https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LorenaGallant5Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-04T21:00:04ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nijagal_Kempohalli&diff=521916Nijagal Kempohalli2026-05-08T16:32:45Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Made A Entry W/ Infobox</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Nijagal Kempohalli<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 562111<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br />
| website = <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2526773|N|77.2491365|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| government_type = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s<br />
| parts = Nelamangala<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Nijagal Kempohalli ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 624735}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nijagal Kempohalli · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nijagal+Kempohalli,+Karnataka+562111/@13.2521449,77.2379202,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d5a418ba4513:0xe05cd7a84f1c557c!8m2!3d13.2526773!4d77.2491365?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Nijagal Kempohalli · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru North district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Nijagal Kempohalli had population of 563 of which 285 are males while 278 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
The total geographical area of village is 192.28 hectares.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75</ref><br />
<br />
== Bus Route from Bengaluru City ==<br />
[[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - [[Nelamangala]] - [[Dobbaspet|Dobaspete]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Beeragondanahalli]]<br />
* [[Bengaluru North district]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka &#124; City of Silk production &#124; India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]<br />
<br />
{{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanjavur_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=540293Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency2026-05-04T16:15:06Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding a info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
|name = Thanjavur<br />
| map_image = thanjavur lok sabha constituency.png<br />
|map_caption = Thanjavur constituency, post-2008 delimitation<br />
|established = 1952<br />
|party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br />
|mp = [[S. Murasoli]]<br />
| incumbent_image = File:Mursoli.png<br />
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]<br />
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|assembly_cons = [[Mannargudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Mannargudi]]<br />[[Thiruvaiyaru (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvaiyaru]]<br /> [[Thanjavur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thanjavur]]<br /> [[Orathanad (State Assembly Constituency)|Orathanadu]]<br /> [[Pattukkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pattukkottai]]<br />[[Peravurani (State Assembly Constituency)|Peravurani]] <br />
|electors = 14,46,226 (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-date=2 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Thanjavur''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 30 of 39.<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
<br />
=== From 2009 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number<br />
! width="200px" |Name<br />
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br />
! width="150px" |District<br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead<br />
|-<br />
|167<br />
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]<br />
|None<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
|173<br />
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]<br />
|None<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|174<br />
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]<br />
|None<br />
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|175<br />
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]<br />
|None<br />
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|176<br />
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|177<br />
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Before 2009 ===<br />
Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency was previously composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br />
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br />
|accessdate = 2008-10-12<br />
|work = Tamil Nadu<br />
|publisher = Election Commission of India<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br />
|archivedate = 2006-05-04<br />
}}</ref><br />
#[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]<br />
#[[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]] (defunct) <br />
#[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]<br />
#[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]<br />
#[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]] (moved to [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]) <br />
#[[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]] (defunct)<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winning Candidate<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=2|Party<br />
|---- <br />
|1952<br />
|rowspan=2|[[R. Venkataraman]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|---- <br />
|1957<br />
|---- <br />
|1957<br />
| A.Vairavan Servai<br />
|---- <br />
|1962<br />
|V.Vairava Thevar<br />
|---- <br />
|1967<br />
|D.S. Karthikeyan Gobalar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br />
|---- <br />
|1971<br />
|rowspan=2|[[S.D. Somasundaram|S.D. Somasundaram Gobalar]]<br />
|---- <br />
|1977<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|---- <br />
|1979(bye)<br />
|rowspan=4|[[S. Singravadivel|S. Singravadivel Saluvar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|---- <br />
|1980<br />
|---- <br />
|1984<br />
|---- <br />
|1989<br />
|---- <br />
|1991<br />
|[[K. Thulasiah Vandayar]]<br />
|----<br />
|1996<br />
|rowspan=5|[[S.S. Palanimanickam]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}<br />
|----<br />
|1998<br />
|----<br />
|1999<br />
|----<br />
|2004<br />
|----<br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|[[K. Parasuraman]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|[[S.S. Palanimanickam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=27|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|accessdate=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi|archive-date=31 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
| [[S. Murasoli]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 30 - THANJAVUR (Tamil Nadu)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2230.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.82}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.96}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.03}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.61}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.58}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.39}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.81}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.80}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.23}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.37}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.35}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|52.94}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.17}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.31}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.64}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.58}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.94}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.85}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[S. Murasoli]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=5,02,245|percentage=48.82|change={{down}}7.14}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sivanesan|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=1,82,662|percentage=17.76|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Karuppu Muruganantham|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,70,613|percentage=16.59|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Humayun Kabir|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=1,20,293|percentage=11.69|change={{up}}6.19}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=12,833|percentage=1.25|change={{down}}0.19}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,19,583 |percentage= 31.06 |change= {{down}}3.91}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,28,706|percentage=68.27|change={{down}}4.28}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur<ref>{{cite web |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2230.htm?ac=30 |title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123315/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2230.htm?ac=30 |archive-date=2019-06-22}} </ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,88,978 |percentage=55.96 |change={{up}}19.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. R. Natarajan |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,20,849 |percentage=20.98 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,02,871 |percentage=9.77 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. P. Marutharajaa |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=57,924 |percentage=5.50 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=28,274 |percentage=2.69 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampath Ramadoss |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=23,477 |percentage=2.23 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=15,105 |percentage=1.44 |change={{up}}0.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Stalin |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,856 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,68,129 |percentage=34.97 |change=20.56 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,52,570 |percentage=72.55 |change= {{down}}2.59 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,61,052 |change =9.03 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.93}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Parasuraman]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,10,307 |percentage=51.03% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=3,66,188|percentage=36.62%|change=-13.99%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Karuppu Muruganantham|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=58,521|percentage=5.85%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. Krishnasamy Vandayar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=30,232|percentage=3.02%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Tamilselvi|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=23,215|percentage=2.32%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=12,212|percentage=1.22%|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,44,119 |percentage=14.41% |change=1.80% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,00,046|percentage=75.57%|change=-1.92%}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,40,050 |change =27.13% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.42% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,08,343 |percentage=50.61% |change=-5.97% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durai. Balakrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,06,556 |percentage=37.99% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. P. Ramanathan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=63,852 |percentage=7.91% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Murugaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=9,805 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Saravanan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,811 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,01,787 |percentage=12.62% |change=-4.20% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,06,867 |percentage=76.63% |change= 7.79% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,54,118 |change =2.26% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.97% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 2004===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,00,986 |percentage=56.58% |change=11.19% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Thangamuthu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,81,838 |percentage=39.77% |change=-0.54% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Shahul Hameed |party=Independent politician |votes=10,606 |percentage=1.50% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Dharamalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,018 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Venkatesan |party=Janata Party |votes=3,947 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,19,148 |percentage=16.81% |change=11.74% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,08,724 |percentage=68.78% |change= 5.70% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,30,779 |change =-1.82% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.19% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1999===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,95,191 |percentage=45.39% |change=-6.42% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Thangamuthu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,62,177 |percentage=40.31% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pl. A. Chidambaram |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=69,025 |percentage=10.61% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Jeyabalan |party=Independent politician |votes=12,239 |percentage=1.88% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. A. Srinivasan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=10,704 |percentage=1.65% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,014 |percentage=5.08% |change=-2.62% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,50,394 |percentage=63.06% |change= -9.34% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,49,837 |change =3.57% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.41% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1998===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,24,344 |percentage=51.81% |change=-6.99% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Ganesan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,76,140 |percentage=44.11% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mathiyalagan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,109 |percentage=3.69% |change=-24.89% }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,204 |percentage=7.70% |change=-22.52% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,26,080 |percentage=63.71% |change= -8.69% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,13,609 |change =4.71% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.99% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1996===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,90,010 |percentage=58.80% |change=23.55% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Thulasiah Vandayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,89,582 |percentage=28.58% |change=-32.65% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thanjai A. Ramamurthi |party=Janata Dal |votes=40,259 |percentage=6.07% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sozhamannar Kanakaraja |party=Independent politician |votes=10,948 |percentage=1.65% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Shanmugavel |party=Independent politician |votes=7,821 |percentage=1.18% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Jackiria |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,120 |percentage=1.07% |change=-0.44% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arunachalam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,015 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,00,428 |percentage=30.22% |change=4.23% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,63,321 |percentage=72.40% |change= 2.28% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,68,000 |change =5.30% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.43% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1991===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Thulasiah Vandayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,81,932 |percentage=61.23% |change=4.86% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,19,862 |percentage=35.25% |change=-6.40% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Shahul Hameed |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=9,454 |percentage=1.52% |change=0.36% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Soundararajan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=3,403 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. Lakshmanan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,799 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,62,070 |percentage=25.98% |change=11.26% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,23,774 |percentage=70.12% |change= -2.43% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,19,274 |change =-0.13% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.86% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1989===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Singaravadivel]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,71,967 |percentage=56.37% |change=1.02% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,74,820 |percentage=41.64% |change=2.43% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kesavan Kothai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,617 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=97,147 |percentage=14.72% |change=-1.42% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,59,912 |percentage=72.55% |change= -6.91% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,20,496 |change =26.89% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.02% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Singaravadivel]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,06,351 |percentage=55.35% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. S. Palanimanickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,17,030 |percentage=39.21% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Subramanian |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=30,089 |percentage=5.44% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=89,321 |percentage=16.14% |change=7.35% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,53,470 |percentage=79.47% |change= 1.87% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,25,425 |change =9.81% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 2.41% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Singaravadivel]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,68,382 |percentage=52.94% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Thangamuthu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,23,843 |percentage=44.15% |change=-16.02% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ambalapattu Subbaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,867 |percentage=1.75% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Sethumadhavan |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=4,359 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,539 |percentage=8.79% |change=-11.56% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,06,949 |percentage=77.60% |change= 0.15% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,60,633 |change =4.36% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.23% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. D. Somasundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,89,059 |percentage=60.17% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,91,316 |percentage=39.83% |change=-17.48% }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=97,743 |percentage=20.35% |change=-0.96% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,80,375 |percentage=77.45% |change= -3.94% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,33,005 |change =6.13% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.87% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1971===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. D. Somasundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,68,980 |percentage=57.31% |change=4.67% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Krishnasamy Gopalar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,68,972 |percentage=36.00% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Veeramuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=25,425 |percentage=5.42% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Selvam Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,002 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,00,008 |percentage=21.31% |change=16.04% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,69,379 |percentage=81.39% |change= -3.07% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,96,459 |change =14.39% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.67% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. S. Gopalar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,25,414 |percentage=52.64% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Venkataraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,02,840 |percentage=47.36% |change=3.78% }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,574 |percentage=5.27% |change=-3.27% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,28,254 |percentage=84.46% |change= 9.21% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,21,430 |change =15.06% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.06% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vairava Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,43,185 |percentage=43.58% |change=-14.36% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Muthuswamy Vallatharasu|Vallatharasu]]|party=Praja Socialist Party|votes=1,15,112|percentage=35.04%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Swayamprakasam|party=Swatantra Party|votes=70,259|percentage=21.38%|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,073 |percentage=8.54% |change=-7.34% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=3,28,556|percentage=75.25%|change=20.31%}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,53,163 |change =6.60% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.36% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,35,310 |percentage=57.94% |change=12.09% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Muthuswamy Vallatharasu|K. M. Vallatharasu]]|party=Praja Socialist Party|votes=98,222|percentage=42.06%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=D. Arumuga Palangoundar|party=Independent politician|votes=0|percentage=0.00%|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,088 |percentage=15.88% |change=13.40% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,33,532|percentage=54.94%|change=0.12%}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,25,088 |change =15.52% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.09% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1951===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Thanjavur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=92,483 |percentage=45.85% |change=45.85% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Srinivasa Sarma |party=Independent politician |votes=87,476 |percentage=43.36% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. D. Dasan |party=Independent politician |votes=21,765 |percentage=10.79% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,007 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,01,724 |percentage=54.82% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,67,963 |change =0.00% }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Thanjavur]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/thanjavur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Thanjavur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{coord|10.8|79.1|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Thanjavur]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raveena_Aurora&diff=529942Raveena Aurora2026-05-03T12:20:32Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Made First Stub W/ Refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|American singer-songwriter (born 1993)}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Raveena<br />
| image = File:Raveena 2019.png <!-- add a recent image if obtained --><br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Raveena performing in Lucid Tour 2019<br />
| birth_name = Raveena Kaur Aurora<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|09|30}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Massachusetts]], US<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}<br />
| years_active = 2012–present<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = ''[[Asha's Awakening]]''<br />
| module = {{infobox musical artist|embed=yes<br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[R&B]]|[[pop music|pop]]|[[experimental music|experimental]]}}<br />
| instruments = {{flatlist|<br />
*Vocals<br />
*piano<br />
*guitar<br />
<!-- add more if any --><br />
}}<br />
| label = {{hlist|[[Warner Records]]<ref name="clash" />|[[Empire Distribution|Empire]]|Moonstone Recordings LLC<ref name="Moonstone Recordings" />}}<br />
}}<br />
| website = {{URL|raveenaaurora.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raveena Kaur Aurora'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/886500244 |title=HABIT |website=ascap.com |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers |access-date=November 22, 2025}}</ref> (born September 30, 1993), known [[mononym]]ously as '''Raveena''', is an American singer and songwriter. Her music blends the genres [[contemporary R&B]], soul, jazz, and pop with instrumentations influenced by [[Music of India|Indian music]].<br />
<br />
Interested in music since she was young, Raveena recorded an independently released album at the age of 18. After graduating from [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts]], Raveena published songs on SoundCloud in 2016. She gained a following after the release of her debut [[Extended Play|EP]], ''Shanti'' (2017). Her debut album, ''Lucid'' (2019), was released independently and distributed through [[Empire Distribution]], garnering critical acclaim. Later that year, she released her second EP, ''Moonstone'' (2020). After signing to [[Warner Records]], she released her second album, ''[[Asha's Awakening]]'' (2022), and was met with positive reviews from critics. Her third album, ''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain'' (2024), was released.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Raveena Aurora was born on September 30, 1993<ref name=Birthday>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/raveena_aurora/status/1046457350716977152 |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="birth year">{{cite AV media |date=May 12, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8yj94iCywU |title=Raveena - Mama |publisher=Raveena Aurora |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=November 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125080634/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8yj94iCywU |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |url-status=live|quote=Her birth year is shown at 3:57. Where baby Aurora was with her mother in a car on October 10, 1993.}}</ref> in [[Massachusetts]] to [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] immigrants,<ref name="billboard stunning">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/raveena-lucid-debut-interview-8515822/ |title=Rising R&B Artist Raveena On Her Stunning Debut 'Lucid' |last=Blais-Billie |first=Braudie |date=June 14, 2019 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> a businessman father and a fashion designer mother.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rai |first=Ananya |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Raveena on Style, Meditation, and Her "Asha's Awakening" Tour |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/raveena-on-style-meditation-and-her-ashas-awakening-tour |magazine=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=May 16, 2025}}</ref><ref name="crack" /> Both are [[Reiki| reiki healers]] as well. She has a brother and a sister.<ref name="juggernaut" /> She grew up in [[Stamford, Connecticut]]. She moved to [[Queens, New York City]] when she was 17<ref name="VICE LUCID" /><ref name="billboard stunning" /><ref name="npr room">{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/05/728644002/make-room-for-raveena-debut-album-lucid |title=Make Room for Raveena |last=Madden |first=Sidney |date=June 5, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> and she would visit [[India]] regularly.<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
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Raveena is [[Indian Americans|Indian]] [[Punjabi American]];<ref name="vogue" /> her family immigrated to Stamford from [[Punjab India|Punjab]], [[India]], after the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] in which her maternal uncle was killed. Her family's business was burned down. She was raised in a traditional [[Sikh]] household.<ref name="vogue">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/raveena-mama-new-music-video-india-immigrant-mothers-day-style |title=This R&B Singer's Style Is a Colorful Tribute to Her Indian Immigrant Mama |last=Hahn |first=Rachel |date=May 15, 2019 |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dazed">{{Cite news |title=Welcome to Raveena's desi-futurist utopia |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/55505/1/raveena-desi-futurism-south-asian-musician-profile-ashas-awakening |last=Bulram |first=Dhruva |date=February 21, 2022 | access-date=June 10, 2022 |work=[[Dazed]]}}</ref> In Connecticut, she was more connected to [[nature]] and started "talking to trees and spirits".<ref name="juggernaut" /><ref name="nylonraveena">{{Cite news |url=https://nylon.com/raveena-interview-lp-lucid |title=Raveena Moves Into The Light |last=Ridner |first=Grant |date=May 31, 2019 |work=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]] |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="cosmopolitan">{{cite magazine |last=Rai |first=Ananya |date=February 2, 2025 |title="I was really focused on emitting pure love," Indian-American singer Raveena on her latest album |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/life/horoscopes/story/i-was-really-focused-on-emitting-pure-love-indian-american-singer-raveena-on-her-latest-album-1163911-2025-02-02 |magazine=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan India]] |access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref> She described herself as "introverted," "soft," and "eccentric" growing up.<ref name="juggernaut" /> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] was her [[first language]].<ref name="juggernaut">{{cite web |url=https://www.thejuggernaut.com/raveena-aurora-interview-where-the-butterflies-go-in-the-rain |title=Raveena's Healing Harmony |url-access=subscription |date=August 27, 2024 |website=www.thejuggernaut.com |last=Le Breton |first=Ayesha |access-date=September 24, 2024}}</ref> As a child, she started writing [[poetry]].<ref name="Raveena Sikhnet">{{cite web |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/young-and-invincible-introducing-raveena-aurora |title=Young and Invincible: Introducing Raveena Aurora |date=August 15, 2011 |website=SikhNet |author=Brooklynwala |access-date=October 18, 2022}}</ref> She became exposed to [[R&B]], [[Soul music|Soul]], [[Jazz]] and [[Folk music|Folk]] music in middle school, which piqued her interest in music and influenced her musical style later in life.<ref name="i-D sweet time">{{Cite news |url=https://i-d.co/article/premiere-raveena-aurora-celebrates-women-of-color-in-her-self-directed-sweet-time/ |title=Premiere: Raveena Aurora celebrates women of colour in her self-directed "Sweet Time" |last=Blais-Billie |first=Braudie |date=October 12, 2017 |work=[[i-D]] |access-date=August 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Vice Media]]}}</ref><br />
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At the age of 11, she started singing and would [[Bathroom singing|sing in the bathroom]] for hours a day, also studying how to use her voice and use it as an instrument.<ref name="VICE LUCID">{{cite news |last=Corry |first=Kristin |date=June 1, 2019 |title=Raveena's Debut Album Is a Dreamy R&B Universe |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/raveena-debut-album-lucid-interview/ |work=[[Vice Media]] |access-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref> One of the first songs she learned how to sing was "[[Misty (song)|Misty]]" which was covered by Ella Fitzgerald and [[Sarah Vaughan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Instagram: one of the first songs I learned how to sing 🥰 love sarah vaughan's and ella's version forever |url=https://www.instagram.com/raveena_aurora/reel/DFJMrIXThd3/ |access-date=January 24, 2025 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en}}</ref> Her first performance was in sixth grade in a talent show where she performed "[[Colors of the Wind]]" from the 1995 Disney film ''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Pocahontas]]''.<ref name="Raveena Sikhnet" /> Soon her passion eventually became a decision to pursue music professionally and "was pretty set on it, honestly. Since I was really young, I knew that there weren't any other options for me." Raveena stated that she would aspire to become "probably a reiki healer, a farmer, or even a [[Scenic design|set designer]] for movies” if she were not a musician.<ref name="cosmopolitan" /><br />
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Although Raveena's parents were initially "very hesitant" about her wanting to pursue a music career, they always supported her in developing her music skills. She stated that her father was interested in Indian Instruments such as the [[Pump organ#Harmonium|harmonium]] and [[tabla]] and kept them in their house.<ref name= "billboard music soft power">{{cite magazine |title=Raveena Makes Music with Soft Power |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/features/raveena-makes-soft-power-honda-1235013912/ |last=Eda |first=Yu |date=December 27, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2022 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> At the age of 12, she wrote her first song<ref name="crack" /><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sweet Wonder, Songstress Raveena Aurora |url=https://theisisnicolemagazine.com/blog/raveena |last=Mora |first=Maria |date=October 4, 2018 |access-date=April 11, 2024 |magazine=www.theisisnicolemagazine.com}}</ref> and aged 13,<ref name="npr room"/><ref name= "officemag">{{cite magazine |title=Lucid Realities |url=https://officemagazine.net/lucid-realities |last=Shelby |first=Marley |date=July 29, 2019 |access-date=April 11, 2024 |magazine=www.officemagazine.net}}</ref> she began songwriting and consequently started [[Experimental music|experimenting]] music with different genres. She studied and graduated from [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts]].<ref name="npr room"/><br />
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==Career==<br />
===2012–2019: Career beginnings, ''Shanti'' and ''Lucid''===<br />
Raveena began auditioning for [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[Musical theatre|musicals]] but to no success as "there were no roles for little Indian girls". She mentioned that people told her many times that she could not be expected to sign a record deal if she was an Indian woman and said, "It's not gonna work". She said, "It never became about signing a deal at that point. I was just like, 'I don't need to rely on these things, it's gonna work if it's meant to happen.'"<ref name= "billboard music soft power" /> She would also sing for church services.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hassan |first=Hiba |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Digital Cover: Raveena's Magical Realism |url=https://notion.online/digital-cover-raveenas-magical-realism/ |magazine=[[Notion (magazine)|NOTION]] |location=MSA Studios |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref> When she was 18, Raveena independently released her first single and music video, "Grey Eyes" on December 4, 2012, in [[YouTube]] along with her old EP, ''Where We Wander'', which was released independently on February 19, 2013. She later made them private.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/2/prweb10444152.htm|title=19 Year Old Brooklyn Based Bohemian Folk-Pop Songstress Raveena Aurora Releases Debut EP 'Where We Wander' February 19th, 2013|last=Sodhia |first=Manbir |date=February 19, 2013 |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117164830/https://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/2/prweb10444152.htm |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |work=PRweb}}</ref><br />
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During the beginning of her career, Raveena was denied by multiple record labels due to her being of [[South Asian]] descent: "I would have label meetings and people would be like 'We can't sign you, you're brown', to my face they would tell me 'there's no space for you.' I was forced to build the infrastructure myself. I hope that the people who have control over that infrastructure start to support marginalized artists really early on. It's such a hard phase when you're in it, and it breaks a lot of people."<ref name="V Magazine">{{Cite magazine |last=Bang |first=Margaux |date=February 19, 2021 |title=V EXCLUSIVE: RAVEENA AURORA IS THE GODDESS OF DIY |url=https://vmagazine.com/article/v-exclusive-raveena-aurora-is-the-goddess-of-diy/ |magazine=[[V (American magazine)|V Magazine]] |access-date=September 3, 2022}}</ref><ref name= "billboard music soft power" /><br />
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Raveena worked many full-time jobs, like nannying and even worked at her first job in [[American Apparel]] as a sales associate and saved to spend her money to self-fund her music projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://girlboss.com/blogs/read/raveena-aurora-shanti-ep |title=Life Advice From A Young R&B Artist Whose Work Aims To Heal And Empower Women Of Color |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=www.girlboss.com |date=December 12, 2017 |publisher=GirlBoss |access-date=October 30, 2022}}</ref><ref name="NME" /> When she was 21, she met and started working with record producer Everett Orr in 2015.<ref name="VICE LUCID" /> She and Orr continued releasing singles "You Give Me That",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Maya |title=Dream Of Bae To Raveena's "You Give Me That" |url=https://www.thefader.com/2016/01/13/raveena-you-give-me-that |website=[[The Fader]] |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref> "Johnny It's the Last Time"<ref>{{cite web|last=Cirisano|first=Tatiana |date=July 1, 2016|title=Raveena Gets Real On Toxic Relationships on "Johnny it's the Last Time"|url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/raveena-johnny-its-the-last-time-premiere|website=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]]|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> and "Something's Gotta Give" on [[SoundCloud]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/premiere-raveena-aurora-shines-sunny-170052176.html |title=PREMIERE: Raveena Aurora Shines On Sunny New Single "Something's Gotta Give" |last=Tanners |first=Jon |date=April 26, 2016 |website=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=October 4, 2022 }}</ref><br />
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After independently releasing her first EP, ''Shanti'' in December 2017, Raveena amassed a sizable online following. ''Shanti'' explored themes of self-love and healing, and blended R&B, soul, and jazz music.<ref name="spin">{{Cite news |url=https://www.spin.com/2018/02/raveena-i-wont-mind-stream-review |title=Listen to R&B Singer Raveena's Warm and Gentle Ballad "I Won't Mind" |last=Jagota |first=Vrinda |date=February 20, 2018 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref> Her debut EP drew praise from Sidney Madden of [[NPR]] for her "cool delivery and chill-inducing falsetto runs" and "astute songwriting chops".<ref name="npr slingshot">{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/09/570751142/slingshot2018 |title=Meet The 2018 Slingshot Artists |last=Madden |first=Sidney |date=January 9, 2018 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She directed several of her own music videos where she displayed her Indian heritage and "rich interiority of women of color like herself".<ref name="i-D brown">{{Cite news |url=https://i-d.co/article/raveena-temptations-video-queer-brown-love/ |title=Singer-songwriter Raveena is normalizing queer, brown love |last=Blais-Billie |first=Braudie |date=October 24, 2019 |work=[[i-D]] |access-date=August 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Vice Media]]}}</ref> The third track of the EP, "No Better" is included as a soundtrack for the 2020 romantic drama film, ''[[All My Life (2020 film)|All My Life]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8305852/soundtrack/?ref_=tt_trv_snd |title=All My Life (2020) -Soundtracks |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=December 4, 2020 |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=December 12, 2022}}</ref> She also released a bonus track for the EP, "Wherever U Go" on January 12, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madden |first1=Sidney |title=Songs We Love: Raveena Aurora, 'Wherever U Go' |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/12/577596846/songs-we-love-raveena-aurora-wherever-u-go |website=[[NME]] |date=12 January 2018|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><br />
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Raveena performed her 2017 single "If Only" on the global music platform, [[ColorsxStudios|COLORS]], in January 2018, in which her popularity rapidly increased.<ref name="NME" /> On June 6, 2018, she announced in social media her first headline tour, ''Woman is Holy Tour'', a reference to her lyric from 2017 single "If Only".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Twitter:GOING ON MY FIRST HEADLINING TOUR THIS SUMMER 🌻🌼🌻🌼🌻 TICKETS ON SALE JUNE 8TH AT 10 AM EST , I WANNA SEE & HUG ALL OF U |url=https://twitter.com/raveena_aurora/status/1004377525307486210?lang=en |access-date=June 6, 2018 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena's Pop Hymns of Divine Love |url=https://www.them.us/story/raveena-r-and-b-singer-profile-ashas-awakening |date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=September 2, 2022 |website=[[Them (website)|them]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
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In the summer of 2018, Raveena was included in [[ModCloth]]'s ''Say It Louder'' campaign to celebrate individuality and strong female icons in music. She was featured alongside other outspoken female musicians like [[Lizzo]], [[Awkwafina]] and [[Hayley Kiyoko]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nylon.com/articles/modcloth-say-it-louder-campaign |title=Awkwafina and Mary Lambert Star In ModCloth's New Campaign, Alongside Musician Raveena |last=Intner |first=Katie |date=August 6, 2018 |work=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]] |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> In November 2018, she performed at [[Tyler, The Creator]]'s [[Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://earmilk.com/2018/11/14/6-standout-up-and-coming-acts-from-this-years-camp-flog-gnaw-carnival/ |title=6 standout up-and-coming acts from this year's Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival |last=Tulay |first=Rasheed |date=November 14, 2018 |work=Earmilk |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref><br />
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On October 23, 2018, Raveena released a new single, "Temptation" and came out as [[bisexual]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/23/659658756/raveena-explores-the-facets-of-temptation|title=Raveena Explores The Facets Of 'Temptation' |last=Madden |first=Sidney |date=October 23, 2018 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref><ref name="thehindu" /><br />
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In March 2019, Raveena co-headlined the [[Java Jazz Festival]] in [[Jakarta, Indonesia]], with [[H.E.R]] and [[Toto (band)|Toto]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/03/06/java-jazz-festival-2019-wraps-up-after-weekend-of-diverse-acts.html |title=Java Jazz Festival 2019 wraps up after weekend of diverse acts |last=Gitomartoyo |first=Wening |date=March 6, 2019 |work=[[Jakarta Post]] |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref><br />
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On May 31, 2019, Raveena released her debut album ''Lucid'', distributed through [[Empire Distribution]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/6/raveena-lucid-album-stream |title=Raveena Offers Silky Vocals & Intimate Lyricism on Debut Album 'Lucid' |last=Ingvaldsen |first=Torsten |date=June 4, 2019 |website=Hype Beast |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> Lyrically, she explored sensuality, healing from trauma, and spirituality; through tracks like "Stronger" and "Salt Water", she opened up about her experience as a sexual assault and abuse survivor between the age of 17 and 22.<ref name="VICE LUCID" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2019/07/asian-women-in-music/ |title=5 Emerging Asian Women in Music |last=Eda |first=Yu |date=July 23, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |publisher=Complex Magazine |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801220230/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2019/07/asian-women-in-music/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="crack">{{Cite news |url=https://crackmagazine.net/article/long-reads/raveena-maps-space-healing/ |title=With heavenly R&B, Raveena maps out a space for healing |last=Daly |first=Rhian |work=[[Crack Magazine]] |access-date=August 1, 2019 |issue=102}}</ref> ''Lucid'' was met with very positive reviews. Sidney Madden of [[NPR]] described ''Lucid'' as "comforting but nuanced, balancing cultures old and new by mashing up contemporary R&B with traditions from the South Asian diaspora".<ref name="npr room" /> In a track review for the penultimate track, "Petal", Vrinda Jagota from [[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] wrote: "over the course of 12 songs, her sound becomes bolder and clearer, finding strength in everything from sun showers to her mother's resilience to her own femininity and womanhood".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/raveena-petal/ |title=Track Review: "Petal" by Raveena |last=Jagota |first=Vrinda |date=June 13, 2019 |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> To support her album, Raveena announced in social media that she embarked on her second headlined tour, ''Lucid Tour'', on June 14, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Twitter: "LUCID tour on sale now!! Who's coming 🧐"|url=https://twitter.com/raveena_aurora/status/1139536967727603714?lang=en |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}</ref> "Lucid" was named one of the "Best Albums of 2019" by [[NPR]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=NPR Staff |title=NPR Music Staff Picks: The Best Albums Of 2019 |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/12/17/788715692/npr-music-staff-picks-the-best-albums-of-2019 |accessdate=21 December 2019 |publisher=NPR |date=December 17, 2019}}</ref> Raveena's 2019 single "Stronger" was named one of the "100 Best Songs of 2019" by [[Noisey]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vice Staff |title=The 100 Best Songs of 2019 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-100-best-songs-of-2019/ |access-date=22 December 2019 |agency=Noisey |publisher=Vice Media |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> On December 9, 2019, Raveena performed a [[List of Tiny Desk Concerts|NPR Tiny Desk Concert]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/12/09/785626690/raveena-tiny-desk-concert |title=Raveena: Tiny Desk Concert |last=Madden |first=Sidney |date=December 9, 2019 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=July 29, 2024}}</ref><br />
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===2020–2023: ''Moonstone'' and ''Asha's Awakening''===<br />
On February 7, 2020, Raveena released her second four-track EP, ''Moonstone'' through Empire Distribution and Moonstone Recordings LLC, her independent label.<ref name="Moonstone Recordings">{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Twitter: "moonstone recordings LLC hunny 😛"|url=https://twitter.com/raveena_aurora/status/1224798446751604736 |access-date=August 4, 2022 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}</ref> It was released after a week of her single, "Headaches". The EP blends [[Psychedelic music|psychedelic]] [[indie pop]] with [[Soul music|soul]]. ''Moonstone'' explored her past relationships and her own identity.<ref name="Harvard">{{cite news |title=Raveena's 'Moonstone' EP Is a Bittersweet Ode to Love |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/2/24/raveea-moonstone-review/ |last=E.Omidiran |first=Ifeoluwani |date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref><br />
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On February 5, 2021, Raveena released a new single and music video, "Tweety".<ref name="Paper">{{cite magazine |last=Moran |first=Justin |date=February 9, 2021 |title=Raveena Channels Her Inner Child With 'Tweety' |url=https://www.papermag.com/raveena-tweety-2650330756.html?rebelltitem=21#rebelltitem21 |magazine=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]] |location=New York City |access-date=December 22, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=February 5, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4t37sXE_N0 |title=Raveena - Tweety |publisher=Raveena Aurora |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031084310/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4t37sXE_N0&feature=youtube|archive-date=October 31, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2022, she signed to [[Warner Records]] and she announced her sophomore album, ''[[Asha's Awakening]]'', in January 2022.<ref name="thefader.com">{{cite web |last1=Callender |first1=Brandon |title=Raveena announces new album, releases "Secret" featuring Vince Staples |url=https://www.thefader.com/2022/01/28/raveena-announces-new-album-releases-secret-featuring-vince-staples |website=[[The Fader]] |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> The record was created as a concept album from the perspective of a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] space princess.<ref name=clash>{{cite web |last1=Torres |first1=Eric |title=Asha's Awakening |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/raveena-ashas-awakening |website=Pitchfork |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> The release was preceded by the singles "Rush" and "Secret," with the latter featuring American rapper [[Vince Staples]].<ref name=pitchfork>{{cite web |last1=Murray |first1=Robin |title=Raveena's 'Rush' Is Alt-R&B At Its Most Otherworldly |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/raveenas-rush-is-alt-rb-at-its-most-otherworldly |website=Clash Music |date=January 14, 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> ''Asha's Awakening'' was released on February 11, 2022, and received acclaim from [[music critics]].<ref name=metacritic>{{cite web |title=Asha's Awakening |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/ashas-awakening/raveena |website=Metacritic |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Eric Torres from ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' said that it is "a throat-clearing moment for the singer, drawing on both Western and South Asian inspirations and collaborations for a blend of dance-friendly R&B songs and soothing ballads, each of which stands on her distinctive, quiet strength."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Torres |first1=Eric |title=Asha's Awakening |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/raveena-ashas-awakening |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> In the track, "Time Flies", she opened her experience on having an [[abortion]] at age 21.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/12/1079668396/on-ashas-awakening-raveena-finds-clarity-in-the-cosmos |title=On 'Asha's Awakening,' Raveena finds clarity in the cosmos |last=Jagota |first=Vrinda |date=February 12, 2022 |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref> ''Asha's Awakening'' was included as the "Best Albums of 2022 So Far" by [[Rolling Stone]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Best Albums of 2022 So Far |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-2022-so-far-1361436/raveena-ashas-awakening-1365581/ |last=Lopez |first=Julyssa |date=June 16, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> and also by [[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The 25 Best Albums Of 2022 (So Far...)|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/the-25-best-albums-of-2022-so-far/ |last=Sutton |first=Naima |date=July 4, 2022 |access-date=July 4, 2022 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref> and [[NPR]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/28/1107438039/npr-music-favorite-albums-of-2022-so-far |title=NPR Music's 36 Favorite Albums of 2022 (So Far) |last=Leeds |first=Sam |date=June 28, 2022 |website=[[NPR]] |publisher=Sam Leeds |access-date=July 9, 2022 }}</ref> "Rush" was included as "The Best Songs of 2022 So Far" by ''Rolling Stone''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Best Songs of 2022 So Far|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/the-best-songs-of-2022-so-far-1361379/phoebe-bridgers-sidelines-1366347/ |last=Lopez |first=Julyssa |date=June 17, 2022 |access-date=July 4, 2022 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> On December 1, 2022, ''Asha's Awakening'' was included in ''Rolling Stone''{{'s}} "The 100 Best Albums of 2022" and ranked in 84.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Best Albums of 2022|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-2022-list-1234632387/|last=Dolan |first=Jon |date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2022 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref><br />
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To promote ''Asha's Awakening'', Raveena embarked on an ''Asha's Awakening'' national tour from 15 April 2022 to May 28, 2022.<ref>{{cite news | title=The Reawakening Of Raveena: How The Singer/Songwriter Found Renewal In Indian Traditions While Looking Ever-Forward On Her Sophomore LP |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/raveena-aurora-explores-heritage-on-ashas-awakening-interview-coachella-2022|last=Peay |first=Malik |date=April 18, 2022 |access-date=June 4, 2022 |work=[[Grammy Awards|Grammy]]}}</ref><ref name="teen vogue">{{cite magazine |last=Ishmael |first=Aiyana |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Raveena on Style, Meditation, and Her "Asha's Awakening" Tour |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/raveena-on-style-meditation-and-her-ashas-awakening-tour |magazine=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=June 17, 2022}}</ref> She headlined of the 2022 [[Coachella (festival)|Coachella Music Festival]]. She became the first woman of Indian descent to perform as a solo artist at Coachella Music Festival.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sachdeva |first= Maanya |date=April 17, 2022 |title=Raveena: 'I had no idea that I would be this gay, and this loud about who I was' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/raveena-interview-coachella-ashas-awakening-b2057358.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=June 18, 2022}}</ref> On June 19, 2022, she performed in [[Pharrell Williams#2014–present: The Voice, Something in the Water and other ventures|Something in the Water festival]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lamphier |first=Jason |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Raveena on the reality of being queer and South Asian — and the transcendent power of fantasy |url=https://ew.com/music/raveena-ashas-awakening-interview-something-in-the-water-festival/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 25, 2024}}</ref><br />
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On November 5, 2022, she announced that she embarked on a Latin America Tour where she performed at [[Primavera Sound|Primavera]] in [[Brazil]], [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Chile]]. While on tour, she opened up about being sexually assaulted.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Reveals She Was Sexually Assaulted on Tour: It's 'Devastating and Heartbreaking' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/raveena-reveals-sexual-assault-on-tour-1234629539/ |last=Mier |first=Tomàs|date=November 11, 2022 |access-date=December 29, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> She also performed at [[Corona Capital]] in [[Mexico City]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Twitter: "LATIN AMERICA I LOVE U I CANT WAIT TO SEE U ON THIS TOUR 🧸🧸🧸🧸"|url=https://twitter.com/raveena_aurora/status/1588649067856683008 |access-date=November 12, 2022 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}</ref> and she made her India debut and performed at [[Lollapalooza#India|Lollapalooza India]] in [[Mumbai]], India, on January 29, 2023.<ref name="thehindu" /> On May 20, 2023, she performed in [[Head in the Clouds Festival]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=88rising's Head in the Clouds Festival Rocks New York |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-pictures/88rising-head-in-the-clouds-festival-nyc-1234739501/raveena-hitc-ny-may-20-2023-2/ |date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> On August 11, 2023, she performed in [[Outside Lands (festival)|Outside Lands]]. She was featured on [[King Krule]]'s track "Seagirl" in his fifth album, ''[[Space Heavy]]'' and in "Bloom", the tenth track of the deluxe version of [[Prateek Kuhad]]'s album, ''The Way That Lovers Do''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ukiomogbe |first=Juliana |date=August 15, 2023 |title=Raveena Brought the Spirit to Outside Lands |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a44817795/raveena-outside-lands-interview/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/en_au/reviews/album/king-krule-space-heavy-review-archy-marshall-3452329|title=King Krule – ''Space Heavy'' review: nomadic dispatches from a generational artist|website=[[NME]]|last=Moore|first=Sam|date=6 June 2023|access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref><br />
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===2024–present: ''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain''===<br />
On May 8, 2024, she released a new single, "Pluto" along with the music video.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Dazzles On New Single 'Pluto'|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/raveena-dazzles-on-new-single-pluto/|last=Murray |first=Robin |date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=May 12, 2024 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Aaron |date=May 8, 2024 |title=Raveena Flourishes Through All Weather In Her Dreamy 'Pluto' Video |url=https://uproxx.com/music/raveena-pluto-video-new-single/ |work=[[Uproxx]] |access-date=May 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbKssNm6x3w | title=Raveena - Pluto | website=[[YouTube]] | date=May 8, 2024 }}</ref> On May 22, 2024, she released another single along with the music video, "Lucky",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjXFANXi__s | title=Raveena - Lucky | website=[[YouTube]] | date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> and announced her third album, ''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain'', which was released on June 14, 2024, through Empire and Moonstone Recordings.<ref name= "clash 3rdalbum">{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Announces New Album 'Where The Butterflies Go In The Rain'|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/raveena-announces-new-album-where-the-butterflies-go-in-the-rain/|last=Hussain |first=Shahzaib |date=May 22, 2024 |access-date=May 24, 2024 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref> She started working on the album since 2022 and "wrote almost 115 songs for it."<ref name= "forbes">{{cite magazine |last=Baltin |first=Steve |date=June 29, 2024 |title=Saturday Conversation: Inside The Magical World Of Raveena |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebaltin/2024/06/29/saturday-conversation-inside-the-magical-world-of-raveena/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=July 4, 2024}}</ref> The album explores themes of new love, [[Adult|maturity]] and [[comfort]].<ref name= "clash 3rdalbum" /><ref name="pitchforkthirdalbum">{{Cite news |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/raveena-announces-album-shares-video-for-new-song-lucky-watch/ |title=Raveena Announces Album, Shares Video for New Song "Lucky": Watch |last=Strauss |first=Matthew |date=May 22, 2024 |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref> She explained the album and the album title, saying: "Butterflies are so delicate that they have to hide in leaves and flowers until the rain passes so that their wings don't get crushed in the rain. I felt like that was kind of a metaphor for where I was in my life. I needed to go back to comfort—to deep rest—and stop weathering storms." The album blends pop and R&B with traditional Indian instrumentations.<ref name= "clash 3rdalbum" /> Elle Palmer of ''Far Out'' described the album as "a melting pot for Raveena's many sonic influences, from lush, [[1970s-inspired]] soundscapes to bending sarods to smooth contemporary R&B. But despite her sweeping stylistic inspirations, Raveena's amalgamated sound never feels disjointed or jarring, nor does it ever approach derivative," and rated the album 4.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palmer|first=Elle|title=Raveena – 'Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain' album review: A lush sonic haven |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/raveena-where-the-butterflies-go-in-the-rain-album-review/|access-date=February 16, 2025|website= Far Out|date=June 24, 2024 |language=en-UK}}{{Rating|4.5|5}}</ref> She performed three songs from the album in a live performance in the [[KEXP-FM|KEXP]] gathering space, recorded on May 1, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raveena - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylgtGWbY2Vc |access-date=9 September 2025 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
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On June 5, 2024, she released her third single, "Junebug", with [[JPEGMAFIA]] as a featured artist.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena, JPEGMAFIA Combine On 'Junebug'|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/raveena-jpegmafia-combine-on-junebug/|last=Murray |first=Robin |date=June 5, 2024 |access-date=June 7, 2024 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref> On July 18, 2024, she released the music video of "16 Candles".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HHCWrDlZtY | title=Raveena - 16 Candles | website=[[YouTube]] | date=July 18, 2024 }}</ref><br />
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Raveena served as the opening act for the North American leg for [[Tinashe]]'s fifth concert tour, ''[[Match My Freak: World Tour]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hatfield|first=Amanda|title=Tinashe announces "Match My Freak Tour" with Raveena|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/tinashe-announces-match-my-freak-tour-with-raveena/|access-date=August 6, 2024|website=[[BrooklynVegan]]|date=August 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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In October 2024, she released a short film of the album, ''Where the Butterflies Went'', directed by [https://aerthship.com/ Aerthship] and executive produced by American chef Sophia Roe.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Shares Short Film 'Where The Butterflies Went'|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/raveena-shares-short-film-where-the-butterflies-went/|last=Murray |first=Robin |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 26, 2024 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><br />
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In February 2025, Raveena released her new single, "Sun Don't Leave Me". On February 28, 2025, she released the deluxe edition of her album with three additional songs which were completed during the [[January 2025 Southern California wildfires]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Shares New Single 'Sun Don't Leave Me'|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/raveena-shares-new-single-sun-dont-leave-me/|last=Hussain |first=Shahzaib |date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=February 16, 2025|magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><br />
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To support her album, Raveena embarked on her fourth tour, Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain Tour, spanning North America from April 30, 2025, to June 10, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Instagram: heart beating so fast! We are doing a headline tour again after 3 years !!!!! North America I will see you this spring and the rest of the world is to be announced 😍 I CANNOT WAIT !!!!!!!!! also I'm so excited to bring @renaomusic and @lightningbugpjs on the road with me...|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DGV8roVRVud/?hl=en |access-date=February 25, 2025 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Artistry==<br />
===Influences===<br />
Raveena cites [[Asha Puthli]] as one of her greatest inspirations and influences. She grew up listening to [[Hindi film music|Bollywood soundtracks]], especially to 70s and 80s music.<ref name="graziaindia">{{cite magazine |last=Naeem |first=Nida |date=January 27, 2023 |title=Raveena On Bollywood And Beauty Ahead Of Her India Debut At Lollapalooza |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/people/raveena-on-bollywood-and-beauty-ahead-of-her-india-debut-at-lollapalooza-10460.html |magazine=[[Grazia India]] |location=India |publisher=Anupama Bhalla |access-date=October 12, 2023}}</ref> When she was 8 years old, she was inspired to be a singer after being introduced first to the music of singers [[Ella Fitzgerald]] and [[Billie Holiday]].<ref name="NME">{{cite magazine |last=Balram |first=Dhruva |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Raveena Aurora: the cult hero carving a path for more South Asian artists |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/raveena-aurora-the-cult-hero-carving-a-path-for-more-south-asian-artists-2539604 |magazine=[[NME]]|access-date=June 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name="crack" /> The other influences that she drew heavy inspirations are [[Nina Simone]], [[Minnie Riperton]],<ref name="npr room" /> [[Corinne Bailey Rae]], [[Sade (singer)|Sade]],<ref name="billboard stunning" /> rock band [[Fleetwood Mac]],<ref name= "billboard music soft power" /> [[Stevie Wonder]], [[D'Angelo]]<ref name="VICE LUCID" /> and [[Björk]]. She also grew up listening to Indian musicians [[Asha Bhosle]],<ref name="clash dreaming">{{cite magazine |last=Ahmed |first=Narzra |date=January 24, 2020 |title=Lucid Dreaming: Raveena's Soulful Meditations |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/lucid-dreaming-raveenas-soulful-meditations |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[R D Burman]]<ref name="graziaindia" /> and [[Ravi Shankar]]. When writing for ''Lucid'', [[Feist (singer)|Feist]], Sade, [[Kadhja Bonet]], Asha Puthli and Björk were her influences for her album.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Byers |first=Rosie |date=September 5, 2019 |title=5 Minutes With Raveena |url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2019/09/05/raveena-lucid-album-interview/#:~:text=Feist%2C%20Sade%2C%20Kadjha%20Bonet%2C,to%20album%20artwork%20and%20Instagram. |magazine=[[Wonderland (magazine)|Wonderland]] |access-date=November 17, 2022}}</ref> When writing for ''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain'', her influences include Fleetwood Mac, [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]], [[Bob Marley]], [[Joni Mitchell]], and [[Marvin Gaye]].<ref name= "clash 3rdalbum" /> She cited the British-Sri Lankan rapper [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] as an influence and a career model, as during her teenage years, she only had M.I.A., who represented "some version of herself".<ref name="crack" /> When M.I.A. progressed to mainstream music, Raveena was assured that being a singer "is a path I could potentially take."<ref name="NME" /><br />
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===Musical style and songwriting===<br />
Raveena has been described as a [[R&B]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Tara |date=February 19, 2022 |title=One to watch: Raveena |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/feb/19/one-to-watch-raveena-ashas-awakening |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=July 9, 2022}}</ref> [[Soul music|soul]],<ref>{{cite news | title=The Reawakening Of Raveena: How The Singer/Songwriter Found Renewal In Indian Traditions While Looking Ever-Forward On Her Sophomore LP |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/raveena-aurora-explores-heritage-on-ashas-awakening-interview-coachella-2022|last=Peay |first=Malik |date=April 18, 2022 |access-date=June 4, 2022 |work=Grammys}}</ref> [[jazz]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Butchard |first=Skye |date=February 8, 2022 |title=Raveena Asha's Awakening |url=https://www.loudandquiet.com/reviews/raveena-ashas-awakening/ |magazine=[[Loud and Quiet]] |access-date=June 30, 2022}}</ref> [[Experimental music|experimental]],<ref name="npr room"/><ref name="Paper" /> [[contemporary R&B]] and [[Pop Music|pop]]<ref name="Dazed" /> singer. She plays the guitar and the piano.<ref name="forbes" /> The subject of her songs are based on her personal experiences or from observations.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Shah |first=Harshvardhan |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Four South Asian Creatives Redefining the Norm |url=https://vmagazine.com/article/four-south-asian-creatives-redefining-the-norm/ |magazine=[[V (American magazine)|V Magazine]] |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113135358/https://vmagazine.com/article/four-south-asian-creatives-redefining-the-norm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="graziaindia" /><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last=Loganathan |first=Sonikka |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Indian-American singer Raveena Aurora on paying tribute to her motherland at Lollapalooza India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/indian-american-singer-raveena-aurora-on-paying-tribute-to-her-motherland-at-lollapalooza-india/article66453707.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Her lyrics refer to variety of themes, such as [[identity politics]], sexuality,<ref name="thehindu" /> heartbreaks, hardships, and mental struggles.<ref name="Dazed" /> She stated that she had always found songwriting to be a form of [[catharsis]] and having music as a way to process and reflect on her experiences "saved" her.<ref name="Dazed" /><ref name="thehindu" /> According to her, songwriting "happens by feeling" and the song process begins from the music then she writes the lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Surabhi |date=April 10, 2019 |title=Raveena Aurora discusses music, creative process, identity |url=https://williamsrecord.com/67505/arts/raveena-aurora-discusses-music-creative-process-identity/ |work=[[Williams College#Student media|The Willams Record]] |access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref> Before making ''Shanti'', she said, "I wrote hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of songs before my first project. Good songwriting is the heart of any person's success, so I felt like the only thing I could do is write good songs to prove myself."<ref name= "billboard music soft power" /><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
Since 2020, she resides in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://atmos.earth/raveena-aurora-ashas-awakening-leads-with-love/ |title=Raveena Aurora Leads with Love |last=X. Chen |first=Amber |date=September 3, 2023 |magazine=Atmos Magazine |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> In 2018, Raveena came out as [[bisexual]] through her 2018 single "Temptation".<ref name="i-D brown" /> On June 3, 2021, on [[Twitter]], she said that she thinks that she is actually [[pansexual]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on X: "lol i think im actually pan" |url=https://twitter.com/raveena_aurora/status/1400282968107585537?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw |access-date=May 4, 2024 |website=[[Twitter|X]] |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Spirituality#Sikhism|spiritual Sikh]] as she regularly reads [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Religious text|texts]]. She also focuses on [[meditation]] and [[mindfulness]].<ref name="clash dreaming" />. Raveena is currently dating American music producer Tyler Cole, who is known for the collaborative album ''[[The Anxiety]]'' with [[Willow Smith]], under which the single "[[Meet Me At Our Spot]]" became popular in 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TikTok - Make Your Day |url=https://www.tiktok.com/@raveena_aurora/video/7389399129283202335?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.tiktok.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DTVui3kEXfs/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><br />
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==Other ventures==<br />
===Philanthrophy===<br />
In May 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Raveena Aurora launched a fundraising initiative to support global relief efforts. From her platform, she sought to raise awareness and monetise for Black and Brown people communities disproportionately affected by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://glittermagazine.co/2020/05/20/discover-how-singer-raveena-is-raising-money-for-covid-19-relief/ |title=Discover How Singer Raveena Is Raising Money for COVID-19 Relief |author=Danagvillalobos |date=May 20, 2020 |magazine=Glitter Magazine |access-date=April 27, 2025}}</ref> In November 2021, Raveena started the ''Aurora Loving Kindness Project'', a mutual aid hub providing "healing, wellness and investment". The Project's first grant cycle was specifically for Black, Brown and queer musicians. The second cycle was for musicians of domestic violence, intimate partner violence and sexual assault. The third cycle was for musicians interested in sustainable futures through community programs such as "meditations, grants, shops for donation, non-traditional forms of trade and collaborating with other programs".<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://browngirlmagazine.com/in-conversation-with-raveena-on-her-album-ashas-awakening-the-aurora-loving-kindness-project-mindfulness-and-mediation-and-more/ |title=In Conversation With Raveena on her album 'Asha's Awakening,' the Aurora Loving Kindness Project, Mindfulness and Meditation, and More |last=Blais-Billie |first=Braudie |date=October 20, 2022 |magazine=Brown Girl Magazine |access-date=November 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AURORA LOVING KINDNESS PROJECT |url=https://www.auroralovingkindnessproject.com/about |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=www.auroralovingkindnessproject.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Activism===<br />
In June 2022, following the U.S. Supreme Court's [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|2022 overturning]] of [[Roe v. Wade]], Raveena publicly shared her personal experience with abortion and highlighted the socioeconomic and emotional dimensions of reproductive choice. She expressed solidarity with marginalised communities most affected by abortion bans and advocated for direct action, including supporting local abortion funds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Instagram: I felt yesterday's Roe v Wade decision somewhere like a pain radiating throughout my belly, a little flutter of fear in my chest, all day yesterday. I thought back to 21-year-old Raveena (in this picture right here) that felt the weight of abortion and the weight of carrying a baby so deeply, but also was saved by abortion and would have not had the financial resources or community network to have a baby at that time. who would have had to be connected for life to a father she was on the verge of breaking up with anyways... |url=https://www.instagram.com/raveena_aurora/p/CfPCc2FrF9-/?img_index=1|access-date=May 12, 2025 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en}}</ref> In October 2023, Raveena signed an open letter for the "[[Artists4Ceasefire]]" campaign alongside 185 other artists to the 46th [[president of the United States]], [[Joe Biden]], [[Calls for a ceasefire during the Gaza war|calling for a ceasefire]] to end the killing of civilians during the [[Gaza war]]. She wrote the song "Rise", the third track from ''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain'' to show her support for the freedom of Palestine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Instagram: my heart has been fully shattered the past few weeks…. Thousands of beautiful souls under rubble, and if not dead, living under the most garish and traumatizing living conditions. [...] ceasefire now and free Palestine forever. praying for peace for civilians of both Palestine and Israel. US folks, please call your reps ! ! ! there is power in our collective voice - do not give in to the apathy and collective delusion and disassociation that is encouraged of us... |url=https://www.instagram.com/raveena_aurora/p/Cy-_5LmLG6Y/?hl=en&img_index=2|access-date=May 12, 2025 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Aurora on Instagram: Rise is truly one of my favorites from the album ❤️ I have played it hundreds of times and I still find new layers in it everyday somehow |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C8p3wniSxmt/?img_index=1|access-date=May 12, 2025 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
=== Studio albums ===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title<br />
! scope="col" style="width:23em;"| Album details<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Lucid''<br />
|<br />
* Released: May 31, 2019<br />
* Label: Moonstone Recordings LLC, EMPIRE<br />
* Format: [[Long-playing record|LP]], [[music download|digital download]], [[streaming media|streaming]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Asha's Awakening]]''<br />
|<br />
* Released: February 11, 2022<br />
* Label: Moonstone Recordings LLC, [[Warner Records|Warner]]<br />
* Format: [[music download|Digital download]], [[streaming media|streaming]], LP<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain]]''<br />
|<br />
* Released: June 14, 2024<br />
* Label: Moonstone Recordings LLC, EMPIRE<br />
* Format: Digital download, streaming<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Guest appearances===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 16em;" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Album<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Bloom"<br />{{Small|([[Prateek Kuhad]] featuring Raveena)}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2025<br />
| ''The Way That Lovers Do'' (Deluxe)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Seagirl"<br />{{Small|([[King Krule]] featuring Raveena)}}<br />
| ''[[Space Heavy]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Extended plays ===<br />
<!-- Do not add Raveena's pre-Shanti EP here as there is a longstanding consensus against doing so. --><br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title<br />
! scope="col" style="width:23em;"| Album details<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Shanti''{{efn|Though Raveena independently released one EP in 2012, ''Shanti'' is widely reported to be her debut EP.<ref name="spin" />}}<br />
|<br />
* Released: December 6, 2017<br />
* Label: House Music<br />
* Format: [[Long-playing record|LP]], [[music download|digital download]], [[streaming media|streaming]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Moonstone''<br />
|<br />
* Released: February 7, 2020<br />
* Label: Moonstone Recordings LLC, EMPIRE<br />
* Format: [[Long-playing record|LP]], [[music download|digital download]], [[streaming media|streaming]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Singles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+List of singles, showing year released and album name shown<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Year<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="1"|Album<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"You Give Me That"<br />
| rowspan="2"|2016<br />
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Johnny It's the Last Time"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Spell"<br />
| rowspan="3"|2017<br />
| rowspan="3"| ''Shanti''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |"Sweet Time"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |"If Only"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |"I Won't Mind"<br />
|rowspan="3"|2018<br />
| rowspan="3" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Honey"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Temptation"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Mama"<br />
| rowspan="2"|2019<br />
| rowspan="2"| ''Lucid''<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Stronger"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Headaches"<br />
|rowspan="1"|2020<br />
| rowspan="1"|''Moonstone''<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Tweety"<br />
|rowspan="1"|2021<br />
| rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Rush"<br />
|rowspan="2"|2022<br />
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Asha's Awakening]]''<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Secret"<br/>{{small|(featuring [[Vince Staples]])}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Pluto"<br />
|rowspan="3"|2024<br />
| rowspan="3" | ''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain''<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Lucky"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Junebug"<br/>{{small|(featuring [[JPEGMAFIA]])}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |"Sun Don't Leave Me"<br />
|rowspan="1"|2025<br />
| rowspan="1"|''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain (Deluxe)''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Music videos===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Title<br />
! Year<br />
! Director(s)<br />
! Album<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Sweet Time"<br />
| 2017<br />
|rowspan="1" |Raveena<br />
|''Shanti''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Honey"<br />
|rowspan="2" |2018<br />
|Raveena, Weird Life Films<br />
|rowspan="2" | Non-album music videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Temptation"<br />
|Jackson Tisi<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Mama"<br />
|rowspan="3" |2019<br />
|Danica Kleinknecht<br />
|rowspan="3" | ''Lucid''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Stronger"<br />
| Raveena, Danica Kleinknecht<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Petal"<br />
|Danica Kleinknecht <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Headaches"<br />
|2020<br />
|Raveena<br />
|''Moonstone''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Tweety"<br />
|2021<br />
|Raveena, Chris Cadaver<br />
|Non-album music video<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Rush"<br />
|rowspan="3" |2022<br />
|Raveena, Munachi Osegbu<br />
|rowspan="4" | ''[[Asha's Awakening]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Secret"<br/>{{small|(featuring [[Vince Staples]])}}<br />
|rowspan="2" |Raveena<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Love Overgrown"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Mystery"<br />
|2023<br />
|Melting Clock Films<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Pluto"<br />
|rowspan="4" |2024<br />
|rowspan="1" |Raveena, Tanmay Chowdhary<br />
|rowspan="4" | ''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Lucky"<br />
|Isha Dipika Walia<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |"Lose My Focus" {{small|(lyric video)}}<br />
|rowspan="2" |Raveena, Tanmay Chowdhary<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "16 Candles"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Sun Don't Leave Me"<br />
|rowspan="3" |2025<br />
|Raveena, Donavon<br />
|rowspan="2" | ''Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain'' (Deluxe)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Locus My Focus ft. [[Umi (singer)|UMI]]" {{small|(visualizer video)}}<br />
|Ameya Gupta<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | "Morning Prayer ft. NATURE" <br />
|Aerthship<br />
|Non-album music video<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Tours==<br />
* Woman Is Holy Tour (2018)<br />
* Lucid Tour (2019)<br />
* Asha's Awakening Tour (2022)<br />
* Where the Butterflies Go in the Rain (2025)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://raveenaaurora.com}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm11263514}}<br />
* {{Discogs artist|7308823}}<br />
* {{MusicBrainz artist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurora, Raveena}}<br />
[[Category:1993 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]<br />
[[Category:American Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:American singers of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Bisexual singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:American LGBTQ songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:American LGBTQ people of Asian descent]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Connecticut]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ people from New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American musicians]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]<br />
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]<br />
[[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]]<br />
[[Category:American women singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:American experimental musicians]]<br />
[[Category:American jazz musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:American bisexual women]]<br />
[[Category:American bisexual writers]]<br />
[[Category:Female music video directors]]<br />
[[Category:New York University Tisch School of the Arts alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American bisexual singers]]<br />
[[Category:American LGBTQ women singers]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakuntala_Devi&diff=534408Shakuntala Devi2026-04-29T16:56:11Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding new bio - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer and mental calculator (1929–2013)}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Shakuntala Devi<br />
| image = 19681016狄威.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Devi in 1968<br />
| nickname = Human Computer<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|11|04}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]<br />
| spouse = {{married|Paritosh Banerji|1964|1979|reason=div.}}<br />
| children = 1<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|04|21|1929|11|04}}<br />
| death_place = [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|[[mental calculator]]|[[astrologer]]}}<br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shakuntala Devi''' (4 November 1929&nbsp;– 21 April 2013) was an Indian [[mental calculator]], [[Astrology|astrologer]], and [[writer]], popularly known as the "Human Computer". Her talent earned her a place in the 1982 edition of ''[[Guinness World Records|The Guinness Book of World Records]]''. However, the certificate for the record was given posthumously on 30 July 2020, despite Devi achieving her world record on 18 June 1980 at [[Imperial College, London]]. Devi was a [[wikt:precocious|precocious]] child, and she demonstrated her arithmetic abilities at the [[University of Mysore]] without any formal education.<br />
<br />
Devi strove to simplify numerical calculations for students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shakuntala Devi strove to simplify maths for students|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shakuntala-devi-strove-to-simplify-maths-for-students/article4640134.ece?homepage=true |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 April 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> She wrote several books in her later years, including novels as well as texts about mathematics, puzzles, and astrology. She wrote the book ''The World of Homosexuals'' (1977), which is considered the first study of [[homosexuality in India]].<ref name=GLOBALIZING>{{Cite journal | title=Globalizing queer? AIDS, homophobia and the politics of sexual identity in India | author=Subir K Kole | journal=Globalization and Health | doi=10.1186/1744-8603-3-8 | date=11 July 2007 | pmid=17623106 | volume=3 | page=8 | pmc=2018684 | doi-access=free }}: "The first academic book on Indian homosexuals appeared in 1977 (''The World of Homosexuals'') written by Shakuntala Devi, the mathematics wiz kid who was internationally known as the human computer. This book saw homosexuality in a positive light and reviewed the socio-cultural and legal situation of homosexuality in India and contrasted that with the gay liberation movement then taking place in the USA."</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mubarak |first=Salva |date=13 May 2019 |title=Get to know Shakuntala Devi, the woman known as the 'human computer' |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/who-is-shakuntala-devi-the-woman-called-the-human-computer-vidya-balan-bollywood-biopic-real-story |magazine=[[Vogue India]] |location=[[Mumbai]], India |publisher=Dilshad Arora |access-date=2 August 2019 |quote=In 1970s, she wrote The World of Homosexuals, a book that went disappointingly unnoticed at that time, but gained popularity over the years for being one of the earliest studies of our society's understanding of homosexuality.}}</ref> She saw homosexuality in a positive light and is considered a pioneer in the field.<ref name=GLOBALIZING/><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Shakuntala Devi was born on 4 November 1929 at [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |date=21 April 2013 |title=Shakuntala Devi, 'Human Computer' Who Bested the Machines, Dies at 83 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/world/asia/shakuntala-devi-human-computer-dies-in-india-at-83.html |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="TELEGRAPH">{{cite news |date=22 April 2013 |title=Obituary: Shakuntala Devi |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10011281/shakuntala-devi.html |url-status=dead |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423112649/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10011281/Shakuntala-Devi.html |archive-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> to a [[Kannada]] [[Brahmin]] family.<ref name="TIME">{{closed access}} {{cite news |title=Science: Numbers Game |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822325,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125202642/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822325,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2010 |newspaper=Time |date=14 July 1952 |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |date=21 April 2013 |title='Human computer' Shakuntala Devi dies in Bangalore |newspaper=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Human-computer-Shakuntala-Devi-dies-in-Bangalore/articleshow/19667587.cms |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref> Her father, C V Sundararaja Rao,<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Shakuntala's siblings gave up on maths |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/why-shakuntala-s-siblings-gave-up-on-maths-871060.html |access-date=2 September 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=8 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> worked as a trapeze artist, lion tamer, tightrope walker and magician in a circus.<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="TELEGRAPH" /><ref name="ib" /><ref name="HINDU">{{cite news |date=21 April 2013 |title=Shakuntala Devi strove to simplify maths for students |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mathematical-genius-shakuntala-devi-no-more/article4640134.ece?homepage=true |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=22 April 2013 |title=Obituary: India's 'human computer' Shakuntala Devi |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22244118 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="BANGALORE">{{cite news |title=She made learning maths as thrilling as magic |author1=Aditi Mishra |author2=Siddarth Kumar Jain |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/She-made-learning-maths-as-thrilling-as-magic/articleshow/21204048.cms?subsite= |newspaper=The Bangalore Mirror |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> He discovered his daughter's ability to memorise numbers while teaching her a card trick when she was about three years old.<ref name="HINDU" /><ref name="NYT" /><ref name="BBC" /> Her father left the circus and took her on road shows that displayed her ability at calculation.<ref name="NYT" /> She did this without any formal education.<ref name="HINDU" /><ref name="TELEGRAPH" /> At the age of six she demonstrated her arithmetic abilities at the [[University of Mysore]].<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TELEGRAPH/><br />
<br />
In 1944, at the age of 15, Devi moved to [[London]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=4 November 2017 |title=Remembering Shakuntala Devi, India's 'human computer' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/national-news-shakuntala-devi-anniversary-facts-india-human-computer-trivia/16145192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421235141/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/national-news-shakuntala-devi-anniversary-facts-india-human-computer-trivia/16145192 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2019 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |date=29 January 2019 |title=Sanya Malhotra to play Vidya Balan's daughter in Shakuntala |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/national-news-shakuntala-devi-anniversary-facts-india-human-computer-trivia/16145192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421235141/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/national-news-shakuntala-devi-anniversary-facts-india-human-computer-trivia/16145192 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2019 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Mental calculator ==<br />
Devi travelled to several countries around the world, demonstrating her arithmetic talents. She was on a tour of Europe throughout 1950 and was in New York City in 1976.<ref name=NYT/> In 1988, she travelled to the US to have her abilities studied by [[Arthur Jensen]], a professor of educational psychology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Jensen tested her performance at several tasks, including calculating large numbers. Examples of the problems presented to Devi included calculating the [[cube root]] of 61,629,875 and the [[seventh root]] of 170,859,375.<ref name=TELEGRAPH/><ref name="JENSEN">{{cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Arthur R. |date=July–September 1990 |title=Speed of information processing in a calculating prodigy |url=http://stepanov.lk.net/mnemo/jensen.html |journal=Intelligence |location=University of California, Berkeley, United States |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=259–274 |doi=10.1016/0160-2896(90)90019-P |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104091345/http://stepanov.lk.net/mnemo/jensen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jensen reported that Devi provided the solution to the above-mentioned problems (395 and 15, respectively) before Jensen could copy them down in his notebook.<ref name=TELEGRAPH/><ref name=JENSEN/> Jensen published his findings in the academic journal ''[[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]]'' in 1990.<ref name=TELEGRAPH/><ref name=JENSEN/><ref>Note that there are easy tricks for getting odd-numbered roots when the root is an integer. See "Tricks of Lightning Calculators", in ''Mathematical Carnival'', by Martin Gardner, Knoff, 1975 and other sources.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1977, at [[Southern Methodist University]], she computed the 23rd root of a 201-digit number in 50 seconds.<ref name=HINDU/><ref name=JENSEN/> Her answer, 546,372,891, was confirmed by calculations done at the US Bureau of Standards using the [[UNIVAC 1101]] computer, for which a special program had to be written to perform such a large calculation.<ref name="Smith 1983">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Steven Bradley |title=The Great Mental Calculators: The Psychology, Methods, and Lives of Calculating Prodigies, Past and Present |year=1983 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0231056400}}</ref> It took the UNIVAC computer 62 seconds to produce the correct answer.{{refn|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Priya |date=31 July 2020 |title=5 Things to Know About Shakuntala Devi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/movies/shakuntala-devi-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023171727/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/movies/shakuntala-devi-movie.html |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lallanilla |first=Marc |date=26 April 2013 |title='Human Computer' Shakuntala Devi Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna51677659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514130443/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna51677659 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stroumboulopoulos |first=George |date=24 April 2013 |title=RIP Shakuntala Devi, "The Human Computer" |url=https://www.cbc.ca/strombo/news/rip-shakuntala-devi-the-human-computer-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919192109/https://www.cbc.ca/strombo/news/rip-shakuntala-devi-the-human-computer-1.html |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Jon M. |date=4 November 2013 |title=Shakuntala Devi, 'The Human Computer,' Honored in Google Doodle |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/human-computer-honored-google-doodle/story?id=20779152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135241/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/human-computer-honored-google-doodle/story?id=20779152 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
On 18 June 1980, she demonstrated the multiplication of two 13-digit numbers – 7,686,369,774,870 × 2,465,099,745,779. The Department of Computing at [[Imperial College London]] randomly picked these numbers. She correctly answered 18,947,668,177,995,426,462,773,730 in 28 seconds.<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="TELEGRAPH" /> This event was recorded in the 1982 ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]''.<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="TELEGRAPH" /> Writer Steven Smith commented, "the result is so far superior to anything previously reported that it can only be described as unbelievable."<ref name="Smith 1983" /><br />
<br />
Shakuntala Devi explained many of the methods she used to do mental calculations in her 1977 book ''Figuring: The Joy of Numbers''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6k7yF2qQ7xoC |title=Figuring: The Joy Of Numbers |isbn=978-81-222-0038-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Book on homosexuality ==<br />
In 1977, she wrote ''The World of Homosexuals'', the first published academic study<ref name=GLOBALIZING/> of [[homosexuality in India]],<ref name="worldoh">{{Cite book | title=The World of Homosexuals | author=Shakuntala Devi | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | year=1977 | isbn=9780706904789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBwbAAAAYAAJ }}</ref> for which she was criticised. In the documentary ''For Straights Only'', she said that her interest in the topic was because of her marriage to a homosexual man and her desire to look at homosexuality more closely to understand it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/r-i-p-shakuntala-devi-math-evangelist-and-ally-of-the-queer-community/|title=R.I.P. Shakuntala Devi, math-evangelist and ally of the queer community|date=21 April 2013|website=orinam|access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The book, considered "pioneering",<ref name=sslii>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2nprDLPRLwC&q=%22mathematical%20wizard%22&pg=PT247 | editor1 = Ruth Vanita | editor2 = Saleem Kidwai | title = Same-Sex Love in India: A Literary History | publisher= Penguin UK | year=2008 | isbn= 9788184759693 }}</ref> features interviews with two young Indian [[homosexual men]], a male couple in Canada seeking legal marriage, a temple priest who explains his views on homosexuality, and a review of the existing literature on homosexuality.<ref name=swpmsm/> It ends with a call for decriminalisation of homosexuality, and "full and complete acceptance—not tolerance and sympathy".<ref name=sslii/> The book, however, went mostly unnoticed at that time.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue16/chandra_review.htm | author = Subhash Chandra | title = Review of "The Construction of Queer Culture in India: Pioneers and Landmarks" | journal = Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific | issue = 16 | date = March 2008 |quote=This book went almost unnoticed, and did not contribute to queer discourse or movement.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Devi returned to India in the mid-1960s, and she married Paritosh Banerji,<ref name="marriage">{{cite news |title=Shakuntala Devi's life changed after marrying a gay man: The human behind the human computer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/shakuntala-devi-s-life-changed-after-marrying-a-gay-man-the-human-behind-the-human-computer-1616260-2019-11-06 |access-date=13 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=6 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] from [[Kolkata]].<ref name=YAHOO>{{cite news |title=India's math wizard, Shakuntala Devi |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/india-s-math-wizard--shakuntala-devi-102612575.html |newspaper=Yahoo! India News |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> They divorced in 1979, after her husband's homosexuality was allegedly revealed.<ref name="marriage"/><ref name=YAHOO/> Their daughter Anupama Banerji claimed that Devi lied about her husband being gay to promote her book on homosexuals because her credibility on the subject matter was questioned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=Abira |date=20 August 2020 |title=Anupama on Why Shakuntala Devi Lied About Her Husband Being Gay |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/shakuntala-devis-daughter-on-her-lying-about-her-father-being-gay |work=TheQuint |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Modi |first=Chintan Grirish |date=1 August 2020 |title=Essay: Vidya Balan's Shakuntala Devi biopic suggests the genius lied about her husband's sexuality to sell her book |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/essay-vidya-balan-s-shakuntala-devi-biopic-suggests-the-genius-lied-about-her-husband-s-sexuality-to-sell-her-book/story-WaxBKNj2pKiBec9Z6QrQHJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1980, she contested the [[Lok Sabha]] elections as an independent candidate for [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]] and for [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]).<ref name="johar" /> In Medak she stood against the former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 2019|title=Lesser Known Facts About Shakuntala Devi, The Human Calculator Whom Vidya Balan Is Essaying in Biopic|url=https://www.herzindagi.com/inspiration/fun-facts-shakuntala-devi-human-calculator-vidya-balan-biopic-article-127621|access-date=21 July 2020|website=HerZindagi English|language=en}}</ref> saying she wanted to "defend the people of Medak from being fooled by Mrs. Gandhi";<ref name="himmat" /> she came ninth, with 6,514 votes (1.47% of the votes).<ref name="Reddi" /> Devi returned to [[Bangalore]] in the early 1980s.<ref name="YAHOO" /><br />
<br />
In addition to her work as a mental calculator, Devi was a notable [[astrologer]] and an author of several books, including cookbooks and novels.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=BBC/><ref name=BANGALORE/> She started with writing short stories and murder mysteries, and had a keen interest in music.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mathematical Bonaza|first=Shakuntala Devi|date=20 July 2020|title=Shakiuntala Devi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGBTHb0FigI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/MGBTHb0FigI |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death and legacy ==<br />
In April 2013, Devi was admitted to a hospital in [[Bangalore]] with severe respiratory problems.<ref name=HINDU/> Over the following two weeks, she had heart and kidney complications.<ref name=HINDU/><ref name=NYT/> She died in the hospital on 21 April 2013.<ref name=HINDU/><ref name=NYT/> She was 83 years old.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TELEGRAPH/> Her daughter Anupama Banerji is married to Ajay Abhaya Kumar, with whom she has two daughters, and lives in [[London]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-your-mom-genius-anupama-banerji-intv-tnm-shakuntala-devi-129840|title=When your mom is a genius: Anupama Banerji intv with TNM on Shakuntala Devi |date=1 August 2020|work=The News Minute |access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=TELEGRAPH/><ref name=BANGALORE/><ref>{{cite journal|title=D.N. Rama Murthy & Another v. Anupama Banerjee & Others|url=https://www.legitquest.com/case/dn-rama-murthy-another-v-anupama-banerjee-others/DDF7F|website=Legitquest.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 November 2013, Devi was honoured with a [[Google Doodle]] on what would have been her 84th birthday.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 November 2013|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/internet/shakuntala-devis-84th-birthday-celebrated-with-a-doodle/articleshow/25203546.cms|title=Shakuntala Devi's 84th birthday celebrated with a doodle|work=[[The Times of India]].|access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
A film on her life titled ''[[Shakuntala Devi (film)|Shakuntala Devi]]'' was announced in May 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya Balan to play Math genius Shakuntala Devi in her next film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vidya-balan-to-play-math-genius-shakuntala-devi-in-her-next-film/article27065879.ece |access-date=16 May 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya Balan to play ace mathematician Shakuntala Devi in biopic |url=https://scroll.in/reel/922714/vidya-balan-to-play-ace-mathematician-shakuntala-devi-in-biopic |access-date=16 May 2019 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=8 May 2019}}</ref> The film stars [[Vidya Balan]] in the lead title role and features [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Amit Sadh]], and [[Jisshu Sengupta]] in the supporting roles. Produced by [[Sony Pictures Networks India|Sony Pictures Networks Productions]], the film streamed worldwide on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 31 July 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya Balan's Shakuntala Devi biopic to be released on Amazon Prime, actor 'thrilled to entertain you in unprecedented times' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidya-balan-s-shakuntala-devi-biopic-to-be-released-on-amazon-prime-actor-thrilled-to-entertain-you-in-unprecedented-times/story-JBB5KBfMeGt2UfuBedHJYK.html |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Arora 2020">{{cite news |last=Arora |first=Akhil |title=Vidya Balan's Shakuntala Devi Out July 31 on Amazon Prime Video |work=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=15 May 2020 |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/shakuntala-devi-movie-release-date-july-vidya-balan-amazon-prime-video-human-computer-film-2256100 |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected works ==<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=Perfect Murder |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |publication-place=New Delhi |date=1976 |oclc=3432320 |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=Puzzles to Puzzle You |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |publication-place=Delhi |date=1976 |isbn=978-81-222-0014-0 |oclc=881704076 |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=Figuring: The Joy of Numbers |publisher=Harper & Row |publication-place=New York |date=1977 |isbn=978-0-06-011069-7 |oclc=4228589 |url=https://archive.org/details/figuringjoyofnum00shak |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Shakuntala Devi |title=The World of Homosexuals |publisher=Vikas Pub. House |publication-place=New Delhi |date=1977 |isbn=978-0-7069-0478-9 |oclc=3554716 |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=More Puzzles to Puzzle You |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |publication-place=New Delhi |date=2004 |isbn=978-81-222-0048-5 |oclc=1194441931 |url=https://archive.org/details/morepuzzles0000devi |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=Astrology for You |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |publication-place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-222-0067-6 |oclc=698472904 |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=Mathability: Awaken the Math Genius in Your Child |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |publication-place=New Delhi |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-222-0316-5 |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=Book of Numbers: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Numbers but Was Difficult to Understand |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |publication-place=New Delhi |date=2006 |isbn=81-222-0006-0 |oclc=931780447 |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=In the Wonderland of Numbers: Maths and Your Child |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |publication-place=New Delhi |date=2006 |isbn=978-81-222-0399-8 |oclc=933396051 |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Shakuntala |title=Super Memory: It Can Be Yours! |publisher=Orient Pub |publication-place=New Delhi |date=2012 |isbn=978-81-222-0507-7 |oclc=1225860729 |url=https://archive.org/details/supermemoryitcan0000shak |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |author-mask=0 |ref=none}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<ref name=swpmsm>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3P4IKB7Mcf4C&q=mathematical&pg=PA64 | page = 64 | title = Social Work Practice and Men Who Have Sex With Men | author = Sherry Joseph | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780761933526}}</ref><br />
<ref name=ib>{{cite news |title=Math Genius and Guinness Record Holder Shakuntala Devi Passes Away at Age 83 |author=IBTimes Staff Reporter |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/459844/20130422/shakuntala-devi-mathematician-guinness-record-holder.htm |newspaper=International Business Times |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<ref name=johar>{{citation | title = The Election Archives, Volumes 65–70 | publisher = Shiv Lal | date = 1982 | pages = 111, 64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB4vAAAAYAAJ | quote = "Two other prominent independents were film comedian I. S. Johar and the mathematician, Mrs Shakuntala Devi. I. S. Johar contested from Bombay south and New Delhi and Mrs Shakuntala Devi from Bombay south and Medak in Andhra Pradesh."}}</ref><br />
<ref name=himmat>{{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZssxAQAAIAAJ | title = Himmat Volume 16 Part 1 | date = 1979 | page = 10 | chapter = Bombay's Women | quote = So now Mrs. Devi wants to "defend the people of Medak from being fooled by Mrs. Gandhi".}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Reddi>{{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VuglAAAAMAAJ | title = Lok Sabha Elections, 1977 & 1980, in Andhra Pradesh | author = Agarala Easwara Reddi | publisher = Tamil Nadu Academy of Political Science | date = 1985 | page = 175 | quote = "9. Smt. Shakuntala Devi (Ind) (the well known mathematical prodigy) 6514 1.47 / 10. Sardar Jagat Singh (Ind) 1430 0.32"}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Chips-no-match-to-grey-cells-Shakuntala-Devi/articleshow/19707497.cms Chips no match to grey cells: Shakuntala Devi] at ''[[The Times of India]]''<br />
* [http://knowyourstar.com/2013/01/01/the-human-computer-shakuntala-devi/ Interview of Shakuntala Devi] at Know Your Star<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|LGBTQ|Education|India}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Shakuntala}}<br />
[[Category:1929 births]]<br />
[[Category:2013 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century astrologers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century astrologers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian astrologers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mnemonists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian popular science writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women science writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:Mental calculators]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirukostiyur_Assembly_constituency&diff=541489Tirukostiyur Assembly constituency2026-04-19T08:54:43Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding stub - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| established = 1957<br />
| district = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = Tirukostiyur Assembly constituency<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br />
| mla = [[S. Madhavan]]<br />
| name = Tirukostiyur<br />
| electors= 93,641<br />
| reservation = <br />
| abolished= 1967<br />
}}<br />
'''Tirukostiyur''' was former constituency in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Sivaganga district]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Madras State MLAs<br />
! Year<br />
! Winner<br />
! colspan="2"| Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||[[S. Madhavan]]|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||N. V. Chokkalingam Ambalam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.95}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.22}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirukostiyur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Madhavan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,833 |percentage=37.95% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. V. Chokkalingam Ambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,284 |percentage=32.53% |change=-11.70% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,613 |percentage=23.86% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Muthiah Ambalam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,707 |percentage=5.66% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,549 |percentage=5.42% |change=-14.05% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,437 |percentage=72.72% |change= 19.25% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,641 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.27% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirukostiyur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. V. Chokkalingam Ambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,611 |percentage=44.22% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,533 |percentage=24.75% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannadasan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,389 |percentage=20.15% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. Muthulingam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,184 |percentage=6.83% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. A. K. Muhamud Yusuff Lebbai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,890 |percentage=4.06% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,078 |percentage=19.48% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,607 |percentage=53.47% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,159 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br />
<br />
{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{coords|10.06|78.56|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sivaganga district]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Sivagangai-geo-stub}}<br />
{{India-constituency-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atal_Canteen_scheme&diff=488163Atal Canteen scheme2026-04-16T13:26:39Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started first data initial version.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Welfare scheme by Delhi government}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox project|chiefminister=[[Rekha Gupta]]|launch_date=25th December 2026<ref name=etv></ref>|state=[[Delhi]]|budget=₹ 104 crore (10.4 billion)<ref name=cnbc></ref>|current_status={{color|green|Ongoing}}|type=Welfare scheme|ministry=The Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB)}}<br />
<br />
'''Atal Canteen scheme''' is a scheme, launched by [[Government of Delhi]], in which subsidized food is provided to poor via government-run canteens over Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Delhi CM inaugurates Atal Canteens, announces welfare plans on Vajpayee's birth anniversary |url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/india-delhi-cm-rekha-gupta-inaugurates-atal-canteen-scheme-at-lajpat-nagar-offering-nutritious-meals-at-just-rs-5/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjU6bmV3c21sX01UMVNJUEEwMDBMT0ZZV0g |website=Reuters Connect}}</ref><ref name=abc>{{Cite web |title=Delhi CM inaugurates Atal Canteens, announces welfare plans on Vajpayee's birth anniversary |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/delhi-cm-inaugurates-atal-canteens-announces-welfare-plans-on-vajpayee-s-birth-anniversary-13742408.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251225095034/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/delhi-cm-inaugurates-atal-canteens-announces-welfare-plans-on-vajpayee-s-birth-anniversary-13742408.html |archive-date=2025-12-25 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref> On 25th December, 2025, [[Rekha Gupta]] (Chief minister of Delhi) announced that 45 Atal canteens will be inaugurated in the first phrase, as per BJP's election manifesto published during the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi legislative assembly election of 2025]], with plan to increase number of canteens to 100 in future<ref name=abc></ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-07 |title=Atal canteen scheme to begin from Dec 25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/atal-canteen-scheme-to-begin-from-dec-25/articleshow/125169310.cms |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=etv></ref><br />
<br />
On 19th February 2026, Gupta and V.K Saxena, Lieutanant Governor of Delhi inaugurated 25 more canteens, increasing the total number to 71.<ref name="cnbc" /><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
On 25th December 2025, [[Rekha Gupta]], on the occasion of birth anniversary of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (former Prime Minister of India), announced ,"Government of Delhi has decided to inaugurate 45 canteens as per election manifesto and 55 canteens will be completed soon."<ref name=abc></ref><ref name=etv>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-12-24 |title=Atal Canteens To Bring Cheer For Delhi's Poor From December 25 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/ground-report-atal-canteens-to-bring-cheer-for-delhis-poor-from-december-25-enn25122403440 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><br />
== Key incidents ==<br />
Following the launch of Atal canteen scheme on 25th December 2026, several ministers including Manjinder Singh Sirsa inaugurated canteens in their constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Ministers Sirsa, Pankaj Singh inaugurate 'Atal Canteens' in their constituencies |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/delhi-ministers-sirsa-pankaj-singh-inaugurate-atal-canteens-in-their-constituencies/ |website=[[DD News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19th February 2026, Gupta and [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|V.K Saxena]], Lieutanant Governor of Delhi inaugurated 25 more canteens. Rekha said, "Government aims to increase the total number of canteens to 100".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=Delhi expands Atal Canteen initiative; 25 new facilities launched, says CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-expands-atal-canteen-initiative-25-new-facilities-launched-says-cm-101771525238713.html |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=cnbc>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=Delhi inaugurates 25 new Atal Canteens, total rises to 71 - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/delhi-inaugurates-25-new-atal-canteens-total-rises-to-71-ws-l-19853922.htm |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tripunithura municipality, one of two local bodies in Kerala that is governed by NDA, decided to implement Atal canteen scheme in their local area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-12 |title=Tripunithura to roll out 'Atal Canteens'; two outlets in first phase |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/tripunithura-to-roll-out-atal-canteens-two-outlets-in-first-phase/articleshow/130198065.cms |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
2026 Iran war, resulting in shortage of LPG gas, affected four canteens in Delhi. The Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB), responsible for running the canteen, submits request to fulfill the demands of commercial cooking gas for canteen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-17 |title=Shut Atal Canteens in Delhi reopen, govt assures supply of LPG |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/atal-canteens-reopen-delhi-lpg-shortage-dusib-meals-10587426/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Scheme details ==<br />
Government allocated ₹104 crores (10.4 billion) for this scheme for operating 100 canteens over region.<ref name=cnbc></ref> Government added that project is aimed at benefiting one lakh people daily, through its 100 canteens, each with capacity to serve approx. one thousand people daily.<ref name=cnbc></ref><br />
<br />
In the first phrase of project, 1-2 canteens have been opened in specific constituencies. It is planned to increase the number in future.<ref name=etv></ref><br />
<br />
In the scheme, meal is provided as lunch and dinner at ₹5 rupees, to people from weak economical background, and daily wages workers in Delhi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=L-G, CM open 25 new Atal Canteens |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/millennium-post/20260220/281706916148076 |via=PressReader}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> <br />
<br />
Eligible people are allowed to obtain meal at specific hours, via token system.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhaprauli_Assembly_constituency&diff=493953Chhaprauli Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:39:19Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started a info and citations - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Chhaprauli<br />
| constituency_no = 50<br />
| map_image = 50-Chhaprauli.svg<br />
| mla = [[Ajay Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = 2022<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 3,29,441 (2019)<br />
| type= SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chhaprauli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1967 after the "Delimitation order" was passed and the constituency was constituted in 1967.<ref name="DPACO (1967)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=13 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref> The constituency was assigned identification number 50 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 13 October 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf#|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=13 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=13 October 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/meerut-cantt.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Wards / Areas==<br />
Extent of Chhaprauli Assembly constituency is KCs Chhaprauli, Binoli, PCs Mukarrabpur Kandera, Kishanpur, Asara, Bhudpur, Kasimpur Kheri of Baraut KC, Doghat NP, <br />
Tikri NP & Chhaprauli NP of Baraut Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year <br />
! Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Chhaprauli Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chhaprauli.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Charan Singh]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Narendra Singh <br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Party]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| Saroj Verma <br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |<br />
| [[Lokdal]] <br />
|-<br />
|1988^<br />
| rowspan="2" |Narender Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Janata Dal]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| Ajit Singh <br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
| Narendra Singh <br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| Gajendra Kumar <br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party}}" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
| [[Ajay Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar]]<br />
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
| Ajay Tomar <br />
|-<br />
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
| [[Virpal Rathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
| [[Sahender Singh|Sahender Singh Ramala]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br />
| [[Ajay Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhaprauli<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:111880}}<br />
|percentage = 53.3<br />
|change = +20.76<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Sahender Singh Ramala<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:82372}}<br />
|percentage = 39.24<br />
|change = +8.62<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Sahik<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:9774}}<br />
|percentage = 4.66<br />
|change = -10.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:886}}<br />
|percentage = 0.42<br />
|change = -0.1<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:29508}}<br />
|percentage = 14.06<br />
|change = +12.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:209904}}<br />
|percentage = 62.28<br />
|change = -0.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhaprauli<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Sahender Singh]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:65124}}<br />
|percentage = 32.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Satender Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:61282}}<br />
|percentage = 30.62<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Manoj Chaudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:39841}}<br />
|percentage = 19.91<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Rajbala<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:30241}}<br />
|percentage = 15.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1027}}<br />
|percentage = 0.52<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3842}}<br />
|percentage = 1.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:200152}}<br />
|percentage = 62.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2012===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 Assembly Elections]]: Chhaprauli<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Vir Pal]]<br />
|votes = 69,394<br />
|percentage = 47.69<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Dev Pal Singh<br />
|votes = 47,823<br />
|percentage = 32.86<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Manoj Kumar<br />
|votes = 14,103<br />
|percentage = 9.69<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = <br />
|candidate = Remainder 10 candidates<br />
|votes = 14,204<br />
|percentage = 9.76<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 21,571<br />
|percentage = 14.82<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 145,524<br />
|percentage = 52.05<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
Source:<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Baghpat district]]<br />
*[[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Bagpat district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Charan Singh]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Ilanchezhian&diff=513891M. Ilanchezhian2026-04-14T05:59:21Z<p>LorenaGallant5: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = M. Ilanchezhian<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| other_names = M. Kumarasamy<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|10|21}}<br />
| birth_place = Perunagar, Near [[Kanchipuram]], Tamil Nadu<br />
| death_date = {{Death date |2009| 03|01}}<br />
| death_place = Chennai<br />
| monuments = <br />
| occupation = Professor, Journalist<br />
| party = <br />
| movement = Rationalist, Self-respect<br />
| spouse = Sundarambal<br />
| parents = * Abhirami (Mother)<br />
* [[Kanchi Manimozhiar]] (Father)<br />
| awards = <br />
| image_size = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''M. Ilanchezhian''' (1925 - 2009) was a professor of economics, tamil scholar, orator, journalist, writer, leader in the [[Self-Respect Movement|self-respect movement]], rationalist.<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
M. Ilanchezhian was born on 21 October 1925 in a village called Perunagar, near Kanchipuram. The family in which he was born, belonged to the clan of Mudaliar, Sengundhar Kaikkolar.<ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pHhkAAAAMAAJ&dq=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE.+%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE.+%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D ஒரு போர்வாளின் கதை, பக்கம் 6]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8gRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D,+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87&dq=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D,+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC3biAtPTqAhW6zTgGHcCMAyQQ6AEIKTAA திராவிட இயக்கத் தூண்கள்]</ref> His father was Kanchi Manimozhiyar] and his mother was Abhirami Ammaiyar. He was their first child. M. Ilanchezhian was married to Sundarambal from Kanchipuram on September 12, 1951. His brother was M. Natarajan and sister M. Tamilselvi. M. Ilanchezhian's original name is Kumarasamy. In schools, colleges and office records, his name is M. Kumarasamy. The name he chose for public life was Ilanchezhian.<br />
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== Education, Profession ==<br />
* He studied from seventh grade to SSLC (11th) at Muthaialupettai High School, Chennai.<br />
* He studied B. A. [BA(Hons)] in Economics at [https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF Pachaiyappan College], Chennai .<br />
* He joined Pachaiyappan College, Chennai on 26 July 1952 as a Professor in the Department of Economics.<br />
* In 1964, he served as the Head of the Department of Economics and Professor at Pachaiyappan Men's College, Kanchipuram. <br />
* In July 1975, he was promoted to the Principal of Pachaiyappan College, Kanchipuram.<br />
* In 1977, he was transferred again to Pachaiyappan College, Chennai as a Professor. <br />
* He served as the Principal of Kandasamy Naidu College, Chennai from 1982 - 1984 and retired from service.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cknc.edu.in/succession-list-of-principals/ |title=SUCCESSION LIST OF PRINCIPALS – C. Kandaswami Naidu College for Men |language=en-US |access-date=2025-09-07}}</ref><br />
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Ilanchezhian worked as Professor for 32 years. He effectively conducted economics lessons for various classes. He would deliver economics lectures in English in a brilliant manner. In his lectures, he had the ability to appropriately handle parables, proverbs and short stories as needed. This way, he could deliver even economics lessons in a beautiful and interesting manner. Many times, students from other classes would stand outside his class and listen to his lessons with interest.<ref>"ஒரு போர்வாளின் கதை" - book written by Prof R, Venugopal; Chapter 8.</ref><br />
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He conducted several seminars to create awareness among students about the need and merits of planned economic development. He conducted a Socio-Economic Survey of Handloom Silk Weavers of Kanchipuram. It was a wonderful research paper that accurately captured the socio-economic conditions of the silk handloom weaver families of Kanchipuram in 1970.<br />
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== Journalist ==<br />
He worked as the co-editor of the weekly magazine "Porvaal",<ref>https://ta.wikisource.org/s/9aea</ref> which was started on 16 August 1947 and published with the mottos 'Our goal is a happy Dravidian state'and 'A life lived with Self-respect gives happiness'.<ref>Book - " தலையங்க இலக்கியம் " ஆசிரியர் மா. இளஞ்செழியன், "போர்வாள்", First Chapter, 16.8.1947.</ref> His father Kanchi Manimozhiar was the other editor of the Porvaal<ref>https://ta.wikisource.org/s/91ct</ref> magazine. Porvaal magazine was published in Tamil Nadu for seven years from 16 August 1947 to 8 August 1954, and after a short gap, from 5 January 1957 to 3 May 1958 for almost nine years.<ref>Book "இதழாளர் இளஞ்செழியன்" - Written by Teacher Dr. T. Chinnapalani. 2008,chapter 4, பக்கம் 68, 69</ref><ref>https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/from-dravidian-nadu-to-namnadu-murasoli-to-ilansoorian-newspapers-that-nurtured-dmk-639269.html</ref><br />
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The book "KadithaKalai"(The art of writing letters), compiled by writer Anbu Palamnee, contains a long letter written by Father [[Periyar]] in 1947 praising Ilanchezhian and the Porvaal magazine, and contains the letter of recommendation written by Aringar [[Annadurai C. N.|Annadurai]] to Ilanchezhian for his appointment as a professor at Pachaiyappan College, Chennai. The book also contains a research article written by Ilanchezhian on the art of writing letters.<br />
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From his young age, Ilanchezhian was immensely interested in the field of journalism. While still in his seventh grade, he was running a handwritten magazine called "Manavar Mithran" (Student's Friend). Many of his literary articles were published in monthly magazines such as 'Senthamizh Selvi' and 'Senguntha Mithran', and his political articles were published in dailies such as '[[Viduthalai (newspaper)|Viduthulai]]' and 'Bharathadevi'.<br />
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While he was a college student, his articles were published in the magazines "Kudiyarasu" and "Dravidanadu". His article "Avasarapadungal-Avasarapadungal"(Rush, Rush) was published in the magazine "Dravidanadu" on June 25, 1944 and was praised by scholar Annadurai . His political article "Selathu pasaraiyil" (In the Salem Camp) was published in the magazine "Dravidanadu" on September 24, 1944. This article highlighted the fact that the name of the Justice Party was changed to " [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] " at the state conference held in Salem that year and that conference marked a turning point in the Dravidian movement in Tamilnadu.<br />
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Along with his father Kanchi Manimozhiyar, he ran the publishing house "Pagutharivu Pasarai". Thanthai Periyar used to write dialogues and short stories in the magazine " Kudi Arasu " under the pen name "Chithira Puthiran". These articles by Thanthai Periyar were compiled and published by this publication in the book "Chithira Puthiran Ezhuthukerar" .<br />
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Periyar's speech at the Dravidar Kazhagam public meeting held in Channanallur on 19-2-1948 was published by the "Pagutharivu Pasarai" Press under the title "Pudhiyathor Ullagu Seivom" (Let's Create a New World).<br />
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== Social worker, Reformer ==<br />
He was fully aligned with the policies of the Justice Party , the Self-Respect Movement , the Dravidar Kazhagam , and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] . He had a desire to do public service since his childhood. In 1936, while studying in the seventh grade, he incorporated the "Ilaingar Ottrumai Kazhagam" (Youth Unity Club) organization, and the youth of the Muthaialupettai area in Chennai were invited to be members of this Club. The events of the Club were centered around developing their interest in Tamil. Poet Mayilai Sivamuthu, who developed the "Manavar Mandram" (Students' Forum) organization into a literary institution in Tamil Nadu, was the first president of the "Youth Unity Club". A literary meeting would be held every week under the leadership of a Tamil professor. He also developed the oratory skills of the youth of that area.<ref>Book "ஒரு போர்வாளின் கதை" - Authored by Professor R. Venugopal; Chapter 5.</ref> Literary lectures were held by inviting scholars like Mr. V. K., Paripakkam Kannappa Mudaliar, Dr. M. Rajamanickanar. He ran a handwritten magazine called "Manavar Mithran" through which he and other students published many articles. He ran this movement from 1936-1942. In 1942 , due to the Second World War, the "Youth Unity Club" could not be continued.<br />
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In 1938, he attended the state conference of the Justice Party held in Chennai under the leadership of Periyar. After this, he embarked on the task of developing the Justice Party. While studying at Pachaiyappan College in Chennai , he founded a club called "Tamil Kazhagam" and was its president. He invited scholars and had them deliver insightful speeches.<br />
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M. Ilancheliyan, was a multi-talented person - A professor, Tamil scholar, orator, writer and social worker. Among these roles, he was happy to identify himself as a person with self-respect and a rationalist. As a schoolboy, he attended the meetings of the Self-Respecting Youth Club (1934-1939) operating in Pettanayakkanpet, Chennai. Throughout his life, he lived as an atheist without belief in any religion, caste or God. He conducted many "Suyamariyadai" (Self-respect) marriages in which no Sanskrit mantras or unnecessary rituals were performed. His first speech was at one such Self-respect wedding which was held in Thirukkazhukundram. He believed that one wedding performed as a self-respecting marriage was equal to ten public meetings in which self-respect was discussed. He used to express his rationalistic views in the public meetings that he addressed.<br />
.<ref>"ஒரு போர்வாளின் கதை" - Authored by Professor R. Venugopal; Chapter 6.</ref><br />
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== Public Speaker ==<br />
He has delivered speeches at many public meetings held on behalf of the Justice Party, Dravidar Kazhagam, and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He has delivered speeches at the Pongal festival of many literary societies, the Thirukkural festival, the book launch festival, the annual festival of various colleges and schools, and the Tamil Club festivals. He has also delivered speeches in meetings where Thanthai Periyar, Aringar Annadurai and many other leaders were also present.<ref>Book "வாழ்க்கை பாதை", Author M. Ilanchezhian, Autobiography. First Part, Chapter 19; ஈரோடுல் தந்தை பெரியார் அழைப்பில் திராவிட கழக பொதுக்கூத்தில் உரை</ref><br />
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== Books written ==<br />
M. Ilanchezhian has written several books. "தமிழன் தொடுத்த போர்" is a book that details the agitation and resistaance that the Tamilians showed towards the enforcement of Hindi in schools of Tamilnadu Internet archives has a copy of the book.<ref>https://archive.org/details/230225-193143</ref><ref>https://dokumen.pub/the-cambridge-companion-to-periyar.html</ref> Below is the list:<br />
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=== Tamil Books ===<br />
# "ஈரோட்டுப் பாதை", என்னும் நூல் தன்மான இயக்கம் பிறந்து வளர்ந்த கதையை சுருக்கமாக எடுத்துக்கூறும் நூல். 1947 இல் முதல் பதிப்பும், 1948இல் இரண்டாம் பதிப்புமாக வெளியிடப்பட்டது.<br />
# "தமிழன் தொடுத்த போர்", - 1938, 1939 ஆகிய ஆண்டுகளில் தமிழ் மக்கள் திரண்டெழுந்து கட்டாய இந்தி திணிப்புக்கு எதிராக நடத்திய அறப் போராட்டத்தின் முழு வரலாறுதான் இந்த நூல். தந்தை பெரியார் இந்த புத்தகத்துக்கு அணிந்துரை எழுதியுள்ளார். http://www.sudoc.fr/ 188685200<br />
# "அறிஞர் அண்ணாதுரை", என்னும் நூல் வேலூரில் உள்ள 'திராவிடன் பதிப்பகம்' என்னும் படிப்பகத்தில் 1949 இல் வெளியிடப்பட்டது.<br />
# "சரிந்த சாம்ராஜ்யம்", பகுத்தறிவு பாசறை பதிப்பகத்தில் 1950இல் முதல் பதிப்பாகவும், 1953இல் இரண்டாம் பதிப்பாகவும் வெளியிடப்பட்டது. மராட்டிய மன்னனாக திகழ்ந்த வீர சிவாஜி பற்றிய நூல். <br />
# "இந்திய அரசியல் சட்டம்", மக்கள் மன்றம் என்னும் பதிப்பகத்தில் 1951இல் வெளியிடப்பட்டது.<br />
# "அஞ்சா நெஞ்சன் வால்டேர்", மக்கள் மன்றம் பதிப்பகம் 1956இல் வெளியிட்டது. <br />
# "தலையங்க இலக்கியம் ", வசந்தா பதிப்பகம் , முதல் பதிப்பு - 2009. போர்வாள் பத்திரிகையின் சிறப்பான 30 தலையங்கங்கள் அடங்கிய புத்தகம்.<br />
# "வாழ்க்கை பாதை", அலமு பதிப்பகம், 2004. தன் வரலாற்று நூல், இரண்டு தொகுதிகள்.<br />
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=== English Books===<br />
# O. Thanikachalam Chettiar - the Great Leader of Social Justice"- A Biography of O. Thanikachalam Chettiar who had served the Tamil people as a top ranking leader of the Justice Party) இது, அவர் ஆங்கிலத்தில் எழுதிய நூல். <br />
# பேராசிரியர் நர்க்சால் (Professor Nurkse) இயற்றப்பட்ட நூலை ("Problems of Capital Formation in Under Developed Countries), "வளர்ச்சி குறைந்த நாடுகளின் முதலாக்கச் சிக்கல்கள்" என்னும் பெயர் படைத்த தமிழ் நூலாய் மொழியாக்கம் செய்தார்.<br />
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== Books published on the life of M. Ilanchezhian==<br />
# "ஒரு போர்வாளின் கதை" - நூல் ஆசிரியர் பேராசிரியர் இராம. வேணுகோபால்; பல்லவி பதிப்பகம், 2001 <br />
# "இதழாளர் இளஞ்செழியன்" - நூல் ஆசிரியர் டாக்டர் தொ. சின்னபழனி; சௌபாக்கியம் பதிப்பகம், 2008<br />
# ஆய்வு தலைப்பு "திராவிட இயக்க வரலாற்றில் போர்வாள் இதழின் பங்கு". ஆராய்சியாளர் டாக்டர் தொ. சின்னபழனி, ஆய்வின் நெறியாளர் முனைவர் பேராசிரியர் பா. கந்தசாமி.<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Other References ==<br />
# http://www.sudoc.fr/188685200<br />
# https://ta.wikisource.org/s/91ct - "சமுதாய விடுதலைப் போரில் திராவிடர் இயக்க இதழ்கள்" In this article, the 7th part talks about "Porvaal" magazine.<br />
# https://ta.wikisource.org/s/9aea - முடியரசன் தமிழ் வழிபாடு என்னும் நூலில் கவியரசு முடியரசன் தான் "போர்வாள்" பத்திரிகைக்கு எழுதியுள்ளேன் என்று குறிப்பிடுள்ளார். In this article, poet Mudiyarasan says the he has written for the magazine "Porvaal"<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:2009 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1925 births]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
<br />
{{Improve categories|date=February 2026}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosakote_Assembly_constituency&diff=503102Hosakote Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:48:48Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Added Basic Details Added Tags.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Hosakote<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 178<br />
| map_image = 178-Hosakote constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = Map of Assembly constituency<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkaballapur]]<br />
| established = 1956<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:234098}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
| mla = [[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Hosakote Assembly constituency''' (also spelled Hosakote) is one of the seats in [[Karnataka State Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Hoskote Assembly Constituency.jpg|thumb|Hoskote Assembly Constituency]]<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[S. R. Ramaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rukmaniamma<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || B. Chanabyre Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | N. Chikke Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || N. Chikke Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || N. Chikke Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="2" | [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] {{efn|Disqualified by the Hon'ble Speaker under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution with effect from 25/07/2019}} || rowspan="2" | [[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 107,220 |percentage = 50.13% |change = {{increase}}29.02 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Nagaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 102,145 |percentage = 47.75% |change = {{increase}}12.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Narayanaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 507 |percentage = 0.24% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,075 |percentage = 2.37% |change = {{decrease}}3.48 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 214,042 |percentage = 91.43% |change = {{increase}}0.49 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 213,896}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,098 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.01 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}8.54 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 81,671 |percentage = 41.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,185 |percentage = 35.74% |change = {{decrease}}11.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmavathi Suresh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,443 |percentage = 21.11% |change = {{decrease}}30.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 757 |percentage = 0.39% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,486 |percentage = 5.85% |change = {{increase}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,104 |percentage = 90.94% |change = {{increase}}0.61 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,353}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,741 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.40 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.60 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 98,824 |percentage = 51.19% |change = {{decrease}}4.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 91,227 |percentage = 47.25% |change = {{decrease}}3.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 539 |percentage = 0.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,597 |percentage = 3.93% |change = {{decrease}}0.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 193,079 |percentage = 90.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.66 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 193,071}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 213,750 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.86 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.32 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 85,238 |percentage = 55.51% |change = {{increase}}8.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,099 |percentage = 50.86% |change = {{increase}}0.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Sridhar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,139 |percentage = 4.65% |change = {{increase}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,428 |percentage = 90.99% |change = {{increase}}1.61 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,547}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,911 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.14 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.44 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,069 |percentage = 50.07% |change = {{increase}}43.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,191 |percentage = 47.33% |change = {{increase}}1.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Kumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,343 |percentage = 0.95% |change = {{decrease}}44.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Ranganatha |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 946 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,878 |percentage = 2.73% |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,987 |percentage = 89.38% |change = {{increase}}15.87 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,953}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,865 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}29.88 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.55 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 75,808 |percentage = 45.52% |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 74,973 |percentage = 45.02% |change = {{increase}}41.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmana. K |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,464 |percentage = 6.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bachegowda. A. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,468 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 835 |percentage = 0.50% |change = {{decrease}}4.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,549 |percentage = 73.51% |change = {{decrease}}5.20 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,529}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,567 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.32 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{decrease}}2.58 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 73,055 |percentage = 48.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mune Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,752 |percentage = 43.29% |change = {{increase}}7.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. J. Bachegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,584 |percentage = 3.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Chandramohan |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,581 |percentage = 3.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mune Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,903 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,303 |percentage = 4.81% |change = {{decrease}}12.56 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,992 |percentage = 78.71% |change = {{decrease}}0.76 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,875}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 9 |percentage = 0.01% |change = {{decrease}}1.46 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,113 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.92 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}5.06 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 70,517 |percentage = 53.16% |change = {{increase}}13.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mune Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,467 |percentage = 35.78% |change = {{decrease}}15.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Rajanna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,796 |percentage = 6.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Nanjegowda |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 5,087 |percentage = 3.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,050 |percentage = 17.37% |change = {{increase}}6.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,714 |percentage = 79.47% |change = {{increase}}1.01 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,662}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,979 |percentage = 1.47% |change = {{decrease}}2.12 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,510 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.59 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.21 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chikke Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,007 |percentage = 50.95% |change = {{increase}}6.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 44,352 |percentage = 39.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Narayanaswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,699 |percentage = 8.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,655 |percentage = 11.31% |change = {{increase}}6.55 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,067 |percentage = 78.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.31 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,899}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,168 |percentage = 3.59% |change = {{increase}}2.10 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,932 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.34 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.83 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 45,552 |percentage = 49.12% |change = {{increase}}14.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chikke Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,133 |percentage = 44.35% |change = {{decrease}}16.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bache Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,497 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Abdul Rasheed |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,278 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Ramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,252 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,419 |percentage = 4.76% |change = {{decrease}}21.30 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,141 |percentage = 79.77% |change = {{increase}}1.62 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,739}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,402 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.42 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,020 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.58 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.97 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chikke Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,822 |percentage = 61.09% |change = {{increase}}33.20 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Thabasappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,425 |percentage = 35.04% |change = {{decrease}}12.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nanjappa |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 1,564 |percentage = 2.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamshed Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,465 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,397 |percentage = 26.06% |change = {{increase}}6.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,799 |percentage = 78.15% |change = {{decrease}}4.65 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,276}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,523 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,112 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.22 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.63 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,387 |percentage = 47.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mune Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,795 |percentage = 27.89% |change = {{decrease}}52.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Somasekhara |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,050 |percentage = 22.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Allappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 879 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. L. Souza |party = Independent politician |votes = 448 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,592 |percentage = 19.57% |change = {{decrease}}46.82 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,025 |percentage = 82.80% |change = {{increase}}14.27 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,559}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,466 |percentage = 1.93% |change = {{increase}}1.93 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,814 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.06 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}32.76 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chikke Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,227 |percentage = 80.22% |change = {{increase}}13.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Kembarai |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 6,937 |percentage = 13.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Thabasappa |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 2,351 |percentage = 4.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Rama Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 401 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,290 |percentage = 66.39% |change = {{increase}}28.87 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,134 |percentage = 68.53% |change = {{decrease}}9.53 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,146}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,612 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.10 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.59 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chikke Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,530 |percentage = 66.63% |change = {{increase}}22.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chanabyre Gowda |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 13,337 |percentage = 29.11% |change = {{decrease}}27.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,146 |percentage = 2.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. V. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 661 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,193 |percentage = 37.52% |change = {{increase}}24.89 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,097 |percentage = 78.06% |change = {{increase}}8.52 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,821}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,614 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.86 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}10.31 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chanabyre Gowda |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 20,643 |percentage = 56.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chikke Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,012 |percentage = 43.68% |change = {{decrease}}11.46 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,631 |percentage = 12.63% |change = {{increase}}6.46 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,632 |percentage = 69.54% |change = {{increase}}16.80 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,655}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,116 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}40.89 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}26.19 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Ramaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,100 |percentage = 30.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rukmaniamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,149 |percentage = 25.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Nanjiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 23,143 |percentage = 23.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chanabyre Gowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,181 |percentage = 20.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,957 |percentage = 6.17% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,573 |percentage = 52.74% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,573}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,559 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
{{coords|13.07|77.79|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Bengaluru Rural district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]<br />
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazilka_Assembly_constituency&diff=499005Fazilka Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:22:02Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started some info w/ sources - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Fazilka<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 80<br />
| map_image = 80-Fazilka.svg<br />
| mla = [[Narinder Pal Singh Sawna]]<br />
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| preceded_by = Davinder Singh Ghubaya<br />
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| district = [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:177520}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Fazilka Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref><br />
It is part of [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]] district.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fazilka Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/fazilka.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Wadhawa Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Radha Krishan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Satya Dev<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Radha Krishan<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Kanshi Ram<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Radha Krishan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]<br />
|Mohinder Kumar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]<br />
|[[Surjit Kumar Jyani]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
|Mohinder Kumar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Surjit Kumar Jyani]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
|Davinder Singh Ghubaya<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|[[Narinder Pal Singh Sawna|Narinderpal Singh Sawna]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
<!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Fazilka}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Narinderpal Singh Sawna]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|votes={{formatnum:63157}}|percentage=43.70|change=}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Surjit Kumar Jyani]]|votes=35,437|percentage=24.50|change=}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Davinder Singh Ghubaya]]|votes=29,096|percentage=20.20|change=}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Hans Raj Josan|votes=13,717|percentage=9.45|change=}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=799|percentage=0.55|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Harkiranjeet Singh Ramgarhia<ref name="2022 Punjab SDA (M) candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Shiromani Akali Dal (M) candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.tazakhabare.in/elections/shiromani-akali-dal-(amritsar)(simranjit-singh-mann)-candidates-list-for-punjab-assembly-election-2022 |language=en}}</ref>|votes=588|percentage=0.4|change=}} <br />
{{Election box majority||votes=27,720|percentage=19.09|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:145224}}|percentage=81.5|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:177520}} <br />
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" /><br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Fazilka}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Davinder Singh Ghubaya <br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:39276}}<br />
|percentage = 27.5<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Surjit Kumar Jyani]]|party=Bhartiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:39011}}|percentage=27.3|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Rajdeep Kaur<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:38135}}<br />
|percentage = 26.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Samarbir Singh Sidhu<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:16404}}<br />
|percentage = 11.5<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:669}}<br />
|percentage = 0.4<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:265}}|percentage=0.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:142404}}|percentage=87.1|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:164322}}<br />
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Fazilka district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|7. https://www.tazakhabare.in/elections/shiromani-akali-dal-(amritsar)(simranjit-singh-mann)-candidates-list-for-punjab-assembly-election-2022}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}} <br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}<br />
{{coord|30.4|74.03|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fazilka district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surinder_Singh_Sodhi_(field_hockey)&diff=538615Surinder Singh Sodhi (field hockey)2026-04-13T05:19:48Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{MedalTop}}<br />
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]<br />
{{MedalGold|[[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]]|Team Competition}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[1978 Asian Games|1978 Bangkok]]|[[Field hockey at the 1978 Asian Games|Team]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[1982 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1982 Amstelveen]]|}}<br />
{{MedalBottom}}<br />
'''Surinder Singh Sodhi''' (born 22 June 1957) is a former [[field hockey]] player from [[India]]. He is famous for playing a major role in getting India the gold medal in the 1980 Olympic games after a gap of 16 years. He played in the center forward position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indias-beijing-hopes-shattered/articleshow/2852115.cms|title=India's Beijing hopes shattered|work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2008|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
In previous games, Surinder Singh Sodhi scored 5 goals against Tanzania and 4 against Cuba.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204200323/http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/OG%20Goal%20scorers.pdf List of Goals scored by Sikh at Olympic Hockey]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 15 goals he scored in the 1980 Moscow Olympics are the second-highest goals and the highest tally by an Indian in an Olympic hockey competition. It surpassed the earlier record of 14 goals set by the great [[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Udham Singh]] in the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hockeypassion.in/top-goal-scorers-in-olympic-mens-hockey/|title=Meet Top Goal-Scorers at Olympic Men's Hockey|date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> He was awarded [[Arjuna Award]] and [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award]] and is a former I.G Of Police (IPS Officer) and was also awarded a police medal for Meritorious Services in 1994.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/surinder.singh.sodhi/profilecard/?igsh=MTBhb2EwY2FnZ2xyOA== | title=Instagram }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, he ran for the [[Jalandhar Cantonment Assembly constituency]] seat as the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s candidate, losing to [[Pargat Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Shubhangi |date=2022-03-10 |title=Jalandhar Cantt's 'election Olympics' bucks Punjab trend, Congress' Pargat beats AAP's Sodhi |url=https://theprint.in/politics/jalandhar-cantts-election-olympics-bucks-punjab-trend-congress-pargat-beats-aaps-sodhi/864028/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Olympedia}}<br />
*{{Sports-Reference}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041230011045/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/20/stories/2004092005261800.htm Pakistan honoured four former Indian Olympians including Surinder Singh Sodhi]. 20 September 2004. ''[[The Hindu]]''.<br />
<br />
{{India FH Squad 1978 Asian Games}}<br />
{{India FH Squad 1980 Summer Olympics}}<br />
{{India FH Squad 1982 Champions Trophy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodhi, Surinder Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Firozpur]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1978 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]<br />
<br />
{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}<br />
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatiya_Janata_Party&diff=472273Bharatiya Janata Party2026-03-29T13:25:09Z<p>LorenaGallant5: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian political party}}<br />
{{Pp-semi-indef}}<br />
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Redirect|BJP}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
| logo = Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg<br />
| abbreviation = BJP<br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| president = [[Nitin Nabin]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nitin Nabin elected national BJP president unopposed: To take charge January 20; PM Modi to attend event|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitin-nabin-elected-national-bjp-president-unopposed-to-take-charge-january-20-pm-modi-to-attend-event/articleshow/126684522.cms|access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref><br />
| general_secretary = {{clist<br />
| '''Organisation:''' {{ubl<br />
| B. L. Santhosh<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gyan Varma|date=15 July 2019|title=Meet BL Santhosh, newly appointed general secretary of BJP|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/meet-bl-santhosh-newly-appointed-general-secretary-of-bjp-1563168633822.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328152911/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/meet-bl-santhosh-newly-appointed-general-secretary-of-bjp-1563168633822.html|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| '''Joint General Secretary:''' {{ubl<br />
| [[Shiv Prakash]]<br />
}}<br />
| '''General Secretaries:''' {{ubl<br />
| [[Arun Singh (Indian politician)|Arun Singh]]<br />
| [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]<br />
| [[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]<br />
| Tarun Chugh<br />
| [[Vinod Tawde]]<br />
| Sunil Bansal<br />
| [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]<br />
| [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| treasurer = [[Rajesh Agarwal]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 September 2020|title=Rajesh Agarwal gets BJP treasurer post|work=[[United News of India]]|url=http://www.uniindia.com/rajesh-agarwal-gets-bjp-treasurer-post/north/news/2178686.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017113913/http://www.uniindia.com/rajesh-agarwal-gets-bjp-treasurer-post/north/news/2178686.html|archive-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><br />
| presidium = [[National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National Executive]]<ref name="Constitution">{{Cite web|title=Bharatiya Janata Party Constitution|url=https://www.bjp.org/en/constitution|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118173055/http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2012_h/constitution_eng_jan_10_2013.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017|access-date=15 May 2020|website=|publisher=Bharatiya Janata Party}}</ref><br />
| loksabha_leader = [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]])<ref name=":3000">{{Cite news|date=12 June 2019|title=BJP announces new parliamentary committee; Modi leader in Lok Sabha, Rajnath his deputy|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-announces-parliamentary-party-executive-committee-1547512-2019-06-12|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406141325/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-announces-parliamentary-party-executive-committee-1547512-2019-06-12|archive-date=6 April 2020}}</ref><br />
| rajyasabha_leader = [[J. P. Nadda]] ([[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Leader of the House |url=https://sansad.in/rs/about/leader-of-the-house |website=[[Rajya Sabha]] |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref><br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1980|04|06}}<ref name=":4000">{{Cite news|date=6 April 2019|title=BJP's foundation day: Brief history of the achievements and failures of the party|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511143721/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/|archive-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><br />
| founder = {{ubl<br />
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><br />
}} {{cslist<br />
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" /><br />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref><br />
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref><br />
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]<br />
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref> <br />
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| [[Shanta Kumar]]<br />
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]<br />
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]<br />
}}<br />
| headquarters = 6-A, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Gets A New Address; Soul Of New Office Is The Party Worker, Says PM Modi|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-gets-a-new-address-today-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-multi-storey-office-1814043|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406141326/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-gets-a-new-address-today-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-multi-storey-office-1814043|archive-date=6 April 2020|access-date=16 March 2020 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><br />
| membership = <br />
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|National Party]]{{sfn|Election Commission|2013}}<br />
| alliance = * '''National Alliances'''<br/><br />
* [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] ([[India|All India]])<ref name="bjp0right">{{Cite news|author=Devesh Kumar|date=20 May 2014|title=BJP + 29 Parties=National Democratic Alliance|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/bjp-29-parties-national-democratic-alliance-562972|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406141401/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/bjp-29-parties-national-democratic-alliance-562972|archive-date=6 April 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] ([[Northeast India]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 March 2019|title=BJP seals alliances in Northeast, aims 22 LS seats|work=The Hindu Business Line|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bjp-seals-alliances-in-northeast-aims-22-ls-seats/article26519732.ece |url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317165853/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bjp-seals-alliances-in-northeast-aims-22-ls-seats/article26519732.ece|archive-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><br />
* '''Regional Alliances'''<br />
* [[Kutami]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]])<br />
* [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|MDA]] ([[Meghalaya]])<br />
* [[Maha Yuti|MY]] ([[Maharashtra]])<ref>{{cite web |author1=India Today Video Desk |title=Our alliance is not going to break: Eknath Shinde dismisses rift rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/our-alliance-is-not-going-to-break-eknath-shinde-dismisses-rift-rumours-2687879-2025-03-02 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 March 2025 |date=2 March 2025}}</ref> <br />
* [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] ([[Tamil Nadu]])<br />
* [[People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)]]<br />
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|240|543|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''540''' MPs and '''3''' vacant)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Party Position pdf|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/Updates/EventLSS_637191127420791113_31994.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317173437/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/Updates/EventLSS_637191127420791113_31994.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><br />
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|106|245|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<!-- Seats after Rajya Sabha election in 2026 --> ('''243''' MPs and '''2''' vacant)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-rajya-sabha-tally-dips-to-86-nda-at-101-party-below-majority-mark-6109105 | title=BJP's Rajya Sabha Tally Dips, NDA Now 4 Below Majority Mark }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical Party Position in the Rajya Sabha|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/partymemberlist.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604121829/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/partymemberlist.aspx|archive-date=4 June 2019|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Strengthwise Party Position in the Rajya Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/partystrength.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606134311/http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/partystrength.aspx|archive-date=6 June 2017|publisher=Rajya Sabha}}</ref><!-- DO NOT CHANGE without a more up-to-date reference --><br />
| state2_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]<br />
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|1656|4126|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''4118''' MLAs and '''8''' vacant; [[#Current seats in State Legislative Assemblies|complete list]])<br />
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]]<br />
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|165|426|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''403''' MLCs and '''23''' vacant; [[#Current seats in State Legislative councils|complete list]])<br />
| no_states = {{Composition bar|21|31|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''28''' States and '''3''' UTs)<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 2019|title=BJP gains back Madhya Pradesh in just 15 months after losing it|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-s-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sworn-in-as-madhya-pradesh-cm-for-fourth-time-1658867-2020-03-23|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119202332/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-s-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sworn-in-as-madhya-pradesh-cm-for-fourth-time-1658867-2020-03-23|archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><br />
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap<br />
| [[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in India|Indian]])<ref name="mathewjoh">* {{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|title=Conservatism and Ideology|last2=Garnett|first2=Mark |last3=Walker|first3=David M|date=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52900-2|pages=45–50|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061245/https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}<br />
* Björn Goldstein (2015) The unconscious Indianization of 'Western' conservatism – is Indian conservatism a universal model?, Global Discourse, 5:1, 44–65, {{doi|10.1080/23269995.2014.946315}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|url-status=live| issn = 2176-9257|doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul|isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|pages=50–150|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| [[Neoliberalism]]<ref name="Surajit 2017">* {{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182 |url-status=live|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1 |pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|archive-date=14 April 2023|access-date=24 April 2022|doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Shankar|title=Defining, Constructing and Policing a 'New India': Relationship between Neoliberalism and Hindutva|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=7 July 2006|volume=41|issue=26|pages=2803–2813|jstor=4418408|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017234207/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Kalpana|last2=Ung Loh|first2=Jennifer|last3=Purewal|first3=Navtej|title=Gender, Violence and the Neoliberal State in India|journal=Feminist Review|date=July 2018|volume=119|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0109-8|s2cid=149814002|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210111943/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Navdeep|title=The low politics of higher education: saffron branded neoliberalism and the assault on Indian universities|journal=Critical Policy Studies|date=2018|volume=12 |issue=1|pages=121–125|doi=10.1080/19460171.2017.1403343|s2cid=148842457}}</ref><br />
| [[Hindutva]]<ref name="Angana.p">* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}<br />
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.<br />
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>* Henrik Berglund. "Religion and Nationalism: Politics of BJP." [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 39, no. 10 (2004): 1064–70. {{JSTOR|4414737}}.<br />
* Chhibber, Pradeep K. "State Policy, Party Politics, and the Rise of the BJP." In Democracy without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India, 159–76. [[University of Michigan Press]], 1999. {{JSTOR|10.3998/mpub.23136.12}}.</ref><br />
| [[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{multiref<br />
| {{cite journal|volume=26|issue=3|journal=Democratization|first1=Duncan|last1=McDonnell|year=2019|first2=Luis|last2=Cabrera|title=The right-wing populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)|pages=484–501|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885|s2cid=149464986}}<br />
| {{Cite book|last=Özçelik|first=Ezgi|title=Right-wing Populist Governments Rhetorical Framing of Economic Inequality : the Cases of BJP in India and AKP in Turkey|publisher=Koç University|year=2019}}<br />
}} </ref><br />
}}<br />
| position = {{Nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]{{sfnm|1a1=Malik|1a2=Singh|1y=1992|1pp=318–336|BBC|2012|2a1=Banerjee|2y=2005|2p=3118}} to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref name="Davies"/>}}<br />
| publication = {{ubl<br />
| ''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'' (English and Hindi)<ref>{{Cite news|author=Siddhartha Rai|date=27 January 2017|title=PM Modi goes cashless, buys lifetime subscription of BJP mouthpiece Kamal Sandesh through cheque|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/pm-modi-bjp-kamal-sandesh-cashless-currency-revamp-957298-2017-01-27|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328080500/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/pm-modi-bjp-kamal-sandesh-cashless-currency-revamp-957298-2017-01-27 |archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><br />
| ''Kamal Barta'' (Bengali)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Tamal|title=Bengal BJP revamps party mouthpiece before 2018 panchayet elections|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bengal-bjp-revamps-party-mouthpiece-before-2018-panchayet-elections/articleshow/54717459.cms?_oref=cook&from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bengal-bjp-revamps-party-mouthpiece-before-2018-panchayet-elections/articleshow/54717459.cms?_oref=cook&from=mdr|archive-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| students = <!-- Do not put ABVP here <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad is not the students' wing of BJP: Shreehari Borikar|url=https://www.abvp.org/akhil-bhartiya-vidyarthi-parishad-not-students-wing-bjp-shreehari-borikar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228202158/https://www.abvp.org/akhil-bhartiya-vidyarthi-parishad-not-students-wing-bjp-shreehari-borikar|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> --><br />
| youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 January 2019|title=BJP youth wing launches its campaign for party's Lok Sabha poll win|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-youth-wing-launches-its-campaign-for-partys-lok-sabha-poll-win/articleshow/67574466.cms|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012115329/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-youth-wing-launches-its-campaign-for-partys-lok-sabha-poll-win/articleshow/67574466.cms|archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><br />
| women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2019 |title=Quota for women in council of ministers among Mahila Morcha's suggestions for BJP poll manifesto |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/quota-for-women-in-council-of-ministers-among-mahila-morchas-suggestions-for-bjp-poll-manifesto/articleshow/68738662.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607235558/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/quota-for-women-in-council-of-ministers-among-mahila-morchas-suggestions-for-bjp-poll-manifesto/articleshow/68738662.cms |archive-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><br />
| peasants = BJP Kisan Morcha<ref name="KisanMorcha">{{Cite news|author=Rajkumar|script-title=hi:सरकार की नीतियों को किसानों तक पहुंचाएगा बीजेपी किसान मोर्चा|work=m.patrika.com|url=https://m.patrika.com/noida-news/bjp-kisan-morcha-provide-farmers-government-policies-to-the-people-hindi-news-1541257/|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019220329/https://m.patrika.com/noida-news/bjp-kisan-morcha-provide-farmers-government-policies-to-the-people-hindi-news-1541257/ |archive-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><br />
| think_tank = Public Policy Research Centre<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public Policy Research Centre|url=http://www.pprc.in/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726220734/http://www.pprc.in/|archive-date=26 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Thinktank">{{multiref<br />
| {{Cite news |date=23 May 2020|title=BJP think tank offers online course in governance; babus to impart lessons|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/23/bjp-think-tank-offers-online-course-in-governance-babus-to-impart-lessons-2146940.html |url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714094916/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/23/bjp-think-tank-offers-online-course-in-governance-babus-to-impart-lessons-2146940.html |archive-date=14 July 2020}}<br />
| {{cite news|url =https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/bjp-think-tank-releases-modi-govt---s-100-day-report-card.html|title =BJP think tank releases Modi Govt's 100-day report card|publisher =[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|quote =Public Policy Research Center (PPRC), BJP's think tank, on Monday released a comprehensive report on 100 major decisions and initiatives taken by Modi Government in first 100 days.|location =New Delhi|date =10 September 2019|website =dailypioneer.com|access-date =14 July 2020|archive-date =16 July 2020|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200716135158/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/bjp-think-tank-releases-modi-govt---s-100-day-report-card.html|url-status =live}}<br />
}}</ref><br />
| website = {{url|www.bjp.org|bjp.org}}<br />
| predecessor = {{ubl<br />
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)<ref name=":4000" /><br />
| [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)<ref name=":4000" /><br />
}}<br />
| split = [[Janata Party]]<ref name=":4000" /><br />
| labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] (unofficial)<ref>{{Cite news|author=Pragya Singh|date=15 January 2008|title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India|work=live mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131425/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html|archive-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><br />
| international = [[Asia Pacific Democracy Union]] (formerly)<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Democrat Union » Asia Pacific Democrat Union (APDU)|url=http://idu.org/asia-pacific-democrat-union-apdu/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616235358/http://idu.org/asia-pacific-democrat-union-apdu/|archive-date=16 June 2017|access-date=12 June 2017|website=International Democracy Union}}</ref><br />
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} Saffron<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iwanek|first=Krzysztof|date=10 September 2018|title=Paint It Saffron: The Colors of Indian Political Parties|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623014149/https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/|archive-date=23 June 2021|access-date=5 July 2021|publisher=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| symbol = [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|upright=0.5]]<br/>Lotus <br />
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border<br />
| leader =<br />
}}<br />
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br />
<br />
The '''Bharatiya Janata Party'''{{efn|{{IPA|/bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː/|audio=Hindi-Bharatiya Janata Party.ogg}}}} ('''BJP'''; {{lit|Indian People's Party}}) is a [[Conservatism|conservative]] political party in [[India]] and one of the two major [[List of political parties in India|Indian political parties]] alongside the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 May 2016|title=In Numbers: The Rise of BJP and decline of Congress|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/-In-Numbers-The-Rise-of-BJP-and-decline-of-Congress/articleshow/52341190.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105170102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/-In-Numbers-The-Rise-of-BJP-and-decline-of-Congress/articleshow/52341190.cms|archive-date=5 November 2017}}</ref> BJP emerged from [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]]'s [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2019 |title=Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the barrister who founded Bharatiya Janta Party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/remembering-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-the-founder-of-bharatiya-jana-sangh-that-later-became-bharatiya-janta-party-1563356-2019-07-06 |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Since 2014, it has been the [[List of ruling political parties by country|ruling political party in India]] under the incumbent [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="zeenews-25May19">{{Cite news |date=25 May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha Election results 2019: EC declares results of all 542 seats, BJP wins 303 |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-updates-bjp-narendra-modi-nda-2205806 |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602032641/https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-updates-bjp-narendra-modi-nda-2205806 |archive-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> The BJP is [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|far-right]] on the [[political spectrum]], and it has close ideological and organisational links to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right [[Paramilitary organization|paramilitary organisation]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 March 2019|title=Men, machinery and mind of RSS behind BJP's poll power punch|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/men-machinery-and-mind-of-rss-behind-bjp-s-poll-power-punch-119031700304_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328152912/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/men-machinery-and-mind-of-rss-behind-bjp-s-poll-power-punch-119031700304_1.html|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23210230231166197 | doi=10.1177/23210230231166197 | title=Hindu Nationalism and Right-wing Ecology: RSS, Modi and Motherland Post-2014 | date=2023 | last1=Sharma | first1=Mukul | journal=Studies in Indian Politics | volume=11 | pages=102–117 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> The party's policies adhere to [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] ideology.{{sfn|Banerjee|2005|p=3118}}{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|p=318}} {{as of|2024|01|post=,}} it is the country's biggest political party in terms of representation in [[Parliament of India|the parliament]] as well as [[State legislature (India)|state legislatures]].<br />
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The party's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which was founded in 1951 by Indian politician Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, after he left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] to form a party as the political wing of the RSS.{{sfn|Swain|2001|p=60}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subba |first=Chhawang |date=4 April 2022 |title=Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee and the Role of Bharatiya Jana Sangh in Indian Politics |url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2204072.pdf |website=IJCRT |page=a570 |issn=2320-2882 |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221100951/https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2204072.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] of 1975–1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other political parties to form the [[Janata Party]]; it defeated the then-incumbent Indian National Congress in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]]. After three years in power, the Janata Party dissolved in 1980, with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the modern-day BJP. Although initially unsuccessful—winning only two seats in the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]], it grew in strength on the back of the [[Ram Rath Yatra]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest political party in the Parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government, under its then-leader [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], lasted for only 13 days.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}}<br />
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After the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]], the BJP-led coalition known as the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) under prime minister Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government—again headed by Vajpayee—lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years, the BJP was the principal opposition party. Narendra Modi, then the [[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|chief minister of Gujarat]], led the party to a landslide victory in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]]. Modi has since led the NDA government as Indian prime minister, including being re-elected with a sole majority in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] and with a coalition in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]]. {{as of|2025|9|post=,}} the alliance governs 20 Indian states and union territories.<br />
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The official ideology of the BJP is [[Integral humanism (Hindu nationalism)|integral humanism]], first formulated by [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]] in 1965. The party advocates [[social conservatism]] and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. During its first period in national government, the BJP avoided its Hindutva priorities, and focused on a largely [[Economic liberalisation in India|neoliberal economic policy]] that prioritised [[Globalization in India|globalisation]] and [[Economy of India|economic growth]] over [[Social security in India|social welfare]].{{sfn|Sen|2005|pp=251–272}} Since returning to government in 2014, the now-ruling BJP has enacted several priorities of the RSS, including criminalising the practice of [[Triple talaq in India|triple talaq]], and revoking [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370 of the Indian constitution]] (which granted autonomy to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|abrogating its statehood]].<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650">{{Cite journal |last1=Bhatty |first1=Kiran |last2=Sundar |first2=Nandini |date=17 September 2020 |title=Sliding from majoritarianism toward fascism: Educating India under the Modi regime |journal=International Sociology |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=632–650 |doi=10.1177/0268580920937226 |issn=0268-5809 |s2cid=224896271}}</ref> India has experienced nationwide [[Democratic backsliding in Asia by country#India|democratic backsliding]] under the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|BJP's rule since 2014]].<ref name="v-dem.net briefing_paper_9">{{Cite web |last1=Hindle |first1=Garry |last2=Lindberg |first2=Staffan |date=2020 |title=New Global Data on Political Parties: V-Party |url=https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b6/55/b6553f85-5c5d-45ec-be63-a48a2abe3f62/briefing_paper_9.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024234004/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b6/55/b6553f85-5c5d-45ec-be63-a48a2abe3f62/briefing_paper_9.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=V-Dem Institute}}</ref><ref name="v-dem.net Democracy Report 2021">{{citation |first1=Nazifa |last1=Alizada |first2=Rowan |last2=Cole |first3=Lisa |last3=Gastaldi |first4=Sandra |last4=Grahn |first5=Sebastian |last5=Hellmeier |first6=Palina |last6=Kolvani |first7=Jean |last7=Lachapelle |first8=Anna |last8=Lührmann |first9=Seraphine F. |last9=Maerz |first10=Shreeya |last10=Pillai |first11=Staffan I. |last11=Lindberg |date=2021 |title=Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021 |work=University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute |url=https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030243/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf |archive-date=14 September 2021 |pages=20–21}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Democratic Backsliding">{{cite news |last1=Sirnate |first1=Vasundhara |date=27 November 2021 |title=The democratic backsliding of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-democratic-backsliding-of-india/article37696763.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830070248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-democratic-backsliding-of-india/article37696763.ece |archive-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Ashoka Democratic Backsliding">{{cite document |title=Democratic Backsliding in the World's Largest Democracy | last=Das |first=Sabyasachi |date=3 July 2023 |publisher=[[Ashoka University]]}}</ref><br />
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== Name and symbols ==<br />
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The name as well as the symbol of the party were selected by the founders. The name "[[Bharat (term)|Bharat]]iya [[Janata (disambiguation)|Janata]] Party" literally translates to "Indian People's Party". The Symbol of the party is the flower [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Joanna |last=Banerjee-Fischer |title=What do India's political logos symbolize?|date=January 27, 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-do-indias-political-logos-symbolize/a-68095324 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324083500/https://www.dw.com/en/what-do-indias-political-logos-symbolize/a-68095324 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lotus has a cultural significance within India as well as [[Hinduism]]. The symbol has been regarded as a symbol of peace and prosperity within Hinduism. Likewise, during the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement of India]], the symbol was used by [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] as a symbol of revolt against the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suraiya |first=Jug |title=NaMo and the lotus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jugglebandhi/namo-and-the-lotus/?source=app&frmapp=yes |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324083458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jugglebandhi/namo-and-the-lotus/?source=app&frmapp=yes |url-status=live }}</ref> Lotus is also recognised as the [[National symbols of India|national flower of India]]. Thus, use of the symbol gives the party a nationalist as well as Hindutva appeal.<ref name="founders">{{Cite web |title=BJP's 43 years: How it emerged from Jana Sangh and became world's largest party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-foundation-day-journey-from-jana-sangh-modi-shah-vajpayee-advani-2356698-2023-04-06 |access-date=24 March 2024 |author=Kabool Ahmad|website=[[India Today]] |date=6 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102123718/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-foundation-day-journey-from-jana-sangh-modi-shah-vajpayee-advani-2356698-2023-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> Besides these, the party also heavily uses the [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]] colour in its promotional materials and campaigning. Similar to Lotus, the Saffron colour also has a major significance within Hinduism.<ref name=":0" /> The most common flag used by the party is predominantly saffron with a stripe of green in the left. Within the Saffron part of the flag, the lotus symbol is also integrated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Iwanek |first=Krzysztof |title=Paint It Saffron: The Colors of Indian Political Parties |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623014149/https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This particular colour scheme used in the flag assists the party to project itself as a [[Secularism in India|secular]] party. Meanwhile, this also helps the party to maintain a religious undertone for its core electorate and [[Sangh Parivar|Hindutva supporter groups]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
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== Precursors ==<br />
=== Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77) ===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| header = Influential figures<br />
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| image1 = Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee.jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder-president of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br />
| image3 = Lkadvani.jpg<br />
| caption3 = [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]], the last president of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh<br />
}}<br />
{{Main|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br />
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The BJP's origins lie in the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], popularly known as the Jana Sangh, founded by [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]] in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant [[Indian National Congress|National Congress party]]. It was founded in collaboration with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Hindutva [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]]. The Jana Sangh was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS.{{sfn|Noorani|1978|p=216}} The Jana Sangh's aims included the protection of India's "Hindu" cultural identity, in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of [[Pakistan]] by the Congress party and then-Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. The RSS loaned several of its leading ''[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|pracharaks]]'', or full-time workers, to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground. Prominent among these was [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]], who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three [[Lok Sabha]] seats in the [[1951–52 Indian general election|first general elections in 1952]]. It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=116–119}}{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=136}}<br />
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The Jana Sangh's first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the complete integration of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into India.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=250}} Mukherjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir. He died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=250}} [[Mauli Chandra Sharma]] was elected to succeed Mukherjee; however, he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party, and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya. Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967, and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS. The party minimised engagement with the public, focusing instead on building its network of propagandists. Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of [[Integral humanism (India)|integral humanism]], which formed the official doctrine of the party.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=122–126, 129–130}} Younger leaders, such as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] also became involved with the leadership in this period, with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968. The major themes on the party's agenda during this period were legislating a [[Uniform Civil Code#Hindu Code Bill and addition to the Directive Principles|uniform civil code]], banning [[Cattle in religion and mythology#Hinduism|cow slaughter]] and abolishing the [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|special status given to Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=250, 352, 413}}<br />
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After assembly elections across the country in 1967, the party entered into a coalition with several other parties, including the [[Swatantra Party]] and the socialists. It formed governments in various states across the [[Hindi Belt]], including [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office, albeit within a coalition; this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh's more radical agenda.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=427–428}}<br />
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[[File:BJP and Predecessors - seats in the Lok Sabha updated.png|thumb|500px|The electoral history of the BJP and its predecessors in general elections]]<br />
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=== Janata Party (1977–80) ===<br />
{{Main|Janata Party}}<br />
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In 1975, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] imposed a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]]. The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests, with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country. In 1977, the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held. The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum, including the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]], the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]] and the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] to form the Janata Party, with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=136}} The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with [[Morarji Desai]] as Prime Minister. The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party's parliamentary contingent, with 93 seats or 31% of its strength. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]], previously the leader of the Jana Sangh, was appointed the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]].{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=538–540}}<br />
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The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity, and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party, based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles. Political scientist [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] wrote that this proved to be impossible assimilation.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=282–283}} The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged, retaining a strong association with the RSS, which did not sit well with the moderate centre-right constituents of the Party.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=292–301, 312}} [[Religious violence in India|Violence between Hindus and Muslims]] increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government, with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots in [[Aligarh]] and [[Jamshedpur]] in 1978–79.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the former Jana Sangh members should dissociate themselves from the RSS, which they refused to do. Eventually, a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the [[Janata Party (Secular)]]. The [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Morarji Desai government]] was reduced to a minority in the Parliament, forcing Desai's resignation. Following a brief period of coalition rule, general elections were held in 1980, in which the Janata Party fared poorly, winning only 31 seats. In April 1980, shortly after the elections, the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being 'dual members' of party and the RSS. In response, the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party, which is now known as the Bharatiya Janata Party.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=301–312}}{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=538–540}}<br />
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== History ==<br />
=== Formation and early days ===<br />
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{{multiple image<br />
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| image2 = L.K. Advani In 2013.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] has been the [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|national president]] of the party in three separate occasions<br />
}}<br />
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Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor, with Vajpayee being its first president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2020 |orig-date=7 April 1980 |title=Forty years ago, April 7, 1980: BJP is born |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/forty-years-ago-april-7-1980-bjp-is-born-6350456/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412160225/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/forty-years-ago-april-7-1980-bjp-is-born-6350456/ |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims. The BJP initially moderated the Hindutva stance of its predecessor Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal, emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of [[Gandhian socialism]].{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} This was unsuccessful, as it won only two [[Lok Sabha]] seats in the [[1984 Indian general election|elections of 1984]].{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} The only two candidates of the party who won were [[A. K. Patel]] from [[Mehsana Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[C. Janga Reddy]] from [[Hanamkonda Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="founders" /> The [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] which won a record tally of 414 seats, contributing to the low number for the BJP.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=579}}<br />
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==== Ram Janmabhoomi movement ====<br />
{{Main|Ram Rath Yatra}}<br />
{{Further|Ayodhya dispute|Demolition of the Babri Masjid}}<br />
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[[File:Advani Yatra 1990.svg|thumb|[[Ram Rath Yatra]]]]<br />
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The failure of Vajpayee's moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindutva.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}}{{sfn|Pai|1996|pp=1170–1183}} In 1984, Advani was appointed president of the party, and under him it became the political voice of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] movement. In the early 1980s, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a [[Ram Mandir|temple]] dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Rama]] at the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed site]] of the [[Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque]] in [[Ayodhya]]. The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] in 1527. There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there.{{sfn|Jha|2003}} The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site is the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque.{{sfn|Flint|2005|p=165}} The BJP threw its support behind this campaign and made it a part of their election platform. It won 86 [[Lok Sabha]] seats in 1989, a tally which made its support crucial to the [[Third Front (India)#National Front (1989–1991)|National Front]] government of [[V. P. Singh]].{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}}<br />
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In September 1990, Advani began a ''[[Ratha Yatra|Rath Yatra]]'' (chariot journey) to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement. According to Guha, the imagery employed by the ''yatra'' was "religious, allusive, militant, masculine, and anti-Muslim".{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=635}} Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then [[Bihar]] chief minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]. A large number of ''[[Sevā|kar sevaks]]'' (religious volunteers) nonetheless converged at Ayodhya, and some attacked the mosque. Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several ''kar sevaks''. Hindus were urged by VHP to "take revenge" for these deaths, resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=636}} The BJP withdrew its support from the V.P. Singh government, leading to fresh general elections. The BJP further increased its tally to 120 seats, and won a majority in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] assembly.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}}<br />
<br />
On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100,000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}} The rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of the mosque]].{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}} Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country, killing over 2,000 people.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}} The government briefly banned the VHP, and many BJP leaders, including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition.{{sfn|NDTV|2012}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}} Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar, and not a spontaneous act.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}} In the parliamentary elections in 1996, the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}} Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha, forcing the government to resign after 13 days.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}}<br />
<br />
A [[Liberhan Commission|2009 report]], authored by Justice [[Manmohan Singh Liberhan]], found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition, mostly leaders from the BJP.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}} Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, and [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]. The report also criticised [[Kalyan Singh]], Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}} He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}} In 2020, the [[Supreme Court of India]] acquitted all of the accused in the demolition including Advani and Joshi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2020 |title=All acquitted in Babri Masjid demolition case: Advani, MM Joshi hail verdict, Congress wants govt to appeal against it |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-babri-masjid-demolition-case-verdict/article32728552.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412195725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-babri-masjid-demolition-case-verdict/article32728552.ece |archive-date=12 April 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|2019 Supreme Court verdict]], the [[Government of India]] announced a trust to construct the Mandir. On 22 January 2024, the [[Ram Mandir]] was officially opened.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024|title=Ram Temple inauguration: Advent of a new era, says PM Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/advent-of-a-new-era-says-pm-101705947809336.html |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister Narendra Modi led its consecration, claiming it to be the start of a new era.<ref name=":0" /> The temple is expected to be fully completed by September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Afzhal Khan |first=Arshad |date=9 November 2024 |title=Ayodhya's Ram temple to take 3 more months, to be completed by September 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/ram-temple-completion-delayed-until-september-2025-due-to-stone-carver-shortage/articleshow/115095899.cms |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vajpayee and Advani era (1980–2014) ===<br />
{{further|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
<br />
A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996, but this grouping was short-lived, and mid-term polls were held in 1998. The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), which contained its existing allies like the [[Samata Party]], the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] in addition to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) and the [[Biju Janata Dal]]. Among these regional parties, the Shiv Sena was the only one that had an ideology similar to the BJP; [[Amartya Sen]], for example, called the coalition an "ad hoc" grouping.{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=254}} The NDA had a majority with outside support from the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister.{{sfn|rediff.com|1998}} However, the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK, [[J. Jayalalithaa]], withdrew her support, and fresh elections were held again.{{sfn|Outlook|2013}}<br />
<br />
On 13 October 1999, without the AIADMK, the NDA won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority. The BJP had its highest-ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time; Advani became Deputy Prime Minister{{efn|in 2002}} and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs Minister]]. This NDA government lasted its full term of five years. Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror and [[Neoliberalism|neo-liberal]] economic policies.{{sfn|Sen|2005|pp=251–272}} In 2001, [[Bangaru Laxman]], then the BJP president, was filmed accepting a bribe in [[Operation West End|a sting operation]].{{sfn|Kattakayam|2012}}{{sfn|India Today|2001}} He was compelled to resign and was subsequently prosecuted, eventually being sentenced to four years in prison.{{sfn|Tehelka|2001}}<br />
<br />
==== 2002 Gujarat violence ====<br />
{{Main|2002 Gujarat violence}}<br />
<br />
On 27 February 2002, a [[Godhra train burning|train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned]] outside the town of [[Godhra]], killing 59 people. The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus, and sparked off massive anti-Muslim violence across the state of [[Gujarat]] that lasted several weeks.{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachandi|2012|pp=1–31}} The death toll estimated was as high as 2000, while 150,000 were displaced.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2013|p=16}} Rape, mutilation, and torture were also widespread.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2013|p=16}}{{sfn|Harris|2012}} ''The then''-Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high-ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.{{sfn|Krishnan|Shams|2012}} In April 2009, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases. In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT, causing widespread anger and disbelief among the country's Muslim communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Krishnan |first1=Murali |last2=Shams |first2=Shamil |date=11 March 2012 |title=Modi's clearance in the Gujarat riots case angers Indian Muslims |url=https://www.dw.com/en/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117044116/https://www.dw.com/en/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> BJP [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Maya Kodnani]], who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government, was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment;{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2014}}{{sfn|NDTV.com|2012}} she was later acquitted by the [[Gujarat High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2018 |title=Naroda Patiya verdict: Gujarat HC acquits Maya Kodnani, commutes Babu Bajrangi's sentence |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/naroda-patiya-case-gujarat-hc-acquits-maya-kodnani-upholds-babu-bajrangi-s-conviction-1216228-2018-04-20 |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229064652/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/naroda-patiya-case-gujarat-hc-acquits-maya-kodnani-upholds-babu-bajrangi-s-conviction-1216228-2018-04-20 |archive-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> Scholars such as [[Paul Brass]], [[Martha Nussbaum]] and [[Dipankar Gupta]] have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents.{{sfn|Brass|2005|pp=385–393}}{{sfn|Gupta|2011|p=252}}{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=2}}<br />
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Vajpayee called for [[2004 Indian general election|early elections in 2004]], six months ahead of schedule. The NDA's campaign was based on the slogan "[[India Shining]]", which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country.{{sfn|Ramesh|2004}} However, the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 186 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]], compared to the 222 seats of the Congress and its allies. [[Manmohan Singh]] succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the [[United Progressive Alliance]]. The NDA's failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat, as was its divisive policy agenda.{{sfn|Ramesh|2004}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2004}}<br />
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In May 2008, the BJP won the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|state elections in Karnataka]]. This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any [[South India]]n state. In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]], its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats. The election campaign would be the final for Advani as leader. The party would be led by [[Arun Jaitley]] in the Rajya Sabha and [[Sushma Swaraj]] in the Lok Sabha for the following 5 years. It lost the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka assembly election]] in 2013.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2009}}<br />
<br />
=== Modi era (2014–present) ===<br />
{{Main|Premiership of Narendra Modi}}<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = PM Modi 2015.jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Narendra Modi]], Prime Minister of India since 2014<br />
| image2 = Amit Shah photographed during the first Union Cabinet Meeting of the 18th Lok Sabha (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Amit Shah]] was the [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|national president]] of the party during 2014–2019<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In the [[2014 Indian general election]], the BJP won 282 seats, leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543-seat Lok Sabha.{{sfn|Mathew|2014}} Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 14th prime minister of India on 26 May 2014.{{sfn|Deccan Chronicle|2014}}{{sfn|BBC|May|2014}} The vote share of the BJP was 31% of all votes cast, a low figure relative to the number of seats it won.{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}} This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament{{sfn|Times of India|2014}} and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its strength. Support was concentrated in the Hindi-speaking belt in north-central India.{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}} The magnitude of the victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls.{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}}<br />
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Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory, including the popularity of Modi, and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term.{{sfn|Diwakar|2014}} The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper-caste, upper-class support base and received significant support from middle-class and [[Dalit]] people, as well as among other Backward classes.{{sfn|Varshney|2014}}{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}} Its support among Muslims remained low; only 8% of Muslim voters voted for the BJP.{{sfn|Varshney|2014}}{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}} The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters and raising voter turnout among them.{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}}<br />
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After winning the election, the organisation of the BJP became more centralised with Modi at the helm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Suhit K. |title=BJP, which mocks Congress, has fallen prey to extreme centralisation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/bjp-which-mocks-congress-has-fallen-prey-to-extreme-centralisation-2810695 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214100233/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/bjp-which-mocks-congress-has-fallen-prey-to-extreme-centralisation-2810695 |url-status=live }}</ref> People loyal to Modi were rewarded leadership positions across various states within India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=All the PM's people: How Modi is shaping BJP organisationally, redefining 'party democracy' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/pm-modi-bjp-narendra-modi-amit-shah-9073105/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214100233/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/pm-modi-bjp-narendra-modi-amit-shah-9073105/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amit Shah]], a close confidant of Modi, was appointed as the president of the BJP in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Shah's elevation as BJP President signals a generational change and Modi's complete takeover of the party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20140728-amit-shah-elevation-bjp-president-modi-complete-takeover-of-party-804609-2014-07-17 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |date=17 July 2014 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214101707/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20140728-amit-shah-elevation-bjp-president-modi-complete-takeover-of-party-804609-2014-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Contextually, many veteran leaders of the party like [[L. K. Advani]], [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], and [[Jaswant Singh]] amongst others were allegedly sidelined.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Rakesh Mohan |date=22 March 2014 |title=Narendra Modi sidelines old guard in BJP; Jaswant Singh gearing up to contest from Barmer as Independent |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-sidelines-old-guard-in-bjp-jaswant-singh-gearing-up-to-contest-from-barmer-as-independent/articleshow/32441833.cms |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214101707/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-sidelines-old-guard-in-bjp-jaswant-singh-gearing-up-to-contest-from-barmer-as-independent/articleshow/32441833.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2016, the BJP joined the [[International Democracy Union]], a group of various [[List of right-wing political parties|centre-right and right-wing]] political parties across the globe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=India's Bharatiya Janata Party Joins Union of International Conservative Parties |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-bharatiya-janata-party-joins-union-of-international-conservative-parties/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225011058/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-bharatiya-janata-party-joins-union-of-international-conservative-parties/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, as of 2024, the party is no longer a member, the secretary general of the IDU, Tina Mercep, stated that they would welcome full membership of the BJP in their global network. However, the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] remains as a member of the youth wing of the IDU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2024 |title=Stephen Harper's Global Alliance of Conservative Parties Quietly Scrubbed India Off Its Website |url=https://pressprogress.ca/stephen-harpers-global-alliance-of-conservative-parties-quietly-scrubbed-india-off-its-website/ |access-date=14 February 2024|website=PressProgress |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214095121/https://pressprogress.ca/stephen-harpers-global-alliance-of-conservative-parties-quietly-scrubbed-india-off-its-website/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Conspicuous by Absence from Global Centre-Right Political Parties' Alliance |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-conspicuous-by-absence-from-global-centre-right-political-parties-alliance |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
During Modi's first term as prime minister, the BJP expanded its presence in several states where it had previously been a minor player, and it regained power in other states where it had been in opposition for a considerable period. [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Haryana]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] saw an increase in the BJP's influence, and the party entered government in several of these states.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=31 December 2018 |title=2018 was a landmark year for BJP, women in Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2018-was-a-landmark-year-for-bjp-women-in-northeast/article25875880.ece |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214103448/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2018-was-a-landmark-year-for-bjp-women-in-northeast/article25875880.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, the BJP won the general election with an increased majority. Soon after returning to power, on 5 August 2019, the [[Second Modi ministry|Modi administration]] revoked the special status, or [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India#Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir: Structure and limitations|limited autonomy]], granted under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] to Jammu and Kashmir—a region administered by [[India]] as a state. This state consists of the larger part of Kashmir which has been the subject of a dispute among India, [[Pakistan]], and [[China]] since 1947.<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820091609/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |archive-date=20 August 2019 |quote=Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. |last2=Kirk |first2=William |last1=Akhtar |first1=Rais |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jan·OsmanczykOsmańczyk2003">{{Cite book |last=Osmańczyk |first=Edmund Jan |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-93922-5 |editor-last=Mango |editor-first=Anthony |edition=3rd |volume=2: G–M |page=1189 |chapter=Jammu and Kashmir. |quote=Territory in northwestern India, subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China. |author-link=Edmund Osmańczyk |access-date=16 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061302/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1189 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Later in 2019, the Modi administration introduced the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]], which was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] on 11 December 2019. It amended the [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship Act, 1955]] by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal immigrants of [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Sikhs|Sikh]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Jainism|Jain]], [[Parsis|Parsi]], or [[Christians|Christian]] religion, who had [[Religious discrimination in Pakistan|fled persecution]] from Pakistan, [[Bangladesh]] and [[Afghanistan]] before December 2014.<ref name="BBC explained">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50670393 Citizenship Amendment Bill: India's new 'anti-Muslim' law explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212192621/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50670393 |date=12 December 2019 }}, [[BBC News]], 11 December 2019.</ref><ref name="PIBPassesBill">{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2019 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195783 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216092712/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D195783 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=18 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> [[Muslims]] from those countries were not given such eligibility.<ref name="Washington Post" /> The act was the first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under [[Law of India|Indian law]].<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cite news |last=Slater |first=Joanna |date=18 December 2019 |title=Why protests are erupting over India's new citizenship law |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/why-indias-citizenship-law-is-so-contentious/2019/12/17/35d75996-2042-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218215158/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/why-indias-citizenship-law-is-so-contentious/2019/12/17/35d75996-2042-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>{{efn|{{harvp|Sharma|2019|p=523}}: "First, citizenship status biased towards religious identity is by no means a new idea.... A careful study of the policies and laws related to citizenship, adopted since independence, substantiates the assertion that citizenship in India has always been based on an implicit belief that India is for Hindus."}}{{efn|{{harvp|Sen|2018|pp=10–11}}: "Nehru's response [to Patel's warning] made it clear that Muslim migrants from Pakistan could not join the ranks of refugees in India... Thus, despite broad public statements promising citizenship to all displaced persons from Pakistan, Hindu migrants alone counted as citizen-refugees in post-partition India."}}{{efn|{{harvp|Jayal|2019|pp=34–35}}: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."}} A report by the [[V-Dem Institute]] described India as experiencing [[democratic backsliding]] due to the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi era]].<ref name="v-dem.net briefing_paper_9" /><ref name="v-dem.net Democracy Report 2021" /> Various other studies and media sources also cite India experiencing democratic backsliding.<ref name="Ashoka Democratic Backsliding"/><ref>{{cite document |last=Bajpaee |first=Chietigj |title=What Democratic Backsliding Means for India |date=April 2024 |publisher=[[Chatham House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=16 March 2021 |title='Electoral autocracy': The downgrading of India's democracy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56393944 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Democratic Backsliding" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=16 May 2024 |title=Modi's strongman rule raises questions about India's 'democratic decline' as he seeks a third term |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/17/modi-strongman-rule-raises-questions-on-indias-democratic-decline.html |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> This is considered the most notable challenge to India's democracy since the authoritarian [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] years of 1975–77.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2016 |title=Interview with Indira Gandhi |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/indira-gandhi-interview-tv-eye-1978-585652e6031fe-290724.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811131347/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/indira-gandhi-interview-tv-eye-1978-585652e6031fe-290724.html |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=14 June 2018 |website= |publisher=TV Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2015 |title=Recalling the Emergency years |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531210846/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/ |archive-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ideology and political positions ==<br />
{{Conservatism in India|Parties}}<br />
The party, throughout its history, has widely been described as a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]],{{sfnm|1a1=Malik|1a2=Singh|1y=1992|1pp=318–336|BBC|2012|2a1=Banerjee|2y=2005|2p=3118}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=15 April 2024 |title=Narendra Modi: India's popular but controversial leader seeking a transformative third term |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/15/india/modi-profile-india-election-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Karishma |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |date=20 April 2024 |title=As India votes, women and the young could put Modi and BJP over the top |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/18/india-election-modi-women-youth/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 2023 |title=Modi's Hindu Nationalist Agenda Is Corroding India's Democracy |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/will-modi-hindu-nationalism-damage-us-india-relations/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=World Politics Review |language=en-US}}</ref> but has recently increasingly been described as [[Far-right party|far-right]].<ref name="Davies">{{Cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22%22far-right%22 |title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right |last2=Lynch |first2=Derek |date=16 August 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60952-9 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtJ2EAAAQBAJ&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22%22far-right%22 |title=The Handbook of Security |date=2022-06-22 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-91735-7 |pages=158 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leidig |first1=Eviane |last2=Mudde |first2=Cas |date=9 May 2023 |title=Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): The overlooked populist radical right party |url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/jlp.22134.lei |journal=Journal of Language and Politics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=360–377 |doi=10.1075/jlp.22134.lei |issn=1569-2159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ammassari |first1=Sofia |last2=Fossati |first2=Diego |last3=McDonnell |first3=Duncan |title=Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/abs/supporters-of-indias-bjp-distinctly-populist-and-nativist/3D2C84D6F81E1F9CCDD89654B40AB6E8 |journal=Government and Opposition |date=2023 |language=en |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=807–823 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.18 |issn=0017-257X|hdl=10072/415334 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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=== Social policies and Hindutva ===<br />
{{Further|Hindutva}}<br />
The official philosophy of the BJP is "[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]", a philosophy first formulated by [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]] in 1965, who described it as advocating an "indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage."{{sfn|Hansen|1999|p=85}}{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}} It is committed to Hindutva, an ideology articulated by [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]. According to the party, Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over [[Westernization|westernisation]], thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} Scholars and political analysts describe Hindutva as seeking to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions, making the BJP a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] party in a general sense.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}}{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}}{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}}{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}} The BJP moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998, due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}}{{sfn|Sen|2005|pp=251–272}}<br />
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The BJP's Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies. It supports the construction of the [[Ram Mandir]] temple at the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed site]] of the [[Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque]].{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}} This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections.{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}} However, the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of the mosque]] during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in backlash against it, leading to a decline of the temple's prominence in its agenda.{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}} The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools.{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=63}} Various scholars have stated that this revision, especially in the case of history textbooks, was a covert attempt to "[[Saffronisation|saffronise]]" Indian history.{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=63}}{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2005}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2002}}{{sfn|Davies|2005}} The NDA government introduced [[Hindu astrology]] as a subject in college curricula, despite opposition from several leading scientists.{{sfn|BBC|January|2014}}<br />
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Links between the BJP and the RSS grew stronger under the Modi administration. The RSS provided organisational support to the BJP's electoral campaigns, while the Modi administration appointed a number of individuals affiliated with the RSS to prominent government positions.<ref name="Orange Evolution">{{Cite news |date=2 March 2019 |title=Narendra Modi and the struggle for India's soul |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2019/03/02/narendra-modi-and-the-struggle-for-indias-soul |url-status=live |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301125100/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2019/03/02/narendra-modi-and-the-struggle-for-indias-soul |archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> In 2014, [[Yellapragada Sudershan Rao]], who had previously been associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] (ICHR).<ref name="Ganguly 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |date=October 2014 |title=India's Watershed Vote: The Risks Ahead |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=56–60 |doi=10.1353/jod.2014.0077 |s2cid=154421269 }}</ref> Historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the BJP, questioned his credentials as a historian, and stated that the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.<ref name="Ganguly 2014" /><ref name="saffronisation">{{Cite news |last=Joshua |first=Anita |date=16 July 2014 |title=Choice of ICHR chief reignites saffronisation debate |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/choice-of-ichr-chief-reignites-saffronisation-debate/article6214483.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202181112/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/choice-of-ichr-chief-reignites-saffronisation-debate/article6214483.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="right_wing">{{Cite news |last=Mukul |first=Akshaya |date=18 July 2014 |title=Right-wingers question ICHR chief selection |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Right-wingers-question-ICHR-chief-selection/articleshow/38581467.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721002055/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Right-wingers-question-ICHR-chief-selection/articleshow/38581467.cms |archive-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Over its first term the Modi administration appointed other RSS members to lead universities and research institutions, and recruitment of faculty members favoring the RSS increased. Scholars [[Nandini Sundar]] and Kiran Bhatty write that many of these appointees did not possess the qualifications for their positions.<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650" /> The Modi administration also made numerous changes in government-approved history textbooks. These changes de-emphasising the role of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and glorifying that of Modi himself, while also portraying Indian society as harmonious, without conflict or inequity.<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650" /><ref name="Bhatty 2019">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=School education: Denials and delusions |encyclopedia=A quantum leap in the wrong direction? |last=Bhatty |first=Kiran |date=2019 |editor-last=Azad |editor-first=Rohit |isbn=978-93-5287-618-1 |oclc=1089418969 |editor-last2=Chakraborty |editor-first2=Shouvik |editor-last3=Ramani |editor-first3=Srinivasan |editor-last4=Sinha |editor-first4=Dipa}}</ref><br />
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The BJP supports a [[uniform civil code]], which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion, replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community. Historian Yogendra Malik writes that this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}}{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}} The BJP favoured, and in 2019 enacted,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament approves Resolution to repeal Article 370; paves way to truly integrate J&K with Indian Union |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505, |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075212/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505, |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130063447/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms |date=30 November 2021 }}, The Economic Times, 5 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805094806/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019 |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]], which granted a greater degree of autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession to the Indian Union]].{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} It simultaneously [[The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|abrogated Jammu and Kashmir statehood]], dividing it into two separate [[union territory|union territories]], those being [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650" /><br />
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The BJP opposes [[Illegal immigration in India|illegal immigration into India]] from [[Bangladesh]].{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}} The party states that this migration, mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal, threatens the security, economy, and stability of the country.{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}} Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees, and reserves the term "illegal" for Muslim migrants.{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}} Academic Michael Gillan perceived it as an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful.{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}}{{sfn|Ramachandran|2003}} The party later formed the government in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2021 |title=Assam's fascinating politics & how RSS took BJP to the top in a state where it didn't exist |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/assams-fascinating-politics-how-rss-took-bjp-to-the-top-in-a-state-where-it-didnt-exist/623280/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518010553/https://theprint.in/opinion/assams-fascinating-politics-how-rss-took-bjp-to-the-top-in-a-state-where-it-didnt-exist/623280/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The Modi administration passed a [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|citizenship law]] in 2019 which provided a pathway to Indian citizenship for [[Religious persecution|persecuted religious]] minorities from [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]] who are [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]], [[Buddhists]], [[Jain]]s, [[Parsis]] or [[Christians]].<ref name="BBC explained" /><ref name="PIBPassesBill" /> The law does not grant such eligibility to [[Muslims]].<ref name="CNNExcludes">{{Cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Gupta |first2=Swati |last3=Khan |first3=Omar |title=India passes controversial citizenship bill that excludes Muslims |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215224043/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |quote=The government, ruled by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), said the bill seeks to protect religious minorities who fled persecution in their home countries.}}</ref><ref name="NPRExcludes">{{Cite news |last=Gringlas |first=Sam |title=India Passes Controversial Citizenship Bill That Would Exclude Muslims |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787220640/india-passes-controversial-citizenship-bill-that-would-exclude-muslims |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215032601/https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787220640/india-passes-controversial-citizenship-bill-that-would-exclude-muslims |archive-date=15 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Washington Post" /> This was first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under [[Indian law]]: it attracted global [[criticism]], and sparked widespread [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|protests]] that were halted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650" /><ref name="Washington Post" />{{efn|{{harvp|Jayal|2019|pp=33–50}}: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."}} Counter-demonstrations against the protests developed into the [[2020 Delhi riots]], caused chiefly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims.<ref name="guardian-3-16-20-1">{{Citation |last1=Ellis-Peterson |first1=Hannah |title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots |date=16 March 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317023019/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots |url-status=live |place=Delhi |archive-date=17 March 2020 |last2=Azizur Rahman |first2=Shaikh}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March1">{{Citation |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse |date=1 March 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306120958/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html |url-status=live |archive-date=6 March 2020 |last2=Abi-Habib |first2=Maria}}</ref> Of the 53 people killed, two-thirds were Muslim.<ref name="nytimes-2020-3-12-two-thirds">{{Citation |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims |date=12 March 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313011029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html |url-status=live |others=Photographs by Loke, Atul |archive-date=13 March 2020 |last2=Yasir |first2=Sameer |last3=Raj |first3=Suhasini |last4=Kumar |first4=Hari}}</ref><ref name="wapo-3-6-20-slater-1">{{Citation |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn |date=6 March 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307070624/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |url-status=live |archive-date=7 March 2020 |last2=Masih |first2=Niha}}</ref><ref name="wapo-3-2-20-slater-1">{{Citation |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |title=What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India |date=2 March 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303203132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |url-status=live |archive-date=3 March 2020 |last2=Masih |first2=Niha}}</ref><br />
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In 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] reinstated the controversial [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]], which, among other things, criminalises homosexuality. There was a popular outcry, although clerics largely stated that they supported the verdict.{{sfn|Times of India|2013}}{{sfn|Buncombe|2014}} BJP president [[Rajnath Singh]] said that the party supported Section 377, because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural,{{sfn|Ramaseshan|2013}} though the party softened the public stance after its victory in the 2014 general elections.{{sfn|Business Standard|2014}} The Modi government is opposed to [[same-sex marriage]], stating in a legal affidavit that legalising it would cause "complete havoc with the delicate balance of personal laws in the country" and that it was "not comparable with Indian family unit concept of a husband, wife & children which necessarily presuppose a biological man as 'husband', a biological woman as 'wife' and children born out of union".<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2021 |title=Indian government opposes same sex marriage, saying family is 'union of biological man and woman' |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/same-sex-marriage-india-b1807278.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117000847/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/same-sex-marriage-india-b1807278.html |archive-date=17 January 2023}}</ref><br />
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=== Economic policies ===<br />
The BJP's economic policy has changed considerably since its founding. There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party. In the 1980s, like the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Jana Sangh]], it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates. It supported ''[[swadeshi]]'' (the promotion of indigenous industries and products) and a [[protectionist]] export policy. However, it supported internal [[economic liberalisation]], and opposed the state-driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress.{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}} During the 1996 elections, and later when it was in government, the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards [[globalisation]]. The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India.{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}} This was criticised, including by the BJP's affiliates, the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch:{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}} the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its ''swadeshi'' ideology.{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}}<br />
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The two NDA governments in the period 1998–2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government-owned enterprises. It also introduced tariff-reducing measures. These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the P. V. Narasimha Rao-led Congress government in the early 1990s.{{sfn|Tiwari|2012}} India's GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA. The 2004 campaign slogan [[India Shining]] was based on the party's belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=710–720}} After its unexpected defeat, commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies.{{sfn|Ramesh|2004}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2004}}{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=70}}<br />
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This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments, especially in Gujarat, where the BJP held power for 16 years.{{sfn|Sheela Bhatt|2014}} Modi's government, in power from 2002 to 2014, followed a strongly neo-liberal agenda, presented as a drive towards development.{{sfn|Bobbio|2012|pp=652–668}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2013|pp=79–95}} Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services, as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations. While this was praised by the business community, commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP's upper-class constituency instead of the poor.{{sfn|Bobbio|2012|pp=652–668}}<br />
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The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, based on a [[neoliberal]] framework.<ref name="Ruparelia">{{Cite journal |last=Ruparelia |first=Sanjay |date=12 January 2016 |title='Minimum Government, Maximum Governance': The Restructuring of Power in Modi's India |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=755–775 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1089974 |issn=0085-6401 |s2cid=155182560}}</ref><ref name="Shah & Lerche">{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Alpa |last2=Lerche |first2=Jens |date=10 October 2015 |title=India's Democracy: Illusion of Inclusion |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/41/book-reviews/indias-democracy-illusion-inclusion.html |url-status=live |journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]] |volume=50 |issue=41 |pages=33–36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328113150/https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/41/book-reviews/indias-democracy-illusion-inclusion.html |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Modi liberalised India's [[foreign direct investment]] policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including in defence and the railways.<ref name="Ruparelia" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2014 |title=Cabinet approves raising FDI cap in defence to 49 percent, opens up railways |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-07/news/52555932_1_defence-sector-cent-fdi-railways-sector |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807044440/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-07/news/52555932_1_defence-sector-cent-fdi-railways-sector |archive-date=7 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zhong |first=Raymond |date=20 November 2014 |title=Modi Presses Reform for India—But Is it Enough? |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/modi-presses-reform-for-india-but-is-it-enough-1416466742 |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329123224/http://www.wsj.com/articles/modi-presses-reform-for-india-but-is-it-enough-1416466742 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other proposed reforms included making it harder for workers to form unions and easier for employers to hire and fire them;<ref name="Shah & Lerche" /> some of these proposals were dropped after protests.<ref name="ET March 2018">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2018 |title=Modi renews labour reforms push as jobs regain focus before polls |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-renews-labour-reforms-push-as-jobs-regain-focus-before-polls/articleshow/63297358.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124121/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-renews-labour-reforms-push-as-jobs-regain-focus-before-polls/articleshow/63297358.cms |archive-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> The reforms drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions went on strike, including one affiliated with the BJP.<ref name="Shah & Lerche" /> The [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]], a constituent of the Sangh Parivar, stated that the underlying motivation of labour reforms favoured corporations over labourers.<ref name="Ruparelia" /> Modi has been described as taking a more economically [[populist]] approach on healthcare and agricultural policy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Modi rolls out his populist plans with a second term in mind |work=[[The Nikkei]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Modi-rolls-out-his-populist-plans-with-a-second-term-in-mind |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820174144/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Modi-rolls-out-his-populist-plans-with-a-second-term-in-mind |archive-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> Modi's government has also been described as taking a more protectionist turn on international trade during his second term, withdrawing from the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] talks<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2020 |title=Why India opted out of world's biggest today |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/why-india-opted-out-of-worlds-biggest-trade-deal-signed-today/articleshow/79230628.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114124257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/why-india-opted-out-of-worlds-biggest-trade-deal-signed-today/articleshow/79230628.cms |archive-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2020 |title=Out of RCEP, India seeks an export passage to Africa |work=[[The Nikkei|Nikkei]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Out-of-RCEP-India-seeks-an-export-passage-to-Africa |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103080258/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Out-of-RCEP-India-seeks-an-export-passage-to-Africa |archive-date=3 January 2021 |quote=India has made a calculated move to shift its focus from multilateral trade to protectionism.}}</ref> and introducing the 2020 [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] economic plan, which emphasises national self-sufficiency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2020 |title=Modi forced to tread different path in post-Trump era |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b98a768d-1e2b-4ec0-94ed-75b24daee961 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/b98a768d-1e2b-4ec0-94ed-75b24daee961 |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2020 |title=India Tariffs Show Modi's Protectionist U-Turn |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/trade-war-latest-modi-makes-a-u-turn-k6t9lj64 |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303220412/https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/trade-war-latest-modi-makes-a-u-turn-k6t9lj64 |archive-date=3 March 2021}}</ref><br />
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=== Defence and counterterrorism ===<br />
Compared to Congress, the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism.{{sfn|Ganguly|1999|pp=148–177}}{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} The Vajpayee-led NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests and enacted the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]], which later came under heavy criticism.{{sfn|Ganguly|1999|pp=148–177}}{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil, and supported the United States' [[war on terror]].{{sfn|Kux|2002|pp=93–106}}<br />
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Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test, the Vajpayee government broke with India's historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised [[Pokhran-II]], a series of five nuclear tests in 1998.{{sfn|Ganguly|1999|pp=148–177}} The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium-range ballistic missile. They were seen as an attempt to display India's military prowess to the world, and a reflection of anti-Pakistan sentiment within the BJP.{{sfn|Ganguly|1999|pp=148–177}}<br />
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The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying [[Kashmir]] territory, later known as the [[Kargil War]].{{sfn|Qadir|2002|pp=1–10}}{{sfn|Abbas|2004|p=173}} Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence, it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian-controlled territory.{{sfn|Qadir|2002|pp=1–10}}{{sfn|Abbas|2004|p=173}}<br />
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After the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament]] in December 2001, the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} The aim of the act was to improve the government's ability to deal with terrorism.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} It initially failed to pass in the [[Rajya Sabha]]; therefore, the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a [[joint session]] of the Parliament, where the numerical superior [[Lok Sabha]] allowed the bill to pass.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} However, it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon [[civil liberties]], and the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] stated that it had been used to target Muslims.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} It was later repealed by the Congress-led UPA government in 2004.{{sfn|Times of India|2002}}<br />
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The Modi government has conducted several strikes on territory controlled by neighbouring countries on counterterrorism grounds. This included a [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar]] against the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]], the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]] in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2018 |title=Ex-Army chief Dalbir Singh praises PM Narendra Modi for surgical strikes in Pakistan, Myanmar |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ex-army-chief-dalbir-singh-praises-pm-narendra-modi-for-surgical-strikes-in-pakistan-myanmar/articleshow/60885703.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118052537/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ex-army-chief-dalbir-singh-praises-pm-narendra-modi-for-surgical-strikes-in-pakistan-myanmar/articleshow/60885703.cms |archive-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> It also militarily intervened in defence of [[Bhutan]] during the [[2017 Doklam standoff]] with China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2017 |title=Doklam Standoff: Who's Involved & Why's India Bothered? |work=[[The Quint]] |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/doklam-standoff-explained |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027203809/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/doklam-standoff-explained |archive-date=27 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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The Modi government considers national security to be one of their key focuses and has implemented many long-standing defence reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anit |date=5 May 2021 |title=The Great Churning: Modi's Transformation of the Indian Military |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/05/the-great-churning-modis-transformation-of-the-indian-military/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065208/https://warontherocks.com/2021/05/the-great-churning-modis-transformation-of-the-indian-military/ |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2019 |title=BJP Manifesto 2019: National security, welfare key themes for Modi's re-election bid – 5 takeaways |language=en |work=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/bjp-manifesto-2019-national-security-welfare-key-themes-for-modis-re-election-bid-5-takeaways/1541500/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065206/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/bjp-manifesto-2019-national-security-welfare-key-themes-for-modis-re-election-bid-5-takeaways/1541500/ |archive-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> In August 2019, the Modi government established the post of the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)]] to ensure better coordination between all three services, a reform that was widely requested after the 1999 Kargil War.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2019 |title=Explained: What is Chief of Defence Staff that PM Modi announced in I-Day speech |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/explained-what-is-chief-of-defence-staff-cds-pm-narendra-modi-independence-day-speech-1581018-2019-08-15 |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927070751/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/explained-what-is-chief-of-defence-staff-cds-pm-narendra-modi-independence-day-speech-1581018-2019-08-15 |archive-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> The [[Department of Military Affairs]] was also established and put under the CDS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=24 December 2019 |title=Govt sets up Dept of Military Affairs to be headed by Chief of Defence Staff |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-sets-up-dept-of-military-affairs-to-be-headed-by-chief-of-defence-staff/story-eIC4HPIpbexJgGtpEfMaLI.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003170252/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-sets-up-dept-of-military-affairs-to-be-headed-by-chief-of-defence-staff/story-eIC4HPIpbexJgGtpEfMaLI.html |archive-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><br />
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=== Foreign policy ===<br />
The historical stance of the BJP towards [[foreign policy]], like the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, was based on aggressive Hindutva combined with economic protectionism.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the [[partition of India]]; as a result, its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP's ideology.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}}{{sfn|Harris|2005|pp=7–27}} During the Cold War, the party and its affiliates strongly opposed India's long standing policy of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]], and instead advocated closeness to the United States.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} In the post-Cold War era, the party has largely embraced the Indian foreign policy consensus of improving relations with the United States,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inbar |first=Efraim |title=US Foreign Policy and Global Standing in the 21st Century |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |page=155}}</ref> while stressing a desire for a more [[Polarity (international relations)|multipolar]] world order.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2020 |title=Multipolar world should include multipolar Asia: Jaishankar |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/multipolar-world-should-include-multipolar-asia-jaishankar/article32644407.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124010145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/multipolar-world-should-include-multipolar-asia-jaishankar/article32644407.ece |archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> Despite this, it has accused the [[U.S. State Department]] and "[[Deep state in the United States|deep state]]" elements in the United States of attempting to destabilise India.<ref>{{cite news|work=Reuters|date=6 December 2024|title=Modi's BJP says US State Department targeting India|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/modis-bjp-says-us-state-department-targeting-india-2024-12-06/}}</ref><br />
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The Vajpayee government's foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy while maintaining some aspects of it.{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}}{{sfn|Harris|2005|pp=7–27}} Its policy also represented a significant change from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru#Foreign policy|Nehruvian idealism]] of previous governments, opting instead for realism.{{sfn|Lall|2006}} His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan. In 1998, he made a landmark visit to Pakistan, and inaugurated the [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]] service.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} Vajpayee signed the [[Lahore Declaration]], which was an attempt to improve Indo-Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} However, the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later, causing the [[Kargil War|1999 Kargil War]]. The war ended a couple of months later, with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later, without any shift in the [[Line of Control]] that marked the ''de facto'' border between the two countries.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} Despite the war, Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue. This was not well received among the BJP cadre, who criticised the government for being "weak".{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post-Kargil [[Agra summit]], preventing any significant deal from being reached.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}}<br />
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The Vajpayee government strongly opposed the 1999 [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], with Vajpayee describing it as a "dance of destruction".<ref>Pradhan, Sharat. [https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/29nato.htm Vajpayee condemns NATO war in Kosovo]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118134331/https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/29nato.htm |date=18 November 2008}}. ''[[Rediff]]'', 29 March 1999.</ref><ref>Faiola, Anthony. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/anger051899.htm Yugoslavia Air Campaign Ignites Anti-U.S. Sentiment]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315020414/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/anger051899.htm|date=15 March 2018}}. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 18 May 1999.</ref> The Vajpayee administration later offered political support to the U.S. [[war on terror]], in the hope of better addressing India's issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir. This led to closer defence ties with the US, including negotiations for the sale of weapons.{{sfn|Kux|2002|pp=93–106}} However, the BJP strongly condemned the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], stating that it "deplores the unjustified military action resorted to by the United States, Britain and their allies against Iraq".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2003 |title=BJP Passes Resolution 'Deploring' Iraq War |work=Arab News |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/230278 |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901100757/https://www.arabnews.com/node/230278 |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> In 2005, the BJP [[Opposition to the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement in India#Bharatiya Janata Party|opposed]] the [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]], which placed restrictions on India's nuclear program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/213652.html |title=IndianExpress.com :: Renegotiate 123: Advani gives in to pressure from party |accessdate=2008-07-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215045643/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/213652.html |archivedate=December 15, 2007 }}</ref> The BJP also opposed the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]] and urged the [[Lok Sabha]] to pass a unanimous resolution condemning it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2011 |title=Condemn air strikes on Libya: MPs |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article60530375.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901101324/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article60530375.ece |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><br />
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The Modi government initially took a pragmatic stance towards Pakistan, attempting to improve relations with [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s government, culminating in Modi visiting Pakistan in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2015 |title=India PM Modi in surprise Pakistan visit |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35178594 |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211014845/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35178594 |archive-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Relations subsequently deteriorated, particularly after Sharif was ousted in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2020 |title=PM Modi offers condolences to Sharif on his mother's death |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-offers-condolences-to-sharif-on-his-mothers-death/articleshow/79790702.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222092117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-offers-condolences-to-sharif-on-his-mothers-death/articleshow/79790702.cms |archive-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> The Modi government has since been described as taking a "hardline" approach on Pakistan, and the BJP has accused the opposition Congress of collaborating with Pakistan through its criticism of government policy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2019 |title=The Modi Years: Where does India's Pakistan policy stand? |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/article/914369/the-modi-years-where-does-indias-pakistan-policy-stand |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310074955/https://scroll.in/article/914369/the-modi-years-where-does-indias-pakistan-policy-stand |archive-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> In 2015, the Modi government was accused by the Nepalese government of imposing an undeclared [[2015 Nepal blockade|blockade on Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2015 |title=Nepal PM Wants India to Lift Undeclared Blockade |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108132725/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> The Modi government expressed concern following the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]], but maintained cordial relations with the military government, abstaining from a [[United Nations Security Council]] resolution regarding the situation there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Michael |date=22 November 2021 |title=Prime Minister Modi and Myanmar's Military Junta |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/prime-minister-modi-and-myanmars-military-junta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130192530/https://www.csis.org/analysis/prime-minister-modi-and-myanmars-military-junta |archive-date=30 January 2023 |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=22 December 2022 |title=India abstains from UNSC vote on Myanmar, calls for constructive diplomacy |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/india-china-russia-abstain-on-unsc-resolution-on-myanmar/article66291314.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130192526/https://www.thehindu.com/news/india-china-russia-abstain-on-unsc-resolution-on-myanmar/article66291314.ece |archive-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> The Modi government remained neutral on the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Why India maintains neutral stand in Russia-Ukraine war? PM Modi answers |work=Livemint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/why-india-maintains-neutral-stand-in-russia-ukraine-war-pm-modi-answers-11646930954628.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113134704/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/why-india-maintains-neutral-stand-in-russia-ukraine-war-pm-modi-answers-11646930954628.html |archive-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> abstaining from [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623]], which condemned the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Opposition on India's Russia resolution abstention: 'Same side as China' |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/opposition-as-india-skips-russia-resolution-vote-stood-on-same-side-as-china-101645862429168.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901102900/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/opposition-as-india-skips-russia-resolution-vote-stood-on-same-side-as-china-101645862429168.html |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> The leadership of the Indian National Congress backed the government's stance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=Ukraine crisis: Congress backs decision to abstain from voting on UN resolutions |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ukraine-crisis-congress-backs-decision-to-abstain-from-voting-on-un-resolutions/articleshow/89967628.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901102900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ukraine-crisis-congress-backs-decision-to-abstain-from-voting-on-un-resolutions/articleshow/89967628.cms |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><br />
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===Disinformation and conspiracy theories===<br />
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The BJP has frequently spread disinformation and relied on the demonisation of Muslims.<ref name="x215">{{cite web | last=Bhattacharyya | first=Indradeep | title=BJP's 2024 poll campaign is riding on disinformation and Muslim vilification | website=Alt News | date=2024-05-01 | url=https://www.altnews.in/bjps-2024-poll-campaign-is-riding-on-disinformation-and-muslim-vilification/ | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref> The use of fake news has been a part of the party's strategy. In September 2018, [[Amit Shah]] said at a party meeting in Rajasthan that the [[BJP IT cell]] had influenced the media during the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh]] elections and added, "We should be capable of delivering any message to the public, whether sweet or sour, true or fake."<ref name="q786">{{cite book | last1=Jaffrelot | first1=Christophe | last2=Schoch | first2=C. | title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2023 | isbn=978-0-691-24790-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fuUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA329 | access-date=2024-12-10 | page=329}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2024, the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] criticised the BJP for promoting [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] conspiracy theories involving [[George Soros]].<ref name="s195">{{cite web | title=US State Dept Accuses India of Anti-Semitism for Pushing Conspiracies Against George Soros | website=The Wire | date=2023-10-06 | url=https://thewire.in/government/us-state-dept-accuses-india-of-anti-semitism-for-pushing-conspiracies-against-george-soros | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2024, the French newspaper [[Mediapart]] condemned the BJP for falsifying its reports and added, "There are no facts available supporting the conspiracy theory promoted by BJP".<ref name="z245">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=BJP spreading 'fake news', says French media house Mediapart | website=The Hindu | date=2024-12-09 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-spreading-fake-news-says-french-media-house/article68966777.ece | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Organisation and structure ==<br />
{{Main|Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
<br />
{{Further|List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
[[File:Structure of BJP 2020 March.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|A diagram of the [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party|structure of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]]]<br />
The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical, with the [[List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|president]] being the highest authority in the party.{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}} Until 2012, the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three-year term.{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}} This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms.{{sfn|Times of India|2012}}<br />
<br />
Below the president is the [[National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National Executive]], which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country. It is the higher decision-making body of the party. Its members are several vice-presidents, general-secretaries, treasurers and secretaries, who work directly with the president.{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}} An identical structure, with an executive committee led by a president, exists at the state, regional, district and local level.{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}<br />
<br />
The BJP is a cadre-based party. It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideologies, such as the RSS, ABVP, BYSS, VHP and other [[Sangh Parivar]]-related organisations. The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP's. Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates, loosely known as the Sangh Parivar:{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}<br />
* The [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (''All India Students' Union''), the students' wing of the RSS{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}<br />
* The [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]] (''Indian Farmer's Union''), the farmers' division{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}<br />
* The [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] (''Indian Labourers Union''), the labour union associated with the RSS{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}<br />
<br />
The party has subsidiary organisations of its own, such as:<br />
* The BJP Mahila Morcha (''BJP Women's Front''), its women's division{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}<br />
* The [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (''Indian People's Youth Front''), its youth wing{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}<br />
* The BJP Minority Morcha (''BJP Minority Front''), its minority division{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}<br />
<br />
In terms of members, BJP claims to have over 170 million members<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-16 |title=BJP v CCP: The rise of the world's biggest political party |language=en-UK |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/bjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701075444/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/bjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html |archive-date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-16 |title=How BJP became world's largest political party in 4 decades |language=en-IN |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades/articleshow/90680606.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628205517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades/articleshow/90680606.cms |archive-date=28 June 2023}}</ref> as of October 2022, and it's considered to be among the world's [[List of largest political parties|largest political parties]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-23 |title=Narendra Modi's Message to America |language=en-US |work=National Review |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/the-morning-jolt/narendra-modis-message-to-america/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701084716/https://www.nationalreview.com/the-morning-jolt/narendra-modis-message-to-america/ |archive-date=1 July 2023 |quote="His Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, or "Indian People's Party") is on the right of the Indian political spectrum. It is the largest political party in the world, with more members than the Chinese Communist Party, and supports Hindu nationalist ideology and economic development."}}</ref> In September 2024, PM Modi initiated the BJP membership drive,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-membership-drive-from-september-1-usually-precedes-polls-to-elect-party-chief/article68537254.ece|title=BJP membership drive from September 1, usually precedes polls to elect party chief|date=2024-08-17|website=The Hindu|access-date=2024-09-24}}</ref> this campaign has been controversial for deceptive and coercive membership enrollment by BJP workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-man-claims-he-was-thrashed-for-refusing-to-become-bjp-member-4-booked-3194800|title=Madhya Pradesh: Man claims he was thrashed for refusing to become BJP member; 4 booked|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> In Gujarat, minor school children have been enrolled as BJP members.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/bjp-membership-drive-hits-controversies-in-gujarat/article68657001.ece|first=Mahesh|last=Langa|date=2024-09-19|access-date=2024-09-24|website=The Hindu|title=BJP membership drive hits controversies in Gujarat}}</ref><br />
<br />
== General election results ==<br />
{{See also|Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
<br />
The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially founded in 1980, and the first general election it contested was in 1984, in which it won only two [[Lok Sabha]] seats. Following the election in 1996, the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time, but the government it formed was short-lived.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}} In the elections of 1998 and 1999, it remained the largest party, and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions.{{sfn|Sen|2005|pp=251–272}} In the 2014 general election, it won an outright majority in parliament. From 1991 onwards, a BJP member has led the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Opposition]] whenever the party was not in power.{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2014}}{{efn|For the electoral results of the BJP's predecessors, see the JP and BJS articles.}}<br />
{{Clear|left}}<br />
[[File:Seats Won by BJP in Indian General Elections (1984–2024).png|thumb|Seats Won by BJP in Indian General Elections (1984–2024)|800px]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Year<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Legislature<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"|Party leader<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Seats contested<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Seats won<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Change in seats<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Percentage<br />of votes<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Vote swing<br />
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Outcome<br />
! class="unsortable" style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Ref.<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
| [[8th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| 229<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 2<br />
| 7.74%<br />
| ''New''<br />
| {{no|Opposition}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1984}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
| [[9th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Lal Krishna Advani]]<br />
| 225<br />
|{{Composition bar|85|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 83<br />
| 11.36%<br />
| {{increase}} 3.62%<br />
| {{partial|[[Confidence and supply|Outside support]] for [[National Front (India)|NF]]}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1989}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
| [[10th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 477<br />
|{{Composition bar|120|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 35<br />
| 20.11%<br />
| {{increase}} 8.75%<br />
| {{no2|Official Opposition}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1991}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[11th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|rowspan=4|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|471<br />
| rowspan="2"|{{Composition bar|161|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| rowspan="2"|{{increase}} 41<br />
| rowspan="2"|20.29%<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{increase}} 0.18%<br />
| {{yes2|Coalition (1996)}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1996}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{no2|Official Opposition (1996–97)}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1996}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
| [[12th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 388<br />
|{{Composition bar|182|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 21<br />
| 25.59%<br />
| {{increase}} 5.30%<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1998}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| [[13th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 339<br />
|{{Composition bar|182|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
| 23.75%<br />
| {{decrease}} 1.84%<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1999}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| [[14th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Lal Krishna Advani]]<br />
| 364<br />
|{{Composition bar|138|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 44<br />
| 22.16%<br />
| {{decrease}} 1.69%<br />
| {{no2|Official Opposition}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|2004}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| [[15th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 433<br />
|{{Composition bar|116|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 22<br />
| 18.80%<br />
| {{decrease}} 3.36%<br />
| {{no2|Official Opposition}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|2009}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| [[16th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| 428<br />
|{{Composition bar|282|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 166<br />
| 31.34%<br />
| {{increase}} 12.54%<br />
| {{yes|Majority}}<br />
|{{sfn|Election Commission|2014}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
| [[17th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 436<br />
|{{Composition bar|303|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 21<br />
| 37.46%<br />
|{{increase}} 6.12%<br />
| {{yes|Majority}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=28 May 2019 |title=BJP: Here's how BJP earned the massive mandate: Explained in numbers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/heres-how-bjp-earned-massive-mandate-explained-in-numbers/articleshow/69529857.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203005824/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/heres-how-bjp-earned-massive-mandate-explained-in-numbers/articleshow/69529857.cms |archive-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=20. Performance of National Parties |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10955-20-performance-of-national-parties/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073533/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10955-20-performance-of-national-parties/ |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
| [[18th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 441<br />
|{{Composition bar|240|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 63<br />
| 36.56%<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.8%<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/04/india/india-election-modi-victory-declaration-intl-hnk|title=Modi declares victory in India elections but party faces shock losses in parliament and will need coalition|first=Rhea|last=Mogul|date=4 June 2024|website=CNN}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Vertical bar chart|1984|2|1989|85|1991|120|1996|161|1998|182|1999|182|2004|138|2009|116|2014|282|2019|303|2024|240|full_name=All time-BJP Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|color=orange}}<br />
<br />
== Presence in states and Union Territories ==<br />
<br />
[[File:BJP presence by states & union territories.svg|thumb]]<br />
<br />
The BJP has previously held power in [[Karnataka]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Also it has been the junior coalition partner in governments in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (with the [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]), [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (with the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]), and [[Tamil Nadu]] (with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]). It has never held power in [[Kerala]], [[Telangana]], and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/kerala-the-ever-elusive-state-for-the-bjp/article65946291.ece|title=Kerala: the ever-elusive State for the BJP|first=Biju|last=Govind|work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/not-happening-bjp-won-t-rule-kerala-feels-party-mla-o-rajagopal-1449228-2019-02-06|title=Not happening: BJP won't rule Kerala, feels party's only MLA from the state|first=P. S. Gopikrishnan|last=Unnithan|date=6 February 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-will-not-win-in-bengal-by-insulting-bengalis-cm-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/123709689.cms|title=BJP will not win in Bengal by insulting Bengalis: CM Mamata Banerjee|work=The Times of India |date=5 September 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to the NDA, the BJP is also a part of a regional political alliance in Northeast India named the [[North-East Democratic Alliance]].<ref name="thewire.in-25May16">{{Cite web |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=25 May 2016 |title=BJP Crafts North East Democratic Alliance to Make the Region 'Congress Mukt' |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-crafts-north-east-democratic-alliance-to-make-the-region-congress-mukt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526113451/http://thewire.in/2016/05/25/bjp-crafts-north-east-democratic-alliance-to-make-the-region-congress-mukt-38680/ |archive-date=26 May 2016 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2016 |title=Amit Shah holds meeting with northeast CMs, forms alliance |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amit-shah-holds-meeting-with-northeast-cms-forms-alliance/story-YDYLQ6YsImuzZOQ6Zev5MO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526061921/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amit-shah-holds-meeting-with-northeast-cms-forms-alliance/story-YDYLQ6YsImuzZOQ6Zev5MO.html |archive-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=BJP Acts East With New Anti-Congress Bloc, Puts Himanta Biswa in Charge |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hours-after-sonowal-oath-ceremony-bjp-forms-anti-congress-bloc-in-northeast-1409824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525135628/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hours-after-sonowal-oath-ceremony-bjp-forms-anti-congress-bloc-in-northeast-1409824 |archive-date=25 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!Legislature<br />
!Seats<br />
!Legislative leader<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
!Colspan=4|Upper House <br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|103|245|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|[[J. P. Nadda]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|58|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Somu Veerraju]]<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|22|75|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Hari Sahni]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Karnataka Legislative Council|Karnataka]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|30|75|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Chalavadi Narayanaswamy]] <br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|22|78|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Pravin Darekar]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|40|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|A.Venkata Narayana Reddy<br />
|{{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|79|100|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
!Colspan=4|Lower House<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|8|175|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Penmetsa Vishnu Kumar Raju]]<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|46|60|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Pema Khandu]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|64|126|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|89|243|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|54|90|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|27|40|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Pramod Sawant]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|162|182|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|48|90|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|28|68|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|21|81|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Babulal Marandi]]<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|63|224|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[R. Ashoka]]<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|140|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|Colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|165|230|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Mohan Yadav]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|131|288|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|37|60|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Y. Khemchand Singh]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|60|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Sanbor Shullai]]<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|40|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[K. Beichhua]]<br />
|{{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|60|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Y. Patton]]<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|79|147|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|117|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]<br />
|{{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|118|200|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation<br />
|{{yes2|Alliance}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|234|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|8|119|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Alleti Maheshwar Reddy]]<br />
|{{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|33|60|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Manik Saha]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|257|403|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|47|70|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|65|294|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|48|70|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Rekha Gupta]]<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|- <br />
|<br />
[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|29|90|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|- <br />
|<br />
[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|33|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
|[[A. Namassivayam]]<br />
|{{yes2|Coalition}}<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of heads of government ==<br />
=== List of prime ministers ===<br />
{{further|List of prime ministers of India}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|No.<br />
!rowspan="2"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan="2"|Prime minister<br />
!rowspan="2"|Constituency<br />
!colspan="3"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan="2"|Lok Sabha<br />
!rowspan="2"|Cabinet<br />
|-<br />
!Start<br />
!End<br />
!Tenure<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="3"|[[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|1]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]<br />
|16 May 1996<br />
|1 June 1996<br />
|{{ayd|16 May 1996|1 June 1996}}<br />
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]<br />
|[[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]<br />
|-<br />
|19 March 1998<br />
|13 October 1999<br />
|rowspan="2"|{{ayd|19 March 1998|22 May 2004}}<br />
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]<br />
|[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]] <br />
|- <br />
| 14 October 1999 <br />
|22 May 2004<br />
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]<br />
|[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |[[Premiership of Narendra Modi|2]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|100px]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]<br />
|26 May 2014<br />
|30 May 2019<br />
| rowspan="3" |{{age in years and days|2014|5|26}}<br />
| [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br />
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"<br />
| 30 May 2019<br />
| 9 June 2024<br />
| [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br />
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"<br />
| 9 June 2024<br />
| ''Incumbent''<br />
| [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]<br />
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== List of incumbent chief ministers ===<br />
[[File:BJP CM History 2025 As Delhi election.png|400px|right]]<br />
{{Main|List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
<br />
{{As of|2025|02|22}}, 55 people from Bharatiya Janata Party have held the position of a chief minister, 14 of whom are incumbent.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Incumbent Chief Ministers from the BJP<br />
!No.<br />
!State<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Name<br />
!Cabinet<br />
!colspan="2"|Governing coalition<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
|[[File:Pema Khandu in July 2016.jpg|80px|border]]<br />
|[[Pema Khandu]]<br />
|[[Fifth Pema Khandu ministry|Khandu V]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="4"|2<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[File:Himanta Biswa Sarma (cropped).jpg|103x103px]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]<br />
|Rowspan=4|[[Sarma ministry|Sarma I]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Asom Gana Parishad}}<br />
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|United People's Party Liberal}}<br />
|[[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bodoland People's Front}}<br />
|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]<br />
|[[File:Vishnu Deo Sai, Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]<br />
|[[Vishnudeo Sai ministry|Sai I]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="3"|4<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[File:The Chief Minister of Goa, Shri Pramod Sawant.jpg|103x103px]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Pramod Sawant]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Second Pramod Sawant ministry|Sawant II]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}<br />
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|<br />
|[[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]<br />
|[[File:Chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri Bhupendra Patel (2).jpg|80px|border]]<br />
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]<br />
|[[Second Bhupendrabhai Patel ministry|Patel II]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]<br />
|[[File:Nayab Singh Saini 2018.jpg|80px|border]]<br />
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]<br />
|[[Second Saini ministry|Saini II]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|[[File:Prime Minister Modi meets Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|106x106px]]<br />
|[[Mohan Yadav]]<br />
|[[Mohan Yadav ministry|Yadav I]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="8"|[[Chief ministership of Devendra Fadnavis|8]]<br />
|rowspan="8"|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]<br />
|rowspan="8"|[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|105x105px]]<br />
|rowspan="8"|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|rowspan="8"|[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (2022-present)}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|SHS]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=#CB00F1|<br />
|JSS<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|<br />
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor=#1A34BB|<br />
|RYSP<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor=#F58E7D|<br />
|RSVA<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD|<br />
| [[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="4"|9<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]<br />
|Rowspan=4|[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh ministry]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#DB7093|<br />
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#906;"|<br />
|[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#CDCDCD;"|<br />
|[[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]<br />
|[[File:Mohan Charan Majhi (2024 Image) (3x4 cropped).jpg|107x107px]]<br />
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]<br />
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi ministry|Majhi I]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]<br />
|[[File:Bhajan Lal Sharma.jpg|80px|border]]<br />
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]<br />
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Sharma I]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="3"|12<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Manik Saha Invitation for HWC 2023.jpg|80px|border]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Manik Saha]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Second Saha ministry|Saha II]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Tipra Motha Party}}<br />
|[[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:green;"|<br />
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]<br />
|-<br />
!Rowspan="4"|13<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[File:The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg|124x124px]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Yogi Adityanath]]<br />
|Rowspan=4|[[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Adityanath II]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#306;"|<br />
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:green"|<br />
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#b80000;"|<br />
|[[NISHAD Party|NP]]<br />
|-<br />
!14<br />
|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]<br />
|[[File:Pushkar Dhami.jpg|80px]]<br />
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<br />
|[[Second Dhami ministry|Dhami II]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|-<br />
!15<br />
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]<br />
| [[File:Chief Minister of Delhi, Smt. Rekha Gupta.jpg|80px|border]] <br />
|[[Rekha Gupta]]<br />
|[[Rekha Gupta ministry|Gupta]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|BJP<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}<br />
* [[Leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Parliament of India]]<br />
* [[List of political parties in India]]<br />
* [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* [[List of state presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* [[Politics of India]]<br />
* [[List of ruling political parties by country]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Explanatory notes ===<br />
{{Notelist|30em}}<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== General and cited sources ===<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
<!-- ToDo: Re-organize A->Z by last names --><br />
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* {{cite book |title = The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India |last = Brass |first = Paul R. |publisher = University of Washington Press |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-295-98506-0 |pages = 385–393}}<br />
* {{cite news |last1 = Buncombe |first1 = Andrew |title = India's gay community scrambling after court decision recriminalises homosexuality |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indias-gay-community-scrambling-after-court-decision-recriminalises-homosexuality-9146244.html |access-date = 11 July 2014 |work = The Independent |date = 11 July 2014 |archive-date = 5 September 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140905153333/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indias-gay-community-scrambling-after-court-decision-recriminalises-homosexuality-9146244.html |url-status = live }}<br />
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* {{cite book |last1 = Ghassem-Fachandi |first1 = Parvis |title = Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India |date = 2012 |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 978-0-691-15177-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p5s8hooZfekC }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last = Gillan |first = Michael |s2cid = 146522066 |title = Refugees or Infiltrators? The Bharatiya Janata Party and "Illegal" Migration from Bangladesh |journal = Asian Studies Review |date = March 2002 |volume = 26 |issue = 1 |pages = 73–95 |doi = 10.1080/10357820208713331}}<br />
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* {{cite journal |last = Shulman |first = Stephen |title = Nationalist Sources of International Economic Integration |journal = International Studies Quarterly |date = September 2000 |volume = 44 |issue = 3 |pages = 365–390 |doi = 10.1111/0020-8833.00164}}<br />
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* {{cite book |last1 = Swain |first1 = Pratap Chandra |title = Bharatiya Janata Party: Profile and Performance |date = 2001 |publisher = APH publishing |location = India |isbn = 978-81-7648-257-8 |pages = 71–104 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gk1Wz4k_xUC |access-date = 5 July 2014 |archive-date = 14 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061228/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gk1Wz4k_xUC |url-status = live }}<br />
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* {{Cite web |date=17 May 2014 |title=Election results 2014: India places its faith in Moditva |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-results-2014-India-places-its-faith-in-Moditva/articleshow/35224486.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223225/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-results-2014-India-places-its-faith-in-Moditva/articleshow/35224486.cms |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=11 August 2014 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |ref={{harvid|Times of India|2014}}}}<br />
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* {{cite journal |last1 = Tiwari |first1 = Aviral Kumar |title = An Error-Correction Analysis of India-Us Trade Flows |journal = Journal of Economic Development |date = March 2012 |volume = 37 |issue = 1}}<br />
* {{Cite web |title=India: International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51618.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703181658/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51618.htm |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2014 |publisher=US Department of state |ref={{harvid|International Religious Freedom Report|2005}}}}<br />
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader |publisher=[[Permanent Black]] |location=Delhi |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |editor-last=Jaffrelot |editor-first=Christophe |editor-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |isbn=978-0-691-13098-9}}<br />
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{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
{{Main|Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Gurdas M. |last=Ahuja |title=Bharatiya Janata Party and Resurgent India |publisher=Ram Company |year=2004 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |author-link=Walter K. Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodinsaf0000ande |url-access=registration |orig-date=Originally published by Westview Press |publisher=Vistaar Publications |location=Delhi |year=1987 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bhambhri |first1=C.P. |title=Bharatiya Janata Party : Periphery to Centre |date=2001 |publisher=Shipra |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7541-078-7 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Craig |last=Baxter |author-link=Craig Baxter |title=The Jana Sangh&nbsp;— A Biography of an Indian Political Party |publisher=Oxford University Press, Bombay |year=1971 |orig-date=first published by [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] 1969 |isbn=978-0-8122-7583-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Chadha |first1=Kalyani |first2=Pallavi |last2=Guha |title=The Bharatiya Janata Party's online campaign and citizen involvement in India's 2014 election |url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4947 |journal=[[International Journal of Communication]] |volume=10 |date=2016 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516184915/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4947 |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |title=Hindu nationalism and the foreign policy of India's Bharatiya Janata Party |journal=Transatlantic Academy Paper Series |volume=2 |date=2015 |pages=1–15 |url=https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Ganguly_HinduNationalismForeignPolicy_Jun15_web.pdf |isbn=978-1-5292-0460-5 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304071320/https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Ganguly_HinduNationalismForeignPolicy_Jun15_web.pdf |url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Graham |first=B. D. |title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-38348-6 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1089826 |title=Hindu Nationalism in Action: The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics |year=2015 |last1=Harriss |first1=John |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=712–718 |s2cid=147615034 |doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Yogendra K. |last2=Singh |first2=V.B. |title=Hindu Nationalists in India : The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party |date=1994 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=978-0-8133-8810-6}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85065-301-1 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk? |journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics |date=July 2003 |page=16 |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |access-date=5 November 2013 |ref=none |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Varsha |first2=Ganesh |last2=B.E. |title=Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi. |journal=Journal of Political Marketing |volume=19 |issue=1–2 |date=2020 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222 |s2cid=202247610}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Madhusudan |title=Bharatiya Janata Party and India's Foreign Policy |date=1997 |publisher=Uppal Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-85565-79-8 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Nag |first=Kingshuk |author-link=Kingshuk Nag |title=The Saffron Tide: The Rise of the BJP |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2014 |isbn=978-8129134295 |ref=none}}<br />
* Nag, Kingshuk. ''Atal Bihari Vajpayee'' (Rupa Publications, 2016).<br />
* Palshikar, Suhas, Sanjay Kumar, and Sanjay Lodha, eds. ''Electoral Politics in India: The Resurgence of the Bharatiya Janata Party'' (Taylor & Francis, 2017).<br />
* Raghavan, G.N.S. ''New Era in the Indian Polity, A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP'' (1996).<br />
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856327 |jstor=41856327 |title=Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party Towards Issues of India Pakistan Relations |last1=Sanjeev Kr |first1=H. M. |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |year=2007 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=275–291 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113184500/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856327 |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=Devendra P. Sharma |author2=C.P. Thakur |title=India under Atal Behari Vajpayee : The BJP Era |date=1999 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7476-250-4 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Burton |title=A history of India |year=2010 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, UK |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |edition=edited by David Arnold. 2nd |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Ramesh |title=Coalition conundrum: the BJP's trials, tribulations, and triumphs |year=2001 |publisher=Har Anand |isbn=9788124108093 |ref=none}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
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[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yodha_(1991_film)&diff=461019Yodha (1991 film)2026-03-29T10:38:55Z<p>LorenaGallant5: quick rework content based on references and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Yodha<br />
| image = Yodha (1991 film).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Rahul Rawail]]<br />
| producer = [[Karim Morani]]<br />Bunty Soorma<br/ >[[Aly Morani]]<br />
| writer = [[K. K. Singh]]<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = {{ubl|<br />
*[[Sanjay Dutt]]<br />
*[[Sunny Deol]]<br />
*[[Sangeeta Bijlani]]<br />
*[[Shilpa Shirodkar]] ({{small|special appearance}})<br />
*[[Danny Denzongpa]]<br />
*[[Shafi Inamdar]]<br />
*[[Paresh Rawal]]<br />
*[[Annu Kapoor]]<br />
*[[Anjan Srivastav]]<br />
*Rana Jung Bahadur<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Pravin Bhatt]]<br />Rajan Kothari<br />
| editing = Suresh Chaturvedi<br />
| studio = [[Cineyug]]<br />
| distributor = [[Eros International]]<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|1991|02|22}}<br />
| runtime = 148 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Yodha''''' ({{translation|Warriors}}) is a 1991 Indian Hindi-language [[action drama film]] directed by Rahul Rawail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yodha (1991) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/yodha-7047|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130180624/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/yodha-7047|url-status=live|archive-date=30 November 2020|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> It stars [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Sunny Deol]] in titular roles, along with [[Sangeeta Bijlani]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Shafi Inamdar]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Anu Kapoor]] and [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] ({{small|special appearance}}).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534788 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707211910/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534788 | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 July 2012 | title=Movie Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=11 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Yodha tells the story of two young men, Karan Shrivastav and Suraj Singh, whose lives are manipulated by the sinister figure of Justice Dharmesh Agnihotri, known in the underworld as Daaga. Karan, an honest lawyer committed to justice, is the son of Chandrakant, a journalist determined to expose Daaga's criminal double life. Meanwhile, Suraj is a disillusioned former drug addict, victimized by tragedy and now working as a hitman for drug dealers, though he harbors a deep hatred for the trade after the loss of his beloved Shilpa. Daaga hires Suraj and skillfully engineers a deep-seated enmity between him and Karan, whose girlfriend, Vidya, is ironically Daaga's daughter.<br />
<br />
Chandrakant tries his journalistic expertise to expose and unmask Justice Dharmesh Agnihotri’s crimes. The conflict escalates sharply when Daaga falsely frames Karan's father, Chandrakant, for murder and drug possession. Chandrakant is jailed and subsequently murdered, leaving Karan completely heartbroken and losing all faith in the judicial system. Vowing vengeance against Dharmesh and his associates, Karan resigns as a lawyer and deliberately assaults Justice Agnihotri to get himself imprisoned, intending to confront the men responsible for his father's death, who are connected to the jail. While incarcerated, Karan eliminates the jailer and a corrupt minister, further solidifying his path of revenge. Daaga’s machinations don't stop there; he also frames Suraj for drug smuggling, leading to his imprisonment as well. The two rivals, Karan and Suraj, emerge from prison with a burning hatred for one another, entirely unaware that Daaga is the architect of their misfortunes and the puppet master behind their rivalry. The final layer of irony is added when Karan’s younger brother and Suraj’s younger sister fall in love, forcing the two ''Yodha'' ([[Warrior|Warriors]]) to eventually confront their shared enemy, Daaga, and unite to avenge their personal losses and restore justice.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Suraj Singh<br />
* [[Sunny Deol]] as Karan Shrivastav<br />
* [[Sangeeta Bijlani]] as Vidya Agnihotri – Dharmesh’s daughter, Karan’s girlfriend<br />
* [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] ({{small|special appearance}}) as Shilpa – Suraj’s girlfriend<br />
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Justice Dharmesh Agnihotri / Daaga<br />
* [[Shafi Inamdar]] as Chandrakant Shrivastav – Karan’s father<br />
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Chhaganlal / Chaggu – Daaga’s subordinate<br />
* [[Annu Kapoor]] as Umeed Singh – Daaga’s gofer<br />
* Rana Jung Bahadur as Jailor Rana Pratap – Daaga’s minion<br />
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Mrs. Shrivastav – Karan’s mother<br />
* [[Anjan Srivastav]] as Minister – Daaga’s subordinate<br />
* Abhinav Chaturvedi as Pawan Shrivastav – Karan’s brother<br />
* Sanam as Bharti Singh – Suraj’s sister<br />
* Bhushan Jeevan as Bhola – Suraj’s friend<br />
* [[Bob Christo]] as Christo – Daaga’s subordinate<br />
* [[Jagdish Raj]] as Inspector Shinde<br />
<br />
==Music and soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] and lyrics of the songs were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Ladka Kunwara"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Pyar Bada Mushkil Hai"<br />
| [[Amit Kumar]], [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Whole Day Whole Night"<br />
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Alka Yagnik<br />
|-<br />
| "Tananana Na Tananana Na"<br />
| Amit Kumar, Kumar Sanu, [[Anupama Deshpande]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=0267130}}<br />
<br />
{{Rahul Rawail}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Rahul Rawail]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Palakkad_bus_accident&diff=4829402022 Palakkad bus accident2026-03-11T09:27:26Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started some entry first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bus collision in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox public transit accident<br />
| name = 2022 Palakkad bus accident<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
<!-- Maps <br />
| image_map = <br />
| image_map_alt = <br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = <br />
--><br />
| date = 5 October 2022<br />
| time = 10.30 PM IST<br />
| location = Vadakkanjery, [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| location_dir = <br />
| location_city = <br />
| location_dist_km = <br />
| location_dist_mi = <br />
| country = India<br />
| line = <br />
| operator = Private bus<br />
| owner = <br />
| service = <br />
| type = Crashed into another bus<br />
| cause = <br />
<!-- Statistics --> <br />
| bus = <br />
| trains = <br />
| vehicles = <br />
| passengers = 47<br />
| crew = <br />
| pedestrians = <br />
| deaths = 10<br />
| injuries = 38<br />
| damage = <br />
| property = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
On 5 October 2022, a bus carrying 47 people crashed into the back of a [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus in [[Vadakkencherry]], [[Palakkad district]] of Kerala at night.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala bus accident: Nine killed in Palakkad, PM announces ex-gratia of Rs 2 lakh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kerala-bus-accident-nine-dead-40-injured-as-private-bus-carrying-school-students-collides-with-ksrtc-bus-in-palakkad-district/2701642/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Financialexpress |date=6 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> 9 people (5 students, 1 teacher and 4 travelers in the KSRTC bus) were killed and 38 were injured in the accident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Bus taking Kerala schoolkids on trip to Ooty crashes, 9 killed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-tourist-bus-ksrtc-accident-palakkad-8192437/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The accident occurred due to the over speed of the bus and the driver's negligence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Kerala: Nine killed, including five school children in bus collision |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-nine-killed-including-five-school-children-in-bus-collision-101665025701132.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On further investigation it was found that the speed governor of the bus had detached from its fitting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students Among 9 Dead As Kerala School Trip Bus Collides With Another Bus |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/9-killed-in-keralas-palakkad-after-bus-carrying-school-students-crashes-into-state-transport-bus-3406641 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Driver '''Jomon''' went in unstable mental stage and committed suicide in 1 August 2024.<br />
<br />
The Motor Vehicle Department’s final report on the accident concluded that over-speeding by the tourist bus was the primary cause of the fatal incident. The investigation involved thorough analysis of CCTV footage, interviews with injured individuals, and testimonies from those engaged in the immediate rescue efforts.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the report dismisses determined the collision was not the result of the KSRTC bus suddenly braking, but rather the fault of the tourist bus driver.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
After the accident, [[Kerala High Court|Kerala high court]] registered a case suo motu and criticized the transport department for not making strict safety norms for private bus operators.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Bus accident aftermath: Modified pvt vehicles under Kerala govt's scanner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bus-accident-aftermath-modified-pvt-vehicles-under-kerala-govt-s-scanner-101665426979799.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Palakkad bus accident: Kerala HC seeks report from police, MVD |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/palakkad-bus-accident-kerala-hc-seeks-report-from-police-mvd-1151134.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> After this incident, all buses are colored in white with standard lines across, Strict Restrictions came for adding accessories in buses.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* {{Cite web |title=MVD relaxes restrictions on tourist buses, gives instructions to officials |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1267806&u=mvd-relaxes-restrictions-on-tourist-buses-gives-instructions-to-officials-1267806 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite web |first= |date=January 9, 2023 |title=SC stays Kerala HC order which banned display of ads on KSRTC buses |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/01/09/supreme-court-stays-high-court-order-ksrtc-bus-advertisement.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Subin |first=B. |title=Scientific Crash Investigation: A Case Study of the Bus Crash at Vadakkencherry, India |date=2025 |work=Cognizant Transportation Systems: Challenges and Opportunities |volume=263 |pages=41–56 |editor-last=Veeraragavan |editor-first=A. |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-97-7300-8_4 |access-date=2025-07-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-7300-8_4 |isbn=978-981-97-7299-5 |last2=Vaishnav |first2=V. K. |last3=Prashanth |first3=J. R. |editor2-last=Mathew |editor2-first=Samson |editor3-last=Ramakrishnan |editor3-first=Priya |editor4-last=Madhavan |editor4-first=Harikrishna|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=Tourist bus driver brought about Vadakkencherry accident, says report |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/11/19/vadakkencherry-tourist-bus-accident.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}<<br />
{{Disasters in India in 2022}}{{Road incidents in 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Palakkad bus accident, 2022}}<br />
[[Category:2022 disasters in India]]<br />
[[Category:2022 road incidents in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:October 2022 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Palakkad]]<br />
[[Category:Bus incidents in India]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neeraj_Kushwaha_Maurya&diff=477910Neeraj Kushwaha Maurya2026-03-10T17:20:15Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Done.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| name = Neeraj Kushwaha Maurya<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 4 June 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Dharmendra Kashyap|Dharmendra Kumar Kashyap]]<br />
|constituency = [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla]]<br />
|office1 =[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] <br />
|term_start1 =2007<br />
|term_end1 =2017 <br />
|predecessor1 =Sharadveer Singh <br />
|successor1 =Sharadveer Singh<br />
|constituency1 =[[Jalalabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jalalabad]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|7|7}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| parents = Late Nalneesh Maurya (father)<br />
| citizenship = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = Rashmi Maurya<br />
| partner = <br />
| relations = <br />
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter<br />
| residence = Shahjahanpur district<br />
| alma_mater = Vidyant Hindu Post Graduation College, [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]<br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = Farmer and politician<br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news |title=Candidate affidavit |publisher=My neta.info |accessdate=December 16, 2015 |url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=2046 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105247/http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=2046 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
}}<br />
'''Neeraj Kushwaha Maurya''' ({{langx|hi|नीरज कुशवाहा मौर्य}}; {{IPA|hi|n̪iːɾəd͡ʒ kʊʃʋaːɦaː mɔːɾjə}}; born 7 July 1969<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news |title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=December 16, 2015 |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/132.pdf}}</ref>) is a leader of [[Samajwadi Party]] & Hon'ble Member of Parliament from [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla Lok Sabha Constituency]], [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is a former member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> Initially, he was associated with [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and has been an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from 2007 to 2017, elected twice from [[Jalalabad (UP Assembly constituency)|Jalalabad]] constituency in 2007 and 2012.<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=December 16, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508084526/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=December 16, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713102642/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news |title=All MLAs from constituency |publisher=elections.in |accessdate=December 16, 2015 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jalalabad.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222172538/http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jalalabad.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, he left the BSP to join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and played a key role in the [[Jalalabad]] Nagar Palika election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/three-former-bsp-mlas-join-bjp-4891908/ |title=Three former BSP MLAs join BJP |date=15 October 2017 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609035818/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/three-former-bsp-mlas-join-bjp-4891908/ |url-status=live }}</ref> But he left the party soon afterwards and finally joined SP in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur/kalan/news/former-mla-neeraj-kushwaha-maurya-joined-sp-won-the-same-assembly-seat-twice-129300278.html |title=Former MLA Neeraj Kushwaha Maurya joined SP, won the same assembly seat twice &#124; पूर्व विधायक नीरज कुशवाहा मौर्य ने थामा सपा का दामन, दो बार एक ही विधानसभा सीट पर जीते - Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117080100/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur/kalan/news/former-mla-neeraj-kushwaha-maurya-joined-sp-won-the-same-assembly-seat-twice-129300278.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Neeraj Kushawaha was born in [[Samesi]] [[Lucknow]]. He attended the Vidyant Hindu PG College and attained [[Bachelor's degree]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/> He belongs to [[kushwaha]] caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/15th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf#page=235|title=Profile of members of 15th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Neeraj Kushawaha has been an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for two terms. He represented the [[Jalalabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jalalabad]] constituency and was a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] political party.<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/> In 2024 Indian general election, he was made a candidate of [[Samajwadi Party]] from [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency]]. He won this seat to become the member of Indian parliament for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2424.htm|title=Result 2024|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=5 June 2024|archive-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606015510/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2424.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 2012 || 2017|| Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 02 || 2007 || 2012 || Member, [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Jalalabad (UP Assembly constituency)]]<br />
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushawaha, Neeraj}}<br />
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]<br />
[[Category:People from Shahjahanpur district]]<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Lucknow district]]<br />
[[Category:Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swarnarekha_Express&diff=538894Swarnarekha Express2026-03-10T04:52:17Z<p>LorenaGallant5: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Swarna Rekha Express<br />
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg<br />
| image = Train Board of Swarnarekha Express.jpg<br />
| caption = Train Board of Swarnarekha Express<br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| locale = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1993|07|01}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]<br />
| start = {{rws|Dhanbad}} (DHN)<br />
| stops = 8<br />
| end = {{rws|Adityapur}} (ADTP)<br />
| distance = {{convert|182|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 6 hrs 50 mins<br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| class = AC Chair Car, Second Class Seating, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = No<br />
| autorack = Overhead racks<br />
| catering = E-catering only<br />
| observation = Large windows<br />
| baggage = No<br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats<br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br />
| trainnumber = 13301 / 13302<br />
| speed = {{convert|28|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 13301 / 13302 '''Swarna Rekha Express''' is a daily express train service between {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Adityapur}}. It is a day train and covers the distance of 182&nbsp;km in 6 hours and 50 minutes, at an average speed of 28&nbsp;km/h. It has AC chair car, second-class sitting, and general type of coaches. All classes except general class require prior reservation, whereas general coaches can be boarded with a general daily ticket. No [[pantry car]] is available in the train. The [[Tatkal scheme]] is available in this train.<br />
<br />
Previously, 13301/13302 Swarna Rekha Express used to run between [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad Junction]] and [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar]]. From February 06, 2026 the terminal of 13301/13302 [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad]] - [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar]] Swarna Rekha Express was changed to [[Adityapur railway station|Adityapur]] Railway Station.<br />
<br />
==Route and halts==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|+ '''13301 and 13302 Swarnarekha Express :'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Sr.<br />
! colspan="4" | 13301 DHN–ADTP (Daily)<br />
! colspan="4" | 13302 ADTP–DHN (Daily)<br />
|-<br />
! Station !! PF !! Arr. !! Dep.<br />
! Station !! PF !! Arr. !! Dep.<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}} || 6 || — || 05:30 || {{stnlnk|Adityapur}} || 3 || — || 15:35<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Pathardih|Pathardih Junction]] || 1 || 06:25 || 06:35 || {{stnlnk|Chandil Junction}} || 2 || 16:28 || 16:30<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Bhojudih railway station|Bhojudih Junction]] || 2 || 07:19 || 07:20 || [[Barabhum railway station|Barabhum]] || 2 || 16:54 || 16:55<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[Santaldih]] || 1 || 07:30 || 07:31 || {{stnlnk|Purulia Junction}} || 3 || 17:28 || 17:30<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}} || 2 || 08:05 || 08:25 || [[Anara, Purulia|Anara]] || 2 || 17:58 || 18:00<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || [[Anara, Purulia|Anara]] || 1 || 08:43 || 08:45 || {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}} || 2 || 18:40 || 19:00<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || {{stnlnk|Purulia Junction}} || 4 || 09:20 || 09:25 || [[Santaldih]] || 2 || 19:33 || 19:34<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || [[Barabhum railway station|Barabhum]] || 1 || 09:58 || 10:00 || [[Bhojudih railway station|Bhojudih Junction]]|| 1 || 19:49 || 19:50<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || {{stnlnk|Chandil Junction}} || 3 || 10:28 || 10:30 || [[Pathardih|Pathardih Junction]]|| 1 || 20:35 || 20:45<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || {{stnlnk|Adityapur}} || 4 || 12:05 || — || {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}} || 6 || 22:25 || —<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Direction reversals==<br />
The train reverses its direction twice at;<br />
* [[Pathardih]] <br />
* {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}}.<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
It is hauled by a [[Mughalsarai Junction|DDU Loco Shed]] / [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Dhanbad to Adityapur and vice versa.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/swarna-rekha-express-13301-dhn-to-tata/1595/378/168 13301/Swarna Rekha Express]<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-swarna-rekha-express-13302/1596/168/378 13302/Swarna Rekha Express]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Railways}}<br />
{{Railways in Eastern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Swarna Rekha Express}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Dhanbad]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Jamshedpur]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1993]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gauri_Deshpande&diff=474138Gauri Deshpande2026-03-09T04:54:48Z<p>LorenaGallant5: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Marathi writer (1942–2003)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific-prefix = '''[[Doctor of philosophy|Dr.]]'''<br />
| name = Gauri Deshpande<br />
| image = GauriDeshpandePic.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1942|2|11}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|2003|3|1|1942|11|2}}<br />
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| education = M.A., PhD<br />
| occupation = Writer, Poet<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Gauri Deshpande''' (11 February 1942 – 1 March 2003) was a novelist, short story writer, and poet from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. She wrote in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[English language|English]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Deshpande was born in [[Pune]] to [[Irawati Karve|Irawati]] and Dinkar Dhondo Karve, youngest of three children.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} She is also the granddaughter of the social reformer [[Dhondo Keshav Karve|Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve]].<br />
<br />
Her daughter Urmila Deshpande is also an author and published the novels ''Kashmir Blues'',<ref name="dnaindia1" /> ''A Pack of Lies'',<ref name="outlook1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-bruising-pursuit-of-love/262541|title=A Bruising Pursuit Of Love|work=outlookindia.com|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref> and ''Equal to Angels''; the short story collection, ''Slither: Carnal Prose'', and edited ''Madhouse: True stories of the Inmates of Hostel 4''.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}<br />
<br />
===Education===<br />
Deshpande finished her high school education at Ahilyadevi School in Pune.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} She then attended [[Fergusson College]] to receive an [[Master of Arts|M.A]] in [[English literature|English Literature]]. She eventually received her [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in English from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]].<ref name="dnaindia1" /><br />
<br />
===Professional life===<br />
Deshpande taught at the Department of English at [[Fergusson College]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fergusson.edu/departments/department/id/10|title=Fergusson College, Pune|website=fergusson.edu|access-date=2018-02-28|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227213927/http://fergusson.edu/departments/department/id/10|url-status=dead}}</ref> and later as a professor at the department of English at the then [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]].<br />
<br />
===Death===<br />
Deshpande died in Pune on 1 March 2003 due to complications arising as a result of alcohol abuse.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-i-could-write-only-after-mother-died-1414150|title='I could write only after mother died' {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2010-07-25|work=dna|access-date=2018-02-27|language=en-US}}</ref> She is survived by two daughters from her first husband,<ref name="outlook1" /> one daughter from her second husband,<ref name="outlook1" /> three grandsons and a granddaughter.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
Deshpande wrote in Marathi and English. Her works include fiction, non-fiction, short stories, articles and translations.<br />
<br />
===Marathi works===<br />
* ''Paus Ala Motha'' (1973)<ref name="pune_mirror_1">{{Cite news|url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-aamhi-doghi/articleshow/63035444.cms|title=FILM: AAMHI DOGHI - Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=2018-02-27|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227214012/http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-aamhi-doghi/articleshow/63035444.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* ''Ekek Pan Galawaya'' (1985) (fiction)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ekeka pāna gaḷāvayā|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1985|publisher=Mauja|location=Mumbaī|oclc=36439235}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-8174868510}}<br />
** translated to Gujarati as ''Ekek aa khare pandadun'' in 1989 by Jayantilal Mehta<ref name="Ekek aa khare pandadun">{{Cite book|title=Ekek aa khare pandadun|last1=Deshpande|first1=Gauri|last2=Mehta|first2=Jayantilal Manilal|date=1989|publisher=Navbharat|location=Bombay|oclc=59049836|language=Gujarati}}</ref> <br />
* ''Teruo Te Ani Kahi Door Paryant'' (1985) (fiction)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Teruo ani kahee duraparyant.|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1985|publisher=Mauj Prakashan|location=Bombay|oclc=62964003|language=Marathi}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-8174868664}}<br />
* '' Ahe He Ase Ahe'' (1986)<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/17185690.html|title=Āhe he asã āhe|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1986|publisher=Mauja Prakāśana Gr̥ha|location=Mumbaī}}</ref> {{ASIN|B07H57L8RR}}<br />
* ''Niragathi Ani Chandrike Ga Sarike Ga'' (1987) (fiction)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Niragāṭhī āṇi Candrike ga, sārike ga|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=2008|publisher=Mauja Prakāśana Gr̥ha|location=Mumbaī|oclc=729686769}}</ref> {{ASIN|B07NVXCTS6}}<br />
* ''Dustar Ha Ghat Ani Thang'' (1989)(Marathi fiction)<ref>{{Cite book|title="Dustara hā ghāṭa": āṇi, "Thāṅga"|last1=Deshpande|first1=Gauri|date=1989|publisher=Mauja Prakāśana Gr̥ha|location=Mumbaī|oclc=35114857}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-8174867681}}<br />
* ''Mukkam'' (1992) (fiction)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdE1AAAAMAAJ|title=Mukkāma|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1992|publisher=Mauja Prakāśana Gr̥ha|location=Mumbaī|language=Marathi}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-8174867445}}<br />
* ''Vinchurniche Dhade'' (1996)(fiction)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Viñcurṇīce dhaḍe|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1996|publisher=Mauja Prakāśana Gr̥ha|location=Mumbaī|oclc=39323058}}</ref> {{ASIN|B00P97H35O}}<br />
* ''Goph'' (1999) (fiction)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gopha|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1999|publisher=Mauja Prakāśana Gr̥ha|isbn=8174861106|location=Mumbaī|oclc=42717293}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-8174867605}}<br />
* ''Utkhanan'' (2002) (fiction)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Utkhanana|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=2002|publisher=Mauja Prakāśana Gr̥ha|isbn=8174862838|location=Mumbaī|oclc=51587072}}</ref> {{ISBN|9788184989540}}<br />
* ''She also translated the ten volumes of "[[Arabian Nights]]" written by [[Sir Richard Burton]] from English to Marathi. The volumes were published in 1976-77.''{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}<br />
<br />
===English works===<br />
* "Between Births" (1968)<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/84341.html|title=Between births.|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1968|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta|language=English}}</ref><br />
* ''Lost love'' (1970)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2inoU3Q_kMC|title=Lost love.|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1970|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta|isbn=9780892536856|language=English}}</ref><br />
* ''The Murder'' (Article)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1972|title=THE MURDER|journal=Mahfil Mahfil|language=English|volume=8|issue=4|pages=71–72|oclc=6015561406|issn=0025-0503}}</ref><br />
* ''Beyond the Slaughterhouse'' (1972) (poems)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v41XAAAAMAAJ|title=Beyond the slaughter house poems.|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1972|publisher=Pritish Nandy on behalf of Dialogue Publications|location=Calcutta|language=English}}</ref><br />
* ''The position of women in India'' (1973) (Pamphlet)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The position of women in India|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1973|location=Bombay|oclc=914600048|language=English}}</ref><br />
* ''An anthology of Indo-English poetry'' (1974)<ref>{{Cite book|title=An anthology of Indo-English poetry|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1974|publisher=Hind Pocket Books|location=Delhi|oclc=637939817|language=English}}</ref><br />
* ''Small is beautiful'' (Article)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1980|title=SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL|journal=Indilite Indian Literature|language=English|volume=23|issue=1–2|pages=183–185|oclc=6015286381|issn=0019-5804}}</ref><br />
* ''That's the way it is'' (1982)(Article published in ''Journal of South Asian literature'')<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deshpande|first1=Gauri|last2=Engblom|first2=Philip|last3=Bhagwat|first3=Vidyut|last4=Junghare|first4=Indira|date=1982|title=THAT'S THE WAY IT IS|journal=Jsasianlit Journal of South Asian Literature|language=English|volume=17|issue=1|pages=75–78|oclc=6015562736|issn=0091-5637}}</ref> {{ISBN|9780226256092}}<br />
* ''Collected Plays of Satish Alekar'' (1989) co-editor. Within the book, the story ''The Dread Departure'' was the english translation of the 1974 Marathi play ''Mahanirvan'' by [[Satish Alekar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/getting-it-rite/15837174|title=Getting it Rite|date=2014-12-12|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-02-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/collected-plays-of-satish-alekar-9780198069881|title=Collected Plays of Satish Alekar: The Dread Departure, Deluge, The Terrorist, Dynasts, Begum Barve, Mickey and the Memsahib|date=2011-03-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198069881|location=Oxford, New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The dread departure = Mahanirvan|last1=Āḷekara|first1=Satīśa|last2=Deshpande|first2=Gauri|date=1989|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=817046059X|location=Calcutta|oclc = 20894727|language=English}}</ref><br />
* ''Right on, Sister!'' (1995) (Article co-authored with Vidyut Aklujkar published in ''Journal of South Asian literature'')<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deshpande|first1=Gauri|last2=Aklujkar|first2=Vidyut|date=1995|title=RIGHT ON, SISTER!|journal=Jsasianlit Journal of South Asian Literature|language=English|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=17–22|oclc=6015360226|issn=0091-5637}}</ref><br />
*''--and Pine for What Is Not'' (1995) (translation of [[Sunita Deshpande]]'s ''Ahe Manohar Tari...''){{citation needed|date=February 2018}} {{ISBN|9780863115790}}<br />
*''The Lackadaisical Sweeper'' (1997) (short story collection)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The lackadaisical sweeper: short stories|last=Deshpande|first=Gauri|date=1997|publisher=Manas|isbn=8186852042|location=Chennai|oclc=632483395|language=English}}</ref> {{ISBN|9788186852040}}<br />
* ''Diary of a decade of agony'' (translation of Avinash Dharmadhikari's ''Aswastha dashakachi diary''){{citation needed|date=February 2018}} {{ISBN|9780863116285}}<br />
* ''The female of the Species'' (a short poem)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/807763/on-mothers-day-a-warm-moving-book-that-happens-to-be-about-mothers-and-daughters|title=On Mother's Day, a warm, moving book that happens to be about mothers and daughters|last=Roy|first=Devapriya|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-02-27|language=en-US}}</ref> {{ISBN|9780062320896}}<br />
<br />
== Influence ==<br />
<br />
* In 1989, her book ''Ekek Pan Galawaya'' was translated to Gujarati as ''Ekek aa khare pandadun'' by Jayantilal Mehta<ref name="Ekek aa khare pandadun"/> <br />
* In 2010, her book ''Niragathi Ani Chandrike Ga Sarike Ga'' was translated to English as ''Deliverance: a Novella'' by Shashi Deshpande<ref>{{Cite book|title=Deliverance: a novella|last1=Deshpande|first1=Gauri|last2=Deshpande|first2=Shashi|last3=Deshpande|first3=Shashi|last4=Deshpande|first4=Shashi|date=2010|publisher=Women Unlimited|isbn=978-8188965632|location=New Delhi|oclc=740756032|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/All-in-the-family/article14935586.ece|title=All in the family|last=Kulkarni|first=Reshma|date=2011-03-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-03-05|title=Relentlessly honest|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/143352/relentlessly-honest.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><br />
* In 2018, her book ''Paus Ala Motha'' was adapted into the Marathi film ''[[Aamhi Doghi]]''.<ref name="pune_mirror_1" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Gauri}}<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:2003 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1942 births]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indradhanush_(film)&diff=455881Indradhanush (film)2026-03-05T03:55:07Z<p>LorenaGallant5: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Indradhanush<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = Indradhanush (film).jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[V. Manohar]]<br />
| based_on = <br />
| screenplay = V. Manohar<br />
| story = Ramesh Rao<br />
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]]<br /> [[Monal (actress)|Abhisaarika]] <br /> Akanksha Tripathi<br />
| producer = Poornima S. Babu<br />
| music = [[V. Manohar]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sundarnath Suvarna]]<br />
| editing = T. Shashikumar<br />
| studio = Sumanth Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|03|31}}<br />
| runtime = 153 minutes<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| country = India<br />
| budget =<!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Indradhanush''''' ({{translation|Rainbow}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed, written and scored by [[V. Manohar]] and produced by Poornima S Babu. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]], Akanksha Tripathi and Hari Nayar. The film was released on 31 March 2000 and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/i-want-to-direct-films-again-v-manohar-1129208.html|title=I want to direct films again: V Manohar|author=Ram Rakshith V.|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=22 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Harindranath<br />
* [[Monal (actress)|Monal]]<br />
* Akanksha Tripathi<br />
* [[Gurukiran]]<br />
* Hari Nayar<br />
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]<br />
* [[M.N Lakshmi Devi]]<br />
* [[Guru Kiran]]<br />
* [[Sundeep Malani]]<br />
* Sudhakar Banannje<br />
* Charulatha...special appearance<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[V. Manohar]].<br />
<br />
{{track listing <br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Indradhanush<br />
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anupama (singer)|Anupama]]<br />
| lyrics1 =[[V. Manohar]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Namma Prapancha<br />
| extra2 = [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[B. R. Chaya]], Rithish<br />
| lyrics2 = V. Manohar<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Nightingale Nightingale<br />
| extra3 = Mano<br />
| lyrics3 = V. Manohar<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Olden Days<br />
| extra4 = Ramesh Chandra, Shanbog<br />
| lyrics4 = V. Manohar<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Chendavo Chendavo<br />
| extra5 = [[Sangeetha Katti]]<br />
| lyrics5 = V. Manohar<br />
| length5 = <br />
| title6 = Maayaya Yaa Maayaya<br />
| extra6 = V. Manohar<br />
| lyrics6 = V. Manohar<br />
| length6 = <br />
| title7 = Yara Kanasalla<br />
| extra7 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]<br />
| lyrics7 = V. Manohar<br />
| length7 = <br />
| title8 = Kelu Kelavva Kelavva<br />
| extra8 = Rajkumar<br />
| lyrics8 = V. Manohar<br />
| length8 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''India Info'' wrote "On the whole a perfect masala film worth watching".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/indradansh.html|work=India Info|title=Indradhanush - a complete entertainer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602055109/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/indradansh.html|archive-date=2 June 2002}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt14741918}}<br />
*[https://www.onlinebangalore.com/movi/indr/ preview at ''Online Bangalore'']<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]<br />
[[Category:2000 action films]]<br />
<br />
{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}<br />
{{action-thriller-film-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_(India)&diff=462394Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)2026-03-04T03:50:04Z<p>LorenaGallant5: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs<br />
| seal = Government of India logo.svg<br />
| seal_width = 100px<br />
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India<br />
| formed = 1949<ref name="Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs - About us">{{cite web|title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs - About us|url=http://mpa.nic.in/introduc.htm|publisher=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India|access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref><br />
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]], [[New Delhi|Rafi Marg, New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India<br />
| logo_caption = Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs<br />
| image = <br />
| chief1_name = [[Kiren Rijiju]]<br />
| chief1_position = [[Minister (government)|Union Cabinet Minister]]<br />
| chief2_name = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]<br />
| chief2_position = [[Minister of State|Union Minister of State]]<br />
| chief3_name = [[L. Murugan]]<br />
| chief3_position = [[Minister of State|Union Minister of State]]<br />
| chief4_name = Nikunja Bihari Dhal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| chief4_position = [[Secretary]]<br />
| website = [http://mpa.nic.in mpa.nic.in]<br />
| logo = Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs India.png<br />
| logo_size = 250px<br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = {{INRConvert|1492|c}} <small>(2026-27 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf |title=Budget data |date=2019 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304170727/http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs''' is an [[Government of India|Indian government]] [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]]. It is headed by the Union Cabinet Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.<br />
<br />
It handles affairs relating to the [[Parliament of India]], and works as a link between the two [[Chambers of parliament|chambers]], the [[Lok Sabha]] ("House of the People," the [[lower house]]) and the [[Rajya Sabha]] ("Council of States," the [[upper house]]). It was created in 1949 as a department but later became a full ministry.<br />
<br />
The [[Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]] holds [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] rank as a member of the [[Council of Ministers, India|Council of Ministers]]. The current minister is [[Kiren Rijiju]]. The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs works under the overall direction of Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs.<br />
<br />
The subject of 'Nomination of Members of Parliament on Committees and other bodies set up by the Government' has been allocated to the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs under the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961 made by the President under article 77(3) of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<br />
<br />
Functions assigned to the Ministry under the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961 made by the President under Article 77(3) of the Constitution of India:-<br />
<br />
*Dates of summoning and prorogation of the two Houses of Parliament, Dissolution of Lok Sabha, President's Address to Parliament.<br />
*Planning and Coordination of legislative and other official business in both Houses.<br />
*Allocation of Government time in Parliament for discussion of motions given notice of by Members.<br />
*Liaison with Leaders and Whips of various Parties and Groups represented in Parliament.<br />
*Lists of Members of Select and Joint Committees on Bills.<br />
*Appointment of Members of Parliament on Committees and other bodies set up by Government.<br />
*Functioning of Consultative Committees of Members of Parliament for various Ministries.<br />
*Implementation of assurances given by Ministers in Parliament.<br />
*Governments stand on Private Members Bills and Resolutions.<br />
*Secretarial assistance to the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs.<br />
*Advice to Ministries on procedural and other Parliamentary matters.<br />
*Coordination of action by Ministries on recommendations of general application made by Parliamentary Committees.<br />
*Officially sponsored visits of Members of Parliament to places of interest.<br />
*Matters connected with powers, privileges and immunities of Members of Parliament.<br />
*Parliamentary Secretaries - functions.<br />
*Organisation of Youth Parliament Competitions in Schools/Colleges throughout the country.<br />
*Organisation of All India Whips Conference.<br />
*Exchange of Government Sponsored Delegations of Members of Parliament with other countries.<br />
*Determination of Policy and follow up action in regard to matters raised under rule 377 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and by way of Special Mentions in Rajya Sabha.<br />
*Manual for Handling Parliamentary work in Ministries/Departments.<br />
*The Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament Act, 1953 (20 of 1953).<br />
*The Salary, Allowances and Pensions of Members of Parliament Act, 1954 (30 of 1954).<br />
*The Salary, and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 (33 of 1977).<br />
*The Leader and Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act, 1998 (5 of 1999).<br />
<br />
== Divisions and Sections ==<br />
<br />
* Member's Emoluments Section<br />
* Minister's Personal Section<br />
* National e-Vidhan Application Section<br />
* Administration Division<br />
* Accounts and Purchase Section<br />
* Parliamentary Committee Section<br />
* General Section<br />
* Youth Parliament Division <br />
* Protocol and Welfare Section<br />
* Hindi Section<br />
* Legislative Division<br />
* Research Section<br />
* Grievance and RTI Section<br />
* Coordination and e-Governance Section<br />
* Assurance Sections (Lower and Upper House)<br />
* Cashier Section<br />
* NIC Section<br />
* Media and Communications Section<br />
<br />
==Cabinet Ministers==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:20em" |Minister<br>{{small|(Birth-Death)<br>Constituency}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party<br />
! rowspan="2"| Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:7em"| From<br />
!style="width:7em"| To<br />
!style="width:5em"| Period<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|<br />
|rowspan="8"| [[File:Satya Narayan Sinha portrait.gif|70px]]<br />
|rowspan="8"| '''[[Satya Narayan Sinha]]'''<br>{{small|(1900{{ndash}}1983)<br>Constituent Assembly Member for [[Bihar]] (until 1952)<br>MP for [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]] (from 1952)}}<br>(MoS until 10 April 1962)<br />
|rowspan="8"| 26 February<br>1949<br />
|rowspan="8"| 13 March<br>1967<br />
|rowspan="8"| '''{{ayd|26 Feb 1949|13 May 1967}}'''<br />
|rowspan="9"| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]'''<br />
|rowspan="4"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]'''<br />
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]'''<br />
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]'''<br />
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''<br />
|rowspan="5"| [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ram Subhag Singh.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ram Subhag Singh]]'''<br />{{small|(1917{{ndash}}1980)<br />MP for [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]}}<br />
|13 March<br>1967<br />
|14 February<br>1969<br />
|'''{{ayd|13 Mar 1967|14 Feb 1969}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]''' <br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Kotha Raghuramaiah.png|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]'''<br>{{small|(1912{{ndash}}1979)<br>MP for [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]}}<br>(MoS until 27 June 1970)<br />
|14 February<br>1969<br />
|18 March<br>1971<br />
|'''{{ayd|14 Feb 1969|18 Mar 1971}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Raj Bahadur 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Raj Bahadur]]'''<br>{{small|(1912{{ndash}}1990)<br>MP for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]}}<br />
|18 March<br>1971<br />
|5 February<br>1973<br />
|'''{{ayd|1971|3|18|1973|2|5}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"| '''[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Kotha Raghuramaiah.png|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]'''<br>{{small|(1912{{ndash}}1979)<br>MP for [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]}}<br />
|5 February<br>1973<br />
|24 March<br>1977<br />
|'''{{ayd|5 Feb 1973|24 Mar 1977}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Ravindra Varma]]'''<br>{{small|(1925{{ndash}}2006)<br>MP for [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]}}<br />
|26 March<br>1977<br />
|28 July<br>1979<br />
|'''{{ayd|26 Mar 1977|28 Jul 1979}}'''<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|bgcolor="#1F75FE"| [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|'''Desai''']]<br />
|[[Morarji Desai]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[K. Gopal (INC politician)|K. Gopal]]'''<br>{{small|MP for [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]}}<br>(MoS)<br />
|4 August<br>1979<br />
|14 January<br>1980<br />
|'''{{ayd|4 Aug 1979|14 Jan 1980}}'''<br />
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]<br />
|bgcolor="#6495ED"| '''[[Charan Singh ministry|Charan Singh]]'''<br />
|[[Charan Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Bhishma Narain Singh (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]'''<br>{{small|(1933{{ndash}}2018)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}<br />
|14 January<br>1980<br />
|29 January<br>1983<br />
|'''{{ayd|14 Jan 1980|29 Jan 1983}}'''<br />
|rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]'''<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Buta Singh at DJ Sheizwoods house (11) (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Buta Singh]]'''<br>{{small|(1934{{ndash}}2021)<br>MP for [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency|Ropar]]}}<br />
|29 January<br>1983<br />
|31 October<br>1984<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|29 Jan 1983|31 Dec 1984}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|31 October<br>1984<br />
|31 December<br>1984<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]'''<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|<br />
|[[File:H. K. L. Bhagat Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[H. K. L. Bhagat]]'''<br>{{small|(1921{{ndash}}2005)<br>MP for [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]}}<br />
|31 December<br>1984<br />
|2 December<br>1989<br />
|'''{{ayd|31 Dec 1984|2 Dec 1989}}'''<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[P. Upendra]]'''<br>{{small|(1936{{ndash}}2009)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]]}}<br />
|6 December<br>1989<br />
|10 November<br>1990<br />
|'''{{ayd|6 Dec 1989|10 Nov 1990}}'''<br />
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]'''<br />
|[[V. P. Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Satya Prakash Malaviya photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Satya Prakash Malaviya]]'''<br>{{small|(1934{{ndash}}2018)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}<br />
|10 November<br>1990<br />
|21 June<br>1991<br />
|'''{{ayd|10 Nov 1990|21 Jun 1991}}'''<br />
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]<br />
|style="background:#74C365"| '''[[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]'''<br />
|[[Chandra Shekhar]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1949)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}<br />
|21 June<br>1991<br />
|18 January<br>1993<br />
|'''{{ayd|21 Jun 1991|18 Jan 1993}}'''<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| [[Rao ministry|'''Rao''']]<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vidya Charan Shukla (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]'''<br>{{small|(1929{{ndash}}2013)<br>MP for [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]}}<br />
|18 January<br>1993<br />
|17 January<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|18 Jan 1993|17 Jan 1996}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1949)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}<br />
|18 January<br>1996<br />
|16 May<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|18 Jan 1996|16 May 1996}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Pramod jee.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Pramod Mahajan]]'''<br>{{small|(1949{{ndash}}2006)<br>MP for [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]}}<br />
|16 May<br>1996<br />
|1 June<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|16 May 1996|1 Jun 1996}}'''<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]'''<br />
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ram Vilas Paswan (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]'''<br />{{small|(1946{{ndash}}2020)<br />MP for [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]}}<br />
|1 June<br>1996<br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|1 Jun 1996|29 Jun 1996}}'''<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Janata Dal]]<br />
|rowspan="2" style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]'''<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Srikant Kumar Jena addressing in New Delhi on November 18, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Srikant Kumar Jena]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1950)<br>MP for [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]}}<br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|29 Jun 1996|21 Apr 1997}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
|19 March<br>1998<br />
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]'''<br />
|[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[File:Madan Lal Khurana.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Madan Lal Khurana]]'''<br>{{small|(1936{{ndash}}2018)<br>MP for [[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]}}<br />
|19 March<br>1998<br />
|30 January<br>1999<br />
|'''{{ayd|19 Mar 1998|30 Jan 1999}}'''<br />
|rowspan="4"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]'''<br />
|rowspan="4"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[File:P. R. Kumaramangalam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]]'''<br>{{small|(1952{{ndash}}2000)<br>MP for [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]}}<br />
|30 January<br>1999<br />
|13 October<br>1999<br />
|'''{{ayd|30 Jan 1999|13 Oct 1999}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Pramod jee.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Pramod Mahajan]]'''<br>{{small|(1949{{ndash}}2006)<br>MP for [[Maharashtra]] (Rajya Sabha)}}<br />
|13 October<br>1999<br />
|29 January<br>2003<br />
|'''{{ayd|13 Oct 1999|29 Jan 2003}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Sushma Swaraj Ji.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Sushma Swaraj]]'''<br>{{small|(1952{{ndash}}2019)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttarakhand]]}}<br />
|29 January<br>2003<br />
|22 May<br>2004<br />
|'''{{ayd|29 Jan 2003|22 May 2004}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1949)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]}}<br />
|23 May<br>2004<br />
|1 November<br>2005<br />
|'''{{ayd|23 May 2004|1 Nov 2005}}'''<br />
|rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']]<br />
|rowspan="5"| [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi PIB.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]'''<br>{{small|(1945{{ndash}}2017)<br>MP for [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]}}<br />
|1 November<br>2005<br />
|6 April<br>2008<br />
|'''{{ayd|1 Nov 2005|6 Apr 2008}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vayalar Ravi-crop.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Vayalar Ravi]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1937)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Kerala]]}}<br />
|6 April<br>2008<br />
|22 May<br>2009<br />
|'''{{ayd|6 Apr 2008|22 May 2009}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal inaugurating the New Block of Civil Hospital at Manimajra, in Chandigarh on April 07, 2013.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1948)<br>MP for [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]}}<br />
|28 May<br>2009<br />
|28 October<br>2012<br />
|'''{{ayd|28 May 2009|28 Oct 2012}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Kamal Nath 2012.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Kamal Nath]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1946)<br>MP for [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]}}<br />
|28 October<br>2012<br />
|26 May<br>2014<br />
|'''{{ayd|28 Oct 2012|26 May 2014}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[M. Venkaiah Naidu]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1948)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]], till 2016<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]], from 2016}}<br />
|27 May<br>2014<br />
|5 July<br>2016<br />
|'''{{ayd|27 May 2014|5 Jul 2016}}'''<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="3" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Leader of Opposition, BThe Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers, Shri Ananthkumar, in New Delhi on January 08, 2015 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ananth Kumar]]'''<br>{{small|(1959{{ndash}}2018)<br>MP for [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]}}<br />
|5 July<br>2016<br />
|12 November<br>2018{{ref label|†|†|†}}<br />
|'''{{ayd|5 Jul 2016|12 Nov 2018}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Narendra Singh Tomar addressing a press conference after launching the Swachh Sarvekshan (Gramin)- 2017, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1957)<br>MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}<br />
|12 November<br>2018<br />
|30 May<br>2019<br />
|'''{{ayd|12 Nov 2018|30 May 2019}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Pralhad Joshi in 2024.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Pralhad Joshi]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1962)<br>MP for [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad]]}}<br />
|31 May<br>2019<br />
|10 June 2024<br />
|'''{{ayd|31 May 2019|10 June 2024<br />
}}'''<br />
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Kiren Rijiju with Modi (cropped).jpg|center|89x89px]]<br />
|'''[[Kiren Rijiju]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1971)<br>MP for [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]}}<br />
|10 June 2024<br />
|Incumbent<br />
|'''{{Ayd|10 June 2024}}'''<br />
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]''' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Ministers of State ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister<br>{{small|(Birth-Death)<br>Constituency}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party<br />
! rowspan="2"| Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:7em"| From<br />
!style="width:7em"| To<br />
!style="width:5em"| Period<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Jagannath Rao Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Jagannath Rao]]'''<br>{{small|(1909{{ndash}}1991)<br>MP for [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Chatrapur]]}}<br />
|14 February<br>1966<br />
|13 March<br>1967<br />
|'''{{ayd|14 Feb 1966|13 Mar 1967}}'''<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''<br />
|rowspan="4"| [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]'''<br>{{small|(1919{{ndash}}2012)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]}}<br />
|18 March<br>1967<br />
|14 February<br>1969<br />
|'''{{ayd|18 Mar 1967|14 Feb 1969}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]''' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Om Mehta Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Om Mehta]]'''<br>{{small|(1927{{ndash}}1995)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]}}<br />
|30 June<br>1970<br />
|18 March<br>1971<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|30 Jun 1970|24 Mar 1977}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|18 March<br>1971<br />
|24 March<br>1977<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"| '''[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Larang Sai]]'''<br>{{small|(1935{{ndash}}2004)<br>MP for [[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 14 August<br>1977<br />
|rowspan="2"| 28 July<br>1979<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|14 Aug 1977|28 Jul 1979}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#1F75FE"| [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|'''Desai''']]<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[Morarji Desai]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Ram Kripal Sinha]]'''<br>{{small|(1934{{ndash}}2023)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]'''<br>{{small|(1921{{ndash}}1993)<br>MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}}<br />
|16 January<br>1980<br />
|2 September<br>1982<br />
|'''{{ayd|16 Jan 1980|2 Sep 1982}}'''<br />
|rowspan="13"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]'''<br />
|rowspan="4"| [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Sitaram Kesri Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Sitaram Kesri]]'''<br>{{small|(1919{{ndash}}2000)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}<br />
|3 March<br>1980<br />
|15 January<br>1982<br />
|'''{{ayd|3 Mar 1980|15 Jan 1982}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:H. K. L. Bhagat Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[H. K. L. Bhagat]]'''<br>{{small|(1921{{ndash}}2005)<br>MP for [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]}}<br />
|2 September<br>1982<br />
|31 October<br>1984<br />
|'''{{ayd|2 Sep 1982|31 Oct 1984}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Kalpnath Rai]]'''<br>{{small|(1941{{ndash}}1999)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}<br />
|29 January<br>1983<br />
|31 October<br>1984<br />
|'''{{ayd|29 Jan 1983|31 Oct 1984}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:H. K. L. Bhagat Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[H. K. L. Bhagat]]'''<br>{{small|(1921{{ndash}}2005)<br>MP for [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 4 November<br>1984<br />
|rowspan="2"| 31 December<br>1984<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|4 Nov 1984|31 Dec 1984}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]'''<br />
|rowspan="9"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[N. K. P. Salve]]'''<br>{{small|(1921{{ndash}}2012)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1949)<br>MP for [[Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Washim]]}}<br />
|31 December<br>1984<br />
|12 May<br>1986<br />
|'''{{ayd|31 Dec 1984|12 May 1986}}'''<br />
|rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Shri Somnath Chatterjee addressing at the inauguration of the Orientation Programme for the media persons accredited to the press gallery of Lok Sabha, in New Delhi on July 28, 2006 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Margaret Alva]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1942)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]]}}<br />
|31 December<br>1984<br />
|25 September<br>1985<br />
|'''{{ayd|31 Dec 1984|25 Sep 1985}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Sitaram Kesri Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Sitaram Kesri]]'''<br>{{small|(1919{{ndash}}2000)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}<br />
|25 September<br>1985<br />
|22 October<br>1986<br />
|'''{{ayd|25 Sep 1985|22 Oct 1986}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Sheila Dikshit Ji.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Sheila Dikshit]]'''<br>{{small|(1938{{ndash}}2019)<br>MP for [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]]}}<br />
|12 May<br>1986<br />
|2 December<br>1989<br />
|'''{{ayd|12 May 1986|2 Dec 1989}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:M.M. Jacob photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[M. M. Jacob]]'''<br>{{small|(1926{{ndash}}2018)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Kerala]]}}<br />
|22 October<br>1986<br />
|2 December<br>1989<br />
|'''{{ayd|22 Oct 1986|22 Dec 1989}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Radhakishan Malviya]]'''<br>{{small|(1943{{ndash}}2013)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 4 July<br>1989<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2 December<br>1989<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|4 Jul 1989|2 Dec 1989}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[P. Namgyal]]'''<br>{{small|(1937{{ndash}}2010)<br>MP for [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, Shri Satya Pal Malik calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on October 10, 2018 (cropped).JPG|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Satya Pal Malik]]'''<br>{{small|(1946{{ndash}}2025)<br>MP for [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]}}<br />
|23 April<br>1990<br />
|10 November<br>1990<br />
|'''{{ayd|23 Apr 1990|10 Nov 1990}}'''<br />
|[[Janata Dal]]<br />
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]'''<br />
|[[V. P. Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:M.M. Jacob photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[M. M. Jacob]]'''<br>{{small|(1926{{ndash}}2018)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Kerala]]}}<br />
|21 June<br>1991<br />
|17 January<br>1993<br />
|'''{{ayd|21 Jun 1991|17 Jan 1993}}'''<br />
|rowspan="11"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|rowspan="11" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| [[Rao ministry|'''Rao''']]<br />
|rowspan="11"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:P. R. Kumaramangalam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]]'''<br>{{small|(1952{{ndash}}2000)<br>MP for [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]}}<br />
|21 June<br>1991<br />
|2 December<br>1993<br />
|'''{{ayd|21 Jun 1991|2 Dec 1993}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Abrar Ahmed (INC politician)|Abrar Ahmed]]'''<br>{{small|(1956{{ndash}}2004)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}<br />
|18 January<br>1993<br />
|2 April<br>1994<br />
|'''{{ayd|18 Jan 1993|2 Apr 1994}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Shri Somnath Chatterjee addressing at the inauguration of the Orientation Programme for the media persons accredited to the press gallery of Lok Sabha, in New Delhi on July 28, 2006 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Margaret Alva]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1942)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 19 January<br>1993<br />
|rowspan="2"| 16 May<br>1996<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|19 Jan 1993|16 May 1996}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Mukul Wasnik (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Mukul Wasnik]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1959)<br>MP for [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Eduardo Faleiro (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Eduardo Faleiro]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1940)<br>MP for [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|Mormugao]]}}<br />
|18 December<br>1993<br />
|19 September<br>1995<br />
|'''{{ayd|18 Dec 1993|19 Sep 1995}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Governor of Karnataka, Shri Rameshwar Thakur in Bangalore on January 13, 2008.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Rameshwar Thakur]]'''<br>{{small|(1925{{ndash}}2015)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}<br />
|17 April<br>1994<br />
|22 December<br>1994<br />
|'''{{ayd|17 Apr 1994|22 Dec 1994}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Mallikarjun Goud]]'''<br />{{small|(1941{{ndash}}2002)<br />MP for [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]}}<br />
|17 April<br>1994<br />
|16 May<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|17 Apr 1994|16 May 1996}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Matang Sinh]]'''<br>{{small|(1953{{ndash}}2021)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}}<br />
|10 February<br>1995<br />
|16 May<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|10 Feb 1995|16 May 1996}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vilas Muttemwar.JPG|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Vilas Muttemwar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1949)<br>MP for [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]}}<br />
|15 September<br>1995<br />
|16 May<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|15 Sep 1995|16 May 1996}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|[[File:SS Ahluwalia, BJP.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1951)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}<br />
|19 September<br>1995<br />
|16 May<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|19 Sep 1995|16 May 1996}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Beni Prasad Verma (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Beni Prasad Verma]]'''<br>{{small|(1941{{ndash}}2020)<br>MP for [[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kaiserganj]]}}<br />
|1 June<br>1996<br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|1 Jun 1996|29 June 1996}}'''<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|rowspan="3" style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]'''<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1935)<br>MP for [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]}}<br />
|1 June<br>1996<br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
|'''{{ayd|1 Jun 1996|29 June 1996}}'''<br />
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1938)<br>MP for [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]}}<br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
|'''{{ayd|29 Jun 1996|21 Apr 1997}}'''<br />
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1938)<br>MP for [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]}}<br />
|1 May<br>1997<br />
|19 March<br>1998<br />
|'''{{ayd|1 May 1997|19 Mar 1998}}'''<br />
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]<br />
|rowspan="3" style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]'''<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|<br />
|[[File:M. P. Veerendra Kumar DS.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]'''<br>{{small|(1936{{ndash}}2020)<br>MP for [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]}}<br />
|26 May<br>1997<br />
|2 July<br>1997<br />
|'''{{ayd|26 May 1997|2 Jul 1997}}'''<br />
|[[Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Jayanthi Natarajan in 2012 (cropped).png|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Jayanthi Natarajan]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1954)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Tamil Nadu]]}}<br />
|9 June<br>1997<br />
|19 March<br>1998<br />
|'''{{ayd|9 Jun 1997|19 Mar 1998}}'''<br />
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|AIADMK}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[R. K. Kumar]]'''<br>{{small|(1942{{ndash}}1999)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Tamil Nadu]]}}<br />
|19 March<br>1998<br />
|22 May<br>1998<br />
|'''{{ayd|19 Mar 1998|22 May 1998}}'''<br />
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|rowspan="5" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]'''<br />
|rowspan="12"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[File:Governor Ram Naik.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ram Naik]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1934)<br />MP for [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]}}<br />
|20 March<br>1998<br />
|5 May<br>1999<br />
|'''{{ayd|20 Mar 1998|5 May 1999}}'''<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|<br />
| <br />
|'''[[Dilip Ray]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1954)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Odisha]]}}<br />
|22 May<br>1998<br />
|13 October<br>1999<br />
|'''{{ayd|22 May 1998|13 Oct 1999}}'''<br />
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1948)<br>MP for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 16 February<br>1999<br />
|rowspan="2"| 13 October<br>1999<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|16 Feb 1999|13 Oct 1999}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[File:Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi addressing media (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1957)<br>MP for [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|<br />
| <br />
|'''[[Dilip Ray]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1954)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Odisha]]}}<br />
|rowspan="3"| 13 October<br>1999<br />
|rowspan="3"| 22 November<br>1999<br />
|rowspan="3"| '''{{ayd|13 Oct 1999|22 Nov 1999}}'''<br />
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
|rowspan="7" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Faggan Singh Kulaste addressing function at 7th Indian Organ Donation Day (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1959)<br>MP for [[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]]}}<br />
|rowspan="6"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Sriram Chauhan.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Sriram Chauhan]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1953)<br>MP for [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:O Rajagopal.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[O. Rajagopal]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1929)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}<br />
|22 November<br>1999<br />
|22 May<br>2004<br />
|'''{{ayd|22 Nov 1999|22 May 2004}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Bhavna Chikhalia with Sushma Swaraj (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Bhavna Chikhalia]]'''<br>{{small|(1955{{ndash}}2013)<br>MP for [[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]}}<br />
|29 January<br>2003<br />
|22 May<br>2004<br />
|'''{{ayd|29 Jan 2003|22 May 2004}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vijay Goel (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1954)<br>MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}}<br />
|29 January<br>2003<br />
|24 May<br>2003<br />
|'''{{ayd|29 Jan 2003|24 May 2003}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1948)<br>MP for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]}}<br />
|24 May<br>2003<br />
|8 September<br>2003<br />
|'''{{ayd|24 May 2003|8 Sep 2003}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Suresh Pachouri ji.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Suresh Pachouri]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1952)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 23 May<br>2004<br />
|rowspan="2"| 6 April<br>2008<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2008|4|6}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="5" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']]<br />
|rowspan="11"| [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:B. K. Handique (cropped).png|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]'''<br>{{small|(1934{{ndash}}2015)<br>MP for [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Suryakanta Patil (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Suryakanta Patil]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1948)<br>MP for [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]}}<br />
|23 May<br>2004<br />
|22 May<br>2009<br />
|'''{{ayd|23 May 2004|22 May 2009}}'''<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal inaugurating the New Block of Civil Hospital at Manimajra, in Chandigarh on April 07, 2013.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1948)<br>MP for [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]}}<br />
|6 April<br>2008<br />
|22 May<br>2009<br />
|'''{{ayd|6 Apr 2008|22 May 2009}}'''<br />
|rowspan="8"| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[File:VNarayanasamy.jpg|70px]]<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''[[V. Narayanasamy]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1947)<br>MP for [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]]}}<br />
|6 April<br>2008<br />
|22 May<br>2009<br />
|'''{{ayd|6 Apr 2008|22 May 2009}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|28 May<br>2009<br />
|12 July<br>2011<br />
|'''{{ayd|28 May 2009|12 Jul 2011}}'''<br />
|rowspan="6" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1946)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}<br />
|28 May<br>2009<br />
|10 October<br>2011<br />
|'''{{ayd|28 May 2009|10 Oct 2011}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ashwani Kumar Minister (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1952)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]}}<br />
|19 January<br>2011<br />
|12 July<br>2011<br />
|'''{{ayd|19 Jan 2011|12 Jul 2011}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:HarishRawat.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Harish Rawat]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1948)<br>MP for [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]}}<br />
|12 July<br>2011<br />
|28 October<br>2012<br />
|'''{{ayd|12 Jul 2011|28 Oct 2012}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:RajeevShukla.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Rajeev Shukla]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1959)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}<br />
|12 July<br>2011<br />
|26 May<br>2014<br />
|'''{{ayd|12 Jul 2011|26 May 2014}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Paban Singh Ghatowar at the 2013 Horasis Global India Business Meeting crop.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1950)<br>MP for [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]}}<br />
|20 July<br>2011<br />
|26 May<br>2014<br />
|'''{{ayd|20 Jul 2011|26 May 2014}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1948)<br>MP for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 27 May<br>2014<br />
|rowspan="2"| 9 November<br>2014<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|27 May 2014|9 Nov 2014}}'''<br />
| rowspan="11" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="7" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]'''<br />
| rowspan="11" | [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Prakash Javadekar MIB (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Prakash Javadekar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1951)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Rajiv Pratap Rudy PIB (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1962)<br>MP for [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]}}<br />
|9 November<br>2014<br />
|5 July<br>2016<br />
|'''{{ayd|9 Nov 2014|5 Jul 2016}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi addressing media (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1957)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]], till 2016<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Jharkhand]], from 2016}}<br />
|9 November<br>2014<br />
|3 September<br>2017<br />
|'''{{ayd|9 Nov 2014|3 Sep 2017}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:SS Ahluwalia, BJP.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1951)<br>MP for [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]}}<br />
|5 July<br>2017<br />
|3 September<br>2017<br />
|'''{{ayd|5 Jul 2017|3 Sep 2017}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vijay Goel (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1954)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}<br />
|3 September<br>2017<br />
|30 May<br>2019<br />
|'''{{ayd|3 Sep 2017|30 May 2019}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Arjun Ram Meghwal 2017 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1953)<br>MP for [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]]}}<br />
|3 September<br>2017<br />
|30 May<br>2019<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|3 Sep 2017|10 June 2024}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|31 May<br>2019<br />
|10 June 2024<br />
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vellamvelly Muraleedharan and Gustavo Zlauvinen 02 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[V. Muraleedharan]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1958)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}<br />
|31 May<br>2019<br />
|10 June 2024<br />
|'''{{ayd|31 May 2019|10 June 2024}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Arjun Ram Meghwal 2017 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1953)<br>MP for [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]]}}<br />
|10 June 2024<br />
|Incumbent<br />
|'''{{ayd|10 June 2024}}'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;" | '''[[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:L. Murugan with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|center|93x93px]]<br />
|'''[[L. Murugan]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1977)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}<br />
|10 June 2024<br />
|Incumbent<br />
|'''{{ayd|10 June 2024}}'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Deputy Ministers==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister<br>{{small|(Birth-Death)<br>Constituency}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party<br />
! rowspan="2"| Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:7em"| From<br />
!style="width:7em"| To<br />
!style="width:5em"| Period<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|<br />
|[[File:Satya Narayan Sinha portrait.gif|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Satya Narayan Sinha]]'''<br>{{small|(1900{{ndash}}1983)<br>Constituent Assembly Member for [[Bihar]]}}<br />
|1 October<br>1948<br />
|26 February<br>1949<br />
|'''{{ayd|1 Oct 1948|26 Feb 1949}}'''<br />
|rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]'''<br />
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vidya Charan Shukla (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]'''<br>{{small|(1929{{ndash}}2013)<br>MP for [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]}}<br />
|24 January<br>1966<br />
|14 February<br>1966<br />
|'''{{ayd|24 Jan 1966|14 Feb 1966}}'''<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''<br />
|rowspan="10"| [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Rohanlal Chaturvedi]]'''<br />{{small|(1919{{ndash}}?)<br />MP for [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 18 March<br>1967<br />
|rowspan="2"| 14 November<br>1967<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|18 Mar 1967|14 Nov 1967}}'''<br />
|rowspan="5" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]''' <br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''J. B. Muthyal Rao'''<br>{{small|MP for [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Iqbal Singh (Lok Sabha member)|Iqbal Singh]]'''<br>{{small|(1923{{ndash}}1988)<br>MP for [[Fazilka Lok Sabha constituency|Fazilka]]}}<br />
|14 February<br>1969<br />
|8 July<br>1970<br />
|'''{{ayd|14 Feb 1969|8 Jul 1970}}'''<br />
|rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Raghbir Singh Panjhazari]]'''<br>{{small|(1914{{ndash}}1999)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 30 June<br>1970<br />
|rowspan="2"| 18 March<br>1971<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|30 Jun 1970|18 Mar 1971}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Pothuraju Parthasarthy]]'''<br>{{small|MP for [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]'''<br>{{small|MP for [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]}}<br />
|2 May<br>1971<br />
|10 October<br>1974<br />
|'''{{ayd|2 May 1971|10 Oct 1974}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"| '''[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|<br />
|[[File:B. Shankaranand portrait.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[B. Shankaranand]]'''<br>{{small|(1925{{ndash}}2009)<br>MP for [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]}}<br />
|2 May<br>1971<br />
|24 March<br>1977<br />
|'''{{ayd|2 May 1971|24 Mar 1977}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Kalpnath Rai]]'''<br>{{small|(1941{{ndash}}1999)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}<br />
|15 January<br>1982<br />
|6 September<br>1982<br />
|'''{{ayd|15 Jan 1982|6 Sep 1982}}'''<br />
|rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|rowspan="2"|<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Mallikarjun Goud]]'''<br>{{small|(1941{{ndash}}2002)<br>MP for [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]}}<br />
|15 January<br>1982<br />
|31 October<br>1984<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|15 Jan 1982|31 Dec 1984}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|31 October<br>1984<br />
|31 December<br>1984<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]'''<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Radhakishan Malviya]]'''<br>{{small|(1943{{ndash}}2013)<br>Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| 25 June<br>1988<br />
|rowspan="2"| 4 July<br>1989<br />
|rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|25 Jun 1988|4 Jul 1989}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[P. Namgyal]]'''<br>{{small|(1937{{ndash}}2010)<br>MP for [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vice President Shri Jagdeep Dhankar official portrait.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1951)<br>MP for [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]}}<br />
|23 May<br>1990<br />
|5 November<br>1990<br />
|'''{{ayd|23 May 1990|5 Nov 1990}}'''<br />
|[[Janata Dal]]<br />
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]'''<br />
|[[V. P. Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://mpa.nic.in Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Union ministries of India}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parliamentary Affairs (India) Ministry}}<br />
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Parliamentary Affairs]]<br />
[[Category:Parliament of India]]<br />
[[Category:Parliamentary affairs ministries|India]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jari_Bidda_Jana&diff=461716Jari Bidda Jana2026-03-03T22:14:38Z<p>LorenaGallant5: refine details and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film <br />
| name = Jari Bidda Jana<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Y. R. Swamy]]<br />
| producer = J. Chandulal Jain<br>B. Deepak Chand<br>Naveenchand Shah<br>A. Krishnamurthy<br />
| story = H. S. Tharanala<br />
| writer = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Y. R. Swamy<br />
| starring = [[Lokesh]]<br>[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]<br>[[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]<br>Rekha Rao<br />
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]<br />
| cinematography = R. Madhusudan<br />
| editing = R. Rajan<br />
| studio = Thirupathi Jain Films<br />
| distributor = Thirupathi Jain Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|1980|10|16|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 134 min<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Jari Bidda Jana''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಜಾರಿ ಬಿದ್ದ ಜಾಣ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[Y. R. Swamy]] and produced by J. Chandulal Jain, B. Deepak Chand, Naveenchand Shah and A. Krishnamurthy. The film stars [[Lokesh]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] and Rekha Rao. The film has musical score by [[T. G. Lingappa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Jaribidda-Jana-1980/9219801341|title=Jari Bidda Jana|accessdate=2015-01-26|publisher=nthwall.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150126154558/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Jaribidda-Jana-1980/9219801341|archivedate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/jaribidda-jana.htm|title=Jari Bidda Jana|accessdate=2015-01-26|publisher=bharatmovies.com|archive-date=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806151755/http://bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/jaribidda-jana.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*[[Lokesh]]<br />
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]<br />
*[[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]<br />
*[[Rekha Rao]]<br />
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]<br />
*[[Pramila Joshai]]<br />
*[[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]<br />
*[[Musuri Krishnamurthy]]<br />
*[[Rajanand]] in Guest appearance<br />
*[[Uma Shivakumar]] in Guest appearance<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by T. G. Lingappa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Jaari-Bidda-Jaana-songs-K0000426|title=Jaari Bidda Jaana Songs|accessdate=2015-01-26|publisher=raaga.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Yelle Madhavanu" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] || 04:19<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Kogileyu Haaduthidhe" || [[Vani Jairam]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 04:03<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Halliya Thotadi" || Vani Jairam, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 04:34<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Nanage Nanade Nyaya" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 04:29<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1346675}}<br />
<br />
{{Y. R. Swamy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980 films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Y. R. Swamy]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enkilum_Chandrike&diff=498538Enkilum Chandrike2026-03-03T09:45:19Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started some pg and citations - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film}}<br />
{{No plot|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Enkilum Chandrike<br />
| image = Enkilum Chandrike.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Adithyan Chandrashekar<br />
| writer = Arjun Narayanan<br/> Adithyan Chandrashekar<br />
| producer = [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]<br />
* [[Basil Joseph]]<br />
* [[Saiju Kurup]]<br />
* [[Tanvi Ram]]<br />
* [[Niranjana Anoop]]<br />
* Ashwin Vijayan<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Jithin Stanislaus<br />
| editing = Lijo Paul<br />
| music = Ifthi<br />
| studio = [[Friday Film House]]<br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|02|17}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| gross = 1.67 crore<br />
}}<br />
'''''Enkilum Chandrike''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Adithyan Chandrashekar and produced by [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] under the banner of [[Friday Film House]]. It features [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Saiju Kurup]], Ashwin Vijayan, [[Niranjana Anoop]] and [[Tanvi Ram]] as the main leads. The film was released on 17 February 2023.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Pavithran<br />
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Kiran<br />
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Abhi, Chandrika's one-side love interest<br />
* [[Niranjana Anoop]] as Chandrika, Sujina's younger sister <br />
* [[Tanvi Ram]] as Sujina, Pavithran's love interest and Chandrika's elder sister<br />
* Aswin Vijayan as Amal<br />
* [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Ravindran<br />
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as Bibeesh<br />
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Shambu<br />
* Unni Raja as Photographer<br />
* [[Neeraj Madhav]] as Abhishek, Chandrika's real love interest(Cameo Appearance)<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is the first feature film for director Adithyan Chandrashekar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Karikku director's debut has plenty of laughs; Suraj dons humour again |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1009607&u=karikku-directors-debut--has-plenty-of-laughs-suraj-dons-humour-again |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> The title was announced in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Basil Joseph's next titled Enkilum Chandrike |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/13/basil-josephs-next-titled-enkilum-chandrike-36584.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The production company announced that the film would be released on 10 February 2023, then postponing it to 17 February to coincide with other releases on that date.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2023-02-10 |title=Enkilum Chandrike Release Postponed To February 17, Know The Details |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/basil-joseph-and-suraj-vejaramoodus-enkilum-chandrike-release-postponed-to-feb-17-7049191.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The trailer was released on 4 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkilum Chandrike trailer promises a fun-filled film set in a rural backdrop |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/04/roller-coster-of-fun-in-a-rural-backdrop-the-quirky-trailer-of-enkilum-chandrikeis-here-39632.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film was released in theatres on 17 February 2023. The digital rights were acquired by [[ManoramaMAX]], and it started streaming on the platform and also via [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime Video Channels]] on 1 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basil Joseph and Suraj Venjaramoodu-starrer Enkilum Chandrike gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/24/basil-joseph-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrerenkilum-chandrikegets-ott-release-date-41472.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The film received mixed responses upon release. Anna Mathews critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars, calling it a "Mild entertainer".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Enkilum Chandrike Movie Review : Mild entertainer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/enkilum-chandrike/movie-review/98017450.cms |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> S.R. Praveen from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The humour falls flat in this old-fashioned tale"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-02-18 |title='Enkilum Chandrike' movie review: The humour falls flat in this old-fashioned tale |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/enkilum-chandrike-movie-review-the-humour-falls-flat-in-this-old-fashioned-tale/article66524833.ece |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 3 stars out of 5 and stated that "It's more about love and friendship in general, but Adithyan Chadrashekar and Arjun Narayanan have given us a film that we can enjoy and leave the theatre smiling.<br />
<br />
== Box office ==<br />
According to ''[[Times of India]]'', the film collected Rs 1.67 crores at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Enkilum Chandrike' box office collection: Basil Joseph - Niranjana Anoop starrer mints Rs 1.67 crores |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/enkilum-chandrike-box-office-collection-basil-joseph-niranjana-anoop-starrer-mints-rs-1-67-crores/articleshow/98356401.cms |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=tt23635684}}<br />
<br />
{{Friday Film House}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayal_(film)&diff=455702Kayal (film)2026-03-03T03:31:42Z<p>LorenaGallant5: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Prabhu Solomon}}<br />
{{More plot|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Kayal film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Prabhu Solomon]]<br />
| writer = Prabhu Solomon<br />
| producer = Madhan<br />James<br />
| starring = [[Chandran]]<br />[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]<br />Vincent<br />
| cinematography = Vetrivel Mahendran<br />
| editing = L. V. K. Doss<br />
| music = [[D. Imman]]<br />
| studio = God Pictures<br />
| distributor = [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2014|12|25|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 135 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = {{estimated}} {{INR}}15 [[crore]]<ref name="Kayal Budget" /><br />
}}<br />
'''''Kayal''''' ({{audio|Ta-கயல்.ogg|pronunciation}}) ({{translation|Fish}}){{efn|Also the title character.}} is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Prabhu Solomon]]. It stars newcomers [[Chandran]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] and Vincent, while [[D. Imman]] composed the film's music. The film, set against the backdrop of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], was released on 25 December 2014. After the film's release, Anandhi became popularly known as "Kayal Anandhi".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2021 |title=Kayal Anandhi opens up about her marriage for the first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kayal-anandhi-opens-up-about-her-marriage-for-the-first-time/articleshow/80207932.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111081252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kayal-anandhi-opens-up-about-her-marriage-for-the-first-time/articleshow/80207932.cms |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The story revolves around two friends who work hard, and spend their money travelling around the country. On one such trip, they accidentally help a pair of lovers elope, without realising it. The family of the eloped young lady get angry, and suspect them of being friends of the eloped young man. They take the two friends home, and try to beat them to get the truth out of them. One of the two friends fall for a girl named Kayal, who is working in the house, and he speaks of his love in front of everyone. After the eloped young lady is brought home, and it is proven that the two friends were not involved in planning the elopement, they are allowed to go. Kayal travels to Kanyakumari to find the guy who loved her. The rest of the film tells of how they united, after many struggles.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Chandran]] as Aaron<br />
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Kayalvizhi "Kayal"<br />
* Vincent as Socrates<br />
* [[Divya Prabha]] as Divya<br />
* [[Yaar Kannan]] as Prabhakar<br />
* [[Bharathi Kannan]] as Inspector Mani<br />
* [[Meghna Vincent]] as Meghna<br />
* Devaraj as Deva<br />
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]<br />
* [[Imman Annachi]]<br />
* [[Florent Pereira]] as Rasaathis's father<br />
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Vakkeel<br />
* Gemini Rajeshwari<br />
* Jacob<br />
* Vetrivel Raja<br />
* Balasubramanian<br />
* Emey<br />
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Ramkumar (guest appearance)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Following the success of ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012), director [[Prabhu Solomon]] took a break and went on a [[Recce (filmmaking)|recce]] to the coastal South Indian town of [[Nagapattinam]] to get inspired for a story set on the backdrop of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]. He gathered real-life stories of survival and intertwined them into his script.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=15 November 2014 |title=The travelling showman |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-prabhu-solomon/article6602904.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129013632/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-prabhu-solomon/article6602904.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was announced at a launch event at [[the Leela Palace]] on 11 September 2013 with Solomon announcing a fresh cast while revealing [[D. Imman]] would be composer and a debutant Vetrivel Mahendran would be cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2013 |title=Prabhu Solomon's next titled 'Kayal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Prabhu-Solomons-next-titled-Kayal/articleshow/22478705.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914055317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-11/news-interviews/41969575_1_kumki-d-imman-prabusolomon |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2013 |title=Prabhu Solomon's 'Kayal' starts! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-solomons-kayal-starts-news-tamil-njmla8feihb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914212513/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-solomons-kayal-starts-news-tamil-njmla8feihb.html |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Chandran]] was cast after sending his pictures to Solomon, unaware if it was for the lead role. He got a reply the following day confirming he would be the lead actor, and subsequently lost fifteen kilograms to fit the character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=17 September 2013 |title=Prabu Solomon has told me not to act: Chandran |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Prabu-Solomon-has-told-me-not-to-act-Chandran/2013/09/17/article1787605.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218110138/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Prabu-Solomon-has-told-me-not-to-act-Chandran/2013/09/17/article1787605.ece |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Telugu actress Rakshita was rechristened as [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] for the film, and was selected after auditioning twice before impressing Solomon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2013 |title=Rakshitha, rechristened Anandhi in Kayal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rakshitha-rechristened-Anandhi-in-Kayal/articleshow/22660153.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074659/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-18/news-interviews/42181726_1_rakshitha-kumki-prabu-solomon |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was shot in locations including [[Bhuj]] in [[Gujarat]], [[Cherrapunji]] in [[Meghalaya]], [[Jaisalmer]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Leh]] in [[Ladakh]], and [[Ponneri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2013 |title=Prabhu Solomon shoots 'Kayal' climax first! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Prabhu-Solomon-shoots--Kayal--climax-first-news-tamil-nmqj2adbeeesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230094330/http://www.sify.com/movies/Prabhu-Solomon-shoots--Kayal--climax-first-news-tamil-nmqj2adbeeesi.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |title=Prabhu Solomon's 'Kayal,' a love story set |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/prabhu-solomons-kayal-a-love-story-set-1.1430947 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219081028/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/prabhu-solomons-kayal-a-love-story-set-1.1430947 |archive-date=19 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=21 September 2016 |title=The unique location of Prabu Solomon's films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Shoot-at-site/article14606226.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219091106/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Shoot-at-site/article14606226.ece |archive-date=19 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Scenes were shot for several days underwater, with the team often doing up to ten hours a day in knee-length depths of water.<ref name="hindu" /> The film completed shoot after 85 days in May 2014, with Solomon announcing that post-production would be extensive as a result of impending VFX works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhna |date=31 July 2014 |title=Kayal in post-production |url=http://silverscreen.in/news/kayal-post-production/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802211834/http://silverscreen.in/news/kayal-post-production/ |archive-date=2 August 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2014 |title=Celluloid tribute to tsunami victims |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/celluloid-tribute-to-tsunami-victims/article6421448.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611055239/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/celluloid-tribute-to-tsunami-victims/article6421448.ece |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=13 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> After filming finished, Solomon revealed that the climax would show the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and noted that the film would be dedicated to the families of the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2014 |title=Prabhu Solomon's 'Kayal' gets ready for release |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-solomon-s-kayal-gets-ready-for-release-news-tamil-oixkSsihcdbdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824130837/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-solomon-s-kayal-gets-ready-for-release-news-tamil-oixkSsihcdbdf.html |archive-date=24 August 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2014, Solomon revealed more details about the production of the film. He noted that the climax was shot first to ensure graphic works depicting the tsunami could have as much time spent on it as possible. He went on to add that it was his costliest production to that point and the film was made at a cost of almost {{INRConvert|15|c|year=2014}}, with the special effects, notably the use of [[7.1 surround sound|7.1]] [[Dolby Atmos]] for the climax, being particularly expensive.<ref name="Kayal Budget">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Prabhu Solomon opens up on 'Kayal' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-solomon-opens-up-on-kayal-news-tamil-olnlHViggdhae.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113132025/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-solomon-opens-up-on-kayal-news-tamil-olnlHViggdhae.html |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Prabhu Solomon's 'Kayal' to release in Dolby Atmos, launches its music in Chennai |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/movies/hindi/prabhu-solomon-s-kayal-to-release-in-dolby-atmos-launches-its-music-in-chennai-141113 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927042149/https://www.indiantelevision.com/movies/hindi/prabhu-solomon-s-kayal-to-release-in-dolby-atmos-launches-its-music-in-chennai-141113 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Kayal<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[D. Imman]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| border = yes<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Front CD Cover<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2014|11|13}}<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = <br />
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| label = [[Sony Music India]]<br />
| producer = [[D. Imman]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]<br />
| prev_year = 2014<br />
| next_title = [[Vellaikaara Durai]]<br />
| next_year = 2014<br />
}}<br />
The film's music was composed by D. Imman, who collaborated with Prabhu Solomon for the fourth time after ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' (2007), ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010), and ''Kumki''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=20 December 2014 |title=Imman on a mission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-imman/article6711006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224014917/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-imman/article6711006.ece |archive-date=24 December 2024 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio was launched on 13 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2014 |title='Kayal' audio launch on 13th Nov |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kayal-audio-launch-on-13th-nov/articleshow/45043604.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219082638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kayal-audio-launch-on-13th-nov/articleshow/45043604.cms |archive-date=19 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Kayal' audio launch |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Kayal--audio-launch-imagegallery-kollywood-olooWgjbehjfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227051849/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kayal--audio-launch-imagegallery-kollywood-olooWgjbehjfb.html |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Siddharth K of ''[[Sify]]'' gave the album a positive review, and a rating of {{Fraction|3|1|5}} out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Siddharth |date=13 November 2014 |title='Kayal' audio review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kayal-audio-review-news-tamil-olnveLfbgeief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121012434/http://www.sify.com/movies/kayal-audio-review-news-tamil-olnveLfbgeief.html |archive-date=21 January 2016 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 26:55<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Yugabharathi]]<br />
| title1 = Paravayaa Parakkurom<br />
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], [[Swetha Suresh]] (Whistle)<br />
| length1 = 3:49<br />
| title2 = Yengirindhu Vandhayo<br />
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| length2 = 4:08<br />
| title3 = Koodave Varamaadhiri<br />
| extra3 = [[Alphons Joseph]]<br />
| length3 = 2:07<br />
| title4 = Yen Aala Paakkaporaen<br />
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|K. G. Ranjith]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| length4 = 4:21<br />
| title5 = Unna Ippo Paakkanum<br />
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]]<br />
| length5 = 4:23<br />
| title6 = Deeyaalo Deeyalo<br />
| extra6 = Oranthanadu Gopu<br />
| length6 = 3:32<br />
| title7 = Yenga Pulla Irukka<br />
| extra7 = Balram<br />
| length7 = 4:38<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Marketing and release ==<br />
The trailer of ''Kayal'' was released on 8 December 2014, and received praise for its visuals and sound mixing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Siddharth |date=9 December 2014 |title=Kayal- Trailer rocks K-town! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kayal--trailer-rocks-k-town-news-tamil-omjj1ajefghbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226012132/http://www.sify.com/movies/kayal--trailer-rocks-k-town-news-tamil-omjj1ajefghbg.html |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was released on 25 December 2014, [[Christmas]] day, by [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=3 December 2014 |title=Christmas release jam in Kollywood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Christmas-release-jam-in-Kollywood-news-tamil-omdjFCfchdiie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227051817/http://www.sify.com/movies/Christmas-release-jam-in-Kollywood-news-tamil-omdjFCfchdiie.html |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> with the date being just before the 10th anniversary of the 2004 tsunami, 26 December.<ref name="Kayal Budget" /> It had its television premiere on 1 May 2015 via [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2015 |title=May Day 2015 Special Movie Kayal In Zee Tamizh Tv Channel |url=http://www.infoscraps.com/may-day-2015-special-movie-kayal-in-zee-tamizh-tv-channel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123151240/http://www.infoscraps.com/may-day-2015-special-movie-kayal-in-zee-tamizh-tv-channel/ |archive-date=23 November 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015 |website=Infoscraps}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Critical reception ==<br />
S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave ''Kayal'' 3 stars out of 5, calling ''Kayal'' "a sweet and endearing tale of love with characters that touch your heart, haunting locales, beautiful music and emotions that are simple and true. A thoughtfully-written script packed with honest emotions, plenty of humour, potent dialogues and excellent performances make ''Kayal'' worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=26 December 2014 |title=Review: Kayal is compelling love story |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kayal-is-compelling-love-story-south/20141226.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226140838/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kayal-is-compelling-love-story-south/20141226.htm |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Sify'' called the film a "feel-good love story" and went on to add that it has "some terrific visuals, great music and stunning climax. Prabhu Solomon has delivered an irresistible love story between an innocent girl and a free spirited young man set against the backdrop of Tsunami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2014 |title=Kayal |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kayal-review--pcmb3ojgjdafc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514165111/https://www.sify.com/movies/kayal-review--pcmb3ojgjdafc.html |archive-date=14 May 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "The central emotion..., the great love between Aaron and Kayal, is too wispy to warrant all this drama, which is constantly underlined by a score that just won't stop. We're meant to feel their pain, their pining, but all we feel is the film straining to be an epic".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=25 December 2014 |title=Kayal: Has its moments, but strains too hard to be an epic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kayal-review-has-its-moments-but-strains-too-hard-to-be-an-epic/article6725407.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226123209/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kayal-review-has-its-moments-but-strains-too-hard-to-be-an-epic/article6725407.ece |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The first half of ''Kayal'' has some of the better aspects you find in a Prabu Solomon film...However, the director's bad habits start creeping in midway into the film and things start getting implausible and heavy-handed", going on to state that "the use of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which is the backdrop the director has chosen to tell this story, feels exploitative as the tragedy that followed hardly registers on screen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=25 December 2014 |title=Kayal |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Kayal/movie-review/45642701.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228205137/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Kayal/movie-review/45642701.cms |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{Prabhu Solomon}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s disaster films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Disaster films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Films about tsunamis]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Solomon]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kanyakumari]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian disaster films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_issues_in_developing_countries&diff=545581Water issues in developing countries2026-03-01T06:49:14Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding a info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Water issues and problems in developing countries are diverse and serious}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
[[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|A woman washing dishes at the water's edge in a [[Bangladesh]]i village]]<br />
<br />
Over one billion people in [[developing countries]] have inadequate access to [[clean water]]. Issues include [[water scarcity|scarcity]] of [[drinking water]], poor infrastructure for [[WASH|water and sanitation access]], [[water pollution]], and low levels of [[water security]]. The main barriers to addressing water problems in developing nations include [[poverty]], costs of infrastructure, and [[poor governance]]. The [[effects of climate change on the water cycle]] can make these problems worse.<br />
<br />
The contamination of water remains a significant issue because of unsanitary social practices that pollute water sources. Almost 80% of disease in developing countries is caused by poor water quality and other water-related issues that cause deadly health conditions such as [[cholera]], [[malaria]], and [[diarrhea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> It is estimated that diarrhea takes the lives of 1.5 million children every year, majority of whom are under the age of five.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref><br />
<br />
Access to freshwater is unevenly distributed across the globe, with more than two billion people living in countries with significant [[water stress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> According to UN-Water, by 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in areas across the globe with complete water scarcity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Populations in developing countries attempt to access potable water from a variety of sources, such as [[groundwater]], [[aquifer]]s, or surface waters, which can be easily contaminated. Freshwater access is also constrained by insufficient [[sewage treatment|wastewater and sewage treatment.]] Progress has been made over recent decades to improve water access, but billions still live in conditions with very limited access to consistent and clean drinking water.<br />
<br />
{{TOC limit|3}}<br />
<br />
== Problems ==<br />
<br />
=== Water scarcity ===<br />
{{Further|Water scarcity in Africa|Water scarcity in India}}<br />
<br />
People need [[fresh water]] for survival, personal care, agriculture, industry, and commerce. The 2019 UN World Water Development report noted that about four billion people, representing nearly two-thirds of the world population, experience severe [[water scarcity]] during at least one month of the year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> With rising demand, the quality and supply of water have diminished.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref><br />
<br />
Water use has been increasing worldwide by about 1% per year since the 1980s. Global water demand is expected to continue increasing at a similar rate until 2050, accounting for an increase of 20–30% above 2019 usage levels.<ref name=":0" /> The steady rise in use has principally been led by surging demand in developing countries and emerging economies. Per capita water use in the majority of these countries remains far below water use in developed countries—they are merely catching up.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Agriculture (including irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture) is by far the largest water consumer, accounting for 69% of annual water withdrawals globally. Agriculture's share of total water use is likely to fall in comparison with other sectors, but it will remain the largest user overall in terms of both withdrawal and consumption. Industry (including power generation) accounts for 19% and households for 12%.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}}<br />
<br />
=== Water pollution ===<br />
{{Further|Water pollution}}<br />
[[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Women fetching polluted water in Ghana]]<br />
After accounting for availability or access, water quality can reduce the amount of water for consumption, sanitation, agriculture, and industrial purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Acceptable water quality depends on its intended purpose: water that is unfit for human consumption could still be used in industrial or agriculture applications. Parts of the world are experiencing extensive deterioration of water quality, rendering the water unfit for agricultural or industrial use. For example, in China, 54% of the [[Hai River]] basin surface water is so polluted that it is considered un-usable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
Safe water is defined as potable water that will not harm the consumer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> It is one of the eight [[Millennium Development Goals]]: between 1990 and 2015 to "reduce by half the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation." Even having access to an 'improved water source' does not guarantee the water's quality, as it could lack proper treatment and become contaminated during transport or home storage.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> A study by the World Health Organization (WHO) found that estimates of safe water could be overestimated if accounting for water quality, especially if the water sources were poorly maintained.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Runoff from development along the river in Pune, India could contribute to reduced water quality.]]<br />
<br />
Polluted drinking water can lead to debilitating or deadly [[water-borne diseases]], such as [[fever]], [[cholera]], [[dysentery]], [[diarrhea]] and others.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF cites fecal contamination and high levels of naturally occurring [[arsenic]] and [[fluoride]] as two of the world's major water quality concerns. Approximately 71% of all illnesses in [[developing countries]] are caused by poor water and [[sanitation]] conditions.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Worldwide, contaminated water leads to 4,000 diarrhea deaths a day in children under 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Child standing next to a well pump in a Bangladeshi Village. Many such wells have naturally high levels of arsenic.]]<br />
<br />
However, gaps in wastewater treatment (the amount of wastewater to be treated is greater than the amount that is actually treated) represent the most significant contribution to [[water pollution]] and water quality deterioration. In the majority of the developing world, most of the collected wastewater is returned to surface waters directly without treatment, reducing the water's quality.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| date=March 2004 |url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf}}</ref> In China, only 38% of China's urban wastewater is treated, and although 91% of China's industrial waste water is treated, it still releases extensive toxins into the water supply.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
The amount of possible wastewater treatment can also be compromised by the networks required to bring the wastewater to the treatment plants. It is estimated that 15% of China's wastewater treatment facilities are not being used to capacity due to a limited pipe network to collect and transport wastewater. In [[São Paulo]], Brazil, a lack of sanitation infrastructure results in the pollution of the majority of its water supply and forces the city to import over 50% of its water from outside watersheds. Polluted water increases a developing country's operating costs, as lower quality water is more expensive to treat. In Brazil, polluted water from the [[Guarapiranga]] Reservoir costs $0.43 per m<sup>3</sup> to treat to usable quality, compared to only $0.10 per m<sup>3</sup> for water coming from the Cantareira Mountains.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /><br />
<br />
{{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}<br />
<br />
=== Water security ===<br />
{{excerpt|water security|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}<br />
<br />
== Managing water safety ==<br />
To address water scarcity, organizations have focused on increasing the supply of fresh water, mitigating its demand, and enabling reuse and recycling.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Clean water plans ===<br />
{{Further|WASH}}<br />
<br />
According to the WHO, consistent access to a safe drinking-water supply is attainable by establishing a system of [[Water safety plan|WSPs]], or Water Safety Plans, which determine the quality of water supplies to ensure they are safe for consumption.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Water safety planning|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831031500/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=29 November 2020|website=WHO}}</ref> The Water Safety Plan Manual, published in 2009 by the WHO and the [[International Water Association]], offers guidance to water utilities (or similar entities) as they develop WSPs. This manual provides information to help water utilities assess their water systems, develop monitoring systems and procedures, manage their plans, carry out periodic reviews of the WSP, and to review the WSPs following incidents. The WSP manual also includes three case studies drawn from WSP initiatives in three countries/regions.<ref name="WHO & IWA WSP Manual">{{cite web|title=Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization and International Water Association|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Alternative sources===<br />
{{Main|Reclaimed water}}<br />
Utilizing [[wastewater]] from one process to be used in another process where lower-quality water is acceptable is one way to reduce the amount of wastewater pollution and simultaneously increase water supplies. Recycling and reuse techniques can include the reuse and treatment of wastewater from industrial plant wastewater or treated service water (from mining) for use in lower quality uses. Similarly, wastewater can be re-used in commercial buildings (e.g. in toilets) or for industrial applications (e.g. for industrial cooling).<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /><br />
<br />
=== Reducing water pollution ===<br />
{{Further|Water pollution}}<br />
Despite the clear benefits of improving water sources (a WHO study showed a potential economic benefit of $3–34 USD for every US$1 invested), aid for water improvements have declined from 1998 to 2008 and generally is less than is needed to meet the MDG targets. In addition to increasing funding resources towards water quality, many development plans stress the importance of improving policy, market and governance structures to implement, monitor and enforce water quality improvements.<ref name="GLAAS2010">{{cite book|title=GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization, UN-Water|isbn=978-92-4-159935-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
Reducing the amount of pollution emitted from both point and non-point sources represents a direct method to address the source of water quality challenges. Pollution reduction represents a more direct and low-cost method to improve water quality, compared to costly and extensive wastewater treatment improvements.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries" /><br />
<br />
Various policy measures and infrastructure systems could help limit water pollution in [[developing countries]]. These include:<ref name="World Water Week_ Islam">{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Mohammmed Nasimul |date=8 September 2010 |title=Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries |url=http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2010/wednesday/T3/1_AM_MN_Islam.pdf |journal=International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref><br />
<br />
# Improved management, enforcement and regulation for pre-treatment of industrial and agricultural waste, including charges for pollution<br />
# Policies to reduce agricultural run-off or subsidies to improve the quality and reduce the quantity needed of water polluting agricultural inputs (e.g. fertilizers)<br />
# Limiting water abstraction during critical low flow periods to limit the concentration of pollutants<br />
# Strong and consistent political leadership on water<br />
# Land planning (e.g. locating industrial sites outside the city)<br />
<br />
== Water treatment ==<br />
{{Main|Portable water purification|Self-supply of water and sanitation|Water treatment}}<br />
Water treatment technologies can convert non-freshwater to freshwater by removing pollutants.<ref name=":13" /> Much of water's physical pollution includes organisms, metals, acids, sediment, chemicals, waste, and nutrients. Water can be treated and purified into freshwater with limited or no constituents through certain processes.<ref name=":02" /> The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes such as [[settling]] and [[filtration]], chemical processes such as [[disinfection]] and [[Flocculation|coagulation]], and biological processes such as [[Slow sand filter|slow sand filtration]].{{cn|date=April 2023}}<br />
<br />
A variety of innovations exist to effectively treat water at the [[point of use]] for human consumption. Studies have shown treatment to point of use sources reduces child mortality by diarrhea by 29%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref> Home water treatments are also a part of the [[United Nations]]' [[Millennium Development Goals]], with the goal of providing both clean water supply and sewage connection in homes. Although these interventions have been evaluated by the United Nations, various challenges may reduce the effectiveness of home treatment solutions, such as low education, low-dedication to repair, replacement, and maintenance, or local repair services or parts are unavailable.<br />
<br />
Current point of use and small scale treatment technologies include:<br />
* [[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate|NaDCC]], sodium dichloroisocyanurate<br />
* [[Boiling water]]<br />
* [[Solar disinfection]] (SODIS)<br />
* [[Chlorine]]<br />
<br />
== Global programs ==<br />
<br />
=== Central Asia Water and Energy Program ===<br />
Central Asia Water and Energy Program (CAWEP) is a World Bank, European Union, Swiss & UK funded program to organize Central Asian governments on common water resources management through regional organizations, like the [[Aral Sea#Institutional bodies|International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea]] (IFAS). The program focuses on three issues: [[water security]], energy security and energy-water linkages. It aims to foster balanced communications between Central Asian countries to achieve a regional goal, water and energy security. To ensure their goal, the program works closely with governments, civil and national organizations.<ref name="cawep water & energy program">{{cite web|title=Central Asia Water & Energy Program|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/brief/cawep|website=World Bank}}</ref><br />
<br />
Most recently, the program helped organize The Global Disruptive Tech Challenge: Restoring Landscapes in the Aral Sea Region. This competition was created to encourage bright minds to come up with revolutionary solutions for [[land degradation]] and desertification in the Aral Sea Region, which used to be home to one of the largest lakes in the world and has since been reduced near to nothing. There were several winning projects that centered around agriculture and land management, sustainable forestry, socio-economic development and globally expanding people knowledge and access to information on the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovative Restoration Plans for Aral Sea Region Announced at Global Disruptive Tech Challenge 2021|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/09/innovative-restoration-plans-for-aral-sea-region-announced-at-global-disruptive-tech-challenge-2021|access-date=2 May 2021|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sanitation and Water for All ===<br />
Aimed at achieving the [[Sustainable Development Goal 6|United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 6]], [[Sanitation and Water for All]] (SWA) was established as a platform for partnerships between governments, civil society, the private sector, UN agencies, research and learning institutions, and the philanthropic community. SWA encourages partners to prioritize water, sanitation and hygiene along with ensuring sufficient finance and building better governance structures.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=About us|url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/about/about-us|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)|language=en}}</ref> To ensure that these priorities remain so, the SWA holds "High Level Meetings"<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Level Meetings|url=https://www.endwaterpoverty.org/swa/high-level-meetings|access-date=2 May 2021|website=End Water Poverty|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> where partners communicate the recent developments made, measure progress, and continue the discussion on the importance of Sustainable Development Goal 6.<br />
<br />
=== The Water Project ===<br />
The Water Project, Inc is a non-profit international organization that develops and implements sustainable water projects in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] like [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Sudan]], and [[Uganda]]. The Water Project has funded or completed over 2,500 projects and 1,500 water sources that have helped over 569,000 people improve their access to clean water and sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GREAT NONPROFITS: The Water Project|url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/the-water-project-inc}}</ref> These projects focus heavily on teaching proper sanitation and hygiene practices, as well as improving water facilities by drilling boreholes, updating well structures, and introducing rain water harvesting solutions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Project, Inc.|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/26-1455510|access-date=2 May 2021|website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== UN-Water ===<br />
{{Main|UN-Water}}<br />
<br />
In 2003, the United Nations High Level Committee on Programmes created UN-Water, an inter-agency mechanism, "to add value to UN initiatives by fostering greater co-operation and information-sharing among existing UN agencies and outside partners." UN-Water publishes communication materials for decision-makers that work directly with water issues and provides a platform for discussions regarding global water management. They also sponsor [[World Water Day]] on 22 March <ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Word Water Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day}}</ref> to focus attention on the importance of freshwater and sustainable freshwater management.<ref name="Discover UN-Water web page">{{cite web|title=Discover UN-Water|url=http://www.unwater.org/discover.html|access-date=26 March 2012|publisher=United Nations|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320011937/http://www.unwater.org/discover.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Country examples ==<br />
<br />
===Overview===<br />
<br />
{{World topic|Water supply and sanitation in|title=Water supply and sanitation by country|noredlinks=yes|state=show}}<br />
{{World topic|Water pollution in|title=Water pollution by country|noredlinks=yes|state=show}}<br />
<br />
=== India ===<br />
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in India}}<br />
<br />
India's growing population is putting a strain on the country's preciously scarce water resources. According to The World Bank, the population of India as of 2019 was roughly 1,366,417,750 people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population, total {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL|access-date=2 May 2021|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Although this number has increased since then, India's population count has made it the second-most populated country in the world, following close behind the first most populated country, China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population by Country (2021) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/|access-date=2 May 2021|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref> The country is classified as "water stressed" with a water availability of 1,000–1,700 m<sup>3</sup>/person/year.<ref name="Inited Nations Environment Programme">{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/index.html|title=Vital Water Index|access-date=24 March 2012|archive-date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310060918/http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/index.html}}</ref> 21% of countries' diseases are related to water.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Snyder|first=Shannyn|title=WATER IN CRISIS – INDIA|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water-crisis/water-in-crisis-india|website=The Water Project}} Retrieved 22 November 2020.</ref> In 2008, 88% of the population had access and was using improved drinking water sources.<ref name="UNICEF">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_statistics.html|title=India|work=UNICEF |access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> However, "Improved drinking water source" is an ambiguous term, ranging in meaning from fully treated and 24-hour availability to merely being piped through the city and sporadically available.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/29/world/asia/29water.html|title=In Teeming India, Water Crisis Means Dry Pipes and Foul Sludge|date=29 September 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 June 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This is in part due to large inefficiencies in the water infrastructure in which up to 40% of water leaks out.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
In [[UNICEF]]'s 2008 report, only 31% of the population had access and used improved sanitation facilities.<ref name="UNICEF" /> A little more than half of the 16 million residents of New Delhi, the capital city, have access to this service. Every day, 950 million gallons of sewage flows from New Delhi into the Yamuna River without any significant forms of treatment.<ref name=":6" /> This river bubbles with methane and was found to have a fecal coliform count 10,000 times the safe limit for bathing.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
The inequality between urban and rural areas is significant. In rural areas, 84% can access safe water while only 21% for sanitation. In contrast, 96% of people in urban areas have access to water sources and sanitation which meet satisfying quality. Additionally, there are not enough wastewater treatment facilities to dispose of wastewater discharged from the growing population. By 2050 half of India's population will account for urban areas and will face serious water problems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's rampant urban water issues and challenges|url=https://www.teriin.org/article/indias-rampant-urban-water-issues-and-challenges|access-date=12 November 2020|website=www.teriin.org|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Surface water contamination, due to lack of sewage treatment and industrial discharge, makes groundwater increasingly exploited in many regions of India.<ref name=":6" /> This is aggravated by heavily subsidized energy costs for agriculture practices<ref name=":6" /> that make up roughly 80% of India's water resource demand.<ref name="UN-Water">{{cite web|url=http://www.unwater.org/statistics_KWIP.html|title=Key Water Indicator Portal-Water Statistics|access-date=23 March 2012|archive-date=22 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322004653/http://www.unwater.org/statistics_KWIP.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
In India, 80% of the health issues come from [[waterborne diseases]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2012/03/05/special-essay-the-ganges-eternally-pure/|title=Special Essay: The Ganga – Eternally pure?|last=Wohl|first=Ellen|date=5 March 2012 |publisher=Global Water Forum}}</ref> Part of this challenge includes addressing the pollution of the Ganges (Ganga) river, which is home to about 400 million people.<ref name="World Bank Approves $1 Billion">{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/clean-water/world-bank-approves-1-billion-for-ganges-river-cleanup.html|title=World Bank Approves $1 Billion For Ganges River Cleanup|last=McDermott|first=Mat|publisher=Treehugger}}</ref> The river receives about over 1.3 billion litres of domestic waste, along with 260 million litres of industrial waste, run off from 6 million tons of fertilizers and 9,000 tons of pesticides used in agriculture, thousands of animal carcasses and several hundred human corpses released into the river every day for spiritual rebirth. Two-thirds of this waste is released into the river untreated.<ref name="World Bank Approves $1 Billion" /><br />
<br />
=== Kenya ===<br />
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Kenya}}<br />
<br />
[[Kenya]], a country of 50 million population, struggles with a staggering population growth rate of 2.28% per year.<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite web|title=Kenya Population (2020) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/kenya-population/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref> This high population growth rate pushes Kenya's natural resources to the brink of total depletion. 32% of the population don't have access to improved water sources whereas 48% cannot access basic sanitation systems.<ref name="where-we-work">{{Cite web|title=Kenya's Water Crisis – Kenya's Water In 2020|url=https://water.org/our-impact/where-we-work/kenya/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=Water.org}}</ref> Much of the country has a severely arid climate, with a few areas enjoying rain and access to water resources. [[Deforestation]] and [[soil degradation]] have polluted surface water, and the government does not have the capacity to develop water treatment or distribution systems, leaving the vast majority of the country without access to water. This has exacerbated gender politics, as 74% of women must spend an average of 8 hours per day securing water for their families.<ref name="The Water Project Kenya">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-kenya.asp|title=Kenya|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Low income has worsened the situation. It is estimated that 66% of the total population lives to earn less than $3.20 per day. Despite its poor quality and unreliableness, costs for water in local areas are 9 times higher than that of safe water in urban areas. This regional inequality makes people in rural areas difficult to obtain water on a daily basis. Furthermore, even in urban areas, which are equipped with piped water systems, it's hard to produce a reliable constant flow of water. Practical solutions are needed in the entire country.<ref name="where-we-work"/> [[Sand dam|The Sand dam]] is one of the decentralized rainwater harvesting infrastructures to deal with this unbalanced water distribution.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 May 2021|title=Assessment of water presence and use at sand dams in Kenya|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140196321000380|journal=Journal of Arid Environments|language=en|volume=188|article-number=104472|doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104472|issn=0140-1963|last1=Neufeld|first1=Doug Graber|last2=Muli|first2=Joseph|last3=Muendo|first3=Bernard|last4=Kanyari|first4=James|bibcode=2021JArEn.188j4472N|s2cid=233539040|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This low-cost infrastructure has a simple and understandable structure, conserving surplus water for later use, increasing efficiency and rural regions' water access by saving people's time to gathering water on a long road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Sand Dams Work|url=https://thewaterproject.org/sand-dams|access-date=1 May 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> There are already about 1,800 sand dams in [[Kitui County]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ensuring resilience through community sand dams in Kenya – GRIPP {{!}} IWMI Project Site|url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/natural-infrastructure/water-storage/ensuring-resilience-through-community-sand-dams-in-kenya/|access-date=1 May 2021|website=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP)|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The growing population and stagnant economy have exacerbated urban, suburban, and rural poverty. It also has aggravated the country's lack of access to clean drinking water which leaves most of the non-elite population suffering from disease. Around 240 million people suffer from [[schistosomiasis]] which occurs because of parasitic worms that may be contracted through drinking infested waters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water|url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/water|access-date=23 October 2021|website=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa|language=en}}</ref> This leads to the crippling of Kenya's human capital.<ref name="UNDP Kenya">{{cite web|url=http://www.ke.undp.org/index.php/programmes/poverty-reduction|title=Poverty Reduction|date=28 March 2012|access-date=23 April 2012|archive-date=26 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226083017/http://www.ke.undp.org/index.php/programmes/poverty-reduction}}</ref><br />
<br />
Private water companies have taken up the slack from Kenya's government, but the Kenyan government prevents them from moving into the poverty-stricken areas to avoid profiteering activities.<ref name="The Water Project Kenya" /> Unfortunately, since Kenya's government also refuses to provide services, this leaves the disenfranchised with no options for obtaining clean water.<br />
<br />
=== Bangladesh ===<br />
{{excerpt|Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh|paragraphs=1,2|files=0}}<br />
<br />
=== Panama ===<br />
{{excerpt|Water supply and sanitation in Panama|paragraphs=1,2|files=0}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of water-related charities]]<br />
* [[WASH]] – Water, sanitation and hygiene<br />
* [[Human right to water and sanitation]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/quality.shtml UN | Water for Life Decade | Water Quality]<br />
* [http://www.akvo.org/rsr/projects/water-and-sanitation/ akvo.org | Water and sanitation projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301144645/http://www.akvo.org/rsr/projects/water-and-sanitation/ |date=1 March 2012 }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Global environmental issues]]<br />
[[Category:Water and politics]]<br />
[[Category:Water supply]]<br />
[[Category:Sanitation]]<br />
[[Category:Water]]<br />
[[Category:Right to health]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupa_Manjari&diff=531089Rupa Manjari2026-02-10T03:09:40Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Made Initial Post From Scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rupa Manjari<br />
| image = Rupa_Manjari.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = Manjari in 2014<br />
| birth_name = Sri Rupa Manjari<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/a-breezy-entertainer-rupa-manjari-news-tamil-kkfr2gchegh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821202717/http://www.sify.com/movies/a-breezy-entertainer-rupa-manjari-news-tamil-kkfr2gchegh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2012 |title=A breezy entertainer: Rupa Manjari |website=[[Sify]] |date=23 September 2009 |accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref><br />
| height = 5.4 feet<br />
| yearsactive = 2009 - 2015<br />
| occupation = Film actress, model<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rupa Manjari''' is an Indian former actress who has appeared in Tamil as well as Malayalam films. Her mother tongue is [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-03/news-interviews/35569586_1_rupa-manjari-tamil-movies-tamil-and-malayalam-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-03/news-interviews/35569586_1_rupa-manjari-tamil-movies-tamil-and-malayalam-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=I still prefer Kollywood: Rupa Manjari}}</ref> She made her debut in Nandhini's film ''[[Thiru Thiru Thuru Thuru]]'' (2009), before playing the leading roles in ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' (2012) and ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/rupa-manjari.html |title=Actress Rupa Manjari – Tamil Movie Actress Interview – Thiru Thiru Thuru Thuru Rupa Manjari |publisher=Videos.behindwoods.com |accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Rupa Manjari got a chance to meet Nandhini and auditioned for ''[[Thiru Thiru Thuru Thuru]]'' and that the movie was well received. It took four months for her to be chosen from over 30 other girls who had also auditioned.<ref>{{cite news |author=SINDHU VIJAYAKUMAR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Acting-was-my-dream-Rupa/articleshow/5087061.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707111856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-05/news-interviews/28060076_1_kannada-films-tamil-archana |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=Acting was my dream: Rupa |date=5 October 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref> The film, a romantic comedy, pitted her opposite [[Ajmal Ameer|Ajmal]] and featured the pair looking for a lost baby. Rupa was nominated for the [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]] Award for her performable and a critic described her portrayal of Archana as that she "brings her character vibrantly to life with all the nuances of anger, humour, tenderness and soft romance".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thiru-thiru-thuru-thuru-review-tamil-14912034.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509165452/http://www.sify.com/movies/thiru-thiru-thuru-thuru-review-tamil-14912034.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2014 |title=Movie Review:Thiru Thiru Thuru Thuru |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
She was next seen in the 2010 Malayalam film ''[[Tournament – Play & Replay|Tournament]]'' directed and produced by [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]. She played a wildlife photographer who meets a bunch of men who have been selected for a cricket tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/rupa-manjari-goes-to-malluwood-news-tamil-kkzjzagfgeh.html |title=Rupa Manjari goes to Malluwood |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028081811/http://sify.com/movies/rupa-manjari-goes-to-malluwood-news-tamil-kkzjzagfgeh.html |archive-date=28 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film opened to negative reviews and performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |author=P Sangeetha|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-27/news-interviews/28214564_1_malayalam-film-tamil-languages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-27/news-interviews/28214564_1_malayalam-film-tamil-languages |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Rupa Manjari is game for a tournament! |date=27 October 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref> She was seen in the long-delayed [[Vijay Antony]] starrer ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' having a song Nila Nila and was a part of video for the successful promotional song, "Makkayala Makkayala", which was released online.<ref>{{cite news |author=Shankaran Malini|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-04/news-interviews/30474346_1_music-composer-special-appearance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-04/news-interviews/30474346_1_music-composer-special-appearance |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=No time for lyrics, but my music is from the heart: Vijay Antony |accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/03/20/stories/2011032050070400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323122023/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/03/20/stories/2011032050070400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2011 |title=Cinema Plus / Columns : ITSY-BITSY |date=20 March 2011 |accessdate=23 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Shankaran Malini|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/news-interviews/30528436_1_dub-vijay-antony-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/news-interviews/30528436_1_dub-vijay-antony-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2013 |title=Rupa Manjari has no regrets |date=17 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref> The film started production in early 2010 and released in 2012. It got positive reviews from critics. In 2012 she was also seen in two Malayalam films ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' and she did a small guest appearance in the Malayalam film''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]''.<br />
The first film in 2014 for her was the commercially successful comedy-thriller movie, [[Yaamirukka Bayamey]].<br />
<br />
She has one film in Tamil, ''[[Sivappu]]'' in which she played a role as a construction worker.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Rupa-Manjari-to-play-labourer-in-Tamil-movie/2013/11/21/article1903233.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128194508/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Rupa-Manjari-to-play-labourer-in-Tamil-movie/2013/11/21/article1903233.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2013 |title=Rupa Manjari to play labourer in Tamil movie}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
||2009 || ''[[Thiru Thiru Thuru Thuru]]'' || Archana || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Won, Vikatan award for best debut actress<br />
Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2010|| ''[[Moscowin Kaveri]]'' || || Special appearance in "Gramam Thedi Vaada" song<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tournament – Play & Replay]]'' || Ashwathy Alex || [[Malayalam]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' || Pooja || Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' || Rupa || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' || Sameera || Malayalam ||<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="1"|2014 || ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'' || Smitha || rowspan="2" | Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
|2015 ||''[[Sivappu]]'' || Parvathi||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=4276346|name=Rupa Manjari}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjari, Rupa}}<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajeshwar_Acharya&diff=478138Rajeshwar Acharya2026-02-10T02:50:28Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Post.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Classical vocalist from India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rajeshwar Acharya<br />
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --><br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Classical music vocalist<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = Hindustani classical music<br />
| awards = [[Padma Sri]] (2019) <br />
}}<br />
'''Rajeshwar Acharya''' is a Hindustani classical vocalist from Varanasi, India. He served as head of the Department of Fine Arts and Music at Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gorakhpur: पद्मश्री प्रो. राजेश्वर आचार्य ने जलतरंग वादन करके बनाया विश्व रिकॉर्ड, DDU में दे चुके हैं सेवाएं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/gorakhpur/padmashree-prof-rajeshwar-acharya-made-a-world-record-by-playing-jaltarang |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, he was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] honour by the President of India for his contribution to the field of arts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/10-from-up-get-padma-shri-award/articleshow/67697537.cms|title=10 from UP get Padma Shri award|date=26 January 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
Acharya was born in [[Varanasi]], India. He studied music from [[Banaras Hindu University]] and practiced music under [[Balwantrai Bhatt|Pandit Balwantrai Bhatt]]. He belongs to the Gwalior ''gharana'' of music. His professional career was primarily based in Gorakhpur, where he joined Gorakhpur University as a lecturer in vocal music and later became head of the department.<ref name=":0" /> He retired from academic service in 2003 and subsequently resided in Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/padma-shree-to-musician-rajeshwar-acharya-4038525/|title=70 वां गणतंत्र दिवसः काशी की संगीत कला को मिला पद्न सम्मान, डॉ आचार्य ने बाबा विश्वनाथ को किया समर्पित|website=www.patrika.com|language=hindi|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/rajeshwar-acharya-got-honored-padma-shri-in-new-delhi|title=प्रो. राजेश्वर आचार्य को मिला पद्मश्री, राष्ट्रपति ने नई दिल्ली में किया सम्मानित- Amarujala|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Rajeshwar}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Nepal to China]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priya_Darshini&diff=526857Priya Darshini2026-02-08T02:55:06Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Made A Data Needs Work</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian-American singer, runner (born 1983)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{COI|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Notability|Biographies|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
| image = <br />
| name = Priya Darshini<br />
| alt = Indian Vocalist kanesh soni performs at the Leaf Festival in 2015<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|12|25}}<br />
| years_active = 2005–present<br />
| label = [[Chesky Records]]<br />
| website = {{URL|priyadarshini.com/}}<br />
| occupation = Singer, actress, composer, sprinter, entrepreneur<br />
}}<br />
'''Priya Darshini''' (born 25 December 1983) is an Indian-American singer, composer, actress, professional sprinter, and entrepreneur based in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=#DiasporaDiplomacy with Grammy-nominated Priya Darshini, Indian American Singer/Songwriter|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/diasporadiplomacy-with-grammy-nominated-priya-darshini-indian-american-singer-songwriter/|date=18 August 2021|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> She is known for musical recordings in both [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] and Western productions, her role in the 2014 American film [[The Letters (2014 film)|''The Letters'']], and becoming the first Indian woman to complete the 100-mile Himalayan Ultra Marathon.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Push your limits fearlessly'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-push-your-limits-fearlessly-1221887|last=Chendvankar|first=Munira|date=2009-01-15|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Priya Darshini|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2899974/|website=IMDb|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Virani|first=Aarti|date=10 May 2020|title=The Wind Chaser|pages=100–101|work=Vogue India|publication-date=1 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brooklyn package|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/100517/brooklyn-package.html|last=Sunder|first=Gautam|date=2017-05-10|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> She is married to [[hammered dulcimer]] artist Max ZT.<ref name="rollingstoneindia">{{Cite web|title=Exclusive Premiere: Songstress Priya Darshini's Ethereal Music Video 'Home' -|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-songstress-priya-darshini-ethereal-music-video-home/|date=2020-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music career ==<br />
Growing up in [[Mumbai]], India, Darshini began musical studies with [[Bombay Lakshmi Rajagopalan]] at age nine.<br />
<br />
In 2008, Darshini joined [[Future Man|Roy “Futureman” Wooten's]] Black Mozart Ensemble, performing "a dream-like fusion of [[jazz]], [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]], [[blues]], [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]] and [[classical music]]" throughout India and the United States.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/Classical-music-learns-to-rock/articleshow/15985317.cms|website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com|title=Classical music learns to rock|date=2010-01-19|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Mozart Hits The 'Boro|url=https://boropulse.com/2008/07/black-mozart-hits-the-boro/|date=2008-07-10|website=The Murfreesboro Pulse|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017 Darshini became Artistic Director of Brooklyn Raga Massive and co-led Women's Raga Massive, performing with both.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grantee Spotlight: Brooklyn Raga Massive|url=https://brooklynartscouncilblog.org/2018/10/03/grantee-spotlight-brooklyn-raga-massive/|last=Council|first=Brooklyn Arts|date=2018-10-03|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> She also co-produced Out of the Woods, an annual monthly festival dedicated to amplifying the works of female-identified artists.<br />
<br />
Darshini signed with [[Chesky Records]], releasing a single, ''Home'', in March 2020, in advance of release of her first album, ''Periphery''.<ref name="rollingstoneindia"/> This album was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] for Best New Age Album for the 63rd annual Grammy Awards.<ref name="gram_Priy">{{Cite web |title=Grammy.com listing for Priya Darshini |author= |work=GRAMMY.com |date= |access-date=31 December 2020 |url= https://www.grammy.com/artists/priya-darshini/287193}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Recordings'''<br />
<br />
* Dil Di Nazar from [[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?|''Maine Pyar Kyun Kiya'']]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himesh Reshammiya, Sameer - Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya|url=https://www.discogs.com/Himesh-Reshammiya-Sameer-Maine-Pyaar-Kyun-Kiya/master/1303601|website=Discogs|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref><br />
* Ek Pal Ki Zindagi Hai from [[D Company (2013 film)|''D Company'']]<br />
* Dhoonde Dil from [[Mukhbiir|''Mukhbir'']] directed by [[Mani Shankar]]<br />
* Awaaz Koi from [[Darling (2007 Indian film)|''Darling'']]<br />
* Grand Tapestry - ''Grand Tapestry'' (2016)<br />
* [[Karsh Kale]] - ''Following Sunlight'' (2016)<br />
* [[House of Waters]] - ''House of Waters'' - [[GroundUPmusic|GroundUP Music]] (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|title=House Of Waters: House Of Waters album review @ All About Jazz|url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/house-of-waters-house-of-waters-groundup-review-by-roger-farbey.php|last=Jazz|first=All About|website=All About Jazz|date=14 November 2016 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref><br />
* [[Pearl Jam]] - "Obey The Law of the Heart" (from ''[[Basmati Blues]]'') (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|title=PEARL JAM Records First New Song Since 2013|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/pearl-jam-records-first-new-song-since-2013/|last=Blabbermouth|date=2017-11-13|website=BLABBERMOUTH.NET|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><br />
* [[The Epichorus]] - ''Najara'' (2018)<br />
* [[Eligh]] - ''Last House on the Block'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eligh - Last House On The Block|url=https://www.discogs.com/Eligh-Last-House-On-The-Block/release/12173234|website=Discogs|date=15 June 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><br />
* ''Periphery'' (2020; debut solo album)<ref name="rollingstoneindia"/><br />
* [[House of Waters]] - ''On Becoming'' - [[GroundUPmusic|GroundUP Music]] (2023),<ref>{{Cite web|title=House Of Waters: Album "On Becoming" |url=https://houseofwaters.bandcamp.com/album/on-becoming}}</ref> 8eme track, "The Wall". <br />
<br />
== Sports ==<br />
In 2007, at age twenty-three, Darshini became the first and youngest Indian woman to run the 100-mile [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[Ultramarathon|Ultra Marathon]] on the border of [[India]] and [[Nepal]], at elevations ranging from 6000&nbsp;ft to 12000&nbsp;ft. The experience led her to found an [[adventure racing]] company, The WindChasers, in 2011, organizing ultra marathons across India, including two named to [[Condé Nast|Conde Nast]]'s 2016 list of Most Scenic Marathons of India, and 2019 list of Beautiful Marathons in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=17 beautiful marathons to run in India this year|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/17-beautiful-marathons-run-india-year/|date=2019-03-03|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's most scenic marathons|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/indias-most-scenic-marathons/|date=2016-03-02|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Film and acting career ==<br />
After studying film-making and acting at the [[New York Film Academy]] in 2005, Darshini started working on both sides of the camera for Independent films in India. She acted in the 2014 Hollywood film [[The Letters (2014 film)|''The Letters'']], a film where she acted in a supporting role opposite [[Juliet Stevenson]], [[Rutger Hauer]], and [[Max von Sydow|Max Von Sydow]].<ref>{{Citation|title=The Letters (2014) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1445208/fullcredits|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> In 2017, Darshini got involved in [[Theatre|theater]] with a performance of ''It Can Happen Here'', a play directed by Judith Sloan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Creative Team for IT CAN HAPPEN HERE|url=https://earsay.org/performance/creative-team-can-happen/|date=2017-02-28|website=Earsay|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|1=https://priyadarshini.com}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Darshini, Priya}}<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:American film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:American stage actresses]]<br />
[[Category:American women ultramarathon runners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ultramarathon runners]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Brooklyn]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Brooklyn]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Brooklyn]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Adventure racers]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhaniram_Baruah&diff=496644Dhaniram Baruah2026-02-07T18:42:08Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started initial pg first draft - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian heart surgeon}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox medical person<br />
|name=Dhaniram Baruah<br />
|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name above --><br />
|known_for=First pig-to-human heart transplantation<br />
|specialism=[[Cardiothoracic surgery]]<br />[[Heart transplantation]]<br />[[Lung transplantation]]<br />[[Cardiac surgery]]<br />
|work_institutions=[[University of Maryland Medical Center]]<br />
|profession=[[Surgeon]]<br />
|education=[[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]; [[Glasgow University]]; Fellow, [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]]<br />
|field=Cardiac Surgery<br />
|honorific_prefix=}}<br />
<br />
'''Dhaniram Baruah''' is an Indian [[heart surgeon]] from Assam, known for his work in the field of [[xenotransplantation]]. He is popularly known as India's ''Pig Heart Doctor''.<ref name="Federal, Jan. 15, 2022">{{cite news|date=2022-01-13 |title=Dr Barua, India's Own Pig Heart Doctor |url= https://thefederal.com/opinion/dr-baruah-indias-own-pig-heart-doctor-should-not-die-unsung/|work=The Federal.com |access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> On 1 January 1997, he became the first heart surgeon in the world to transplant a pig's heart in a human body.<ref name="Hindu, Jan. 15, 2022">{{cite news|date=2022-01-15 |title=Pig Heart Transplanted in Human |url= https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/assam-pioneer-of-pig-heart-transplant-now-working-on-biomolecular-treatment/article38266334.ece|work=The Hindu |access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> Although the recipient died subsequently, it was a precursor to the first successful pig-to-human heart transplant performed 25 years later by [[Bartley P. Griffith]] in January 2022.<ref name="BBC, Jan. 15, 2022">{{cite news|date=2022-01-15 |title=Man Gets Genetically Modified Pig Heart| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59944889|work=BBC|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> While Griffith used a genetically modified pig's heart, Barua had transplanted a normal pig heart.<ref name="Deccan Hearald, Jan. 12, 2022">{{cite news|date=2022-01-12 |title= 25 Years Before US Heart Transplant Assam Doctor Had Tragic Outcome|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/25-years-before-us-heart-transplant-with-pigs-organ-assam-doc-had-experimented-with-tragic-outcome-1070596.html |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> Barua is also the founder of Dr Dhaniram Baruah Heart Institute & Research Centre.<ref>{{cite web| title=Dr Dhani Ram Baruah Heart Institute| url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/dr-dhani-ram-baruah-heart-institute-and-research-ce-kamrup-assam| access-date=2022-01-17| archive-date=25 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025163702/https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/dr-dhani-ram-baruah-heart-institute-and-research-ce-kamrup-assam| url-status=dead}}</ref> He can only communicate through hand gestures after a [[brain stroke]] left him unable to speak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarti |first=Angana |date=2022-08-07 |title=175 dogs guard Assam's pig heart doctor who bangs desk to speak. Patients still lining up |url=https://theprint.in/features/175-dogs-guard-assams-pig-heart-doctor-who-bangs-desk-to-speak-patients-still-lining-up/1070297/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Experiments, claims and controversies==<br />
Throughout his career Barua has courted controversies due to his maverick ideas and unconventional methods.<ref name="Sentinel, Jan. 15, 2022">{{cite news|date=2021-10-23 |title= The Infamous Cardiac Surgeon Dr Dhaniram Baruah| url= https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/the-infamous-cardiac-surgeon-dr-dhani-ram-barua-all-you-need-to-know-560093|work=The Sentinel|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> The pig heart transplanted by Barua in his patient Purna Saikia worked for seven days, after which due to implications of infections, and the transplant was rejected by the recipient's body. Barua was sent to jail for 40 days in 1997 for negligence and violation of medical ethics. His clinic and research center was burnt down by an angry mob. He was also called a mad man and ostracised from the local community. But undeterred he continued his experiments, and claimed that successful transplantation of a pig heart in a human body was feasible. He later claimed damages from the Government for his humiliation and unjust treatment.<ref name="Lancet, Jan. 02, 1999">{{cite news|date=1999-01-02 |title= Indian Xeonotransplant Surgeon Seeks Damages from Government|url= https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)74854-6/fulltext |work=The Lancet Journal|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> He also claimed to have found a cure for HIV/AIDS.<ref name="Business Standard, Feb. 29, 2016">{{cite news|date=2016-02-29 |title= Assam Cardiac Surgeon Claims Cure for HIV-AIDS| url= https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/assam-based-cardiac-surgeon-claims-cure-for-hiv-aids-32690.htm|work=Business Standard|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express, Jul. 15, 2015">{{cite news|date=2015-07-15 |title= Assam Doctor Claims Cure for HIV-AIDS| url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-doctor-claims-cure-for-hivaids-says-he-cured-86-persons/|work=The Indian Expressl|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)74854-6/fulltext|doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74854-6|title = Indian xenotransplant surgeon seeks damages from government|year = 1999|last1 = Sharma|first1 = Dinesh C.|journal = The Lancet|volume = 353|issue = 9146|page = 48|pmid = 11657167|s2cid = 54337165|url-access = subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Barua claims to have cured 86 patients of HIV/AIDS for which no conventional medicine is available.<ref name="Med India, Jan. 17, 2022">{{cite news|date=2022-01-17 |title= Doctor in India Claims He Cured 86 Patients with HIV-AIDS| url=https://www.medindia.net/news/view_main_print_new.asp?id=151102 |work=MedIndia|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> He has written a two-volume book titled "AIDS Reaching the Unreachable with Baruah Combat Genes".<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-07-20 |title= Full Story of Dhaniram Baruah| url= https://wirally.com/dr-dhaniram-baruah/|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[David Bennett Sr.]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baruah, Dhaniram}}<br />
[[Category:Cardiac surgery]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]<br />
[[Category:People from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ports_in_India&diff=468962List of ports in India2026-02-07T05:27:26Z<p>LorenaGallant5: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|none}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
[[Image:airports and seaports map.png|thumb|Map showing the location of airports and seaports in India|319x319px]]<br />
<br />
In India, ports are categorised into major ports and non-major ports (minor ports). As of 2024, the country has 14 major ports<ref name="GalatheaBay"/> and 217 non-major ports. Major ports are administered by the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] under the [[Government of India]], whereas non-major ports fall under the jurisdiction of State Maritime Boards of respective [[State governments of India|state governments]], including private ports operating under the [[public–private partnership]] (PPP) model. Among the 217 non-major ports, cargo is handled only at 68 ports, others are used by [[fishing vessel]]s and [[ferries]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Assistance of approx of about Rs. 1891 crore released under Sagarmala schemes, 151 projects sanctioned till date |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1885078 |publisher=Pib.gov.in |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=20 December 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
India has a coastline of 11,098 kilometres,<ref>{{Cite web | title=MHA: India's recalculated coastline up 48% in 53 years {{!}} India News - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mha-indias-recalculated-coastline-up-48-in-53-years/articleshow/116927468.cms | access-date=2025-09-21 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> forming one of the largest [[peninsula]]s in the world. According to the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, around 95 percent of India's trading by volume and 70 percent by value is done through maritime transport. India's major ports handled highest ever cargo of 795 million tonne in FY23.<ref>|url=https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Cargo%20handled%20at%20Major%20Ports%20January%202025%20%281%29.pdf</ref> [[Paradip Port]] is the largest container port in India.<br />
<br />
Due to the shallow depth of its east coast ports (8-12 meters),<ref name=transhp1/> India is unable to accommodate large ships,<ref name=transhp2/> causing 25% of its cargo to be diverted to deeper foreign ports<ref name=transhp3/> and resulting in an annual economic loss of Rs 1,500-4,500 crore.<ref name=transhp4/> In 2024, the upcoming [[International Container Transshipment Port, Galathea Bay]] was notified as India's 13th major port. Its first phase of development is expected to be commissioned in 2028.<ref name="GalatheaBay">{{cite news |last1=Simhan |first1=T. E. Raja |title=Galathea Bay: New major port can be game changer |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/galathea-bay-new-major-port-can-be-game-changer/article68776059.ece |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[Business Line]] |date=20 October 2024}}</ref> [[Port Blair]], which was notified as a major port in 2010, was later removed. The ports are spread across [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="ffgasjk">{{cite web|url=http://shipmin.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=16&lid=64|title=MoS, GoI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205104458/http://shipmin.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=16&lid=64|archive-date=5 February 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> Government of India plans to build new greenfield ports and also built associated infrastructure such as railway lines through the 2015 established [[Sagar Mala project]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet gives 'in principle' nod to concept of Sagarmala project|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-27/news/60475179_1_waterways-varanasi-haldia-port-led-development|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402015754/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-27/news/60475179_1_waterways-varanasi-haldia-port-led-development|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=4 July 2015|publisher=Economic Times, Times of India|date=27 March 2015}}</ref> and National Maritime Development Program.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2015|title=National Maritime Development Programme|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=133484|access-date=2022-02-03|website=|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Shipping in India==<br />
<br />
According to [[Constitution of India]], [[maritime transport]] is to be administered by both the Central and the State governments. While the central government's [[Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (India)|shipping ministry]] administers the major ports, the minor and intermediate ports are administered by the relevant departments or ministries in the nine coastal states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]]. Several of these 187 minor and intermediate ports have been identified by the respective governments to be developed, in a phased manner, a good proportion of them involving [[public–private partnership]].<br />
<br />
The maritime boards of state governments administer control of minor ports owned by state governments. In 2018–19, minor ports of Gujarat alone handled total 542 MMT of cargo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Gateway|date=2019-04-05|title=GMB ports handle 400 mmt of cargo in 2018-19|url=http://www.maritimegateway.com/gmb-ports-handle-400-mmt-cargo-2018-19/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Maritime Gateway}}</ref> Maharashtra Maritime Board sets record of handling 71 mn tons of cargo in 2022–23.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/maharashtra-maritime-board-sets-record-of-handling-71-mn-tons-of-cargo-in-2022-23/99192607 | title=Maharashtra Maritime Board sets record of handling 71 mn tons of cargo in 2022-23 - ET Infra }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Capacity===<br />
<br />
The capacity of Indian ports currently stands at 2,604.99 mtpa.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/cargo-handling-capacity-of-ports-to-rise-in-2024/articleshow/102203883.cms?from=mdr | title=Cargo handling capacity of ports to rise in 2024 | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=28 July 2023 | last1=Rajan | first1=Jessica }}</ref> The container throughput of Indian ports stood at 17 million TEUs for the period 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1896934 | title=Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 estimates investments of Rs. 1,00,000–1,25,000 crore for capacity augmentation and development of world-class infrastructure at Indian Ports }}</ref> [[Mundra Port]] is the largest port as well as the highest capacity port in India, and it is also the largest container port by volume. It has a capacity to handle 338 MMT (Million Metric Tons) of cargo annually. [[Paradip Port]] has the 2nd highest cargo capacity of 150 MMT. [[Kandla Port]] has 3rd highest capacity.<br />
<br />
===Ship building===<br />
{{See also|List of Indian shipbuilders and shipyards}}<br />
[[File:Eilat_20-05-2012_MV_Goa.JPG|thumb|MV Goa built by [[Hindustan Shipyard]] in 1997 for [[Shipping Corporation of India|SCI]]]]<br />
India has been building large ships after the independence using companies like [[Hindustan Shipyard]], [[Pipavav Shipyard]] and [[Cochin Shipyard]]. ''SS Jala Usha'', a steamship built by [[Hindustan Shipyard]] in 1948 and the first of its kind to be built within the Indian subcontinent after WW-II.The first oil tanker built by Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) was the ''MV Rani Padmini'', which was delivered in July 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-13 |title=Sailing successfully through a sea of change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/sailing-successfully-through-a-sea-of-change/article5019891.ece |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> India launched 93,000 DWT oil tanker in 2002 under [[Third Vajpayee ministry]], The ship named ''Maharshi Parashuram'' built by [[Cochin Shipyard]] was 237 meter long double vessel was fitted with 14,300 HP engine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-01-22 |title=India's biggest oil tanker to be launched today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/indias-biggest-oil-tanker-to-be-launched-today/articleshow/431598387.cms |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Abul Kalam Azad'' is another similar-size oil tanker ship built by [[Cochin Shipyard]] in 1999 which has been scrapped.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rowles |first=Grant |date=2018-01-01 |title=Shipping Corporation of India sends ageing tanker for scrap |url=https://splash247.com/shipping-corporation-of-india-sends-ageing-tanker-for-scrap/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Splash247 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ship breaking===<br />
{{anchor | Breaking | Ship breaking }}<br />
<br />
{{As of|January 2020}}, India has 30% share of [[Ship breaking#India|ship breaking]] with annual US$1.1 billion revenue. India is a signatory to [[Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships]]. India plans to pass the "Recycling of Ships Act, 2019" to ratify the Hong Kong treaty. This will allow India to capture its targeted 60% in the global ship breaking business while doubling the annual to US$2.3 billion target.<ref name=breakkro1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/india-eyes-60-per-cent-share-of-global-ship-recycling-business-higher-gdp-contribution-mandaviya/articleshow/72964082.cms India eyes 60 per cent share of global ship recycling business; higher GDP contribution], Economic Times, 30 December 2019.</ref> India's [[Alang|Alang-Sosiya Ship Breaking Yard]] is world's largest [[Ship graveyard|ships' graveyard]].<ref name=breakkro1/> Other ship graveyards in India is the [[Steel Industries Kerala Limited|Steel Industrials Kerala Limited]] breaking unit.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sucheth|first=P R|date=26 May 2014|title=Locals up in Arms against SILK Ship-breaking Unit|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/may/26/locals-up-in-arms-against-silk-ship-breaking-unit-617533.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ports in India==<br />
<br />
===Sagar Mala: port-led development===<br />
<br />
See [[Sagar Mala project]].<br />
<br />
===Transshipment ports===<br />
<br />
Most ports on India's east coast have a depth of 8-12 metres, which is too shallow for large ships.<ref name=transhp1>[https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2106155.pdf A STUDY ON BERTH AND DEPTH OF MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA], ijcrt.org, accessed 9 Sept 2025.</ref> The world's major ports are 12-20 metres deep, which can handle ships weighing more than 1.65 lakh tonnes.<ref name=transhp2>[https://www.shipfinex.com/blog/top-10-biggest-ports-in-worldTop 10 Biggest Ports in the World: 2025 Ranking & Analysis], shipfinex.com, accessed 9 Sept 2025.</ref> That's why 25% of India's cargo goes through foreign ports like [[Port of Colombo|Colombo Port Sri Lanka]], [[Jurong Port|Jurong Port Singapore]] and [[Port Klang|Klang Port Malaysia]].<ref name=transhp3>[https://www.livemint.com/politics/zuktonwkfy8iczoi0rcbgk/can-indias-container-transhipment-hubs-take-on-colombo.html Can India's container transhipment hubs take on Colombo], livemint.com, accessed 9 Sept 2025.</ref> This leads to a direct loss of Rs 1,500 crore every year and a setback of Rs 3,000-4,500 crore every year to India's GDP.<ref name=transhp4>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/adani-ports-focussing-on-scaling-up-marine-logistics-agri-logistics-biz/120887991 Adani Ports focussing on scaling up marine, logistics & agri-logistics biz], economictimes, accessed 9 Sept 2025.</ref> To move this 25% transshipment from foreignports back to Indian ports, India is developing following deep sea ports as automated global international container transshipment hubs:<br />
<br />
* [[Coastal_India#East|Eastern Coastal India]]:<br />
<br />
** [[International Container Transshipment Port, Galathea Bay]] in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, greenfield, under-construction with phase-I completion target date of 2028.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Sarbananda Sonowal visits Galathea Bay in Great Nicobar Island and reviews progress of proposed International Container Transhipment Port (ICTP) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1979157 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=draftp1>{{Cite web |date= 21 Mar 2024 |title= From vision to reality: Great Nicobar Island’s transformation plan |url= https://thehillstimes.in/featured/from-vision-to-reality-great-nicobar-islands-transformation-plan |access-date=2024-06-20 |website= thehillstimes.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Government to build International Container Transhipment Port in Great Nicobar Island |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-government-to-build-international-container-transhipment-port-in-great-nicobar-island-2961754/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Simhan |first1=T. E. Raja |title=Galathea Bay: New major port can be game changer |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/galathea-bay-new-major-port-can-be-game-changer/article68776059.ece |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[Business Line]] |date=20 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
** [[V. O. Chidambaranar Port]] at [[Thoothukudi]] in Tamil Nadu, existing and operational, with raft depth of 13.2 m which will increased to 16 m by 2027 and 19.6 m by 2029:<ref>[http://www.tuticorinport.gov.in/ Tuticorin Port Webpage] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731210325/http://www.tuticorinport.gov.in/ |date=31 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/09/16/stories/2008091650060700.htm Tuticorin Port growth] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618040634/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/09/16/stories/2008091650060700.htm |date=18 June 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Coastal_India#West|Western Coastal India]]:<br />
<br />
** [[Cochin Port]] in Kerala: existing and operational, 14.5m draft depth. India's first international transshipment port.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cochinport.gov.in/berth-information |title=Berth Information |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920110050/https://cochinport.gov.in/berth-information |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Statistics-Cargo traffic 12 yr">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Apr/02/cochin-port-authority-records-highest-cargo-traffic-in-fy25 |title=Cochin Port Authority records highest cargo traffic in FY25 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] | access-date=3 April 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
** [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]] in Kerala, greenfield, operational, India's deepest international transshipment port, 24 meters deep draft.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2032811#:~:text=The%20Union%20Minister%20of%20Ports,port%20in%20Vizhinjam%2C%20Kerala%20today| title=Union Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal receives First Mother Ship at Vizhinjam- India's first deep water Container Transhipment Port | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="ET Now">{{cite video |date=2024-07-12 |title=Adani Group's Trivandrum Port: India Maritime Story Welcomes First Mothership At Vizhinjam Port |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6on9go9MNVM |medium=YouTube |publisher=ET Now |time=N/A |access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = DPR |url=https://www.adaniports.com/-/media/Project/Ports/PortsAndTerminals/Vizhinjam-Port-Documents/Environment-Compliance-Report/Previous-Environment-Compliance-Report/Compliance-Report_VISL_Oct-2022-Mar-2023.pdf | website = Adani Ports | publisher = Adani Ports and SEZ | date = 31 March 2023 | access-date = 15 August 2024 | page = 45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zpmc.com/news/cont.aspx?id=434|title=Shipment of Quay Cranes for the Adani Vizhinjam Port Project in India-Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.|website=www.zpmc.com}}</ref> and its only port directly adjacent to an international shipping lane. The port is {{convert|10|nmi|lk=in}}<ref>{{Cite web<br />
| title = Environment compliance Report<br />
|url=https://www.adaniports.com/-/media/Project/Ports/PortsAndTerminals/Vizhinjam-Port-Documents/Environment-Compliance-Report/Previous-Environment-Compliance-Report/Compliance-Report_VISL_Oct-2022-Mar-2023.pdf<br />
| website = Adani Ports<br />
| publisher = VISIL, Government of Kerala<br />
| date = 15 June 2021<br />
| access-date = 15 August 2024<br />
| page = 45<br />
}}</ref> on the heavily-trafficked east-west shipping channel connecting Europe to the Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia, and the Far East (Suez–Far East route and Far East–Middle East route).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siddhantalive.com/vizhinjam-port-a-game-changer-for-indias-maritime-trade/ | title=Vizhinjam Port: A Game-Changer for India's Maritime Trade | date=2 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 May 2025 |title=PM Modi dedicates Vizhinjam international seaport to the nation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-modi-dedicates-vizhinjam-international-seaport-to-the-nation/article69529503.ece |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
** [[Vadhavan Port]] in Maharashtra, greenfield, under-construction with Phase-1 completion by 2029 and phase-2 by 2024, 20 meters drfat, India's first offshore port on artificial island.<ref>{{cite web |title=This memorandum of understanding entered into on 5th day of Jun 2015 at Mumbai. For Development of a satellite port for Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPA) off Vadhvan point south of Dahanu port on the cost of Maharashtra between Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPA) and Maharashtra Maritime Board (MMB). |url=https://www.jnport.gov.in/media/2020/Dec/2020_12_04_12_08_13_.pdf |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924212328/https://www.jnport.gov.in/media/2020/Dec/2020_12_04_12_08_13_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwsi_zh37so | title=The upcoming 13th Major Port of India, the Vadhavan Port at Maharashtra!! | website=[[YouTube]] | date=7 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/sagarmala-developing-india-ports-aid-economic-growth12980-12980.html/ | title=India's Mega Port Development Project 'Sagarmala': An Explainer for Investors | date=31 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-get-six-new-mega-ports-under-ministry-of-shippings-sagarmala-project-3082626.html | title=India to get six new mega ports under Ministry of Shipping's Sagarmala project | date=November 2016 }}</ref><ref name=vadhavan>{{cite report|title="Executive Summary" For Development Of A Greenfield Port At Vadhavan, District –Palghar, Maharashtra|url=https://www.mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/public_hearing/exe_summary/2023-11/executiv_summary.pdf|publisher=Environmental Consultant Enkay Enviro Services Private Limited|access-date=5 April 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405094635/https://www.mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/public_hearing/exe_summary/2023-11/executiv_summary.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Major seaports===<br />
{{Location map+ |India |AlternativeMap = India location map 3.png|width=450|float=center|caption=14 Major ports (owned by the Government of India) in India|places=<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=23.002365|long=70.220898|label= [[Deendayal Port|Kandla]]|position=right|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=20.260315|long=86.665944|label= [[Paradip Port|Paradeep]]|position=right|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.932349|long=72.968923|label= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Navi Mumbai]]|position=right|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=17.697076|long=83.298454|label= [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatanam]]|position=right|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.947944|long=72.842496|label= [[Mumbai Port|Mumbai]]|position=left|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=22.540658|long=88.305507|label= [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata]]|position=left|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=22.0451509|long=88.0889156|label= [[Haldia Dock Complex|Haldia]]|position=right|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=13.085346|long=80.291223|label= [[Chennai Port|Chennai]]|position=right|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.932121|long=74.822239|label= [[New Mangalore Port|Mangaluru]]|position=left|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=13.271829|long=80.334420|label= [[Kamarajar Port|Ennore]]|position=left|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=9.980688|long=76.252952|label= [[Cochin Port|Kochi]]|position=left|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=15.401762|long=73.805472|label= [[Mormugao Port|Marmuagao]]|position=left|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
{{Location map~ |India |lat=8.7562666|long=78.1765031|label= [[V. O. Chidambaranar Port|Thoothukkudi]]|position=right|mark=Anchor 2.svg}}<br />
}}<br />
The ports under the Central Government of India are known as Major ports, and other ports owned by private operators are classified as Minor ports, irrespective of total cargo handled. The following are the Major ports of India:<ref>{{cite web |title=Cargo handling capacity of Major Ports of the country has gone up to 1617.39 Million Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA) as on March 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986644 |publisher=Pib.gov.in |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=operationsIPA>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in//showimg.cshtml?ID=217 |title=Operational Details | access-date=17 December 2014 | publisher=Indian Ports Association}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! No.<br />
! Name<br />
! Estb. Year<br />
! class=unsortable|Image<br />
! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<br />
! Location<br />
! State/UT<br />
! Cargo handled<br />in MTPA<br /><small>([[fiscal year|FY]]2022-23)</small><br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Chennai Port]]<br />
| 1881<br />
|[[File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg|150px]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 136<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Cochin Port]]<br />
| 1928<br />
|[[File:Vallarpadam_Container_Terminal.JPG|150px]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Kochi]]|| align="left" | [[Kerala]]|| align="right" | 79.9<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Port of Kandla|Deendayal Port]]<br />
| 1965<br />
|[[File:Port of Kandla.jpg|150px]]<br />
| 9.83<ref>{{Cite web| title=Master plan for Kandla Port | url=https://sagarmala.gov.in/sites/default/files/5.Final_Master_Plan_Kandla.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201033525/http://sagarmala.gov.in/sites/default/files/5.Final_Master_Plan_Kandla.pdf | archive-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><br />
|[[Kandla]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 269.1<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]]<br />
| 1988<br />
|[[Image:JNPT_Port_container_handling.jpg|150px]]<br />
| 3.37 <br />
|[[Navi Mumbai]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 141.37<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Kamarajar Port Limited|Kamarajar Port]]<br />
|2001<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Ennore]]<br />
| align="left" |[[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| align="right" |91<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Mormugao Port]]<br />
| 1985<br />
|<br />
[[File:Goa-Vasco 03-2016 07 view to Mormugao Harbour.jpg|150px]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Mormugao]]|| align="left" | [[Goa]]|| align="right" | 63.4 <br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Mumbai Port]]<br />
| 1873<br />
|[[File:Mumbai Port Trust.JPG|150px]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Mumbai]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 84<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[New Mangalore Port]]<br />
| 1974<br />
|[[Image:New_Mangalore_Port.jpg|150px]]<br />
| 8.22<br />
|[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]|| align="left" | [[Karnataka]]|| align="right" | 114.96<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Paradip Port]]<br />
| 1966<br />
|[[File:Paradip Port-1.jpg|150px]]<br />
| 10<br />
|[[Paradeep]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 289.75<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Haldia Dock Complex]]<br />
| 1977<br />
|[[File:MSC_Ricarda_II_of_MSC_Line_berthed_at_Haldia_Dock_Complex's_container_terminal.jpg|150px]]<br />
| 25.77<br />
|[[Haldia]]|| align="left" | [[West Bengal]] || align="right" | 92.77<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Port of Kolkata|Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port]]<br />
| 1870<br />
|[[File:Netaji_Subhas_Dock_of_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_Port_or_Port_of_Kolkata-1.png|150px]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Kolkata]]|| align="left" | [[West Bengal]] || align="right" | 50.7<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[V. O. Chidambaranar Port]]<br />
|1974<br />
|[[File:A_view_of_Tuticorin_Port.jpg|150px]]<br />
| 2.428<br />
|[[Thoothukkudi]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 111.46 <br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Visakhapatnam Port]]<br />
| 1933<br />
|[[File:Visakhapatnam_seaport_from_Fishing_harbour.jpg|150px]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Visakhapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 143.68<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Minor seaports===<br />
The ports owned by private operators are classified as Minor ports, irrespective of total cargo handled. The following are the Minor ports of India:<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!No.<br />
!Name<br />
!Estb. Year<br />
!class=unsortable|Image<br />
!City<br />
!State<br />
!Ownership<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|[[Mundra Port]]<br />
| 1998<br />
|[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[Mundra]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| [[Adani Group]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|[[Karaikal Port]]<br />
| 2009<br />
|[[File:Karaikal port.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[Karaikal]]|| align="left" | [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]|| [[Adani Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|[[Jaigad Port]]<br />
| 2006<br />
|<br />
|[[Jaigad]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| [[JSW Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|[[Krishnapatnam Port]]<br />
| 2008<br />
|[[File:Krishnapatnam port cranes unloadng a ship.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[Krishnapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| [[Adani Group]]<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|[[Dharamtar Port]]<br />
| 2012<br />
|<br />
|[[Alibag]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| [[JSW Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|[[Hazira Port]]<br />
| 2025<br />
| <br />
|[[Hazira]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| [[Adani Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|[[Dighi Port]]<br />
| 2000<br />
|<br />
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| [[Adani Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
|[[Dhamra Port]]<br />
| 2011<br />
|[[File:Dhamra_Port.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| [[Adani Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
|[[Gopalpur Port]]<br />
| 2013<br />
|[[File:Gopalpur_Port.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| [[Adani Group]]<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
|[[Gangavaram Port]]<br />
| 2009<br />
| <br />
|[[Visakhapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| [[Adani Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
|[[Kattupalli Shipyard|Kattupalli Port]]<br />
| 2012<br />
| <br />
|[[Kattupalli]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| [[Adani Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
|[[Dahej Port]]<br />
| 2010<br />
| <br />
|[[Bharuch district|Dahej]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| [[Adani Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
|[[Kakinada Port]]<br />
| 1999<br />
|[[File:Far view of Kakinada port from Beach.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[Kakinada]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| KSL<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
|[[Tuna Port]]<br />
| 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/union-cabinet-decision-kutch-to-get-2-new-port-terminals-at-rs-5963-crore-8205351/ | title=Union Cabinet decision: Kutch to get 2 new port terminals at Rs 5,963 crore | date=13 October 2022 }}</ref><br />
|<br />
|[[Kutch district|Tuna]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| [[Adani Group]] <br />
|-<br />
| 15<br />
|[[Machilipatnam Port]]<br />
| 2025<br />
|[[File:Machilipatnam_port_aerial_view.png|150px]]<br />
|[[Machilipatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| MPDCL<br />
|-<br />
| 16<br />
|[[Port Pipavav]]<br />
| 2002<br />
|[[File:Berth portpipavav.JPG|150px]]<br />
|[[Pipavav]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| [[APM Terminals]] <br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
|2025<br />
|[[File:MSC_Claude_at_Vizhinjam.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| align="left" |[[Kerala]]<br />
|'''[[Government of Kerala]]'''<br />
[[Adani Group]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Unranked seaports===<br />
*[[Angré Port]]<br />
*[[Beypore|Beypore Port]]<br />
*[[Beda Port]]<br />
*[[Bedi Port]]<br />
*[[Bedi, Gujarat|New Bedi Port]]<br />
*[[Bhavnagar Port]]<br />
*[[Bhankodar Port]]<br />
*[[Gangolli|Gangolli Port]]<br />
*[[Port of Jakhau|Jakhau Port]]<br />
*[[Karanja, Raigad|Karanja Port]]<br />
*[[Karwar Port]]<br />
*[[Kollam Port]]<br />
*[[Mandvi|Mandvi Port and Shipyard]]<br />
*[[Nagapattinam Port]]<br />
*[[Port of Navlakhi|Navlakhi Port]]<br />
*[[Okha Port]]<br />
*[[Port Blair Port]]<br />
*[[Porbandar Port]]<br />
*[[Rajula|Rajula Port]]<br />
*[[Redi Port]]<br />
*[[Rewas|Rewas Port]]<br />
*[[Rozi Port]]<br />
*[[Vadinar Port]]<br />
*[[Veraval|Veraval Port]]<br />
*[[Salav Port]]<br />
*[[Sikka Port]]<br />
*[[Simar Port]]<br />
<br />
===River ports===<br />
The following are the River ports of India:<br />
*[[Dhubri Port]]<br />
*[[Haldia Multi-Modal Terminal|Durgachak Port]]<br />
*[[Kottayam Port]]<br />
*[[Farakka Port]]<br />
*[[Port of Magdalla|Magdalla Port]]<br />
*[[Pandu Port]]<br />
*[[Varanasi Multi-Modal Terminal|Varanasi Port]]<br />
*[[Sahebganj Multi-Modal Port|Sahebganj Port]]<br />
<br />
==Maritime boards==<br />
Maritime boards by state:<ref>{{cite web |title=State Maritime Board |url=https://sagarmala.gov.in/state-maritime-board |website=sagarmala.gov.in |accessdate=27 November 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! State Maritime Boards !! Established<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarat Maritime Board]] || 1982<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra Maritime Board]] || 1996<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu Maritime Board]] || 1997<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karnataka Maritime Board]] || 2017<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kerala Maritime Board]] || 2017<br />
|-<br />
| [[Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board]] || 2019<br />
|-<br />
| [[West Bengal Maritime Board]] || 2015<br />
|-<br />
| [[Odisha Maritime Board]] || 2022<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*No maritime board has been established in the state of [[Goa]] yet, but the Government's Captain of Ports Department (established in 1912) looks after the development of Inland Waterways and Minor Ports of Goa.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Aviation in India]]<br />
* [[Indian Railway]]<br />
* [[Roads in India]]<br />
* [[Transport in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{URL|https://shipmin.gov.in|Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways}}<br />
* {{URL|https://www.thetradevision.com/blogs/major-ports-in-india-2025|List of Major Ports in India 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Ports and harbours in India}}<br />
{{Ports and harbors}}<br />
{{Transport in India}}<br />
{{Economy of India}}<br />
{{Asia topic|List of ports in}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Economy of India lists|Ports]]<br />
[[Category:Ports and harbours of India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign trade of India|Ports]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of ports|India]]<br />
[[Category:India transport-related lists|Ports]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amit_Verma&diff=486034Amit Verma2026-02-02T00:56:04Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started initial stub initial version.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1987)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{distinguish|Amit Varma (disambiguation){{!}}Amit Varna}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Amit Verma<br />
| image = <br />
| country = India<br />
| fullname = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|8|30|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| heightft = <br />
| heightinch = <br />
| heightm = <br />
| batting = Left-handed<br />
| bowling = [[Leg break]]<br />
| role = [[Batsman]]<br />
| club1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br />
| year1 = 2006/07–2014<br />
| club2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]<br />
| year2 = 2014/15<br />
| club3 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]<br />
| year3 = 2015/16–present<br />
| columns = 3<br />
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| matches1 = 35<br />
| runs1 = 2,229<br />
| bat avg1 = 45.48<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 7/10<br />
| top score1 = 173<br />
| deliveries1 = 1,803<br />
| wickets1 = 17<br />
| bowl avg1 = 52.35<br />
| fivefor1 = 0<br />
| tenfor1 = 0<br />
| best bowling1 = 2/20 <br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 21/0<br />
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br />
| matches2 = 20<br />
| runs2 = 345<br />
| bat avg2 = 26.53<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1<br />
| top score2 = 85<br />
| deliveries2 = 528<br />
| wickets2 = 4<br />
| bowl avg2 = 117.50<br />
| fivefor2 = 0<br />
| tenfor2 = 0<br />
| best bowling2 = 2/45<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 6/–<br />
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]<br />
| matches3 = 8<br />
| runs3 = 39<br />
| bat avg3 = 19.50<br />
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0<br />
| top score3 = 29<br />
| deliveries3 = 30<br />
| wickets3 = 2<br />
| bowl avg3 = 21.50<br />
| fivefor3 = 0<br />
| tenfor3 = 0<br />
| best bowling3 = 2/17<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 4/-<br />
| date = 1 December<br />
| year = 2012<br />
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26441.html ESPNcricinfo<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Amit Verma''' (born 30 August 1987) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2014-15/content/squad/800655.html|title=Kerala Squad|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> He is a left-hander [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]] and leg-break [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26441.html|title=Amit Verma|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> Verma made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in [[2007–08 Ranji Trophy]].<br />
<br />
Ahead of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], he transferred from [[Assam]] to [[Goa cricket team|Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25132728/list-domestic-transfers-ahead-2018-19-ranji-trophy-season |title=List of domestic transfers ahead of the 2018-19 Ranji Trophy season |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer for [[Goa]] in the tournament, with 549 runs in nine matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12592;team=1768;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2018/19 – Goa: Batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{cricinfo|id=26441}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Amit}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1987 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Goa cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Assam cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Bengaluru]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-cricket-bio-1987-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur_Bharani_festival&diff=510229Kodungallur Bharani festival2026-02-01T13:19:56Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Added A Pg W/ Refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu Festival}}<br />
[[File:Kodungallur-bhagavathy-300x336.jpg|thumb|The deity at the Kodungallur Bhagavathy temple for whom the bharani festival is offered.]]<br />
'''Kodungallur Bharani festival''' is a yearly festival dedicated to the goddess [[Bhadrakali]] of [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple|Kodungallur Kurumba Bhagavathy temple]] held between the ''Bharani'' days of months ''Kumbham'' and ''Meenam'' of the [[Malayalam calendar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Numerous manifestations of Kali celebrated in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2022/apr/06/numerous-manifestations-of-kali-celebrated-in-kerala-2438455.html |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kodungalloor Kaavutheendal and Bharani, annual festival of Kodungalloor Bhagavathy Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/event/kodungalloor-bharani/56 |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=4 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> This period usually falls between the months of March and April in [[Roman calendar]]. This festival traditionally involves sacrifice of roosters (''Kozhikkallu moodal''),<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala: Kodungallur Bharani Festival |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/kerala_kodungallur_bharani_festival/ |website=Outlook Traveller |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> dance of oracles (''Kaavu theendal''),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chronicle |first1=Deccan |title=Hundreds take part in Kavutheendal ritual |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210318/hundreds-take-part-in-kavutheendal-ritual.html |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> lighting the traditional lamp (''Revathi vilakku''), singing of libelous ballads (''Bharanippattu'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Nileena M.S. on the Meena Bharani festival and the goddess who loves erotica |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/nileena-ms-on-the-meena-bharani-festival-and-the-goddess-who-loves-erotica/article8537146.ece |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=30 April 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and smearing of the image of the goddess with sandalwood paste (''Chandanapoti Charthal'').<br />
<br />
==Rituals==<br />
===Kozhikkallu moodal===<br />
This involves the ritual of sacrificing a rooster over a red silk cloth placed around the stones surrounding the idol.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mar 17 |first1=T. Ramavarman / TNN / |title=Rooster sacrifice: Cops to take action {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/rooster-sacrifice-cops-to-take-action/articleshow/81537224.cms |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> This ceremony symbolizes the fight between the goddess and the opponent Daarika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rashid |first1=Sumaira |title=Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple: Abusing the Goddess |date=27 February 2020 |url=https://theindianness.com/kodungallur-bhagavathy-temple-abusing-the-goddess/ |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> However, this ritual has not been performed since 1977, and is now reduced to covering the stones with a red silk cloth.<ref>{{cite news |title=വിലക്ക് ലംഘിച്ച് കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂര് ശ്രീകുരുംബാ ക്ഷേത്രത്തിൽ കോഴിബലി നടത്തിയ യുവാക്കൾ പൊലീസ് പിടിയിൽ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/kodungallur-temple-kozhi-bali-qq3zam |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><br />
===Kaavu theendal===<br />
Kaavu theendal starts when the king of Kodungallur unfurls the red ceremonial umbrella. Afterwards, the oracles, dressed in red with sickles or bamboo sticks in their hands run around the temple in trance. They also sing libelous ballads abusing the goddess. They also throw coconuts and turmeric powder to the roof and the inner corridors of the temple, thereby 'polluting' it. After this ceremony, the temple closes for a week for a 'purification' ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oracles Throng Temple for 'Kavu Theendal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/mar/23/oracles-throng-temple-for-kavu-theendal-732071.html |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Kavutheendal start.jpg|Oracles during the ''Kavutheendal'' ceremony.<br />
File:Kodungallur kozhikkallumoodal2.jpg|''Kozhikkallu moodal'' ceremony.<br />
File:Turmeric polluting oftemple kdlr.jpg|The roof of the temple covered in turmeric.<br />
File:Kavutheendal flagoff.jpg|Flag-off for ''Kavutheendal'', symbolically marked by lifting of a red, decorated umbrella.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Thrissur district]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu rituals]]<br />
[[Category:Kali (demon)]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agastmuni&diff=484821Agastmuni2026-01-28T15:35:29Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Created a redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Rudraprayag district]]<br />
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skore_condoms&diff=536369Skore condoms2026-01-20T21:51:37Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding new article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian condom brand}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|section=|<br />
{{Notability|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{One source|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Undisclosed paid|date=April 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox brand<br />
| name = Skore<br />
| logo = <!-- Upload logo to Wikimedia Commons and add filename here --><br />
| producttype = Condoms and Sexual Pleasure products<br />
| currentowner = [[TTK Healthcare]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| introduced = 2012<br />
| markets = India<br />
| website = [https://www.skorecondoms.com skorecondoms.com]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Skore''' is an Indian brand of condoms and sexual wellness products manufactured by [[TTK Healthcare]]. Launched in 2012 following the end of TTK’s marketing partnership with Durex, Skore was positioned as a youth-centric and pleasure-forward brand. It has since expanded its portfolio beyond condoms to include lubricants, vibrating rings, personal massagers targeted at male and female audiences, and other sexual wellness products.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 2012, after the termination of its partnership with Durex (which was acquired globally by Reckitt Benckiser), TTK Healthcare launched Skore to retain and grow its share in the Indian condom market.<ref>{{cite news |title=TTK launches rival condom brand after losing Durex rights |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ttk-launches-rival-condom-brand-after-losing-durex-rights-112111300078_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=13 November 2012 |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Product range and expansion ==<br />
Skore offers a wide range of condom variants, including flavoured, dotted, ribbed, extra time, and ultra-thin options. In addition to condoms, the brand sells:<br />
* Personal lubricants<br />
* Vibrating rings<br />
* Climax delay sprays<br />
* Vibrators & Sleeves<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Condom brands]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:TTK Group]]<br />
<br />
{{brand-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinayaka_Mission%27s_Medical_College&diff=544675Vinayaka Mission's Medical College2026-01-20T07:20:57Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Medical college and teaching hospital in Karaikal, Puducherry, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox medical school<br />
| name = Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Karaikal<br />
| motto = <br />
| established = 1996<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=About VMMC&H, Karaikal |url=https://vmmckkl.edu.in/about-vmmc.html |website=Vinayaka Mission's Medical College & Hospital, Karaikal |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
| type = Private; constituent college of a deemed-to-be university<br />
| parent = [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]<br />
| dean = Dr. K. Cheran<ref>{{cite web |title=College Administration |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/college-administration.html |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dean / Principal / Director |url=https://ugc.vinayakamission.com/principal |website=VMRF-DU |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
| city = Karaikal<br />
| state = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| campus = Suburban/seaside, Keezhakasakudimedu, Kottucherry<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinayaka Missions Medical College, Karaikal |url=https://karaikal.gov.in/public-utility/vinayaka-missions-medical-college-karaikal/ |website=District Administration, Karaikal |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9547|N|79.8489|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| website = {{official website|https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Karaikal''' (VMMC&H) is a private medical college and teaching hospital in Karaikal, in the Union Territory of Puducherry, India. It is a constituent institution of [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]] (VMRF-DU), a deemed-to-be university based in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="about" /> The college offers an undergraduate [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] programme and various MD/MS postgraduate programmes; the associated teaching hospital provides multi-specialty care to Karaikal and adjoining districts.<ref name="about" /><ref>{{cite web |title=MBBS – Programme overview |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/mbbs.html |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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== History ==<br />
The institution states it was established in 1996 by (late) Dr. A. [[Shanmugasundaram]], founder of VMRF-DU.<ref name="about" /> The college is listed in the [[National Medical Commission]]’s public directories of Indian medical colleges and courses.<ref>{{cite web |title=College & Course Search |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search/ |website=National Medical Commission |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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== Campus and teaching hospital ==<br />
VMMC&H is located at Keezhakasakudimedu, Kottucherry, Karaikal, as listed by the Karaikal district administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinayaka Missions Medical College, Karaikal |url=https://karaikal.gov.in/public-utility/vinayaka-missions-medical-college-karaikal/ |website=District Administration, Karaikal |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
According to the college, the attached teaching hospital has '''590 beds''' with diagnostic and therapeutic services and participates in public schemes such as the Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme (CMCHIS) and ESI.<ref name="about" /><br />
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== Academics ==<br />
=== Programmes ===<br />
The college conducts the MBBS programme (4.5 years plus one-year compulsory rotating internship) and a range of MD/MS postgraduate programmes under [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation|VMRF-DU]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MBBS – Programme overview |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/mbbs.html |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Programs Offered (Medicine) |url=https://www.vmrfdu.edu.in/Medicine.php |website=Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University) |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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=== Departments ===<br />
Department pages indicate teaching across pre-clinical, para-clinical and clinical disciplines (for example, Community Medicine, General Medicine and Anaesthesiology).<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Community Medicine – Overview (UHTC/RHTC) |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/community-medicine.html |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |date=9 March 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Department of General Medicine |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/general-medicine.html |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Anaesthesiology |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/anesthesiology.html |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |date=9 March 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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== Accreditation and quality ==<br />
VMMC&H is a constituent college of [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation|VMRF-DU]], which holds a NAAC grade ‘A’ (CGPA 3.13; current cycle).<ref>{{cite web |title=NAAC Accreditation (A grade, CGPA 3.13) |url=https://ugc.vinayakamission.com/accreditations/3 |website=VMRF-DU |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
The hospital holds NABH Entry-Level Hospital status; the NABH scope sheet lists “Vinayaka Missions Medical College & Hospital, Keezhakasakudimedu, Kottucherry, Karaikal” under PEH-2019-0707.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scope of Services – Entry Level Hospital (PEH-2019-0707) |url=https://portal.nabh.co/Documents/AccreditedList/Entry-Level%20Hospitals/PEH-2019-0707.pdf |website=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NABH – Accreditations list (VMRF-DU) |url=https://ugc.vinayakamission.com/accreditations/1 |website=VMRF-DU |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
The central laboratory is NABL-accredited for medical testing (ISO 15189); VMRF-DU notes ISO 15189:2021 accreditation for VMMC Karaikal laboratories, and an earlier ISO 15189:2012 annexure lists the “Central Laboratory, VMMC&H, Karaikal” (MC-3521).<ref>{{cite web |title=Accreditations & Recognitions – NABL |url=https://www.vmrfdu.edu.in/recognition.php |website=VMRF-DU |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISO 15189 Laboratory – Annexure (MC-3521) |url=https://ugc.vinayakamission.com/storage/accreditation_documents/5wn81956k2xZFpwCuBeB8svZDkCv5nogXNJ1CqRU.pdf |website=VMRF-DU |date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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== Admissions ==<br />
Admission to MBBS is via [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET (UG)]]. For deemed universities, counselling and seat allotment are conducted centrally by the Medical Counselling Committee (DGHS/MoHFW). The MCC information bulletin specifies a “'''100% Deemed University'''" counselling scheme with four rounds (Rounds 1–3 and Stray Vacancy) conducted online by MCC.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEET-UG Counselling 2025 – Information Bulletin & Scheme |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3e0f7a4d0ef9b84b83b693bbf3feb8e6e/uploads/2025/07/202509181307981517.pdf |website=Medical Counselling Committee |date=September 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UG Medical Counselling |url=https://mcc.nic.in/ug-medical-counselling/ |website=Medical Counselling Committee |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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== Seat matrix ==<br />
As per the National Medical Commission’s revised undergraduate seat matrix for 2024–25 (as on 31 March 2025), Vinayaka Mission’s Medical College, Karaikal, has an intake of '''150 MBBS seats'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revised UG Seat Matrix 2024–25 (as on 31-03-2025) |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Revised%20UG%20Seat%20Matrix%202024-25%20on%2031-03-2025.pdf |website=National Medical Commission |date=31 March 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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== Community outreach and philanthropy ==<br />
The Department of Community Medicine operates Urban and Rural Health Training Centres responsible for clinics, screening and health education in nearby communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Community Medicine – Overview |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/community-medicine.html |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |date=9 March 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
During emergencies, the college and hospital have participated in district-level public health responses. In November 2020, regional media discussed Karaikal’s COVID-19 risk management in relief camps during [[Cyclone Nivar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernando |first=Antony |title=Cyclone Nivar: Concerns over spread of COVID-19 in Karaikal relief camps |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Nov/24/cyclone-nivar-concerns-over-spread-of-covid-19-in-karaikal-relief-camps-2227602.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
VMRF-DU reports document VMMC Karaikal’s distribution of masks and hand sanitizers to the Karaikal [[District magistrate|District Collector]] (May 2020).<ref>{{cite web |title=VMMC, Karaikal – Distribution of masks & hand sanitizers (PDF) |url=https://www.vmrfdu.edu.in/files/VMMC-karaikal.pdf |website=VMRF-DU |date=May 2020 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> Independent CSR documentation records free medical camps in Karaikal villages co-organised with the college (e.g., June 2013 general/eye camps at Mudali Medu and Vadakku Vanjore).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sustainability & Community Development – Karaikal |url=https://www.chemplastsanmar.com/karaikal.php |website=Chemplast Sanmar |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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== Governance ==<br />
The college lists Dr. K. Cheran as Dean and publishes department-wise faculty information.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Administration |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/college-administration.html |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Teaching Faculty List (department-wise), 31-05-2025 (PDF) |url=https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/assets/images/pdf/Teaching%20Staff%20List%202025.pdf |website=VMMC&H Karaikal |date=31 May 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[List of medical colleges in India]]<br />
* [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]<br />
* [[Karaikal]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.vmmckkl.edu.in/}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=College details – NMC Public Dashboard (VMMC Karaikal) |url=https://msmer.nmc.org.in/public/performaAdminCollegeDetails/vmmckar |website=National Medical Commission |access-date=23 September 2025}}<br />
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[[Category:Karaikal]]<br />
[[Category:Medical colleges in Puducherry]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosala_(novel)&diff=510548Kosala (novel)2026-01-15T05:42:05Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Added New Post More To Come.</p>
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<div>{{short description|1963 Marathi novel by Bhalchandra Nemade}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Kosala<br />
| title_orig = कोसला<br />
| translator = Sudhakar Marathe<br />
| image = Cocoon Bhalchandra Nemade.jpeg<br />
| caption = Cover of English translation<br />
| alt = Book cover of English translation<br />
| author = [[Bhalchandra Nemade]] <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| subject = [[Existentialism]], [[Social alienation|alienation]]<br />
| set_in = 1950s [[Khandesh]] ([[Central India]]) and [[Pune]]<br />
| publisher = Deshmukh and Company<br />
| pub_date = September 1963<br />
| english_pub_date = 1997<br />
| oclc = 38258018<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kosala''''' ({{langx|en|[[Cocoon (silk)|Cocoon]]}}), sometimes spelled '''''Kosla''''', is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] novel by Indian writer [[Bhalchandra Nemade]], published in 1963. Regarded as Nemade's [[magnum opus]], and accepted as a modern classic of [[Marathi literature]], the novel uses the [[Autobiographical novel|autobiographical form]] to narrate the journey of a young man, Pandurang Sangvikar, and his friends through his college years.<br />
<br />
''Kosala'' is considered to be the first [[Existentialism|existentialist]] novel in Marathi literature. Since its publication, its open-ended nature and potential for varied interpretations have been viewed as ground-breaking. The novel has become a modern classic of post-1960 Marathi fiction, and has been translated into eight South Asian languages and into English.<br />
<br />
==Publication==<br />
''Kosala'', Bhalchandra Nemade's debut novel,<ref name="Chitre1969">{{cite journal|last=Chitre|first=Dilip|author-link=Dilip Chitre|title=Alienation in Four Marathi Novels|year=1969|journal=Humanist Review|publisher=Modern Education Foundation|location=Bombay|volume=1|issue=2|pages=161–175|oclc=1752400}}</ref> was conceived and written during his [[Bombay]] phase.<ref name="Paranjape1996">{{cite journal|last1=Nemade|first1=Bhalchandra|last2=Paranjape|first2=Makarand|author2-link=Makarand Paranjape|title=Speaking Out: Bhalchandra Nemade in conversation with Makarand Paranjape|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|date=July–August 1996|volume=39|issue=4|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=180–184|jstor=23336213}} {{closed access}}</ref><br />
<br />
At 21, Nemade had failed in his journalistic aspirations, and returned to his native village. He was rebuffed there by his father, who was disappointed that his son risked squandering an expensive education to end up being a cowherd.<ref name="Paranjape1996"/><br />
<br />
In 1963, Nemade was 25 and living in his village. Likening himself to the Hindu king [[Trishanku]], accepted neither by the city nor his village family, a despairing Nemade shut himself away and wrote his novel over a three-week period.<ref name="Paranjape1996"/> ''Kosala'' was published in September that same year by J. J. Deshmukh, who had learned of Nemade's talent and encouraged him to write during his sojourn in Bombay.<ref name="Chitre1969"/><ref name="Paranjape1996"/><br />
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The novel proved innovative, and quickly became a success. As a ''[[Bildungsroman]]'', tracing the author's own story from childhood until his return to his village, it broke with [[Marathi literature|Marathi narrative traditions]]. Several editions appeared in the years following the novel's initial publication. The twenty-second edition of ''Kosala'' was published in 2013.<ref name="Chitre1969"/><ref name="Gurjarpadhye2014">{{cite journal|last=Gurjarpadhye-Khanderparkar|first=Prachi|title=Reinventing the Self: Nativist Cultural Imagination of "Kosla"|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|date=July–August 2014|volume=58|issue=4|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=172–185|jstor=44753804}} {{closed access}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
''Kosala'' uses the [[first-person narrative]] technique to recount the first twenty-five years in the life of Pandurang Sangavikar,<ref name="Chitre1969"/> a young man of rural upbringing who moves to [[Pune]] for his higher education. He feels isolated in his new social setting, and this persistent feeling of estrangement leads him to return home. There, he encounters further disillusionment, with the death of his sister, his father's domination, and his own financial dependence.<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA233|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=233}}</ref> The novel aims to portray the spectrum of society from the viewpoint of Pandurang as a young boy.<ref name="Hatkanagalekar1980">{{cite journal|last=Hatkanagalekar|first=M.D.|title=Marathi: A Desirable Advance|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|date=November–December 1980|volume=23|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|issue=6|page=146|jstor=23330269}} {{closed access}}</ref><br />
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==Characters==<br />
Main characters:<ref name="KMGeorge1997">{{cite book|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|title=Masterpieces of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFOAAAAYAAJ|year=1997|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-237-1978-8|pages=875–877}}</ref><br />
* Pandurang Sangavikar{{snd}}The protagonist, and only son of a rich village farmer. His fellow hostel students call him by his nickname, Pandu.<br />
* Pandurang's father{{snd}}The head of a joint family, and a rich and respected man in his village.<br />
* Mani{{snd}}Pandurang's younger sister.<br />
* Giridhar{{snd}}Pandurang's village friend.<br />
* Suresh Bapat{{snd}}Pandurang's college friend in Pune.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story unfolds during the 1950s in [[Khandesh]] (a region in [[Central India]]), and in Pune. Using the autobiographical form, ''Kosala'' narrates the life-story of Pandurang Sangvikar, a young man of 25, in six sections.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/><br />
<br />
Pandurang is the son of a well-to-do farmer from Sangvi, a village in Khandesh. His family includes his parents, his grandmother, and his four sisters. Pandurang's relationship with his father is a difficult one, and they have been estranged since Pandurang was a boy. His father, who typifies the patriarchal family head, beats his son in childhood for wandering around in the company of his friends. He does not allow the young boy to learn to play the flute, or to perform in his school's plays. Pandurang considers his father excessively money-minded, materialistic, selfish, unscrupulous, and dictatorial. In sharp contrast to his relationship with his father, Pandurang loves his mother and his sisters dearly.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/><br />
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After passing his local school's matriculation examination, Pandurang moves to [[Pune]] to attend college.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/> While studying, Pandurang lives in a hostel. He decides to make the most of college life, and becomes the secretary of the college debating society, prefect of the hostel, and directs a play at the college Annual Day function. Out of kindness, he gives responsibility for the management of the hostel mess to one of his poor friends. But, although Pandurang tries to help everyone around him, he ultimately discovers that his friends are using him. Finally, when he fails his exams badly and his financial position deteriorates, his father becomes angered by Pandurang's lifestyle. Pandurang learns a lesson: that good deeds do not count for much in life.<ref name="George1993">{{cite book|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Modern Indian Literature: an Anthology: Fiction|volume=2|year=1993|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7201-506-2|page=745}}</ref><br />
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In his second year of college, Pandurang is an entirely new man, carefree and adventurous. Even his father now hesitates to ask him to mend his ways. He is shaken by the untimely death of his younger sister, Mani, but otherwise has no care for anything. In consequence, he fails his exam. After unsuccessful attempts to find work in the city, ultimately Pandurang returns to his village, his mind "existentially vacant". He is now one of many unemployed youngsters of the village. As Pandurang tries to understand their views on life, their sorrows and their joys, the true meaning of life begins to dawn.<ref name="George1993"/><br />
<br />
==Theme and techniques==<br />
The main theme of ''Kosala'' is [[Social alienation|alienation]].<ref name="Chitre1969"/> The novel is influenced by existential philosophy,<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/> exploring existentialist ideas such as an obsession with birth and death, dread, alienation, and absurdity.<ref name="Khaladkar2010">{{cite thesis|first=Dattatraya Dnyandev|last=Khaladkar |title=Existentialism in the Selected American and Marathi Novels: a Comparative Study|chapter=Existentialism in Marathi Novels |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9899/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |year=2010 |publisher=Department of English, Shivaji University |location=Kolhapur|type=PhD|pages=144–145|hdl=10603/9899}}</ref> Like other existential novels, ''Kosala'' uses the [[First-person narrative|first person point of view]] to recount an individual's experiences, and in this exploration raises many questions regarding the [[meaning of life]] and the value of existence. It is considered the first existential novel in Marathi literature.<ref name="Khaladkar2010"/><br />
<br />
The novel's protagonist, Pandurang, has been described as a "quintessential [[antihero|anti-hero]]",<ref name="Padgaonkar1997">{{cite journal|last=Padgaonkar|first=Latika|title=Cocoon by Bhalchandra Nemade (Book Review)|journal=The Book Review|volume=21|year=1997|publisher=C. Chari for Perspective Publications|location=New Delhi|page=42|oclc=564170386}}</ref> refusing all forms of colonial modernity: [[literacy]], [[Western culture|Western]] education, [[urbanisation]], [[industrialisation]], [[capitalism]], [[nationalism]], and the values of "progress" they embody.<ref name="Gurjarpadhye2014"/><br />
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Pandurang is estranged from his father, and has been from childhood.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/> Later in the novel, this estrangement develops into a major theme of the younger generation's mute revolt against the patriarchal value system characteristic of traditional Indian life.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/> Pandurang has not found anything meaningful in his experience of village life.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/> Over a six-year period, this experience of meaninglessness repeats itself in his college life in Pune.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/><br />
<br />
<!---The novel is written in an [[Epistolary novel|epistolary]] style, reading like a series of [[diary]] entries. The language Pandurang uses, a Marathi dialect spoken in rural [[Maharashtra]], serves as an instrument revealing his [[worldview]]. Another technique the author employs is the description of "historical investigations" that Pandurang and his friend Suresh Bapat often undertake, and which ultimately uncover to them the absurdity and pathos of their condition.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}--->Despite the novel's pessimistic undertones, an element of humour runs through ''Kosala''. Oblique, irrelevant humour is used as a serious moral strategy, to unmask the falseness of society and culture.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/><br />
<br />
In its narrative, ''Kosala'' presents a fusion of different genres, including: [[autobiography]], the diary, the novel, [[Folklore of India|Indian folktales]], [[Folklore#Folklore genres|folk narrative]], and medieval [[hagiography]].<ref name="Gurjarpadhye2014"/> The novel makes varied use of language, style and register, including: [[standard language|standard]] and [[Archaism|archaic]] language, urban and non-urban dialect, [[slang]], [[jargon]], [[poetry]], and [[rhetoric]].<ref name="Gurjarpadhye2014"/> ''Kosala'' is said to have been inspired in part by [[J. D. Salinger]]'s ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'',<ref name="Sarang1992">{{cite journal|last=Sarang|first=Vilas|title=Tradition and Conflict in the Context of Marathi Literature|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|date=September–October 1992|volume=35|issue=5|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=159–168|jstor=23337173}} {{closed access}}</ref> a novel to which it has a similar narrative style.<ref name="Nandgaonkar 2015">{{cite web|last=Nandgaonkar|first=Satish|title=Marathi Novelist Bhalchandra Nemade Chosen for Jnanpith Award|website=The Hindu|date=6 February 2015|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/marathi-novelist-bhalchandra-nemade-chosen-for-jnanpith-award/article6865738.ece|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707232225/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/marathi-novelist-bhalchandra-nemade-chosen-for-jnanpith-award/article6865738.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''Kosala'' is widely regarded as both a modern classic<ref name="DattaLal1991">{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Navaratri-Sarvasena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOsbAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=((81-260-1003-1))|pages=27, 274}}</ref> and a ground-breaking novel<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web | title=Jnanpith award for Marathi author Bhalchandra Nemade - india | website=Hindustan Times | date=7 February 2015 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jnanpith-award-for-marathi-author-bhalchandra-nemade/story-Q1mRTvFdbJOnX9DpuUfTeK.html | access-date=8 July 2018 | archive-date=8 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708133653/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jnanpith-award-for-marathi-author-bhalchandra-nemade/story-Q1mRTvFdbJOnX9DpuUfTeK.html | url-status=live }}</ref> which left its mark on ''sathottari'', or post-1960, Marathi fiction.<ref name="Nerlekar2016">{{cite book|first=Anjali|last=Nerlekar|title=Bombay Modern: Arun Kolatkar and Bilingual Literary Culture|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/45382|year=2016|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-3275-7|page=274|via=[[Project MUSE]]|archive-date=8 July 2018|access-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708133156/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/45382|url-status=live}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> Nemade rapidly came to be considered a representative writer of his generation with its publication.<ref name="Chitre1969"/><br />
<br />
According to Nemade himself, ''Kosala'' was given a hostile reception by the Marathi establishment, both for its portrayal of the professorial class, and for its description of the profane world.<ref name="Paranjape1996"/> But it gained an enthusiastic following among readers of the younger generation, who identified with the thinking exemplified by its protagonist.<ref name="Paranjape1996"/> The novel heralded a new trend in Marathi literature, and other commentators hold that it received immediate critical acclaim.<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/><br />
<br />
Since its publication, ''Kosala'' has been considered a trendsetter in Marathi literature, because of its open-ended quality and its potential for varied interpretation.<ref name="Digole2012">{{cite journal|last=Digole|first=D. P.|title=Bhalchandra Nemade's Kosla: A Narrative of Revolt and Trapped Anguish|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=78295873&site=lrc-plus|journal=Labyrinth: An International Refereed Journal of Postmodern Studies|date=July 2012|volume=3|issue=3|pages=21–29|issn=0976-0814|via=[[EBSCO Information Services|Literary Reference Center Plus]]}} {{closed access}}</ref> It is the novel most widely appreciated and interpreted by a number of literary critics, including: [[Dilip Chitre]], Narhar Kurundkar, Chandrashekhar Jahagirdar, [[Vilas Sarang]], Sukanya Aagase, Rekha Inamdar-Sane, and Vasudev Sawant.<ref name="Digole2012"/> Chandrashekhar Jahagirdar wrote: "It was only {{sic|''Kosla''}}, which responding as it did to a crisis in the cultural consciousness of [[Maharashtra]], that opened up new, native possibilities of form and meaning and thus sought to change the direction of both literary taste and fictional tradition".<ref name="Digole2012"/><br />
<br />
''Kosala'' has been adapted into a play, ''Me, Pandurang Sangavikar'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} I am Pandurang Sangavikar), directed by Mandar Deshpande.<ref name="Banerjee 2016">{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Kaushani | title=Pratibimb Marathi Natya Utsav: A mix of commercial and experimental plays – art and culture | website=Hindustan Times | date=31 July 2016 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/pratibimb-marathi-natya-utsav-a-mix-of-commercial-and-experimental-plays/story-U4aGM5aNQhQvt5FxqRJR3L.html | access-date=8 July 2018 | archive-date=8 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708133610/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/pratibimb-marathi-natya-utsav-a-mix-of-commercial-and-experimental-plays/story-U4aGM5aNQhQvt5FxqRJR3L.html | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Translations==<br />
''Kosala'' has been translated into eight Indian languages, and into English. The available translations of the novel are as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Title !! Language !! Translator !! Year !! Publisher !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Cocoon'' || English || Sudhakar Marathe || 1997 || Macmillan Publishers India, Chennai ||<ref>{{cite book|title=The Book Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyHhAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=C. Chari for Perspective Publications|page=31| isbn=9788126004867 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kosala'' || [[Hindi]] || Bhagwandas Verma || 1992 || [[National Book Trust]], [[New Delhi]] ||<ref>{{cite book|last=Nemade|first=Bhalchandra|translator-first=Bhagwandas|translator-last=Verma|title=Kosalā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjNEAAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|oclc=614973397|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kosheto'' || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || Usha Sheth || 1995 || National Book Trust, New Delhi ||<ref>{{cite book|last=Nemade|first=Bhalchandra|translator-first=Usha|translator-last=Sheth|title=Kośeṭo|year=1995|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|isbn=8123713584|language=gu}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kosala'' || [[Kannada]] || Vaman Dattatraya Bendre || 1995 || National Book Trust, New Delhi ||<ref name="Dutt1999">{{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA127|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|page=127}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Palur Vaah'' || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Kishorimohan Sharma || 1996 || National Book Trust, New Delhi ||<ref>{{cite book|last=Nemade|first=Bhalchandra|translator-first=Kishorimohan|translator-last=Sharma|title=Palur Vaah|year=1996|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|language=as}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kosala'' || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || Ajeet Singh || 1996 || National Book Trust, New Delhi ||<ref>{{cite book|last=Nemade|first=Bhalchandra|translator-first=Ajeet|translator-last=Singh|title=Kosalā|year=1996|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|isbn=8123717652|language=pa}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Need'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Vandana Alase Hazra || 2001 || [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[New Delhi]] ||<ref name="Rao2004">{{cite book|last=Rao|first=D. S.|title=Five Decades: The National Academy of Letters, India : a Short History of Sahitya Akademi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JDsBBDoMccC&pg=PA11|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-2060-7|page=11}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kosala'' || [[Urdu]] || Musharraf Alam Jauki || 2002 || National Book Trust, New Delhi ||<ref>{{cite book|last=Nemade|first=Bhalchandra|translator-first=Musharraf Alam|translator-last=Jauki|title=Kosala|year=2002|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|language=ur}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Koshapok'' || [[Odia language|Odia]] || Cheershree Indrasingh || 2005 || National Book Trust, New Delhi ||<ref>{{cite book|last=Nemade|first=Bhalchandra|translator-first=Cheershree|translator-last=Indrasingh|title=Koshapok|year=2005|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|language=or}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|editor-last=Bhand|editor-first=Baba|title=Kosalabaddala : Bhalacandra Nemade Yancya Kadambarivarila Lekha, Parikshane, Tipa|trans-title=Articles on Marathi novel 'Kosalā'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cfo0AQAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Dhara Prakasana|location=Aurangabad|oclc=7174307|language=mr}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://dds.crl.edu/crldelivery/20978 Kosala] at [[Center for Research Libraries]] (Marathi first ed.)<br />
* {{Google books|id=ywj6VehHd5oC}} (Marathi)<br />
* {{Google books|id=ue41AAAAMAAJ}} (Hindi translation)<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1963 debut novels]]<br />
[[Category:1963 Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Indian autobiographical novels]]<br />
[[Category:Indian bildungsromans]]<br />
[[Category:Existentialist novels]]<br />
[[Category:First-person narrative novels]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi novels]]<br />
[[Category:Novels set in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Pune in fiction]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction about father–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into plays]]<br />
[[Category:Novels by Bhalchandra Nemade]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Hasseltine_Judson&diff=462542Ann Hasseltine Judson2026-01-03T23:07:57Z<p>LorenaGallant5: expanded page also and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|American missionary}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ann Judson<br />
| image = Portrait of Ann Hasseltine Judson (4673541).jpg<br />
| caption = Ann "Nancy" H. Judson<br />
| birth_name = Ann Hasseltine<br />
| birth_date = December 22, 1789<br />
| birth_place = [[Bradford, Massachusetts]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1826|10|24|1789|12|22}}<br />
| death_place = [[Kyaikkami|Amherst, Burma]] (now Kyaikkami, Myanmar)<br />
| known_for = Missionary work in Burma<br />
| spouse = [[Adoniram Judson]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ann Hasseltine Judson''' (December 22, 1789 – October 24, 1826), nicknamed "Nancy", was one of the first female American foreign [[missionary|missionaries]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Ann Hasseltine attended the [[Bradford College (United States)|Bradford Academy]] and during a [[Christian revival|revival]] there read ''Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education'' by [[Hannah More]], which led her to "seek a life of 'usefulness'".<ref name="Dana L. Robert Spring 2006 22–24">{{cite journal | author=Dana L. Robert | author-link=Dana L. Robert | title=The Mother of Modern Missions| journal=Christian History & Biography | date=Spring 2006 | volume=90 | pages=22–24 }}</ref> Born in [[Bradford, Massachusetts]]<br />
a teacher from graduation until marriage. Her father, John Hasseltine, was a deacon at the church that hosted the gathering that, in 1810, founded the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]] and, according to Ann's sister, the family first met her husband [[Adoniram Judson]] at that time.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wayland | first=Francis | author-link=Francis Wayland | title=A Memoir of the Life and Labors of the Rev. Adoniram Judson, D.D., Vol. I | orig-year= 1853 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OojaN0ql3wMC&q=Burma+Adoniram+%22Ann+OR+Judson%22+OR+%22Ann+OR+Hasseltine%22+OR+%22Ann+OR+Hasseltine+OR+Judson%22&pg=PA31 | access-date=June 18, 2006 | publisher=Phillips, Samson, and Company | location=Boston | year=1853}}</ref><br />
<br />
She married Adoniram in 1812, and two weeks later they embarked on their mission trip to [[India]].<ref>[https://www.thetravelingteam.org/articles/ann-judson The Traveling Team website, ''History of Mission: Ann Judson'']</ref> The following year, they moved on to [[Burma]].<ref>S. W. Williams, ed., ''Queenly Women: Crowned and Uncrowned'' (Cincinnati: Cranson and Stowe, 1885), 59–60.</ref><br />
<br />
She had three pregnancies. The first ended in a [[miscarriage]] while moving from India to Burma; their son Roger was born in 1815 and died at eight months of age, and their third child, Maria, lived for only six months after her mother's death.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Richard V. Pierard | author-link=Richard V. Pierard | title=The Man Who Gave the Bible to the Burmese | journal=Christian History & Biography | date=Spring 2006 | volume=90 | pages=16–21 }}</ref><ref>S. W. Williams, ed., ''Queenly Women: Crowned and Uncrowned'' (Cincinnati: Cranson and Stowe, 1885), p. 68.</ref> While in Burma, the couple's first undertaking was to acquire the language of the locals. Missionary efforts followed, with the first local converting to Christianity in 1819.<ref>S. W. Williams, ed., ''Queenly Women: Crowned and Uncrowned'' (Cincinnati: Cranson and Stowe, 1885), p. 60.</ref> Due to liver problems, Ann returned to the United States briefly in 1822–23.<ref>{{cite web|year=2003 |title=Ann Hasseltine Judson: First American Woman Missionary |work=Glimpses No.&nbsp;46 |url=http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps046.shtml |access-date=June 18, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050321091431/http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps046.shtml |archive-date=March 21, 2005 }}</ref><br />
[[Image:Nancy visits Adoniram.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Nancy visits Adoniram in prison]]<br />
During the [[First Burmese War|first Anglo-Burmese war]] (1824–26), her husband was imprisoned for 17 months under suspicion of being an English spy, and Ann moved into a shack outside the prison gates so as to support her husband. She lobbied vigorously for months to convince the authorities to release her husband and his fellow prisoners, but her efforts were unsuccessful. She also sent food and sleeping mats to the prisoners to make their time in prison more bearable.<ref>S. W. Williams, ed., ''Queenly Women: Crowned and Uncrowned'' (Cincinnati: Cranson and Stowe, 1885), p. 63.</ref> During this time, Ann wrote stories of life on the mission field and the struggles she faced. She wrote tragic descriptions of child marriages, female infanticide, and the trials of the Burmese women who had no rights except for the ones their husbands gave them. Ann's health was fragile by the time her husband was released. Her efforts to be near him when he was moved to a new location, all while she was nursing a newborn child, had involved strenuous travel and living conditions that may have contributed to her illness.<ref>S. W. Williams, ed., ''Queenly Women: Crowned and Uncrowned'' (Cincinnati: Cranson and Stowe, 1885), pp. 66–67.</ref> After her husband's release, they both remained in Burma to continue their work. Ann died at Amherst, Lower Burma, of [[smallpox]] in 1826. <br />
[[Image:Nancy Judson tree.jpg|thumb|200px|Hopia tree near the grave of Ann Hasseltine Judson circa 1913]]<br />
She wrote a [[catechism]] in [[Burmese language|Burmese]], and translated the books of [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] and [[Book of Jonah|Jonah]] into Burmese. She was the first [[Protestantism|Protestant]] to translate any of the scriptures into [[Thai language|Thai]] when in 1819 she translated the [[Gospel of Matthew]].<ref name="Dana L. Robert Spring 2006 22–24" /><br />
<br />
Her letters home were published in periodicals such as ''The American Baptist Magazine'' and republished after her death as devotional writings, making both her and Adoniram celebrities in America.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Ruth A. Tucker | author-link=Ruth A. Tucker | title=Let Freedom Ring| journal=Christian History & Biography | date=Spring 2006 | volume=90 | pages=12–15 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
Her work and writings made "the role of missionary wife as a 'calling'" legitimate for nineteenth-century Americans.<ref name="Dana L. Robert Spring 2006 22–24" /> There have been at least sixteen biographies of Judson published, the most famous having a new edition printed almost every year from 1830 to 1856, and was described by [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] [[Lydia Maria Child]] as "a book so universally known that it scarcely need be mentioned."<ref>{{cite journal | title=Did You Know? | journal=Christian History & Biography | date=Spring 2006 | volume=90 | page=2 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
* Knowles, ''Life'' (Boston, 1829) [[New International Encyclopedia]]<br />
<br />
* Knowles, James D. ''Memoir of Mrs. Ann H. Judson, Late Missionary to Burmah'' (Boston: Lincoln & Edmonds, 1831) fourth edition<br />
<br />
==Namesake colleges==<br />
* [[Judson College (Alabama)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/bjudsonann.html Biography at Wholesome Words]<br />
*[http://www.missionaryetexts.org/#m-judson E-text of an 1829 Biography]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bb4u5bmWDGUC Google E-text of an 1829 Biography]<br />
* [https://missiology.org.uk/pdf/e-books/grose/judson-centennial.pdf Missiology website, ''The Judson Centennial, 1814-1914'' edited by Howard B. Grose and Fred P. Haggard] (online copy)<br />
<br />
{{Christianity in Myanmar}}<br />
{{Protestant missions to Southeast Asia}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Judson, Ann Hasseltine}}<br />
[[Category:1789 births]]<br />
[[Category:1826 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Haverhill, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:People of the First Anglo-Burmese War]]<br />
[[Category:Baptist missionaries from the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Burmese]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from smallpox]]<br />
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Women in 19th-century warfare]]<br />
[[Category:Women in war in Southeast Asia]]<br />
[[Category:American expatriates in Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:American evangelicals]]<br />
[[Category:Translators to Thai]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bradford, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century American translators]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]<br />
[[Category:American missionary linguists]]<br />
[[Category:American women biblical scholars]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century American biblical scholars]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farishta_(2023_film)&diff=498917Farishta (2023 film)2025-12-29T02:51:56Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started new pg and citations - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2023 Bhojpuri Film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Farishta<br />
| image = Farista.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Lal Babu Pandit<br />
| writer = Arvind Tiwari<br />
| based_on = <br />
| producer = S.S. Reddy<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Khesari Lal Yadav]]<br />
* [[Meghashree]]<br />
* Pooja Ganguly<br />
* Amit Shukla<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = R.R. Prince<br />
| editing = Jeetendra Singh "Jeetu"<br />
| music = {{Ubl<br />
| '''Score:'''<br />
| Aslam Surty<br />
| '''Songs:'''<br />
| Krishna Bedardi<br />
}}<br />
| studio = Gangotri Studio<br />
| distributor = Renu Vijay Films (Bihar)<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|03|09}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bhojpuri<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Farishta''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-language [[drama film]] produced by S. S. Reddy, directed by Lal Babu Pandit and written by Arvind Tiwari. It stars [[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Meghashree]], Pooja Gaguly, Amit Shukla in the main roles.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Khesari Lal Yadav and Megha Shree's film 'Farishta' first look is out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/khesari-lal-yadav-and-megha-shrees-film-farishta-first-look-is-out/articleshow/97280859.cms?from=mdr | date=24 January 2023 | access-date=2024-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-04 |title=Bhojpuri Entertainment : खेसारी लाल यादव और लाल बाबू पंडित की गंगोत्री स्टूडियो की फिल्म फ़रिश्ते की पोस्ट प्रोडक्शन स्टार्ट मुंबई में |url=https://biharjharkhandnewsnetwork.com/bhojpuri-entertainment-khesari-lal-yadav-and-lal-babu-pandits-gangotri-studios-film-farishtes-post-production-begins-in-mumbai/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Bihar Jharkhand News Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The story revolves around Murari ([[Khesari Lal Yadav]]), a mentally challenged person, who is not accepted by his family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Khesari Lal Yadav होली पर फैंस के लिए लाएंगे कौन सा 'फरिश्ता' ? कैसे बने खेसारी पागल ? {{!}} ENT LIVE |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/which-angel-will-khesari-lal-yadav-bring-for-the-fans-on-holi-how-did-khesari-become-mad-ent-live-2350828 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=होली पर रिलीज हो रही खेसारी की फिल्म ‘फरिश्ता’, पागल के किरदार में आएंगे नजर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/bhojpuri-actor-khesari-lal-yadav-starrer-film-farishta-to-release-on-9th-of-march-2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story revolves around Murari a mentally challenged person who is not accepted in his family.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
* [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] as Murari, a mentally challenged person<br />
* [[Meghashree]]<br />
* Pooja Ganguly<br />
* Amit Shukla, Murari's father<br />
* Sraddha Naval, Murari's mother<br />
* Prakash Jais<br />
* Sonu Pandey<br />
* Rinku Bharti<br />
* Khushboo Yadav<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
This was the first time [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] was doing a character role. Khesari didn't take bath for 20 days to fit in the character and remained in the costume.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Khesari Film: 20 दिनों तक बिना नहाए फिल्म की शूटिंग करते रहे खेसारी, अब फरिश्ता का ट्रेलर मचा रहा है धमाल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/entertainment/khesari-lal-yadav-upcoming-bhojpuri-movie-farishta-trailer-is-out-now/videoshow/98182101.cms |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
The principal photography commenced in May 2022 in [[Lucknow]] with the name "Farishte".<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Khesari Lal Yadav starts shooting for the film 'Farishta' along with Megha Shah |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/khesari-lal-yadav-starts-shooting-for-the-film-farishta-along-with-megha-shah/articleshow/91369437.cms?_gl=1*1f61og3*_ga*MERBel9hYUJZYmZmSG5Ma2JuZDJmbXRqVjZEREtQZ1BfUlcxRlMyZGlsQWloYkFCME1SN3B6RktfVk5VZmpBTw..&from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
Music of the film is given by Krishna Bedardi. The song ''Pagale Bana Di Ram Ji'' received 3.6 million views on YouTube within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farishta Song: रिलीज हुआ फिल्म फरिश्ता का पहला गाना पागले बनादी राम जी, खेसारी ने अंदाज ने कियाम इम्प्रेस |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/bhojpuri/khesari-lal-yadav-upcoming-bhojpuri-film-farishta-song-pagale-banadi-ram-ji-full-video/videoshow/98686719.cms |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
The first look of the film was revealed on 24 January.<ref name=":3" /> The trailer of the film released on YouTube on 24 February and got over 10 lakh views in first 24 hours and trended on YouTube not only in [[India]] but also in [[Dubai]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film released on 9 March 2023 in the theatres across India, on the occasion of [[Holi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=खेसारी लाल की फरिश्ता का रिलीज डेट आउट, एक्टर बोले- फिल्म के लिए 45 डिग्री की गर्मी में भी बिना नहाए रहा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/khesari-lal-yadav-starrer-bhojpuri-film-farishta-to-release-on-9th-of-march/articleshow/98406954.cms |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The film received great response from the audience and ran housefull in the theatres of [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=खेसारीलाल यादव और लाल बाबू पंडित की भोजपुरी फिल्म ‘फरिश्ता’ ने बनाया रिकार्ड |url=https://samacharsansaar.com/entertainment/khesarilal-yadav-and-lal-babu-pandits-bhojpuri-film-farishta-makes-record/1844/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=समाचार संसार |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about mental health]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Bhojpuri-language films]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennamkary&diff=493848Chennamkary2025-12-24T22:25:36Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started first pg more to come - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chennamkary<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline =<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|28|0|N|76|23|0|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 688501<br />
| area_code = 0477272<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = KL-04, KL-66<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Alappuzha/Aleppey<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 97.7%<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = Nearest National Highway<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = NH-47 or NH-66[Salem-Kanyakumari]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = Nearest State Highway<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = SH-11 [Alappuzha- Changanacherry Road]<br />
}}<br />
'''Chennamkary''' is a village in [[Kuttanad]] Taluk in [[Alappuzha District]] of [[Kerala]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Chennamkary is located 12&nbsp;km east of the district headquarters Alappuzha, 4&nbsp;km from [[Champakkulam]], 141&nbsp;km from the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and is surrounded by Veliyanad Taluk towards the east, Ambalappuzha Taluk and Alappuzha Taluk towards the west, and Aryad Taluk towards the north.<br />
<br />
[[Alappuzha]], Changanassery, Thiruvalla, [[Kottayam]] are nearby cities.<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
<br />
The major income is still from agriculture and fishing despite tourism. Chennamkary is also a major spot of movie/TV soap/music video shootings due to its beautiful landscape view. Saint [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]], one of the founding fathers and the first superior general of C.M.I., was baptized at [[St. Joseph's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Chennamkary]] Which is also The first Catholic Church in Asia dedicated to [[Saint Joseph]].<br />
<br />
== Places around Chennamkary ==<br />
*[[Thottuvatala]]<br />
*[[Pallathuruthy]]<br />
*[[Thomayiram]]<br />
*[[Pazhupadam]]<br />
*[[Irumpanam]]<br />
*[[Somathuram]]<br />
*[[Arunootampadam]]<br />
*[[Kuppappuram]]<br />
*[[Kuttamangalam]]<br />
*[[Kainakary]]<br />
*[[Chathurthiakary]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Places in Alappuzha district]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPM_Swimming_Pool_Complex&diff=455813SPM Swimming Pool Complex2025-12-20T06:33:00Z<p>LorenaGallant5: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sports venue in New Delhi, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox venue<br />
|name = Dr. S. P. Mukherjee Swimming Stadium <br />
|city = {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]]<br />
|opened = 18 July 2010<br />
|image=SAINSA-Swimming Academy.jpg}}<br />
The '''Dr. S. P. Mukherjee Swimming Stadium ''' or '''SPM Swimming Pool Complex''' is a swimming complex in New Delhi, India, that is hosting the aquatics events for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]. The stadium is owned by the Sports Authority of India (SAI). <br />
It was renovated at a cost of Rs 377 crore (U$84.89 million) for the Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100802-the-con-games-743620-2010-07-23|title=The Con Games}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
* One competition pool<br />
* One diving pool<br />
* One warm-up pool<br />
* Skating Rink<br />
* Billiards table<br />
* Snooker<br />
* Volleyball Court<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{2010 Commonwealth Games venues|state=collapsed}}<br />
[[Category:2010 Commonwealth Games venues]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games swimming venues]]<br />
[[Category:Swimming venues in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2010]]<br />
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games water polo venues]]<br />
{{coord|28|37|20.84|N|77|11|34.53|E|type:landmark|display=title}}<br />
{{India-sports-venue-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eutropis_innotata&diff=498714Eutropis innotata2025-12-16T04:00:38Z<p>LorenaGallant5: started the entry added tags - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of lizard}}<br />
{{speciesbox <br />
| status = DD<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref =<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |date=2013 |title=''Eutropis innotata'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172653A1359830 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172653A1359830.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref><br />
| genus = Eutropis<br />
| species = innotata<br />
| authority = ([[William Thomas Blanford|Blanford]], 1870)<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Eutropis|species=innotata|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref><br />
| synonyms =''Euprepes innotata'' <small>Blanford, 1870</small><br /><br />
''Mabuya innotata'' <small>(Blanford, 1870)</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Blanford's mabuya''' ('''''Eutropis innotata''''') ( is a species of [[skink]] found in peninsular [[India]].<ref name=RDB/><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. Nostril pierced behind the vertical of the suture between the rostral and the first labial; no postnasal; anterior loreal in contact with the first labial; frontonasal broader than long, in contact with the rostral and (not constantly) with the frontal; latter a little shorter than the frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the second supraocular only; 4 supraoculars, second very large; 6 supracilianes; frontoparietals distinct, slightly shorter than the interparietal, which entirely separates the parietals; a pair of nuchals; 4 labials anterior to the subocular, which is at least twice as long as the neighbouring labials, and not narrower below. Bar-opening triangular, a little larger than a lateral scale, with three or four short lobules anteriorly. Nuchal and lateral scales mostly feebly tricarinate; dorsals quinquecarinate; 34 (or 32) scales round the middle of the body. The hind limb reaches the wrist of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamella smooth. <br />
Tail about 1.75 times length of head and body. Bronzy olive above, aides dark brown; a light, black-edged streak on each side, from the prefrontal and along the supraciliaries to the anterior third of the back, where it gradually disappears; a light streak from below the eye to the shoulder; lower surfaces whitish.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. 1890. Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Amphibia.</ref><br />
From snout to vent 2.2 inches; tail 3.75. Penganga Valley, S.E. Berar.<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
Southern and central India.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Blanford, W.T. 1870 Notes on some Reptilia and Amphibia from Central India. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 39: 335-376<br />
* Smith, M.A. 1935 Reptiles and Amphibia, Vol. II. in: The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London, 440 pp.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{NRDB species|genus=Eutropis|species=innotata }}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3008481}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Eutropis]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1870]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by William Thomas Blanford]]<br />
<br />
{{skink-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shibli_National_College&diff=534921Shibli National College2025-12-04T14:44:47Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|College in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Shibli National College<br />
| image = Logo of Halim Muslim PG College kanpur,Sep 2016.png<br />
| motto = <br />
| established = 1883<br />
| founder = [[Shibli Nomani]]<br />
| principal = Dr. Asfar Ali<br />
| city = [[Azamgarh]]<br />
| country = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| location = <br />
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br />
| coor = {{coord|26.0748512|83.1844133|display=inline,title}}<br />
| affiliations = [[Maharaja Suhel Dev University]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.shiblicollege.ac.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shibli National College''' is an educational institution located in [[Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh]], India. Established in 1883 by the historian, educationist, and social reformer Allama [[Shibli Nomani]], it began as a "National School" and has since evolved into a prominent center for higher education in eastern Uttar Pradesh.<br />
<br />
Shibli College's library is considered one of the largest in Asia. The strength of the college is about ten thousand with almost equal number of male and female students.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Shibli was an educationist and for a long time a companion and adviser to Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], the founder of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[Aligarh, India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=आजमगढ़ में 18 नवंबर से शिब्ली डे का आयोजन:महाराजा सुहेलदेव विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति होंगे मुख्य अतिथि, आयोजित की जाएगी प्रतियोगिता विजेताओं का होगा सम्मान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/news/shibli-day-will-be-organized-in-azamgarh-from-november-18-133974498.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azamgarh college facing hurdles in securing minority seats |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/5349-azamgarh-college-facing-hurdles-in-securing-minority-seats/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shibli established the college in 1883, with an aim to uplifting and betterment of Muslim community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azamgarh college facing hurdles in securing minority seats |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/5349-azamgarh-college-facing-hurdles-in-securing-minority-seats/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
This national school was upgraded to a middle school in 1887, then to a high school in 1895. It became an intermediate college in 1942 and was granted degree college status in 1946.<br />
<br />
== Affiliations ==<br />
The college is affiliated with [[Maharaja Suhel Dev University]] (MSDU), Azamgarh, and is recognised as a Muslim minority institute by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC). <br />
<br />
== Courses ==<br />
It offers a range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across multiple disciplines, including arts, science, commerce, law, and education.<br />
<br />
==Departments of the college==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}<br />
'''Faculty of science'''<br />
<br />
Department of Botany, Department of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Department of Physics, Department of Zoology, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Department of Bicohemistry, Department of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, Department of Geology, Department of Statistics.<br />
"Department of Computer Science"<br />
<br />
'''Faculty of Arts'''<br />
<br />
Department of English, Department of Geography, Department of Hindi, Department of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, Department of Sociology, Department of Urdu, Department of Arabic, Department of Defense and strategic studies, Department of Economics, Department of History, Department of political science, Department of education, Department of Persian, Department of Sanskrit, Department of Physical Education, Department of Home Science.<br />
<br />
'''Faculty of Commerce'''<br />
<br />
Department of commerce, Department of Business Management<br />
<br />
'''Faculty of Law'''<br />
<br />
Department of Law<br />
<br />
'''Faculty of Education'''<br />
<br />
Department of teacher education (B.Ed.)<br />
<br />
'''Faculty of Computer'''<br />
<br />
Department of Computer Science and Application<br />
<br />
== Library ==<br />
Shibli College's library is considered one of the largest in Asia. It houses approximately 750 handwritten manuscripts. Additionally, it features works such as 'Al-Arawah' and 'Sirre Akbar' by Jahangir's daughter, Jahan Ara, as well as famous Hindu scriptures like the [[Upanishads]] and a Persian translation of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=एशिया के बड़े पुस्तकालयों में से एक है यूपी की ये लाइब्रेरी, 750 से अधिक पांडुलिपि मौजूद |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh-asia-largest-library-in-azamgarh-shibli-college-750-manuscripts-present-8650131.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.shiblicollege.ac.in Official website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Education in Azamgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1883]]<br />
[[Category:1883 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges in Azamgarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Shibli Nomani]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharanipeta_mandal&diff=514823Maharanipeta mandal2025-11-26T04:20:51Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Maharanipeta mandal<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.709920|N|83.303109|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Maharanipeta]]<br />
| parts_type = <br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| parts = <br />
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]<br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes =<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Maharanipeta mandal''' is one of the 11 mandals in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is administered under [[Visakhapatnam revenue division]] and its headquarters is located at [[Maharanipeta]]. The mandal lies on the coast of [[Bay of Bengal]] and is bounded by [[Visakhapatnam (rural) mandal|Visakhapatnam Rural]] to the north and [[Visakhapatnam Urban-1]] to the west.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s32d6cc4b2d139a53512fb8cbb3086ae2e/uploads/2022/05/2022050917.pdf |title=Visakhapatnam district - District handbook of statistics |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Visakhapatnam district website, Government of AP}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are no villages in this mandal as it is located within the jurisdiction of [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]], which is responsible for the civic amenities of [[Maharanipeta]].<ref name=sub>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Visakhapatnam District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=13|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Visakhapatnam (urban) mandal villages |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf |publisher=apland.ap.nic.in |accessdate=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Visakhapatnam district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lulu_Mall,_Lucknow&diff=513768Lulu Mall, Lucknow2025-10-27T05:05:59Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox shopping mall<br />
| name = LuLu Mall Lucknow<br />
| logo =<br />
| image = Lulu Mall - Lucknow 20220717 172748.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| location = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| mapframe-zoom = <br />
| coordinates = <br />
| address = Amar Shaheed Path, Golf City, Sector B Ansal API,<br> Lucknow - 226 030<br />
| opening_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|7|11}}<br />
| owner = [[LuLu Group International]]<br />
| architect = <br />
| number_of_stores = <br />
| number_of_anchors = <br />
| floors = <br />
| floor_area = <br />
| publictransit = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.lucknow.lulumall.in/|Official website}}<br />
| Main contractor = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''LuLu Mall, Lucknow''' is a [[shopping mall]] located in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Spanning {{convert|45.9|acre}}, it is one of the [[List of shopping malls in India|largest malls in India]] with a total built up area of 19<br />
lakh square feet.{{cn|date=July 2025}} It contains nearly 300 national and international brands and will feature a 6000 sq. m.{{cn|date=July 2025}} The Mall is located within Sushant Golf City with a total development of 1,85,800 sq. m. The mixed-use development of Sushant Golf City has luxury housing, educational institutes, clubs, hospitals and a magnificent 18 hole golf course spread across 6.8 lakh sq.m.<ref name=ieshopping>{{cite news|title=The highway to shopping|url=https://www.indiatoday.in//cities/lucknow/story/lucknow-news-lulu-mall-inaugurated-large-crowd-gathered-1974591-2022-07-12|newspaper=India Today|date=12 July 2022}}</ref> The mall was opened on 11 July 2022, by then [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucknow's LuLu Mall witnesses rush a day after inauguration by CM|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lucknows-lulu-mall-witnesses-rush-a-day-after-inauguration-by-cm-101657559801792.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=11 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is designed by UK-based architects, set a benchmark in the design and architecture industry with its modern art theme. The mall had a unique blend of local stories and innovative design, with a smart space layout and infrastructure that made it superior to many others. Its extraverted architectural projection integrated with the street and introduced the concept of a 'High Street' with 'Piazzas,' inspired by traditional architecture. The skylight's pointed arch geometry allowed natural light into the interior while providing protection and reducing energy demand.<ref>{{cite news|title=International retailer Lulu Group introduces modern art theme at upcoming Lulu Mall in Lucknow|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/international-retailer-lulu-group-introduces-modern-art-theme-at-upcoming-lulu-mall-in-lucknow-122053001301_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date = 30 May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
With an average daily footfall of more than 80,000, it is one of the most visited places in Uttar Pradesh. As many as 1 lakh people visited the newly inaugurated LuLu Mall on its first day of operations. [[LuLu Group]]’s flagship [[Lulu Hypermarket]] and indoor family entertainment centre Funtura became major attractions for visitors.<ref>{{cite news|title=1 lakh people visit LuLu Mall on opening day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/1l-people-visit-lulu-mall-on-opening-day/articleshow/92862637.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date = 14 July 2022}}</ref> The estimated cost for this project was more than ₹2,000 crore.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lulu Mall comes to Lucknow with Rs 2,000 cr investment|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/lulu-mall-comes-to-lucknow-with-rs-2000-cr-investment-8023569/lite/|work=Indian Express|access-date = 14 July 2022}}</ref> The property is owned and managed by [[Abu Dhabi]] based [[LuLu Group International]]. The shops and restaurants in LuLu Mall are franchised via Lulu Group's own retail operations company called Tablez. The head office building of Lulu group in India is in Edapally, Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LuLu Group India {{!}} LinkedIn |url=https://in.linkedin.com/company/lulu-group-india |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=in.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
*[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Lulu Mall}}<br />
* [http://www.lulushoppingmall.com LuLu Shopping Mall]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Shopping malls in India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shopping malls in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2022]]<br />
[[Category:Ice rinks]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Lulu Malls]]<br />
[[Category:LuLu Group]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Harvey_(religious_writer)&diff=461591Andrew Harvey (religious writer)2025-10-20T22:57:11Z<p>LorenaGallant5: refined article also and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|British author, religious scholar, and teacher of mystic traditions}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> <br />
| name = Andrew Harvey<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1952}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| occupation = Author, religious scholar, mystic<br />
| language = English and French<br />
| nationality = <br />
| ethnicity = <br />
| citizenship = British<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]<br />
| period = 1970–1977<br />
| genre = <br />
| subject = <br />
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| notableworks = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <br />
| children = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| influences = <br />
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| awards = <br />
| signature = <br />
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| website = {{url|http://andrewharvey.net}}<br />
| portaldisp = <br />
}}<br />
'''Andrew Harvey''' (born 9 June 1952) is a British author, religious scholar and teacher of [[mysticism|mystic]] traditions, known primarily for his popular nonfiction books on spiritual or mystical themes, beginning with his 1983 ''A Journey in [[Ladakh]]''. He is the author of over 30 books, including, ''The Hope, A Guide to Sacred Activism'', ''The Direct Path'', the critically acclaimed ''Way of Passion: A Celebration of [[Rumi]]'', ''The Return of the Mother'' and ''[[The Son of Man (book)|Son of Man]]''.<ref>[http://www.hayhouse.com/authorbio.php?id=451 Author Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110104358/http://www.hayhouse.com/authorbio.php?id=451 |date=10 November 2013 }} [[Hay House]].</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Soul Searching|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/11/books/soul-searching.html?pagewanted=all |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 August 1991 | first=Jane | last=O'Reilly | accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> He was the subject of the 1993 [[BBC]] documentary "The Making of a Modern Mystic"<ref>{{Citation|title=The Making of a Modern Mystic (1993)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_making_of_a_modern_mystic_1993|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> and is the founder of the [[Sacred Activism]] movement.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The hope : a guide to sacred activism|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2009|publisher=Hay House|isbn=978-1-4019-2003-6|edition=1st|location=Carlsbad, Calif.|oclc=262892403}}</ref><br />
<br />
Harvey lives in Chicago, Illinois, where he continues to write when he is not lecturing. Harvey conducts workshops on Sacred Activism, the teachings of Rumi, [[yoga]] and practices that will lead to deeper spiritual awareness. Harvey travels with students to sacred sites in [[India]], Australia and South Africa, and offers personal spiritual direction. [[Watkins Books#Watkins' Spiritual 100 list for 2012|Harvey was listed as number 33]] in the Watkins' Mind Body Spirit magazine as one of the 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.watkinsbooks.com/review/watkins-spiritual-100-list-2012 |title=Watkins' Spiritual 100 List for 2012 &#124; Esoteric News |access-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603182037/http://www.watkinsbooks.com/review/watkins-spiritual-100-list-2012 |archive-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, he was nominated for the [[Templeton Prize]], which was awarded to the Dalai Lama.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Harvey was born in [[Coimbatore]], [[India]], in 1952<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://conscious.tv/text/41.htm|title=Conscious TV - Andrew Harvey – The Death and the Birth|website=conscious.tv|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> and lived there until he was nine years old. He was educated at English [[boarding school]]s and then the [[University of Oxford]], where he later taught [[Shakespeare]] and French literature until 1977. He wrote his [[dissertation]] on [[Insanity|madness]] in Shakespeare and [[Erasmus]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harvey|first=Andrew|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/03/magazine/the-merry-mystic.html|title=The Merry Mystic|date=1993-10-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-16|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
At 21 in the early 1970s, Harvey became a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellow]] of [[All Souls College, Oxford]].<ref>[http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/catalog/author.htm?authorID=990 Andrew Harvey] Random House.</ref> By 1977 he had become disillusioned with life at Oxford and returned to India, where a series of mystical experiences initiated his spiritual journey. Over the next thirty years he plunged into different mystical traditions to learn their secrets and practices. In 1978 he met a succession of Indian saints and sages and began his study and practice of [[Hinduism]]. In 1983, in Ladakh, he met a great [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] Buddhist teacher, [[Thuksey Rinpoche]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Thuksey_Rinpoche|title=Thuksey Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki}}</ref> and undertook with him the [[Mahayana Buddhist]] [[bodhisattva]] vows, which he describes in his book ''[https://search.catalog.loc.gov/instances/0ec7f367-aa27-556b-ac97-dd4539e061f7?option=keyword&query=a%20journey%20in%20ladakh%20harvey A Journey in Ladakh]'' published that same year. Later, in 1990, Harvey would collaborate with [[Sogyal Rinpoche]] and [[Patrick Gaffney (Buddhist)|Patrick Gaffney]] in the writing of ''[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/tibetan-book-living-and-dying/|title=The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying|last=Rolston|first=Dean|website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> In 1984, Harvey began a ten-year-long exploration and explication of Rumi and [[Sufi]] mysticism in Paris with a group of French Sufis under the guidance of [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], the translator of Rumi into French.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Direct Path|last=Harvey, Andrew|isbn=978-1-4090-0388-5|location=London|pages=23|oclc=1100655877|date = 30 September 2010}}</ref> In 1992, he met Father [[Bede Griffiths]] in his [[ashram]] in south India near where Harvey had been born. It was this meeting that helped him synthesize the whole of his mystical explorations and reconcile Eastern with [[Western mysticism]]. <br />
<br />
While in India, Harvey encountered [[Mother Meera]], who became his [[guru]] and the subject of his book ''Hidden Journey''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritualteachers.org/mother-meera/|title=Mother Meera|last=Shawn|date=19 August 2016|website=SpiritualTeachers.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> His memoir, ''The Sun at Midnight'', describes their subsequent break and his disillusionment with gurus.<br />
<br />
For the last 30 years, Harvey has travelled widely, living in India, London, Paris, New York and San Francisco, studying, teaching at university level and in seminars and workshops. A prolific writer, Harvey has authored or co-authored over 30 books. His focus since 2005 has been the advocacy of what he terms "Sacred Activism". He is the founder and director of the Institute of Sacred Activism, which trains leaders and [[social justice]] advocates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andrewharvey.net/home|title=Home|website=Andrewharvey|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218112003/https://www.andrewharvey.net/home|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Teachings==<br />
Harvey is a scholar of mystic traditions. He envisions true [[spirituality]] to be the [[:wikt:deify|divinisation]] of earthly life through [[spiritual practice]]. These practices can take many forms and can be taken from religious traditions.<br />
Harvey sees six poets and religious figures as having universal appeal:<br />
:*[[Siddhartha Gautama|Shakyamuni Buddha]] as portrayed in the ''[[Dhammapada]]''<br />
:*[[Jesus]] as portrayed in the ''[[Gospel of Thomas]]''<br />
:*[[Rumi]], a 13th century [[Sufi]] poet. <br />
:*[[Kabir]], a 15th century Indian poet<br />
:*[[Ramakrishna]], a 19th century [[Hindu]] [[sadhu]]<br />
:*[[Aurobindo]], a 20th century Hindu philosopher-[[Wise old man|sage]]<br />
<br />
Harvey also emphasises the Divine Feminine, as expressed in the [[Virgin Mary]], [[Kali]], the [[Black Madonna]], and [[Mother Nature|Mother Earth]].<br />
<br />
Since 2005, Andrew Harvey's work has focused on teaching Sacred Activism around the globe. Harvey describes sacred activism as "the product of the union of a profound spiritual and mystical knowledge, understanding, and compassion, peace and energy, with focused, wise, radical action in the world."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andrewharvey.net/sacredactivism|title=Sacred Activism|website=Andrewharvey|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* ''A Journey in [[Ladakh]]: Encounters with [[Buddhism]]'', 1983 (reprinted in 2000). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000. {{ISBN|0-618-05675-0}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=A journey in Ladakh|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=0-618-05675-0|edition=1st Mariner Books|location=Boston|oclc=43978270}}</ref><br />
* ''Hidden Journey: A Spiritual Awakening'', 1991<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hidden journey : a spiritual awakening|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=1991|publisher=Holt|isbn=0-8050-1454-3|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=22278056|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenjourneysp000harv}}</ref><br />
* ''[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]]: A New Spiritual Classic from One of the Foremost Interpreters of Tibetan Buddhism to the West'' (co-editor), 1992<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Tibetan book of living and dying|last=Sogyal, Rinpoche.|date=1992|publisher=Harper San Francisco|others=Gaffney, Patrick, 1949-, Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|isbn=0-06-250793-1|location=[San Francisco, Calif.]|oclc=25552286}}</ref><br />
* ''The Way of Passion: A Celebration of [[Rumi]]''. North Atlantic Books/Frog, 1994.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The way of passion : a celebration of Rumi|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2001|publisher=Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam|others=Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, Maulana, 1207-1273.|isbn=1-58542-074-3|edition=1st Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam|location=New York|oclc=44573434}}</ref><br />
* ''The Divine Feminine: Exploring the Feminine Face of God Throughout the World'', 1996 {{ISBN|1-57324-035-4}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The divine feminine : exploring the feminine face of God throughout the world|date=1996|publisher=Conari Press|others=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-, Baring, Anne, 1931-|isbn=1-57324-035-4|location=Berkeley, CA|oclc=34151580}}</ref><br />
* ''Light upon light: inspirations from Rumi''. North Atlantic Books, 1996. {{ISBN|1-55643-206-2}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Light upon light : inspirations from Rumi|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=1996|publisher=North Atlantic Books|isbn=1-55643-206-2|location=Berkeley, Calif.|oclc=33983720}}</ref><br />
* ''Mary's Vineyard: Daily Meditations, Readings, and Revelations''. with Eryk Hanut. Quest Books, 1996. {{ISBN|0835607453}}<ref>{{Citation|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|title=Mary's vineyard|date=1997|publisher=Quest Audio|isbn=0-8356-2009-3|oclc=39665695}}</ref><br />
* ''The Essential Mystics: The Soul's Journey into Truth''. Castle Books, 1998<ref>{{Cite book|title=The essential mystics : the soul's journey into truth|date=1996|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|others=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|isbn=0-06-250904-7|edition=1st|location=[San Francisco]|oclc=34742352}}</ref><br />
* ''The Essential Gay Mystics'', 1998 {{ISBN|0-06-250905-5}} (cloth), {{ISBN|0-06-251524-1}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The essential gay mystics|date=1997|publisher=Castle Books|others=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|isbn=0-7858-0907-4|location=Edison, N.J.|oclc=39865383|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialgaymyst00harv}}</ref><br />
* ''[[The Son of Man (book)|Son of Man: The Mystical Path to Christ]]'', J.P. Tarcher/Putnam, 1998<ref>{{Cite book|title=Son of Man : the mystical path to Christ|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=1999|publisher=J.P. Tarcher/Putnam|isbn=0-87477-992-8|edition=1st trade pbk.|location=New York|oclc=40954120|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sonofmanmystical00harv_0}}</ref><br />
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JfRcWr3ajLUC&dq=Andrew+Harvey+writer&pg=PT1 Perfume of the Desert: Inspirations from Sufi Wisdom]'', with Eryk Hanut. Quest Books, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8356-0767-4}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Perfume of the desert : inspirations from Sufi wisdom|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=1999|publisher=Quest Books|others=Hanut, Eryk, 1967-|isbn=0-8356-0767-4|edition=1st Quest|location=Wheaton, Ill.|oclc=39810984}}</ref><br />
* ''The Return of the Mother'', 2000<ref>{{Cite book|title=The return of the mother|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2001|publisher=J.P. Tarcher/Putnam|isbn=1-58542-073-5|location=New York|oclc=44613074}}</ref><br />
* ''The Direct Path: Creating a Personal Journey to the Divine Through the World's Traditions'', 2001 {{ISBN|0-7679-0299-8}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Direct Path|last=Harvey, Andrew|isbn=978-1-4090-0388-5|location=London|oclc=1100655877|date = 30 September 2010}}</ref><br />
* ''The Sun at Midnight: A Memoir of the Dark Night'', 2002 {{ISBN|1-58542-179-0}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sun at midnight : a memoir of the dark night|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2002|publisher=Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam|isbn=1-58542-179-0|location=New York|oclc=49719105}}</ref><br />
* ''A Walk With Four Spiritual Guides: Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, And Ramakrishna''. SkyLight Paths Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|1594731381}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=A walk with four spiritual guides : Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, and Ramakrishna|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2003|publisher=SkyLight Paths Pub|isbn=1-893361-73-X|location=Woodstock, VT|oclc=51177404|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/walkwithfourspir00andr}}</ref><br />
* ''The Hope: A Guide to Sacred Activism'', Hay House, 2009. {{ISBN|1-4019-2003-9}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The hope : a guide to sacred activism|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2009|publisher=Hay House|isbn=978-1-4019-2003-6|edition=1st|location=Carlsbad, Calif.|oclc=262892403}}</ref><br />
* ''Heart Yoga: The Sacred Marriage of Yoga and Mysticism'', North Atlantic Books. 2010. {{ISBN|9781556438974}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Heart yoga : the sacred marriage of yoga and mysticism|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2010|publisher=North Atlantic Books|others=Erickson, Karuna.|isbn=978-1-55643-897-4|location=Berkeley, Calif.|oclc=430839021}}</ref><br />
* ''Radical passion : sacred love and wisdom in action''. North Atlantic Books. 2012. {{ISBN|9781583945032}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Radical passion : sacred love and wisdom in action|last=Harvey, Andrew, 1952-|date=2012|publisher=North Atlantic Books|isbn=978-1-58394-503-2|location=Berkeley, Calif.|oclc=775415649}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.andrewharvey.net/ Andrew Harvey official site]<br />
* [http://www.beliefnet.com/Holistic-Living/2009/11/Sacred-Activist.aspx 10 Ways to Become a Sacred Activist by Andrew Harvey]<br />
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{{New Age Movement}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Harvey, Andrew}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]<br />
[[Category:British religious writers]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:New Age writers]]<br />
[[Category:British LGBTQ rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:British LGBTQ writers]]<br />
[[Category:American spiritual writers]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:Rumi scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Nautilus Book Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanam_Vari_Krishnapuram&diff=453290Vanam Vari Krishnapuram2025-09-30T20:44:45Z<p>LorenaGallant5: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{multiple issues|{{update|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Vanam Vari Krishnapuram<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| other_name = Vanam Vari Kistapuram<br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| nickname = vkp<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Khammam<br />
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17|07|15|N|80|08|17|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khammam district|Khammam]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Mandal<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mudigonda]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = Village or Post<br />
| subdivision_name4 = Vanam Vari Krishnapuram<br />
| established_title = Founded<br />
| established_date = 1800 AD<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Village President|President]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = President<br />
| leader_name = Yelagonda Thupakula<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_metropolitan = <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 130<br />
| population_total = 2800<br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 507158<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 08742<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Khammam<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madhira (Assembly constituency)|Madhira]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vanam Vari Krishnapuram''' is an Indian village in [[Mudigonda]] mandal, [[Khammam district]] in the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
It is located 23&nbsp;km from [[Khammam]], the headquarters of the Khammam District of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. Vanam Vari Krishnapuram is located along the Khammam-Vallabi main road.<br />
<br />
== Agriculture ==<br />
[[File:Vkp 02.jpg|thumb|Agriculture Field1]]<br />
[[File:Vkp 03.jpg|thumb|Agriculture Field2]]<br />
Agriculture is the main occupation for villagers. The most common crops are rice, cotton and chilli. Other commercial crops such as [[Leucaena leucocephala|white popinac]] and sugarcane, as well as mango and coconut plantations have flourished.<br />
<br />
Water for agriculture is primarily drawn from [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]]'s left canal (a.k.a. Lal Bahadur Shastri Canal)/N.S Canal, which flows through the village. Other sources are wells and Vanam Vari Krishnapuram Cheruvu which draws water from N.S Canal.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br />
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== Transport ==<br />
The village is located on one of the major routes in Mudigonda Mandal.<br />
<br />
APSRTC buses to Vallabhi/Pedamandava/Vallapuram run through the village.<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Cities and towns in Khammam district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Khammam district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Khammam-geo-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuttappuzha&diff=472633Kuttappuzha2025-09-26T08:20:18Z<p>LorenaGallant5: updated page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kuttapuzha<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Locality<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 14.17<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 29501 <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 689103<br />
| registration_plate = KL-27<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kuttappuzha''' is a revenue village and [[postal code]] in [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], located approximately 1.3 kilometres north of the town centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023822/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pathanamthitta district website|archivedate=10 April 2009}}</ref> The revenue village was formed by bifurcating the Thiruvalla revenue village in 1985.<br />
<br />
Kuttapuzha is the location of the headquarters of the [[Believers Eastern Church]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Kuttappuzha used to be a village and a gram panchayat. Due to development and urbanisation, the gram panchayat was later merged with the Thiruvalla municipality. However, the revenue village was not merged and continues to exist independent of the Thiruvalla revenue village.<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
Kuttappuzha is a part of the [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/KERALA/Final_Order_Kerala.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061229001922/http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/KERALA/Final_Order_Kerala.pdf| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 December 2006| title = ORDER NO. 9 – TABLE A & B&nbsp;– ASSEMBLY AND PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCIES AND THEIR EXTENT<br />
| access-date = 2005-05-31<br />
| work = Kerala<br />
| publisher = DELIMITATION COMMISSION OF INDIA }}</ref> Anto Antony is the current Member of Parliament.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Kuttappuzha has an average elevation of around 37m above sea level. Low-lying [[Paddy field|paddies]] drained by the [[Manimala River]] lie on its westernmost and easternmost boundaries. The fields drained by the Manimala in [[Kizhakkenmuthoor|Kizhakken Muthoor]] flood during the monsoons. In 2003, an artificial lake (Believers Church Lake) with an area of around 31,000 sqm. was constructed in the Believers Church campus in [[Chumathra]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Pathanamthitta district}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Thiruvalla taluk]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Pathanamthitta-geo-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Sarada_Math&diff=537093Sri Sarada Math2025-09-18T20:50:35Z<p>LorenaGallant5: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu nunnery}}<br />
<br />
'''Sri Sarada Math''' is a convent named after [[Sri Sarada Devi]],<ref>Udbodhan (Phalgun issue B.S.1379)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinduamerican.org/blog/sri-sarada-devi|title = Sri Sarada Devi: The Universal Mother|date = 16 June 2021}}</ref> the consort of [[Sri Ramakrishna]], founded on 2 December 1954.<ref>'' Swami Vivekananda's Dream, Sri Sarada Math'' (Sri Sarada Math: Dakshineshwar, 2005), p.7</ref> Headquartered at [[Dakshineswar|Dakshineshwar]], Kolkata, the organisation has 35 branch centres in other parts of India, and in Sri Lanka and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srisaradamath.org/centers.php|title=Official Website of Sri Sarada Math, Dakshineswar, Kolkata|website=www.srisaradamath.org|accessdate=Apr 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002071530/http://www.srisaradamath.org/centers.php|archive-date=October 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The nuns use the title "Pravrajika" before their ordained name, and are usually addressed as "Mataji" meaning 'revered mother'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tanenbaum.org/about-us/tanenbaum-resources/addressing-religious-leaders/#Hinduism|title = Addressing Religious Leaders}}</ref><ref>Clémentin-Ojha, Catherine. 1998. "Outside the Norms: Women Ascetics in Hindu Society." Economic<br />
and Political Weekly 18: April 30</ref><ref>Pechilis, Karen. 2004. The Graceful Gurus: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref><br />
<br />
Sri Sarada Math also stands as the first monastic institution for Hindu women fully governed by women and without any interference from men. It was born as envisioned by [[Swami Vivekananda]] to revive the status of Hindu women in spiritual realm in the footsteps of [[Gārgī Vāchaknavī|Gargi]] and [[Maitreyi]].<ref>Anjana Gangopadhyay, ''The Way to Women's Freedom According to Vivekananda'', Advaita Ashrama, Kolkata (2013). p.51</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
Sri Sarada Math is the monastic order for women established as an independent counterpart to [[Ramakrishna Order]]. The main aim of the organisation is to fulfill the mission of Swami Vivekananda, that is 'Shiva Jnane Jiva Seva' serving God in Man, irrespective of caste, creed, and nationality as well as the upliftment and empowerment of women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srisaradamathrb.org/our-origin/|title=Our Origin &#124; Rasik Bhita|accessdate=Apr 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318222112/http://srisaradamathrb.org/our-origin/|archive-date=March 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>'' Echoes of Vedanta in the far East'' (Ramakrishna Sarada Vedanta Society of New South Wales: Australia, 1994), p.i)</ref><br />
<br />
The organisation mainly propagates the Hindu philosophy of [[Vedanta]]–[[Advaita Vedanta]] and four yogic ideals–[[Jnana yoga|Jnana]], [[Bhakti yoga|Bhakti]], [[Karma yoga|Karma]], and [[Raja Yoga]].<ref name="auto2">Pravrajika Atmaprana, ''Monasticism for Indian Women, Monasticism Ideal and Traditions'' (Sri Ramakrishna Math Chennai: Chennai1991), p.303</ref><br />
<br />
Apart from religious and spiritual teaching, the organisation carries out educational and philanthropic work in India. The Sri Sarada Math and its sister organisation, the Ramakrishna Sarada Mission, publish many Vedanta and Ramakrishna-Vivekananda texts. Ramakrishna Sarada Mission, its sister organisation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sri-Sarada-Math|title=Sri Sarada Math &#124; Indian religious society}}</ref> also shares the same headquarters at Dakshineshwar, Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sri-Sarada-Math|title=Sri Sarada Math &#124; Indian religious society|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=Apr 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910133413/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Sri-Sarada-Math|archive-date=September 10, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
2 December 1954, the Sarada Math was inaugurated.<ref>A Blessed Life, Biography of Pravrajika Bharatiprana (Pravrajika Jnanadaprana, Sri Sarada Math: Dakshineswar, 2012), p.133</ref> [[File:Sarada Math Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|Sri Sarada Math at Nandi Durg Road, Bengaluru]]<br />
<br />
From 1954 to 1958 Sri Sarada Math was a branch centre of the Ramakrishna Math at Belur.<ref>A Blessed Life, Biography of Pravrajika Bharatiprana (Pravrajika Jnanadaprana, Sri Sarada Math: Dakshineswar, 2012), p.135</ref> The Trustees of [[Belur Math]] assumed the responsibility of its administration.<ref>A Blessed Life, Biography of Pravrajika Bharatiprana (Pravrajika Jnanadaprana, Sri Sarada Math: Dakshineswar, 2012), p.134</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 January 1959, the birth anniversary of Sri Sarada Devi, eight Brahmacharinis of the women's Math were ordained into formal Sannyasa and given new names prefixed by 'Pravrajika' and ending with 'prana'. Sri Bharati, the President of the Sarada Math was given the name, Pravrajika Bharatiprana. The others seven brahmacharinis were named as Pravrajikas Muktiprana, Dayaprana, Vidyaprana, Shraddhaprana, Bhaktiprana and Medhaprana.<ref>ibid p.134</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 August 1959, the Sri Sarada Math was recognised as an independent organisation and the full administration was handed over to the nuns. Seven of its nuns were elected to be the Trustees. The Trust deed was registered on 9 September 1959 and it was officially registered as a non-government trust on 11 September 1959.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiangoslist.com/ngo-address/sri-sarada-math-in-kolkata-west-bengal_WB-2018-0187434 | title=SRI SARADA MATH NGO in KOLKATA WEST BENGAL Address Contact details }}</ref> With this an independent Order of Sannyasinis was created.<ref>Pravrajika Atmaprana, Monasticism for Indian Women, Monasticism Ideal and Traditions (Sri Ramakrishna Math Chennai: Chennai1991), p.303</ref><br />
<br />
[[Sankaracharya]] did not sanction [[sannyasa]] for women.<ref name="auto2" /><br />
<br />
== Motto ==<br />
<br />
The motto of [[Ramakrishna Math]] and Mission, 'Atmano Mokshartham Jagad Hitaya Ca' is also shared by Sri Sarada Math and Ramakrishna Sarada Mission.<ref>A Blessed Life, Biography of Pravrajika Bharatiprana (Pravrajika Jnanadaprana, Sri Sarada Math: Dakshineswar, 2012), p.130</ref><br />
<br />
== Work for Women ==<br />
Since its inception, Sri Sarada Math has taken over the major responsibility of uplifting the Indian women which was till then handled by Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission.<ref>''The Ramakrishna Movement'', The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Gol Park, Calcutta (2005) pg.35</ref> This is especially in the areas of health care and education of women. Following the legal establishment of Ramakrishna Sarada Mission, the two institutions run by the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] for women, the Matri Bhavan (maternity hospital) in south Kolkata and the Entally Ashrama, Women's Welfare Centre in central [[Kolkata]] were handed over to Ramakrishna Sarada Mission in 1961.<ref name="auto4">A Blessed Life, Biography of Pravrajika Bharatiprana (Pravrajika Jnanadaprana, Sri Sarada Math: Dakshineswar, 2012), p.138</ref><br />
<br />
In 1963, the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] authorities handed over the [[Sister Nivedita Girls' School]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sisterniveditagirlsschool.org/grandhistory.html|title=Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Sister Nivedita Girls School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India|website=www.sisterniveditagirlsschool.org|accessdate=Apr 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829021903/http://sisterniveditagirlsschool.org/grandhistory.html|archive-date=August 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> to the Ramakrishna Sarada Mission.<ref name="auto4" /><br />
<br />
== Presidents ==<br />
<br />
# [[Pravrajika Bharatiprana]]<ref>''Pravrajika Bharatiprana'' (Sri Sarada Math: Dakshineswar), p.43</ref><ref>Bengali newspaper, ''Ananda Bazar Patrika'' on 31 January 1973</ref><br />
# [[Pravrajika Mokshaprana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srisaradamath.org/mokshaprana.php|title=Official Website of Sri Sarada Math, Dakshineswar, Kolkata|website=www.srisaradamath.org|accessdate=Apr 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909210222/http://www.srisaradamath.org/mokshaprana.php|archive-date=September 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
# [[Pravrajika Shraddhaprana]]<ref>Pravrajika Shraddhaprana (Sri Sarada Math: Dakshineswar), p.20</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/pravrajika-shraddhaprana-mataji-passes-away/story-4Jg6Nxhgj0v6rXpDFjkPTK.html|title=Pravrajika Shraddhaprana Mataji passes away|date=2009-02-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><br />
# [[Pravrajika Bhaktiprana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srisaradamath.org/administration.php|title=Official Website of Sri Sarada Math, Dakshineswar, Kolkata|website=www.srisaradamath.org|accessdate=Apr 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002064429/http://srisaradamath.org/administration.php|archive-date=October 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/healer-at-the-helm/cid/1264963|title=Healer at the helm|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><br />
# Pravrajika Anandaprana<ref>{{cite news |title=President Of Sarada Math & Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Passes Away At 97 |url=https://ommcomnews.com/india-news/president-of-sarada-math-ramakrishna-sarada-mission-passes-away-at-97 |access-date=30 April 2024 |publisher=Ommcom News |date=30 April 2024}}</ref><br />
# Pravrajika Premaprana<ref>Sudipta Das, "[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sarada-math-sixth-president-pravrajika-premaprana/articleshow/111793311.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com Sarada Math Gets Sixth President]"</ref><br />
<br />
== Branches ==<br />
=== Sri Lanka ===<br />
Sri Ramakrishna Sarada Samity was started in Colombo in 1970 and in 2006, it became a branch centre of the Sarada Math with a new name as Ramakrishna Sarada Mission (Lanka Branch).<ref>[https://www.srilankalaw.lk/r/989-ramakrishna-sarada-mission-lanka-branch-incorporation-act.html Ramakrishna Sarada Mission (Lanka Branch) (Incorporation) Act]<br />
</ref> Along with spiritual education, this branch also conducts various humanitarian and social welfare activities in Sri Lanka. Its current president is Pravrajika Sushantaprana.<ref>https://srisaradamath.org/colombo.php</ref><br />
<br />
=== Australia===<br />
The branch centre in Australia, known as (Ramakrishna Sarada) Vedanta Society of New South Wales was formed in 1974. This branch conducts classes, retreats, discussions on meditation, Yoga, Vedanta, and observe some Hindu festival celebration. Its current president is Pravrajika Gayatriprana.<ref>[https://saradavedanta.org/ Vedanta Society of NSW]</ref><br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
''Nibodhata'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nibodhatapatrika.com/ |title=Nibodhata Patrika |access-date=2021-08-09 |archive-date=2021-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809035354/https://nibodhatapatrika.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is its [[Bengali language|Bengali]] journal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/sarada-math-nun-pravrajika-vedantaprana-breathes-her-last/cid/1798098|title = Sarada Math nun breathes her last}}</ref> published every two months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srisaradamath.org/nibodhata.php|title=Official Website of Sri Sarada Math, Dakshineswar, Kolkata|website=www.srisaradamath.org|accessdate=Apr 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922001431/http://srisaradamath.org/nibodhata.php|archive-date=September 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Samvit'' is its English journal, first published in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srisaradamath.org/samvit.php|title=Official Website of Sri Sarada Math, Dakshineswar, Kolkata|website=www.srisaradamath.org|accessdate=Apr 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925042013/http://www.srisaradamath.org/samvit.php|archive-date=September 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maasamiti.org/samiti/media/samvit/samvit14_3.php|title=Samvit|website=www.maasamiti.org|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.srisaradamath.org/}}<br />
* [http://srisaradamathrb.org, Rasik Bhita]<br />
* [http://www.sisterniveditagirlsschool.org, Sister Nivedita Girls School]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]<br />
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu religious orders]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Churachandpur_district&diff=513145List of populated places in Churachandpur district2025-07-14T07:09:20Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Place!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Villages in Churachandpur district of Manipur, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
The [[Churachandpur district]] of [[Manipur]] state in India is divided into 10 subdivisions or blocks.<ref name="blocks">{{cite web |title=Towns |publisher=District Administration Churachandpur |url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref> This is a list of villages in present-day Churachandpur district as per the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Churachandpur - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6465 |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref> In 2016, the [[Pherzawl district]] was carved out from the Churachandpur district,<ref>{{cite web|title=7 new districts formed in Manipur amid opposition by Nagas|date=9 December 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-7-new-districts-united-naga-council-okram-ibobi-singh-sadar-hills-nagas-356658-2016-12-09|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> by separating Thanlon, Tipaimukh, and Vangai blocks.<ref name="blocks"/><br />
<br />
== Blocks ==<br />
<br />
As of 2022, the district has 10 administrative sub-divisions or blocks: Churachandpur (Lamka block), Tuibuong, Kangvai, Saikot, Sangaikot, Singhat, Henglep, Mualnuam, Samulamlan, and Suangdoh. The Thanlon, Tipaimukh, and Vangai blocks were once part of the Churachandpur district, but now come under the [[Pherzawl district]] formed in 2016.<ref name="blocks"/><br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, the present-day Churachandpur district had the following subdivisions:<ref name="census_2011"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Population<br />
! [[Effective literacy rate]]<br />
! Sex ratio<br />
! [[Scheduled caste|SC]] population %<br />
! [[Scheduled tribe|ST]] population %<br />
! Census code (2011)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Henglep Subdivision|Churachandpur North]]<br />
| 30616<br />
| 73.9%<br />
| 942<br />
| 0.03%<br />
| 95.52%<br />
| 01870<br />
|-<br />
|[[Churachandpur]]<br />
| 174138<br />
| 86.06%<br />
| 989<br />
| 0.23%<br />
| 91.33%<br />
| 01871<br />
|-<br />
| [[Singngat]]<br />
| 22130<br />
| 73.32%<br />
| 906<br />
| 0.08%<br />
| 95.5%<br />
| 01872<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Towns ==<br />
<br />
The district has three towns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Towns |publisher=District Administration Churachandpur |url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/census-towns/ |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Type<br />
! Block<br />
! Population<br />
! Effective literacy rate<br />
! Sex ratio<br />
! SC population %<br />
! ST population %<br />
! Census code (2011)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zenhang Lamka]]<br />
| [[Census town#India|Census Town]]<br />
| Churachandpur<br />
| 7771<br />
| 83.12%<br />
| 1064<br />
| 0.21%<br />
| 66.89%<br />
| 269800<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rengkai]]<br />
| [[Census town#India|Census Town]]<br />
| Churachandpur<br />
| 8293<br />
| 93.29%<br />
| 934<br />
| 0.02%<br />
| 88.8%<br />
| 269801<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hill Town, Manipur|Hill Town]]<br />
| [[Census town#India|Census Town]]<br />
| Churachandpur<br />
| 2293<br />
| 90.66%<br />
| 1068<br />
| 0.04%<br />
| 65.72%<br />
| 269802<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Villages ==<br />
<br />
=== Other ===<br />
<br />
The following villages were part of the former Thanlon block, most of which is now part of the [[Pherzawl district]] formed in 2016.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Population<br />
! Effective literacy rate<br />
! Sex ratio<br />
! SC population %<br />
! ST population %<br />
! Census code (2011)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maite, Manipur|Maite]]<br />
| 278<br />
| 87.66%<br />
| 917<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.64%<br />
| 269331<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualhoihchiang]]<br />
| 108<br />
| 80.95%<br />
| 1160<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269332<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaipheng]]<br />
| 589<br />
| 46.54%<br />
| 977<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269333<br />
|-<br />
| [[L. Phungchongjang]]<br />
| 243<br />
| 42.65%<br />
| 898<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.59%<br />
| 269334<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bualtang]]<br />
| 130<br />
| 78.26%<br />
| 857<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.23%<br />
| 269335<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuiku Muallum]]<br />
| 115<br />
| 89.22%<br />
| 855<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269336<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sainoujang]]<br />
| 423<br />
| 35.44%<br />
| 847<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.58%<br />
| 269337<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuilijang]]<br />
| 204<br />
| 94.41%<br />
| 1020<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.51%<br />
| 269338<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phailiangbung]]<br />
| 416<br />
| 82.46%<br />
| 908<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.76%<br />
| 269339<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pamjal]]<br />
| 359<br />
| 60.19%<br />
| 860<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.72%<br />
| 269340<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thiekbung]]<br />
| 131<br />
| 65.45%<br />
| 1183<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269341<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sinjang]]<br />
| 114<br />
| 15.62%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269342<br />
|-<br />
| [[B.Munpi]]<br />
| 110<br />
| 33.33%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269343<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualkui]]<br />
| 191<br />
| 58.96%<br />
| 891<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269344<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kaihlam]]<br />
| 207<br />
| 50.0%<br />
| 1050<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.07%<br />
| 269345<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mong-On]]<br />
| 203<br />
| 33.92%<br />
| 1051<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269346<br />
|-<br />
| [[Umtal]]<br />
| 200<br />
| 94.97%<br />
| 1198<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.5%<br />
| 269347<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualnuam]]<br />
| 1400<br />
| 82.1%<br />
| 961<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.36%<br />
| 269348<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thuangtam]]<br />
| 225<br />
| 92.31%<br />
| 1250<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.56%<br />
| 269349<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songtal]]<br />
| 894<br />
| 83.0%<br />
| 952<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.44%<br />
| 269350<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khuanggin]]<br />
| 230<br />
| 74.87%<br />
| 1054<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269351<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khajang]]<br />
| 373<br />
| 99.68%<br />
| 984<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269352<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sinjawl]]<br />
| 1199<br />
| 88.15%<br />
| 931<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.5%<br />
| 269353<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Churachandpur North block ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Population<br />
! Effective literacy rate<br />
! Sex ratio<br />
! SC population %<br />
! ST population %<br />
! Census code (2011)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chongchin]]<br />
| 394<br />
| 80.52%<br />
| 1010<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.95%<br />
| 269354<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaibatang]]<br />
| 171<br />
| 91.02%<br />
| 819<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.25%<br />
| 269355<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saihum]]<br />
| 119<br />
| 96.23%<br />
| 803<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.16%<br />
| 269356<br />
|-<br />
| [[Konpi]]<br />
| 157<br />
| 95.68%<br />
| 915<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.09%<br />
| 269357<br />
|-<br />
| [[Santing]]<br />
| 507<br />
| 99.76%<br />
| 871<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.06%<br />
| 269358<br />
|-<br />
| [[Santing (L)]]<br />
| 431<br />
| 78.57%<br />
| 724<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.45%<br />
| 269359<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maomual]]<br />
| 195<br />
| 80.33%<br />
| 840<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.49%<br />
| 269360<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saichang]]<br />
| 227<br />
| 87.78%<br />
| 908<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.56%<br />
| 269361<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molkhang]]<br />
| 101<br />
| 93.07%<br />
| 980<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269362<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sainoulien]]<br />
| 110<br />
| 31.96%<br />
| 964<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269363<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lailong(L)]]<br />
| 138<br />
| 99.08%<br />
| 1156<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.28%<br />
| 269364<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lailong (S)]]<br />
| 226<br />
| 79.62%<br />
| 780<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.56%<br />
| 269365<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaisat]]<br />
| 153<br />
| 23.26%<br />
| 1068<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.35%<br />
| 269366<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nungsai]]<br />
| 308<br />
| 96.15%<br />
| 1184<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.35%<br />
| 269367<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aina, Manipur|Aina]]<br />
| 251<br />
| 53.14%<br />
| 887<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269368<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sanglel]]<br />
| 135<br />
| 68.5%<br />
| 800<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269369<br />
|-<br />
| [[Naopanglon]]<br />
| 147<br />
| 84.21%<br />
| 1042<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269370<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaibong]]<br />
| 112<br />
| 64.81%<br />
| 1667<br />
| 0%<br />
| 88.39%<br />
| 269371<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vantungbung]]<br />
| 164<br />
| 91.28%<br />
| 1025<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269372<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songkong]]<br />
| 202<br />
| 78.95%<br />
| 980<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269373<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mamong]]<br />
| 299<br />
| 70.42%<br />
| 1062<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269374<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chingmei Kuki]]<br />
| 378<br />
| 85.39%<br />
| 989<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.74%<br />
| 269375<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khanpi]]<br />
| 453<br />
| 97.16%<br />
| 1022<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.23%<br />
| 269376<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ainujang]]<br />
| 95<br />
| 8.97%<br />
| 1111<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269377<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mollen, Manipur|Mollen]]<br />
| 277<br />
| 66.81%<br />
| 910<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269378<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songphu]]<br />
| 244<br />
| 75.0%<br />
| 891<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.18%<br />
| 269379<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bolkot]]<br />
| 223<br />
| 64.43%<br />
| 956<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.55%<br />
| 269380<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Hengcham]]<br />
| 149<br />
| 59.52%<br />
| 1069<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269381<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kolchung]]<br />
| 161<br />
| 90.98%<br />
| 988<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269382<br />
|-<br />
| [[Majuron Kuki]]<br />
| 335<br />
| 37.72%<br />
| 893<br />
| 0%<br />
| 0%<br />
| 269383<br />
|-<br />
| [[L.Thingphai]]<br />
| 189<br />
| 23.81%<br />
| 871<br />
| 0%<br />
| 67.2%<br />
| 269384<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tumjangphai]]<br />
| 111<br />
| 77.5%<br />
| 982<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.1%<br />
| 269385<br />
|-<br />
| [[L. Phaikholum]]<br />
| 125<br />
| 51.33%<br />
| 894<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.4%<br />
| 269386<br />
|-<br />
| [[L. Phailen]]<br />
| 142<br />
| 47.86%<br />
| 1328<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269387<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Thenjang]]<br />
| 58<br />
| 95.0%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269388<br />
|-<br />
| [[L. Khengjang]]<br />
| 370<br />
| 58.23%<br />
| 888<br />
| 0%<br />
| 90.81%<br />
| 269389<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phoipi]]<br />
| 152<br />
| 92.24%<br />
| 877<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.34%<br />
| 269390<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thangsi]]<br />
| 120<br />
| 96.94%<br />
| 875<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269391<br />
|-<br />
| [[Silen, Manipur|Silen]]<br />
| 519<br />
| 73.98%<br />
| 937<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.45%<br />
| 269392<br />
|-<br />
| [[L.Boljol]]<br />
| 178<br />
| 71.63%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.88%<br />
| 269393<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hengmol]]<br />
| 145<br />
| 66.91%<br />
| 859<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269394<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bongphajol]]<br />
| 169<br />
| 82.39%<br />
| 1036<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.86%<br />
| 269395<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kukimun]]<br />
| 508<br />
| 41.75%<br />
| 1057<br />
| 1.57%<br />
| 84.25%<br />
| 269396<br />
|-<br />
| [[L.Gamnomphai]]<br />
| 72<br />
| 64.18%<br />
| 1118<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269397<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lamdan Kuki]]<br />
| 148<br />
| 57.58%<br />
| 1145<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.95%<br />
| 269398<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gamnomphai]]<br />
| 56<br />
| 52.17%<br />
| 867<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269399<br />
|-<br />
| [[Changlei]]<br />
| 0<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| 269400<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ingourok]]<br />
| 104<br />
| 45.98%<br />
| 677<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.04%<br />
| 269401<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Lhangnom]]<br />
| 120<br />
| 65.66%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269402<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Songjang]]<br />
| 104<br />
| 98.84%<br />
| 763<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269403<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kungpinaosen]]<br />
| 281<br />
| 34.7%<br />
| 979<br />
| 0%<br />
| 94.66%<br />
| 269404<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Kungpi]]<br />
| 369<br />
| 63.45%<br />
| 1061<br />
| 0%<br />
| 87.8%<br />
| 269405<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lamdan Kabui]]<br />
| 371<br />
| 81.13%<br />
| 973<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.92%<br />
| 269406<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tokpa Kabui]]<br />
| 333<br />
| 76.25%<br />
| 1379<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.1%<br />
| 269407<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kokodan Dahlon]]<br />
| 116<br />
| 83.81%<br />
| 1189<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.97%<br />
| 269408<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kokodan Khullen]]<br />
| 143<br />
| 76.56%<br />
| 959<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.5%<br />
| 269409<br />
|-<br />
| [[Majuron Kabui]]<br />
| 476<br />
| 82.44%<br />
| 975<br />
| 0%<br />
| 86.97%<br />
| 269410<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sadu Khoiroi]]<br />
| 581<br />
| 69.57%<br />
| 1017<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.66%<br />
| 269411<br />
|-<br />
| [[Charoi Khullen]]<br />
| 803<br />
| 93.91%<br />
| 898<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.38%<br />
| 269412<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nahlon]]<br />
| 442<br />
| 79.03%<br />
| 1056<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.1%<br />
| 269413<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ningthiching]]<br />
| 332<br />
| 78.0%<br />
| 668<br />
| 0%<br />
| 82.83%<br />
| 269414<br />
|-<br />
| [[N.Ningthiching]]<br />
| 396<br />
| 73.27%<br />
| 664<br />
| 0%<br />
| 88.13%<br />
| 269415<br />
|-<br />
| [[N.Chingphei]]<br />
| 84<br />
| 92.96%<br />
| 1049<br />
| 0%<br />
| 88.1%<br />
| 269416<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hengkapkot]]<br />
| 113<br />
| 68.29%<br />
| 1018<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269417<br />
|-<br />
| [[Golenkot]]<br />
| 193<br />
| 20.36%<br />
| 1053<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269418<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zounoi]]<br />
| 174<br />
| 11.68%<br />
| 1231<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269419<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaipijang]]<br />
| 68<br />
| 62.07%<br />
| 1345<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269420<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ukha Loikhai]]<br />
| 418<br />
| 97.28%<br />
| 917<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.76%<br />
| 269421<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gouthang]]<br />
| 238<br />
| 76.44%<br />
| 817<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269422<br />
|-<br />
| [[Najang]]<br />
| 378<br />
| 77.16%<br />
| 1043<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269423<br />
|-<br />
| [[Selvung (Napphou)]]<br />
| 228<br />
| 79.58%<br />
| 839<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269424<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kamkeilon]]<br />
| 319<br />
| 91.67%<br />
| 957<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.69%<br />
| 269425<br />
|-<br />
| [[Henglep]]<br />
| 992<br />
| 94.58%<br />
| 968<br />
| 0%<br />
| 94.56%<br />
| 269426<br />
|-<br />
| [[N. Saikot]]<br />
| 139<br />
| 78.57%<br />
| 958<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269427<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dahtum]]<br />
| 69<br />
| 74.63%<br />
| 971<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269428<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thinghejang]]<br />
| 168<br />
| 24.32%<br />
| 1074<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.81%<br />
| 269429<br />
|-<br />
| [[L.Khaopijang]]<br />
| 237<br />
| 75.43%<br />
| 959<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269430<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chothe Munpi]]<br />
| 297<br />
| 96.06%<br />
| 1062<br />
| 0%<br />
| 78.11%<br />
| 269431<br />
|-<br />
| [[Loilamkot]]<br />
| 138<br />
| 98.45%<br />
| 816<br />
| 0%<br />
| 91.3%<br />
| 269432<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mollungthu]]<br />
| 44<br />
| 79.55%<br />
| 1316<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269433<br />
|-<br />
| [[Leisanbung]]<br />
| 203<br />
| 64.32%<br />
| 915<br />
| 0%<br />
| 94.09%<br />
| 269434<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molphei Tampak]]<br />
| 356<br />
| 70.17%<br />
| 864<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.16%<br />
| 269435<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tonglhang]]<br />
| 150<br />
| 53.08%<br />
| 974<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269436<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Nabil]]<br />
| 1337<br />
| 47.59%<br />
| 1038<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.88%<br />
| 269437<br />
|-<br />
| [[Teijang]]<br />
| 459<br />
| 87.97%<br />
| 987<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269438<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mongken]]<br />
| 345<br />
| 91.86%<br />
| 983<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.71%<br />
| 269439<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zongmakot]]<br />
| 103<br />
| 7.53%<br />
| 776<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269440<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nabil Khuman]]<br />
| 309<br />
| 50.6%<br />
| 931<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269441<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moljen]]<br />
| 130<br />
| 91.53%<br />
| 1097<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.46%<br />
| 269442<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songpha]]<br />
| 235<br />
| 90.67%<br />
| 975<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269443<br />
|-<br />
| [[D. Munlui]]<br />
| 161<br />
| 79.03%<br />
| 769<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.52%<br />
| 269444<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kolhen]]<br />
| 436<br />
| 96.57%<br />
| 938<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269445<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dohjang]]<br />
| 129<br />
| 96.77%<br />
| 985<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.45%<br />
| 269446<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bungkot, Manipur|Bungkot]]<br />
| 179<br />
| 56.74%<br />
| 946<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.21%<br />
| 269447<br />
|-<br />
| [[B.Mongjang]]<br />
| 156<br />
| 90.91%<br />
| 773<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.36%<br />
| 269448<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songkot]]<br />
| 90<br />
| 91.43%<br />
| 1093<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269449<br />
|-<br />
| [[Monglham]]<br />
| 200<br />
| 55.93%<br />
| 724<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.0%<br />
| 269450<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tongkhojou]]<br />
| 116<br />
| 59.62%<br />
| 871<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269451<br />
|-<br />
| [[M.Phaijang]]<br />
| 115<br />
| 48.04%<br />
| 1170<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269452<br />
|-<br />
| [[Humkot]]<br />
| 154<br />
| 95.31%<br />
| 1081<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.1%<br />
| 269453<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lhanjang]]<br />
| 499<br />
| 49.5%<br />
| 897<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.8%<br />
| 269454<br />
|-<br />
| [[Damjawl]]<br />
| 97<br />
| 98.63%<br />
| 764<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269455<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moldak]]<br />
| 257<br />
| 95.35%<br />
| 1295<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.61%<br />
| 269456<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Tuiliphai]]<br />
| 154<br />
| 99.23%<br />
| 1053<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269457<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lungchong]]<br />
| 191<br />
| 89.94%<br />
| 1146<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.43%<br />
| 269458<br />
|-<br />
| [[V.Munlai]]<br />
| 238<br />
| 90.58%<br />
| 1034<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269459<br />
|-<br />
| [[Munpi]]<br />
| 521<br />
| 81.86%<br />
| 1035<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.81%<br />
| 269460<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chongkhojou]]<br />
| 616<br />
| 89.14%<br />
| 730<br />
| 0%<br />
| 87.01%<br />
| 269461<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thingken]]<br />
| 444<br />
| 83.98%<br />
| 574<br />
| 0.23%<br />
| 81.98%<br />
| 269462<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuilumjang]]<br />
| 362<br />
| 16.46%<br />
| 957<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.45%<br />
| 269463<br />
|-<br />
| [[P.Sejol]]<br />
| 334<br />
| 80.52%<br />
| 575<br />
| 0%<br />
| 75.15%<br />
| 269464<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hengkom]]<br />
| 95<br />
| 96.77%<br />
| 696<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269465<br />
|-<br />
| [[N.Pansang]]<br />
| 101<br />
| 84.29%<br />
| 980<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269466<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phiran, Manipur|Phiran]]<br />
| 154<br />
| 66.93%<br />
| 1053<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269467<br />
|-<br />
| [[P. Molcham]]<br />
| 82<br />
| 30.16%<br />
| 1158<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.78%<br />
| 269468<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vungbuk]]<br />
| 415<br />
| 63.13%<br />
| 861<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.07%<br />
| 269469<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuilaphai]]<br />
| 560<br />
| 90.38%<br />
| 1044<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.82%<br />
| 269470<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Gangpijang]]<br />
| 135<br />
| 32.69%<br />
| 1077<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.52%<br />
| 269471<br />
|-<br />
| [[Singmun]]<br />
| 332<br />
| 98.92%<br />
| 785<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269472<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pakol, Manipur|Pakol]]<br />
| 80<br />
| 49.18%<br />
| 667<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.75%<br />
| 269473<br />
|-<br />
| [[D.Loupum]]<br />
| 203<br />
| 50.0%<br />
| 971<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.01%<br />
| 269474<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaihel]]<br />
| 144<br />
| 93.86%<br />
| 1057<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269475<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molcham]]<br />
| 47<br />
| 89.19%<br />
| 958<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269476<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Churachandpur block ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Population<br />
! Effective literacy rate<br />
! Sex ratio<br />
! SC population %<br />
! ST population %<br />
! Census code (2011)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ngarian]]<br />
| 782<br />
| 84.7%<br />
| 1069<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.23%<br />
| 269477<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zaingang Khuman]]<br />
| 82<br />
| 78.57%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269478<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chaiba, Manipur|Chaiba]]<br />
| 294<br />
| 84.9%<br />
| 1178<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269479<br />
|-<br />
| [[Varok]]<br />
| 79<br />
| 76.27%<br />
| 756<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269480<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimdunlung]]<br />
| 59<br />
| 84.91%<br />
| 1185<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269481<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thengjang]]<br />
| 369<br />
| 67.38%<br />
| 973<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.92%<br />
| 269482<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chehjang]]<br />
| 68<br />
| 75.0%<br />
| 943<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.53%<br />
| 269483<br />
|-<br />
| [[Louchulbung]]<br />
| 122<br />
| 80.0%<br />
| 1033<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.18%<br />
| 269484<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aimol, Manipur|Aimol]]<br />
| 328<br />
| 85.76%<br />
| 1116<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.09%<br />
| 269485<br />
|-<br />
| [[Keirap Khunthak]]<br />
| 615<br />
| 89.6%<br />
| 538<br />
| 0%<br />
| 61.3%<br />
| 269486<br />
|-<br />
| [[Keirap Khunkha]]<br />
| 685<br />
| 77.27%<br />
| 730<br />
| 5.69%<br />
| 52.7%<br />
| 269487<br />
|-<br />
| [[Laimanai Kabui]]<br />
| 208<br />
| 59.22%<br />
| 981<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269488<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Geljang]]<br />
| 189<br />
| 96.41%<br />
| 340<br />
| 0%<br />
| 56.08%<br />
| 269489<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thumkhonglok]]<br />
| 44<br />
| 34.21%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269490<br />
|-<br />
| [[Laimanai Kuki]]<br />
| 304<br />
| 99.67%<br />
| 31<br />
| 0.33%<br />
| 2.63%<br />
| 269491<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pangjang]]<br />
| 98<br />
| 82.22%<br />
| 922<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269492<br />
|-<br />
| [[L.Semol]]<br />
| 73<br />
| 86.54%<br />
| 921<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269493<br />
|-<br />
| [[Keirap Khullen]]<br />
| 220<br />
| 82.78%<br />
| 507<br />
| 0%<br />
| 77.27%<br />
| 269494<br />
|-<br />
| [[Langjingmanbi]]<br />
| 43<br />
| 82.05%<br />
| 955<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269495<br />
|-<br />
| [[Heichanglok]]<br />
| 50<br />
| 94.87%<br />
| 852<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269496<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khoirentak Khuman]]<br />
| 483<br />
| 88.99%<br />
| 1004<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.89%<br />
| 269497<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khoirentak Khunou]]<br />
| 390<br />
| 95.07%<br />
| 718<br />
| 0%<br />
| 81.28%<br />
| 269498<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khousabung]]<br />
| 564<br />
| 96.93%<br />
| 1036<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.47%<br />
| 269499<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bunglon]]<br />
| 319<br />
| 73.31%<br />
| 1045<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269500<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kangathei]]<br />
| 240<br />
| 89.81%<br />
| 1034<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269501<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hermontang]]<br />
| 153<br />
| 92.65%<br />
| 937<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.35%<br />
| 269502<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senpangjang]]<br />
| 164<br />
| 89.26%<br />
| 1130<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.17%<br />
| 269503<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pungchongjang]]<br />
| 305<br />
| 86.77%<br />
| 713<br />
| 0%<br />
| 83.93%<br />
| 269504<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ujungmakhong]]<br />
| 152<br />
| 92.65%<br />
| 1171<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269505<br />
|-<br />
| [[P.Gelmolkhunou]]<br />
| 108<br />
| 90.91%<br />
| 800<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.07%<br />
| 269506<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bijang Tampak]]<br />
| 70<br />
| 75.86%<br />
| 628<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269507<br />
|-<br />
| [[Laikamolsau]]<br />
| 37<br />
| 81.82%<br />
| 1643<br />
| 0%<br />
| 86.49%<br />
| 269508<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualsang]]<br />
| 65<br />
| 62.75%<br />
| 1241<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269509<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualngat]]<br />
| 138<br />
| 92.37%<br />
| 533<br />
| 2.9%<br />
| 65.94%<br />
| 269510<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bijang Gangte]]<br />
| 37<br />
| 75.86%<br />
| 762<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269511<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thoroilok]]<br />
| 55<br />
| 77.08%<br />
| 1500<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.36%<br />
| 269512<br />
|-<br />
| [[P.Geljang]]<br />
| 90<br />
| 70.13%<br />
| 1045<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.89%<br />
| 269513<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phoisanbung]]<br />
| 115<br />
| 94.95%<br />
| 825<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.39%<br />
| 269514<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pholjang]]<br />
| 253<br />
| 92.37%<br />
| 524<br />
| 0%<br />
| 72.73%<br />
| 269515<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ukhatampak]]<br />
| 264<br />
| 85.84%<br />
| 846<br />
| 0%<br />
| 69.7%<br />
| 269516<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songdo, Manipur|Songdo]]<br />
| 171<br />
| 84.29%<br />
| 1060<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.25%<br />
| 269517<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phoisenphai]]<br />
| 156<br />
| 93.38%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269518<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gothol]]<br />
| 589<br />
| 91.92%<br />
| 554<br />
| 0%<br />
| 68.93%<br />
| 269519<br />
|-<br />
| [[G. Mongjang]]<br />
| 141<br />
| 65.32%<br />
| 1238<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.29%<br />
| 269520<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kangvai]]<br />
| 939<br />
| 87.32%<br />
| 1024<br />
| 0%<br />
| 90.84%<br />
| 269521<br />
|-<br />
| [[K. Khomunnom]]<br />
| 171<br />
| 98.59%<br />
| 943<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269522<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Kotlian]]<br />
| 145<br />
| 87.3%<br />
| 859<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.93%<br />
| 269523<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualhoih]]<br />
| 131<br />
| 71.17%<br />
| 985<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.95%<br />
| 269524<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Zalenphai]]<br />
| 275<br />
| 85.14%<br />
| 937<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.09%<br />
| 269525<br />
|-<br />
| [[Torbung]]<br />
| 439<br />
| 96.53%<br />
| 1206<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.54%<br />
| 269526<br />
|-<br />
| [[Matijang]]<br />
| 646<br />
| 94.73%<br />
| 746<br />
| 0%<br />
| 90.87%<br />
| 269527<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maichammun]]<br />
| 290<br />
| 90.22%<br />
| 1132<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.28%<br />
| 269528<br />
|-<br />
| [[B. Kholmun]]<br />
| 17<br />
| 66.67%<br />
| 1125<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269529<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kangoi Paolian]]<br />
| 291<br />
| 96.48%<br />
| 940<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.66%<br />
| 269530<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pengjang]]<br />
| 422<br />
| 90.98%<br />
| 963<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269531<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Thingjang]]<br />
| 112<br />
| 32.69%<br />
| 1154<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.11%<br />
| 269532<br />
|-<br />
| [[V. Kolmun]]<br />
| 106<br />
| 43.56%<br />
| 797<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.11%<br />
| 269533<br />
|-<br />
| [[Torbung Loklaiphai]]<br />
| 197<br />
| 84.62%<br />
| 1402<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.95%<br />
| 269534<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Kotlian]]<br />
| 411<br />
| 98.09%<br />
| 1035<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.03%<br />
| 269535<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Bualjang]]<br />
| 312<br />
| 87.02%<br />
| 1066<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.68%<br />
| 269536<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jikpi Tampak]]<br />
| 119<br />
| 66.67%<br />
| 1088<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269537<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kaprang]]<br />
| 527<br />
| 94.6%<br />
| 996<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.24%<br />
| 269538<br />
|-<br />
| [[Leisang, Churachandpur|Leisang]]<br />
| 224<br />
| 97.06%<br />
| 1286<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.32%<br />
| 269539<br />
|-<br />
| [[Monglianphai]]<br />
| 720<br />
| 90.53%<br />
| 1006<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.06%<br />
| 269540<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tollen]]<br />
| 551<br />
| 97.36%<br />
| 874<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.09%<br />
| 269541<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zolzam]]<br />
| 501<br />
| 75.58%<br />
| 1028<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.6%<br />
| 269542<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yangnomphai]]<br />
| 121<br />
| 92.23%<br />
| 1086<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269543<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vajing]]<br />
| 277<br />
| 88.89%<br />
| 979<br />
| 0%<br />
| 79.78%<br />
| 269544<br />
|-<br />
| [[Boljol]]<br />
| 608<br />
| 54.84%<br />
| 1068<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.67%<br />
| 269545<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zaolen]]<br />
| 360<br />
| 64.0%<br />
| 967<br />
| 0%<br />
| 92.5%<br />
| 269546<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zanglenphai]]<br />
| 204<br />
| 62.5%<br />
| 1147<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.53%<br />
| 269547<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khengjang]]<br />
| 766<br />
| 97.56%<br />
| 901<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.13%<br />
| 269548<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lairik Vaison]]<br />
| 424<br />
| 71.14%<br />
| 1038<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.53%<br />
| 269549<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gamnom]]<br />
| 206<br />
| 63.35%<br />
| 981<br />
| 0%<br />
| 90.29%<br />
| 269550<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gangpichai]]<br />
| 255<br />
| 71.76%<br />
| 1056<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269551<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khochijang]]<br />
| 332<br />
| 23.16%<br />
| 1088<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.7%<br />
| 269552<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hengjang]]<br />
| 92<br />
| 97.44%<br />
| 1359<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.83%<br />
| 269553<br />
|-<br />
| [[Teiseng]]<br />
| 1375<br />
| 80.71%<br />
| 984<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.67%<br />
| 269554<br />
|-<br />
| [[T. Bollen]]<br />
| 73<br />
| 48.33%<br />
| 921<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269555<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khaopijang]]<br />
| 68<br />
| 94.92%<br />
| 1125<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.06%<br />
| 269556<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kholmun]]<br />
| 616<br />
| 94.03%<br />
| 1081<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.68%<br />
| 269557<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mongjang Tampak]]<br />
| 223<br />
| 70.65%<br />
| 1009<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.96%<br />
| 269558<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Champhai]]<br />
| 441<br />
| 94.69%<br />
| 1061<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.55%<br />
| 269559<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kumbi Pukhri]]<br />
| 575<br />
| 99.37%<br />
| 969<br />
| 0%<br />
| 91.83%<br />
| 269560<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lajangphai]]<br />
| 505<br />
| 73.61%<br />
| 1045<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.03%<br />
| 269561<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Salbung (Srs)]]<br />
| 764<br />
| 91.76%<br />
| 1054<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.68%<br />
| 269562<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bethel, Manipur|Bethel]]<br />
| 752<br />
| 92.13%<br />
| 1180<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.07%<br />
| 269563<br />
|-<br />
| [[M. Ramthar]]<br />
| 657<br />
| 93.94%<br />
| 1086<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.78%<br />
| 269564<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molnom]]<br />
| 1466<br />
| 92.87%<br />
| 1112<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.39%<br />
| 269565<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khomoi (Srs)]]<br />
| 605<br />
| 93.07%<br />
| 1101<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.88%<br />
| 269566<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuibong]]<br />
| 8085<br />
| 92.06%<br />
| 880<br />
| 0.2%<br />
| 84.22%<br />
| 269567<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hmarveng]]<br />
| 1127<br />
| 95.61%<br />
| 1103<br />
| 0%<br />
| 92.37%<br />
| 269568<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bijang]]<br />
| 5020<br />
| 70.53%<br />
| 1058<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.25%<br />
| 269569<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sielmat]]<br />
| 1349<br />
| 96.75%<br />
| 1124<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.37%<br />
| 269570<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zomicolony]]<br />
| 1145<br />
| 95.56%<br />
| 1116<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.74%<br />
| 269571<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hiangzo]]<br />
| 369<br />
| 90.34%<br />
| 1073<br />
| 0%<br />
| 89.7%<br />
| 269572<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Zoveng]]<br />
| 298<br />
| 54.79%<br />
| 1144<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.66%<br />
| 269573<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zoumunnuam]]<br />
| 270<br />
| 86.58%<br />
| 957<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.26%<br />
| 269574<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hiangtam Lamka]]<br />
| 4830<br />
| 92.72%<br />
| 1079<br />
| 0%<br />
| 82.92%<br />
| 269575<br />
|-<br />
| [[S. Monglenjang]]<br />
| 144<br />
| 66.07%<br />
| 1118<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269576<br />
|-<br />
| [[Salem Veng]]<br />
| 1309<br />
| 96.68%<br />
| 1219<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.49%<br />
| 269577<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chengkonpang]]<br />
| 2795<br />
| 81.14%<br />
| 1045<br />
| 0.68%<br />
| 91.91%<br />
| 269578<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ccpur H.Q.]]<br />
| 2050<br />
| 90.52%<br />
| 1069<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.63%<br />
| 269579<br />
|-<br />
| [[D.Phailian]]<br />
| 3903<br />
| 90.18%<br />
| 1040<br />
| 2.28%<br />
| 88.24%<br />
| 269580<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bungmual]]<br />
| 4441<br />
| 93.53%<br />
| 1049<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.53%<br />
| 269581<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hmuia Veng]]<br />
| 1052<br />
| 97.3%<br />
| 1067<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.38%<br />
| 269582<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vengnuam]]<br />
| 7302<br />
| 93.32%<br />
| 1047<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.12%<br />
| 269583<br />
|-<br />
| [[College Veng]]<br />
| 3254<br />
| 89.42%<br />
| 1048<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.69%<br />
| 269584<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dorcas Veng]]<br />
| 3590<br />
| 76.42%<br />
| 1026<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.19%<br />
| 269585<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gouchinkhup Veng]]<br />
| 3009<br />
| 89.92%<br />
| 1037<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.87%<br />
| 269586<br />
|-<br />
| [[Elim Veng]]<br />
| 897<br />
| 85.59%<br />
| 1048<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.78%<br />
| 269587<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lailam Veng]]<br />
| 782<br />
| 95.2%<br />
| 980<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.23%<br />
| 269588<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sim Veng]]<br />
| 1391<br />
| 94.52%<br />
| 1092<br />
| 0%<br />
| 58.38%<br />
| 269589<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hebron Veng]]<br />
| 1746<br />
| 96.1%<br />
| 1086<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.14%<br />
| 269590<br />
|-<br />
| [[S. Haijang]]<br />
| 463<br />
| 85.68%<br />
| 913<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.78%<br />
| 269591<br />
|-<br />
| [[D.M.Veng]]<br />
| 593<br />
| 86.67%<br />
| 1031<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.16%<br />
| 269592<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tonglal]]<br />
| 178<br />
| 67.91%<br />
| 1119<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269593<br />
|-<br />
| [[Seilal Veng]]<br />
| 214<br />
| 91.49%<br />
| 963<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.07%<br />
| 269594<br />
|-<br />
| [[L.Semol]]<br />
| 445<br />
| 91.95%<br />
| 1014<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269595<br />
|-<br />
| [[M.Songgel]]<br />
| 1135<br />
| 83.71%<br />
| 1170<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.5%<br />
| 269596<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kingkin]]<br />
| 333<br />
| 97.17%<br />
| 881<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269597<br />
|-<br />
| [[Leijangkhopi]]<br />
| 396<br />
| 85.71%<br />
| 922<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269598<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Molcham]]<br />
| 712<br />
| 90.22%<br />
| 945<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.58%<br />
| 269599<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lhangnom]]<br />
| 310<br />
| 86.72%<br />
| 1153<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.39%<br />
| 269600<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kotsohoi]]<br />
| 226<br />
| 92.43%<br />
| 1132<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.56%<br />
| 269601<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lhangjol]]<br />
| 804<br />
| 85.06%<br />
| 1062<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.88%<br />
| 269602<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuinom Khopi]]<br />
| 500<br />
| 86.54%<br />
| 894<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.6%<br />
| 269603<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gelmon Khuman]]<br />
| 465<br />
| 66.3%<br />
| 987<br />
| 0%<br />
| 89.46%<br />
| 269604<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Khaomunnom]]<br />
| 0<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| 269605<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thinghangjang]]<br />
| 160<br />
| 25.56%<br />
| 1051<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269606<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Jouzang]]<br />
| 125<br />
| 32.97%<br />
| 786<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.2%<br />
| 269607<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tolphei]]<br />
| 202<br />
| 94.74%<br />
| 980<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269608<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mata Lambulane]]<br />
| 316<br />
| 96.65%<br />
| 1150<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269609<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pearson, Manipur|Pearson]]<br />
| 1986<br />
| 94.54%<br />
| 1043<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.53%<br />
| 269610<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telsing Bazar]]<br />
| 69<br />
| 74.55%<br />
| 971<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269611<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songpi]]<br />
| 554<br />
| 69.45%<br />
| 897<br />
| 0%<br />
| 89.35%<br />
| 269612<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mission Compound(Ccp)]]<br />
| 166<br />
| 73.91%<br />
| 1075<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.8%<br />
| 269613<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molhoi (S)]]<br />
| 42<br />
| 69.44%<br />
| 1333<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.24%<br />
| 269614<br />
|-<br />
| [[N. Molhoi]]<br />
| 275<br />
| 78.85%<br />
| 1115<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.82%<br />
| 269615<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songpi Kholui]]<br />
| 273<br />
| 82.86%<br />
| 1184<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.24%<br />
| 269616<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hengkot]]<br />
| 474<br />
| 91.32%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.79%<br />
| 269617<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khotuh]]<br />
| 216<br />
| 87.94%<br />
| 376<br />
| 0%<br />
| 63.89%<br />
| 269618<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Lhangnom]]<br />
| 110<br />
| 90.2%<br />
| 897<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269619<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sabual, Manipur|Sabual]]<br />
| 210<br />
| 76.07%<br />
| 944<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.14%<br />
| 269620<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Boljang]]<br />
| 407<br />
| 88.77%<br />
| 966<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.51%<br />
| 269621<br />
|-<br />
| [[Takvom]]<br />
| 80<br />
| 98.68%<br />
| 739<br />
| 0%<br />
| 86.25%<br />
| 269622<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lenglakot]]<br />
| 19<br />
| 18.75%<br />
| 1375<br />
| 0%<br />
| 10.53%<br />
| 269623<br />
|-<br />
| [[Salva Lhanbung]]<br />
| 164<br />
| 50.0%<br />
| 1130<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.17%<br />
| 269624<br />
|-<br />
| [[Haopi]]<br />
| 75<br />
| 8.82%<br />
| 744<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269625<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lamzang]]<br />
| 322<br />
| 82.5%<br />
| 952<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.69%<br />
| 269626<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaibem]]<br />
| 195<br />
| 89.74%<br />
| 1053<br />
| 0%<br />
| 90.77%<br />
| 269627<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ngoiphai]]<br />
| 308<br />
| 87.45%<br />
| 1216<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.35%<br />
| 269628<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zoumun]]<br />
| 66<br />
| 89.66%<br />
| 941<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.97%<br />
| 269629<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gelzang]]<br />
| 287<br />
| 82.66%<br />
| 1110<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.82%<br />
| 269630<br />
|-<br />
| [[Matamualtam]]<br />
| 474<br />
| 89.74%<br />
| 1043<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.68%<br />
| 269631<br />
|-<br />
| [[Buallian]]<br />
| 281<br />
| 77.95%<br />
| 951<br />
| 0%<br />
| 88.97%<br />
| 269632<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mata, Manipur|Mata]]<br />
| 2273<br />
| 88.65%<br />
| 677<br />
| 0%<br />
| 74.04%<br />
| 269633<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ngaloimol]]<br />
| 76<br />
| 89.23%<br />
| 1171<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.42%<br />
| 269634<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bishanmual]]<br />
| 64<br />
| 91.07%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.44%<br />
| 269635<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaihel]]<br />
| 185<br />
| 95.24%<br />
| 729<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269636<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lingsiphai]]<br />
| 1303<br />
| 93.84%<br />
| 1002<br />
| 0.46%<br />
| 99.16%<br />
| 269637<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tualnuam]]<br />
| 187<br />
| 93.08%<br />
| 1055<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.47%<br />
| 269638<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tangmual]]<br />
| 603<br />
| 87.7%<br />
| 1116<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.83%<br />
| 269639<br />
|-<br />
| [[Suongsibok]]<br />
| 125<br />
| 91.09%<br />
| 1049<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.6%<br />
| 269640<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thingkangphai]]<br />
| 2017<br />
| 76.57%<br />
| 1013<br />
| 7.59%<br />
| 69.01%<br />
| 269641<br />
|-<br />
| [[Konpui]]<br />
| 625<br />
| 92.01%<br />
| 1076<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.56%<br />
| 269642<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pangjol]]<br />
| 419<br />
| 89.89%<br />
| 931<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.18%<br />
| 269643<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tangnuam]]<br />
| 929<br />
| 94.51%<br />
| 1042<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.92%<br />
| 269644<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lanva]]<br />
| 905<br />
| 95.28%<br />
| 1057<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.12%<br />
| 269645<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gangpimual]]<br />
| 2638<br />
| 88.6%<br />
| 1066<br />
| 0.42%<br />
| 96.78%<br />
| 269646<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ngathal]]<br />
| 932<br />
| 84.87%<br />
| 1031<br />
| 0%<br />
| 85.19%<br />
| 269647<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saipum]]<br />
| 1977<br />
| 94.52%<br />
| 303<br />
| 0.2%<br />
| 33.64%<br />
| 269648<br />
|-<br />
| [[Misao Lhavom]]<br />
| 622<br />
| 78.7%<br />
| 896<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269649<br />
|-<br />
| [[Benazou]]<br />
| 63<br />
| 86.21%<br />
| 658<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269650<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sehken]]<br />
| 305<br />
| 24.37%<br />
| 1033<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.34%<br />
| 269651<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tolyangkuki]]<br />
| 77<br />
| 98.33%<br />
| 1406<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.7%<br />
| 269652<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bohlui]]<br />
| 114<br />
| 87.27%<br />
| 1036<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269653<br />
|-<br />
| [[M.Semol]]<br />
| 197<br />
| 70.99%<br />
| 931<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269654<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sumtuhphai]]<br />
| 98<br />
| 91.95%<br />
| 885<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269655<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualkot]]<br />
| 63<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 1100<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269656<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualpi]]<br />
| 159<br />
| 92.13%<br />
| 807<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.37%<br />
| 269657<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualsan]]<br />
| 181<br />
| 80.82%<br />
| 967<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.79%<br />
| 269658<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuikham]]<br />
| 100<br />
| 82.61%<br />
| 1564<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269659<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khuangnung]]<br />
| 118<br />
| 85.57%<br />
| 934<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.31%<br />
| 269660<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ngurte]]<br />
| 604<br />
| 86.59%<br />
| 1061<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.01%<br />
| 269661<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuikham Daizang]]<br />
| 271<br />
| 71.92%<br />
| 1240<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.52%<br />
| 269662<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thenmuol]]<br />
| 543<br />
| 84.55%<br />
| 1088<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.61%<br />
| 269663<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuibul]]<br />
| 75<br />
| 30.56%<br />
| 1083<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.33%<br />
| 269664<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuaitengphai]]<br />
| 310<br />
| 75.08%<br />
| 975<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269665<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dumsaumual]]<br />
| 252<br />
| 48.19%<br />
| 1083<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.6%<br />
| 269666<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualbem]]<br />
| 343<br />
| 75.92%<br />
| 971<br />
| 0.29%<br />
| 96.21%<br />
| 269667<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khopuibung]]<br />
| 580<br />
| 87.27%<br />
| 986<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.31%<br />
| 269668<br />
|-<br />
| [[G. Tonjang]]<br />
| 67<br />
| 92.31%<br />
| 861<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269669<br />
|-<br />
| [[Valpakot]]<br />
| 369<br />
| 63.38%<br />
| 800<br />
| 0%<br />
| 92.41%<br />
| 269670<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hmuntha Tampak]]<br />
| 229<br />
| 78.1%<br />
| 1245<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269671<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saikot, Manipur|Saikot]]<br />
| 2486<br />
| 91.0%<br />
| 1058<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.54%<br />
| 269672<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mualvaphei]]<br />
| 2207<br />
| 91.94%<br />
| 1053<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.5%<br />
| 269673<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuithapi]]<br />
| 324<br />
| 89.89%<br />
| 1051<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.77%<br />
| 269674<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saidan, Manipur|Saidan]]<br />
| 1363<br />
| 92.39%<br />
| 1043<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.17%<br />
| 269675<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thingchom]]<br />
| 354<br />
| 91.54%<br />
| 1046<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.05%<br />
| 269676<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Mongkot]]<br />
| 188<br />
| 71.97%<br />
| 1022<br />
| 0%<br />
| 0%<br />
| 269677<br />
|-<br />
| [[Songpeh]]<br />
| 220<br />
| 98.27%<br />
| 1222<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.09%<br />
| 269678<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mongnelphai]]<br />
| 156<br />
| 74.44%<br />
| 1328<br />
| 0%<br />
| 1.28%<br />
| 269679<br />
|-<br />
| [[B.Pangmual]]<br />
| 73<br />
| 47.46%<br />
| 780<br />
| 0%<br />
| 86.3%<br />
| 269680<br />
|-<br />
| [[G.Khonuam]]<br />
| 136<br />
| 50.89%<br />
| 889<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.26%<br />
| 269681<br />
|-<br />
| [[B.Salvaphai]]<br />
| 208<br />
| 64.85%<br />
| 944<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.04%<br />
| 269682<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chaljang]]<br />
| 45<br />
| 35.14%<br />
| 1143<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269683<br />
|-<br />
| [[G. Monglian]]<br />
| 462<br />
| 47.73%<br />
| 901<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.35%<br />
| 269684<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuitengjang]]<br />
| 142<br />
| 83.04%<br />
| 797<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.3%<br />
| 269685<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuinuphai]]<br />
| 279<br />
| 70.95%<br />
| 951<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.13%<br />
| 269686<br />
|-<br />
| [[B.Kaljang]]<br />
| 245<br />
| 80.98%<br />
| 976<br />
| 0%<br />
| 87.76%<br />
| 269687<br />
|-<br />
| [[S. Moldung]]<br />
| 184<br />
| 79.74%<br />
| 1091<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.91%<br />
| 269688<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dumlian (Salem)]]<br />
| 194<br />
| 95.51%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269689<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Bongpijang]]<br />
| 106<br />
| 87.36%<br />
| 1208<br />
| 0%<br />
| 85.85%<br />
| 269690<br />
|-<br />
| [[P.N.Khovong]]<br />
| 43<br />
| 88.1%<br />
| 870<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.35%<br />
| 269691<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuining]]<br />
| 710<br />
| 81.49%<br />
| 1070<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.3%<br />
| 269692<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zomi Zion]]<br />
| 56<br />
| 79.07%<br />
| 1074<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.21%<br />
| 269693<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuiningkhal]]<br />
| 191<br />
| 89.38%<br />
| 990<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.48%<br />
| 269694<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lhangnom]]<br />
| 201<br />
| 77.78%<br />
| 896<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269695<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moldenphai]]<br />
| 31<br />
| 26.09%<br />
| 1214<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269696<br />
|-<br />
| [[K.Jangnomphai]]<br />
| 81<br />
| 60.53%<br />
| 884<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.77%<br />
| 269697<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuitum (J)]]<br />
| 101<br />
| 86.42%<br />
| 1405<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269698<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muizol]]<br />
| 108<br />
| 87.78%<br />
| 770<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269699<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sangaikot]]<br />
| 676<br />
| 96.04%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.12%<br />
| 269700<br />
|-<br />
| [[Matijang]]<br />
| 85<br />
| 98.68%<br />
| 1024<br />
| 0%<br />
| 94.12%<br />
| 269701<br />
|-<br />
| [[Langvon]]<br />
| 79<br />
| 92.86%<br />
| 881<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269702<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mongbung]]<br />
| 431<br />
| 84.36%<br />
| 1092<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.45%<br />
| 269703<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuivelmual]]<br />
| 88<br />
| 50.68%<br />
| 833<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269704<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Khonom]]<br />
| 305<br />
| 37.69%<br />
| 1020<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.05%<br />
| 269705<br />
|-<br />
| [[Goupibung]]<br />
| 44<br />
| 79.49%<br />
| 1095<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.18%<br />
| 269706<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zobethel]]<br />
| 97<br />
| 75.64%<br />
| 830<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269707<br />
|-<br />
| [[L.Gangpimual]]<br />
| 174<br />
| 65.81%<br />
| 977<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269708<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molvom (Srs)]]<br />
| 223<br />
| 58.46%<br />
| 1009<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.55%<br />
| 269709<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kuwan]]<br />
| 68<br />
| 77.19%<br />
| 943<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269710<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lamlai, Churachandpur|Lamlai]]<br />
| 199<br />
| 84.71%<br />
| 895<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.99%<br />
| 269711<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khengmual]]<br />
| 190<br />
| 94.58%<br />
| 759<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.47%<br />
| 269712<br />
|-<br />
| [[Leisen Tampak]]<br />
| 198<br />
| 59.12%<br />
| 1106<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269713<br />
|-<br />
| [[Patjang]]<br />
| 157<br />
| 80.56%<br />
| 962<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269714<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khodang]]<br />
| 308<br />
| 84.58%<br />
| 974<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.35%<br />
| 269715<br />
|-<br />
| [[G.Songgel]]<br />
| 400<br />
| 79.23%<br />
| 1083<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.75%<br />
| 269716<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makhao Bungmual]]<br />
| 234<br />
| 92.72%<br />
| 1071<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.15%<br />
| 269717<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makhao Mollum]]<br />
| 89<br />
| 81.54%<br />
| 1282<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269718<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makhao Tampak]]<br />
| 320<br />
| 94.46%<br />
| 829<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269719<br />
|-<br />
| [[M.B.Saichang]]<br />
| 246<br />
| 90.32%<br />
| 1016<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269720<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pantha, Manipur|Pantha]]<br />
| 195<br />
| 91.02%<br />
| 1349<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.49%<br />
| 269721<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makhao (H)]]<br />
| 202<br />
| 59.52%<br />
| 1149<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.5%<br />
| 269722<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lunggil]]<br />
| 306<br />
| 54.01%<br />
| 987<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269723<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molzol]] (Moljol)<br />
| 397<br />
| 55.02%<br />
| 1089<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.73%<br />
| 269724<br />
|-<br />
| [[L.Happyland]]<br />
| 0<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| 269725<br />
|-<br />
| [[L. Khonomphai]]<br />
| 163<br />
| 63.43%<br />
| 918<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269726<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dongjang]]<br />
| 502<br />
| 78.32%<br />
| 992<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.4%<br />
| 269727<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hengken]]<br />
| 421<br />
| 98.17%<br />
| 914<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269728<br />
|-<br />
| [[M.Phaimol]]<br />
| 158<br />
| 93.55%<br />
| 1135<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269729<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saiboh]]<br />
| 179<br />
| 92.96%<br />
| 946<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.53%<br />
| 269730<br />
|-<br />
| [[Suanggual]]<br />
| 131<br />
| 95.19%<br />
| 1079<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269731<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khaukual Khuman]]<br />
| 145<br />
| 81.51%<br />
| 1164<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269732<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zalenkot]]<br />
| 103<br />
| 83.95%<br />
| 943<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.03%<br />
| 269733<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khuangkhaijang]]<br />
| 141<br />
| 70.43%<br />
| 1014<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269734<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dutezol]]<br />
| 28<br />
| 68.0%<br />
| 867<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.43%<br />
| 269735<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khoinoi]]<br />
| 197<br />
| 80.0%<br />
| 990<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.48%<br />
| 269736<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jangmun]]<br />
| 157<br />
| 85.83%<br />
| 962<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269737<br />
|-<br />
| [[Teisaljang]]<br />
| 388<br />
| 93.48%<br />
| 874<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.74%<br />
| 269738<br />
|-<br />
| [[Walkhu]]<br />
| 238<br />
| 52.08%<br />
| 1070<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.16%<br />
| 269739<br />
|-<br />
| [[Singheu]]<br />
| 350<br />
| 79.46%<br />
| 832<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.86%<br />
| 269740<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuisomjang]]<br />
| 170<br />
| 63.16%<br />
| 977<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269741<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Khuangkhai]]<br />
| 359<br />
| 71.15%<br />
| 941<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269742<br />
|-<br />
| [[W. Joujang]]<br />
| 99<br />
| 66.29%<br />
| 1106<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269743<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phaisan]]<br />
| 70<br />
| 77.61%<br />
| 1059<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269744<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hita Khunou]]<br />
| 359<br />
| 86.8%<br />
| 973<br />
| 0%<br />
| 94.71%<br />
| 269745<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuidam]]<br />
| 162<br />
| 56.16%<br />
| 1077<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269746<br />
|-<br />
| [[Govajang]]<br />
| 155<br />
| 43.7%<br />
| 1039<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269747<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Khuakual]]<br />
| 127<br />
| 23.89%<br />
| 896<br />
| 0%<br />
| 90.55%<br />
| 269748<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Gelbung]]<br />
| 156<br />
| 63.57%<br />
| 857<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269749<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ngairong]]<br />
| 183<br />
| 88.51%<br />
| 947<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.36%<br />
| 269750<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moirang Mantak]]<br />
| 406<br />
| 92.9%<br />
| 1040<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.51%<br />
| 269751<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saiton Khunou (Seitual)]]<br />
| 193<br />
| 81.07%<br />
| 1098<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269752<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saiton Khullen]]<br />
| 149<br />
| 63.08%<br />
| 886<br />
| 0%<br />
| 73.15%<br />
| 269753<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kulbung]]<br />
| 220<br />
| 83.08%<br />
| 1178<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.55%<br />
| 269754<br />
|-<br />
| [[T. Munnomjang]]<br />
| 58<br />
| 82.05%<br />
| 1522<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269755<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gotengphai]]<br />
| 86<br />
| 87.34%<br />
| 1150<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.84%<br />
| 269756<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dopkon]]<br />
| 111<br />
| 84.69%<br />
| 1176<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269757<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khuangmun]]<br />
| 167<br />
| 62.5%<br />
| 965<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269758<br />
|-<br />
| [[Siden]]<br />
| 158<br />
| 64.63%<br />
| 859<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269759<br />
|-<br />
| [[Changpikot]]<br />
| 202<br />
| 60.69%<br />
| 942<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.01%<br />
| 269760<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Molkot]]<br />
| 186<br />
| 67.55%<br />
| 824<br />
| 0%<br />
| 89.78%<br />
| 269761<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Kananphai]]<br />
| 205<br />
| 75.46%<br />
| 898<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.1%<br />
| 269762<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lhungjang]]<br />
| 98<br />
| 67.95%<br />
| 1042<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269763<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saikul, Churachandpur|Saikul]]<br />
| 185<br />
| 86.63%<br />
| 907<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269764<br />
|-<br />
| [[Haotak Keirap]]<br />
| 127<br />
| 90.35%<br />
| 1082<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269765<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nomjang (Srs)]]<br />
| 93<br />
| 68.35%<br />
| 1325<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.92%<br />
| 269766<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Gotengjang]]<br />
| 148<br />
| 70.0%<br />
| 850<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269767<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khongjanglok]]<br />
| 37<br />
| 63.64%<br />
| 1056<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269768<br />
|-<br />
| [[H.Kotlian]]<br />
| 29<br />
| 70.83%<br />
| 1071<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269769<br />
|-<br />
| [[M.Kananphai]]<br />
| 153<br />
| 86.29%<br />
| 987<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.42%<br />
| 269770<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bungsanglian]]<br />
| 79<br />
| 69.23%<br />
| 1026<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269771<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dampi]]<br />
| 622<br />
| 89.0%<br />
| 950<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.41%<br />
| 269772<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thampilian]]<br />
| 66<br />
| 91.07%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.94%<br />
| 269773<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khonomphai]]<br />
| 171<br />
| 92.62%<br />
| 943<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269774<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuiringphaisen]]<br />
| 409<br />
| 90.56%<br />
| 985<br />
| 9.05%<br />
| 90.46%<br />
| 269775<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sihjang (Srs)]]<br />
| 104<br />
| 94.44%<br />
| 926<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269776<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maojang]]<br />
| 33<br />
| 96.77%<br />
| 650<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269777<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lhangnomphai]]<br />
| 98<br />
| 76.83%<br />
| 1130<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269778<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pumkot Minzang]]<br />
| 46<br />
| 79.07%<br />
| 1190<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.83%<br />
| 269779<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lailampat]]<br />
| 129<br />
| 91.6%<br />
| 1115<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269780<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bonglusi]]<br />
| 110<br />
| 45.92%<br />
| 1075<br />
| 0%<br />
| 81.82%<br />
| 269781<br />
|-<br />
| [[H.Gelbung]]<br />
| 240<br />
| 86.96%<br />
| 935<br />
| 0%<br />
| 92.5%<br />
| 269782<br />
|-<br />
| [[H.Vajang Khuman]]<br />
| 70<br />
| 98.25%<br />
| 944<br />
| 0%<br />
| 47.14%<br />
| 269783<br />
|-<br />
| [[Haotak Khullen(Srs)]]<br />
| 108<br />
| 95.83%<br />
| 929<br />
| 0%<br />
| 89.81%<br />
| 269784<br />
|-<br />
| [[Haotak Phailen]]<br />
| 165<br />
| 60.71%<br />
| 1143<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269785<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lukhumbi]]<br />
| 259<br />
| 66.67%<br />
| 1123<br />
| 0%<br />
| 94.98%<br />
| 269786<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sagang, Manipur|Sagang]]<br />
| 1198<br />
| 83.92%<br />
| 1048<br />
| 0%<br />
| 81.47%<br />
| 269787<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lalambung]]<br />
| 227<br />
| 54.5%<br />
| 1009<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.56%<br />
| 269788<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theikakpi]]<br />
| 45<br />
| 97.14%<br />
| 800<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269789<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nungthang Tampak]]<br />
| 157<br />
| 81.12%<br />
| 1275<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269790<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lamngsei Tampak]]<br />
| 106<br />
| 12.94%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269791<br />
|-<br />
| [[Samulamlan]]<br />
| 270<br />
| 55.32%<br />
| 942<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269792<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chinglangmei]]<br />
| 310<br />
| 77.37%<br />
| 1026<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.71%<br />
| 269793<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molamphai]]<br />
| 68<br />
| 83.64%<br />
| 619<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269794<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Bijang]]<br />
| 200<br />
| 41.82%<br />
| 980<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269795<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Boljang]]<br />
| 171<br />
| 49.65%<br />
| 819<br />
| 0%<br />
| 96.49%<br />
| 269796<br />
|-<br />
| [[L. Muncham]]<br />
| 119<br />
| 41.35%<br />
| 919<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.16%<br />
| 269797<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vaozang]]<br />
| 80<br />
| 88.89%<br />
| 778<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269798<br />
|-<br />
| [[Luihoihmolcham]]<br />
| 496<br />
| 95.56%<br />
| 930<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.6%<br />
| 269799<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Singngat block ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Population<br />
! Effective literacy rate<br />
! Sex ratio<br />
! SC population %<br />
! ST population %<br />
! Census code (2011)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Allusingtam]]<br />
| 124<br />
| 90.6%<br />
| 797<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269803<br />
|-<br />
| [[P. Suahzahau]]<br />
| 216<br />
| 81.77%<br />
| 912<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269804<br />
|-<br />
| [[T.Singtam]]<br />
| 75<br />
| 97.06%<br />
| 1143<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.33%<br />
| 269805<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zabellei]]<br />
| 163<br />
| 95.56%<br />
| 1117<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269806<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vokbual (M)]]<br />
| 99<br />
| 84.71%<br />
| 800<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269807<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vokbual(L)]]<br />
| 153<br />
| 90.83%<br />
| 866<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269808<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tonglon (K)]]<br />
| 354<br />
| 86.5%<br />
| 844<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269809<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tonglon(D)]]<br />
| 155<br />
| 96.03%<br />
| 987<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269810<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tonglon (P)]]<br />
| 178<br />
| 89.29%<br />
| 1070<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.44%<br />
| 269811<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tonglon (T)]]<br />
| 208<br />
| 82.01%<br />
| 926<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269812<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hiangmual]]<br />
| 117<br />
| 92.23%<br />
| 918<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269813<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chahnou]]<br />
| 215<br />
| 75.29%<br />
| 1009<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269814<br />
|-<br />
| [[Buksau]]<br />
| 192<br />
| 85.64%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269815<br />
|-<br />
| [[Simbuk]]<br />
| 106<br />
| 78.0%<br />
| 1120<br />
| 0%<br />
| 88.68%<br />
| 269816<br />
|-<br />
| [[Molbungjang]]<br />
| 127<br />
| 95.54%<br />
| 924<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269817<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Laizang]]<br />
| 240<br />
| 77.84%<br />
| 1087<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269818<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kullian]]<br />
| 256<br />
| 92.34%<br />
| 1081<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.83%<br />
| 269819<br />
|-<br />
| [[M. Lunmual]]<br />
| 128<br />
| 82.41%<br />
| 910<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269820<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hiangdung]]<br />
| 90<br />
| 90.67%<br />
| 765<br />
| 0%<br />
| 88.89%<br />
| 269821<br />
|-<br />
| [[Panglian, Manipur|Panglian]]<br />
| 266<br />
| 91.98%<br />
| 900<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269822<br />
|-<br />
| [[M.Tanglian]]<br />
| 289<br />
| 58.97%<br />
| 901<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269823<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Munhoi]]<br />
| 122<br />
| 78.57%<br />
| 1140<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269824<br />
|-<br />
| [[Belbing]]<br />
| 123<br />
| 97.2%<br />
| 757<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.12%<br />
| 269825<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.Geltui]]<br />
| 320<br />
| 75.34%<br />
| 975<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269826<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zezaw]]<br />
| 268<br />
| 86.55%<br />
| 1015<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.51%<br />
| 269827<br />
|-<br />
| [[L. Phaimol]]<br />
| 338<br />
| 97.67%<br />
| 988<br />
| 0%<br />
| 92.6%<br />
| 269828<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bongbal]]<br />
| 319<br />
| 92.08%<br />
| 1032<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.81%<br />
| 269829<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muallum]]<br />
| 899<br />
| 66.32%<br />
| 901<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.89%<br />
| 269830<br />
|-<br />
| [[T. Khajang]]<br />
| 261<br />
| 87.78%<br />
| 740<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269831<br />
|-<br />
| [[S. Belpuan]]<br />
| 105<br />
| 93.81%<br />
| 842<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269832<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sumchinvum]]<br />
| 999<br />
| 63.6%<br />
| 1014<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.2%<br />
| 269833<br />
|-<br />
| [[Singngat]]<br />
| 3778<br />
| 85.08%<br />
| 679<br />
| 0.13%<br />
| 81.21%<br />
| 269834<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zalenphai]]<br />
| 150<br />
| 92.97%<br />
| 1027<br />
| 0%<br />
| 81.33%<br />
| 269835<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lanchah]]<br />
| 138<br />
| 56.91%<br />
| 1156<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269836<br />
|-<br />
| [[Teikot]]<br />
| 121<br />
| 42.31%<br />
| 1200<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269837<br />
|-<br />
| [[Suangkuang]]<br />
| 213<br />
| 91.62%<br />
| 972<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269838<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saichang]]<br />
| 151<br />
| 96.0%<br />
| 1097<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269839<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mongjang]]<br />
| 87<br />
| 20.99%<br />
| 977<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.85%<br />
| 269840<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sialnah]]<br />
| 127<br />
| 68.81%<br />
| 1309<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.7%<br />
| 269841<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hiangtam (K)]]<br />
| 167<br />
| 97.1%<br />
| 1037<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.4%<br />
| 269842<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theigotang]]<br />
| 21<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 1625<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269843<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tangpijol]]<br />
| 502<br />
| 80.96%<br />
| 969<br />
| 0%<br />
| 93.03%<br />
| 269844<br />
|-<br />
| [[Likhai]]<br />
| 140<br />
| 39.26%<br />
| 892<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.86%<br />
| 269845<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hiangtam (V)]]<br />
| 465<br />
| 64.03%<br />
| 1039<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.63%<br />
| 269846<br />
|-<br />
| [[Behjang (V)]]<br />
| 1019<br />
| 59.65%<br />
| 975<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.53%<br />
| 269847<br />
|-<br />
| [[Behiang (T)]]<br />
| 202<br />
| 82.93%<br />
| 804<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269848<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tonjang]]<br />
| 590<br />
| 26.52%<br />
| 1007<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.49%<br />
| 269849<br />
|-<br />
| [[S. Sehken]]<br />
| 108<br />
| 23.33%<br />
| 964<br />
| 0.93%<br />
| 96.3%<br />
| 269850<br />
|-<br />
| [[Suangphu]]<br />
| 306<br />
| 69.23%<br />
| 843<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.35%<br />
| 269851<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hangsum]]<br />
| 51<br />
| 86.49%<br />
| 594<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269852<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ngaljang]]<br />
| 295<br />
| 40.34%<br />
| 879<br />
| 2.37%<br />
| 95.59%<br />
| 269853<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lungchin]]<br />
| 633<br />
| 72.28%<br />
| 1089<br />
| 0.63%<br />
| 94.79%<br />
| 269854<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuikuimuallum]]<br />
| 501<br />
| 16.28%<br />
| 942<br />
| 0%<br />
| 97.41%<br />
| 269855<br />
|-<br />
| [[Suangdoh]]<br />
| 1402<br />
| 67.66%<br />
| 983<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.86%<br />
| 269856<br />
|-<br />
| [[Enpum]]<br />
| 198<br />
| 72.22%<br />
| 941<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269857<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lungthul (T)]]<br />
| 245<br />
| 75.0%<br />
| 944<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269858<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lungthul (L)]]<br />
| 823<br />
| 61.24%<br />
| 969<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.39%<br />
| 269859<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lungthul (E)]]<br />
| 138<br />
| 86.82%<br />
| 1000<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269860<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kangkap]]<br />
| 1044<br />
| 81.27%<br />
| 951<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.9%<br />
| 269861<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sialbu]]<br />
| 223<br />
| 58.01%<br />
| 1027<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.65%<br />
| 269862<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chiangpi]]<br />
| 222<br />
| 88.37%<br />
| 850<br />
| 0%<br />
| 99.1%<br />
| 269863<br />
|-<br />
| [[Changlei]]<br />
| 0<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| NA<br />
| 269864<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mongken]]<br />
| 193<br />
| 74.85%<br />
| 892<br />
| 0%<br />
| 98.45%<br />
| 269865<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maokot]]<br />
| 251<br />
| 49.3%<br />
| 685<br />
| 0%<br />
| 95.62%<br />
| 269866<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hengjang]]<br />
| 121<br />
| 75.49%<br />
| 984<br />
| 0%<br />
| 100.0%<br />
| 269867<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Churachandpur]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satrughan_Jena&diff=533507Satrughan Jena2025-07-06T11:03:06Z<p>LorenaGallant5: adding data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]<br />
| term_start = 4 June 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = [[Prafulla Kumar Mallik]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| image = SatrughnaJena.jpg<br />
}}<br />
'''Satrughan Jena''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kamakhyanagar, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Satrughan Jena with 84589 defeats BJD's Prafulla Kumar Mallik |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kamakhyanagar-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548439-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kamakhyanagar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kamakhyanagar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916844.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jena, Satrughan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rehana_Khatoon&diff=530224Rehana Khatoon2025-05-01T05:50:54Z<p>LorenaGallant5: Made The Stub Needs Work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Persian Scholar}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rehana Khatoon<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1948|8|30}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates =<br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Indian teacher and writer<br />
| yearsactive = (1975-present)<br />
| spouse = Mashkoor Ur Rahman Ghyasi (m. 1969)<br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = Bilal Rehman, Sabina <br />
Grand Children: Taha Rehman, Taseen Rehman, Rida Athar, Myiehsa Athar <br />
| parents = [[Nazir Ahmed (scholar)]]<br />
| website = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rehana Khatoon''' (born 30 August 1948) is an Indian scholar, teacher of Persian language, former Head of the Department of [[Persian language|Persian]], [[University of Delhi]]<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook">{{cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/AMUNetwork/posts/10152018400090811 | title=AMU Network - Facebook | publisher=AMU Network - Facebook | date=2014 | access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> and the author of ''Encyclopaedia of Persian Language and Literature (India and Pakistan)''.<ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><ref name="SS Foundation">{{cite web | url=http://ssfoundationdelhi.com/prof-rehana-khatoon.html | title=SS Foundation | publisher=SS Foundation | date=2012 | access-date=29 September 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114337/http://ssfoundationdelhi.com/prof-rehana-khatoon.html | archive-date=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> She was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2014, with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for her contributions to the propagation of Persian language and literature.<ref name="Padma">{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |work=Circular |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Rehana Khatoon is the first woman alumni of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] to be awarded the Padma Shri.<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="YouTube">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh60B-BvcD0 | title=Rehana Khatoon | publisher=YouTube video | date=16 May 2014 | access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
[[File:Bab-e-Sayyad.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aligarh Muslim University]] - Rehana Khatoon's alma mater]]<br />
{{quote box|align = right|width=21em|''Prof Rehana Khatoon is undoubtedly the world’s foremost expert on ''Arzu'', and I hope to work primarily with her on Indo-Persian Philosophy and the politics of vernacular culture'', wrote Dr. Arthur Dudney,<ref name="Dudney">{{cite web | url=http://www.columbia.edu/~add2115/ | title=Dudney | publisher=Columbia University | date=2014 | access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> [[Columbia University]], USA, an expert on Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzu, the famous poet-scholar.<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Bio" />}}<br />
{{quote box|align = right|width=21em|''God has given me a little courage and wisdom to serve Persian Literature a little.'' writes Rehana Khaloon<ref name="Quote">{{cite web | url=http://www.farhang.org/profiles/blogs/prof-rehana-khatoon | title=Quote | publisher=Farhang Foundation | date=2014 | access-date=29 September 2014 | archive-date=3 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203032205/http://www.farhang.org/profiles/blogs/prof-rehana-khatoon | url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<br />
Rehana Khatoon was born on 30 August 1948, in [[Aligarh]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /> to Late [[Nazir Ahmed (professor)|Professor Emeritus Nazir Ahmed]],<ref name="Nazir Ahmed">{{cite web | url=http://aligarhmovement.com/aligarians/prof_nazir_ahmad | title=Nazir Ahmed | publisher=Aligarh Movement | date=2014 | access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> a renowned scholar of the Persian language and Padma Shri award winner. Inspired by her father, Rehana secured a master's degree in [[Persian language|Persian]] in 1973 and followed it with an MPhil in 1975, and five yeares later, she took a doctoral degree in the language, in 1980, all from Aligarh Muslim University.<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><ref name="Bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.professorrehanakhatoon.org/about-rehana-khatoon.html | title=Bio | publisher=Web profile | date=2014 | access-date=29 September 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113600/http://www.professorrehanakhatoon.org/about-rehana-khatoon.html | archive-date=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Subsequently, she received a [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] fellowship and kickstarted her career as a research associate under the fellowship.<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /> In 1980, she joined University of Delhi as a faculty member<ref name="Sir Syed awards" /> where she worked till her retirement as the Head of the Department of Persian Language.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="DU Beat">{{cite web | url=http://dubeat.com/2014/01/just-vc-three-personalities-du-also-receive-padma-shri/ | title=DU Beat | publisher=DU Beat | date=2014 | access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> During her tenure, she also worked as the Director of the ''Intensive Course in Modern Persian'' for Italian Students at the university<ref name="Sir Syed awards" /> and contributed to the Memorandum of Understanding between University of Delhi and [[University of Rome La Sapienza]].<br />
<br />
Rehana Khatoon kept herself abreast with the developments in the Persian language by regularly attending refresher courses. She attended a two-month-long course organized by ''Bunyad-i-Farhang-i-Iran'', Tehran, in 1978 and a four-month course by [[University of Isfahan]], Iran, in 1995. She attended the course conducted by the Academic Staff College, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and has attended 18 courses by the Iran Cultural Centre, New Delhi during the period from 1986 to 2006.<ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><ref name="Bio" /><br />
<br />
Rehana Khatoon currently lives in Noida with her family.<ref name="Bio" /><br />
<br />
==Positions==<br />
Apart from working as the Head of the Department of Persian Language, University of Delhi, Rehana Khatoon has served as the Deputy Coordicator of the ''DRS Programme'' of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]<ref name="Sir Syed awards" /> and as a Member, Library Sub Committee - Ghalib Institute - 2014<ref name="Ghalib Institute">{{cite web | url=http://www.ghalibinstitute.org/p/management.html | title=Ghalib Institute | publisher=Ghalib Institute | date=2014 | access-date=29 September 2014 | archive-date=11 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811162855/http://www.ghalibinstitute.org/p/management.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> She has also been the Vice President of the Scholar Association, New Delhi and was the Visiting Fellow at Aligarh Muslim University in 2007 and 2008. She has also served as the member of organizations of forums such as [[Mirza Ghalib|Ghalib]] Institute, [[Amir Khusro]] Society, ''Encyclopedia of Persian of the Subcontinent'' and Anjuman Tarriqi Urdu.<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Bio" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognitions==<br />
Rehana Khatoon was awarded the Padma Shri, in 2014,<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Padma" /><ref name="Times of India">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/VC-not-only-Padma-Shri-winner-this-year/articleshow/29516143.cms | title=Times of India | publisher=Times of India | date=29 January 2014 | access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> twenty seven years after her father, the 1987 Padma Shri award winner, [[Nazir Ahmed (scholar)|Professor Nazir Ahmed]] was honoured by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Nazir Ahmed" /> She has also received many other awards such as:<br />
<br />
* Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Award - Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar Academy - 2012<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar Academy">{{cite web | url=http://www.jauharacademy.org/awards.html | title=Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar Academy | publisher=Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar Academy | work=jauharacademy.org | date=2013 | access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref><br />
* Sir Syed Award - 2011<ref name="Sir Syed awards">{{cite web | url=http://ssfoundationdelhi.com/prof-rehana-khatoon.html | title=Sir Syed awards | publisher=Sir Syed Foundation | date=2012 | access-date=29 September 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114337/http://ssfoundationdelhi.com/prof-rehana-khatoon.html | archive-date=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
* Al Beruni Award - [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Government of Islamic Republic of Iran]] - 2011<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><br />
* Presidential Award of Certificate of Honour by the [[President of India]] - 2009<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><ref name="Certificate of Honour">{{cite web | url=http://twocircles.net/2011may07/arabic_persian_scholars_get_certificate_honour_presidential_award.html#.VCjtkMtxnIU | title=Certificate of Honour | publisher=Two Circles | date=7 May 2011 | access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref><br />
* Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad Ghalib Award - Ghalib Institute, New Delhi - 2002<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><br />
* Career Award - [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], New Delhi - 1994-1997 <ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><br />
* Fellowship - [[University of Isfahan]], Teheran<ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><br />
* Research Scientist "A" - University Grants Commission, New Delhi - 1988<br />
* Post-Doctoral Fellowship - University Grant Commission, New Delhi - 1980<br />
* Senior Research Fellowship - University Grant Commission, New Delhi - 1977<br />
* Ghalib Medal - 1969<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><br />
<br />
== Publications==<br />
Rehana Khatoon is credited with several books,<ref name="DU Beat" /> over 30 in number, on topics such as [[lexicography]], [[comparative philology]] and Persian language and literature.<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Bio" /><ref name="DU Beat" /> She has also written a source book by name, ''Delhi: Past and Present: Focus on Persian Sources''<ref name="DU Beat" /> Some of her notable works are:<ref name="Bio" /><br />
* {{cite book | title=Ahwal-o-Asar-i-Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan-i-Arzu | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=1989 | location=Delhi | language=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Muthmir | publisher=University of Karachi | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=1991 | location=Pakistan | language=fa}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Afazil-i-Khujand | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=1991 | location=Delhi | language=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Karnama-i-Nazir | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=1995 | location=Delhi | language=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Irani ke man Deedam | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=2001 | location=Delhi | language=fa}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Majalla-i-Tahqeeqat-i-Farsi | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=2001 | location=Delhi | language=fa}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Lughat-i-Shahjahani - Persian Urdu dictionary with Hindi pronunciation | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=2003 | location=Delhi | language=fa, ur}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Sirajul Laughat-i-Khan-i-Arzu-3 volumes | publisher=Anjuman-i-Athar wa Mafakhir-i- Frahangi | author=Rehana Khatoon | location=Teheran | language=fa}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Essays on Mirza Hargopal Tafta | publisher=Ghalib Institute | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=2008 | location=Delhi | language=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Shaikh-ut-Taefe | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=2010 | location=Delhi | language=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Shree Raghunathji Mandir, Gulab Garh, Jammu | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=2010 | location=Delhi | language=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Majmu'a-e-Maqalat-e-Farsi | publisher=Iran culture House | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=2012 | location=Delhi | language=fa}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Persian Literature in India | author=Rehana Khatoon | year=2013 | location=Delhi }}<br />
<br />
Books apart, Khatoon is credited with several published articles<ref name="AMU Network - Facebook" /><ref name="Sir Syed awards" /><ref name="Article">{{cite web | url=http://aksa.us/aksaarticles/Prof%20Nazir%20Ahmed.pdf | title=Article | publisher=Amir Khusru Academic Society (AKSA) | date=1987 | access-date=29 September 2014 | archive-date=14 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214104125/http://aksa.us/aksaarticles/Prof%20Nazir%20Ahmed.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> on topics related to the Persian language. She has also translated a medical book on [[Diabetes]], written by Dr. C. L. Arya and a story book, ''Mitti Se Heera'' by Professor Maqbool of Jamia Millia Islamia, from Hindi to Urdu.<ref name="Bio" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzu]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh60B-BvcD0 | title=Rehana Khatoon | publisher=YouTube video | date=16 May 2014 | access-date=29 September 2014}}<br />
* {{cite web | url=http://www.veooz.com/photos/kH2A4qX.html | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony | publisher=Veooz India | date=31 March 2014 | access-date=29 September 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063927/http://www.veooz.com/photos/kH2A4qX.html | url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{cite web | url=http://www.veooz.com/photos/0H26kib.html | title=Prof Rehana Khatoon with Mr Ghyasi at Rashtrapati Bhavan | publisher=Veooz India | date=31 March 2014 | access-date=29 September 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074330/http://www.veooz.com/photos/0H26kib.html | url-status=dead }}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatoon, Rehana}}<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women linguists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]<br />
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian linguists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Women educators from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]</div>LorenaGallant5https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akshay_Karnewar&diff=465098Akshay Karnewar2025-03-31T21:28:02Z<p>LorenaGallant5: update information and updated info for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cricketer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
|name = Akshay Karnewar<br />
|image = <br />
|country = <br />
|fullname = <br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|12|df=yes}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Wagholi]], Maharashtra, India<br />
|death_date = <br />
|death_place = <br />
|batting =Left-handed <br />
|bowling =Right arm [[off spin]], [[Slow left arm orthodox]] <br />
|role = <br />
|club1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<br />
|year1 = 2015–<br />
|clubnumber1 = <br />
|club2 = <br />
|year2 = <br />
clubnumber2 =<br />
|date = 10 January 2016<br />
|source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/528730.html ESPNcricinfo<br />
}}<br />
'''Akshay Kisanrao Karnewar''' (born 12 October 1992) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/528730.html |title=Akshay Karnewar |access-date=10 January 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 10 December 2015 in the [[2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="ListA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901929.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group C: Odisha v Vidarbha at Delhi, Dec 10, 2015 |access-date=10 January 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 3 January 2016 in the [[2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/902111.html |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, Group A: Gujarat v Vidarbha at Nagpur, Jan 3, 2016 |access-date=10 January 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He started off as a right arm [[Off spin|off-spinner]], but since he does everything except writing with his left hand, he was encouraged to learn to bowl [[Left-arm orthodox spin|slow left-arm orthodox]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Karnewar: Vidarbha's ambidextrous trumpcard |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2015-16/content/story/963119.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Vidarbha in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]] on 27 October 2016.<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053549.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group B: Jharkhand v Vidarbha at Wayanad, Oct 27-30, 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In October 2017, he took his maiden five-wicket haul in first-class cricket, taking 6 wickets for 47 runs against [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="Karnewar5wkt">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/report/1118635/ |title=Dinda, Shami leave Chhattisgarh in tatters |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> He was the leading wicket-taker for Vidarbha in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], with fifteen dismissals in seven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=11523;team=2230;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2016/17 - Vidarbha: Batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 8 November 2021, in the [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] match between [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Plate Group#Round 4|Vidarbha and Manipur]], Karnewar became the first bowler to bowl four overs in a Twenty20 cricket match without conceding a run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/smat-2021-karnewar-first-player-in-t20-to-concede-zero-runs-after-bowling-full-quota-7613358/ |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali trophy: Akshay Karnewar first player in T20 to concede zero runs after bowling full quota |work=The Indian Express |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> The following day, in Vidarbha's match against [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]], Karnewar took a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/vidarbha-bowler-akshay-karnewar-scripts-historic-t20-world-record-bowls-4-maidens-in-4-overs-claims-hat-trick-next-day-101636444738459.html |title=Vidarbha bowler Akshay Karnewar scripts historic T20 world record, bowls 4 maidens in 4 overs; claims hat-trick next day |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/528730.html}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnewar, Akshay}}<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Satara district]]</div>LorenaGallant5