Election box majority||votes=753|percentage=0.61|change=-14.92}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,097|percentage=62.04|change=-1.38}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -9.16
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
[https://resultuniversity.com/election/bijwasan-delhi-assembly-constituency#2015 ''Source:2015'']{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Bijwasan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Devinder Kumar Sehrawat]]
| votes = 65,006
| percentage = 54.99
| change = +22.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sat Prakash Rana
| votes = 45,470
| percentage = 38.46
| change = +3.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vijay Singh Lochav
| votes = 5,258
| percentage = 4.44
| change = -13.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Yogesh Gaur
| votes = 641
| percentage = 0.54
| change = -11.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Lok Dal
| candidate = Pankaj Kumar
| votes = 421
| percentage = 0.35
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 496
| percentage = 0.41
| change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 19,536
| percentage = 16.53
| change = +14.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,18,288
| percentage =63.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +22.67
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
[https://resultuniversity.com/election/bijwasan-delhi-assembly-constituency#2013 ''Source:2003'']{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Bijwasan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sat Prakash Rana
| votes = 35,988
| percentage = 34.65
| change = -6.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Devinder Kumar Sehrawat|Devinder Sehrawat]]
| votes = 33,574
| percentage = 32.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vijay Singh Lochav
| votes = 18,173
| percentage = 17.50
| change = -20.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Narender Rana
| votes = 12,053
| percentage = 11.60
| change = -7.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Surender Bhardwaj
| votes = 2,370
| percentage = 2.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 688
| percentage = 0.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,414
| percentage = 2.32
| change = -0.70
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 103,931
| percentage = 63.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -6.68
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
[https://resultuniversity.com/election/bijwasan-delhi-assembly-constituency#2008 ''Source:2008'']{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Bijwasan<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sat Prakash Rana
| votes = 27,427
| percentage = 41.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vijay Singh Lochav
| votes = 25,422
| percentage = 38.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Vinod Kumar Yadav
| votes = 12,506
| percentage = 18.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Harinder Rana
| votes = 642
| percentage = 0.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Suresh Chand
| votes = 370
| percentage = 0.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,005
| percentage = 3.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 66,367
| percentage = 59.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.536|77.054|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Anamul Haque Laskar

2026-04-18T21:12:18Z

Lorrine11I: Made Basic Page Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anamul Haque Laskar
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2016
| predecessor = [[Kutub Ahmed Mazumder]]
| successor = [[Aminul Haque Laskar]]
| constituency = [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Anamul Haque Laskar''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai constituency]] in the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam Result Status|url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/statewiseS03.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516160305/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/statewises03.htm|archive-date=16 May 2011|access-date=22 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Laskar failed to retain the seat in the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catchnews.com/assam-election/aminul-haque-laskar-meet-bjp-s-only-muslim-mla-in-assam-1463822996.html|title=Aminul Haque Laskar: meet BJP's only Muslim MLA in Assam|website=CatchNews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laskar, Anamul Haque}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

University College of Engineering, Nagercoil

2026-04-04T03:08:52Z

Lorrine11I: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of colleges affiliated to the Anna University]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-03T13:20:39Z

Lorrine11I:

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Lucknow {{Small|UP-35}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Lucknow.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency
| party ={{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| assembly_cons = {{ubl|[[Lucknow West Assembly constituency|Lucknow West]]|[[Lucknow North Assembly constituency|Lucknow North]]|[[Lucknow East Assembly constituency|Lucknow East]]|[[Lucknow Central Assembly constituency|Lucknow Central]]|[[Lucknow Cantonment Assembly constituency|Lucknow Cantt]]}}
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = The official portrait of Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh.jpg
| mp = [[Rajnath Singh]] {{Small|[[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]]}}
| preceded_by = [[Lalji Tandon]] {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance |NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}
'''Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern India. It is one of the two lok sabha constituencies that lies in the largest and capital city of the state, [[Lucknow]].

Since 1991 the seat has been held by the [[BJP]]. Its best-known MP is former [[prime minister of India]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. Vajpayee contested from this seat eight times. First time, he contested 1955 bypoll and came third. Then he came second in 1957 and 1962. After these 3 losses, he won the seat five consecutive times, in 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2004.

==Assembly segments==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
! colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|171
|[[Lucknow West Assembly constituency|Lucknow West]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|Armaan Khan
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|172
|[[Lucknow North Assembly constituency|Lucknow North]]
|[[Neeraj Bora]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|173
|[[Lucknow East Assembly constituency|Lucknow East]]
|[[O. P. Srivastava]]
|-
|174
|[[Lucknow Central Assembly constituency|Lucknow Central]]
|[[Ravidas Mehrotra]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|175
|[[Lucknow Cantonment Assembly constituency|Lucknow Cantt.]]
|[[Brajesh Pathak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Year'''
!'''Member'''
! colspan="2" |'''Party'''
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|1955^
|[[Sheorajvati Nehru]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Pulin Behari Banerji]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[B. K. Dhaon]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Anand Narain Mulla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|[[Sheila Kaul]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sheila Kaul]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Mandhata Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Lalji Tandon]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajnath Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|}
^ by-poll
{{Pie chart
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (9 terms)
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress |'''INC''']] (7 terms)
| label3 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (1 terms)
| label4 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 terms)
| label5 = [[Independent (Politician)|'''IND''']] (1 terms)
| value1 = 47.36
| value2 = 36.84
| value3 = 5.26
| value4 = 5.26
| value5 = 5.26
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color3 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color4 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| color5= {{party color|Independent}}
}}

==Election results==
===2024 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Lucknow]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rajnath Singh]]|votes=6,12,709|percentage=53.89|change={{down}}2.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ravidas Mehrotra]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=4,77,550|percentage=42.00|change={{up}}16.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohd Sarwar Malik|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=30,192|percentage=2.66|change={{up}}2.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[NOTA|None of the Above]]|votes=7,350|percentage=0.65|change={{down}}0.01}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,35,159|percentage=11.89|change={{down}}19.22}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,36,892|percentage=52.34|change={{down}}2.38}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Lucknow]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajnath Singh]]
|votes = 6,33,026
|percentage = 56.70
|change = +2.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Poonam Sinha]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,85,724
|percentage = 25.59
|change = +20.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Acharya Pramod Krishnam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,80,011
|percentage = 16.12
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,416
|percentage = 0.66
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,47,302
|percentage = 31.11
|change = +4.73
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,16,445
|percentage = 54.72
|change = +1.70
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajnath Singh]]
|votes = 5,61,106
|percentage = 54.27
|change = +19.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,88,357
|percentage = 27.89
|change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nakul Dubey]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 64,449
|percentage = 6.23
|change = -16.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Abhishek Mishra]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 56,771
|percentage = 5.49
|change = -5.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Jaaved Jaffrey|Syed Jaaved Ahmed Jaaferi]]
|votes = 41,429
|percentage = 4.01
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,696
|percentage = 0.45
|change = +0.45
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,72,749
|percentage = 26.38
|change = +19.38
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,33,883
|percentage = 53.02
|change = +17.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +19.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lal Ji Tandon]]
|votes = 2,04,028
|percentage = 34.93
|change = -21.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,63,127
|percentage = 27.93
|change = +27.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Akhilesh Das|Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,33,610
|percentage = 22.88
|change = +13.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nafisa Ali|Nafisa Ali Sodhi]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 61,457
|percentage = 10.52
|change = -7.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Pandey
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 19,607
|percentage = 4.9
|change = +1.25
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,901
|percentage = 7.00
|change = -49.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,14,058
|percentage = 37.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|votes = 3,24,714
|percentage = 56.12
|change = +21.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dr. Madhu Gupta]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,06,339
|percentage = 18.38
|change = +7.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ram Jethmalani|Ram Boolchand Jethmalani]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 57,685
|percentage = 9.97
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nasir Ali Siddiqui
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 53,566
|percentage = 9.26
|change = -7.86
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,18,375
|percentage = 37.74
|change = +21.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,78,556
|percentage = 35.28
|change = -13.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|votes = 3,62,709
|percentage = 48.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Karan Singh|Dr. Karan Singh]]
|votes = 2,39,085
|percentage = 31.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhagwati Singh]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 78,826
|percentage = 10.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ijaharul Haque
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 43,948
|percentage = 5.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Vijay Agarwal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,527
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,23,624
|percentage = 16.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,53,943
|percentage = 48.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|votes = 4,31,738
|percentage = 57.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Muzaffar Ali]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,15,475
|percentage = 28.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dauji Gupta|Dr. Dau Ji Gupta]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 56,887
|percentage = 7.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 38,636
|percentage = 5.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kumari Katori Devi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,099
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,16,263
|percentage = 28.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,46,669
|percentage = 49.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|votes = 3,94,865
|percentage = 52.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raj Babbar]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,76,194
|percentage = 36.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ved Prakash Grover
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 42,993
|percentage = 5.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Om Pathak
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19,042
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramdev
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,639
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,18,671
|percentage = 15.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,55,746
|percentage = 50.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|votes = 1,94,886
|percentage = 50.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 77,583
|percentage = 20.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Heeru Saxena
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 59,385
|percentage = 15.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mandhata Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 22,357
|percentage = 5.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balbir Singh Saluja
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 13,728
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,17,303
|percentage = 30.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,82,877
|percentage = 32.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing = 16.82
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mandhata Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 1,10,433
|percentage = 34.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dau Ji
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 95,137
|percentage = 29.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Balraj Madhok]]
|votes = 73,839
|percentage = 22.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagmohan Singh Verma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 20,393
|percentage = 6.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,614
|percentage = 4.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,24,073
|percentage = 28.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sheila Kaul]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,69,260
|percentage = 55.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohammad Yunus Saleem]]
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 47,140
|percentage = 15.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lal Ji Tandon]]
|votes = 36,973
|percentage = 12.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = D. P. Bora
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 15,783
|percentage = 6.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,22,120
|percentage = 40.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,04,058
|percentage = 40.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sheila Kaul]]
|party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|votes = 1,23,231
|percentage = 47.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahmood Butt
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 92,849
|percentage = 35.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Triloki Singh
|party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
|votes = 17,163
|percentage = 6.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,382
|percentage = 11.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,58,620
|percentage = 37.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]]
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 2,42,362
|percentage = 72.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sheila Kaul]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 77,017
|percentage = 23.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sarju Prasad
|votes = 5,534
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,65,345
|percentage = 49.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,32,049
|percentage = 53.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sheila Kaul]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,71,019
|percentage = 71.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Purushottam Das Kapoor
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 51,818
|percentage = 21.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|BKD]]
|candidate = D. P. Bora
|votes = 12,039
|percentage = 5.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,19,201
|percentage = 49.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,38,808
|percentage = 46.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anand Narain Mulla]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 92,535
|percentage = 36.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = V. R. Mohan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 71,563
|percentage = 28.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = R. C. Sharma
|votes = 60,291
|percentage = 23.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,972
|percentage = 8.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,53,175
|percentage = 27.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. K. Dhaon
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,16,637
|percentage = 50.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 86,620
|percentage = 37.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jagdish Gandhi]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 14,774
|percentage = 6.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Party
|candidate = M. A. Haleem
|votes = 6,928
|percentage = 3.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Radhey Shyam
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
|votes = 4,356
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,017
|percentage = 12.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,38,485
|percentage = 58.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Lucknow]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pulin Behari Banerji]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69,519
|percentage = 40.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 57,034
|percentage = 33.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Fazal Abbas Kazmi
|votes = 28,542
|percentage = 16.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,485
|percentage = 7.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,70,579
|percentage = 45.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1955 bypoll results===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 1955: [[Lucknow|Lucknow Central]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sheorajvati Nehru]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=49,324|percentage=41.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|candidate = [[Triloki Singh|Tirloki Singh]]
|votes = 34,578
|percentage = 29.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]|party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|votes=33,986|percentage=28.82|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,746|percentage=12.50|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,17,888|percentage=33.35|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1951-52 results ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Indian general election|General Election, 1951]]: [[Lucknow|Lucknow Central]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,02,764
|percentage = 69.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Har Govind Dayal
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 35,112
|percentage = 23.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad|ABRRP]]
|candidate = Gaya Prasad Shukla
|votes = 6,021
|percentage = 4.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nathu Ram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,672
|percentage = 3.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 67,652
|percentage = 45.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,569
|percentage = 42.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Lucknow district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Lucknow (Mayoral Constituency)]]
* [[Lucknow (Division Graduates Constituency)]]
* [[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow Rural Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/035_PC_Statistics_English.aspx
*http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/171_AC_Statistics_English.aspx
*http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/172_AC_Statistics_English.aspx
*http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/173_AC_Statistics_English.aspx
*http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/174_AC_Statistics_English.aspx
*http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/175_AC_Statistics_English.aspx

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition]]|years=1993 – 1996}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1996}}
{{s-vac|next=Lucknow|reason=until 1998 ''(Prime Minister in Rajya Sabha)''}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition]]|years=1996 – 1997}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]}}
{{s-vac|last=Lucknow|reason=since 1996 ''(Prime Minister in Rajya Sabha)''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1998-2004}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]|reason=until 2014 ''(Prime Minister in Rajya Sabha)''}}
{{end}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}
{{Coord|26.85|80.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lucknow district]]

Rama Tirtha

2026-03-28T07:49:30Z

Lorrine11I: rework references per standard format and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian teacher (1873–1906)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name = Swami Rama Tirtha
|image = Swami Rama Tirtha.jpg
|caption = Swami Rama Tirtha
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1873|10|22|df=yes}}
|birth_place =[[Village]] Muraliwala, [[British India]] (present-day [[Gujranwala District]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]])
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1906|10|17|1873|10|22|df=yes}}
|death_place =[[Tehri]], [[United Province]], [[British India]]
|known_for = Preaching [[Vedanta]] in the [[United States]]
|philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
|disciples = [[Puran Singh]], [[Narayan Swami]]
|nationality = Indian
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Swami Rama Tirtha''' ({{audio|Swami Ramtirtha.ogg|pronunciation}} 22 October 1873 – 17 October 1906<ref name="r1">Verma, M.L. (2006). ''Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas''. Vol 2. pp. 418–421</ref>), also known as '''Swami Rama''', was an Indian teacher of the [[Hindu]] philosophy of [[Vedanta]]. He was among the first notable teachers of Hinduism to lecture in the [[United States]], travelling there in 1902, preceded by [[Swami Vivekananda]] in 1893 and followed by [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite book | last =Brooks | first =Douglas Renfrew | title =Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishing | year =2000 | location =India | isbn =81-208-1648-X |page=72}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Frawley | first =David | author-link =David Frawley | title =Vedantic Meditation: Lighting the Flame of Awareness | publisher =North Atlantic Books | year =2000 | isbn =1-55643-334-4 |page=3}}</ref> During his American tours Swami Rama Tirtha spoke frequently on the concept of "practical Vedanta"<ref name="Rinehart, p. 1">{{cite book | last =Rinehart | first =Robin | title =One Lifetime, Many Lives: The Experience of Modern Hindu Hagiography | publisher =Oxford University Press | year =1999 | location =United States | isbn =0-7885-0555-6 |pages=1–2}}</ref> and education of Indian youth.<ref name="bromley">{{cite book | last =Bromley | first =David G | author-link =David G. Bromley |author2=Larry D. Shinn | title =Krishna Consciousness in the West | publisher =Bucknell University Press | year =1989 | isbn =0-8387-5144-X |page= 82}}</ref> He proposed bringing young Indians to American universities and helped establish scholarships for Indian students.<ref>Singh, appendix, article from Minneapolis Tribune: ''Would Save Countrymen: Swami Ram Plans the Redemption of the Ignorant Masses in India—American Education: He Would Have Them Come Here, as Did the Young Japanese''.</ref>

==Biography==
Rama Tirtha was born in a [[Gosains|Gosvami Brahmin]] family<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krbNowF8OjgC&pg=PA23|title=Miracle as Modern Conundrum in South Asian Religious Traditions|page=23|author1=Corinne G. Dempsey|author2=Selva J. Raj|date=7 January 2009|publisher=SUNY Press|access-date=7 January 2009|isbn=978-0791476345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Svami Rama Tirtha: A Journey of Spiritual and Academic Prowess |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/rama-tirtha-svami/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> to Pandit Hiranand Goswami on 22 October 1873 ([[Deepawali]] Vikram Samvat 1930) in the [[village]] of Muraliwala in the [[Gujranwala District]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref name=r1/> His mother died when he was a few days old and he was raised by his elder brother Gossain Gurudas. After receiving a master's degree in mathematics from [[Government College University, Lahore|The Government College of Lahore]], he became professor of mathematics at [[Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]].

A chance meeting with [[Swami Vivekananda]] in 1897 in Lahore, inspired his later decision to take up the life of a [[sannyasi]]. Having become well known for his speeches on [[Krishna]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]] he became a [[swami]] in 1899 on the day of [[Deepawali]],<ref name=r1/> leaving his wife, his children and his professorial chair.

"As a sannyasi, he neither touched any money nor carried any luggage with him. In spite of it he went round the world."<ref>Tirtha, Swami Rama (1949) [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5349/page/n3 ''In Woods of God-Realization''], Volume V, Preface, p. vii. Lucknow, India: Swami Rama Tirtha Pratisthan.</ref> A trip to [[Japan]] to teach Hinduism was sponsored by Maharaja Kirtishah Bahadur of Tehri. From there he travelled to the [[United States of America]] in 1902, where he spent two years lecturing on Hinduism, other religions, and his philosophy of "practical Vedanta".<ref name="Rinehart, p. 1"/> He frequently spoke about the iniquities emanating from the [[caste system in India]] and the importance of education of women and of the poor, stating that "neglecting the education of women and children and the labouring classes is like cutting down the branches that are supporting us – nay, it is like striking a death-blow to the roots of the tree of nationality."{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Arguing that India needed educated young people, not missionaries, he began an organization to aid Indian students in American universities<ref name="bromley"/> and helped to establish a number of scholarships for Indian students.<ref>Singh, appendix, article from Minneapolis Tribune.</ref>

He [[Illeism|always referred to himself in the third person]], which is a common spiritual practice in [[Hinduism]] in order to detach oneself from Ego.<ref name="Singh"/>

Although upon his return to India in 1904 large audiences initially attended his lectures, he completely withdrew from public life in 1906 and moved to the foothills of the [[Himalaya]], where he prepared to write a book giving a systematic presentation of practical Vedanta. Tirtha died on 17 October 1906 ([[Deepawali]] Vikram Samvat 1963), and the book was never finished.

Many believe he did not die but gave up his body to the river [[Ganges]].<ref name=r1/>

A significant prediction made by Swami Rama Tirtha for future India is quoted in [[Shiv R. Jhawar]]'s book, ''Building a Noble World''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jhawar, Shiv R. |page=52|title=Building a Noble World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RAK7M2mzX4C|date=December 2004|publisher=Noble World Foundation|isbn=978-0-9749197-0-6}}</ref> Rama Tirtha predicted: “After [[Japan]], [[China]] will rise and gain prosperity and strength. After China, the sun of prosperity and learning will again smile at India.”<ref>Tirtha, Swami Rama (1913) [https://archive.org/details/In_Woods_Of_GodR_ealization_Swami_Rama_Tirtha_Volume_4_1913_Edn ''In Woods of God-Realization''], Volume IV, Chapter “Talk at Faizabad”. Lucknow, India: Swami Rama Tirtha Pratisthan, p. 286.</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Rama Tirtha 1966 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.07|Rama Tirtha on a 1966 stamp of India]]
Punjabi Indian nationalist [[Bhagat Singh]] uses Tirtha as an example of the great contributions Punjab had made to the Indian nationalist movement in his essay "The Problem of Punjab's Language and Script". The lack of memorials to Tirtha is given by Singh as an example of the lack of respect for Punjab's contributions to the movement.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Bhagat|title=The Problem of Punjab's Language and Script|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1923/x01/x01.htm|website=Marxist Internet Archive|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref>

Indian Revolutionary [[Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil]] depicted the character of Swami Rama Tirtha in the poem ''Yuva Sannyasi''.<ref name=r1/>

Two of his disciples, S. Puran Singh and Narayana Swami, wrote biographies. Puran Singh's ''The Story of Swami Rama: The Poet Monk of the Punjab''<ref name="Singh">{{cite book | last =Singh | first =Puran | title =The Story of Swami Rama: The Poet Monk of the Punjab | publisher =Ganesh & Co. | year =1924 | location =Madras }}</ref> appeared in 1924 and was published in [[English language|English]] as well as in [[Hindi]]. Narayana Swami's untitled account was published in 1935 as a part of Rama Tirtha's collected works.<ref name="Rinehart, p. 1"/>

A further account of his life was written by Hari Prasad Shastri and published with poems by Swami Rama Tirtha translated by H P Shastri as 'Scientist and Mahatma' in 1955.<ref>Hari Prasad Shastri (1955, 2nd ed. 2006) [https://www.shantisadan.org/book-content/scientist-and-mahatma/ ''Scientist and Mahatma''], Shanti Sadan.</ref>

[[Paramahansa Yogananda]] translated many of Rama Tirtha's poems from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] into [[English language|English]] and put some of them to music:<ref>{{cite book | last =Satyananda | first =Swami | author-link =Swami Satyananda Giri | title ="Yogananda Sanga", from A Collection of Biographies of 4 Kriya Yoga Gurus | publisher =iUniverse, Inc. | year =2006 | isbn =978-0-595-38675-8 |page=20}}</ref> one, entitled "Marching Light", appeared in Yogananda's book ''Cosmic Chants'', as "Swami Rama Tirtha's Song".<ref>{{cite book | last =Yogananda | first =Paramahansa | author-link =Paramahansa Yogananda | title =Cosmic Chants | publisher =Self-Realization Fellowship Publishers | year =1974 | isbn =978-0-87612-131-3 |page=78}}</ref>

==Contribution of Swami ji==

The Swami Rama Tirtha Mission Ashram is located at Kotal Gaon Rajpura, near [[Dehra Dun]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].

One of three campuses of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]], situated at Badshahi Thaul, New Tehri, is known as the Swami Rama Tirtha Parisar (SRTC).

His sister's son [[H. W. L. Poonja]] became a noted Advaita teacher in [[Lucknow]], while [[Hemant Goswami]], his great-grandson, is a social activist based in [[Chandigarh]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* ''Parables of Rama by Swami Rama Tirtha''. Rama Tirtha Pratisthan. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007C11PY]
* ''Practical Vedanta Selected Works of Swami Rama Tirtha: Selected Works of Swami Rama Tirtha.'' 1978, Himalayan Institute Press. {{ISBN|0-89389-038-3}}.
* ''Yoga and the Supreme Bliss : Songs of Enlightenment.'' Swami Rama Tirtha, 1982, trans. A.J. Alston. {{ISBN|0-9508019-0-9}}.
* ''Life, Teachings And Writings Of Swami Rama Tirtha'', by Prem Lata. Sumit Publications, {{ISBN|81-7000-158-7}}.
* Swami Rama Tirtha – A Great Mystic Poet of India. [http://www.vedicbooks.net/swami-rama-tirtha-a-great-mystic-poet-of-india-p-14504.html]
* An article on Swami Rama Tirtha in "The Legacy of The Punjab" by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dlshq.org/saints/ramatirtha.htm |access-date=29 July 2008 |title=Swami Rama Tirtha (1873–1906) |work=Life of Saints |author=Sivananda, Swami |publisher=[[Divine Life Society]] |year=2005}}
* "Rama In The Eyes of Iqbal". 2010 by Dr. Kedarnath Prabhakar & Dr. Akash Chanda ( {{ISBN|978-81-921205-0-8}})
* "Wehdatnama: A Bouquet of Punjabi Vedantic Poetry of Swami Ramtirtha" 2013 by Dr. Kedarnath Prabhakar & Dr. Akash Chanda ( {{ISBN|978-81-921205-2-2}})
* "Muscular Vedanta: The Practical Form of Vedanta Philosophy Propounded by Swami Ramtirtha". 2011 by Dr. Kedarnath Prabhakar & Dr. Akash Chanda ( {{ISBN|978-81-921205-1-5}})
* "[https://www.shantisadan.org/book-content/scientist-and-mahatma/ Scientist and Mahatma: The Life and Teachings of Swami Rama Tirtha]" (2nd ed. 2006) by Hari Prasad Shastri. Shanti Sadan. {{ISBN|0-85424-008-X}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rama Tirtha}}
* [https://archive.org/details/TheStoryOfSwamiRamaTirthaByPuranSingh Biography of Swami Rama Tirtha by Puran Singh – free download]
* [http://www.ramatirtha.org/rama.htm Official Swami Rama Tirtha website]
* [http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Print%20Size/2.54%20X%202.5/SWAMI%20RAMA%20TIRTHA Indian Postage Stamp on Swami Rama Tirtha, 1966]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirtha, Swami Rama}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:Illeists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Forman Christian College]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]

Mularaja II

2026-03-22T22:58:38Z

Lorrine11I: adding some post from scratch

{{Short description|King of Gujarat from 1175 to 1178}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mularaja II
| succession = King of Gujarat
| reign = c. 1175 – 1178
| predecessor = [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]
| successor = [[Bhima II]]
| father = [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]
| mother = [[Naiki Devi]]
| dynasty = [[Chaulukya]]
}}

'''Mularaja''' ({{reign|1175|1178 CE}}), also known as ''Bala Mularaja'' ({{lit|Child Mularaja}}), was an Indian king from the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] of [[Gujarat]]. He ruled the present-day Gujarat and surrounding areas from his capital [[Anahilapataka]] (modern Patan). He ascended the throne as a child, and his mother [[Naiki Devi]] acted as the [[regent]] during his short reign. The Chaulukyas repulsed a [[Ghurid]] invasion when he was 13 years old. The [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Vindhyavarman]] made attempts to evict the Chaulukyas from [[Malwa]] during his reign, and succeeded in regaining control of Malwa either during Mularaja's lieftime or shortly after his death.

== Early life ==

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Mularaja succeeded his father [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]] on the Chaulukya throne.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=131}}

His mother [[Naikidevi]] was the daughter of one Paramardin. According to one theory, this Paramardin was the [[Kadambas of Goa|Goa Kadamba]] king Shivachitta Paramadideva (1148–1179 CE). Another theory identifies him with the [[Chandela]] king [[Paramardi]]. The second theory is based on the identification of "Kakaḍādaha" with similar-sounding "Gāḍāraghaṭṭa".{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=131}} The Chandela-era Garra inscription mentions that a Chandela warrior named Rauta Pape lost his life in a battle at Kakaḍādaha.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=129}} According to the 14th century chronicler [[Merutunga]], Naikidevi fought the Muslims at Gāḍarāraghaṭṭa.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=131}} This appears to be same as Kasahrada, where a Chaulukya army defeated the [[Ghurid]]s in 1178 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=136}}

Mularaja ascended the throne as a young child after his father's death. His mother Naikidevi acted as the regent during his short reign.{{sfn|Tripat Sharma|1987|p=123}}

== Battle of Kasahrada ==

{{further|Battle of Kasahrada}}

== Rebellion in Malwan ==

The [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]] had come under Chaulukya control during the reign of Mularaja's predecessors. During Mularaja's reign, a [[famine]] occurred in Gujarat. Taking advantage of this, the Paramara king [[Vindhyavarman]] made attempts to regain control of Malwa.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=136}}

The Chaulukya general Kumara was in-charge of the operations against Vindhyavarman. According to ''Surathotsava'', written by Kumara's son [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]], Kumara defeated Vindhyavarman. After his victory, Kumara destroyed Vindhyavarman's town Gogasthana, sank a well where the Paramara palace once stood, and plundered Malwa.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=136}}

Vindhyavarman was ultimately successful in regaining control of Malwa. According to historian [[R. C. Majumdar]], he accomplished this during the reign of Mularaja.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=328}} However, A. K. Majumdar believes that Malwa remained under Chaululkya control during Mularaja's reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=136}}

== Famine ==

According to [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]]'s ''Surathotsava Mahakavya'', there was a severe famine during the reign of Mularaja II, and Someshvara's father - the royal priest Kumara - convinced the king to give the citizens a tax break during this period. Someshvara states that Kumara also served as a military commander, and repulsed an invasion by the Paramara king [[Vindhyavarman]]. Kumara destroyed the Paramara city of Goga-sthana, and dug a well on the cite of Vindhya's palace. He obtained a great amount of wealth from the Paramara kingdom of Malava, and donated it at Gaya during a shraddha ceremony. He also defeated a mlechchha army near Rajnisara (or Ranisara).<ref>{{cite book |author=B.J. Sandesara |author-link=Bhogilal Sandesara |title=Literary Circle of Mahāmātya Vastupāla and its Contribution to Sanskrit Literature |series=Singhi Jain Series |year=1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tljAAAAMAAJ |page=46 }}</ref>

== Death ==

Mularaja died at a very young age in 1178 CE, and was succeeded by his brother [[Bhima II]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=334}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |oclc=12737199 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tripat Sharma |title=Women in Ancient India, from 320 A.D. to C. 1200 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlAqAAAAYAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Ess Ess |isbn=978-81-7000-028-0 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:Chaulukya kings]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty]]
[[Category:1178 deaths]]

Ananda College, Devakottai

2026-03-22T10:29:30Z

Lorrine11I: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Devakottai#Education]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Skandagupta

2026-03-17T06:56:27Z

Lorrine11I: basic improve layout for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Short description|Maharajadhiraja of the Gupta Empire from 455 to 467}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[List of Gupta emperors|Gupta emperor]]
| title = [[Chakravartin]]<ref>{{cite book | last1=Kumar | first1=Sanjeev | title=Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India | date=18 July 2024 | publisher=Archaeopress Publishing | isbn=978-1-80327-796-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mN0UEQAAQBAJ&dq=gupta+empire&pg=PA6 }}</ref> [[Vikramaditya]] Kramaditya
| image = [[File:Skandagupta Circa 455-480 CE.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Gold coin of Skandagupta, depicting himself on the obverse, [[Lakshmi]] on the reverse. The name [[File:Gupta ashoka sk.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad nd.jpg|12px]] ''Skan-da'' appears vertically under the left arm of the emperor.
| reign = {{circa|455|467}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<ref>"For the temporary reprieve from the Huns won by Skandagupta was the final phase of Indian classicism . The king himself worshipped Hindu gods and goddesses, then returning to the fore, but he did not neglect other beliefs such as Jainism and Buddhism." in {{cite book |last1=Cotterell |first1=Arthur |title=The Pimlico Dictionary Of Classical Civilizations |date=30 June 2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4464-6672-8 |page=367 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zy_zJdaSSIC&pg=PT367 |language=en}} and {{cite book |last1=Cotterell |first1=Arthur |title=From Aristotle to Zoroaster: An A to Z Companion to the Classical World |year=1998 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-0-684-85596-7 |page=173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRxmAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Kumaragupta I]]
| successor = [[Purugupta]]
| dynasty = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]
| father = [[Kumaragupta I]]
| mother = Unknown
| death_date = 467 CE
}}
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = right
|width = 300
|caption = [[Find spot]]s of inscriptions of Skandagupta, and contemporary polities.
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.97|N |long=83.96|E |label=[[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta|Bhitari pillar]] |position=right |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=21.494722|N |long=70.505556|E |label=[[Girnar|Girnar rock]] |position=right |label_size=70 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.394673|N |long=83.837914|E |label=[[Khukhundoo|Kahaum pillar]]|position=top |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=31|N |long=70|E |label=[[Kidarites|KIDARITES]] |position=right |label_size=70| mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=37|N |long=62|E |label=[[Alchon Huns|{{center|ALCHON HUNS}}]] |position=right |label_size=70| mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26|N |long=76|E |label=[[Gupta Empire|'''{{center|GUPTA EMPIRE}}''']] |position=right |label_size=70 |mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
}}
'''Skandagupta''' (''Ska-nda-gu-pta'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties |date=1914 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214/page/n251 114] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214}}</ref> r. {{Circa|455}}–467) was a [[Gupta Empire|Gupta Emperor]]. His [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta|Bhitari pillar inscription]] suggests that he restored the Gupta power by defeating his enemies, who may have been rebels or foreign invaders. He repulsed an invasion by the [[Indo-Hephthalite]]s (known as [[Huna people|Hunas]] in India), probably the [[Kidarites]]. He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, and is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors. The Gupta genealogy after him is unclear, but he was most probably succeeded by [[Purugupta]], who appears to have been his younger half-brother.

== Early life ==
Skandagupta was a son of the Gupta emperor [[Kumaragupta I]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=69}} His mother may have been a junior queen or a concubine of Kumaragupta. This theory is based on the fact that Skandagputa's inscriptions mention the name of his father, but not of his mother.{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004|p=96}} For example, Skandagupta's [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta|Bhitari pillar inscription]] lists the chief queens (''mahadevis'') of his ancestors [[Chandragupta I]], [[Samudragupta]], and [[Chandragupta II]], but does not mention the chief queen of his father Kumaragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=71}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1962|pp=17–28}} [[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]] read a line of the Bhitari inscription to state that Skandagupta was "raised to Aryan status by the panegyrics of bards". Based on this, [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham|A. L. Basham]] theorized that his mother was from a low-caste [[Shudra]] background.{{sfn|Jagannath Agrawal|1968|p=325}}

Others, such as [[Dasharatha Sharma]] have criticized this theory, pointing out that the Bhitari inscription clearly suggests that Skandagupta's mother held a very exalted status in the eyes of her son.{{sfn|Jagannath Agrawal|1968|p=325}} The inscription states that after restoring the fallen fortunes of his family by defeating his enemies, he visited his mother just like the legendary hero [[Krishna]] had visited his mother [[Devaki]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=69}} Jagannath Agrawal theorizes that the composer of the inscription deliberately departed from convention and devoted a line to the king's mother: this was not because of the inferior status of the mother.{{sfn|Jagannath Agrawal|1968|p=326}} Agrawal disputes Fleet's reading of the "Aryan status" line, providing an alternative reading: "whom nobility causes to blush by reason of the narrations of his exploits by means of songs and eulogies". This line seems to be inspired from a verse in [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]''. Agrawal further argues that the Bhitari inscription is a ''[[prashasti]]'' aimed at glorifying the king, and its composer would not have made a derogatory insinuation about the low status of the king's mother.{{sfn|Jagannath Agrawal|1968|p=326}} According to historian Jappen Oberoi, Skandagupta's mother was definitely a queen, if not the chief queen, and that makes Skandagupta a legitimate son of Kumaragupta I.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jappen Oberoi |title=Cometh the Hour, Cometh the Man: The Saga of Skandagupta |publisher=Manak |location=New Delhi/Michigan |year=2024 |isbn=978-93-91897-69-7}}{{pn|date=February 2025}}</ref>

Based on the inscription, some scholars have theorised that Devaki was the name of his mother. However, according to historian [[R. C. Majumdar]], it is more likely that the description aims to highlight the degraded position of his mother just like that of the legendary Devaki, before Skandagupta restored her to a position of prestige and power, just like Krishna did for Devaki.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=69}}

== Ascension to the throne ==
{{Main|Gupta War of Succession}}
{{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=400
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta
| image1 = Bhitari pillar of Skandagupta.jpg
| image2 = Bhitari pillar inscription.jpg
| footer=The [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta]]
}}
Skandagupta ascended the throne in year 136 of the [[Gupta era]] ({{Circa|455}}-456 CE).{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=69}} According to the [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta|Bhitari pillar inscription]], he restored "the fallen fortunes of his family". The inscription states that when he prepared to do so, he spent a night on the bare earth, and then defeated his enemies, who had grown wealthy and powerful. After defeating his enemies, he visited his widowed mother, whose eyes were "full of tears from joy".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=69}}

Many scholars read the name of the enemies mentioned in the Bhitari inscription as "[[Pushyamitras]]", who according to the [[Puranas]], were a tribe, and probably ruled an area located on the banks of the [[Narmada River]]. However, an alternative interpretation of the inscription reads "Yudhyamitras" (a generic term for enemies) instead of "Pushyamitras".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=70}}

According to one theory, these enemies invaded the Gupta empire during the last years of Kumaragupta's reign, or shortly after his death, and Skandagupta defeated them. According to another theory, the conflict referred to in the Bhitari inscription resulted from a disputed succession to the throne. This theory is based on the following points:{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=70}}

{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 250
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header = Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta
| image1 = Ashoka Rock Edict at Junagadh.jpg
| image2 = Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta.png
| footer = The [[Junagadh]] rock in [[Girnar|Girnar mountain]] contains an inscription of Skandagupta, besides those of the earlier kings [[Ashoka]] and [[Rudradaman I]].<ref>[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm "Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", ''Project South Asia''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182107/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm|date=23 February 2009 }}</ref>
}}

* The Junagadh inscription states that after his father's death, Skandagupta became "the ruler of the earth" by his own prowess.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=70}} This suggests that Skandagupta acquired the throne using force.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=71}}
* His mother was probably a junior wife of Kumaragupta rather than the chief queen (see [[#Early life|Early life]] section above), and therefore, his claim to the throne was not legitimate.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=71}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1962|pp=17–28}}
* The Junagadh inscription states that [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of fortune, chose Skandagupta as her husband after rejecting all other "sons of kings".{{sfn|D. K. Ganguly|1987|p=79}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=70}} Some coins issued by Skandagupta depict a woman offering him an uncertain object, probably a [[varmala|garland]] or a ring. Assuming this woman is Lakshmi, the depiction seems to be a visual representation of the statement made in the inscription.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=70–71}} (Some scholars identify the woman as a queen rather than Lakshmi).{{sfn|D. K. Ganguly|1987|p=79}}
* The Bhitari inscription makes three mentions of the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family (''kula'' or ''vamsha''). The mention of ''family'', rather than the ''empire'', may be a reference to the disputed succession to the throne. The reading "Yudhyamitras", rather than "Pushyamitras", may be correct, and the enemies referred to in the inscription may be rival claimants to the throne.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=70–71}}
* Various historical records suggest that multiple people in the Gupta empire assumed sovereign status after Kumaragupta's death. These people include Kumaragupta's brother [[Govindagupta]], his relative Ghatotkacha-gupta, and Prakashaditya (who is known from some gold coins). These people may have been rivals of Skandagupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=71}}

Another argument cited in favour of the disputed succession theory is that the records of the subsequent Gupta kings omit Skandagupta's name from the royal genealogy, listing Purugupta's name after that of Kumaragupta. An example is the Bhitari seal of the 6th century king [[Kumaragupta III]]. However, this omission may be explained by the fact that these subsequent kings were descendants of Skandagupta's half-brother [[Purugupta]], and the genealogical lists in their records intend to list only their direct ancestors, rather than provide a comprehensive list of the earlier Gupta kings.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=71}}

== Conflict with the Hunas ==
{{See also|Gupta–Hunnic Wars}}
{{See also| Gupta-Kidarite Conflict}}
[[File:Kakandi Script.jpg|thumb|Madra inscription on the [[Kahaum pillar]]]]
During Skandagupta's period, the [[Indo-Hephthalites]] (known as the White Huns or [[Huna people|Hunas]]) invaded India from the northwest, advancing as far as the [[Indus River]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=73}}

The Bhitari pillar inscription states that Skandagupta defeated the Hunas:{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=73}}

{{quote|(Skandagupta), "by whose two arms the earth was shaken, when he, the creator (of a disturbance like that) of a terrible whirlpool, joined in close conflict with the [[Huna people|Hûnas]]; . . . . . . among enemies . . . . . . arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . proclaimed . . . . . . . . . . . . just as if it were the roaring of (the river) [[Ganges|Ganga]], making itself noticed in (their) ears." | [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta]] Line 15}}

The date of the Huna invasion is not certain. The Bhitari inscription mentions it after describing the conflict with the Pushyamitras (or the ''Yudhyamitras''), which suggests that it happened later during Skandagupta's reign. However, a possible reference to this conflict in the Junagadh inscription suggests that it may have happened at the beginning of the Skandagupta's reign or during the reign of his father Kumaragupta. The Junagadh inscription, dated to the year 138 of the Gupta era (c. 457–458 CE) mentions Skandagupta's success against the [[mlechchha]]s (foreigners):{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=73–74}}

{{quote|...whose [Skandagupta's] fame, moreover, even [his] enemies, in the countries of the mlechchhas... having their pride broken down to the very root, announce with the words "verily the victory has been achieved by him." | Junagadh inscription{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=73}} }}

The victory against the mlechchhas happened in or before the year 136 of the Gupta era ({{Circa|455}}-456 CE), when Skandagupta ascended the throne and when he appointed Parnadatta as the governor of the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region, in which Junagadh is located. Since Skandagupta is not known to have fought against any other foreigners, these mlechchhas were probably the Hunas. If this identification is correct, it is possible that as a prince, Skandagupta was sent to check the Huna invasion at the frontier, and Kumaragupta died in the capital while this conflict was happening; Skandagupta returned to the capital and overcame rebels or rival claimants to ascend the throne.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=73–74}}

A sentence in the [[Sanskrit]] text ''Chandra-Vyakarana'' ({{Circa|7th century}}) states ''Ajayad-Gupto Hunan'', literally, "The Gupta conquered the Hunas". This may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas, although an alternative reading by scholar [[K. P. Jayaswal]] has "Jato" instead of "Gupto".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=74}} A story in the ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th century) states that the legendary king [[Vikramaditya]] ascended the throne after his father Mahendraditya abdicated it, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the mlechchhas. Since Mahendraditya was a title of Kumaragupta, and Vikramaditya that of Skandagupta, this may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=75}}

== Western India ==

The [[Junagadh]] rock, which contains inscription of the earlier emperors, [[Major Rock Edicts|Ashoka]] and [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman|Rudradaman]], has an inscription engraved on the orders of Skandagupta's governor Parnadatta. The inscription states that Skandagupta appointed governors of all provinces, including Parnadatta as the governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Surashtra]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=75}} It is not clear if the verse refers to routine appointments made by the king, or his actions after a political turmoil resulting from a war of succession or invasion.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=76}} The inscription outlines several qualifications required to be the governor of Surashtra, stating that only Parnadatta met these requirements. Again, it is not clear if these were actual qualifications required to be a governor under Skandagupta's rule, or if the verse simply aims to eulogise Parnadatta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=75}}

Parnadatta appointed his son Chakrapalita as the magistrate of the Girinagara city (near modern Junagadh-[[Girnar]] area), which was presumably the capital of Surashtra. The Junagadh inscription records Chakdrapalita's repairs to the Sudarshana lake, an ancient reservoir originally constructed by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], and later improved by his grandson Ashoka. The dam was subsequently re-built by Rudradaman in c. 150, but burst in c. 456–457 (year 137 of the [[Gupta era]]). Chakrapalita is said to have spent an "immeasurable" amount of wealth to build an embankment, and is also credited with the construction of a [[Vishnu]] temple.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=76}}

An inscription of the [[Vakataka]] king Narendrasena claims that his commands were obeyed by the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], [[Maikal Hills|Mekala]] and [[Malwa|Malava]]. The regnal dates of Narendrasena are not certain, but he is generally thought to be a contemporary of Skandagupta. Since Malava was a part of the Gupta Empire at one time, it is possible that Narendrasena raided Gupta territories during Skandagupta's reign. Skandagupta would have restored Gupta control over the region soon after. A c. 460–461 inscription refers to the "tranquil reign of Skandagupta, the lord of hundred kings."{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=77}}

== Succession ==

The last known date of Skandagupta is c. 467–468 CE (year 148 of the [[Gupta era]]),{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=77}} and he probably ruled for a few more years.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=80}}

Skandagupta was most probably succeeded by [[Purugupta]], who appears to have been his half-brother. Purugupta was a son of Kumaragupta I from his chief queen, and therefore, must have been his legitimate successor. It is possible that he was a minor at the time of Kumaragupta I's death, because of which Skandagupta ascended the throne. Skandagupta appears to have died heirless, or his son may have been dethroned by Purugupta's family.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=81}}

==Coinage==
Compared to his predecessors, Skandagupta issued fewer gold coins, and some of these coins feature relatively [[debasement|less quantity of gold]]. It is possible that the various wars fought by him strained the state treasury, although this cannot be said with certainty.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=71}}

Skandagupta issued five types of gold coins: Archer type, King and queen type, Chhatra type, Lion-slayer type and Horseman type.<ref>Sanjeev Kumar (2017). "Treasures of the Gupta Empire", Shivlee Trust, pp. 344–353.</ref> His silver coins are of four types: Garuda type, Bull type, Altar type and Madhyadesha type.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=28–9, 31–2}} The initial gold coinage was on the old weight standard used by his father [[Kumaragupta]] of approximately 8.4 gm. This initial coinage is quite scarce. At some point in his reign, Skandagupta revalued his currency, switching from the old dinar standard to a new ''suvarna'' standard that weighed approximately 9.2 gm.<ref>A.S. Altekar (1957). "The Coinage of the Gupta Empire", Varanasi: Banaras Hindu University.</ref> These later coins were all only of the Archer type, and this standard and type was followed by all subsequent Gupta rulers.

<gallery mode="packed">
Gupta Kings. Skandagupta. AD 455-467.jpg | Coin of Skandagupta (455-467), in the style of the [[Western Satraps]].<ref>"Evidence of the conquest of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurastra]] during the reign of [[Chandragupta II]] is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ... for the [[chaitya]] with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc.", p.cli</ref>
Skandagupta Kramaditya Circa 455-467 CE.jpg | Coin of Skandagupta Kramaditya with facing [[Garuda]].
File:Gold dinar of Skandagupta.jpg|Gold dinar of Skandagupta.
</gallery>
== Religion ==

Skandagupta's [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta|Bhitari pillar inscription]] records his installation of a [[Vishnu]] image in the memory of his father.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=69}}

==In popular culture==
[[Jaishankar Prasad]], a renowned poet of modern [[Hindi literature]], wrote a play named ''Skandagupta'' in 1928, based on the life of Skandagupta.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nagendra |title=Jayashankar Prasad: His Mind and Art |year=1989 |publisher=Prabhat |oclc=24770883 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4xjAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> In the 1960s, [[Shanta Gandhi]], Professor of Ancient Indian Drama while at [[National School of Drama]], staged the play with little changes to the original script.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/article40398.ece|title=Re-discovering Dhruvaswamini|date=29 October 2009|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lal |first=Mohan |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature – Volume 5 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year= 2006|pages=4119|isbn=81-260-1221-8}}</ref>

According to Rakesh Upadhyay, a professor at the [[Banaras Hindu University]], the movie ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' was based on Skandagupta's life.<ref>{{cite web |title=स्कंदगुप्त की कहानी पर बनी है बाहुबली फिल्म |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur-bahubali-film-is-based-on-the-story-of-skandagupta-19688956.html |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Gupta Empire}}
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. K. Ganguly |title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 }}
* {{cite book |author1=[[Hermann Kulke]] |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA96 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Jagannath Agrawal |title=The status of Skandagupta's mother |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=48-49 |year=1968 |pages=325–327 |jstor=41694254 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0fAAAAIAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300–985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}
{{ref end}}

==Further reading==
* Singh, Jai Prakash (1976) ''History and Coinage of Skandagupta Kramāditya'', Varanasi:Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology, Banaras Hindu University.

==External links==
* [http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Bhitari-Skandagupta.pdf The Bhitari Pillar Inscription of Skandagupta]
* [http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Bihar-Skandagupta.pdf The Bihar Stone Pillar Inscription of Skandagupta]
* [http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Junagadh-Skandagupta.pdf The Junagadh Rock Inscription of Skandagupta]
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-skandagupta.html Coinage of Skandagupta]

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kumaragupta I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gupta Empire|Gupta Emperor]]|years=455–467 CE}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Purugupta]]}}
{{end}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:5th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Gupta emperors]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:467 deaths]]
[[Category:5th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:5th-century maharajadhirajas]]

Bansuri

2026-03-11T11:53:44Z

Lorrine11I: minor adjust intro for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian side-blown flute, generally bamboo}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Indian flute|the Native American musical instrument|Native American flute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox instrument
|names=Baanhi, Baashi, Bansi, Basari, Murali
|image =Bansuri bamboo flute 23inch.jpg
|caption =A {{cvt|23|in|cm|order=flip}} long bansuri bamboo flute for concerts.
|classification=[[Woodwind]] instrument
|range= {{frac|2|1|2}} octaves (sixty six holes), 3 octaves (seven-hole)
|musicians= [[:Category:Indian flautists|List of Indian flautists]]
|sound sample = [[File:Sample2.ogg|thumb|center|A Bansuri recording (54 s)]]
}}
[[File:Venugopal2.JPG|thumb|Krishna with a ''bansuri'' is sometimes referred to as ''Venugopal''.]]

A '''bansuri/flute''' is an ancient [[Transverse flute|side-blown]] [[bamboo flute]] originating from the [[South Asia|Indian Subcontinent]]. It is an [[aerophone]] produced from bamboo and metal-like material, used in many [[India]]n, [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] and [[Nepal]]i folk songs. A ''bansuri'' is traditionally made from a single hollow shaft of bamboo with seven finger holes. Some modern designs come in ivory, fiberglass and various metals. The six-hole instrument covers two and a half octaves of music. The ''bansuri'' is typically between {{convert|30|and|75|cm|in}} in length, and the thickness of a human thumb. The sound of the bansuri depends on size of the bamboo.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bettina Bäumer|author2=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Kalatattvakosa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPoIZaGGtiMC&pg=PA181|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1402-8|page=181}}</ref> One end is closed, and few centimeters from the closed end is its blow hole. Longer ''bansuris'' feature deeper tones and lower pitches.{{Sfn|Ashok Damodar Ranade|2006|pp=284–286}} The traditional design features no mechanical keys, and the musician creates the notes they want by covering and uncovering the various finger holes.{{Sfn|Ashok Damodar Ranade|2006|pp=284–286}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dorothea E. Hast|author2=James R. Cowdery|author3=Stanley Arnold Scott|title=Exploring the World of Music: An Introduction to Music from a World Music Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00CwGRwv6XQC&pg=PA153|year=1999|publisher=Kendall Hunt|isbn=978-0-7872-7154-1|page=153}}</ref>

The ''bansuri''-like flute is depicted in ancient Buddhist,<ref>{{cite book|author=Patricia E. Karetzky|title=Early Buddhist Narrative Art: Illustrations of the Life of the Buddha from Central Asia to China, Korea and Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YvFCwAAQBAJ |year=2000|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-1-4617-4027-8|pages=44, 60}}</ref> Hindu<ref>{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC |year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1|pages=157–163, 186–187}}</ref> and Jain temple paintings and reliefs, and is common in the iconography of the Hindu god [[Krishna]].<ref name="PalHuyler2016">{{cite book|author1=Pratapaditya Pal|author2=Stephen P. Huyler|author3=John E. Cort|display-authors=et al|title=Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|year=2016|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-28847-8|pages=37–38, 47–49, 59–60 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Martinez|2001|pp=xxvii-xxviii, 325, 342}} It is intimately linked to the love story of [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]].{{Sfn|Sorrell| Narayan|1980|pp=35–36}} The bansuri is revered as Lord Krishna's divine instrument and is often associated with Krishna's [[Rasa Lila|Rasa lila dance]]. These legends sometimes use alternate names for this wind instrument, such as the ''murali''.{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=370–371, 449}}<ref name="PalHuyler2016"/> However, the instrument is also common among other traditions such as [[Shaivism]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=28, see entry for Shiva-dedicated saint Anaya}} The early medieval Indian texts also refer to it as ''vaṃśi'', while in medieval [[Indonesia]]n Hindu and Buddhist arts, as well as temple carvings in Java and Bali dated to be from pre-10th century period, this transverse flute has been called ''wangsi'' or ''bangsi''.<ref name="Kunst2013p25"/>

==Etymology and nomenclature==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| footer = Musicians playing ''bansuri''
| image1 = A bansuri player Sachdev, transverse flute, an ancient classical Indian music instrument.jpg
| alt1 = A man playing bansuri
| image2 = A bansuri player Stephanie Bosch, flute side blown wind instrument India.jpg
| alt2 = A woman playing bansuri
}}

The word bansuri originates in the ''bans'' (बाँस) [bamboo] + ''sur'' (सुर) [melody].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} A phonetically similar name for the same instrument, in early medieval texts, is the Sanskrit word ''vaṃśi'' which is derived from root ''vaṃśa'' (Sanskrit: [[wikt:वंश|वंश]]<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=bamboo&direction=ES&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 vaMza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222000255/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=bamboo&direction=ES&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 |date=22 December 2016 }}, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref>) meaning bamboo.<ref name="Kunst2013p25">{{cite book|author=Jaap Kunst|title=Hindu-Javanese Musical Instruments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytLoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |year=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-011-9185-2|pages=25–26}}</ref> A flute player in these medieval texts is called ''vamsika''.<ref name="Nijenhuis1992p303">{{cite book|author=Emmie Te Nijenhuis|title=Saṅgītaśiromaṇi: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGzESuCeK-sC&pg=PA303|year=1992|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=90-04-09498-9|page=303}}</ref>

Other regional names of {{Transliteration|hi|bansuri}}-style, six to eight play holes, bamboo flutes in India include {{Transliteration|hi|bansi}}, baashi, {{Transliteration|hi|eloo}}, {{Transliteration|hi|kolakkuzhal}}, {{Transliteration|hi|kulal}}, {{Transliteration|hi|kulalu}}, {{Transliteration|hi|kukhl}}, {{Transliteration|hi|lingbufeniam}}, {{Transliteration|hi|murali}}, {{Transliteration|hi|murli}}, {{Transliteration|hi|nadi}}, {{Transliteration|hi|nar}}, {{Transliteration|hi|odakkuzhal}}, {{Transliteration|hi|pawa}}, {{Transliteration|hi|pullankuzhal}}, {{Transliteration|hi|pillana grovi}}, {{Transliteration|hi|pulangoil}}, {{Transliteration|hi|vansi}}, {{Transliteration|hi|vasdanda}}, {{Transliteration|hi|sipung}}, and {{Transliteration|hi|venuvu}}.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=345, 350–354, 360, 497}}<ref name=westbrook2003>Peter Westbrook (2003), ''The bansuri and pulangoil, bamboo flutes of India'', Flutist Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, pages 1–4</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dale A. Olsen|title=World Flutelore: Folktales, Myths, and Other Stories of Magical Flute Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bUPBAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09514-6|pages=10–12}}</ref> The instrument is also used in Nepal, under the name Bām̐surī (बाँसुरी).<ref name=ministry>{{cite book |title=Haamra Lokbaajaaharu (translation with subtitle: Our Musical Instruments, 'A course book for school children.') |last= Kadel |first=Ram Prasad | publisher= The [Nepal] Ministry of Education, Curriculum Department of Nepal Government |date=2006 |language= ne |page=7 |url= http://musicmuseumnepal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/RS344_HAMRA-BAJAHURU-BALBODH-21.pdf}}</ref> Nepalese also use the word murli (मुरली), but that word can mean not only flute or fife, but also a reed instrument.

Ancient regional innovations, such as those in the Himalayan foothills of India, developed more complex designs, such as the {{Transliteration|hi|algoza}} which is a "twin bansuri" in different keys constructed as a single instrument, allowing the musician to play more complex music. In central and south India, a similar innovation is called {{Transliteration|hi|nagoza}} or {{Transliteration|hi|mattiyaan jodi}}, and Buddhist stupa reliefs in central India, from about the 1st century BCE, depict the single and twinned flute designs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alka Pande|title=Folk Music & Musical Instruments of Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgraAAAAMAAJ |year=1999|publisher=Mapin|isbn=978-1-890206-15-4|pages=44–46}}</ref>{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|p=345}}

==History==
According to [[Ardal Powell]], flute is a simple instrument found in numerous ancient cultures. According to legends, the three birthplaces of flutes are Egypt, Greece, and India. Of these, the transverse flute (side blown) appeared only in ancient India, while the [[fipple flute]]s are found in all three. It is likely, states Powell, that the modern Indian ''bansuri'' has not changed much since the early medieval era.<ref name=westbrook2003/><ref name="Powell2002p10">{{cite book|author=Ardal Powell|title=The Flute|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094985|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09498-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094985/page/10 10]–13}}</ref> However, a flute of a somewhat different design is evidenced in ancient China (''dizi'') which Powell, quoting Curt Sachs' ''The History of Musical Instruments'', suggests may not have originated in China but evolved from a more ancient Central Asian flute design. It is, however, not clear whether there was any connection between the Indian and Chinese varieties.<ref name="Powell2002p10"/>

The early medieval Indian ''bansuri'' was, however, influential. Its size, style, bindings, mounts on ends and playing style in medieval Europe artworks has led scholars, such as Liane Ehlich, a flute scholar at the music school in the University of Lucerne, to state that the ''bansuri'' (''venu'') migrated from India into the Byzantine Empire by the 10th century and from there on to medieval Europe where it became popular.<ref name="Powell2002p10"/><ref>Liane Ehlich (1984), ''[http://www.rimab.ch/content/bibliographie/SCB-Bib-1985-01-579/view?set_language=de Zur Ikonographie der Querflöte im Mittelalter]''. Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis, Volume 8, pages 197–211 (in German)</ref>

[[File:All scales of Bansuris in a set.jpg|thumb|All scales of Bansuris in a set]]
The flute is discussed as an important musical instrument in the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' (~200 BCE to 200 CE), the classic Sanskrit text on music and performance arts.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=99–103}} The flute (''venu'' or ''vamsa'') is mentioned in many Hindu texts on music and singing, as complementary to the human voice and [[Veena]] (vaani-veena-venu).<ref>{{cite book|author=Tarla Mehta|title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC&pg=PA149| year=1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0|pages=149–150}}</ref>{{Sfn|Martinez|2001|p=127}} The flute is however not called ''bansuri'' in the ancient, and is referred to by other names such as ''nadi'', ''tunava'' in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (3000–2500 BCE) and other Vedic texts of [[Hinduism]], or as ''venu'' in post-Vedic texts.<ref name=keith441>{{cite book|author=Arthur Berriedale Keith|title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA441| year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1332-8|page=441}}</ref><ref name=kasliwal85>{{cite book|author=Suneera Kasliwal|title=Classical musical instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVsUAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Rupa|isbn=978-81-291-0425-0|pages=85–86}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=99–103}} The flute is also mentioned in various [[Upanishads]] and [[Yoga]] texts.{{sfn|Beck|1993|pp=98–110}}

According to [[Bruno Nettl]], a music historian and ethnomusicologist, the ancient surviving sculptures and paintings in the temples and archaeological sites of India predominantly show transverse flutes being played horizontally (with a downward tilt).{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=306 with Figure 1 p. 299}} However, beginning in the 15th century, vertical end blowing style are commonly represented. This change in the relevance and style of ''bansuri'' is likely, states Nettl, because of the arrival of Islamic rule era on the Indian subcontinent and the West Asian influence on North Indian music.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pages=306, with Figure 1 p. 299 and Figure 5 p. 304}}

==Construction==
[[File:Elephant bamboo - India reed bamboo - ഈറ്റ 01.JPG|thumb|''Bansuri'' is traditionally made from [[bamboo]].]]
A bansuri is traditionally produced from a special type of bamboo, that naturally grows to long lengths between its nodes (knots). These grow abundantly in Himalayan foothills up to about 11,000 feet with high rainfall. These are particularly found in the northeastern (near Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura) and Western Ghats (near Kerala) states of India where numerous bamboo species grow with internodal lengths greater than {{convert|40|cm|in}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir George Watt|title=The Commercial Products of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.41016|year=1908|publisher=J. Murray|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.41016/page/n108 98]–106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=K. K. Seethalakshmi|author2=M. S. Muktesh Kumar|author3=K. Sankara Pillai|display-authors=et al|title=Bamboos of India: A Compendium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wB_kqf5NzikC|year=1998|publisher=BRILL|isbn=81-86247-25-4|pages=20, 80–83, 123, 184}}</ref>

The harvested bamboo with a desired diameter is cut, dried and treated with natural oils and resins to strengthen it. Once ready, the artisans examine the smoothness and straightness and measure the dried hollow tube. They mark the exact positions for the holes, then use hot metal rod skewers of different diameters to burn in the holes. Drilling and other methods of hole making are avoided as it is believed they damage the fiber orientation and the splits affect the music quality. The burnt-in holes are then finished by sanding, one end plugged, the flute ringed at various positions to stabilize its form and shape over time and the unit tested for its musical performance. The distance of a finger-hole from the mouth-hole, and the diameter of the finger-hole controls the note it plays. Adjustments to the diameters of various holes is made by the artisans to achieve purity of the musical notes produced. The wall thickness of the ''bansuri'' determines the tone, range and octave tuning. Once all the holes have reached their performance range, the ''bansuri'' is steeped in natural oils, cleaned, dried and decorated or bound with silk or nylon threads.<ref>Peter Westbrook (2003), ''The bansuri and pulangoil, bamboo flutes of India'', Flutist Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, pages 1–27</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dale A. Olsen|title=World Flutelore: Folktales, Myths, and Other Stories of Magical Flute Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bUPBAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09514-6|pages=15–27}}</ref>

There are two varieties of bansuri: [[transverse flute|transverse]] and [[fipple]]. The fipple flute is usually played in [[folk music]] and is held at the lips like a [[tin whistle]]. Because the transverse variety enables superior control, variations and embellishments, it is preferred in Indian classical music.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

[[File:Bansuri ancient bamboo flute sanskrit swara.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|The ''swara'' ([[solfège]]) notes as designed into a ''bansuri'' (descending representation)]]

===Musical notes===
Six holes are sufficient to produce seven basic ''[[swara]]s'': ''sa'', ''re'', ''ga'', ''ma'', ''pa'', ''dha'', and ''ni''. When all holes are closed, it produces the lowest note of the ''bansuri'' (''pa''). With one hole farthest from the closed end of the ''bansuri'' open, the instrument plays the ''dha''. Similarly, ''ni'' is produced with two farthest holes open, ''sa'' with three farthest open, ''re'' with four, ''ga'' with five, and ''ma'' is produced with all holes open.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lyon Leifer|title=How to Play the Bansuri: A Manual for Self-instruction Based on the Teaching of Devendra Murdeshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5BdAQAACAAJ| year=2005| publisher=Rasa Music |isbn=978-0-9766219-0-4|pages=1–7}}</ref>

Every ''bansuri'' by its design and construction has a specific key and tonal center, corresponding to ''sa'' (''shadja'', natural tonic) of the ''swara'' scale.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ellen Koskoff|title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73MO0eiQD_EC&pg=PA980 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-99404-0|page=980}}</ref> This key is achieved by variations in length, inner diameter of the instrument and the relative size and placement of the finger holes. This allows the musician to select a ''bansuri'' constructed in the key of the music they want to create and share.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Shepard|title=Simple Flutes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dcg0TVUcyGYC|year=2002|publisher=Simple|isbn=978-0-938497-18-9|pages=19–21, 31–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=G Dournon|author2=M Helffer|editor=Stanley Sadie|title=The New Grove dictionary of musical instruments, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6_WAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-943818-05-4|chapter= Bansuri}}</ref>

==Playing==
{{listen
| filename = Bansuri sample E bass.ogg
| title = sound samples
| description = North Indian ''bansuri'', E-key (1 min 39 sec)
| format = [[Ogg]]
| filename2 = Carnatic flute.ogg
| title2 = sound samples
| description2 = South Indian ''[[venu]]'', E-key (39 sec)
| format2 = [[Ogg]]
}}

A ''bansuri'' is typically held horizontally slanting downwards towards right by the bansuri player. The index, middle and ring fingers of the right hand cover the outer fingerholes, while the same fingers of the left hand cover the rest. The ''bansuri'' is supported by the thumb and little finger, while the airhole is positioned near the lips and air blown over it at various speeds to reach the desired octave. For the seven-hole bansuri, the little finger ([[pinky finger|pinky]]) of the right hand is usually employed.<ref name="ll_book">{{cite book | title = How to Play the Bansuri: A Manual for Self-Instruction Based on the Teaching of Devendra Murdeshwar| last=Leifer| first=Lyon| publisher=Rasa Music Co| year=2005|isbn=0-9766219-0-8}}</ref>
[[File:Bansuri-finger.png|thumb|Fingering chart for a bansuri]]

As with other air-reed [[Wind Instrument|wind instruments]], the sound of a bansuri is generated from [[resonance]] of the air column inside it. The length of this column is varied by closing or leaving open, a varying number of holes. Half-holing is employed to play flat or minor notes. The 'sa' (on the Indian [[Swara|sargam]] scale, or equivalent 'do' on the octave) note is obtained by covering the first three holes from the blowing-hole. Octaves are varied by manipulating one's [[embouchure]] and controlling the blowing strength. Either finger tips or finger pads are used by ''bansuri'' players to partially or fully cover the tap holes.<ref>Bullard, B. (2007). The link between Samavedic chanting and flute playing in the Naradiya siksa: A new interpretation. ''Journal of the Indian Musicological Society, 38,'' 129-145, 252.</ref>

In order to play the [[diatonic]] scale on a bansuri, one needs to find where the notes lie. For example, in a bansuri where Sa or the [[tonic (music)|tonic]] is always played by closing the first three holes, is equivalent to C, one can play sheet music by creating a finger notation that corresponds to different notes. A flutist is able to perform complex facets of [[Raga]] music such as [[microtonal]] [[inflections]], [[Ornament (music)|ornamentation]], and [[glissando]] by varying the breath, performing fast and dexterous fingering, and closing/opening the holes with slow, sweeping gestures.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==See also==
* [[Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Venu]]
* [[Bamboo musical instruments]]
* [[Pannalal Ghosh]]
* [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]]
* [[Rakesh Chaurasia]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|first=Guy |last=Beck|year=1993 |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound|location=Columbia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-87249-855-6}}
* {{cite book |first=Vimalakānta Rôya|last=Caudhurī|title=The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1708-1}}
* {{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |year=2014 | publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }}
* {{Cite book | last=Daniélou | first=Alain | author-link=Alain Daniélou | title=Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs | publisher=C. Johnson | place=London | year=1949|oclc= 851080}}
* {{cite book|title= Evolution of Raga and Tala in Indian Music| first=M.R.|last = Gautam| publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal | year = 1993|isbn = 81-215-0442-2}}
* {{Cite book | last=Kaufmann | first=Walter | author-link=Walter Kaufmann (composer) | title=The Ragas of North India | publisher=Oxford & Indiana University Press | isbn=978-0-253-34780-0 | year=1968 | oclc=11369 | url=https://archive.org/details/ragasofnorthindi00kauf }}
* {{cite book|first=James G.|last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, 2 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1}}
* {{cite book|first=José Luiz|last=Martinez|title=Semiosis in Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJRnFIcM4cC |year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1801-9}}
* {{citation |ref={{sfnref|Nettl et al.|1998}}| first1=Bruno|last1=Nettl | author2= Ruth M. Stone|author3=James Porter|author4=Timothy Rice|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Ashok Damodar Ranade|title=Music Contexts: A Concise Dictionary of Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFwbGi3oBHgC |year=2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-63-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Don Michael |last= Randel|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|edition=fourth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Lewis |last= Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73034-9}}
* {{cite book|first1=Neil| last1= Sorrell|first2=Ram |last2= Narayan|title=Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhRAQAAIAAJ |year=1980|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0756-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Emmie|last=Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis|title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher= BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03978-3 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Annette|last1=Wilke|first2=Oliver|last2= Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0}}

{{Flutes}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Side-blown flutes]]
[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi musical instruments]]
[[Category:Nepalese musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bansuri players]]
[[Category:Bamboo flutes]]

[[as:বাঁহী]]
[[hi:बांसुरी]]
[[pnb:ونجلی]]

Purushottama Deva

2026-03-06T16:26:54Z

Lorrine11I: adding new post added tags.

{{Short description|Gajapati Emperor from 1467 to 1497}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]]
| type =
| name = Purushottama Deva
| native_name = 
| native_lang_name =
| more =
| image = Purushottam Deva Return from Kanchi Expedition.jpg
| caption = Gajapati Purushottam Deva depicted according to the Odia folklore of Kanchi Abhijaan and Manika, in the traditional wall painting of the [[Jagannath temple]]
| succession = 2nd [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati Emperor]]
| reign = 1467 – October 1472
| reign-type = 1st reign
| predecessor1 = [[Hamvira Deva]]
| successor = [[Hamvira Deva]]
| reign-type1 = 2nd reign
| reign1 = 1476 – 1497
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Kapilendra Deva]]|
| successor1 = [[Prataprudra Deva]]
| full name =
| house = [[Suryavamsha]]
| spouse = Padmavati
| issue = [[Prataprudra Deva]]
| father = Kapilendra Deva
| mother = Parvati Devi
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1497 CE
| death_place = [[Cuttack|Kataka]], [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] (modern day Cuttack, Odisha)
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Vira Pratapa Purushottama Deva''' ({{langx|or|ବୀରପ୍ରତାପ ପୁରୁଷୋତ୍ତମ ଦେବ}}) was the second ruler from the Suryavamsa [[Gajapati dynasty]]. His father Gajapati [[Kapilendradeva|Kapilendra Deva]] chose him as his heir to rule the Gajapati Kingdom at the banks of river [[Krishna River|Krishna]] where he died. This decision infuriated his elder brother [[Hamvira Deva]] who was a battle hardened and successful warrior fulfilling the task of conquering the southern territories and expeditions against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] as wished by his father.

There is a legend that when, under divine guidance, Kapilendra Deva announced that he was naming Purushottama as heir apparent, the eighteen older sons in anger threw spears at Purushottama, all of which missed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/kings-of-puri|title=Kings Of Puri|website=www.speakingtree.in|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Purushottama Deva is also the lead character of the legend of Kanchi Kaveri Upakhyana (poem) written by the poet [[Purushottama Dasa]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hStjf21VrUsC&q=Purushottam+Dev+Gajapati+Odisha&pg=PA8|title=Ashwini Kumar Ghose, Makers of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1998|isbn=8126004916|location=New Delhi|pages=8}}</ref> in sixteenth century and later adapted to Bengali by the Bengali poet Rangalal Bandyopadhyay.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|publisher=Scarecrow Press. Inc|year=2013|isbn=9780810853348|location=Maryland, United States|pages=67}}</ref> This legend is also popular among the Hindu devotees of the [[Jagannath]] worship tradition of [[Odisha]].

== Military achievements and territorial expansions ==
[[Crown Prince]] [[Hamvira Deva]], the eldest son of [[Kapilendra Deva|Emperor Kapilendra Deva]] revolted against Purushottama as the latter ascended the imperial throne. Purushottama had a militarily advantageous fortification in [[Cuttack]]'s [[Barabati fort]], which in turn was protected by a string of other extensive fortifications and camps of the Gajapati forces. To make matters worse, [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimha]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] had attacked and seized portions of the Gajapati Empire like [[Kondapalli Fort|Kondapalli]] and [[Rajamahendravaram]] amidst this internal conflict of the ruling family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127087/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|title=RELATIONS WITH THE GAJAPATHIS|website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Conflict with Hamvira Deva and Bahmani Sultanate (1467–1472 CE) ===
A disgruntled [[Hamvira Deva|Hamvira]] solicited a treaty with the [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] Bahmani Sultan [[Muhammad Shah Lashkari|Muhammad Shah III]]. Willing to capture [[Rajamahendravaram]] and [[Kondapalli Fort|Kondapalli]], Muhammad Shah III placed conditions on Hamvira to accept his suzerainty when he becomes the ruler of the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati realm]] and cede the desired territories from his [[Kapilendra Deva|father]]'s empire. This deal between Hamvira and Muhammad Shah III has been mentioned in the works of [[Firishta|Ferishta]] and Sayid AliTaba Taba. The Bahmani Sultan sent his commander Hussain Bheiry with troops to support Hamvira in overthrowing Purushottama. Gaining the support of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] forces, Hamvira Deva declared himself Gajapati in the year 1472. Purushottama lost more than half of his father's empire in the initial years to Hamvira and the Bahmani forces. Hamvira became a doppleganger Gajapati in the southern portions of Odisha and tried to invade the Gajapati capital ruled by his younger brother but was defeated.

=== Retrieval of lost territories from Bahmanis in 1476–1484 CE ===
{{Main|Bahmani invasion of Orissa}}
[[Hamvira Deva|Hamvira]] had ceded [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]] and [[Kondapalli Fort|Kondapalii]] to the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] for which commander Hussain Bheiry, was appointed as the governor and Hamvira ruled as a vassal king under them. In 1476, [[Bahmani sultanate]] weakened due to internal conflicts and a severe famine. Using this situation as a perfect opportunity, Purushottama Deva launched an offensive from the north and defeated his elder brother Hamvira, expelled the Bahmani garrisons and restored Rajamahendravaram and Kondapalli to his empire. [[Ferishta]] writes that due to the severe mismanagement amidst famine in the regions of Telangana until Rajamahendravaram by the Bahmanis, [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimha]] of Vijayanagara had aided some internal rebellions. Sayid AliTaba Taba writes that when Purushottama's forces arrived in the region, the garrison at [[Kondavidu|Kondavidu fort]] rebelled and killed their general before making Hamvira in charge. Hamvira not only surrendered to his brother but also resolved to help him in his further expeditions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC|title=Prataprudradeva, The Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2007|isbn=978-8172111953|location=New Delhi|pages=2–4, 7}}</ref>

In 1477, Purushottama invaded Bahmani territories and occupied [[Rajahmundry|Rajamundry]] without much opposition. Thus, Sultan [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad III]] marched against Purushottama himself and defeated him. Purushottama surrendered and sued for peace. Sultan demanded 25 elephants and Purushottama had to agree to this condition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=38–39 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2023}}

An inscription of Purushottama Deva dated to 1484 states that Azam Khan gifted the village of Mutukumalli located in the [[Vinukonda]] taluq of [[Guntur district|Guntur]] district to Purushottama on the occasion of a lunar eclipse. After dealing with the Bahamni forces and his rebellious elder brother, Purushottama turned his attention towards southern territories, which [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimha]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] conquered amidst the internal conflict with his elder brother. He captured the [[Krishna River|Krishna]]-[[Godavari River|Godavari]] delta, parts of [[Telangana]] and expanded his march until [[Udayagiri, Nellore district|Udayagiri fort]] where he imprisoned the Vijayanagara ruler.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.281018/2015.281018.History-Of#page/n409/mode/2up|title=History Of Orissa 1930 Vol.1, From the Earliest Times to the British Period|publisher=Prabasi Press.|year=1930|location=120-2, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta|pages=314, 315, 316, 317}}</ref>

=== War with Vijayanagara and hostilities by Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya ===
[[File:Uchchhishta Ganapati.jpg|alt=Jagannath temple's Uchhista or Kanchi Ganesha idol was brought by Gajapati Purushottama Deva as a victory trophy from his Kanchi expedition|thumb|328x328px|Jagannath temple's Uchhista or Kanchi Ganesha idol was brought by Gajapati Purushottama Deva as a victory trophy from his Kanchipuram expedition]]
While the civil war and conflict with the intervening Bahamanis were going on, the emperor of Vijayanagara, Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, wanted to seize the opportunity for regaining the lost territories of the empire from the Gajapati. The Vijayanagar emperor declared war on the Gajapati in the year 1468 and attacked the southern fortified territories of Udayagiri and Chandragiri situated in and around today's [[Nellore]] district. In the initial attempt and as in corroboration with the legend of Kanchi-Kaveri expedition, the Gajapati forces lost their ground and were defeated while many of them losing their lives. ''Saluvabhuigayam'', a Sanskrit literary work of the period records the exploits of emperor Saluva Narasimha against the Kalingas (Odisha Kingdom) while another reference is provided in the Varaha Purana that the General named [[Tuluva Isvara Nayaka|Ishwara Nayaka]] captured the Udayagiri fort from the Gajapati forces stationed there on behalf of the Vijayanagara Emperor. The [[Turko-Persian]] Bahamanis had equally captured the southern parts of the Gajapati Empire named as Rajamahendravaram and Kondavidu during the ongoing Gajapati civil war. The Persian Muslim chronicle Burhan-i-Ma'sir states that the Narasimha Deva Raya advanced north with an army of 700,000 "cursed" infantry, 8,500 elephants like mountains of iron to capture Rajmahendry.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10153803066441675.pdf|title=Sources of Vijayanagar History|publisher=University of Madras|year=1919|location=Madras|pages=7, 8}}</ref>

After the defeat of the Bahamanis, the surrender of Hamvira Deva and the recapture of [[Rajamahendravaram]] and Kondavidu forts, Purushottama Deva launched an attack on the southern regions to recapture the lost territories. It is comparable to the Kanchi Kaveri legend that the Gajapati actually failed to make much headway at the first attempt but in the second attempt he not only attacked Kanchi, the secondary capital of Vijayanagara Empire, but also imprisoned Saluva Narasimha Deva. The Vijayanagara Emperor was freed in only the exchange of Udayagiri and Chandragiri regions back to Gajapati and the marital alliance with the Gajapatis ensuring no further invasions from the Vijayanagar monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191019/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=CHAPTER -IV, MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS, Book - Military History of Odisha|website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/|pages=136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999/page/n237|title=Glimpses of Kalinga History|publisher=Century Publishers|year=1949|location=Calcutta|pages=226, 227}}</ref> While his return from the final Kanchi expedition, Gajapati Purushottama Deva brought idols of deities [[Uchchhishta Ganapati]] and Gopala that are now installed inside the Jagannath temple premises along with idols of goddesses like [[Maa Tarini Temple, Ghatgaon|Tarini]], Karunei and Barunei as symbols of his victory.

==== The Legend of Kanchi-Kaveri expedition ====
[[File:Gajapati Vijaynagara war.jpg|thumb|Gajapati-Vijayanagara war according to the legend of Kanchi-Kaveri.]]
Purushottama Deva's war in the south with Vijayanagara ruler [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] is immortalized through the legend of [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] – [[Kaveri]] Upakhyan in the Jagannath spiritual cult of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learningandcreativity.com/lord-jagannath-tales-the-royal-sweeper/|title=Lord Jagannath Tales: Chera Panhara, The Royal Sweeper|website=www.learningandcreativity.com|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> According to the legend, Saluva Narasimha (also identified as Kalabargeswara) had sent emissaries to Odisha on the interest from Purushottama Deva to marry his daughter Padmavati. The emissaries had arrived on the auspicious day of Rath Yatra festival of lord Jagannath and witnessed Purushottama Deva performing the sweeping ceremony on the chariot of the lord with a golden broomstick. Odisha's kings were known as Routa and Routaraya, which meant servant of and servant king in service of the lord [[Jagannath]]. The ritual of Chera Pahara or sweeping the lord's chariot on the auspicious occasion of [[Rath Yatra]] was a symbolic representation of the position of Odishan kings as the deputy of the lord who was declared as the real ruler of the empire. Infuriated by this act of sweeping beyond his understanding as reported by the emissaries, Saluva Narasimha sent a message that he would never give his daughter in marriage to a sweeper. This not only was an insult to Purushottama Deva but also the deity Jagannath of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://storibuzz.in/the-story-of-purushottam-dev-and-padmavathi/|title=The Story of Purushottam Dev and Padmavathi|website=www.storibuzz.in|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

Enraged by this insult, Purushottama invaded southern territories of Kanchi and Kaveri River's adjoining areas which were controlled by Saluva Narasimha. He was defeated and unsuccessful in the first attempt, returned disheartened as a broken man to his homeland Odisha and went straight to the Puri temple. He prayed to the lord there asking for his divine assistance in breaking the enemy lines. As per the legend, Lord Jagannath assured him that he along with his brother Balabhadra would ride with his army in disguise when he makes the second attempt. In the second attempt Kanchi was captured, Saluva Narasimha was defeated and his daughter Padmavati was brought as a prisoner. The legend further says that the gods Jagannath and Balarama walk ahead of the army. They ask a milk woman, Manika, for food and Jagannath gives his ring in pledge that Purushottama will pay for them. When Purushottama meets Manika, he rejoices that the gods go before him and honors her with the village Manika Patana. Blessed by the gods, he defeats Saluva Narasimha, conquers Kanchi and takes captive Princess Padmavati along with a statue of Ganesha and Gopala. Purushottama commands his prime minister to give the princess in marriage to a perfect sweeper. The king, who had declared his oath in public, has to deliver on it even if he still loves her. The prime minister delays finding the perfect sweeper, feeling sorry for the princess as he struggles for an idea to save her honour. The king, still in love with the princess, is tormented by her presence in the palace and haunted by his role in her misfortune. To ease his guilt and distance himself from her, he gives the prime minister a deadline to find a sweeper for her to marry. The princess has already decided to die by poison on the day she is married to a sweeper. On the next Ratha Yatra, Purushottama sweeps out one of the chariots with a golden broom, the clever Prime Minister announces he has found the perfect sweeper for the Princess and the emperor marries his new queen of the empire of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFlJLkb8wGQC&q=Purushottam+Dev+Gajapati+Odisha&pg=PA28|title=Ramashankar Ray, Makers of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1998|isbn=8126005483|location=Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi|pages=27–29}}</ref> The public rejoices when they see their king marry his love even while fulfilling his oath. Everyone is happy.

== Constructive activities and cultural contribution ==
During Purushottama Deva's reign there was a flourishing of poetry with a number of works which were written by himself in [[Sanskrit]]. Gajapati Purushottam Deva was a scholar of Sanskrit literature and is attributed to have written many scriptures on his own during this time.

The individual works of Purushottam Deva include;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999/page/n235|title=Glimpses of Kalinga History|publisher=Century Publishers, Calcutta|year=1949|location=Sri Gouranga Press, 5, Chintamoni Das Lane, Calcutta|pages=224}}</ref>

* Abhinava Gitagovinda<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajapati Sri Purusottama Deva |url=http://archive.org/details/abhinava-gitagovinda-mahakavyam-gajapati-sri-purusottama-deva |title=Abhinava Gitagovinda Mahakavyam (Abhinaba Gitagobinda Mahakabyam - ଅଭିନବ ଗୀତଗୋବିନ୍ଦ ମହାକାବ୍ୟମ୍) |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Cultural Affairs, Odisha |others=Srijukta Satyaanaash}}</ref>
* Nama Malika
* Mukti Chintamani
* Abhinava Venisamhara
* Gopalapuja Paddhati
* Durgotsav
* Bishnu Bhakti Kaladruma
* Sanskrit Dictionary called Trikanda Kosha
It was during his rule that the writer of Sahitya Darpan, Biswanath Mohapatra found a place in his court. Gajapati Purushotama Deva after his conquest of Kanchi and divine experience of Lord Jagannath, constructed a temple at Deulagaon village near Raibania fort in Balasore district. In the temple, he installed two granite stone idols of lord Jagannath and Balarama as the siblings riding on horse and dressed for war. Until this day both the deities are worshiped there as a memory of his victory over Kanchi with divine intervention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/lord-fought-for-gajapati-during-kanchi-war/|title=Lord fought for Gajapati during Kanchi war|website=www.orissapost.com|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Oriya land grant.jpg|thumb|A facsimile of an inscription on a copper plate recording a land grant made by Rāja Purushottam Deb, king of Orissa, in the fifth year of his reign (1483).]]

Purushottama Deva established 16 Sasans (or local administration of Brahmins) on banks of river Mahanadi after his victory in war. Four of these existing villages of Elmapur, Patapur Sasan, Sriyapur Sasan and Satyabhamapur Sasan were donated to Brhamins by his four other queens Elma Devi, Patamahadevi, Sriyadevi and Satybhamadevi where lord Jagannath is still worshipped as deity Dadhibaman as a symbol of the victory. The idols of Uchistha or Kamada Ganesha and Gopala brought as trophy of victory over Kanchi by Purushottama Deva are now placed in the premises of Jagannath Temple at Puri. The Puri Jagannath temple's fortification walls like the inner wall Kurma Bedha and outer wall Meghanada Prachira were completed during the rule of Purusottama Deva though started by his father. The Gajapati encouraged folk dances presented as service to lord Jagannath at the temple. It is recorded that queen Padmavati received the Gopa Sandhi award for her services to lord Jagannath through her skilled dancing.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&q=Jagannath+Purushottam+Deva&pg=PA142|title=Dance Dialects of India|publisher=Motilal Banarasidass Publishers Pvt.Ltd|year=2002|isbn=8120806743|location=Delhi|pages=142}}</ref> The Nata Mandapa and Bhoga Mandapa were constructed in the Puri temple premises during the rule of Purushottama Deva. He also built the Sundara Madhava temple in Purushottampur of today's [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] district. The Gajapati also waved off marriage taxes from common people in the conquered territories of southern India that existed as an administrative norm before him.

Gajapati Purushottama Deva not only managed to regain most of the lost territories from his inherited empire but also conquered new territories in the southern regions of India. Despite the dispute with his rebellious elder brother, he managed to establish Odisha as a major power player in Deccan and Southern India while the Bahamani and Vijayanagar empires contested for supremacy with him. He pardoned his brother Hamvira Deva and let him rule as a representative and vassal of the Gajapati Empire in the southern territories. He did not face any threat from the northern Muslim ruled kingdoms like Bengal or [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] unlike his father and successor Prataprudra Deva who would eventually struggle to keep the empire intact while dealing with [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]] of Vijayanagar, Muslim States of Deccan India and Bengal. His minimal attention to the northern frontier led to Turks like Sehjada and Mallick capture Bengal without any threat. Purushottama Deva established complete military control over a vast region comprising [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Karnataka|Carnatic]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking people, other than [[Odia people|Odia]]s and contributed to the aversion of any Muslim dynasty's direct rule in south eastern coastal provinces and territories of India in the 16th Century. Though his initial life was spent in battles, he managed to encourage and contribute to literature, cultural activities and temple construction projects. The Madala Panji temple records of Jagannath Temple at Puri state that Purushottama Deva made a donation of 2000 Kahanas of cowries to the temple which shows his devotion to lord Jagannath.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Economic History of Orissa|publisher=Indus Publishing Company FS5|year=1997|isbn=8173870756|location=New Delhi|pages=83}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book| author=Tarini Charan Rath|title=Purushottama Deva, King of Orissa}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Gajapati Empire|Suryavamsa dynasty]]|||||}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kapilendra Deva]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Gajapati of Odisha|years=1466–1497}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Prataparudra Deva]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Cuttack]]
[[Category:Puri]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Gajapati emperors]]

Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly

2026-03-04T06:43:04Z

Lorrine11I: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Travancore–Cochin]]

[[Category:Politics of Kerala]]
[[Category:Defunct lower houses]]

King Uncle

2026-03-03T23:37:11Z

Lorrine11I: slightly corrected article per sources and cleaned formatting

{{One source|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = King Uncle
| image = King Uncle.jpg
| producer = Rakesh Roshan
| director = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| writer = Ravi Kapoor Mohan Kaul [[Anees Bazmee]] (dialogues)
| cinematography = Nadeem Khan
| editing = [[Sanjay Verma]]
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| starring = [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Anu Aggarwal]] [[Nagma]] [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] [[Deven Verma]] [[Pooja Ruparel]]
| studio = Filmkraft Productions Pvt. Ltd
| released = {{film date|df=y|1993|2|5}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''King Uncle''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Rakesh Roshan]]. The film stars [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Anu Aggarwal]], [[Nagma]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Sushmita Mukherjee]], Pooja Ruparel and [[Deven Verma]]. The film was inspired from the 1982 English film ''[[Annie (1982 film)|Annie]]'' that starred [[Aileen Quinn]] and [[Albert Finney]], which in turn is based on the 1924 comic strip ''[[Little Orphan Annie]]'' by [[Harold Gray]]. The film was a moderate box office success and has since gained cult status, well-received by families and children. Both Shroff and Ruparel's performances received critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/a-king-uncle-throwback-featuring-shah-rukh-khan-hrithik-roshan-jackie-shroff-and-2364022 | title=A King Uncle Throwback Featuring Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Jackie Shroff and | access-date=16 June 2022 | archive-date=28 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528175416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/a-king-uncle-throwback-featuring-shah-rukh-khan-hrithik-roshan-jackie-shroff-and-2364022 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Ashok Bansal ([[Jackie Shroff]]) is a wealthy industrialist, inspired by the British 'stiff upper lip' syndrome. Ashok hates poor people and works hard to become rich because his mother abandoned him and his two siblings for a rich man when they were young. In the process of acquiring wealth, Ashok has become an unbearable disciplinarian and neglects his family consisting of his younger brother Anil ([[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]) and sister Suneeta (Nivedita Saraf). Ashok gets Suneeta married to Pradeep ([[Dalip Tahil]]) although she is in love with someone else ([[Vivek Vaswani]]). Pradeep has an affair with another woman and abuses Suneeta frequently. Anil goes against his brother's highhanded ways, marries a poor girl Kavita ([[Nagma]]) and leaves the house.

Munna (Pooja Ruparel), a runaway orphan arrives at Ashok Bansal's house, initially creates havoc and eventually becomes the apple of his eye. When he takes her back to the orphanage she spills the beans about the warden's drunken behavior. Based on Munna's suggestions he frees his sister from her abusive husband and brings her home. He decides to adopt Munna and save her from the clutches of the warden and her criminal boyfriend (Paresh Rawal). Ashok mends fences with his brother, becomes a kind man with happy family, and adopts all the children from the orphange.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Ashok Bansal a.k.a. King Uncle
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Anil Bansal
*[[Nagma]] as Kavita
*[[Anu Aggarwal]] as Fenni Fernando
*[[Pooja Ruparel]] as Munna, Orphaned girl
*[[Vivek Vaswani]] as Kamal
*[[Nivedita Joshi]] as Suneeta Bansal
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Pratap
*[[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Shanti, Orphanage Principal
*[[Deven Verma]] as Karim
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Pradeep
*[[Bharat Kapoor]] as Mr. Mallik
*Madhu Malhotra as Mrs Mallik
*[[Viju Khote]] marriage counselor
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]]
*[[Raj Kishore]]
*[[Deb Mukherjee]] as Ashok's father
*[[Kunika]] as Ashok's mother
*[[Joginder]]
*[[Rajesh Puri]]
*[[Guddi Maruti]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music is composed by Rajesh Roshan, while the songs are written by Indeevar and Javed Akhtar. The film's song "Taare Aasman Ke Dharti Pe" as well as some continued melodies through the movie are sampled from the whistling tune used by [[Roxette]] in their song "[[Joyride (Roxette song)|Joyride]]". A similar song "Tera Shukriya", from the soundtrack of Shah Rukh Khan's earlier film ''[[Chamatkar]]'', not featured in the movie itself, also uses the melody. The original song from where the melody was borrowed was a Kenyan Song named Jambo Bwana by Kenyan band Them Mushrooms.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Akkad Bakkad Bumbe Bo"
| [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| [[Javed Akhtar]]
|-
| 2
| "Dil Maaane Jise Wohi Apna"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
| [[Indeevar]]
|-
| 3
| "Fenny Ne Mujhe Bulaya"
| [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| Javed Akhtar
|-
| 4
| "Hum Rahe Na Rahe Yahaan Par"
| [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| Indeevar
|-
| 5
| "Is Jahaan Ki Nahi Hain"
| [[Nitin Mukesh]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| Indeevar
|-
| 6
| "Khush Rehne Ko Zaroori"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], Nitin Mukesh, Alka Yagnik, Sadhana Sargam
| Indeevar
|-
| 7
| "Parody"
| Sudesh Bhosle, [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
| Javed Akhtar
|-
| 8
| "Taare Aasman Ke Dharti Pe"
| Sadhana Sargam
| Indeevar
|}

==Production==
The title role was originally offered to [[Amitabh Bachchan]] however he declined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-10-13 |title=Amitabh Bachchan was the first choice for King Uncle reveals Aashiqui girl Anu Aggarwal; calls it “a different kind of male lead role” : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-first-choice-king-uncle-reveals-aashiqui-girl-anu-aggarwal-calls-different-kind-male-lead-role/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0107321}}

{{Rakesh Roshan}}

[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rakesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]

Vasco Da Gama (film)

2026-03-03T03:36:56Z

Lorrine11I: adding - done

{{short description|Indian fantasy comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vasco Da Gama
| image = Vasco Da Gama (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = RG Krishnan
| writer = RG Krishnan
| producer = DATO’ B. Subaskaran
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nakkhul]]
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
* [[Vamsi Krishna]]
* [[Arthana Binu]]
}}
| cinematography = N.S. Sathish Kumar
| editing = Tamil Kumaran
| music = Arun NV
| studio = 5656 Production
| distributor = Blockbuster Production
| released = {{film date|2024|8|2|df=yes}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''''Vasco Da Gama''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by RG Krishnan. The film stars [[Nakkhul]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Vamsi Krishna]] and [[Arthana Binu]] along with [[Anandaraj]] and [[Munishkanth]] in supporting roles. The film was released on 2 August 2024 to mixed reviews, with some critics praising its inventive inverted-world premise while others criticised its execution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vasco Da Gama Movie Review: Sets sail for a noble expedition, loses direction midway |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/02/vasco-da-gama-movie-review-sets-sail-for-a-noble-expedition-loses-direction-midway}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nakkhul]] as Vasudevan
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Uthaman (Marco) & Binu (Gabbar) (Dual Role)
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Kovarthan
* [[Arthana Binu]] as Lakshana
* [[Anandaraj]] as Lakshana's father
* [[Munishkanth]] as Vasudevan's uncle
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Police inspector
* [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Mahadevan
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Superintendent K. Subash
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Phillips
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Arivazhagan
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Mr. Perfect
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Doctor
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Politician
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as P. Punith
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Rajangam
* [[Namo Narayana]] as Samarasan
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Prisoner
* [[Lollu Sabha Seshu]] as Ravanan
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Govind's father
* Sundarapriya MP as Neighbour
* Yogi Ram as Kaal
* [[Bijili Ramesh]] as Bijili
}}

== Production ==

The entire shooting was completed on 1 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=1 May 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Nakkhul's Vasco da Gama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/May/01/its-a-wrap-for-nakkhuls-vasco-da-gama-42887.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728180405/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/May/01/its-a-wrap-for-nakkhuls-vasco-da-gama-42887.html |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by DATO’ B. Subaskaran under the banner of 5656 Production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=22 July 2024 |title=Vasco Da Gama Trailer: Nakkhul navigates a fictional world full of killers, thieves and drug peddlers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/22/vasco-da-gama-trailer-nakkhul-navigates-a-fictional-world-full-of-killers-thieves-and-drug-peddlers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729090223/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/22/vasco-da-gama-trailer-nakkhul-navigates-a-fictional-world-full-of-killers-thieves-and-drug-peddlers |archive-date=29 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The cinematography was done by N.S. Sathish Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=13 July 2024 |title=Nakkhul's Vasco Da Gama clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/13/nakkhuls-vasco-da-gama-clears-censorship-formalities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728152304/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/13/nakkhuls-vasco-da-gama-clears-censorship-formalities |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> while editing was handled by Tamil Kumaran and music composed by Arun NV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nakkhul's VascoDaGama teaser out; the actor plays a do-gooder in the film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nakkhuls-vascodagama-teaser-out-the-actor-plays-a-do-gooder-in-the-film/88f5af6828610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728155309/https://www.ottplay.com/news/nakkhuls-vascodagama-teaser-out-the-actor-plays-a-do-gooder-in-the-film/88f5af6828610 |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews, with some critics praising its inventive inverted-world premise and world-building,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vasco Da Gama Movie Review: Sets sail for a noble expedition, loses direction midway |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/02/vasco-da-gama-movie-review-sets-sail-for-a-noble-expedition-loses-direction-midway |website=Cinema Express |date=2 August 2024 |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref> while others criticised the execution and screenplay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vasco Da Gama Movie Review: In its quest to turn the world upside down, it only manages to capsize itself |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vasco-da-gama/movie-review/102342345.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2 August 2024 |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15380500}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ranna (Kannada poet)

2026-02-28T07:10:50Z

Lorrine11I: content fix

{{Short description|Kannada poet (949–1020)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranna
| image =
| birth_name = Ranna
| birth_date = 949
| birth_place = [[Belagali]], [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]], [[Chalukya Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1020|||949|||df=yes}}
| occupation = [[Kannada]] [[Poet]]
| notable_works = Sahasa Bhima Vijaya (Gadayuddha)
| mother = Abbalabbe
| father = Jinavallabha
}}

[[File:Handwriting (10th century) of Kannada poet Ranna at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|Inscrbed handwriting (in Kannada characters) of Ranna reads ''Kavi Ratna'' ("gem among poets") at [[Shravanabelagola]]]]

'''Ranna''' (c. 949–1020) was one of the earliest and most celebrated [[Kannada]] poets, regarded as one of the "three gems" (Ratnatraya) of classical [[Kannada]] literature along with [[Adikavi Pampa]] and [[Ponna (poet)]] He flourished in the Western Chalukya court of [[Tailapa II]] and his successor [[Satyashraya]], in what is now Karnataka, India. Ranna is renowned for his sophisticated style, martial themes, and deep [[Jain]] influence. He is best known for his two major surviving works: "Sahasa Bhima Vijaya" (also known as "Gadayuddha") and "[[Ajitha Purana]]" ([[Ajitanatha]] purana) about the second tirthankar of [[Jainism]].<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 16–18.</ref><ref>Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955). ''A History of South India''. Oxford University Press. p. 365.</ref>

== Early life and background ==

Ranna was born around 949 in a Kannada [[Jain]] family, likely in the region of modern Karnataka. Details about his birthplace vary, with traditions suggesting [[Mudhol]] (in present-day [[Bagalkot]] district) as a probable location. He was a devout Jain and his literary works often reflect Jain ethics and philosophy. Ranna received patronage from Western Chalukya rulers, notably Tailapa II and his successor Satyashraya, which allowed him to produce major literary works in courtly settings.<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). p. 17.</ref>

== Literature ==
During his early days as a writer, Ranna may have been patronized by [[Chavundaraya]] (or Chavundaraya), the famous minister of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=45}} With the rise of the imperial [[Western Chalukya Empire]], Ranna became an important poet in the court of King [[Tailapa II]] and his successor King [[Satyashraya]] who bestowed upon him the title ''Kavi Chakravarti'' (''lit'', "Emperor among poets").{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=356}}

The writings of Ranna are in ''Halegannada'' (''lit'', "old Kannada"). Of the five known major works accomplished by him, two are available in full and one in part. They are: ''[[Ajitha purana]]''([[Ajitanatha]] purana), ''Parashuramacharithe'' (extinct), ''Saahasabhima Vijaya'' (also known as ''Gadaayuddha''), ''Rannakanda'' and ''Chakresvaracharite'' (extinct).{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=114}}{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=356}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=45}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=324}}{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1335}}

[[Ajitha Purana]] ([[Ajitanatha]] Purana) (993 C.E.) is a [[Jain]] ''[[champu]]'' (a form of composition) ''[[purana]]'' written in twelve sections on the life of [[Ajitanatha]], the second ''[[Tirthankar]]'' of [[Jainism]]. Ranna wrote this ''purana'' under the patronage of a Jain lady called [[Attimabbe]], the wife of general Nagavarma.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=356}} ''RannaKanda'' (990 C.E.), so called because it is written in the ''Kanda'' meter, is the earliest extant dictionary in the Kannada language. Only twelve sections of this writing are available.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=356}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=324}} ''Parusharama Charite'' (around 980 C.E.) is a eulogy of the Ganga minister and commander [[Chamundaraya]]. The poet held his patron in such high esteem that he claims to have named his son "raya" in honor of his patron (who had the honorific ''Samara Parashurama'').{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=45}}

''Saahasabhimavijaya'' or ''Gadayuddha'' (''lit'', "The duel of maces") is undoubtedly Ranna's [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]] that was accomplished in an age of writings on "heroism", that describe the valor of important personalities (''vira rasa'' and ''roudrarasa''). Written around 1000 C.E. (though some scholars believe it was a product of a more youthful Ranna), it is one of the enduring classics of the language where the poet compares the valor of his patron Chalukya King Satyashraya to the [[Pandava]] prince [[Bhima]] of the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]].{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1335}} Ranna keeps with the trend started by Adikavi Pampa who in 941 C.E. compared his patron Chalukya King Arikesari (a [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] vassal) to the Pandava prince [[Arjuna]] in the classic ''Vikramarjunavijaya'' (also called ''Pampa Bharata'').{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1335}} While acknowledging that Ranna may have found some inspiration from earlier writings such as ''Urubhanga'' of Bhasa and ''Venisamhara'' or Bhattanarayana, scholars concede that ''Gadayuddha'' has an originality of its own. Modern scholars see similarities between Ranna's usage of the "adult imps" (called ''murulgal'') that stalk the battlefield of [[Kurukshetra]] and warn [[Kaurava]] prince [[Duryodhana]] (Bhima's adversary in battle) about his impending death, and the description of witches by latter day famed English playwright, [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. Some scholars believe that ''Gadayuddha'' may have been conceived as a play before being completed as a ''champukavya'' (epic poem in ''[[kavya]]'' style and ''[[champu]]'' meter).{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1335-1336}}

While the theme of the narration centers around the battle of maces between Bhima and Duryodhana on the last day of the eighteen-day war, the poet uses a technique similar to flashbacks in modern cinema to enlighten the reader with important events that led to the war and those events that transpired on the battlefield.{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1336}} Bhima is undoubtedly the hero of the day for slaying his foe and thus avenging the insult suffered by his wife [[Draupadi]] at the hands of Dushshasana (Duryodhana's brother) prior to the war. However, Ranna skillfully depicts Duryodhana as a "great soul" (''mahanubhava''), who despite his sins, was a brave ''[[kshatriya]]'' on the battlefield, and a true friend to [[Karna]] (another important character in the epic).{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1336}}

== See also ==
{{commons category|Kannada language literature}}
* [[Adikavi Pampa]]
* [[Akka Mahadevi]]
* [[Kuvempu]]
* [[Sri Ponna]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{citation |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |title=A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
* {{citation |last=Nagaraj |first=D.R. |author-link=D.R. Nagaraj |editor=Sheldon I. Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher=Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 1066|chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC |isbn=0-520-22821-9 |pages=323–383}}
* {{citation |last=Sastri |first=K.A. Nilakanta |author-link=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{citation |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |author-link=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{citation |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |author-link=Sujit Mukherjee |title= Dictionary of Indian Literature One: Beginnings - 1850|orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= Orient Blackswan|location= New Delhi|isbn=81-250 1453 5}}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |author-link=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

{{Authority control}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranna}}
[[Category:Western Chalukya people]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:949 births]]
[[Category:1020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bagalkot]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:10th-century Jain poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]]

Pankaj Moula

2026-02-16T02:32:45Z

Lorrine11I: adding a details first draft

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Pankaj Moula
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|12|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Garia]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| height = 
| currentclub = [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
| clubnumber = 18
| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]
| youthyears1 = 2008–2009
| youthclubs1 = Kumartuli
| youthyears2 = 2009–2010
| youthclubs2 = Mouri Sporting
| years1 = 2010–2013
| clubs1 = [[Techno Aryan F.C.|Techno Aryan]]
| caps1 = 37
| goals1 = 14
| years2 = 2013–2016
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 = 16
| goals2 = 1
| years3= 2018–2019
| clubs3 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps3=6
| goals3=0
| years4= 2020–
| clubs4 = [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
| caps4=5
| goals4=3
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 12 January 2019
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Pankaj Moula''' ({{langx|bn|পঙ্কজ মৌলা}}; born 21 December 1992 in [[Garia]] in [[West Bengal]]) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[striker (association football)|striker]] for [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]] in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].

==Career==
Pankaj Moula who stays in [[Garia]], started his football career as a scout of the [[Netaji Nagar, Kolkata]] coaching camp. He participated in many local tournaments where he caught the attention of football lovers with his ability to score goals.

Pankaj started his professional career in 2008 when he joined [[Kumortuli]] and then played for Mouri Sporting in the next season. In 2010, he joined [[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Premier Division]] Club [[Techno Aryan F.C.]], where he played successfully for 3 seasons.

Pankaj Moula has always played as a striker throughout his career. He has represented the U-19 [[West Bengal]] team, where he scored 4 goals, but unfortunately Bengal got knocked out from the quarter-final stage. He also played for [[East Bengal]] in lien in the [[I-League U19]] for 2 seasons, where he scored 8 and 6 goals respectively. Pankaj Moula emerged as the top scorer of the [[I-League U19]] once.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan's New Recruit – Striker Pankaj Moula|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowells-mohun-bagans-new-recruit-striker-pankaj-moula|accessdate=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220070616/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowells-mohun-bagans-new-recruit-striker-pankaj-moula|archive-date=20 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Mohun Bagan===
In 2013–14 season Pankaj joined [[Mohun Bagan]]. He made his debut on 14 December 2013 against [[Dempo S.C.]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in which he came on as a substitute for [[Ram Malik]] in the 46th minute as Mohun Bagan lost the match 0–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan vs. Dempo 0-1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/14/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/dempo-sports-club/1585376/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|27 April 2014}}<ref>{{soccerway|pankaj-moula/314862}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|11||1||4||0||0||0||-||-||15||1
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!11!!1!!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!15!!1
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/99489/pankaj-moula Goal Profile]
*[http://i-league.org/?tb_player=pankaj-moula I-League Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moula, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Aryan FC players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Peerless SC players]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]

Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh

2026-02-14T18:11:09Z

Lorrine11I: formatting fix

{{Short description|Trade union in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox union
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| abbreviation = '''BMS'''
| type = [[Trade Union]]
| status = Active
| members = 6,215,797 (2002)
| logo = Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Logo.png
| logo_caption = Official logo of the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1955|07|23}}
| founder = [[Dattopant Thengadi]]
| dissolved =
| merged =
| headquarters = Sir Sobha Singh Buildings, [[Garstin Bastion Road, New Delhi]], [[India]]
| leader_title = National President (Present)
| leader_name = Hiranmany Pandya
| leader_title2 = National General Secretary (Present)
| leader_name2 = Ravindra Himte
| key_people = Surendra Kumar Pandey, C. K. Sajinarayan, Virjesh Upadhyay
Malla Jagadish Rao, B Surendran, Durairaj, Hari Prasad G
| parent_organization = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS)
| website = {{URL|www.bms.org.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}
[[File:Bmssticker (81).JPG|thumb|right|BMS sticker]]
The '''Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh''' ([[translation]]: ''Indian Workers' Union'') is a trade union in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091017/jsp/frontpage/story_11626260.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141208105136/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091017/jsp/frontpage/story_11626260.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2014|title=RSS outfits grow, away from politics
}}</ref> It was founded by [[Dattopant Thengadi]] on 23 July 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh contributing tremendously in protecting workers rights : Jai Ram Thakur|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/328546-Bharatiya-Mazdoor-Sangh-contributing-tremendously-in-protecting-workers-rights-Jai-Ram-Thakur|access-date=2021-07-14|website=5 Dariya News}}</ref> The BMS is not affiliated to any International Trade Union Confederation. It is the labour wing of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation, and forms a part of the [[Sangh Parivar]], a collective of Hindutva organisations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141205/nation-current-affairs/article/rss-backed-union-joins-trade-stir-against-nda-government%E2%80%99s|title=RSS-backed union joins trade stir against NDA government's 'anti-worker' labour laws amendments}}</ref>

The BMS itself claims to have more than 10 million members. According to provisional statistics from the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour]], the BMS had a membership of 6,215,797 in 2002.<ref>[http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110409191235/http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf archive]</ref> The BMS protested against the [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] policies of the [[Rao ministry|Narasimha Rao Government]], the [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda Government]], and the [[Gujral ministry|Gujral Government]]. During the tenure of the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA Government]] also which had “friends” of BMS in it, BMS had to oppose the anti-labour policies. In the [[Second Modi ministry|Modi Government]], it called for a nationwide movement on 10 June 2020 to protest privatisation in public-sector undertakings (PSUs).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telecomtariff.in/2020/06/trade-union-bharatiya-mazdoor-sangh.html|title=Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh calls Nationwide Agitation to protest against privatization of public sector undertakings (PSUs)}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|bms.org.in}}
* [http://www.bteubsnl.in/ BTEU BSNL (BMS Affiliated Union website in Telecom Sector)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070105181411/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/31/stories/2006123102161000.htm BMS records largest increase in membership]
* [https://profit.ndtv.com/news/your-money/article-trade-unions-oppose-raising-of-pf-body-investment-in-stocks-1427456 Trade Unions Oppose Increase In PF Body's Investment In Stocks]
* [https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bms-opposes-clause-contract-labour-act-1502565247.html BMS opposes clause in Contract Labour Act]

{{Portal|Organized labour}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh-affiliated unions| ]]
[[Category:Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1955]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in India]]

Machihan Sasa

2026-02-12T19:14:05Z

Lorrine11I: adding a page initial version

{{Infobox person
| name = Machihan Sasa
| birth_date = 1 April 1950
| birth_place = Longpi Kajui, Ukhrul district, Manipur, India
| occupation = Traditional artisan
| known_for = Longpi Hampai (Blackstone pottery)
| awards = Padma Shri (2024)
}}

'''Machihan Sasa''' (born 1 April 1950) is an Indian traditional artisan from Longpi Kajui village in [[Ukhrul district]], [[Manipur]]. He practices the Tangkhul Naga craft of blackstone [[pottery]], locally known as ''Longpi Hampai''.<ref name="padma">{{cite web |title=Padma Shri Award Citation – Machihan Sasa |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024108.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukhrul artisan Machihan Sasa receives Padma Shri |work=The Sangai Express |date=28 January 2024 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/1/28/Mungchan-Zimik-PTIUkhrul-Jan-27-Machi-han-Sasa-a-renowned-Tang-khul-craftsman-who-promotes-and-preserve.html |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Machihan Sasa honoured with Padma Shri |work=E-Pao |date=27 January 2024 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2024.Machihan_Sasa_Nungbi_potter_honoured_with_Padma_Shri |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> In 2024, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in recognition of his contribution to traditional arts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur’s Machihan Sasa among Padma Shri awardees |work=The Assam Tribune |date=26 January 2024 |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipurs-machihan-sasa-named-among-110-padma-shri-awardees-1517220 |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukhrul's Longpi pottery artisan conferred Padma Shri |work=India Today NE |date=26 January 2024 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-ukhruls-machihan-sasa-conferred-padma-shri-for-longpi-pottery-expertise-794524-2024-01-26 |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manipuri artisan Machihan Sasa receives Padma Shri |work=Sentinel Assam |date=27 January 2024 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipur-manipurs-longpi-pottery-of-ukhrul-shines-with-national-recognition |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Longpi pottery artisan Machihan Sasa awarded Padma Shri |work=NorthEast Today |date=26 January 2024 |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/manipurs-machihan-sasa-receives-padma-shri-award-for-longpi-pottery-revitalization-efforts |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Machihan Sasa was born in Longpi Kajui, a Tangkhul Naga village historically associated with the production of blackstone pottery.<ref name="padma" /> The craft of ''Longpi Hampai'' involves the preparation of a paste made from ground black serpentine stone and a specific variety of brown clay known locally as ''Ham-Ngalei''. Unlike most pottery traditions, it is shaped manually without the use of a [[potter’s wheel]].<ref name="padma" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Change of art: See how three unusual Indian crafts are getting a reboot |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 January 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/change-of-art-see-how-three-unusual-indian-crafts-are-getting-a-reboot-101743108136563.html |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

He acquired the knowledge of the craft from his father during childhood.<ref name="padma" />

== Career ==
Sasa has been engaged in the practice and development of Longpi blackstone pottery for several decades.<ref name="padma" /> He introduced utilitarian and decorative objects such as tea sets, kettles, bowls, water mugs, vases, flower pots, dining plates and cooking vessels.<ref name="padma" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Want to teach black pottery to more youths: Machihan Sasa|work=The Indian Express |date=27 January 2024 |url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/107196967.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

He has trained young artisans in the region, and several of his trainees have received State and National Awards.<ref name="padma" />

He has participated in national and international craft exhibitions representing Longpi pottery.<ref name="padma" />

== Awards and honours ==
* ''All India Handicrafts Week'' (1979)<ref name="padma" />
* ''State Award'' (1986)<ref name="padma" />
* ''National Award'' (1988)<ref name="padma" />
* ''King Mela Medal'' (1997)<ref name="padma" />
* ''Shilp Guru Award'' (2008)<ref name="padma" />
* ''[[Padma Shri]]'' (2024)<ref name="padma" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasa, Machihan}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian artisans]]
[[Category:Indian potters]]
[[Category:Artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Ukhrul district]]

Phulbari, Jalpaiguri

2026-02-12T00:30:15Z

Lorrine11I: refine citations further and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phulbari
| other_name = Fulbari
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6363|N|88.4166|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Siliguri]] / [[Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Dabgram-Phulbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dabgram-Phulbari]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Phulbari''' also known as ''Fulbari'' is a road [[border crossing]] for vehicles and people on the [[India]]-[[Bangladesh]] border and a proposed [[municipality]] in [[Rajganj (community development block)|Rajganj]] community development block in [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The Bangladesh side of the border crossing is [[Banglabandha]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=420| height=300| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|26|37|0|N|88|47|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision (including Rajganj, Jalpaiguri, Maynaguri and Dhupguri CD blocks) in Jalpaiguri district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, C: cantonment, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate, JRS: junction railway station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|43|10|N|88|27|41|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Dabgram| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Dabgram]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|39|7|N|88|30|56|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Chakiabhita| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Chakiabhita]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|39|35|N|88|28|7|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Binnaguri 2| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Binnaguri, Rajganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|31|52|N|88|42|8|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Kharia| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kharia, Jalpaiguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|34|0|N|88|49|12|E}}| label-pos5=top|label5=Mainaguri| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Mainaguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|32|50|N|88|50|17|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Dakshin Khagrabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Dakshin Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|40|48|N|89|1|48|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Gairkata| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Gairkata]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|46|40|N|89|2|26|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Banarhat| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Banarhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|43|30|N|89|3|6|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Telipara TG| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Telipara Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|30|10|N|88|43|48|E}}| label-pos10=right |label10=Jalpaiguri| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Jalpaiguri]] (M)| shape-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|36|10|N|89|0|25|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Dhupguri| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Dhupguri]] (M) | shape-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|45|20|N|89|3|20|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Binnaguri 1| numbered12=C| mark-title12=[[Binnaguri]] (C)|shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|38|19|N|88|24|59|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Phulbari|labela13=checkpoint| numbered13=R| mark-title13= Phulbari, Jalpaiguri (R)|shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|34|50|N|88|31|43|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Rajganj| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Rajganj, Jalpaiguri]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|35|24|N|88|35|20|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Belakoba| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Belakoba]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|33|31|N|88|41|57|E}}| label-pos16= left |label16= Danguajhar TE | numbered16=TE| mark-title16= [[Danguajhar Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color16=#87A96B
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|48|17|N|89|0|13|E}}| label-pos17= right |label17= Gandrapara TE | numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Gandrapara and Lakhipara Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|49|45|N|89|0|53|E}}| label-pos18= top |label18= Lakhipara TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Gandrapara and Lakhipara Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|41|20|N|88|25|50|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=New Jalpaiguri JRS| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]] (F)| shape-color19= #A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|43|10|N|88|48|10|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20=Gorumara |labela20= National| labelb20= Park| numbered20=NP| mark-title20= [[Gorumara National Park]] (NP)| shape-color20=#228B22
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|52|40|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos21=bottom|label21=Chapramari |labela21= Wildlife| labelb21= Sanctuary| numbered21=NP| mark-title21= [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color21=#228B22
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|43|43|N|88|35|40|E}}|label22= Teesta| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=60| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|38|0|N|88|39|40|E}}|label23= River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=50| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|39|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label24= Jaldhaka |labela24= River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=80| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|30|0|N|88|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=28| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|56|30|N|89|6|30|E}}|arc-textB= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=20| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the [[alluvium|alluvial]] [[floodplains]] south of the outer foothills of the [[Himalayas]]. The area is mostly flat, except for low hills in the northern portions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Debnath, S. |year=2010 |title=The Dooars in Historical Transition |publisher=Shiv Mandir: N. L. Publishers|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/885/1/THE%20DOOARS%20IN%20HISTORICAL%20TRANSITION.pdf}}</ref><ref>Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C. (2001). {{WWF ecoregion|name=Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands|id=im0701}}</ref> It is a primarily rural area with 62.01% of the population living in rural areas and a moderate 37.99% living in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |access-date = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Tea gardens in the [[Dooars]] and [[Terai]] regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | access-date = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | access-date = 13 July 2020}}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Border crossing==
Border crossing of vehicles between Phulbari in [[India]] and [[Banglabandha]] in [[Bangladesh]] was inaugurated in January 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-171066|title=Banglabandha land port opens today|date=22 January 2011|work=The Daily Star|access-date=7 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> Earlier, [[Nepal]]-[[Bangladesh]] transit through the border started in a limited manner in 1997. Goods-laden trucks from both sides cross the border and unload the goods at warehouses in the other country. The Indian Finance Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] and Bangladesh's Agriculture Minister [[Matia Chowdhury]] attended the inauguration ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-bangladesh-open-new-land-port-to-boost-trade/articleshow/7343737.cms?intenttarget=no|title=India, Bangladesh open new land port to boost trade - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref> This border crossing can also be used for the movement of people between [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/02/18/india-bangladesh-open-a-new-land-port-connecting-phulbari-banglabandha|title=India, Bangladesh open a new land port connecting Phulbari, Banglabandha|date=18 February 2016|website=banglanews24.com|access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>

There are complaints about lack of proper facilities at the border, and condition of the road between Phulbari and [[India-Nepal border]]. India has taken steps to improve the {{convert|42|km}} road between [[Kankarbhitta]], where the Nepalese check-post is located, across the [[Mechi River]] from [[National Highway 31C (India)|NH 31C]] and Phulbari border post on State Highway 12.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/08/03/banglabandha-port-prospects-di-33544.html| title = Banglabandha port prospects dim| publisher = Priyo Internet Life, 3 August 2011| access-date = 28 December 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120424173540/http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/08/03/banglabandha-port-prospects-di-33544.html| archive-date = 24 April 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2424/India.pdf | title = Priority Investment - India | access-date = 28 December 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620050453/http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2424/India.pdf | archive-date = 20 June 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dabgram]]
* [[Changrabandha]]
* [[Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur|Hili]]
* [[Singhabad]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{India-Bangladesh land border checkpoints}}
{{Jalpaiguri District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border crossings]]

Narendra Kumar (physicist)

2026-02-08T18:03:43Z

Lorrine11I: adding first biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian theoretical physicist (1940–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Narendra Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 February 1940
| birth_place = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|8|28|1940|2|1|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist|[[Condensed matter physics]]|[[Quantum physics]]}}
| workplaces = {{ublist|[[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]]|[[National Chemical Laboratory]]|[[Indian Institute of Science]]|[[Raman Research Institute]]|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]|[[University of Liège]]|[[University of Warwick]]|[[Drexel University]]|[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]|[[McGill University]]|[[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[IIT Kharagpur]]|[[IIT Bombay]]|[[University of British Columbia]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist|[[Krityunjai Prasad Sinha]]|[[Ram Prakash Singh]]|[[Maurice Pryce]]}}
| known_for = Studies on [[Order and disorder|disordered systems]], [[Superconductivity]]
| awards = {{ublist|1985 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]|1992 [[TWAS Prize]]|1996 [[IIT Bombay|IITB]] Distinguished Alumnus Award|1997 Mahendra Lal Sircar Prize|1998 Goyal Award|1999 FICCI Award|2000 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] C. V. Raman Birth Centenary Award|2000 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Meghnad Saha Medal|2006 R. D. Birla Award|2006 MRSI Distinguished Materials Scientist Award|2006 [[Padma Shri]]}}2016 SASTRA Award
}}
'''Narendra Kumar''' (1 February 1940 – 28 August 2017) was an Indian theoretical physicist and a Homi Bhaba Distinguished Professor of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] at [[Raman Research Institute]]. He was also an honorary professor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]].

Known for his research on [[order and disorder|disordered systems]] and [[superconductivity]], Kumar was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies – [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]], and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] – as well as the [[American Physical Society]] and [[The World Academy of Sciences]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 1985.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx|title=View Bhatnagar Awardees|publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}} In 2006, he received the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian honour of the Government of India, in the science and engineering category.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Main Building.JPG|thumb|left|235px|IIT Kharagpur - Main Building]]
[[File:Raman Research Institute front view, Bengaluru, India (2014).jpg|thumb|235px|Raman Research Institute]]
Born on the 1 February 1940 to Labha Mal Julka-Taravatti couple in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]],<ref name="Imprints Collection">{{cite web|url=http://www.rri.res.in/htmls/library/imprints_collection/bios/nkumar.html|title=Imprints Collection|publisher=Raman Research Institute|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|in undivided [[Madhya Pradesh]]}} Narendra Kumar obtained an honors degree in electronics and electrical communication engineering in 1962 from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]], passing the examination with second rank.<ref name="Curriculum Vitae on RRI">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/6785/1/2017_Current_Science_V113_p1183.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae on RRI |publisher=Raman Research Institute|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> He continued at IIT Kharagpur for his master's studies and before completing MTech with a first rank in 1963, he stood first in India in the All India Electronics Engineering Examination in 1962. After obtaining the master's degree, Kumar started his career in 1963 as a senior scientific officer at [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]] (then known as Institute of Armament Studies) and served there till his move to [[National Chemical Laboratory]] in 1965 as a B grade scientist.<ref name="Curriculum Vitae on RRI"/>

Kumar resumed his studies in 1968 by enrolling for doctoral studies at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] and secured a PhD under the guidance of [[Krityunjai Prasad Sinha]] and [[Ram Prakash Singh]] in 1971.<ref name="Narendra Kumar on IITB">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/1996/distinguished-alumnus/prof-narendra-kumar |title=Narendra Kumar on IITB|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> After doing his postdoctoral work at the laboratory of [[Maurice Pryce]] of [[University of British Columbia]], he joined [[Indian Institute of Science]] as an assistant professor and served the institution for close to quarter of a century during which period, he held the position of a professor from 1975 to 1994. Kumar was appointed as the director of [[Raman Research Institute]] (RRI) in 1994 where he served until his superannuation in 2005. Post-retirement, he continued his association with RRI as the Homi Bhabha Distinguished Scientist and [[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]] chair professor.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N87-0961|title=Indian fellow|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814231504/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N87-0961}}</ref> During his career, he has had visiting assignments at various institutions abroad such as [[University of Liège]] (1975–76), [[University of Warwick]] (1978–79), [[Drexel University]] (1984), [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (1985), [[McGill University]] (1987 and 1988) and [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (1988–89). Kumar was also associated with [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]], a multidisciplinary research institute, where he held an honorary professor position<ref name="Indian fellow"/> and with [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] as an adjunct professor since 2008.<ref name="Imprints Collection"/>

Kumar lived in R. M. V. Extension in [[Bengaluru]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K|title=NASI fellows|publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315081652/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K}}</ref> He died on 28 August 2017.

==Legacy==
[[File:Stickstoff gekühlter Supraleiter schwebt über Dauermagneten 2009-06-21.jpg|thumb|left|A high-temperature superconductor levitating above a magnet]]
His doctoral studies at IIT Bombay gave Kumar the opportunity to work alongside noted physicists such as [[Krityunjai Prasad Sinha]] and [[Ram Prakash Singh]], and during his days at the University of British Columbia he studied condensed matter physics with [[Maurice Pryce]].<ref name="Indian fellow"/> He carried on his work on superconductivity<ref name="PatiShafi1990">{{cite book|author1=J Pati|author2=Q Shafi|author3=S Wadia|author4= Yu Lu|title=Current Trends in Condensed Matter, Particle Physics and Cosmology: Proceedings of the First BCSPIN Kathmandu Summer School|year=1990|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4612-73-9|pages=10–}}</ref> and disordered systems<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=161|title=Brief Profile of the Awardee|publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> at Indian Institute of Science and his collaboration with Pedro Pereyra and others yielded the ''Dorokhov-Mello-Pereyra-Kumar'' (DMPK) equation, a theory on multi-channel conductivity using the [[principle of maximum entropy]],<ref name="Padma Shri Award citation published online by Raman Research Institute">{{cite web|url=http://www.rri.res.in/htmls/library/imprints_collection/bios/files/NKPadmashri-%20nc.pdf|title=Padma Shri Award citation published online by Raman Research Institute|publisher=Raman Research Institute|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> which has since been subjected to studies by several scientists.<ref name="NazarovBlanter2009">{{cite book|author1=Yuli V. Nazarov|author2=Yaroslav M. Blanter|title=Quantum Transport: Introduction to Nanoscience|url=https://archive.org/details/quantumtransport00naza_778|url-access=limited|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83246-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/quantumtransport00naza_778/page/n342 333]–}}</ref><ref name="Dorokhov-Mello-Pereyra-Kumar equation for the edge transport of a quantum spin Hall insulator">{{cite journal|author=Dafang Li|author2=Junren Shi|title=Dorokhov-Mello-Pereyra-Kumar equation for the edge transport of a quantum spin Hall insulator|journal=Physical Review B|publication-date=2009|volume=79|issue=241303(R) |article-number=241303 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.79.241303|year=2009|bibcode=2009PhRvB..79x1303L|arxiv=0903.2107|s2cid=117195025}}</ref><ref name="A new class of solutions of the Dorokhov–Mello–Pereyra–Kumar equation">{{cite journal|author=Capello, M Caselle|title=A new class of solutions of the Dorokhov–Mello–Pereyra–Kumar equation|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|issn=0953-8984|volume=15|issue=40|pages=6845–6854|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/15/40/020|year=2003|bibcode=2003JPCM...15.6845C|s2cid=250821829 }}</ref> Besides his work on diffusion in glasses, Kumar has done extensive studies on [[random dynamical systems]], especially on the nature of [[electron transport]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite book|url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf|title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners|publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|year=1999|access-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 167 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{cite web|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Kumar=3ANarendra=3A=3A.html|title=Browse by Fellow|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Kumar has published four books, ''Interaction-Magnetically-Ordered-Solids'', coauthored with his mentor, [[Krityunjai Prasad Sinha]],<ref name="SinhaKumar1980">{{cite journal|author1=Krityunjai Prasad Sinha|author2=Narendra Kumar|title=Interactions in magnetically ordered solids|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|journal=Physics Bulletin|volume=31|page=320|number=9|doi=10.1088/0031-9112/31/9/050}}</ref> ''Invitation to Contemporary Physics'',<ref name="Ho-KimKumar2004">{{cite book|author1=Q Ho-Kim|author2=N Kumar|author3=C S Lam|title=Invitation to Contemporary Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtocont00hoki|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4486-48-4}}</ref> ''Deterministic Chaos: Complex Chance out of Simple Necessity''<ref name="Kumar1996">{{cite book|author=N. Kumar|title=Deterministic Chaos|year=1996|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-042-1|pages=1–}}</ref> and ''Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Systems: Complexity and Statistical Fluctuations'' which is a monograph in the field of [[mesoscopic physics]].<ref name="MelloKumar2004">{{cite book|author1=Pier A. Mello|author2=Narendra Kumar|title=Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Systems: Complexity and Statistical Fluctuations, a Maximum-entropy Viewpoint|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-852582-0}}</ref> He had also guided 12 doctoral students in their doctoral studies.<ref name="Indian fellow"/>

Kumar had been connected with the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP) since 1970, serving as an associate or senior associate until 1992 and as a staff associate from 1993 to 2010.<ref name="Curriculum Vitae on RRI"/> He was a former member of the editorial board of ''[[Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter]]'' and various committees of [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Indian fellow"/> Kumar had been involved with the committees for the review of research institutions which included [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and [[Physical Research Laboratory]] and has been the chairman of the committee of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] for selecting [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] winners.<ref name="Indian fellow"/> He also served as the president of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] during 1998–2000.<ref name="Past presidents">{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/About_IASc/History/|title=Past presidents|date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Kumar the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1985.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{cite web|url=https://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise|title=CSIR list of Awardees|publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> He received the [[TWAS Prize]] in 1992<ref name="TWAS Prize">{{cite web |url=https://twas.org/recipients-twas-awards-and-prizes|title=TWAS Prize|publisher=The World Academy of Sciences|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> and the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, chose him for its Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1996.<ref name="IITB Distinguished Alumnus Award">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/award-list/distinguished-alumnus?title=&field_award_year_value[value]=&page=14|title=IITB Distinguished Alumnus Award|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> A year after receiving the Mahendra Lal Sircar Prize in 1997, Kumar was selected for the Goyal Award of [[Kurukshetra University]] in 1998,<ref name="Goyal Prize">{{cite web|url=http://kuk.ac.in/userfiles/file/news/goyal%20prize%202008.pdf|title=Goyal Prize|publisher=Kurukshetra University|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref name="Goyal Award given to scientists">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb16/haryana.htm#9|title=Goyal Award given to scientists|date=16 February 1999 |work=The Tribune|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> followed by the FICCI Award of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] in 1999.<ref name="Padma Shri Award citation published online by Raman Research Institute"/> The [[Indian Science Congress Association]] awarded him the C. V. Raman Birth Centenary Award in 2000, the same year as Kumar received the Meghnad Saha Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Meghnad Saha Medal">{{cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#abs|title=Meghnad Saha Medal|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#abs}}</ref> The year 2006 brought him three major awards: the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian honor,<ref name="Padma Shri recipients">{{cite web|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|title=Padma Shri recipients|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616021314/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-16}}</ref> the R. D. Birla Award of the Indian Physics Association, and the Distinguished Materials Scientist Award of the Materials Research Society of India.<ref name="Distinguished Materials Scientist Award">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php|title=Distinguished Materials Scientist Award|publisher=Materials Research Society of India|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected Kumar as their fellow in 1985<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Kumar,_Prof._Narendra|title=Fellow profile|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> and Kumar was elected as a fellow by the Indian National Science Academy in 1987.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf|title=INSA Year Book 2016|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> He received elected fellowships of two science organizations in 1994, the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf|title=NASI Year Book 2015|publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf}}</ref> and the [[American Physical Society]].<ref name="Curriculum Vitae on RRI"/> Kumar became a fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] the next year.<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{cite web|url=https://twas.org/member/kumar-narendra|title=TWAS fellow|publisher=The World Academy of Sciences|access-date=2019-07-25}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The award orations delivered by him include the Jawarharlal Nehru Birth Centenary lecture (1996)<ref name="Jawarharlal Nehru Birth Centenary lecture">{{cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#jncl|title=Jawarharlal Nehru Birth Centenary lecture|publisher=Indian National Science Academ|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#jncl}}</ref> and the Jagadis Chandra Bose lecture (2008) of the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="Jagadis Chandra Bose lecture">{{cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#34|title=Jagadis Chandra Bose lecture|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#34}}</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
===Books===
*{{cite book|author1=Krityunjai Prasad Sinha|author2=Narendra Kumar|title=Interactions in magnetically ordered solids|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-851423-7}}
*{{cite book|author=N. Kumar|title=Deterministic Chaos|year=1996|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-042-1|pages=1–}}
*{{cite book|author1=Q Ho-Kim|author2=N Kumar|author3=C S Lam|title=Invitation to Contemporary Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtocont00hoki|url-access=registration|date=6 January 2004|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4486-48-4}}
*{{cite book|author1=Pier A. Mello|author2=Narendra Kumar|title=Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Systems: Complexity and Statistical Fluctuations, a Maximum-entropy Viewpoint|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-852582-0}}

===Articles===
*{{cite journal|author=K. P. Sinha|author2=N. Kumar|title=Quantum theoretic explanation of the Schwarz-Hora effect|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|year=1971|volume=74|issue=2|pages=91–98|doi=10.1007/BF03047396|s2cid=67806909}}
*{{cite journal|author=C.N.R. Rao|author2=T. V. Ramakrishnan|author3=N. Kumar|title=Systematics in the thermopower behaviour of several series of bismuth and thallium cuprate superconductors:: An interpretation of the temperature variation and the sign of the thermopower|journal=Physica C: Superconductivity|volume=165|issue=2|pages=183–188|doi=10.1016/0921-4534(90)90166-C|year=1990|bibcode=1990PhyC..165..183R|issn=0921-4534}}
*{{cite journal|author=Navinder Singh|author2=N Kumar|title=Dissipative electron–phonon system photo-excited far from equilibrium |journal=Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment|volume=2005|issue=6|article-number=L06001|doi=10.1088/1742-5468/2005/06/L06001|year=2005|bibcode=2005JSMTE..06L.001S|arxiv=cond-mat/0501479|s2cid=119473142}}
*{{cite journal|author=N. Kumar|title=Bose-Einstein condensation: where many become one and so there is plenty of room at the bottom|journal=Pramana - Journal of Physics|volume=67|issue=1|pages=101–112|doi=10.1007/s12043-006-0041-x|year=2006|bibcode=2006Prama..67..101K|s2cid=122633858}}
*{{cite journal|author=N. Kumar|author2=K. Vijay Kumar|title=Classical Langevin dynamics of a charged particle moving on a sphere and diamagnetism: A surprise|journal= EPL |publication-date=2008|volume=86|issue=1|article-number=17001|doi=10.1209/0295-5075/86/17001|year=2009|bibcode=2009EL.....8617001K|arxiv=0811.3071|s2cid=5346567|issn=0295-5075}}
*{{cite journal|author=Dibyendu Roy|author2=N. Kumar|title=Decohering ''d''-dimensional quantum resistance|journal=Physical Review B|volume=77|issue=6|article-number=064201|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.77.064201|year=2008|bibcode=2008PhRvB..77f4201R|arxiv=0709.2503|s2cid=67838506}}
*{{cite journal|author=N. Kumar|title=Classical orbital magnetic moment in a dissipative stochastic system|journal=Physical Review E|volume=85|issue=1|article-number=011114|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.85.011114|pmid=22400519|year=2012|bibcode=2012PhRvE..85a1114K|arxiv=1110.4749|s2cid=1670882}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Physics}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Langevin dynamics]]
*[[Order and disorder]]
*[[Stochastic process]]
*[[Bose–Einstein condensate]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite arXiv|author=N. Kumar|eprint=0710.0273|title=Deflection of ultra slow light under gravity|class=physics.optics|year=2007}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR-AGen-Q44|title=N. Kumar on Oral History Archive|date=31 October 2016|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|work=Academy fellow profile}}
*{{cite book|author1=Vinod Kumar Jain|author2=Abhishek Verma|title=Physics of Semiconductor Devices: 17th International Workshop on the Physics of Semiconductor Devices 2013|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-319-03002-9|pages=885–}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Narendra}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:University of British Columbia alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Liège]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Drexel University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of McGill University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]

Mohit Abrol

2026-02-08T17:48:43Z

Lorrine11I: enhanced citations for consistency

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohit Abrol
| birth_name = Mohit Vijay Abrol
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dharmsala]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active =
| known_for = ''[[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]'' ''[[Kavach... Kaali Shaktiyon Se]]'' ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''
}}
'''Mohit Abrol''' is an Indian television actor. He is known for acting in shows [[Balika Vadhu]] and [[Razia Sultan (TV series)]].

== Personal life ==
He was engaged to [[television actress]], [[Mansi Srivastava]], but then they broke up after a while.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Wedding-bells-for-Mansi-Srivastava-and-Mohit-Abrol/articleshow/52326855.cms|title=Wedding bells for Mansi Srivastava and Mohit Abrol|work=Times of India|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mohit has acted in various TV shows like: ''[[Balika Vadhu]],'' ''[[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]'', ''[[Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do]],'' ''[[Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne]]'', ''[[MTV Fanaah]]'', ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]'', ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]'', ''[[Gangaa]]'', ''[[Kavach...Kaali Shaktiyon Se]]'', ''Going home (short film)'' and ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''.

He has also done episodics in ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'', ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' and in ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''. In 2017, he was seen in the web series ''[[Tanhaiyan]]'' as Siddharth''.'' He went on to portray the role of Hasti in [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Masaan]]'' || Traveller Boy || <ref name=dna>{{cite web | title = Vicky Kaushal cast opposite Richa Chadda in Anurag Kashyap's next production | work= Bollywood Hungama| url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2715533/Vicky-Kaushal-cast-opposite-Richa-Chadda-in-Anurag-Kashyaps-next-production | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207113125/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2715533/Vicky-Kaushal-cast-opposite-Richa-Chadda-in-Anurag-Kashyaps-next-production | url-status = dead | archive-date = 7 December 2014 |date=29 November 2014 |accessdate = 17 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[ABCD 2]]'' || Master of ceremonies ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' || Anuj || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/delhi-boy-mohit-abrol-bags-role-in-balika-vadhu/15158052|title=Delhi boy Mohit Abrol bags role in 'Balika Vadhu'|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne]]'' || Ayaan ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mohit-abrol-play-sabah-s-love-interest-tum-saath-ho-jab-apne-141106-0|title=Mohit Abrol to play Sabah's love interest in Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[MTV Fanaah]]'' || Jo || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-good-way-to-start-as-actor-mohit-abrol-2885766/|title=TV good way to start as actor: Mohit Abrol|date=30 June 2016|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015 || ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' || Aahan|| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mohit-abrol-jasmine-avasia-and-resham-yeh-hai-aashiqui-150130|title=Mohit Abrol, Jasmine Avasia and Resham in Yeh Hai Aashiqui|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]'' ||Nasiruddin Mahmud|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohit-Abrol-meets-with-an-accident-on-the-sets-of-Razia-Sultan/articleshow/46543776.cms|title=Mohit Abrol meets with an accident on the sets of Razia Sultan - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]'' || Nirbhay Singh Alhawat || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohit-Abrol-is-the-new-hero-opposite-Ishani-in-Meri-Aashiqui-Tum-Se-Hi/articleshow/50055644.cms|title=Mohit Abrol is the new hero opposite Ishani in 'Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do]]'' || Atif || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mohit-abrol-sony-tvs-pyaar-ko-ho-jaane-do-151029|title=Mohit Abrol in Sony TV's Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016 || ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' || Rishabh ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mohit-abrol-and-ishita-ganguly-zing-tv-s-pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-160914|title=Mohit Abrol and Ishita Ganguly in Zing TV's Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur|Swaragini-Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]'' || Rajat Lodha || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/swaragini-meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-actor-mohit-abrol-play-key-role-show-674539|title='Swaragini:' 'Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi' actor Mohit Abrol to play key role on show|first=Parismita|last=Goswami|website=[[International Business Times]] |publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gangaa]]'' || Rudra || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Not-Cezanne-Khan-but-Mohit-Abrol-to-play-the-new-hero-in-Gangaa/articleshow/52900840.cms|title=Not Cezanne Khan, but Mohit Abrol to play the new hero in 'Gangaa' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kavach... Kaali Shaktiyon Se]]'' || Jolly || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohit-Abrol-opposite-Mona-Singh-in-Kawach/articleshow/54559244.cms|title=Mohit Abrol opposite Mona Singh in 'Kawach' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]'' || Rakesh || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohit-Abrol-to-be-seen-in-Darr-Sabko-Lagta-Hai/articleshow/51863457.cms|title=Mohit Abrol to be seen in 'Darr Sabko Lagta Hai' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2017 || ''[[Tanhaiyan]]'' || Siddharth || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2016/tanhaiyan-surbhi-jyoti-barun-sobti-mannequin-challenge-mohit-abrol-in-show-248452.html|title=Tanhaiyan Actors Surbhi Jyoti & Barun Sobti Take Up #MannequinChallenge (PICS)|date=1 December 2016|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2017–2018 || ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'' || Hasti||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Vidya (TV series)|Vidya]]'' || Anand ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/vidya-after-quitting-acting-mansi-srivastavas-ex-fiance-mohit-abrol-to-return-to-tv-with-meera-doesthales-show-1116879|title=3 Months After Quitting Acting, 'Ishqbaaz' Actress' Ex Fiance Mohit Confirms His TV Comeback With 'Vidya'!|last=Team|first=Filmymonkey|date=2019-12-01|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ali Baba: Dastaan-E-Kabul]]''
| Zoravar Abdali
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7436772}}
{{Portal bar|Biography}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abrol, Mohit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Giriraj Kabra

2026-02-07T19:26:30Z

Lorrine11I: Creating some details and citations

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Giriraj Kabra
| birth_date = 2 August,<ref name=kabraI1>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-giriraj-kabra|title= Happy Birthday to Giriraj |work=tellychakkar.com|date=2 August 2013|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> {{year missing|date=February 2026}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name=kabraI2/>
| occupation = Actor, Model
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

'''Giriraj Kabra''' is an Indian film and television actor, who has been active since 2008. After completing an acting course from the Roshan Taneja School of Acting<ref name=kabraI2>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiaforums.com/person/giriraj-kabra_10353|title= Giriraj Kabra |work= indiaforums.com |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]], he made his debut as Balwinder Singh in the film ''Kirkit''.<ref name=kabraFA>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kirkit/cast/|title=Kirkit (2009) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]| access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=kabraFB>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiaforums.com/person/giriraj-kabra_10353/biography|title= Giriraj Kabra Biography |work= indiaforums.com |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As a television actor, his debut was in ''[[Mata Ki Chowki]]'' as Madhav.<ref name=kabra1>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiaforums.com/article/madhav-back-in-mata-ki-chowki_12522 |title= Madhav back in Mata Ki Chowki |work= indiaforums.com |date=30 May 2009|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> Shortly after his debut, he was cast in the lead role of Bittu in '' [[Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?]] ''<ref name=kabra2>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/giriraj-kabra-shooting-even-on-the-wedding-day/articleshow/7521860.cms
|title= Giriraj Kabra: Shooting even on the wedding day! | website=[[Times of India]]|date=19 February 2011|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> When this show’s name was changed to '' [[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage]] '', Giriraj remained on the show until 2013, when he was suddenly replaced by Raj Singh Suryavanshi ;<ref name=kabra3A>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/raj-singh-replaces-giriraj-kabra-in-piya-ka-ghar-/articleshow/21396491.cms|title= Raj Singh replaces Giriraj Kabra in Piya Ka Ghar | website=[[Times of India]]|date=27 July 2013|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> the show was terminated shortly after Giriraj’s exit.<ref name=kabra3B>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/telly-show-piya-ka-ghar-pyaara-lage-was-recently-in-the-news-after-male-lead-giriraj-kabra-was-replaced-overnight-two-years-after-its-launch-/articleshow/21980003.cms|title= 'Piya Ka Ghar...' to end next month | website=[[Times of India]]|date=23 August 2013|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

Giriraj has also appeared on the show '' [[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]] '' as Rishi Vyas,<ref name=kabra4>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/giriraj-kabra-enters-meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi/articleshow/42267675.cms|title= Giriraj Kabra enters Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi| website=[[Times of India]]|date=11 September 2014|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> ''Kismat Connection'' as Rahul,<ref name=kabra5>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/giriraj-kabra-and-bhumika-chheda-the-opening-episodic-of-sahara-ones-kismat-connection|title= Giriraj Kabra and Bhumika Chheda in the opening episodic of Sahara One's Kismat Connection|work=tellychakkar.com|date=5 April 2014|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> '' [[Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum]] ''as Harsh Chatterjee,<ref name=kabra6>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/giriraj-kabra-joins-the-cast-of-yeh-kahan-aa-gaye-hum-151008|title=Giriraj Kabra joins the cast of Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum|work=tellychakkar.com|date=8 October 2015|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> '' [[Kundali Bhagya]] '' as Rajat Bedi,<ref name=kabra7>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/giriraj-kabra-to-pair-up-with-mansi-srivastava-in-kundali-bhagya/articleshow/84764285.cms |title= Giriraj Kabra to pair up with Mansi Srivastava in Kundali Bhagya| website=[[Times of India]]|date=26 July 2021|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> '' [[Daayan]] '' as Kaalnemi,<ref name=kabra8>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiaforums.com/article/this-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-actor-returns-on-tv-after-3-years_148867?ri=3&rv=10353 |title= This Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi actor returns on TV after 3 years! |work= indiaforums.com |date=1 April 2019|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> '' [[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]] '' as Mangat,<ref name=kabra9>{{cite web|url= https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mayank-gandhi-giriraj-kabra-and-neetha-shetty-tv-s-laal-ishq-181113 |title= Mayank Gandhi, Giriraj Kabra and Neetha Shetty in &TV's Laal Ishq |work=tellychakkar.com|date=13 November 2018|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> and ''Yeshu'' as Devdoot.<ref name=kabra10>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/giriraj-kabra-play-devdoot-tvs-yeshu-210104 |title= Giriraj Kabra to play Devdoot in & TV's Yeshu |work=tellychakkar.com|date=4 January 2021|access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref>

As a model, Giriraj, has walked the ramp at the New York Fashion Week.<ref name=kabra0A>{{cite web|url= https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/giriraj-kabra-excited-about-his-modelling-assignments |title= Giriraj Kabra 'is excited' about his modelling assignments |work=tellychakkar.com|date=16 November 2013|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year
!! Title
!! Role
!! Ref.
|-
|2009||''Kirkit''||Balwinder Singh||<ref name=kabraFA/><ref name=kabraFB/>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref.
|-
|2008–2011||'' [[Mata Ki Chowki]] ''||Madhav||<ref name=kabra1/>
|-
|2011||''[[Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?]] ''||Bitto|| <ref name=kabra2/>
|-
|2011–2013||'' [[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage]] ''||Bitto||<ref name=kabra3A/><ref name=kabra3B/>
|-
|2014–2016||'' [[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]] ''||Rishi Vyas||<ref name=kabra4/>
|-
|2015|| ''Kismat Connection''||Rahul||<ref name=kabra5/>
|-
|2015–2016||'' [[Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum]] ''||Harsh Chatterjee||<ref name=kabra6/>
|-
|2018–2019||'' [[Daayan (TV series)|Daayan]] ''||Kaalnemi||<ref name=kabra8/>
|-
|2018||'' [[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]] ''||Mangat||<ref name=kabra9/>
|-
|2020–2021||''[[Yeshu (TV series)|Yeshu]]''||Devdoot||<ref name=kabra10/>
|-
|2021||'' [[Kundali Bhagya]] ''||Rajat Bedi||<ref name=kabra7/>
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]''||Mohit||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name| nm4533205|Giriraj Kabra}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabra, Giriraj}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Stellar corona

2026-02-01T00:03:47Z

Lorrine11I: enhanced information and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Outermost layer of a star's atmosphere}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Solar eclipse 1999 4.jpg|thumb|right|During a total [[solar eclipse]], the Sun's corona and [[solar prominence|prominences]] are visible to the [[naked eye]].]]
In [[astronomy]], a '''corona''' ({{plural form}}: '''coronas''' or '''coronae''') is the outermost layer of a [[Stellar atmosphere|star's atmosphere]]. It is a region filled with relatively hot, tenuous [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] that is structured by the [[Stellar magnetic field|star's magnetic field]].

Scientists have greater access to the [[solar corona]] than they do to other stellar coronae, since it is inside our solar system<ref>{{cite web |last1=Franzen |first1=Harald |title=Astronomers Find Optical Light from the Corona of a Star Other Than Our Sun |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-find-optical/ |website=Scientific American |access-date=January 30, 2026 |language=en}}</ref>. This means that the coronae of other stars are still relatively poorly understood.

{{langnf|la|Corona|crown}} is, in turn, derived {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|κορώνη}}'' ({{grc-transl|κορώνη}})|garland, wreath}}.

==X-ray coronae==
Coronal stars are ubiquitous among the stars in the cool half of the [[Hertzsprung–Russell diagram]].<ref name=Gudel>{{cite journal |author=Güdel M |title=X-ray astronomy of stellar coronae |journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review |year=2004 |volume=12 |issue=2–3 |pages=71–237 |doi=10.1007/s00159-004-0023-2 |url=http://astronomy.sci.ege.edu.tr/~rpekunlu/GBDG/papers/XRayfromStellarCoronae.pdf |arxiv=astro-ph/0406661 |bibcode=2004A&ARv..12...71G |s2cid=119509015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811230835/http://astronomy.sci.ege.edu.tr/~rpekunlu/GBDG/papers/XRayfromStellarCoronae.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 }}</ref> These coronae can be detected using [[X-ray telescope]]s. Some stellar coronae, particularly in young stars, are much more luminous than the Sun's. For example, [[FK Comae Berenices]] is the prototype for the FK Com class of [[variable star]]. These are giants of spectral types G and K with an unusually rapid rotation and signs of extreme activity. Their X-ray coronae are among the most luminous (''L''x ≥ 1032 erg·s−1 or 1025W) and the hottest known with dominant temperatures up to 40 MK.<ref name=Gudel/>

The astronomical observations planned with the [[Einstein Observatory]] by Giuseppe Vaiana and his group<ref name=Vaianaetal81>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1086/158797 |last=Vaiana |first= G.S. |title= Results from an extensive Einstein stellar survey |journal= The Astrophysical Journal|year=1981 |volume=245 |page=163 |bibcode=1981ApJ...245..163V|display-authors=etal}}</ref> showed that F-, G-, K- and M-stars have chromospheres and often coronae much like the Sun.
The ''O-B stars'', which do not have surface convection zones, have a strong X-ray emission. However these stars do not have coronae, but the outer stellar envelopes emit this radiation during shocks due to thermal instabilities in rapidly moving gas blobs.
Also A-stars do not have convection zones but they do not emit at the UV and X-ray wavelengths. Thus they appear to have neither chromospheres nor coronae.

==See also==
* [[Geocorona]]
*[[Supernova]]
* [[X-ray astronomy]]
*[[Solar corona]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Star}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Space plasmas]]
[[Category:Light sources]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Ajay Srivastava

2026-01-16T13:53:04Z

Lorrine11I: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajay Srivastava
| image = AJAY SRIVASTAVA PIC2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1981|08|17}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Film director, producer, writer, [[music composer]], actor
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

[[File:Ajay Srivastava.jpg|thumb|]]

'''Ajay Srivastava''' (born 17 August 1981) is an [[Indian film]] director, producer, music composer, writer and actor, known for his works in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri films]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movie-details/nathuniya-pe-goli-maare-2/movieshow/65895996.cms |title= Nathuniya Pe Goli Maare 2 |agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 January 2018|accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Ajay-Srivastava|title= Ajay Srivastava|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2017|accessdate=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/its-a-wrap-for-ajay-shrivastavas-parvarish-pic-2188100.html|title= It's a wrap for Ajay Shrivastava's 'Parvarish'—Pic|agency=Zee News Network|work=[[Zee News]]|date=17 March 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/suhaag-raat-trailer-bhojpuri-actors-namit-tiwari-poonam-dubeys-spooky-first-wedding-night-will-give-you-chills-2139989.html|title= Suhaag Raat trailer: Namit Tiwari-Poonam Dubey's spooky first wedding night will give you chills|agency=Zee News Network|work=[[Zee News]]|date=10 September 2018|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.lokmatnews.in/bhojpuri/ajay-srivastava-told-that-bhojpuri-film-parvarish-was-shot|title= अजय श्रीवास्तव ने बताया-भोजपुरी फिल्म 'परवरिश' शूटिंग हुई पूरी, खुद के बारे में किए खुलासे|agency=Lokmat News|work=[[Lokmat News]]|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year !! Film !! Job(s)
|-
| 2009 || ''Ho gaini deewana tohra pyar me'' || Director, writer
|-
| 2009 || ''Nathuniya me Goli Mare'' || Producer, director, writer, actor
|-
| 2010 || ''Insaaf'' || Director, writer
|-
| 2011 || ''Maine Dil Tujhko Diya'' || Director, writer
|-
| 2012 || ''Dulhe Raja'' || Director, writer
|-
| 2013 || ''Tere Naam'' || Producer, director, writer
|-
|2014
|Latkhor
|Director, writer
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Suhaag (2015 film)|Suhaag]]''|| Producer, director, writer, actor
|-
| 2016 || ''Gharwali Baharwali''|| Producer, director, writer
|-
| 2017 ||''Nathuniya Pe Goli Mare 2''|| Producer, director, writer, actor
|-
|2019
|Parvarish
|Producer, director, writer
|-
|2020
|Raaz Pichhle Janam Ka
|Director, writer
|-
|2020
|Damad Ji Kiraye Par Hain
|Producer, director, writer
|-
|2020
|Gawana 2.0 (Under Production)
|Producer, director, writer, actor
|-
|2021
|Qayamat
|Producer, director, writer, actor
|}
2022
|Kahani (Under Production)
|Director, writer
|}
2022
|Apharan (Under Production)
|Producer, director, writer
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|ajaysrivastavaofficial|Ajay Srivastava}}
*{{Instagram|ajaysrivastavaofficial|Ajay Srivastava}}
* {{IMDb name|8606830}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, Ajay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Sunder Prasad

2026-01-12T04:22:54Z

Lorrine11I: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
Pandit '''Sunder Prasad''' (died 29 May 1970<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaurijog.com/indian-dance-education/kathak/kathak-gurus|title=Gurus of Kathak Dance by Gauri Jog}}</ref>) was a guru (teacher) of – [[Jaipur Gharana]] of the Indian classical dance form, [[Kathak]]. He received his training from his father Pandit Chunnilal of [[Jaipur Gharana]].<ref name="Kothari1989">{{cite book|first=Sunil |last=Kothari|title=Kathak, Indian Classical Dance Art|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ZAbMS6ynGJ8C}}|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-223-9}}</ref><ref name="Walker2016">{{cite book|first=Margaret E. |last=Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=CzA3DAAAQBAJ}}|date=23 May 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-11736-0}}</ref> He also trained under Bindadin Maharaj of [[Lucknow]] Gharana. Sunder Prasad performed all over the country. Sunder Prasad was not just an artist, he is also a teacher. He taught [[Kathak]] Dance for almost 30 years in Mumbai and then shifted to [[Chennai]]. He was honoured by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|Natak Academy]] of Delhi in the year 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography of Indian Dancers – Nad Sadhna|url=https://nadsadhna.com/indian-music/dance-forms/biography-of-indian-dancers/|access-date=2021-11-29|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Family==
Prasad is the son of Chunnilal and younger brother of Pandit Jailal Misra, doyen amongst the fraternity of Jaipur Gharana of [[Kathak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nadsadhna.com/pages/IndianMusic/Dance.asp?About=Gharanas|title=Home Page : Indian Music}}</ref> Ramgopal Misra and Jai Kumari are children of Jailal and trained under their father and uncle. Ramgopal's son Rajkumar Misra<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bhavan.net/full-time.html|title = Something went wrong!}}</ref> is a [[tabla]] player and teacher who settled in London. His daughter Kajal Misra is a Kathak performer and teacher. The youngest exponent of [[Jaipur Gharana]] of [[Kathak]], carrying on the legacy are Saberi Misra and Trina Roy, daughters of Rajkumar and Kajal respectively.
{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Career==
In the 1930s Prasad established Maharaj Bindadin School of [[Kathak]] in Bombay (now Mumbai). After spending time training in Mumbai and Chennai, he settled in Delhi in 1958 and joined the Bharatiya Kala Kendra (later, [[Kathak Kendra]])<ref>[http://kathakkendra.org/faculty.html Kathakkendra faculty]</ref> He was honoured by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1959 for his lifelong contribution to the Kathak Dance field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaurijog.com/indian-dance-education/kathak/kathak-gurus/|title=Gurus of Kathak Dance by Gauri Jog}}</ref>

During his career, Pt. Sunder Prasad has taught the nuances of Jaipur Gharana to many students, notable amongst them is Dr. Pandit [[Puru Dadheech]] Kathak scholar and Senior Kathak exponent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kathak Syllabi |date=1997 |isbn=978-81-900056-7-8 |publisher=Bindu Prakashan}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Sunder}}
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]

List of Telugu films of 2004

2026-01-07T04:04:52Z

Lorrine11I: slightly update section for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|None}}
{{one source|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language films produced in [[Telugu Cinema]] in India that are released in [[2004 in film|2004]].

== January–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Andhrawala]]'' || [[Puri Jagannadh]] || [[Jr. NTR]], [[Rakshita]], [[Shayaji Shinde]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Sanghavi]] || Produced by Sri Bharati Enterprises||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-andhrawala.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Andhrawala - NTR, Rakshita - puri jagan - giri |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-01-01 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Lakshmi Narasimha (film)|Lakshmi Narasimha]]'' || [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Asin Thottumkal]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[K. Vishwanath]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Brahmanandam]] || Produced by Sri Ganesh Productions|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-lakshminarasimha.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Lakshminarasimha - Bala Krishna, Asin - Jayant C Paranji}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || Sobhan || [[Prabhas]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sudha Chandran]] || Produced by Sumanth Arts||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-varsham.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Varsham - Prabhas, Trisha - MS Raju |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-01-14 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]'' || Kodi Ramakrishna || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]], [[Tinnu Anand]], [[M. S. Narayana]]|| Produced by MS Arts||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anji.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Anji - Chiranjeevi, Namrata sirokar - Shyam Prasad Reddy |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-01-15 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Jagapati Babu]], Neha, [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Prakash Raj]] || Produced by SVK Films||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/athade-oka-sainyam-review-telugu-13371226.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129133750/http://www.sify.com/movies/athade-oka-sainyam-review-telugu-13371226.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-01-29 |title=Review : Athade Oka Sainyam |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''30'''
|''Vegu Chukkalu''|| R. Narayana Murthy || R Narayana Murthy, Murali Mohan, Prabha, LB Sriram || Produced by Sneha Chitra||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-veguchukkalu.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Vegu Chukkalu - R Narayana Murthy, Prabha, Murali Mohan, LB Sriram |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-01-30 |access-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508125445/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-veguchukkalu.html |archive-date=8 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''Ika Antha Subhame Pelli Jaripinchandi'' || Thota Krishna || Sai Kiran, Priya Sahadevan, Vijayabhaskar, Priyanka Naidu || Produced by Kotipally Productions||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-iaspj.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Ika Antha Subhame Pelli Jaripinchandi - Sai Kiran, Priya Sahadev |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-01-30 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|- February!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:thistle; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]'' || [[Arputham]] || [[Uday Kiran]], Divya Khosla, [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] || Produced by Super Good films||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]'' || [[Srinu Vaitla]] || [[Jai Akash]], [[Renuka Menon]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Preeti Jhangiani]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] || Produced by [[Ushakiran Movies]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anandamanandamaye.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Anandamanandamaye - Akash, Renuka Menon, JD Chakravarthy, Preethi Jingyani - Seenu Vytla |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-02-06 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aaruguru Pativratalu]]'' || [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || Vidya, Harika, Neetha, Amrutha, Lahari, Shanti Rao, Chalapathi Rao || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Tapana (film)|Tapana]]'' || Tejas Dhanraj || [[Prabhu Deva]], Siddardha, Maahi, Seema, Archana || Produced by Applause Entertainment||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tapana.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Tapana - Siddardh, Maahi, Prabhudeva, Seema, Archana - Tejas Dhanraj |publisher=Idlebrain.com |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dharma'' || K N Nageshwara Rao || [[Sreeman]], [[Keerthi Chawla]], Siva Reddy || ||
|-
| ''Sunday'' || Achyuta Reddy || Sanjay, Mamatha, [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' || Vijaya Bhaskar || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Brahmanandam]] || Produced by Suresh Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Swetha Naagu]]'' || Sanjeevi || [[Soundarya]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]], [[Brahmanandam]] || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/swetha-naagu-review-telugu-13400597.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831113610/http://www.sify.com/movies/swetha-naagu-review-telugu-13400597.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-31 |title=Review : Swetha Naagu |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''CBI Officer'' || D Ranga Rao || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''27'''
| ''Mee Intikoste Yemistaru Ma Intikoste Yem Testaru'' || Raja Vannemreddy || Aditya Om, [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Kovai Sarala]], Radhika Chowdhary || ||
|-
| ''Abbayi Premalo Paddadu'' || Kota Babu || [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], Anita Patel, Siva Krishna || ||
|- March!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''Sorry Naaku Pellaindi'' || Gandhi || Raghu, [[Ruthika]], [[Raghu Babu]], Lahari || ||
|-
| ''[[Guri (2004 film)|Guri]]'' || Bharat || [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]], [[Vadde Naveen]], [[Sanghavi]] || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-guri.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Guri - Srihari, Vadde Naveen, Sanghavi |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-03-05 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''Enjoy'' || T. N. Raju || Ajay, Chitra, Badrinath, [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Satta (2004 film)|Satta]]'' || Lakshman || [[Sai Kiran]], Madurima, Kota Sreenivas Rao, Banerji || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]]'' || [[Teja (film director)|Teja]] || [[Navdeep]], [[Santhoshi]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]] || Produced by Chitram Movies || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-jai.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Jai - Navadeep, Santoshi - Jai |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-03-25 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Venky]]'' || [[Srinu Vaitla]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Brahmanandam]] || Produced by Lakshmi Productions || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-venky.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Venky - Ravi Teja, Sneha - Seenu Vytla - Raasi - Devi Sri Prasad |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-03-26 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' || N. M. Suresh || [[R. P. Patnaik]], Priya, Navneet Kaur, [[Prakash Raj]], [[Giri Babu]] || Produced by Sri Thulaja Bhavani Creations || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-seenuvasanthilakshmi.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi - RP Patnaik, Priya, Navneet - E Srinivas |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-03-26 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|- April!
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; textcolor:#000;"| '''A P R'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''Avunu Nijame '' || Rafi || Rafi, [[Tanu Roy]], [[Brahmanandam]] || Vaishnavi Silver Creations ||
|-
| ''Premante Maade'' || L. Venu || Vinay Babu, Reena, Rashmi, Amar, [[Vizag Prasad]], Mallikharjuna Rao || Sri God Gift Films|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-premantemaade.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Premante Maade - Vinay Babu, Reena |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-04-02 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| ''[[Kaasi (2004 film)|Kaasi]]'' || Lakshmi Srinivas || [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Keerthi Chawla]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sankharavam (2004 film)|Sankharavam]]''|| A. Mohana Gandhi || [[Sarath Babu]], Srinath, [[Rajiv Kanakala]], Raja, Krishna Bhagavaan || ||
|-
| ''Yours Abhi'' || Kiran || Kamalakar, Sonali Joshi, Teja Sri, [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], Satya Prakash || Sri Surya Kamal Movies || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-yoursabhi.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Yours Abhi - Kamalakar, Sonali Joshi |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-04-02 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Nenunnanu]]''|| V. N. Aditya || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Aarti Agarwal]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Puttintiki Ra Chelli]]'' || Kodi Ramakrishna || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], Swati, Srinath, Sivaji Raja || Megahit Films ||
|-
| ''[[Nenu (film)|Nenu]]'' || E. Sathibabu || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Archana Sastry|Veda Shastry]], Abhishek || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Kushi Kushiga]]'' || G. Ram Prasad || [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Venu Thottempudi]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Ramya Krishna]] || Aditya Ram Movies||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi]]'' || Relangi Narasimha Rao || Aditya Om, [[Rekha Vedavyas]], Vijay Sai, [[Revathi]], Jeeva || Produced by Nithya Movies|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-preminchukunnampellikirandi.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi - Aditya Om, Rekha, Vijay Sai, Revathy - Relangi Narsimha Rao |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-04-22 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vignesh'' || Marella Seenu || Bhagawan, Seema, Jahnavi, Brahmaji, Jayaprakash Reddy || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Seshadri Naidu]]'' || Suresh Varma || [[Raghumudri Srihari|Srihari]], [[Nanditha Jennifer]], Swathi, [[Jai Varma|Jayaram]] || Chalanachitra Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-seshadrinaidu.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Seshadri Naidu - Srihari, Nanditha - Posani Krishna Murali |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-04-23 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''30'''
| ''[[Pedababu]]'' || Paruchuri Murali || [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[K. Vishwanath]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Dost (2004 film)|Dost]]'' || Muppalaneni Siva || Siva Balaji, Karthik, Neha, [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[K. Vishwanath]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|- May!
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A Y'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' || Sukumar || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Anuradha Mehta]], [[Siva Balaji]] || Produced by Sri Venkateshwara Creations ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Naani]]'' || [[S. J. Suryah]] || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Amisha Patel]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Raghuvaran]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''21'''
| ''[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' || [[B. Gopal]] || [[Prabhas]], [[Aarti Agarwal]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], Seema || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''28'''
| ''[[Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu]]'' || [[Teja (film director)|Teja]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]], [[Gurleen Chopra]], Surya, Rama Prabha || Sai Krishna Productions || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-opmrpv.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu - Rajendra Prasad, Raasi, Gurlin Chopra |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-05-28 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aithe Enti]]'' || Soma Vijay Prakash || [[Namitha]], Steven Kapoor, Mohit, Radhika Chowdary || Vijay Suresh Productions|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aitheenti.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Aithe Enti - Namitha, Mohit, Steven Kapoor |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-05-29 |access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
|- June!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U N'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''Kala'' || C. Manohar || [[Raja Abel|Raja]], Nayana Harshita, Ramachandra Reddy || Produced by Sri Venkateswara Chitra ||
|-
| ''Megham'' || Sunil Kumar Reddy || Raghu, [[Tanu Roy]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''9'''
|''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' || [[V. V. Vinayak]] || [[Jr. NTR]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Bhoomika Chawla]], [[Prakash Raj]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''[[Andaru Dongale Dorikite]]'' || Nidhi Prasad || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Ankitha]], [[Kiran Rathod]] || ||
|-
| ''Nenu Saitham'' || [[Dhavala Satyam]] || Madala Ravi, Madala Ranga Rao, [[Gurleen Chopra]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Bhadradri Ramudu]]'' || [[Suresh Krissna]] || Taraka Rathna, Vanisri, Chalapathi Rao, Sudhakar, Radhika || ||
|-
| ''5va Tarikhu'' || Suresh Charan || [[Sharwanand]], [[Revathy]] || ||
|-
| ''Mystery'' || D. Ranga Rao || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], Jyotsna || ||
|-
| ''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' || Veeru K. || Santhosh Pawan, [[Ruthika]], Naveen, Pooja, Jayalalitha || ||
|-
| ''[[Koduku]]'' || [[M. S. Narayana]] || Vikram, Aditi Agarwal, [[Monica (actress)|Mounika]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] || ||
|}

== July–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background: #d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U L'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
|''[[Yagnam (2004 film)|Yagnam]]''|| A. S. Ravikumar Chowdhary || [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]], Sameera Bannerjee, [[Prakash Raj]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''9'''
| ''[[Santhi Sandesam]]''|| P. C. Reddy || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], Ramyasri, Suman, Vinod Kumar, [[Ravali]] || ||
|-
| ''KD No.1'' || Raviraja Pinisetty || [[Raghumudri Srihari|Srihari]], [[Ramya Krishna]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Swamy (2004 film)|Swamy]]'' || V. R. Pratap || [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Aamani]], [[Uma (actress)|Uma]], Rajiv Kanakala || ||
|-
|''[[Ammayi Bagundi]]''|| Bala Sekharan || [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Meera Jasmine]] || ||
|-
| ''Sivaram'' || Rajkumar || [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], Devan, [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]], Jeeva || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
|''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]''|| [[Krishna Vamsi]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Nithiin]], [[Charmy Kaur|Charmme]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''30'''
|''[[Gharshana]]''|| [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Asin]], [[Daniel Balaji]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]'' || [[Suchitra Chandrabose]] || Gowtham, [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|- August!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#c2b280;"| '''A U G'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Donga Dongadi]]'' || Subramanyam Siva || [[Manoj Manchu]], [[Sadha]], Varshitha, Sunil, Siva Reddy|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
|''[[Naa Autograph]]''|| [[S. Gopal Reddy]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Bhoomika Chawla]], [[Gopika]], Mallika || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]]'' || K. Vasu || [[Aarti Chabria]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Prabhudeva]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| ''Valliddaru Okkate'' || J. Srinivasa Rao || T. Kishore, [[Renuka Menon]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]''|| [[Gunasekhar]] || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Keerthi Reddy]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Prakash Raj]] ||||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Shiva Shankar (film)|Shivashankar]]'' || Kapuganti Rajendra || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Soundarya]], Natanya Singh, [[Raza Murad]], [[Riyaz Khan]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''27'''
|''[[143 (2004 film)|143 (and I miss You)]]''|| [[Puri Jagannadh]] || [[Sairam Shankar]], [[Sameksha|Samiksha]], [[Asha Saini|Flora]] || ||
|- September!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:wheat; textcolor:#000;"|'''S E P'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| ''[[Madhyanam Hathya]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Verma]] || [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Aamani]], Priyanka, Venkat, Bhanuchander, Brahmaji || ||
|-
|''[[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]]''|| B. V. Ramana || [[Sumanth]], [[Charmy Kaur|Charmme]], [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
|''[[Gudumba Shankar]]''|| Veera Shankar || [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Meera Jasmine]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''Soggadi Saradalu'' || Nimmagadda Babu || Santosh Pavan, Haritha, Satyam Rajesh, Chitram Basha, [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
|''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]''|| [[S. S. Rajamouli]] || [[Nithiin]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] || ||
|-
|''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]''|| [[Vikraman]] || [[Venu Thottempudi]], [[Ashima Bhalla]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Kiran Rathod]] || ||
|- October!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb7c5;"| '''O C T'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Letha Manasulu (2004 film)|Letha Manasulu]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]], [[Gopika]], [[Raghunatha Reddy]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''8'''
| ''[[Satruvu (2004 film)|Satruvu]]'' || P. A. Arun Prasad || Vadde Naveen, Navneet Kaur || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]''|| [[Sekhar Kammula]] || [[Raja Abel|Raja]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.]]''|| [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Paresh Rawal]]|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy]]'' || Siva Nageswara Rao || [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], Banerjee || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Aaptudu]]'' || [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Anjala Zhaveri]], [[Mukesh Rishi]] || ||
|- November!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#ace1af;"| '''N O V'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''Apparao Driving School'' || Anji Seenu || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Malavika (Tamil actress)|Malavika]], [[Preeti Jhangiani]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
|''[[Swarabhishekam]]''|| [[K. Viswanath]] || [[K. Vishwanath]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[7G Brindhavan Colony]]'' || [[Sri Raghava]] || [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Suman Setty]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] || || Sri Surya Movies<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-7gbrindavancolony.html|title = Telugu cinema Review - 7/G Brindavan Colony - Ravi Krishna, Sonia Agarwal - Sri Raghava}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Chanti (2004 film)|Chanti]]''|| Sobhan || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Charmy Kaur|Charmme]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvasena]]''|| [[Jayaraj]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Gopika]], [[Sharwanand]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
| ''Naalo'' || [[Samuthirakani]] || [[SPB Charan]], [[Babloo Prithviraj]], Pooja Bharathi || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Kaani (film)|Kaani]]'' || Abhinav Velagaleti || [[Sai Kiran]], Meera, Jyoti || ||
|- December!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#b8860b;"| '''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| ''[[Suryam]]'' || V. Samudra || [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Celina Jaitley]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sakhiya]]'' || [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]] || [[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]], [[Nauheed Cyrusi]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| ''No'' || Pappu || Nandamuri Taraka Ratna, [[Chaya Singh]], Neha, [[Keerti Chawla]], [[Tanu Roy]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || || Chilukuri Balaji Productions
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''[[Konchem Touchlo Vunte Cheputanu]]'' || [[Vamsy]] || [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Archana Sastry|Veda Shastry]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[M. S. Narayana]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Leela Mahal Center]]''|| Devi Prasad || [[Aryan Rajesh]], [[Sadha]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''9'''
| ''[[Vidyardhi]]'' || Balachari || [[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh]], Aditi Agarwal || ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Naluguru]]''|| Chandra Sidhartha ||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Amani || ||
|-
| ''Gangamma Jatara'' || R. Narayana Murthy || R. Narayana Murthy, Neelima Rao || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Vijayendra Varma]]''|| Swarna Subba Rao || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Ankitha]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]''|| [[Raghava Lawrence]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Jyothika]], [[Charmy Kaur|Charmme]] || ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Telugu cinema|horiz}}
{{2004 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|2004]]
[[Category:Lists of 2004 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian cinema]]

Shanaz Parveen

2026-01-05T22:15:25Z

Lorrine11I: done

{{Short description|India Taekwondo athlete (born 1999)}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Shanaz Parveen
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1 January 2002}}
| birth_place = Sankoo, [[Kargil]]
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country = India
| sport = [[Taekwondo]]
}}

'''Shanaz Parveen''' is an Indian [[Taekwondo]] athlete. The first woman to bag a national-level gold from [[Ladakh]], she went on to represent India at the [[FISU World University Games]] in [[2021 Summer World University Games|Chengdu]] and [[2025 Summer World University Games|Rhine-Rhur]].<ref name="Chengdu">{{Cite web |last=Chandel |first=Vedant |date=2023-10-30 |title=21-year-old Shanaz knocks down barriers en-route to sporting history for Ladakh
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/21yearold-shanaz-knocks-down-barriers-en-route-to-sporting-history-for-ladakh-101698604674975.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Freese |first1=Tina |title='Mom, My Biggest Supporter': 21-YO Fought All to Become Ladakh's 1st Gold Winning Taekwondo Champ |url=https://thebetterindia.com/355984/ladakh-girl-female-taekwondo-player-first-woman-to-win-gold-national-meet-shanaz-parveen-women-in-sports-champion/ |website=The Better India |access-date=12 August 2025 |date=8 July 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shanaz was born was born in Sankoo, a hamlet near [[Kargil]], India. She has a brother and three sisters, one of whom is a football player. Parveen was herself drawn to takewondo after watching girls her age participate in a workshop held at her school. She described her fascination with the sport, saying she was captivated by the idea of "girls kicking and partaking in combat sports".<ref name="Chengdu"/>

==Career==
Parveen was active in sports throughout her school years, actively participating in badminton and other takewondo. Deciding to pursue a career in the latter, she began receiving formal training. She learnt the basics of the sport from local coach Mohd Ali, before shifting her training base to Jammu. Under the tutelage of Atul Pangotra, she began winning medals at local and district-level tournaments.<ref name="rhine">{{cite web |title=Ladakh's Shanaz Parveen kicks her way to global taekwondo stage |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/ladakhs-shanaz-parveen-kicks-her-way-to-global-taekwondo-stage/#google_vignette |website=[[The Tribune]] |access-date=18 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
Her big breakthrough came in 2023 when she won a gold medal at the National University Games. By doing so, Parveen became the first woman from the [[Union Territory]] of Ladakh to win a national-level medal in taekwondo.<ref name="UT">{{cite web |title=Shahnaz Parveen becomes first women athlete in Ladakh to win gold at National University Games CEC Feroz Khan congratulates Shahnaz for her achievement {{!}} The Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh {{!}} India |url=https://ladakh.gov.in/shahnaz-parveen-becomes-first-women-athlete-in-ladakh-to-win-gold-at-national-university-games-cec-feroz-khan-congratulates-shahnaz-for-her-achievement/ |website=Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh |access-date=18 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Enrolled at the Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Parveen was selected for the squad that participated at the World University Games in [[2021 Summer World University Games|Chengdu]], [[China]] in August 2023. The first woman from Ladakh to play at the World University Games, she made the last-eight at the tournament.<ref name="Chengdu"/> “Even though I lost in the quarterfinals, it was the biggest learning experience. I got to don the India blazer and watched so many accomplished athletes perform well and learn from them,” she said of her experience at Chengdu.<ref name="Chengdu"/> Representing India at the 2024 Asian Taekwondo Poomsae Championship held in Vietnam, she made another deep run at an international event, reaching the quarterfinals.<ref name="Asian">{{cite web |last1=Raina |first1=Umar |title=8thAsian Taekwondo Poomsae Championship: Shahnaz Parveen honoured for outstanding performance |url=https://risingkashmir.com/8thasian-taekwondo-poomsae-championship-shahnaz-parveen-honoured-for-outstanding-performance/ |website=Rising Kashmir |access-date=20 August 2025 |date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

Parveen continued to do well in the domestic circuit, winning the gold medal at the 2025 Federation Cup Taekwondo National Championship held in Nasik, Maharashtra. She and fellow taekwondo player, Sonam Chosphal, were felicitated by the Ladakh administration following their performance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taekwondo gold for Ladakh, Shanaz and Sonam honoured in Kargil |url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/taekwondo-gold-for-ladakh-shanaz-and-sonam-honoured-in-kargil/395508 |website=Greater Kashmir |access-date=20 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 May 2025}}</ref> In the same year, Pavreen would again make the cut for the [[2025 Summer World University Games|World University Games]] played in [[Rhine-Rhur]], Germany. Carrying an injury though, she crashed out in a closely contested round-of-32 encounter.<ref name="rhine"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parveen, Shanaz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian athletes]]
[[Category:Indian women athletes]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam

2025-12-23T05:21:12Z

Lorrine11I: refine article for accuracy per sources

{{Short description|Malayalam-language media award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in Malayalam cinema
| presenter = Vibri Media Group
| country = [[India]]
| year = 22 June 2012 (for films released in 2011)
| holder = [[Unni Mukundan]], ''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marcho]]'' ([[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]])
| awardname = SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam
| total_awarded =
| most_wins = [[Nivin Pauly]] (4)
| total_recipients =
| most_nominations =
| image =
| image caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Unni Mukundan]]
| holder_label = Most recent winner
}}

'''SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam''' is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], for best acting done by an actor in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films, who are selected by the jury. The award was first given in 2012 for films released in 2011.

== Superlatives ==
* [[Nivin Pauly]] has maximum awards with four wins, followed by [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] with two wins.
* Nivin Pauly and Prithviraj Sukumaran have also won the [[SIIMA for Best Actor – Malayalam]].

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:5%;text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:30%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:30%;text-align:center;"| Film
! class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2011]]
| [[Salim Kumar]]
|''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
|
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
|[[Fahadh Faasil]]
|''[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Malayalam |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003132/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}} </ref>
|-
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
|''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Malayalam|website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003615/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
|Prithviraj Sukumaran
|''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Malayalam|website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528004455/http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}} </ref>
|-
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|[[Nivin Pauly]]
|''[[Premam]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=SIIMA 2016 winners|url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|url-status=dead|accessdate=2017-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|archivedate=2016-07-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
|Nivin Pauly
|''[[Action Hero Biju]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-awards-heres-the-winners-list-from-malayalam/articleshow/59409434.cms|title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Malayalam Winners|website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2017|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
|Fahadh Faasil
|''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 3, 2017|title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
|[[Nivin Pauly]]
|''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/08/17/siima-awards-2019-malayalam-list-of-winners-mohanlal-tovino-prithvi.html|title=SIIMA Awards 2019 Malayalam Winners|website=Malayala Manorama|date=17 August 2019|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
|Nivin Pauly
|''[[Moothon]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Winners for 2019|url=https://siima.in/2019-winners.php#tabs-2|access-date=22 August 2021|website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]
| [[Kunchacko Boban]]
|''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |website=The News Minute |date=21 September 2021 |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
|[[Biju Menon]]
|''[[Aarkkariyam]]''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |title=The 10th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations |work=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822030233/https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |archive-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|Kunchacko Boban
|''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big|work=Hindustan Times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref>
|-
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
|[[Joju George]]
|''[[Iratta]]''
|
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]
|[[Unni Mukundan]]
|[[Marco (2024 film)|''Marco'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=SIIMA 2025 winners list: Aadujeevitham, Amaran win big; Sai Pallavi, Prithviraj take home best actor honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-2025-winners-list-aadujeevitham-amaran-sai-pallavi-prithviraj-10234920/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[SIIMA for Best Actor – Malayalam|SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}

[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for lead actor]]

Sailabala Women's College, Cuttack

2025-11-30T15:10:28Z

Lorrine11I: minor update lead and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Shailabala Women's College
|native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto =
| established = 1913
| type = Government
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| academic_affiliation = [[Utkal University]], [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha|CHSE]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| principal = Dr. Gayatri Biswal
| dean =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| city = [[Cuttack]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus = Madhusudan Road, Cuttack
| website = [http://shailabalawomenscollege.ac.in/ shailabalawomenscollege.ac.in]
| logo =
}}
'''Shailabala Women's College''' (also known as '''S.B. Women's College''') is a state run postgraduate, undergraduate and junior +2 women's government college<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shailabalawomenscollege.ac.in/about-us|title= about college |publisher=shailabalawomenscollege.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orissalinks.com/archives/1780|title= gov. colleges in odisha |publisher=orissalinks.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://college.eodisha.com/2012/04/sailabala-womens-college-cuttack.html|title=about college|publisher=eodisha.com|access-date=10 July 2015|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711105825/http://college.eodisha.com/2012/04/sailabala-womens-college-cuttack.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> on Madhusudan road in [[Cuttack]], India. It is the first [[women's]] [[college]] of [[Odisha]].

It was named after [[Shailabala Das]] who donated her home as a college building to run intermediate and degree courses. She was known for her notable deeds on contribution towards women's uplift in education and social activities in [[Odisha]]. She was daughter of the great political leader [[Madhusudan Das]] who bought social and industrial development in Odisha during British Raj in India and is known for [[Utkal Divas]].

The postgraduate degree [[Master of Arts|master of arts]] (M.A) include courses on Home Science, History and Sanskrit. The undergraduate degree include [[Bachelor of Science|Science]] (B.Sc) and [[Bachelor of Arts|Arts]] (B.A). The college is maintained by [[Department of Higher Education, Odisha]] and is affiliated to run its undergraduate and postgraduate course curriculum under [[Utkal University]] and for class 11th and 12th science, arts and some vocational courses under [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha]].

Dr. Gayatri Biswal is the principal.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Jayanti Patnaik]]
* [[Prabhat Nalini Das]]
* [[Barsha Priyadarshini]]
* Aparajita Choudhury (Vice chancellor R.D. Women's university)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}

{{coord|20.477383|85.863503|display=title}}

[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Autonomous Colleges of Odisha]]
[[Category:Utkal University]]
[[Category:Education in Cuttack]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]

1974 smallpox epidemic in India

2025-10-21T10:29:25Z

Lorrine11I: general expanded article for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Disease outbreak in India}}
[[File:Map-of-India-States.gif|thumb|Map of India with states.]]
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

The '''1974 smallpox epidemic in India''' infected 188,000 people, leading to the deaths of 31,000 Indians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lahariya |first=Chandrakant |date=2014 |title=A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=139 |issue=4 |pages=491–511 |issn=0975-9174 |pmc=4078488 |pmid=24927336}}</ref>

The media reported the smallpox '''[[epidemic]]''' as the most severe of its kind.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 1974 |title=India Rushes Health Teams Into Smallpox Epidemic Zone |pages=9 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/07/archives/india-rushes-health-teams-into-smallpox-epidemic-zone.html |access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref> However, the claim is debatable due to improvements in reporting since the epidemics of 1875 and 1967.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Brilliant |first=Lawrence B. |title=The management of smallpox eradication in India |date=1985 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-10059-9 |location=Ann Arbor |oclc=11599679}}</ref> The 1974 epidemic occurred during the country’s intensified campaign against the virus, which saw a shift in strategy from [[mass vaccinations]] to search and containment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Mahendra |last2=Basu |first2=R.N. |date=2011 |title=Lessons from smallpox eradication campaign in Bihar state and in India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X11019128 |journal=Vaccine |language=en |volume=29 |pages=D19–D21 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.001|pmid=22486977 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The year prior, vaccination programs and improved vaccination techniques, along with surveillance and investigation strategies, reduced smallpox transmission in most of the country except for a few states, including [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0" />

The epidemic persisted in these regions in January and lasted until summer for several reasons. Smallpox was difficult to eradicate in rural, poor areas with inferior transportation and communications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1979 |title=Global Effort Pays Off... Smallpox at Target "Zero" |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/29542/cdc_29542_DS1.pdf |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=Dateline: Center for Disease Control}}</ref> During the Indian smallpox eradication campaign, over 80% of the population lived in remote areas, creating logistical issues for vaccine delivery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How India overcame smallpox |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-india-overcame-smallpox |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.gavi.org |language=en}}</ref>

Bihar and Uttar Pradesh accounted for approximately three-quarters of global smallpox cases in 1974.<ref name=":1" /> The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reported 103,830 infections throughout India in January 1974, which was 20% higher than the total number of cases the year before.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 1974 |title=30,000 Killed in India in Smallpox Epidemic |pages=A4 |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives |access-date=}}</ref> In March, new cases were discovered in [[Madhya Pradesh]], an area previously cleared of smallpox imported from Bihar.<ref name=":1" /> By May, cases reached a record of 48,833.<ref name=":1" /> Within one week in May, 11,000 new cases and 8600 imminent outbreaks were discovered in Bihar, resulting in one case each minute.<ref name=":2" />

An outbreak in southern Bihar in May traced back to [[Tata Group]] labourers, instigated vaccinations of railway workers and road closures to prevent further spread.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=Donald A. |title=Smallpox : the death of a disease : the inside story of eradicating a worldwide killer |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-722-5 |location=Amherst, N.Y. |oclc=314597839}}</ref> Nevertheless, 300 more outbreaks and 2,000 cases swept into 11 states.<ref name=":3" /> A month later, the WHO estimated 75,000 infections in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 1974 |title=10,000 Die in India Smallpox Epidemic |url=https://ajc.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-10000-die-in-i/183389625/ |access-date=7 November 2022 |work=The Atlanta Constitution |pages=1C}}</ref>

The [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] season stifled human interactions and, combined with increased containment activities, caused smallpox cases to decrease.<ref name=":2" />
__TOC__
== Local and international response ==
[[File:Man with smallpox (MAMAS CA44-271-4), National Museum of Health and Medicine (5477391432).jpg|thumb|left|Example of smallpox infection on patient's feet.]]
[[File:Smallpox eradication team.jpg|thumb|Key members of the WHO smallpox eradication team.]]
[[File:Ministry of Health India.svg|thumb|Logo of the Indian Ministry of Health.]]
Collaboration between national and international governments, non-governmental agencies, and the private sector was a critical factor in the success of the response to the epidemic in India.<ref name=":2" />

In 1973, the national smallpox eradication program entered an intensified phase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brimnes |first=Niels |date=2010 |title=Review of Expunging Variola: The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India 1 947-77 New Perspectives in South Asian History, vol. 14 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40664928 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=663–666 |jstor=40664928 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref> In January 1974, the Indian campaign’s funds were dwindling.<ref name=":3" /> Financial support was acquired when the WHO re-directed funds China rejected to the Indian smallpox program.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency]] (SIDA) provided more aid ($14 million).<ref name=":3" /> The US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) contributed trained administrators to help manage the increasing number of project staff and the complicated system of daily expenditures and infrastructure requirements.<ref name=":3" />

The efforts to tackle the epidemic included private-public partnerships. The [[Tata Group]] ran a steel plant in Bihar, responsible for spreading smallpox to other states.<ref name=":2" /> They provided medical workers, administrative support, and transportation and communications infrastructure.<ref name=":2" />

In June, the WHO's India smallpox staff, with the secretary of health and the director-general, created an emergency strategy for the nation: an increase in international epidemiologists, training of Indian junior medical officers, creation of central surveillance units, shifting resources from malaria projects to smallpox eradication, drastically increasing the number of containment teams, use of helicopters, vaccination checkpoints, and the acquisition of 375 vehicles and gasoline, finances for travelling healthcare workers, and funds for field equipment and supplies.<ref name=":1" />

The successful eradication of smallpox in India was an exceptional public health achievement.<ref name=":2" /> However, the WHO's Smallpox Eradication Programme (SEP) has been accused of violating individual civil rights through forced vaccinations and quarantine policies, particularly among [[Adivasi]] tribal groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Juran |first1=Luke |last2=Trivedi |first2=Jennifer |last3=N Kolivras |first3=Korine |date=2017 |title=Considering the "public" in public health: popular resistance to the Smallpox Eradication Programme in India |url=http://ijme.in/articles/considering-the-public-in-public-health-popular-resistance-to-the-smallpox-eradication-programme-in-india/?galley=html |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=104–111 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2017.025|pmid=28512076 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Ultimately, the response that led to smallpox eradication in India was a significant accomplishment for the scientific and humanitarian fields.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horton |first=Richard |date=2021-12-19 |title=Offline: The lessons of smallpox eradication for COVID-19 |journal=Lancet |volume=396 |issue=10267 |pages=1951 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32713-6 |issn=1474-547X |pmc=7832049 |pmid=33341128}}</ref> Importantly, it also resulted in a strengthened healthcare system, trained healthcare workers, infrastructure for vaccine delivery, and an effective disease surveillance network.<ref name=":0" />

In 2008, [[William Foege]], a former US CDC director, and [[Mahendra Dutta]], a former Health Commissioner of [[New Delhi]], recalled response efforts facing heightened scrutiny because of India's first successful nuclear bomb detonation in May 1974, as part of [[Smiling Buddha|Operation Smiling Buddha]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pc6RzIlxjKg |title=2017.300.15 Dutta & Foege |date=16 March 2017 |last=Global Health Chronicles |type=Videotape |publisher=[[David J. Sencer CDC Museum]]}}</ref> Foreign press argued that if India was incapable of eradicating smallpox, its government could not be trusted to responsibly develop nuclear weapons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naraindas |first=Harish |date=December 2003 |title=Crisis, Charisma and Triage: Extirpating the Pox |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946460304000403 |journal=[[Indian Economic and Social History Review]] |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=425–457 |doi=10.1177/001946460304000403 |s2cid=145416917 |issn=0019-4646 |via=[[Sage Publishing|Sage Journals]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Epidemics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1974 Smallpox Epidemic In India}}
[[Category:1974 in India|Smallpox Epidemic In India, 1974]]
[[Category:1974 disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:1970s epidemics]]
[[Category:1970s in Bihar]]
[[Category:1970s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Epidemics in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Bihar]]
[[Category:Smallpox eradication]]
[[Category:Smallpox epidemics]]

Rana Kapoor

2025-09-23T08:49:37Z

Lorrine11I:

{{Short description|Indian banker (born 1957)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rana Kapoor
| image = Rana Kapoor, CEO of Yes bank, at the World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg
| caption = Kapoor in 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|09|09}}<ref name="GHiscock_2007">{{cite book | title = India's global wealth club | author = Geoff Hiscock | edition = illustrated | publisher = [[John Wiley and Sons]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-470-82238-8 | page = 255 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] [[Rutgers University]]
| spouse = Bindu Kapoor
| title = Co-founder, [[Yes Bank]]
| children = 3 daughters
| website = {{URL|ranakapoor.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rana Kapoor''' (born 9 September 1957) is an Indian former banker who was the founder, managing director and CEO of [[Yes Bank]], an Indian private sector bank.<ref>{{Cite news|title=YES Bank's Rana Kapoor felicitated as entrepreneurial banker of the decade|work=Business Today Magazine|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/indias-new-business-families-yes-bank-rana-kapoor-18438-2011-04-14}}</ref> Following a career in financial institutions, he co-founded [[Yes Bank]] in 2003, with its registered office in Mumbai. He served as CEO from its founding in 2003 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yes Bank Ltd.|url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/IN/XNSE/YESBANK/company-people|website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> He also was appointed as the president of [[ASSOCHAM]] in July 2013,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rana Kapoor takes over as Assocham President|work=The Hindu Businessline|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Rana-Kapoor-takes-over-as-Assocham-President/article20639624.ece}}</ref> and was succeeded by [[Sunil Kanoria|Sunil Katoria]] after serving his two year term.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunil Kanoria takes over as new President of ASSOCHAM|url=https://www.assocham.org/newsdetail.php?id=5345|website=ASSOCHAM}}</ref>

Kapoor was arrested on 8 March 2020 by India's [[Enforcement Directorate]] over accusations of fraud in excess of {{USD|100 million}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rajput|first1=Rashmi|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ed-arrests-yes-bank-founder-rana-kapoor-daughter-stopped-at-mumbai-international-airport/articleshow/74539869.cms?from=mdr|title=ED arrests Yes Bank founder Rana Kapoor; daughter stopped at Mumbai International Airport|date=9 March 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=26 April 2020|last2=Yadav|first2=Jaikishan}}</ref> Rana Kapoor was granted bail in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yes Bank Founder Rana Kapoor Granted Bail after Four Years in Jail |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/yes-bank-founder-rana-kapoor-granted-bail-after-four-years-in-jail |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kapoor was born on 9 September 1957 and was brought up in [[New Delhi]], India. He attended the [[The Frank Anthony Public School, New Delhi|Frank Anthony Public School]] in New Delhi in 1973 and earned his bachelor's degree from [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |title=LUNCH WITH BS: Rana Kapoor |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-rana-kapoor-105030801008_1.html |date=14 June 2013}}</ref> He then obtained an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Rutgers University]] in [[New Jersey]], US in 1980.<ref name="iba_expo">{{cite web
|url = http://www.iba-banktech.com/RanaKapoor.html
|title = Profile: Rana Kapoor
|work = Banking Technology Conference & Expo.
|publisher = Indian Banks' Association
|access-date = 20 June 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100419213553/http://www.iba-banktech.com/RanaKapoor.html
|archive-date = 19 April 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Kapoor received an honorary fellowship from All India Management Association ([[All India Management Association|AIMA]]), President's Medal from [[Rutgers University]], and an honorary PhD from GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Career timeline of Yes Bank co-founder Rana Kapoor |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/heres-career-timeline-of-yes-bank-co-founder-rana-kapoor-881861.htm |date=21 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rana Kapoor MD & CEO, YES BANK |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/author/rana-kapoor/ |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

== Banking career ==
Kapoor joined [[Bank of America]] (BoA) as a management trainee in 1980 and was presented with an eagle pin by the chairman two years later.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/news-rana-kapoor-yes-bank-crisis-money-laundering-enforcement-directorate-pmla-596280 | title = Who is Rana Kapoor, founder of now crisis-ridden Yes Bank? | publisher = India TV | accessdate = 8 March 2020}}</ref> He eventually went on to head the wholesale banking business which included several assignments in Asian countries. Kapoor worked at BoA for about 16 years, till 1996, where he managed corporate, government and financial institution clients.

Kapoor later joined [[ANZ Grindlays]] Investment Bank (ANZIB) as general manager & country head in 1996.<ref name="bs_lunch">{{cite news | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lunchbs-rana-kapoor/216122/| title = Lunch with BS: Rana Kapoor | newspaper = Business Standard India | date = 8 March 2005 | publisher = [[Business Standard]]| access-date = 20 June 2010| last1 = Bhandari | first1 = Bhupesh }}</ref> He worked there for two years, until 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rana Kapoor|url=https://www.yesbank.in/pdf/ranakapoorpdf|website=Yes Bank}}</ref>

=== Yes Bank ===
[[File:Rana Kapoor, Chief Executive Officer, Yes Bank, India, at the 2010 Horasis Global India Business Meeting on what is needed to build global firms of Indian origin.jpg|thumb|Kapoor in 2010]]
In February 1995, a team from [[Rabobank]] arrived in India, scouting for opportunities.<ref name="bs_lunch"/> Kapoor, his brother-in-law Ashok Kapoor and Harkirat Singh made a proposal to the visiting team for two joint ventures: a [[non-banking financial company]] and a bank. During the next year, Kapoor held meetings with the Rabobank executives in India, Singapore and the Netherlands. The [[NBFC]] was set up in 1997, with the three Indian partners chipping in with an equity capital of {{INRConvert|90|m|year=1997|lk=r}} each. In 2003, the three sold their stake for $10 million each, generating the seed fund for the bank.<ref name="bs_lunch"/> In 2003, the team was granted a banking license by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to set up Yes Bank. They established Yes Bank with the vision of "Building the Best Quality Bank of the world in India" by 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABOUT US|url=https://www.yesbank.in/about-us/overview|website=YES BANK}}</ref>

Rana Kapoor held 26% stake in Yes Bank, Ashok Kapur held 11%, and Rabobank International held 20% stake.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/nov/06rabo.htm| title = Rana Kapoor to exit Rabo, take up Yes Bank reins | work = [[Rediff.com]]| date = 6 November 2003 | access-date = 20 June 2010}}</ref> Ashok Kapur died in 2008 in [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai 26/11 attacks]].<ref name="Ashok Kapur">{{cite news|title=Late Ashok Kapur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Yes-Bank-chairman-found-dead-in-Oberoi/articleshow/3770334.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-28/india-business/27894019_1_rana-kapoor-bank-spokesperson-new-generation-private-sector |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 November 2008}}</ref>

In 2005, Kapoor was named [[Ernst & Young]]'s ''Start-up Entrepreneur of the Year''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://getahead.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/15/career-rana-kapoor-the-harder-you-work-the-luckier-you-get.htm | title = The harder you work, the luckier you get | work = [[Rediff.com]]| date = 15 March 2010 | access-date = 20 June 2010}}</ref>

In January 2017, ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]'' noted that with the rising share price of Yes Bank, Kapoor had become a billionaire.<ref name="bloomberg1">{{cite news|author=Sterling Wong |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/yes-bank-turns-rana-kapoor-into-billionaire-as-stock-climbs |title=India Just Got a New Billionaire Thanks to Soaring Bank Shares |newspaper=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=28 January 2017}}</ref>

In September 2018, Yes Bank announced that they had ordered Kapoor to step down from his CEO position in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Venkatesh |first1=D. N. |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/cases/leadership-and-organizational-crisis-at-yes-bank |title=Leadership and Organizational Crisis at Yes Bank |last2=Bandaru |first2=Samanth |date=2022 |location=London|doi=10.4135/9781529798104 |isbn=9781529798104 |s2cid=245729157 }}</ref> In July 2019, the Times of India reported that with a 78% drop in the Yes Bank share price since August 2018, Kapoor's net worth had fallen by over a billion to $377 million.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news |title=Yes Bank founder Rana Kapoor's wealth shrinks by $1 billion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/yes-bank-founder-rana-kapoors-wealth-shrinks-by-1-billion-as-lender-tumbles/articleshow/70276845.cms |access-date=31 October 2019 |work=Times of India |date=18 July 2019}}</ref>

== Legal controversy ==
On 8 March 2020, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) registered a case against Kapoor under the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering Act]] (PMLA) and he was arrested.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/ed-raids-yes-bank-director-rana-kapoor-s-mumbai-residence-11583514816068.html|title=ED registers money laundering case against Rana Kapoor|work=Mint|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> Defense lawyer stated that Rana Kapoor was selectively targeted.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yes Bank co-founder Rana Kapoor arrested at 3am, remanded to ED custody until 11 March|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/india/ed-arrests-yes-bank-co-founder-rana-kapoor-at-3am/377536/}}</ref> The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) also charged Kapoor and his family members in a bribery and money-laundering case linked to Yes Bank.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yes-bank-founder-rana-kapoors-wife-daughter-charged-by-cbi-in-alleged-bribery-case-2192282|title=Crisis-Hit Yes Bank Founder Rana Kapoor's Wife, Daughters Charged By CBI|date=9 March 2020|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Kapoor denies the charges.<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/03/14/yes-banks-rescue-deepens-worries-about-indian-finance|title=Yes Bank's rescue deepens worries about Indian finance|date=14 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref>

According to the ED, Kapoor, his family members, and others, got benefits worth {{INRConvert|43|b}} through companies controlled by his family as [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]] for sanctioning huge loans through Yes Bank. He is also accused of receiving bribes for going easy on loans given to a few big corporate groups that had turned into [[Non Performing Assets (NPA)|non-performing assets]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/yes-bank-rana-kapoor-bail-plea-coronavirus-yes-bank-fraud-case-news/1918351/|title=No relief for Yes Bank founder Rana Kapoor, court rejects interim bail plea|date=3 April 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>

The CBI and ED arrested Kapoor in another case which is the outcome of their investigations in [[Dewan Housing Finance Corporation|DHFL]] Mumbai case of fraud and embezzlement of over $3 Billion,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-the-dhfl-scam.htm|title=What is the DHFL Scam?|website=www.managementstudyguide.com|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> in which Kapoor was alleged to have received over $100 million in kickbacks over bogus loans extended by Yes Bank to DHFL and the kickbacks were used to purchase expensive properties in Delhi and Mumbai in the name of Kapoor's wife Bindu Kapoor and daughter Roshni Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/banking/the-usual-suspect/story/398437.html|title=The Usual Suspect- Business News|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=17 March 2020 |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>

In May 2020, ED filed a charge sheet and named 7 individuals and 5 companies
Individuals:
• Rana Kapoor
• Bindu Kapoor (W/o Rana Kapoor)
• Roshni Kapoor (Daughter of Rana Kapoor)
• Radha Kapoor (Daughter of Rana Kapoor)
• Rakhee Kapoor (Daughter of Rana Kapoor)
• Dheeraj Wadhawan (DHFL promoter)
• Pankaj Wadhawan (DHFL promoter)

Companies:
• Morgan Credit Pvt. Ltd (MCPL) – a “promoter company of Yes Bank” and owned by Rana Kapoor’s daughters.
• Yes Capital Pvt. Ltd (YCPL) – a “promoter company of Yes Bank” and owned by Rana Kapoor’s daughters.
• RAB Enterprises was an investment company & owned by Rana Kapoor’s wife.
• Dewan Housing Finance Limited
• RKW Developers – owned by Dheeraj Wadhawan
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sureshotfinance.com/yes-bank-fraud-case/|title=The YES Bank Fraud case: A story full of tragedies|date=12 July 2020|work=Sure Shot Finance|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref>

Currently Kapoor is held at Taloja Jail, [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/yes-banks-kapoor-sent-to-taloja-jail/articleshow/74739291.cms|title=Yes Bank's Rana Kapoor sent to Taloja jail |date=21 March 2020|first=Rebecca |last=Samervel |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> Kapoor's bail application in the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering]] case filed on the grounds that he is keeping poor health and is at the risk of contracting [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]], was rejected by Mumbai Court in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/yes-bank-founder-rana-kapoors-interim-bail-plea-rejected/articleshow/74969840.cms?from=mdr|title=Yes Bank founder Rana Kapoor's interim bail plea rejected|date=3 April 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>

On 4 August 2023, the Supreme Court refused to entertain bail plea of Yes Bank founder Rana Kapoor in a money-laundering case against him. The apex court noted that this case rocked the entire financial system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=4 August 2023 |title=Supreme Court denies bail to Yes Bank founder Rana Kapoor |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/yes-bank-case-rana-kapoor-supreme-court-shares-of-yes-bank-stock-market-11691127815933.html |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kapoor resides in Mumbai and is married to Bindu Kapoor. They have three daughters, Radha Kapoor Khanna, Rakhee Kapoor Tandon, and Roshini Kapoor.<ref name="Radha, Rakhee, Roshini & Anniket">{{cite news|title=Radha, Rakhee & Roshini|url=http://www.weddingsutra.com/blog/index.php/2012/04/04/rana-kapoor-hosts-a-glittering-engagement-ceremony-in-delhi|website=Weddingsutra.com|access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] named his wife, Bindu, and all three daughters, as co-accused in the 2020 case of money laundering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/news/rana-kapoors-daughters-who-said-no-to-banking-are-now-in-the-dock-with-yes-bank-crisis/articleshow/74549729.cms|title=The three Kapoor sisters who said 'no' to banking are now in the dock with Yes Bank crisis|website=Business Insider|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>

Ashok Kapur, with whom Kapoor co-founded Yes Bank, is his wife's sister's husband.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sptulsian.com/f/cf/the-story-of-yes-bank---more-than-a-soap-opera|title=THE STORY OF YES BANK - MORE THAN A SOAP OPERA|website=www.sptulsian.com|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>

== Awards and achievements ==
* AAAI felicitated Kapoor with the award for pioneering banking & financing solutions to the Media and Communications Industry in the year 2018 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rana-kapoor-felicitated-with-outstanding-brand-builder-award-by-aaai/articleshow/63734769.cms?from=mdr | title= RANA KAPOOR FELICITATED WITH OUTSTANDING BRAND BUILDER AWARD BY AAAI | newspaper = The Economic Times | date= 15 May 2019 | accessdate = 15 May 2019 }}</ref>
* Asian Banker CEO Leadership Achievement Award for India during the 3-Year period, 2011-2013<ref>{{Cite press release|url= https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/rana-kapoor--yes-bank-receive-top-honours-at-the-asian-banker-leadership-achievement-awards-2013-in-jakarta-indonesia-205768641.html | title = Rana Kapoor & YES BANK Receive Top Honours at the Asian Banker Leadership Achievement Awards 2013 in Jakarta, Indonesia | publisher = PR Newswire | accessdate = 2 May 2013}}</ref>
* Entrepreneurial Banker of the Decade by Bombay Management Association in 2001-2010<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-corporate/rana-kapoor-md-ceo-yes-bank-receives-the-wtc-award-114062400724_1.html | title = Rana Kapoor - MD & CEO, YES BANK receives the WTC Award | publisher = Indiainfolin | accessdate = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>
* Best CEO-BFSI Hall of Fame:2014 IMM-JJ Awards for Excellence
* Received the SKOCH Award for significant contributions to Public Policies for Infrastructure Growth and National Development (2015)
* Exemplary Contribution To Entrepreneurship & Innovation by [[London Business School]]<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/London-Business-School-LBS-felicitates-Rana-Kapoor-for-Exemplary-Contribution-to-Entrepreneurship-Innovation-/02-06-2016-98743/ | title = London Business School (LBS) Felicitates Rana Kapoor For "Exemplary Contribution To Entrepreneurship & Innovation" | publisher = Businessworld | accessdate = 27 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Rana}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Former billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Rutgers University alumni]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]
[[Category:Yes Bank]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti

2025-09-22T23:19:57Z

Lorrine11I: stub

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Arvind Babbal]]
| developer =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Usha Dixit
| story = Purnendu Shekhar
| screenplay = Anjali Bahura
| director =
| creative_director = Neelakshi Naithani Mona Raj Ahuja
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Siddhaanth Vir Surryavanshi]]
* [[Neha Marda]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = Adil-Prashant
| opentheme =
| composer =
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 254 
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Arvind Babbal]] Rekha Babbal
| cinematography =
| editor = Avadh Narayan Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22–24 minutes
| company = Arvind Babbal Productions
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|12|14|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2021|11|05}}
}}

'''''Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti''''' (English: “Why There is Likeness and Unlikeness Between The Relationship?” ) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama]] television series broadcasting on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/12/zee-tv-launches-new-fiction-show-kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti/|title=Zee TV launches new fiction show 'Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti'|website=Bestmediainfo.com}}</ref> It premiered on 14 December 2020 and produced by [[Arvind Babbal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/its-reel-character-but-real-impact-for-neha-marda-186917|title=It's reel character, but real impact for Neha Marda|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/neha-marda-on-making-a-comeback-with-new-show-kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti/videoshow/79683832.cms|title=Neha Marda on making a comeback with new show Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> It is starring [[Siddhaanth Vir Surryavanshi]] and [[Neha Marda]]. It replaced [[Dil Yeh Ziddi Hai]] and was later replaced by [[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Avinesh Rekhi's 'Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na' to replace 'Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti' on TV {{!}} Hot News - Bharat Times English News |work=Bharat Times English News |url=https://eng.bharattimes.co.in/avinesh-rekhis-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na-to-replace-kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti-on-tv-hot-news/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot==
This is a story of a married couple who used to be in love and got married without the permission of their parents, they have two kids; a boy and a girl, but the husband has an extramarital affair with a girl named Samaira who is his boss. After the family finds out about it and the son goes into depression, the wife decides to make her own name as she has sacrificed everything for her husband and kids.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Siddhaanth Vir Surryavanshi]] as Kuldeep Chaddha—Shubhra's husband, Samaira's lover, Roli and Rishi's father (2020–2021)
* [[Neha Marda]] as Shubhra Chaddha—Kuldeep's wife, Harsh's love interest, Roli and Rishi's mother (2020–2021)
* [[Yash Sinha]] as Dr. Harsh (2021)

===Recurring===
* Pratyaksh Panwar as Rishi Chaddha: Kuldeep and Shubhra's son, Roli's brother (2020–2021)
* Mannat Murgai as Roli Chaddha: Kuldeep and Shubhra's daughter, Rishi's sister (2020–2021)
* Sapna Thakur as Samaira: Kuldeep's mistress and Vedika's Biological Mother(2020–2021)
* Himanshu Gokani as Sadashivnarayan Gokhale: Shubhra's father, Kuldeep's father-in-law, Rishi and Roli's grandfather (2020–2021)
* Poornima Bhave Talwalkar as Madhura Sadashivnarayan Gokhale: Shubhra's mother, Kuldeep's mother-in-law, Rishi and Roli's grandmother (2020–2021)
* [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]] as Chandrani Chaddha: Kuldeep's mother, Shubhra's mother-in-law, Rishi and Roli's grandmother (2020–2021)
* Bhagyashree Dalvi as Sanjana: Shubhra's friend and neighbor (2020–2021)
* Gaurav Ghatnekar as Anant :Samira's Ex-boyfriend and vedika's Father and chandrani's tenant (2021)
*Priya Rajpoot as Phirkee: Samaira's maid (2020–2021)

==Production==
===Development===
[[Arvind Babbal]]'s series was supposed to premiere in March 2020. However, because of the [[COVID-19]] outbreak, the production and filming of the television series were stalled. But, due to imposed lockdown which extended, it could not be resumed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/shoot-zee-tv-show-kyun-rishton-main-katti-batti-resumes-covid-break/2020/08/05|title=Shoot of Zee TV show Kyun Rishton Main Katti Batti resumes after COVID break|website=Iwmbuzz.com|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> When the shootings of the series were permitted from July 2020, the production and filming of the series resumed and the team decides to release the series in August or October. But after a large delay, the series premiered on 14 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/zee-tv-s-kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti-launch-date-200915|title=Zee TV's Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti to launch on THIS date|website=Tllychakkar.com}}</ref> It produced by [[Arvind Babbal]], who owns the producing studio, Arvind Babbal Productions.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tellychakkar.com/spoiler-alert/kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti-madhura-kuldeeps-marital-life-hit-rock-bottom-201216|title=Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti Madhura Kuldeeps marital life hit rock bottom|website=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-announces-launch-details-for-kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti/|title=ZEE TV announces launch details for 'Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti'|website=Bizasialive.com|date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

===Casting===
It is about a family drama stars [[Siddhaanth Vir Surryavanshi]], who plays Kuldeep, for his role producers wanted him to have a businessman and fatherly look, so the team planned to make him look like a desirable man with a strong physique.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/post-surgery-siddhaanth-vir-surryavanshi-undergoes-a-massive-transformation-for-kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti/articleshow/74953832.cms|title=Post-surgery, Siddhaanth Vir Surryavanshi undergoes a massive transformation for 'Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti'|website=The Times of India|date=2 April 2020 }}</ref> Thus began Siddhaanth's transformation, where he had to lose some of his [[body fat]], build abs and gain some muscle. For the same, he went on a diet and worked out regularly for a period of six months and had to commit to play Kuldeep's character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/dads-can-look-sexy-too-feels-siddhaanth-vir-surryavanshi/article_0a55b0ca-7dca-11ea-a286-433703e9e859.html|title=Dads Can Look Sexy Too, Feels Siddhaanth Vir Surryavanshi|website=India West|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=17 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417165112/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/dads-can-look-sexy-too-feels-siddhaanth-vir-surryavanshi/article_0a55b0ca-7dca-11ea-a286-433703e9e859.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Neha Marda]], who plays Shubhra Chaddha, made her comeback after two years in television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/part-kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti-increases-urge-become-mother-real-life-neha-marda/2020/12/23|title=Being a part of Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti increases my urge to become a mother in real life: Neha Marda|website=Iwmbuzz.com|date=23 December 2020}}</ref> The team approached [[Priyamvada Kant]] in the role of Samaira. But she was replaced by Sapna Thakur before the series was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-fame-sapna-thakur-replaces-priyamvada-kant-arvind-babbals-next-zee-tv/2020/02/27|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein fame Sapna Thakur replaces Priyamvada Kant in Arvind Babbal's next for Zee TV|website=Iwmbuzz.com|date=27 February 2020}}</ref> Actress Neha Marda quit the show on 13 October 2021 due to her Personal Issues. The producers decided to take a leap in a show where Neha was supposed to play the role of Her Character's daughter in the show, but when she decided to quit, the producers decided to cancel the show in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-heres-why-neha-marda-went-missing-from-her-tv-show-kyun-rishton-main-katti-batti/articleshow/87392925.cms|title = Exclusive! Here's why Neha Marda went missing from her TV show Kyun Rishton Main Katti Batti - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=30 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Times of India]] quoted the series that “The series depicts the emotions and happiness between the family”.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/siddhaanth-vir-surryavanshi-for-me-and-my-family-its-been-a-tradition-to-beautifully-set-up-the-christmas-tree/articleshow/79955170.cms|title=A New Family soap Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti to launch 14 December|website=The Times of India|date=25 December 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|13098662}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti/0-6-2583 ''Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]

Target Olympic Podium Scheme

2025-05-27T19:19:26Z

Lorrine11I: new

{{Short description|Indian initiative to promote sports}}

'''Target Olympic Podium Scheme''' ('''TOPS''') is a [[List of schemes of the government of India|scheme created by Government of India]] to promote sports in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2020-07-25 |title=India will be in top-10 in Los Angeles Olympics: Kiren Rijiju |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/india-will-be-in-top-10-in-los-angeles-olympics-kiren-rijiju/article32190557.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In September 2014, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India started a scheme to train and promote high-performance athletes with a target of getting medals at the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. It constituted a committee called as TOPS Elite Athletes’ Identification Committee to identify the elite athletes who can be supported in their training to get the Olympic medals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=What is Target Olympic Podium Scheme? |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/what-is-target-olympic-podium-scheme-602619.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> TOPS was expanded to include junior athletes in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchandani |first=Haresh |date=2021-04-14 |title=All you need to know about the Indian government's Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-indian-government-s-target-olympic-podium-scheme-tops |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

TOPS, along with other nationwide sports initiatives such as [[Khelo India]], have been recognized as improving India's performance at major sporting events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schemes such as TOPS, Khelo India power Indian sports into a new era |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1084052 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Fit India Movement]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*TOPS at [https://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/sai/target-olympic-podium Sports Authority of India]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]

Rithal

2025-05-17T20:11:30Z

Lorrine11I: added info

{{Short description|Village in Haryana, India}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
'''Rithal''' is a village in [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] district of [[Haryana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is located 22 km from Rohtak. Initially it was a part of [[Sonipat district]], however for a long time{{when|reason=How long?|date=October 2022}} it has been in the Rohtak District. This is one of the very few villages which has two panchayats (Rithal [[Phogat]] and Rithal Narwal). Villagers work in various fields such as agriculture, armed forces, information technology, banking, business and in various government departments.

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0045.jpg|School of village Rithal.
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0001.jpg|Very old Tree from Village Rithal
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0002.jpg|This is Pond of village of Rithal, in local language we call it "JOHAD" the name of this Pond is "DITHHYA".
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0003.jpg|This photo is from temple "Ram Wala".
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0005.jpg|Shiv temple of Rithal Narwal
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0017.jpg|Hard work in fields
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0025.jpg|Shiv Temple of Rithal Phogat
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0053.jpg|Canal of Rithal Village.
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0068.jpg|View of Rithal
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0079.jpg|Temple of Rithal village
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0080.jpg|One more Pond of village Rithal (Johad). Name of this pond is "Nya Johad".
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0046.jpg|Punjab National Bank Branch in village Rithal
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0061.jpg|view of village rithal
|File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0063.jpg|Gehun Nikalna
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rithal.com Rithal.com]

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Villages in Rohtak district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

St. John's Medical College

2025-04-26T10:42:20Z

Lorrine11I: quick fixed content as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Prataparudra

2025-03-26T03:35:17Z

Lorrine11I:

{{Short description|Maharaja of the Kakatiya Kingdom from 1289 to 1323}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| succession = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Monarch]]
| reign = 1289 – 9 November 1323
| predecessor = [[Rudramadevi]]
| dynasty = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]]
| birth_date = 1244 or 1254
| death_date = 1323
| death_place = [[Narmada River]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| father = Mahadeva
| mother = Mummadamma
| spouse = Visalakshi Lakshmidevi
}}

'''Pratāparudra''' (r. c. 1289–1323) was the last monarch of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of India. He ruled the eastern part of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], with his capital at [[Warangal]].

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother [[Rudramadevi|Rudrama]] as the Kakatiya monarch. In the first half of his reign, he subjugated the insubordinate chiefs who had asserted their independence during his grandmother's reign. He also achieved successes against the neighbouring kingdoms of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas (Seunas)]], the [[Pandya kingdom|Pandyas]] and [[Kampili kingdom|Kampili]].

In 1310, he faced [[Siege of Warangal, 1310|an invasion]] from the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and agreed to become a [[tributary state|tributary]] of the Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]]. After Alauddin's death, he stopped making tribute payments, but a [[Siege of Warangal (1318)|1318 invasion]] forced him to pay tribute to Alauddin's son [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Mubarak Shah]]. After the end of the Khalji dynasty, he again withheld the tribute payments to Delhi. This prompted the new Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] to order a [[Siege of Warangal, 1323|1323 invasion]] that ended the Kakatiya dynasty and resulted in the annexation of their kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate.

== Early life ==

According to ''Telugu-rajula-charitramu'', Prataparudra was born in the [[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 1166 (1244 CE); this may be a mistake for Shaka 1176 (1254 CE). The earliest record to mention him is his grandmother [[Rudramadevi|Rudrama]]'s 1261 CE Malkapuram inscription.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=634}}

His mother Mummadamma was the eldest daughter of Rudrama and the [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Chalukya]] prince Virabhadra. His father Mahadeva was a Kakatiya prince. Prataparudra succeeded Rudramadevi on the Kakatiya throne.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=128}}

Earlier historians believed that Rudramadevi ruled until 1295, because some records before this year name Prataparudra as Kumara-Rudra (Prince Rudra).{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=129}} However, a later inscription discovered at [[Chandupatla]] confirms that Rudramadevi died some days before 27 November 1289, the date of the inscription.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=125}}{{sfn|B. Satyanarayana Singh|1999|p=3}} Moreover, some records before 1295 (such as the 1292 Inkirala inscription) call Prataparudra a [[Maharaja]]. It appears that Prataparudra continued to be called Kumara-Rudra for some years after ascending the throne, because this was a familiar usage.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=129}} Prataparudra’s chief queen was Visalakshi; ''Pratapa-charitra'', a late legendary account of the Kakatiya kings refers twice to this queen.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=140}} Lakshmidevi was another queen of this king mentioned in an inscription found in the village Yelgedu in the present-day Karimnagar district.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=140}}

Prataparudra had been associated with his grandmother's military campaigns and administration, which helped him gain the acceptance of the nobles after ascending the throne.{{sfn|N. Venkataramanayya|P. V. P. Sastry|1957|p=226}}

== Subjugation of Ambadeva and his allies ==

During the reign of Prataparudra's predecessor Rudramadevi, [[Ambadeva]] – a [[Kayastha]] feudatory of the Kakatiyas – had set up an independent kingdom with support from the neighbouring [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava (Seuna)]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] dynasties.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=126}} Soon after ascending the throne, Prataparudra reorganized the Kakatiya military, and launched expeditions against Ambadeva and his allies.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|pp=129-130}}

Prataparudra first sent his army to Vikramasimhapura (modern [[Nellore]]), which was ruled by Ambadeva's appointee Manuma Gandagopala. The attack was led by Adidamu Mallu, an officer (''dakshinabhuja-danda'') of the Kakatiya commander-in-chief (''sakala-senadhipati'') Somayadula Rudradeva. Manuma was defeated and killed in battle. He was succeeded by Madhurantaka Pottapi Choda Ranganatha (alias Raja-Gandagopala), whose rule is attested by inscriptions dated to 1290 ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] 1212). Prataparudra formed an alliance with Raja-Gandagopala.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=130}}

In 1291–92 (Shaka 1213), Prataparudra sent an army to [[Tripuranthakam|Tripurantakam]]. The army was led by Manuma Gannaya (son of Kolani Soma-mantri), and Annayadeva (Prataparudra's cousin and son of Induluri Peda Gannaya-mantri). Epigraphic evidence suggests that as a result of this attack, Ambadeva had to retreat southwards to the Mulikinadu region: his last inscription at Tripurantakam is dated Shaka 1213, and an inscription of Induluri Annayadeva is dated two months later in the same year.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=130}} The Kayasthas seem to have ruled Mulikanadu independently for the next few years, as the inscriptions of Ambadeva's son Tripurari II do not mention Prataparudra as his overlord. In 1309, Prataparudra sent an expedition to Mulikinadu, which resulted in the end of the Kayastha rule. The region was annexed to the Kakatiya kingdom, and Somaya Nayaka was made its governor.{{sfn|N. Venkataramanayya|P. V. P. Sastry|1957|p=226}}

Prataparudra also sent an expedition against the Yadavas (Seunas), who had supported Ambadeva. The [[Nellore Chodas|Telugu Chola]] Manuma Gandagopala (not to be confused with Manuma Gandagopala of Nellore) participated in this expedition. His [[Narasaraopet]] inscription calls him "the wild fire to the bamboo-like army of the Seunas". The 1294 [[Raichur Fort]] inscription of the Kakatiya feudatory Gona Vithala states that Vithala captured the Adavani and Tumbala forts in the present-day [[Bellary district]], and Manuva and Haluva in the [[Raichur Doab]]. Finally, he took control of the city of Raichur, where he erected strong fortifications to protect the city.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=131}}

Meanwhile, Raja-Gandagopala betrayed Prataparudra, and formed an alliance with the Pandyas.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=130}} To punish him, Prataparudra sent a second expedition to Nellore, led by the Telugu Chola chief Manuma Gandagopala. The Kakatiya army won the ensuing battle: a 1297–98 (Shaka 1219) inscription of Manuma states that he drank "the ocean of the Dravida (Pandya) army" like a massive fire.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=131}}

== Alauddin Khalji's invasion ==

{{main|Siege of Warangal (1310)}}

In the early 13th century, the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region was an immensely wealthy area, having been shielded from the foreign Muslim armies that had ransacked and razed northern India.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=186}} In 1296, [[Alauddin Khalji]], a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], had successfully [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|raided Devagiri]], the capital of the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]], who were the western neighbours of the Kakatiyas. Alauddin forced the Yadava monarch [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] to become his tributary, and shortly after, used the war booty from Devagiri to usurp the throne of Delhi. The huge plunder obtained from Devagiri prompted Alauddin to plan an invasion of the Kakatiya capital Warangal in 1301, but the untimely death of his general [[Ulugh Khan]] made him defer this plan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}}

In late 1302 or early 1303, Alauddin sent his generals Malik Juna and Malik Chajju on an invasion of Warangal. By the time the Khalji army returned to Delhi, it had suffered severe losses in men and material.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}} The Delhi Sultanate chronicles do not mention how and where the army suffered these losses. According to the 14th century chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], the army had managed to reach Warangal, but decided to return because the rainy season had started.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=97}} The 16th century chronicler [[Firishta]] states that this army was ordered to reach Warangal via [[Bengal]]. Historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] theorizes that Delhi met with a humiliating defeat in Bengal,{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=93}} which was ruled by [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah|Shamsuddin Firoz]];{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=97}} an embarrassed Alauddin decided to keep this failure a secret, which explains Barani's narrative.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=97}} On the other hand, [[P. V. Parabrahma Sastry|P. V. P. Sastry]] believes that a Kakatiya army repulsed the invaders at Upparapalli. His theory is based on ''Velugoṭivāri-Vamṣavāli'', which states that two Kakatiya commanders — the [[Velama]] chief Vena and Potugamti Maili — destroyed the pride of the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s (Turkics, that is, the Khaljis).{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=132}}

Around 1308, Alauddin sent his general [[Malik Kafur]] to invade Devagiri, after Ramachandra discontinued the tribute payments promised in 1296. Malik Kafur returned to Delhi after [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|defeating the Yadavas]], and forcing Ramachandra to become Alauddin's vassal. Prataparudra determined that the Delhi Sultanate forces were likely to invade [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] again, and therefore, he reorganized his defence set-up. He is said to have raised an army of 900,000 archers, 20,000 horses and 100 elephants. Despite these preparations, when Malik Kafur invaded Warangal in 1310, Prataparudra was forced to negotiate a truce. He surrendered a substantial amount of wealth to the invaders, and agreed to become a tributary to Alauddin. Subsequently, he maintained friendly relations with Alauddin.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=132}}

== Southern campaigns ==
{{See also|Prataparudra's Southern Campaign}}

Taking advantage of the Khalji invasion, the Kakatiya vassals at the frontier provinces asserted independence.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=132}} When Mallideva, the Vaidumba chief of Gandikota, attempted to overthrow his suzerainty, Prataparudra sent his general Juttaya Lemka Gomkya Reddi to Gandikota. Reddi defeated Mallideva, and was appointed governor of Gandikota and its surrounding areas.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=133}}

Another insubordinate chief was Ranganatha, the [[Telugu Cholas|Telugu Chola]] ruler of [[Nellore]]. In 1311, Prataparudra's overlord Alauddin asked him to contribute forces to [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom]]. On his way to the Pandya territory, Prataparudra visited Ranganatha's territory, and suppressed the rebellion.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=133}}

By the mid-1310s, the Pandya kingdom had been weakened by a war of succession between the brothers Sundara Pandya and Vira Pandya, and the Muslim raids. After Alauddin's death in 1316, the Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala]] launched a fresh invasion of the Pandya territory. According to a [[Draksharama|Daksharama]] inscription, the Kakatiya commander Peda Rudra defeated Ballala and his allies — Shambhuvaraya of Padaividu and Yadavaraya of Chandragiri. After this victory, he occupied [[Kanchi]] in the Pandya territory.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=133}}

When the Pandya forces tried to evict the Kakatiyas from Kanchi, Prataparudra himself led an army against them, supported by his generals Muppidinayaka, Recherla Era Dacha, Manavira, and Devarinayaka. The Pandyas were forced to retreat after a battle near Kanchi.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=133}} The Kakatiya general Devarinayaka penetrated further into the Pandya territory, and defeated Vira Pandya and his ally Malayala Tiruvadi Ravivarman Kulashekhara.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|pp=133-134}} The Kakatiyas then reinstated Sundara Pandya at Viradhavala. To commemorate his victory, Devarinayaka granted the Salakalavidu village to [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sriranganatha]] in 1317.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=134}}

== Mubarak Shah's invasion ==

{{main|Siege of Warangal, 1318}}

After Alauddin's death, Malik Kafur installed Alauddin's minor son [[Shihab-ud-din Omar]] as a puppet monarch on the throne of Delhi. However, Alauddin's elder son [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah]] soon killed Kafur, and became the Sultan. By this time, Ramachandra's son-in-law Harapaladeva had rebelled at Devagiri, and Prataparudra had stopped sending tribute payments to the Khaljis. Mubarak Shah suppressed the rebellion at Devagiri, and then sent his general [[Khusrau Khan]] to Warangal in 1318.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=134}} Prataparudra did not offer much resistance, and made a tribute payment in the form of 100 elephants, 12,000 horses, gold, and precious stones. In addition, he agreed to cede five districts of his kingdom to Mubarak Shah.{{sfn|N. Venkataramanayya|P. V. P. Sastry|1957|p=226}}

== War against Kampili ==

Meanwhile, the Hoysala king Ballala invaded the [[Kampili kingdom|Kampili]] kingdom located at the juncture of the Kakatiya, Hoysala and the Delhi Sultanate (formerly Yadava) territories. According to the [[Kannada language]] text ''Kumara-Ramanasangatya'', the Kampili prince [[Kumara Rama]] sought Prataparudra's assistance against Ballala. Prataparudra refused to help him and his father [[Kampilideva|Kampiliraya]], leading to a rivalry between the two kingdoms. Sometime later, Kumara Rama forcibly occupied the western part of the Kakatiya kingdom, and Prataparudra responded by waging a war against Kampili.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=134}}

According to [[Srinatha]]'s [[Telugu language]] text ''Bhimesvara-Puranamu'', Prataparudra's commander Prolaya Annaya destroyed the Kampili capital [[Kammata Durga|Kummata]].{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=134}} Kotikanti Raghava, a son of the Aravidu chief Tata Pinnama (who was probably a Kakatiya feudatory), is credited with having defeated Kampiliraya. These accounts suggest that Prataparudra won battles against Kampili, but he does not appear to have gained any tangible benefit from these victories.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=135}}

== Tughluq invasion ==

{{main|Siege of Warangal, 1323}}

Meanwhile, in Delhi, Khusrau Khan murdered Mubarak Shah, and usurped the throne of Delhi in 1320. He was dethroned by a group of rival nobles, and [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] became the new Sultan. According to the 16th century chronicler [[Firishta]], Prataparudra had stopped sending tributes to Delhi by this time. Therefore, Ghiyath al-Din sent his son Ulugh Khan (later [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]) to Warangal in 1323. Prataparudra put up a strong resistance this time, but ultimately retreated to his capital Warangal. Ulugh Khan besieged Warangal, while another part of the Delhi army led by Abu-Riza besieged [[Kotgiri|Kotagiri]].{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=135}}

During the siege, a false rumour about Ghiyath al-Din's death in Delhi caused a rebellion in Ulugh Khan's army, and he had to retreat from Warangal. The Kakatiya army plundered his camp, and pursued him till Kotagiri, where Abu Riza came to his rescue. Ulugh Khan ultimately retreated to Devagiri.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|pp=136-138}}

Prataparudra believed that he had achieved a decisive victory, and let his guard down.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=139}} However, Ghiyath al-Din sent reinforcements to Devagiri, and instructed Ulugh Khan to launch a fresh attack on Warangal. Within four months, Ulugh Khan besieged the fort again, and this time, Prataparudra had to surrender.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|pp=138-139}}

== Death ==

Ulugh Khan sent an imprisoned Prataparudra and his family members to Delhi, escorted by a contingent led by the Tughluq lieutenants Qadir Khan and Khawaja Haji.{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=139}} The Tughluq court historian Shams-i-Siraj Arif simply states that Prataparudra died en route to Delhi. The 1330 Vilasa inscription of [[Musunuri Nayaks|Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka]] states that Prataparudra died on the banks of the Somodbhava ([[Narmada River|Narmada]]) river, while being taken to Delhi as a captive. The 1423 Kaluvacheru inscription of the [[Reddy dynasty|Reddi]] queen Anitalli mentions that he "departed to the world of Gods by his own desire."{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=140}} When taken together, these accounts suggest that Prataparudra committed suicide on the banks of the [[Narmada River]] while being taken to Delhi as a prisoner.{{sfn|Richard M. Eaton|2005|p=21}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=B. Satyanarayana Singh |title=The Art and Architecture of the Kākatīyas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SujVAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-34-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513661-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=P. V. P. Sastry |chapter=The Kākatīyas |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
* {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=M. Somasekhara Sarma |chapter=The Kakatiyas of Warangal |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts VII–XI |volume=IX: The Kākatīyas of Warangal |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0D5RAAACAAJ |oclc=59001459 |isbn=9788170691259 |ref={{harvid|Ghulam Yazdani|1960}} }}
* {{cite book |author=P. V. P. Sastry|author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry |editor=N. Ramesan |title=The Kākatiyas of Warangal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |oclc=252341228 }}
* {{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780521254847 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC }}
{{ref end}}

{{Kakatiya dynasty}}

[[Category:Kakatiya monarchs]]
[[Category:1323 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]

A Farmer's Ghost

2025-03-02T16:04:39Z

Lorrine11I: fix structure after review and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Anju Makhija]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Uttarakhand red rice

2025-02-26T10:36:05Z

Lorrine11I:

{{Short description|Type of non-Basmati aromatic rice from Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Uttarakhand lal chawal (red rice) - उत्तराखंड लाल चावल
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names = Garhwali red rice, Lal Chawal
| description =Uttarakhand lal chawal (red rice) is an aromatic rice cultivated in [[Uttarakhand]]
| type =[[Aromatic rice]]
| area = Uttarakhand
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 8 November 2023
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/852|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Uttarakhand ''lal chawal'' (red rice)''' is a variety of non-[[Basmati]], aromatic, red colored [[rice]] mainly grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. This rice variety is grown in the high-altitude regions of Uttarakhand. It is a common and widely cultivated crop in Purola, Mori, and surrounding areas in [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]] district.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Uttarkashi’s red rice gets 2nd spot in ODOP Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarkashis-red-rice-2nd-spot-in-odop-awards-2023/articleshow/106558238.cms |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=5 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=On-farm status of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genetic resources in Garhwal Himalaya of Uttarakhand, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271738723_On-farm_status_of_rice_Oryza_sativa_L_genetic_resources_in_Garhwal_Himalaya_of_Uttarakhand_India |website=ResearchGate GmbH |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Purola Story: How an Uttarakhand town discovered ‘love jihad’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/the-purola-story-how-an-uttarakhand-town-discovered-love-jihad-8682339/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kalyanaraman |first1=Srini |title=श्येन syenaciti vedi discovered in Purola, Uttarakhand and links with pola 'magnetite', polad, faulad 'steel', on Vedic River Sarasvati Basin |url=https://www.academia.edu/20376562/%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_syenaciti_vedi_discovered_in_Purola_Uttarakhand_and_links_with_pola_magnetite_polad_faulad_steel_on_Vedic_River_Sarasvati_Basin |website=Academia |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice)".<ref name=":0" />

==Name==
Uttarakhand ''lal chawal'' is a prized crop in Uttarakhand and so named after it. The word "laal" means red (referring to its color) and "chawal" means rice in the state language of [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kandavel |first1=Sangeetha |title=Products from Uttarakhand bag GI tags |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/products-from-uttarakhand-bag-gi-tags/article67518091.ece |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=9 November 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Local name===
It is known locally as [[Garhwal division|Ghadwali]] red rice, or simply as Laal Chawal.<ref name=":1" />

==Description==
Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice) from the [[Himalayas]] is distinct in taste, texture, color, aroma, and flavor. This uniqueness is attributed to the heavy rainfall in the high-altitude regions and organic cultivation methods.<ref>{{cite news |title=Try this recipe for nutritious Ghadwali red rice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/nutrition/recipe-gluten-free-ghadwali-red-rice-5334267/#:~:text=cuisines%20of%20India.-,Ghadwali%20red%20rice%2C%20more%20popularly%20known%20as%20Laal%20Chawal%2C%20is,as%20it%20is%20gluten%2Dfree.&text=Bring%20water%20to%20a%20boil,with%20a%20ladle%20before%20serving. |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> These conditions nourish the rice, resulting in a firm texture, nutty flavor, and distinct aroma.<ref name=":1" />

Some of the characteristics of this rice are:<ref name=":0" />

===Nutritional and health benefits===
* It offers numerous nutritional and health benefits, being rich in fiber, minerals, antioxidants, Vitamin B1, and Vitamin E, with 10 times more antioxidants than regular rice, and is also a good source of iron. Its health benefits include fighting cholesterol due to the presence of 'monacolin K', aiding in weight management by providing energy and facilitating faster food breakdown, and supporting digestive health through its dietary fiber, which helps eliminate toxins and supports nutrient absorption.

===Culinary uses===
* It is used to make milk '[[Kheer]]' and [[Jeera bhaat|Jeera rice]].

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 8 November 2023.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice) |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/852 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=18 products of Uttarakhand including Manduwa, Jhangora, red rice get GI tag |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/18-products-of-uttarakhand-including-manduwa-jhangora-red-rice-get-gi-tag20231204202026/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=18 more U’khand products get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-distributes-gi-tag-certificates-for-18-more-products/articleshow/105741728.cms |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

Bhagirathi Annapurna Sabji Utpadak Swayat Sahakarita from Uttarkashi, proposed the GI registration of Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice). After filing the application in March 2022, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice)" exclusive to the rice grown in the region. It thus became the first rice variety from Uttarakhand and the 14th type of goods from Uttarakhand to earn the GI tag.

The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
* [[Mushqbudji rice]]
* [[Adamchini Chawal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Rice varieties of India]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttarakhand]]

2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy

2024-12-17T03:55:02Z

Lorrine11I:

{{Short description|Domestic cricket competition}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
|name = 2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy
|fromdate = 11 October
|todate = 5 November 2022
|administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
|cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]]
|tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament]] and [[Playoff format|Playoff]]
|host = {{flag|India}}
|champions = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|count = 11
|runner up = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|participants = 37
|matches = 129
|most runs = Disha Kasat (300)
|most wickets = [[Anjali Sarvani]] (17)
|website = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/238/senior-womens-t20-trophy bcci.tv]
|previous_year = 2021–22
|previous_tournament = 2021–22 Senior Women's T20 Trophy
|next_year = 2023–24
|next_tournament = 2023–24 Senior Women's T20 Trophy
}}
The '''2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy''' was the 14th edition of the [[Senior Women's T20 Trophy]], the domestic [[Women's Twenty20|women's T20 competition]] in [[Cricket in India|India]]. The tournament took place between 11 October and 5 November 2022, with 37 teams divided into five groups. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]], the defending champions, won the tournament, claiming their eleventh T20 title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2022/23 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/238/senior-womens-t20-trophy |access-date=9 October 2022|website=BCCI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian women’s domestic cricket schedule: Women’s IPL in March 2023, other tournaments to finish by February 21 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/ipl-women-in-march-2023-t20-challenger-in-november-indian-womens-cricket-domestic-calendar/article65856726.ece |access-date=9 October 2022|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

==Competition format==
37 teams competed in the tournament, divided into two groups of eight and three groups of seven, playing each other side in their group once. The winner of each group progressed straight to the quarter-finals, whilst the second-placed team in each group and the best third-placed team progressed to the pre-quarter-finals. Matches were played using a [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] format.

The groups worked on a points system with positions within the groups being based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:

'''Win''': 4 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 2 points. 
'''Loss''': 0 points. 
'''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points.

If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then [[Net Run Rate]].

==League stage==
===Points tables===
{{col-start}}
{{col-3}}
====Group A====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] '''(Q)'''
|7 ||6 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''24'''|| +2.131
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]] '''(Q)'''
|7 ||4 ||2 ||0 ||1 ||'''18'''|| +0.809
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|7 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||3 ||'''18'''|| +2.090
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|7 ||4 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.175
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|7 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||2 ||'''16'''|| +0.225
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|7 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||1 ||'''10'''|| –0.310
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|7 ||1 ||5 ||0 ||1 ||'''6'''|| –1.785
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|7 ||1 ||6 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –2.181
|}

====Group B====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(Q)'''
|7 ||6 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||'''26'''|| +2.792
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] '''(Q)'''
|7 ||5 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||'''22'''|| +1.139
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] '''(Q)'''
|7 ||5 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +1.159
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|7 ||4 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.473
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|7 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||1 ||'''10'''|| –0.738
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|7 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||1 ||'''10'''|| +0.208
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|7 ||1 ||5 ||0 ||1 ||'''6'''|| –1.514
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|7 ||0 ||6 ||0 ||1 ||'''2'''|| –4.524
|}

====Group C====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]] '''(Q)'''
|6 ||5 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +0.639
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] '''(Q)'''
|6 ||4 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +1.436
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|6 ||4 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +1.277
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|6 ||3 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| –0.616
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|6 ||3 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| –0.348
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|6 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.761
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|6 ||0 ||6 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –1.194
|}

====Group D====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] '''(Q)'''
|6 ||4 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +1.132
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] '''(Q)'''
|6 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||2 ||'''16'''|| +1.235
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|6 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||1 ||'''14'''|| +0.874
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|6 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||1 ||'''14'''|| +0.734
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|6 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||1 ||'''14'''|| +0.714
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|6 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||1 ||'''6'''|| –1.061
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|6 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||2 ||'''4'''|| –4.733
|}

====Group E====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]] '''(Q)'''
|6 ||5 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +2.179
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] '''(Q)'''
|6 ||4 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.896
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|6 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||1 ||'''14'''|| +1.366
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|6 ||3 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.671
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|6 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||1 ||'''10'''|| –0.508
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|6 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||1 ||'''10'''|| +0.346
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|6 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||1 ||'''2'''|| –6.028
|}
{{col-end}}

*{{color box|border=darkgray|#cfc}} Advanced to the quarter-finals.
*{{color box|border=darkgray|#ffc}} Advanced to the pre-quarter-finals.

:Source: BCCI<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2022/23/Points Table |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/238/senior-womens-t20-trophy |access-date=12 October 2022|website=BCCI}}</ref>

===Fixtures===
====Group A====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/1 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|Hyderabad won by 28 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/2 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|Uttar Pradesh won by 85 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/11 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|Andhra won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/12 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Tripura won by 48 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/18 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|Odisha won by 13 runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/19 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Tripura won by 14 runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/28 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|Uttar Pradesh won by 6 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/29 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|Hyderabad won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/35 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|Match Abandoned
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/36 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|Andhra won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/45 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|Odisha won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/46 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|Nagaland won by 31 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/52 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|No Result
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/53 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|No Result
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/62 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Tripura won by 66 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/63 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|Andhra won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/69 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|Andhra won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/70 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Hyderabad won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/79 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|Meghalaya won by 9 wickets ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/80 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|No Result
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/86 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|Hyderabad won by 13 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/87 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|Andhra won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/96 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|Meghalaya won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/97 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Tripura won by 10 runs
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/103 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Andhra won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/104 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|Odisha won by 25 runs
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/113 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|Nagaland won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/114 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|Uttar Pradesh won by 62 runs
|}

====Group B====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/3 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Gujarat won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/4 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Tamil Nadu won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/13 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|Railways won by 56 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/14 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/20 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|No Result
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/21 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|Match Abandoned
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/30 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Tamil Nadu won by 15 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/31 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|Match Abandoned
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/37 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/38 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Goa won by 28 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/47 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|Railways won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/48 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|Bihar won by 62 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/54 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|Railways won by 82 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/55 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|Tamil Nadu won by 37 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/64 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 88 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/65 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|Goa won by 4 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/71 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|Goa won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/72 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/81 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Jammu and Kashmir won by 95 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/82 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Railways won by 9 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/88 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Tamil Nadu won by 47 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/89 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|Goa won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/98 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Jammu and Kashmir won by 85 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/99 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|Railways won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/105 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/106 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|Railways won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/115 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|Gujarat won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/116 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Tamil Nadu won by 8 wickets
|}

====Group C====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/5 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Pondicherry won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/6 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|Bengal won by 6 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/15 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|Vidarbha won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/22 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|Chandigarh won by 12 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/23 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|Vidarbha won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/32 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|Pondicherry won by 25 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/39 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|Bengal won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/40 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Baroda won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/49 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|Mumbai won by 6 runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/56 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|Mumbai won by 66 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/57 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|Chandigarh won by 36 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/66 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|Vidarbha won by 14 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/73 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|Vidarbha won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/74 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Pondicherry won by 6 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/83 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|Baroda won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/90 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|Mumbai won by 51 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/91 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|Baroda won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/100 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|Bengal won by 80 runs
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/107 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Bengal won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/108 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|Vidarbha won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/117 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|Mumbai won by 12 runs
|}

====Group D====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/7 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|No Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/8 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|Delhi won by 10 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/16 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|Match Abandoned
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/24 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|Karnataka won by 7 runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/25 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|No Result
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/33 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|Match Abandoned
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/41 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|Assam won by 6 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/42 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|Haryana won by 75 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/50 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|Maharashtra won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/58 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|Maharashtra won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/59 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|Karnataka won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/67 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|Himachal Pradesh won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/75 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|Himachal Pradesh won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/76 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|Maharashtra won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/84 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|Haryana won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/92 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|Himachal Pradesh won by 2 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/93 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|Haryana won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/101 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|Delhi won by 3 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/109 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|Delhi won by 93 runs
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/110 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|Karnataka won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/118 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|Maharashtra won by 3 wickets
|}

====Group E====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/17 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|Jharkhand won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/9 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|Chhattisgarh won by 87 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/10 Scorecard]
|11 October
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|Rajasthan won by 14 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/26 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|Jharkhand won by 59 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/27 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|Punjab won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/34 Scorecard]
|12 October
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|Match Abandoned
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/43 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|Rajasthan won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/44 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|Jharkhand won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/51 Scorecard]
|14 October
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|No Result
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/60 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|Jharkhand won by 15 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/61 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|Chhattisgarh won by 4 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/68 Scorecard]
|16 October
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|Punjab won by 95 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/77 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|Uttarakhand won by 35 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/78 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|Kerala won by 144 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/85 Scorecard]
|18 October
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|Rajasthan won by 53 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/94 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|Kerala won by 14 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/95 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|Uttarakhand won by 10 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/102 Scorecard]
|20 October
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|Rajasthan won by 54 runs
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/111 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|Rajasthan won by 139 runs
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/112 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|Punjab won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/119 Scorecard]
|22 October
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|Kerala won by 2 wickets
|}

==Knockout stages==
{{11TeamBracket
| RD1 = Pre-quarter-finals
| RD2 = Quarter-finals
| RD3 = Semi-finals
| RD4 = Final

| RD1-seed1 = B3
| RD1-team1 = [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD1-score1 = 117/7
| RD1-seed2 = '''B2'''
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| RD1-score2 = '''118/3'''
| RD1-seed3 = A2
| RD1-team3 = [[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
| RD1-score3 = 113/8
| RD1-seed4 = '''D2'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''115/3'''
| RD1-seed5 = E2
| RD1-team5 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| RD1-score5 = 86/9
| RD1-seed6 = '''C2'''
| RD1-team6 = '''[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD1-score6 = '''90/4'''

| RD2-seed1 = B2
| RD2-team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| RD2-score1 = 40
| RD2-seed2 = '''B1'''
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD2-score2 = '''44/0'''
| RD2-seed3 = D1
| RD2-team3 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| RD2-score3 = 112/5
| RD2-seed4 = '''C1'''
| RD2-team4 = '''[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''113/3'''
| RD2-seed5 = A1
| RD2-team5 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| RD2-score5 = 114/7
| RD2-seed6 = '''D2'''
| RD2-team6 = '''[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]'''
| RD2-score6 = '''118/3'''
| RD2-seed7 = '''C2'''
| RD2-team7 = '''[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD2-score7 ='''121/7'''
| RD2-seed8 = E1
| RD2-team8 = [[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| RD2-score8 = 103/5

| RD3-seed1 = '''B1'''
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''88/1'''
| RD3-seed2 = C1
| RD3-team2 = [[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| RD3-score2 = 87/8
| RD3-seed3 = D2
| RD3-team3 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| RD3-score3 = NR
| RD3-seed4 = '''C2'''
| RD3-team4 = '''[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD3-score4 = '''NR'''

| RD4-seed1 = '''B1'''
| RD4-team1 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD4-score1 = '''108/4'''
| RD4-seed2 = C2
| RD4-team2 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD4-score2 = 106/7
}}

===Pre-quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 October 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| score1 = 117/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Sundaresan Anusha 50 (38)
| wickets1 = Nikita Singh 2/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 118/3 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = Neha Badwaik 40 (40)
| wickets2 = A Eloksi 1/10 (2 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/120 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] and [[Pashchim Pathak]]
| motm =
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 October 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| team2 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| score1 = 86/9 (17 overs)
| runs1 = Monika Murmu 21 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Saika Ishaque]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 90/4 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = Dhara Gujjar 49[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets2 = DK Ashwani 2/10 (1 over)
| result = Bengal won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/121 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Three Ovals KSCA Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and Ramesh KN
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Match reduced to 17 overs per side due to rain.
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 October 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 113/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Maman Rabidas 32 (32)
| wickets1 = Prachi Chauhan 2/21 (3 overs)
| score2 = 115/3 (16.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sushma Verma]] 40[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = Maman Rabidas 1/15 (3 overs)
| result = Himachal Pradesh won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/122 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and Bhavesh Patel
| motm =
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 40 (16 overs)
| runs1 = Aashna Patidar 9 (8)
| wickets1 = [[Anjali Sarvani]] 3/7 (3 overs)
| score2 = 44/0 (9.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sabbhineni Meghana]] 29[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets2 =
| result = Railways won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/123 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] and Abhijeet Bengeri
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| score1 = 121/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Dhara Gujjar 30[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = Sonal Kalal 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 103/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = Suman Meena 28[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets2 = [[Sukanya Parida]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| result = Bengal won by 18 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/124 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Three Ovals KSCA Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Pashchim Pathak]]
| motm =
| toss = Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 112/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tejal Hasabnis]] 49[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets1 = [[Komal Zanzad]] 2/9 (4 overs)
| score2 = 113/3 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = Disha Kasat 53[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = [[Priyanka Garkhede]] 1/10 (2 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/126 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Three Ovals KSCA Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = Ramesh KN and Bhavesh Pate
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 114/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Pushpa Latha 35 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Harleen Deol]] 2/12 (2 overs)
| score2 = 118/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sushma Verma]] 68[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets2 = Saranya Gadwal 1/18 (4 overs)
| result = Himachal Pradesh won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/125 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] and [[Vrinda Rathi]]
| motm =
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Semi-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 87/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bharti Fulmali]] 20 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 88/1 (15.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 44[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets2 = [[Komal Zanzad]] 1/20 (4 overs)
| result = Railways won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/127 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] and [[Pashchim Pathak]]
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| score1 = 79/4 (13 overs)
| runs1 = Nikita Chauhan 30[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 3/12 (3 overs)
| score2 = 29/3 (4.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 11 (9)
| wickets2 = Sushmita Kumari 1/6 (1 over)
| result = No Result
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/128 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] and Bhavesh Patel
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Match reduced to 13 overs per side due to rain.
* Bengal target was 88 in 13 overs.
* No further play possible due to rain.
| notes = Bengal progressed to the final by virtue of a better group stage record.
}}
----

===Final===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 106/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Richa Ghosh]] 32 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Anjali Sarvani]] 3/6 (3 overs)
| score2 = 108/4 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] 35 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Gouher Sultana]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Railways won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-trophy-2022-23/match/129 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=150| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Matches
!width=60 | Innings
!width=60 | Runs
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | {{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
!width=60 | 100s
!width=60 | 50s
|-
|Disha Kasat
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|8
|8
|'''300'''
|60.00
|60
|0
|2
|-
|[[Jasia Akhtar]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|7
|7
|'''273'''
|45.50
|125[[not out|*]]
|1
|2
|-
|[[Sushma Verma]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|9
|7
|'''137'''
|79.00
|68[[not out|*]]
|0
|1
|-
|DK Ashwani
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|7
|7
|'''237'''
|39.50
|95
|0
|2
|-
|[[Yastika Bhatia]]
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|6
|6
|'''223'''
|74.33
|64[[not out|*]]
|0
|1
|-
|}
Source: BCCI<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/238/senior-womens-t20-trophy |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy/Stats |publisher=BCCI |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=150| Player
!width=150| Team
!width=60 | Overs
!width=60 | Wickets
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | 5w
|-
|[[Anjali Sarvani]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|29.0
|'''17'''
|5.70
|0
|-
|Sonal Kalal
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|28.0
|'''14'''
|8.35
|0
|-
|[[Ekta Bisht]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|19.0
|'''13'''
|6.92
|1
|-
|Puja Das
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|17.0
|'''12'''
|7.50
|1
|-
|Sahana Pawar
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|23.0
|'''11'''
|10.18
|0
|}
Source: BCCI<ref name="stats"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}
{{Portal bar|Cricket|India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2022-23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy}}
[[Category:Senior Women's T20 Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]

Peynir

2024-03-11T05:05:43Z

Lorrine11I: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Paneer]]

{{R to English|from=tr}}

Madhavaram, Kadapa

2023-12-11T22:01:39Z

Lorrine11I: adding some post and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhavaram
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total = Uninhabited
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kadapa]]
| website = {{URL|ap.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages|
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|14.412579234394057|N|78.98043389745025|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| native_name =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhavaram''', is an uninhabited village in [[Vontimitta]] Taluk, [[Kadapa district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2820_PART_B_DCHB_YSR.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2820_PART_A_DCHB_YSR.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref>

== Demographics ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Total Number of Household : 0<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=672603 Population finder]</ref>
!Population
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
|Total
|0
|0
|0
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Literates
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Illiterate
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Total Worker
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Main Worker
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivator
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Agricultural Labourers
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Workers - Other
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other Workers (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Non Worker
|0
|0
|0
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Kadapa district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kadapa district]]

Bains, Punjab

2023-08-25T11:50:40Z

Lorrine11I: Made Initial Article Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bains
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.8702019|N|75.4467981|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil|Ludhiana West]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 0161
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-10
| iso_code = IN-PB
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|ludhiana.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bains''' is a village located in the Ludhiana West tehsil, of [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/33660-bains-punjab.html | title=Bains (Ludhiana West) | work=census2011.co.in | accessdate=11 July 2016}}</ref>

==Administration==
The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses||310|| ||
|-
| Population ||1,616 ||835 ||781
|-
| Child (0-6) ||198||104||94
|-
| [[Schedule Caste]] ||604 ||319||285
|-
| [[Schedule Tribe]] || 0||0 ||0
|-
| Literacy ||86.60 % || 90.42 % ||82.53 %
|-
| Total Workers ||950||475 ||475
|-
| Main Worker ||906|| 0||0
|-
| Marginal Worker ||44|| 33 ||11
|-
|}

==Cast==
The village constitutes 37.38% of Schedule Caste and the village doesn't have any Schedule Tribe population.

==Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil==
{{Main|Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil}}

==Air travel connectivity==
The closest airport to the village is [[Sahnewal Airport]].

==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ludhiana district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana West tehsil]]

Jollywood

2023-08-24T03:31:54Z

Lorrine11I: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[assamese cinema]]

Begusarai Maithili

2023-07-10T12:08:02Z

Lorrine11I: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Maithili language#Dialects]]

Gaura, Raebareli

2023-06-18T00:22:24Z

Lorrine11I: Creating some page v1

{{other uses|Gaura (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gaura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Rohniya block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Gaura (#145191) in Rohaniya CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.917904|N|81.401108|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.44
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 351
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gaura''' is a village in [[Rohaniya]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=365–74 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 351 people, in 72 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has two primary schools and one primary health centre, and it does not host a permanent market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Gaura as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 170 people (91 male and 79 female), in 35 households and 35 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cxiv-cxv of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 111 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Gaura as having a population of 221 people, in 48 households, and having an area of 44.11 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=240–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Jawani

2023-05-02T17:07:22Z

Lorrine11I: updated page

{{wikt|javani|جوانی}}
'''Jawani''' may refer to:

* [[Jawani, Ghana]], a community in [[Ghana]]
* [[Jawani (film)]], a 1942 [[Indian film]]

==See also==
* [[Jawan (disambiguation)]]
* ''[[Jawaani]]'', a 1984 Indian Hindi-language film
* ''[[Jawani Diwani]]'', a 1972 Indian musical romance film by Narendra Bedi
* ''[[Jawani Diwani: A Youthful Joyride]]'', 2006 Indian film by Maneesh Sharma
*''[[Jawaani Jaaneman]]'', 2020 Indian family-comedy film by Nitin Kakkar

{{disambig}}

Rajagopura

2022-07-01T05:20:35Z

Lorrine11I: adding some details from scratch...

#redirect [[Gopuram]]

{{R to related term}}