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Indian South Africans

2026-05-02T16:32:56Z

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{{Short description|Community of South Africans of Indian descent}}
{{Use South African English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indian South Africans भारतीय दक्षिण अफ़्रीकी ہندوستانی جنوبی افریقی Indiërs in Suid-Afrika AmaNdiya eMzantsi Afrika AmaNdiya aseNingizimu Afrika
| image = South_Africa_2011_Indian_or_Asian_population_proportion_map.svg
| image_caption = Proportion of Indian South Africans in each municipality according to the census
| population = {{increase}} '''1,697,506''' ([[2022 South African census|2022 census]])<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf|title=Census 2022 - Statistical Release P0301.4|publisher=Department of Statistics|website=census.statssa.gov.za|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409184611/https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> {{increase}} 2.74% of South Africa's population
| popplace = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] • [[Gauteng]] • [[Western Cape]]
| langs = '''[[South African English]]''' (home language)

'''Second languages'''
[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] • [[Maithili language|Maithili]] • [[Afrikaans]] • [[Zulu language|Isizulu]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Telugu language|Telugu]] • [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri (Naitali)]] • [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] • [[Bengali language|Bengali]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Memoni language|Memoni]] • [[Konkani language|Konkani]] • [[Marathi language|Marathi]] • [[Malayalam]] • [[Kannada]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Marwari language|Marwari]] • Other [[languages of the Indian subcontinent]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.citizen.co.za/witness/archive/chilli-city-20150430/ | title=Chilli city | date=14 November 2010 }}</ref>
| rels = [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hinduism]], [[Islam in South Africa|Islam]], [[Christianity in South Africa|Christianity]], [[Sikhism in South Africa |Sikhism]], [[Jainism in Africa#Jainism in South Africa|Jainism]], [[Buddhism in South Africa|Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], others<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/52.htm |title=South Africa – Religion |website=Countrystudies.us |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref>
| related-c = [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]], [[Indo-Mauritians]], [[Indo-Fijians]], [[Indo-Caribbean people]], [[Indian Singaporeans]], [[Malaysian Indians]], [[Indian people]], [[Indian diaspora]], [[South Asian diaspora]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}
[[File:South Africa 2011 Indian or Asian population density map.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Density of the Indian/South Asian population.
{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}
{{legend|#ffffcc|<1 /km²}}
{{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}}
{{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}}
{{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}}
{{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}}
{{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}}
{{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}}
{{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}}
{{legend|#800026|>3000 /km²}}
{{div col end}}]]
[[File:South Africa 2011 Indian or Asian population proportion map.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Indian/South Asians as a proportion of the total population.
{{Div col}}
{{legend|#EDF8E9|0–20%}}
{{legend|#BAE4B3|20–40%}}
{{legend|#74C476|40–60%}}
{{legend|#31A354|60–80%}}
{{legend|#006D2C|80–100%}}
{{Div col end}}]]
'''Indian South Africans''' are [[South Africa]]ns who descend from [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]] and free migrants who arrived from [[British Raj|British India]] during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The majority live in and around the city of [[Durban]], making it one of the largest ethnically Indian-populated cities outside of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Durban-largest-Indian-city-outside-India/articleshow/9328227.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512152508/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-23/mumbai/29807173_1_durban-south-africa-uk | url-status=live | archive-date=12 May 2013 | title=Durban largest 'Indian' city outside India | first=Anahita | last=Mukherji | date=23 June 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2011-11-30}}</ref>

As a consequence of the policies of [[apartheid]], ''Indian'' (synonymous with ''Asian)''<ref name="midyear2020">{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022020.pdf|title=Statistical Release P0302: Mid-year population estimates, 2011 |publisher=Statistics South Africa|page=3}}</ref><ref name="leej2016">{{cite web |url=https://krieger.jhu.edu/research-opps/wp-content/uploads/sites/86/2015/06/Lee-Jennifer.pdf |title=Honorary Whiteness: The Making of a Model Minority - The Socio-Legal Construction of Race & East Asians as Global Outsiders in the Landscape of a Post-Apartheid South Africa |first=Jennifer|last=Lee|date=May 2016 |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716044440/https://krieger.jhu.edu/research-opps/wp-content/uploads/sites/86/2015/06/Lee-Jennifer.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="britannicaApartheid">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid|title=apartheid | Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=8 June 2023 }}</ref> is regarded as a [[Race (human categorization)|race group]] in South Africa.<ref name="Pillay2019"/><ref name="Posel2001">{{cite journal |url=http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf |title= What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108101109/http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf |archive-date=2006-11-08 |journal=Transformation|issn=0258-7696 |year=2001|last=Posel|first= Deborah|pages= 50–74}}</ref>

==Racial identity==
During the colonial era, Indians were accorded the same subordinate status in South African society as Blacks were by the [[White South Africans|white minority]], which held the vast majority of political power.<ref name="ForeignAffairsDuBois">{{cite magazine|last=Du Bois|first=W. E. Burghardt|author-link=W. E. B. Du Bois|date=1925-04-01|title=Worlds of Color|volume=3|number=3|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/1925-04-01/worlds-color|issn=0015-7120|url-access=subscription|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="TheNewNegroDuBois">{{cite book|last=DuBois|first=W. E. B.|author-link=W. E. B. Du Bois|editor1-last=Locke|editor1-first=Alain LeRoy|editor-link1=Alain LeRoy Locke|year=1925|edition=1927|title=The New Negro: An Interpretation|chapter=The Negro Mind Reaches Out|page=385|publisher=Albert and Charles Boni|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newnegrointerpre00unse/page/413/mode/1up|lccn=25025228|oclc=639696145 |quote=In South Africa, despite all Imperial explanations and attempts to smooth things out, [[Jan Smuts|Smuts]] and the Boers have taken firm ground: Indians are to be classed with Negroes in their social and political exclusion. South Africa is to be ruled by its minority of whites.}}</ref> During the period of [[apartheid]] from 1948 to 1994, Indian South Africans were legally classified as being a separate racial group.

During the most intense period of segregation and apartheid, "Indian", "Coloured" and "[[Cape Malays|Malay]]" group identities controlled numerous aspects of daily life, including where a classified person was [[Group Areas Act|permitted to live]] and study.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1416_bridging_divide/index.shtml |title=BBC World Service | Bridgin the divide: Indians in South Africa |publisher=BBC |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref>

The "Indian" racial identity was created by both internal political movements that sought to consolidate support amongst the different Indian ethnicities in the face of discrimination; and the Apartheid government which strictly codified the physical and cultural boundaries between "race groups", and encouraged these group identities.<ref name="Pillay2019"/> As a result of these Apartheid rules, South Africans continue to identify themselves, and informally classify each other as, "[[Ethnic groups in South Africa#Black South Africans|blacks]]", "[[white South Africans|whites]]", "[[Coloureds]]" and "Indians". Despite living in South Africa for more than 150 years, and being an officially recognised part of the population since 1961, Indians are still sometimes viewed as a foreign presence in the country, and find themselves having to justify their belonging to South Africa as a homeland.<ref name="Pillay2019">{{cite book|last1=Pillay|first1=Kathryn|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity|chapter=Indian Identity in South Africa|year=2019|pages=77–92|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9|isbn=978-981-13-2897-8|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==History==
===Indian South Africans===
The modern-day South African Indian community largely descends from indentured labourers imported by the British in the late 1800s and a smaller proportion who travelled as free subjects of the British Empire.

====Indentured labourers and Passenger Indians====
{{See also|Indian indenture system}}
South African Indians are largely descended from Indians who arrived in South Africa from 1860 onwards. The first 342 of these came on board the ''[[Truro (ship)|Truro]]'' from [[Madras]],<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline"/><ref name="kznOrgHistoryIndian">{{cite web |url=http://www.kzn.org.za/index.php?view_page+58490 |title=A History of Indian Settlement in KwaZulu-Natal |website=Kzn.org.za |access-date=2011-11-06 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230092427/http://www.kzn.org.za/index.php?view_page+58490 |url-status=dead }}</ref> followed by the ''Belvedere'' from [[Calcutta]].<ref name="kznOrgHistoryIndian"/> They were transported as [[indentured]] labourers to work on the [[sugarcane]] plantations of [[Natal Colony]], and, in total, approximately 200,000 Indians arrived as indentured labourers over a period of 5 decades,<ref name="kznOrgHistoryIndian"/><ref name="kznOrgIndianHistory2"/> later also as indentured coal miners and railway workers.<ref name="ancestry24ReturningIndenturedIndians"/><ref name="udwPadayacheeMarketThesis"/> The indentured labourers tended to speak [[Tamil Language|Tamil]], [[Telugu Language|Telugu]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialect of [[Hindi]],<ref name="kznTamilFedSouthAfricanIndian">{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilsa.org/cms/scripts/culture1.php |title=The South African Indian with Reference to the Tamils Their Endeavours to Promote and Nuture the Tamil Culture and Language Among the Tamils in South Africa |access-date=2011-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081835/http://www.tamilsa.org/cms/scripts/culture1.php |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref> and the majority were Hindu with Muslim and Christian minorities. Indians were imported as it was found by colonial authorities that local black Africans were economically self-sufficient, and thus unwilling to subject themselves to employment by colonial farmers, while other colonial authorities believed that the "hunting and warrior" African culture of the time was incompatible with a sudden shift to employed labour. ''[[The Mercury (South Africa)|The Mercury]]'' newspaper favoured the importation of labour, although other Natal newspapers were against the idea. In general, the importation of labour was not viewed as politically important by colonists when it was proposed, and the importation of Indian labour was driven by [[lobbying]] by a relatively small group of sugar planters, and the long-term consequences of Indian immigration (the establishment of a permanent Indian population in Natal) were not taken into account<ref name="natalia">{{cite web|url=http://www.natalia.org.za/Files/40/Natalia%2040%202010%20Indian%20150%20pp%2012-19.pdf|title=Towards a new labour dispensation : Background to the arrival of Indians in Natal in 1860|website=Natalia.org.za|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> (by 1904, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal).<ref name="nataliaGandhi1893">{{cite web|url=http://www.natalia.org.za/Files/23-24/Natalia%20v23-24%20article%20p68-75%20C.pdf|title=Gandhi's Natal : The State of the Colony in 1893 |website=Natalia.org.za|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Although 1860 is dated as the beginning of Indian settlement in Natal, a farmer called ER Rathbone was the first to introduce Indian labour to the colony in 1849.<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/indian-history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606163436/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/indian-history.html|archive-date=6 June 2011 |title=Timeline|access-date=2011-11-24}}</ref><ref name="IndenturedLabourandIndia">{{cite web |url=http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/specialprojects/indian-history/arrival4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505035333/http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/specialprojects/indian-history/arrival4.htm|archive-date=5 May 2006 |title=Indentured Labour and India|access-date=2011-11-24}}</ref>

Indentured labourers on sugar plantations were frequently mistreated and lived in unsanitary conditions. A large percentage of indentured labourers returned to India following the expiry of their terms, and some of those who returned alerted authorities in India to abuses taking place in Natal, which led to new safeguards being put in place before further recruiting of indentured labourers was allowed to take place.<ref name="ancestry24ReturningIndenturedIndians">{{cite web |url=http://ancestry24.com/natal-indians/ |title=Indentured Indians who returned to India from Natal |publisher=Ancestry24 |access-date=2011-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707135455/http://ancestry24.com/natal-indians/ |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Former indentured labourers who did not return to India quickly established themselves as an important general labour force in Natal particularly as industrial and railway workers, with others engaging in [[market gardening]], growing most of the vegetables consumed by the white population.<ref name="pahadThesis1b"/> Indians also became [[commercial fishing|fishermen]], and worked as clerks; in the postal service; and as court interpreters.<ref name="udwPadayacheeMarketThesis">{{cite web |url=http://scnc.ukzn.ac.za/doc/COMM/Markets/Padayachee_SG_Victoria_St_Indian_Market_1910_73.pdf |title=The Victoria Street Indian Market 1910-1973 |publisher=[[University of Durban-Westville]] |date=November 1988 |access-date=2013-06-12 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116062537/https://scnc.ukzn.ac.za/doc/COMM/Markets/Padayachee_SG_Victoria_St_Indian_Market_1910_73.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The remaining Indian immigration was from ''passenger Indians'', comprising traders and others who migrated to South Africa shortly after the indentured labourers,<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline"/> paid for their own fares and travelled as [[British subject]]s. These immigrant Indians who became traders were from varying religious backgrounds, namely Hindu and [[Muslim]]s but largely from [[Gujarat]] (including [[Memons in South Africa|Memons]] and [[Surti Muslims#Surti Muslims in South Africa|Surtis]]),<ref name="nataliaIndiaFamilyBusiness">{{cite web|url=http://www.natalia.org.za/Files/38/Natalia%2038%20pp27-37%20C.pdf|title=Indian Family Businesses in Natal, 1870 – 1950|website=Natalia.org.za|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> later joined by [[Konkani Muslims|Konkanis]], and [[Urdu]] speakers from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="pahadThesis1b">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/library-resources/thesis/pahad_thesis/chapter1b.htm |title=The Beginnings of Protest, 1860–1923 | South African History Online |website=Sahistory.org.za |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref> The Muslims played an important part in the establishment of [[Islam in South Africa|Islam]] in the areas where they settled. Indian traders were sometimes referred to as "[[Arab]] traders" because of their dress, and because large numbers of them were Muslim.<ref name="nataliaIndiaFamilyBusiness"/>

Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to the [[South African Republic]] (Transvaal), establishing communities in settlements on the main road between [[Johannesburg]] and Durban. Natal's Indian traders rapidly displaced small white shop owners in trade with other Indians, and with black Africans, causing resentment among white businesses.

Researchers have made efforts to collect and make available shipping lists of Indian immigrants.<ref name="ancestry24BrainLists">{{cite web |url=http://ancestry24.com/arrival-of-indian-passengers/ |title=Arrival of Indian Passengers |publisher=Ancestry24 |access-date=2011-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703080057/http://ancestry24.com/arrival-of-indian-passengers/ |archive-date=3 July 2010 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

====Early discrimination (1860–1910)====
{{See also|Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa}}

Indians faced discrimination to varying degrees in all parts of South Africa.

=====Natal=====
Indians faced repressive legislation in Natal. They were forced to carry passes in 1888.<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline"/> In 1893, Mohandas K. Gandhi (later known as Mahatma Gandhi) arrived in South Africa to represent an Indian businessman in a legal dispute. Following his arrival in South Africa, Gandhi experienced racial discrimination, and, following the proposal of legislation to restrict Indian voting rights in Natal, he helped organise resistance, leading to the formation of the [[Natal Indian Congress]].<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline" /><ref name="kznOrgIndianHistory2">{{cite web|url=http://www.kzn.org.za/index.php?view_page+58491 |title=History of KwaZulu-Natal Indian Settlement ...cont. Part 2 |website=Kzn.org.za |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref> This organised resistance led to the unification of disparate groups of South African Indians for the first time.<ref name="pahadthesis1c">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/library-resources/thesis/pahad_thesis/chapter1c.htm |title=The Beginnings of Protest, 1860–1923 | South African History Online |website=Sahistory.org.za |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref> Although the bill was defeated, it was successfully reintroduced in 1896.<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline" />

=====Transvaal=====
The [[South African Republic]] government first instituted discriminatory legislation against Indians in 1885,<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline"/> which led to protests from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]], as the Indians were British subjects, and was used as one of the ''[[casus belli]]'' for the [[Second Boer War]].<ref name="pahadThesis1b"/> Indians were banned from working in the mining industry, and areas were set aside for ''coolie locations'' in various towns in the Transvaal. Persons of colour could also not walk on sidewalks in the Transvaal.<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline" /> Following the end of the Second Boer War, the new colonial administration of the [[Transvaal Colony]] continued to maintain the same discriminatory practices against Indians.<ref name="sahistory1900sTl">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/artsmediaculture/culture%20&%20heritage/indian-history/timeline_1900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607070614/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/artsmediaculture/culture%20%26%20heritage/indian-history/timeline_1900.htm |archive-date=7 June 2011 |title=Timeline |access-date=2011-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=====Cape Colony=====
Passenger Indians who moved to the [[Cape Colony]], although facing petty discrimination, were generally well treated, could own property, could vote, and could trade freely. Many Muslim men in this group married [[Cape Malay]] women, and their children were later often classified as Cape Malay as part of the wider group classified as [[Coloureds]].<ref name="pahadThesis1b"/>

=====Orange Free State=====
Indians were prohibited by an 1891<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline"/> statute from living in the [[Orange Free State]], then an independent [[Boer Republic]], and this led to the almost total absence of Indians from the area, a situation that persisted into the apartheid era.
<ref name="saHistoryAntiIndianLegislation">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/anti-indian-legislation.html |title=Anti-Indian Legislation 1800s – 1959 | South African History Online |website=Sahistory.org.za |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref>

====Union of South Africa (1910–1948)====
Efforts to encourage Indians to repatriate to India included financial incentives, as well as discriminatory treatment.<ref name="ColoursDontMixUNatal"/> In December 1926, and January 1927, the [[Union of South Africa|South African government]] and Indian authorities had a Round Table conference where it was agreed that the Indian government would create a scheme for the repatriation of Indians, with the South African government agreeing to "uplift" the Indians who remained, monitored by an Indian government Agent. However, fewer Indians than expected were repatriated, and racial tensions continued to simmer between Indians and whites, into the 1940s.<ref name="ColoursDontMixUNatal">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270051138 |doi=10.1080/02590123.2011.11964165|title="Colours do Not Mix": Segregated Classes at the University of Natal, 1936–1959 |year=2011 |last1=Bhana |first1=Surendra |last2=Vahed |first2=Goolam |journal=Journal of Natal and Zulu History |volume=29 |pages=66–100 |hdl=10413/8121 |s2cid=142593969 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

====Apartheid (1948–1994)====
[[File:South Africa racial map, 1979.gif|thumb|South Africa racial map, 1979. The orange colour shows where people of Indian origin were more prevalent. In other areas, such as those marked “Coloreds”, they were either a minority or not allowed to enter under apartheid laws.]]

The [[Durban riots]] was an [[Anti-Indian sentiment#South Africa|anti-Indian]] riot predominantly by [[Zulus]] targeting Indians in Durban, South Africa in January 1949. The riots resulted in the massacre of mostly poor Indians. In total 142 people died in the riots and another 1,087 people were injured. It also led to the destruction of 58 shops, 247 dwellings and one factory.<ref>"The Durban riots, 1949". South African History Online. Retrieved 23 October 2012.</ref>

Discriminated against by [[apartheid]] legislation, such as the [[Group Areas Act]], applied in 1950, Indians were forcibly moved into Indian [[Township (South Africa)|townships]], and had their movements restricted. They were not allowed to reside in the [[Orange Free State Province]], and needed special permission to enter or transit through that province. They were also, as a matter of state policy, given an inferior education compared to [[white South Africans]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/the-effects-of-apartheids-unequal-education-system-can-still-be-felt-today-2035295 | title=The effects of apartheid's unequal education system can still be felt today }}</ref> The Asiatic Land Tenure and the Indian Representative Act of 1946 were repealed.

The [[Population Registration Act, 1950]] initially defined Indians as being part of the [[Coloureds|Coloured]] population.<ref>{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330013602/https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01828/05lv01829/06lv01838.htm | url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01828/05lv01829/06lv01838.htm | archive-date=30 March 2018 | title=1950. Population Registration Act No 30 | publisher=O'Malley | access-date=11 May 2018 }}</ref>

In 1961, Indians were officially recognised as permanent part of the South African population,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sahistory.org.za/pages/////library-resources/onlinebooks/bhana/part02-C-intro.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713142338/http://sahistory.org.za/pages/////library-resources/onlinebooks/bhana/part02-C-intro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2012 |title=Towards a common cause, 1961–1982 | South African History Online |website=Sahistory.org.za |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=2011-11-06 }}</ref> the [[Department of Indian Affairs (South Africa)|Department of Indian Affairs]] was established, with a white minister in charge. In 1968, the South African Indian Council came into being, serving as a link between the government and the Indian people.

The [[University of Durban-Westville]] (now part of the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal]]) was built with a Rand-for-Rand contribution from Indian South Africans and the government in the 1970s. Before that, Indian students had to take a ferry to [[Salisbury Island, Durban|Salisbury Island]]'s abandoned prison, which served as their university.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Govinden|first=Devarakshanam (Betty)|date=January 2011|title=Remembering "Salisbury Island"|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2223-03862011000100009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Yesterday and Today|issue=6|pages=53–62|issn=2223-0386}}</ref>

Casual racist expressions were used during the years of apartheid. Indians in South Africa were (and sometimes still are) referred to by the racial epithet '[[coolie]]'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Malema-under-fire-over-slur-on-Indians-20111020|title=Malema under fire over slur on Indians|website=News24.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

In 1968, the [[South African Indian Council]] (not to be confused with the anti-apartheid [[South African Indian Congress]] which had the same initials) was created by the government, and in 1974, the council was reconstituted to allow for 50% of its members to be elected by Indians. The Council did not enjoy much support, for example, in 1981, only 6% of eligible voters participated in elections for the council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv03445/04lv03446/05lv03503.htm|title=South African Indian Council|website=Nelsonmandela.org|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

In 1983, the [[South African Constitution of 1983|Constitution]] was reformed to allow the [[Coloured]] and Indian minorities a limited participation in separate and subordinate Houses of a [[Tricameral Parliament]], a development which saw limited support and very low voter turnouts.<ref>http://www.sahistory.org.za/official-or-original-documents/tricameral-parliament {{dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref> The Indian house was called the [[House of Delegates (South Africa)|House of Delegates]]. Some aspects of Indian life were regulated by this house, including education. The theory was that the Indian minority could be allowed limited rights, but the Black majority were to become citizens of independent [[bantustan|homelands]]. These separate arrangements were removed by the negotiations which took place from 1990 on to provide all South Africans with the vote.

====Post-apartheid====
[[File:Indian population by provinces.jpg|thumb|Post-apartheid population distribution of Indian-origin people in provinces of South Africa.]]

=====Post-apartheid politics=====
Many Indians played an important role in the anti-apartheid struggle and some occupied positions of power in post-apartheid South Africa. In [[post-apartheid South Africa]], Indians have maintained prominent positions in the ruling [[African National Congress]].

[[Amichand Rajbansi]]'s [[Minority Front]] (formerly the ''National People's Party'') retained some support in its strongholds. However, after Rajbansi's death in 2011, the party failed to win any seats in the national assembly following the 2014 general election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.org.za/resultsNPE2014/|title=2014 National and Provincial Elections Results|website=Elections.org.za|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510231542/http://www.elections.org.za/resultsNPE2014/|archive-date=10 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Indians who were citizens before 1994, and thus discriminated against by the apartheid system, are considered ''black'' for the purposes of [[Employment Equity]]; that is, they are classified as having been disadvantaged under apartheid. They are thus eligible for "affirmative action" and [[Black Economic Empowerment]] allocations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/economic_empowerment/docs/2nd_phase/Code1000Statement1000.pdf|title=BROAD-BASED BLACK ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ACT : Section 9(5): Codes of Good Practice|website=Thedti.gov.za|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615000932/http://www.thedti.gov.za/economic_empowerment/docs/2nd_phase/Code1000Statement1000.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====Post-apartheid immigration from South Asia=====
{{Further|Pakistani South Africans|Gupta family}}
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi greets people in Johannesburg.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] meets members of Indian community in Johannesburg, 8 July 2016]]
Following the end of apartheid, a new wave of South Asian immigration commenced from India, Bangladesh, [[Pakistani South Africans|Pakistan]] and Sri Lanka, paralleling the movement of Africans from the diaspora and neighbouring African countries to the [[post-apartheid South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-south-africans | title=Indian South Africans | South African History Online }}</ref> These recent migrants are usually not regarded as being part of the Indian community, although they often live in traditionally Indian areas.

Among these post-apartheid immigrants, the controversial [[Gupta family]] from India, managed to acquire vast political and economic influence in a short time, under the reign of former President [[Jacob Zuma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-09-are-the-guptas-new-shaiks|title=Are the Guptas the new Shaiks?|work=The M&G Online|date=9 July 2010|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Carol Paton |url=http://secure.financialmail.co.za/09/0424/fox/efox.htm|title=A good investment |work=Financial Mail |access-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430122055/http://secure.financialmail.co.za/09/0424/fox/efox.htm|archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-02-25-cosatu-raises-red-flag-on-guptas/ |title=Cosatu raises red flag on Guptas |website=Mail & Guardian |date=25 February 2011 |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/Politics/article937958.ece/Zuma-faces-ANC-revolt-over-Guptas |title=Zuma faces ANC revolt over Guptas |publisher=Times LIVE |date=27 February 2011 |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/solving-the-sordid-gupta-saga-1.1511330 |title=Solving the 'sordid Gupta saga' |work=Independent Online|date=7 May 2013 |access-date=2013-05-07}}</ref>

===Assimilated groups===
====Slaves and exiles in the Dutch-ruled Cape====
A significant proportion of [[Slavery in South Africa#Dutch rule|slaves imported into the Cape]] were from parts of India (which included present-day Bangladesh), Indonesia and Sri Lanka.<ref name="IndianSlavesANC">{{cite web |url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/solidarity/indiasa3.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320003806/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/solidarity/indiasa3.html|archive-date=20 March 2008|title=INDIAN SLAVES IN SOUTH AFRICA|access-date=2011-11-24}}</ref> While South African scholars mistakenly assumed these slaves were bought in "slave markets", many of the slaves were victims of kidnapping.<ref name="IndianSlavesANC"/> Many slaves had no identity as Indians and were subsumed into the "[[Cape Coloured]]" and [[Cape Malay]] communities.<ref name="saHistoryIndianSouthAfricans">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/artsmediaculture/culture%20&%20heritage/indian-history/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801023958/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/artsmediaculture/culture%20%26%20heritage/indian-history/index.htm |archive-date=1 August 2010 |title=From bondage to freedom – The 150th anniversary of the arrival of Indian workers in South Africa |access-date=2011-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> White [[Afrikaners]] also may have some Indian slave ancestry,<ref name="IndianSlavesANC"/> an example of this being former [[State President of South Africa|State President]] [[F.W. de Klerk]], who revealed in his autobiography that one of his ancestors was a female slave called ''Diana of Bengal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/199902080126.html|title=South Africa: FW de Klerk Reveals Colourful Ancestry|first=Michael|last=Morris|date=8 February 1999|website=Allafrica.com|access-date=29 August 2017|via=AllAfrica}}</ref> Indian slaves who were Muslim became part of the [[Cape Malay]] community after they were freed, initially adopting the [[Malay language]], and then Afrikaans.<ref name="StellLuffin2008">{{cite journal|last1=Stell|first1=Gerald|last2=Luffin|first2=Xavier|last3=Rakiep|first3=Muttaqin|title=Religious and secular Cape Malay Afrikaans: Literary varieties used by Shaykh Hanif Edwards (1906-1958)|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=163|issue=2–3|year=2008|pages=289–325|issn=0006-2294|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003687|doi-access=free}}</ref>

An early Indian to settle in South Africa was Kalaga Prabhu, a [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]] merchant from [[Cochin]]. He was the foremost among the [[Konkani people|Konkani]] merchants in Cochin (modern day Kochi in Kerala). As punishment for conspiring with the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysorean]] Muslim king [[Hyder Ali]] to overthrow the king of Cochin, Kalaga Prabhu and his son Chorda Prabhu were arrested by the Dutch and exiled with their families for life to the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1771. No further record of this individual and his descendants if any exists.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gsbkerala.com/gsbhistory.htm#kashi | title=History of Saraswat Migrations | publisher=gsbkerala.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413214342/http://www.gsbkerala.com/gsbhistory.htm |archive-date=13 April 2010 | access-date=11 May 2018 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=this is an important claim which needs more justification than a single website|date=July 2013}}

==Religion==
{{Bar box
|title=Religion among Indian South Africans (2022 Census)<ref name="census"/>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=right
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|40.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|red|31.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|24.5}}
{{Bar percent|Others|grey|3}}
}}
[[File:Flag of the Chishti Nizami Habibia Soofie International Sufi Order.jpg|alt=Flag (Nishaan) of the Chishti Nizami Habibia Soofie International Sufi Order|thumb|Flag (Nishaan) of the Chishti Nizami Habibia Soofie International Sufi Order]]
Almost all South African Indians are either [[Hindu]], [[Christian]], or [[Muslim]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/52.htm |title=South Africa – Religion |website=Countrystudies.us |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref> There are also small groups of [[Parsi people|Parsis]], [[Sikhism in South Africa |Sikhs]], and [[Buddhist]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhasa.org.za/ |title=[Buddhasa] Buddhism in South Africa – Home |website=Buddhasa.org.za |access-date=2011-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122215447/http://www.buddhasa.org.za/ |archive-date=22 November 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is also estimated that there are around 13,000 Sikhs in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Custom Dataset {{!}} National Profiles {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/np-sort?var=ADH_535 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref> The majority of [[Islam in South Africa|South African Muslims]] are Indian or belong to the multi-ethnic community in the Western Cape.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2005 |publisher=US State Department |access-date=2013-06-04}}</ref>

The proportion of Indian South Africans following [[Hinduism]] have decreased from 50% in 1996 to 47.27% in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/192971.pdf|title=United States Department of State}}</ref> This decreased to 41.3% in 2016, and further decreased to 37.9% in 2022. This is mainly due to the conversion of Hindus to Christianity by missionaries.<ref name="auto1">Holmes, Catesby (27 June 2016). [http://theconversation.com/behind-the-god-swapping-in-the-south-african-indian-community-part-2-61051 "Behind the God-swapping in the South African Indian community (part 2)."] ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]''. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</ref><ref name="census"/>

==Education==
Like Coloureds, until the end of Apartheid, Indian children largely attended segregated Indian government schools, which were administered nationally, and wrote separate matriculation examinations. These arrangements ended by 1997.

Until 1991, state government schools taught in English, choosing one of five Indian languages, namely Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu to be taken as non-examination subjects. But, the languages were dropped from state-run schools. The national council for eastern languages has requested the government teach these five languages. The provincial government agreed to allow these languages to be taught in KwaZulu-Natal. These languages can be chosen as a third language up to the final year of school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-languages-to-be-official-subjects-in-south-african-schools-497717|title=Indian languages to be official subjects in South African schools|date=20 March 2014|work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Languages==

=== South African Indian English ===
English is the first language of most Indian South Africans. From the 1950s on, English came to be taught to Indian children in schools, leading to [[language shift]] taking place, with English becoming the first language of the majority.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Landy |first1=Frederic |last2=Maharaj |first2=Brij |last3=Mainet-Valleix |first3=Helene |date=March 2004 |title=Are people of Indian origin (PIO) "Indian"? A case study of South Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.08.005 |journal=Geoforum |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=203–215 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.08.005 |issn=0016-7185|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Because these children were separated by apartheid from white English-speakers, their English developed in very different ways from [[South African English]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peirce |first=Bronwyn Norton |date=September 1989 |title=Toward a Pedagogy of Possibility in the Teaching of English Internationally: People's English in South Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3586918 |journal=TESOL Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=401–420 |doi=10.2307/3586918 |jstor=3586918 |issn=0039-8322|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In recent decades, the dialect has come much closer to the standard language through the model taught in schools. The result is a variety of English which mixes features of [[Indian English|Indian]], [[South African English|South African]], [[Received Pronunciation|Standard British]], and other influences.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crystal|first=David|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=0521401798|location=Cambridge, UK|page=356}}</ref>

=== Current status of Indian languages ===
A diminishing minority of Indian South Africans, notably those in older generations, are fluent in their ancestral Indian languages such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Malayalam]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and others as a first language or second language. In some small towns in the former Transvaal, [[Afrikaans]] is used as a first language by older Indians. Almost all younger people have English as their first language. The compulsory second language taught at school, such as Afrikaans or [[Zulu language|Zulu]], is either spoken or understood.

As a result of promotion by cultural organisations<ref name="kznTamilFedSouthAfricanIndian"/> and the influence of Indian cinemas, many younger Indians can understand (but not usually speak) Indian languages to a limited degree.

Recent immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh have maintained fluency in their mother tongues.

==Cuisine==
[[Image:Quarter Mutton Bunny Chow.jpg|thumb|right|An example of [[bunny chow]] served in [[Durban]], originated in the Indian South African community.<ref name=FromCurries>{{cite book |title=From Curries to Kebabs: Recipes from the Indian Spice Trail |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgfQ6uxhRgC&pg=184 |author=Jaffrey, Madhur |date=2003 |publisher=Clarkson Potter |isbn=9780609607046 |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref>]]
[[Curry|Curried]] dishes are popular in South Africa among people of all ethnic origins; many dishes came to the country with the thousands of [[Indians in South Africa|Indian]] labourers brought to South Africa in the nineteenth century. South African Indian cuisine adapted to local ingredients, and dishes include a variety of curries, rotis, [[List of Indian sweets and desserts|sweetmeat]]s, [[chutney]]s, fried snacks such as [[samosa]] (called ''samoosa'' in South Africa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/samoosas |title=Samoosas recipe |last=Jacobs |first=Ingrid |date=2012-04-26 |website=SBS Food |publisher=SBS |access-date=2022-06-13 |quote=Samoosas are a smaller South African version of the Indian samosas.}}</ref>), and other savoury foods. [[Bunny chow]], an Indian dish from Durban consisting of a hollowed-out loaf of bread filled with curry, was invented by necessity, as Indians were not allowed to eat at their own restaurants. The dish forms part of mainstream South African cuisine and has become quite popular.

==Media and entertainment==
Even though Indian languages are seldom spoken or understood by younger Indians, English-[[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitle]]d Indian films and television programmes remain popular among South African Indians. These are broadcast both by the [[DStv]] satellite television service, which carries [[Zee TV]], [[B4U (network)|B4U]], [[NDTV]], and a Hindi-language [[Sony Entertainment Television Asia|Sony]] channel. In addition, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]–language channels, [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and KTV, were introduced in 2004.

DVD, and previously, [[Video cassette recorder|video]] versions of Bollywood films are widely available. Large cinema chains like [[Ster-Kinekor]] began showing Bollywood films by the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2002/film/markets-festivals/bollywood-comes-to-south-africa-1117872285 | title=Bollywood comes to South Africa | date=4 September 2002 }}</ref> Indian culture in South Africa has some similarities to the worldwide ''[[Desi]]'' subculture, however, South African Indians developed a distinctive musical and literary culture of their own, which was to some extent eclipsed by the global Bollywood/Desi culture in the 1990s and 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article881073.ece/Now-will-the-real-SA-Indian-community-please-stand-up|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422014530/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article881073.ece/Now-will-the-real-SA-Indian-community-please-stand-up|archive-date=22 April 2013|url-status=dead|title=Now will the real SA Indian community please stand up - Times LIVE|access-date=3 February 2011}}</ref> There is also an increasing amount of interest in Turkish popular culture, by Muslims in particular.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/south-africans-showing-growing-interest-in-turkey/1422153 | title=South Africans showing growing interest in Turkey }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://trdergisi.com/en/we-found-the-grandchild-of-abu-bakr-effendi-in-south-africa/ | title=We found the Grandchild of Abu Bakr Effendi in South Africa | newspaper=Tr Dergisi | date=2 March 2017 }}</ref>

The slang term ''charou'' (various spellings) is often used by Indians, particularly in the Durban area, to refer to themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://charous.webs.com/whatisacharou.htm|title=Charou 4 Eva :: Chatsworth Till I Die|website=Charous.webs.com|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617210603/http://charous.webs.com/whatisacharou.htm|archive-date=17 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freewebs.com/charous/thecharoulife.htm|title=Charou 4 Eva :: Chatsworth Till I Die|website=Freewebs.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

[[Card games]], in particular, the [[trick-taking]] card game [[Thunee]] (similar to [[Twenty-eight (card game)|Twenty-eight]]) are popular among South African Indians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pagat.com/jass/28.html|title=Rules of Card Games: Twenty-Eight|website=Pagat.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

Radio Hindvani is a community radio station based in Durban and is aimed at the promotion of Hindi culture and language amongst South Africans. The station's frequency reaches Durban and all surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.36886/nidan |title=Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies |year=2020 |publisher=School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics, Howard College Campus - UKZN|doi=10.36886/nidan }}</ref>

The [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] (SABC) also has an Indian-oriented radio service called [[Lotus FM]], launched during the apartheid era, and began some showing Indian-focused programming in the 90's including locally produced [[magazine shows]]. Pay television channel [[M-Net]] also had additional programming aimed at Indians called ''East Net''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news24.com/life/three-decades-of-tv-magic-as-m-net-turns-30-20161025 | title=Three decades of TV magic as M-Net turns 30 }}</ref> Bollywood movies have been broadcast by the SABC. The ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]'' has a supplement distributed in Indian areas called the ''Extra'', and the ''[[Sunday Tribune (South Africa)|Sunday Tribune]]'' publishes a similar supplement, called the ''Herald''.<ref>[https://ukzn-dspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/2700/Maharaj_Thrusha_2005.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y THE CONSTRUCTION AND NEGOTIATION OF THE NOTION OF IDENTITY IN A PRINT SECTOR OF THE MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE SUNDAY TRlBUNE HERALD.] Thrusha Maharaj</ref> A Bollywood section, 'Bollyworld' is published by the Daily News on Mondays.

==Events==
Among the major charity and cultural events in South Africa, organised every year by the local Indian community is the Gandhi Walk, which is the oldest event in South Africa commemorating Mahatma Gandhi. Held annually in [[Lenasia]], south of [[Johannesburg]], it has been held 34 times.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Gandhi Walk|url=http://www.gandhiwalk.org.za/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=gandhiwalk.org.za}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-03-20|title=Annual Gandhi Walk postponed|url=https://comarochronicle.co.za/205489/annual-gandhi-walk-postponed/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Comaro Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite web|date=2020-03-16|title=Coronavirus: Indian community events in South Africa stand cancelled|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/coronavirus-indian-community-events-in-south-africa-stand-cancelled-814157.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

The Durban Festival of Chariots is organised annually at the beachfront by the [[ISKCON]]. The festival is attended by tens of thousands of people.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-03-18|title=Durban Festival of Chariots postponed due to Coronavirus|url=https://highwaymail.co.za/371233/durban-festival-chariots-postponed-due-coronavirus/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Highway Mail|language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Lenasia]] a gala fund-raising banquet of the Saaberie Chishty Ambulance Service is held annually.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/>

==Demographics==

===Colony of Natal===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Population group !! Number !! Percent (%)
|+ 1910 Colony of Natal Census
|-
| Black || 904,041 || 81.53
|-
| Asian || 100,918 || 9.10
|-
| White || 97,109 || 8.75
|-
| Coloured || 6,686 || 0.60
|-
! Total !! 1,108,754 !! 100.00
|}

===Union of South Africa===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Population !! Share !! Source
|+ Indian population in South Africa, 1921-1960
|-
| 1921 || 165,731 || ~2.5% || Union of South Africa Census 1921
|-
| 1936 || 219,691 || ~2.4% || Union of South Africa Census 1936
|-
| 1946 || ~285,000 || ~2.4% || Union of South Africa Census 1946
|-
| 1951 || ~367,000 || ~2.6% || Union of South Africa Census 1951
|-
| 1960 || 477,125 || ~2.9% || Union of South Africa Census 1960
|}

=== Republic of South Africa (1961–1991) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Population !! Share !! Source
|+ Indian/Asian population in South Africa (1970-1996)
|-
| 1970 || 620,000 || ~3.0% || South African Census 1970
|-
| 1980 || 870,000 || ~3.2% || South African Census 1980
|-
| 1986 || 878,000 || 2.6% (including homelands) || Survey of Race Relations
|-
| 1991 || 987,000 || ~2.9% || South African Census 1991
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Indian population in South Africa (1996–2025)
! Year !! Population !! Share of population !! Source
|-
| 1996 || 1,045,596 || 2.6% || South African Census 1996
|-
| 2004 || 1,131,342 || 2,4% || Mid-year population estimates 2004
|-
| 2005 || 1,153,900 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2005
|-
| 2007 || 1,173,700 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2007
|-
| 2009 || 1,279,100 || 2,6% || Mid-year population estimates 2009
|-
| 2010 || 1,299,900 || 2,6% || Mid-year population estimates 2010
|-
| 2011 || 1,274,867 || 2,5% || Census 2011
|-
| 2012 || 1,286,930 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2012
|-
| 2013 || 1,329,300 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2013
|-
| 2014 || 1,341,900 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2014
|-
| 2015 || 1,362,000 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2015
|-
| 2016 || 1,386,000 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2016
|-
| 2017 || 1,409,100 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2017
|-
| 2018 || 1,448,300 || 2,5% || Mid-year population estimates 2016
|-
| 2019 || 1,503,007 || 2,6% || Mid-year population estimates 2019
|-
| 2020 || 1,541,113 || 2,6% || Mid-year population estimates 2020
|-
| 2021 || 1,545,222 || 2,6% || Mid-year population estimates 2021
|-
| 2022 || 1,554,996 || 2,6% || South African census 2022
|-
| 2023 || 1,697,506 || 2,7% || Mid-year population estimates 2023
|-
| 2024 || 1,628,794 || 2,7% || Mid-year population estimates 2024
|-
| 2025 || 1,654,971 || 2,6% || Mid-year population estimates 2025
|}

===Fertility rate===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total fertility rate by population group in South Africa (1970–2004)
! Year !! African !! Coloured !! Indian/Asian !! White !! South Africa (total)
|-
| 1970 || 6.64 || 6.00 || 3.62 || 2.59 || 5.75
|-
| 1975 || 5.99 || 5.00 || 3.47 || 2.36 || 5.19
|-
| 1980 || 5.34 || 4.00 || 3.32 || 2.13 || 4.62
|-
| 1985 || 4.68 || 3.00 || 3.10 || 1.90 || 4.03
|-
| 1990 || 4.03 || 2.84 || 2.80 || 1.84 || 3.58
|-
| 1991 || 3.90 || 2.80 || 2.75 || 1.84 || 3.49
|-
| 1995 || 3.38 || 2.67 || 2.51 || 1.80 || 3.10
|-
| 1996 || 3.25 || 2.64 || 2.45 || 1.78 || 3.00
|-
| 2000 || 3.05 || 2.46 || 2.07 || 1.74 || 2.86
|-
| 2001 || 3.00 || 2.41 || 1.98 || 1.74 || 2.80
|-
| 2004 || 2.93 || 2.37 || 1.90 || 1.74 || 2.77
|-
| 2011 || 2.82 || 2.57 || 1.85 || 1.70 || 2.67
|}
<ref>https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022004.pdf</ref>

===Median Age===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Median age by population group in South Africa (1996–2022)
! Year !! Black African !! Coloured !! Indian/Asian !! White
|-
| 1996 || 21 || 23 || 26 || 33
|-
| 2001 || 22 || 24 || 29 || 35
|-
| 2011 || 21 || 26 || 32 || 38
|-
| 2022 || 27 || 30 || 37 || 45
|}
<ref>https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf</ref>

===Earnings===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Per capita income by population group in constant 2000 ZAR
! Year !! White !! Coloured !! Indian/Asian !! Black !! Average
|-
| 1956 || R30,494 || R5,158 || R6,668 || R2,627 || R8,541
|-
| 1960 || R31,230 || R4,977 || R5,340 || R2,532 || R8,378
|-
| 1970 || R45,751 || R7,929 || R9,248 || R3,133 || R11,140
|-
| 1975 || R49,877 || R9,688 || R12,687 || R4,289 || R12,696
|-
| 1980 || R48,340 || R9,238 || R12,304 || R4,088 || R11,818
|-
| 1987 || R45,828 || R9,572 || R13,823 || R3,879 || R10,661
|-
| 1993 || R46,486 || R8,990 || R19,537 || R5,073 || R11,177
|-
| 1995 || R48,387 || R9,668 || R23,424 || R6,525 || R12,572
|-
| 2000 || R56,179 || R12,911 || R23,025 || R8,926 || R16,220
|-
| 2008 || R75,297 || R16,567 || R51,457 || R9,790 || R17,475
|}
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/94375feb-f40c-43a3-9895-7e1c19dd9121/content |publisher=University of Cape Town |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Average annual household income by population group, Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) 2022/2023
! Population group !! Average annual income (ZAR)
|-
| White || R676,375
|-
| Indian/Asian || R417,431
|-
| Coloured || R260,816
|-
| Black African || R143,632
|}
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=17995 |publisher=Statistics South Africa |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

==Distribution==
The following table shows the distribution of Asian and Indian people by [[Provinces of South Africa|province]], according to the [[2022 South African census|South African National Census of 2022]]:<ref name="census"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Province
!Indian/Asian pop. (2001)
!Indian/Asian pop. (2011)
!Indian/Asian pop. (2022)
!% province (2001)
!% province (2011)
!% province (2022)
|-
|[[Eastern Cape]]
|align=right|18,483
|align=right|27,929
|align=right|37,568
|align=right|0.29
|align=right|0.42
|align=right|0.52
|-
|[[Free State (South African province)|Free State]]
|align=right|3,719
|align=right|10,398
|align=right|12,978
|align=right|0.13
|align=right|0.38
|align=right|0.43
|-
|[[Gauteng]]
|align=right|218,124
|align=right|356,574
|align=right|329,736
|align=right|2.32
|align=right|2.90
|align=right|2.19
|-
|[[KwaZulu-Natal]]
|align=right|798,163
|align=right|756,991
|align=right|1,157,542
|align=right|8.38
|align=right|7.37
|align=right|9.32
|-
|[[Limpopo]]
|align=right|8,867
|align=right|17,881
|align=right|35,958
|align=right|0.18
|align=right|0.33
|align=right|0.55
|-
|[[Mpumalanga]]
|align=right|10,964
|align=right|27,917
|align=right|25,882
|align=right|0.33
|align=right|0.69
|align=right|0.50
|-
|[[North West (South African province)|North West]]
|align=right|9,738
|align=right|20,652
|align=right|2,654
|align=right|0.33
|align=right|0.59
|align=right|0.07
|-
|[[Northern Cape]]
|align=right|2,379
|align=right|7,827
|align=right|10,824
|align=right|0.24
|align=right|0.68
|align=right|0.80
|-
|[[Western Cape]]
|align=right|45,030
|align=right|60,761
|align=right|84,363
|align=right|1.00
|align=right|1.04
|align=right|1.13
|-
|Total
|align=right|1,115,467
|align=right|1,286,930
|align=right|1,697,506
|align=right|2.49
|align=right|2.49
|align=right|2.74
|}

==Notable Indian South Africans==
{{div col}}


===Sport===
* [[Hashim Amla]], Cricketer
* [[Cody Chetty]], Cricketer
* [[Trisha Chetty]], South African Women's cricketer
* [[Dinesha Devnarain]], South African Women's cricketer
* [[Raoul Hyman]], Racing driver
* [[Christopher Hyman]], Businessman and racing driver
* [[Rivash Gobind]], Cricketer
* [[Imraan Khan]], Cricketer
* [[Keshav Maharaj]], Cricketer
* [[Rivaldo Moonsamy]], Cricketer
* [[Senuran Muthusamy]], Cricketer
* [[Sherwyn Naicker]], Footballer
* [[Dylan Naidoo]], Golfer
* [[Jiveshan Pillay]], Cricketer
* [[Tabraiz Shamsi]], Cricketer
* [[Prenelan Subrayen]], Cricketer
* [[Jonathan Vandiar]], Cricketer

===Politics===
* [[Kader Asmal]], Activist
* [[Amina Cachalia]], Activist
* [[Yusuf Cassim]], Politician
* [[Yusuf Dadoo]], Politician
* [[Arun Manilal Gandhi]], Activist
* [[Ela Gandhi]], Activist
* [[Frene Ginwala]], Journalist and Politician
* [[Kesaveloo Goonam]], Doctor, Activist
* [[Pravin Gordhan]], Politician
* [[Sandy Kalyan]], Politician
* [[Ahmed Kathrada]], Politician
* [[Mac Maharaj]], Activist
* [[Rashida Manjoo]], Former [[United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women]]
* [[M. J. Naidoo]], Lawyer
* [[Jay Naidoo]], Activist
* [[Kumi Naidoo]], Activist
* [[Billy Nair]], Politician
* [[Roy Padayachie]], Former Cabinet Minister and Activist
* [[Ebrahim Patel]], Politician
* [[Navi Pillay]], Jurist
* [[Ravi Pillay]], Politician
* [[Shaik Subrathie]], Politician
* [[Enver Surty]], Politician
* [[Sonny Venkatrathnam]], Activist

===Arts and Media===
* [[Zain Bhikha]], Singer and songwriter
* [[Lesley-Ann Brandt]], Actress
* [[Gopala Davies]], Actor, Director
* [[Bryoni Govender]] Beauty queen, Miss universe South Africa 2023
* [[Devi Sankaree Govender]], investigative journalist, television personality, and media professional
* [[Adhir Kalyan]], Actor
* [[Tatum Keshwar]], South African fashion model, psychologist and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2008.
* [[Alan Khan]], Broadcaster
* [[Jyoti Mistry]], Film director, scholar
* [[Riaad Moosa]], Comedian, doctor
* [[Kerishnie Naicker]], Miss South Africa 1997
* [[Anand Naidoo]], Television anchor and correspondent for CGTN America based in Washington, DC
* [[Kass Naidoo]], Sports presenter and cricket commentator
* [[Shashi Naidoo]], Model and presenter
* [[Jailoshini Naidoo]], Actress
* [[Tarina Patel]], Actress, producer, model and philanthropist
* [[Mishqah Parthiephal]], Actress
* [[Sketchy Bongo]], Musician
* [[Deepak Ram]], Musician
* [[Leeanda Reddy]], Actor
* [[Melissa Reddy]],presenter
* [[Tyla]], Singer

===Academic===
* [[Soromini Kallichurum]], Dean

===Military===
* [[Sagaren Pillay]], Rear-admiral

===Writer===
* [[Jayapraga Reddy]], Writer

{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|South Africa}}
*[[Asians in Africa]]
*[[Memons in South Africa]]
*[[Tamil South Africans]]
*[[Islam in South Africa]]
*[[India–South Africa relations]]
*[[High yellow]]
*[[Anglo-Indian people]]
*[[Sikhism in South Africa]]
*[[Kalderash]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160122204713/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter7.pdf Indian Diaspora in South Africa], from the Report of the High-Level Committee on The Indian Diaspora (2001) of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian and Persons of Indian Origin Division]] of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of India
* [http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2001/digiAtlas/index.html 2001 Digital Census Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212080545/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2001/digiAtlas/index.html |date=12 December 2005 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031018115703/http://buzz.kzn.org.za/buzz/7.xml History of Indian Settlement]
* [http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/indian-history.html Indian Chronology]

{{Ethnic groups in South Africa}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Asian diaspora in South Africa]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in South Africa| ]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent| ]]

Rajapur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-02T13:01:49Z

LolitasErurf: starting article

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Rajapur
| map_image =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2009
| reservation = None
| preceded_by = [[Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu]]
}}
'''Rajapur''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It was abolished in 2008 and merged with some other Vidhan Sabha constituency, to form a new Lok Sabha seat territorially, called [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2019 |title=Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Lok Sabha Election Result 2019 LIVE Updates: Party, Candidate, Constituency wise Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ratnagiri-sindhudurg-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-live-updates-party-candidate-constituency-wise-winner-loser-leading-trailing-6650441.html |access-date=2 May 2026 |website=First Post}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1952 : See [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]]''}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Nath Pai]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Madhu Dandavate]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Sudhir Sawant]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Suresh Prabhu]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| rowspan="4"|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards : See [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency]]''}}
|-
|}
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajapur Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajapur-lok-sabha |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==Election results==
===1991 Lok Sabha===
* Sudhir Sawant (Congress) : 157,135
* Vamanrao Mahadik (Shiv Sena) : 114,089
* Madhu Dandavate (Janata Dal) : Came third.

===1996 Lok Sabha===
* Suresh Prabhu (Shiv Sena) : 193,566
* Sudhir Sawant (Congress) : 127,430

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Rajapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
|votes = 264,001
|percentage = 54.94
|change = +3.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sudhir Sawant]]
|votes = 183,102
|percentage = 38.10
|change = +14.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohan Parab
|votes = 12,616
|percentage = 2.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mahendra Natekar
|votes = 9,303
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 80,899
|percentage = 16.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 480,610
|percentage = 57.51
|change = -0.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|swing = +3.87
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]]
* [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|16.7|73.5|display=title}}

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Vijayanagara Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:08Z

LolitasErurf: creating article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vijayanagara
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 90
| map_image = 90-Vijayanagara constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:249956}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[H. R. Gaviyappa]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
}}

'''Vijayanagara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |access-date= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Vijayanagara district]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[H. R. Gaviyappa]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{update after|2028|7}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] {{efn|Disqualified by the Hon'ble Speaker under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution with effect from 25/07/2019}} || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[H. R. Gaviyappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vijayanagara <ref name=ResultAcGenMay2023>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Vijayanagara">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Vijayanagara |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1090.htm?ac=90 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430074405/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1090.htm?ac=90 |archive-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. R. Gaviyappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 104,863 |percentage = 57.99% |change = {{increase}}21.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddharth Singh A. Thakur |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,140 |percentage = 39.34% |change = {{decrease}}16.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,599 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,723 |percentage = 18.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 181,300 |percentage = 72.53% |change = {{increase}}7.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,837}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,956 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Vijayanagara <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,477 |percentage = 56.08% |change = {{increase}}10.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Y. Ghorpade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,352 |percentage = 36.32% |change = {{decrease}}13.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaviraju Urs |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,955 |percentage = 2.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Nabi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,885 |percentage = 2.55% |change = {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,821 |percentage = 1.19% |change = {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,125 |percentage = 19.76% |change = {{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,976 |percentage = 64.92% |change = {{decrease}}7.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,417}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 237,162 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vijayanagara <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,214 |percentage = 50.09% |change = {{increase}}22.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. R. Gaviyappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 74,986 |percentage = 45.14% |change = {{decrease}}4.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deepak Singh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,835 |percentage = 2.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,754 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,228 |percentage = 4.95% |change = {{decrease}}16.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,142 |percentage = 72.47% |change = {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,130}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,253 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vijayanagara <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 69,995 |percentage = 49.90% |change = {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Abdul Wahab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,358 |percentage = 28.06% |change = {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Rani Samyuktha |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 6,406 |percentage = 4.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Abdul Lateef |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,039 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskar Reddy |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 944 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 937 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Manohara |party = Independent politician |votes = 877 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,637 |percentage = 21.84% |change = {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,740 |percentage = 72.82% |change = {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,277}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,289 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vijayanagara <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,418 |percentage = 48.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. R. Gaviyappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,921 |percentage = 23.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deepak Kumar Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,980 |percentage = 23.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Nagaraja |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,062 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Narayana Swamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,426 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kotresh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,290 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,497 |percentage = 24.51% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,120 |percentage = 67.30% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,097}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,652 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vijayanagara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|15.27|76.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Pulgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:12Z

LolitasErurf: starting a stub

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pulgaon
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1972
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[Pulgaon]] Assembly constituency''' was one of the seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in India. It was made defunct after constituency map of India was redrawn in 2008. It was part of [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulgaon Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/pulgaon-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shankarrao Sonawane
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N. R. Kale
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prabha Rau]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Manik Sabane
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Prabha Rau]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Saroj Kashikar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Prabha Rau]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranjit Kamble]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Till 2008: See [[Deoli Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ranjit Kamble]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane|Rajesh Bakane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjit Kamble|Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 58,836 |percentage = 42.46% |change={{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shende Pramod Bhusaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,963 |percentage = 38.94% |change={{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sau. Saroj Ravi Kashikar |party=Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 38,151 |percentage = 27.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 34,731 |percentage = 25.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Pradeepsingh Ujagarsingh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 19,223 |percentage = 13.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Gode Shirish Santoshrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,519 |percentage = 11.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravikant Panduranj Balpande |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 10,883 |percentage = 7.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,873 |percentage = 3.52% |change= {{decrease}}16.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,38,704 |percentage = 65.12% |change= {{increase}}4.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,38,579}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,13,009|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjit Kamble|Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,977 |percentage = 43.64% |change={{increase}}11.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Tadas |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 24,326 |percentage = 23.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Charansingh Chawre |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,459 |percentage = 15.00% |change={{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakashbhau Kelkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,199 |percentage = 11.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gupta Gaurishankar Rameshwarji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,476 |percentage = 2.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daphare Pandurang Vithobaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,071 |percentage = 2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,651 |percentage = 20.04% |change= {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,10,958 |percentage = 60.14% |change= {{decrease}}14.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,03,060}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,84,498|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prabha Rau| Prabha Anand Rao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,148 |percentage = 32.18% |change={{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Sureshrao Bapuraoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 25,597 |percentage = 19.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashikar Saroj Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,382 |percentage = 16.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Nathobaji Lohakare |party=Janata Dal |votes = 13,370 |percentage = 9.97% |change={{decrease}}28.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fulkari Purushottam Chindhuji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,419 |percentage = 9.26% |change={{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhende Dadaji Jagobaji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 7,940 |percentage = 5.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uike Shrawan Budhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,338 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,551 |percentage = 13.09% |change= {{increase}}12.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,36,880 |percentage = 76.52% |change= {{increase}}11.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,34,083}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,880|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Saroj Ravi Kashikar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 37,651 |percentage = 38.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabha Rau |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,758 |percentage = 37.74% |change={{decrease}}14.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fulzele Jalandar Bajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,806 |percentage = 10.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijaykumar Devedaspant Nival |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,197 |percentage = 5.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Paniya Jugalkishor Haridas |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,250 |percentage = 3.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yeshankhede Sahebrao Uttam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,870 |percentage = 2.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madavi Uttamrao Shripatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 683 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 893 |percentage = 0.92% |change= {{decrease}}25.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,088 |percentage = 64.81% |change= {{increase}}3.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,403}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,897|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prabha Rau| Prabha Anand Rao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,419 |percentage = 52.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karlekar Vasantrao Janardanrao |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 19,909 |percentage = 26.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Naydu Nilkanth Hanumant |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 11,389 |percentage = 15.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghodeswar Prabhakar Shankarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,074 |percentage = 2.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadi Narayanrao Dadaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 909 |percentage = 1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fulzele Jalandar Bajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 553 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,510 |percentage = 26.05% |change= {{decrease}}19.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,055 |percentage = 61.30% |change= {{increase}}7.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,906}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,074|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}15.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Manik Mahadeorao Sabane |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 41,626 |percentage = 68.01% |change={{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabha Rau |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 13,725 |percentage = 22.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manwatkar Ramkrushna Chandranhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,689 |percentage = 4.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpatrao Sadashio Chandekar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,076 |percentage = 3.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arunkumar Nathuji Lohakare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,087 |percentage = 1.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,901 |percentage = 45.59% |change= {{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,282 |percentage = 54.21% |change= {{decrease}}23.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,203}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,891|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prabha Rau| Prabha Anand Rao]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 57,827 |percentage = 69.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khobaragade Durwas Laluji |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 15,310 |percentage = 18.45% |change={{increase}}13.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhande Shankarrao Balaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,745 |percentage = 10.54% |change={{decrease}}54.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babhale Bhagwat Zitruji |party=Independent politician |votes = 606 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,517 |percentage = 51.24% |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,772 |percentage = 78.35% |change= {{increase}}11.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,980}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,201|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prabha Rau| Prabha Anand Rao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,499 |percentage = 65.04% |change={{increase}}34.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motilal Shamlal Kapoor |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes = 12,248 |percentage = 19.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devidas Balkrishna Patil |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 5,049 |percentage = 8.11% |change={{decrease}}14.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arunkumar T. Ramteke |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 3,198 |percentage = 5.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pohekar Ramrao Bapuji |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,273 |percentage = 2.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,251 |percentage = 45.37% |change= {{increase}}36.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,820 |percentage = 66.96% |change= {{decrease}}0.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,267}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,306|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}26.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=N. R. Kale |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,267 |percentage = 38.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. V. Sonawane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,146 |percentage = 30.10% |change={{decrease}}12.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. S. Meshram |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 13,852 |percentage = 22.98% |change={{decrease}}10.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. W. Pandya |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 2.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. S. Sonawane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,473 |percentage = 2.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. K. Bhora |party=Independent politician |votes = 668 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=W. G. Ambade |party=Independent politician |votes = 629 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,121 |percentage = 8.49% |change= {{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,361 |percentage = 71.15% |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,291}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,867|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Vithlrao Sonawane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,621 |percentage = 42.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharmdas Sakharam |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 16,044 |percentage = 33.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpat Sadashiorao Chandekar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,585 |percentage = 11.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krushnarao Nimbaji Karode |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,341 |percentage = 11.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haridas Munsiji Upadhye |party=Independent politician |votes = 651 |percentage = 1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,577 |percentage = 9.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,542 |percentage = 66.87% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,242}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,575|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Wardha District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.72|78.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Wardha district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]

List of high commissioners of New Zealand to India

2026-04-17T17:31:30Z

LolitasErurf: done

{{Short description|Diplomats of New Zealand to India}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = [[Patrick Rata]]
| office = High commissioner of New Zealand to India
| country = India
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[David Pine (diplomat)|David Pine]]
| prime_minister = [[Christopher Luxon]]
}}

The '''high commissioner of New Zealand to India''' is [[New Zealand]]'s foremost [[diplomat|diplomatic representative]] in [[India]], and in charge of New Zealand's [[diplomatic mission]] in India. As fellow members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], they exchange diplomatic relations in governmental level rather than through [[heads of state]]. Thus the countries exchange high commissioners, rather than [[ambassador]]s.

The high commission is located in [[New Delhi]], India's [[capital city]].

New Zealand has maintained a resident [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|high commissioner]] in India since 1970, except for a period from 1982 until 1985. The high commissioner to India is [[Dual accreditation|concurrently accredited]] to [[Bangladesh]] as High Commissioner and [[Nepal]] as Ambassador.

==List of heads of mission==

===High commissioners to India===

;Resident HCs
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru meeting Fred de Malmanche.jpg|thumb|Fred de Malmanche (right) meeting [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (left) in March 1963]]
[[File:Mr Kirk at the High Commissioner's Reception (9627638726).jpg|thumb|[[Norman Kirk]] at the High Commissioner's reception on 29 December 1973 with Mrs Cunninghame, the wife of the New Zealand High Commissioner, and [[Indira Gandhi]]]]
* [[Bill Challis]]<ref>Acting High Commissioner only.</ref> (1958–1960)
* [[Guy Powles|Sir Guy Powles]] (1960–1963)
* [[Fred de Malmanche]] (1963–1965)
* [[James Esmond Farrell]] (1965–1968)
* [[Brian Lendrum]] (1968–1971)
''Post vacant (1971–1972)''
* [[Rex Cunninghame]] (1972–1975)
* [[Colin Aikman]] (1975–1979)
* [[Don Harper (diplomat)|Don Harper]] (1979–1981)
* [[Barry Brooks (diplomat)|Barry Brooks]] (1981–1982)

;Non-resident high commissioners, resident in Wellington
* [[Barry Brooks (diplomat)|Barry Brooks]] (1982–1983)
* [[David McDowell (diplomat)|David McDowell]] (1983–1985)

;Resident HCs
* [[Edmund Hillary|Sir Edmund Hillary]] (1985–1989)
* [[Priscilla Williams (diplomat)|Priscilla Williams]] (1989–1993)
* [[Nick Bridge]] (1993–1997)
* [[Adrian Simcock]] (1997–2001)
* [[Caroline McDonald]] (2001–2004)
* [[Graeme Waters]] (2004–2007)
* [[Rupert Holborow]] (2007–2011)
* [[Jan Henderson]] (2011–2014)
* [[Grahame Morton]] (2014–2017)
* [[Joanna Kempkers]] (2017–2020)
* [[David Pine (diplomat)|David Pine]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Minister announces two diplomatic appointments |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/foreign-minister-announces-two-diplomatic-appointments |publisher=New Zealand Government |accessdate=19 September 2020}}</ref> (2020-2024)
* [[Patrick Rata]] (2024–Present)

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite web |url=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/about/ipd/homslisti.html |title=Heads of Missions List: I |publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |date=8 July 2006 |archivedate=30 September 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060930064841/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/about/ipd/homslisti.html}}

{{NZ Heads of Missions}}
{{Ambassadors to India}}
{{Ambassadors to Sri Lanka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of High Commissioners Of New Zealand To India}}
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:New Zealand and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Lists of high commissioners of New Zealand|India, High Commissioners from New Zealand to]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|New Zealand]]
[[Category:High commissioners of New Zealand to India| ]]

Dabri, Delhi

2026-04-17T17:18:11Z

LolitasErurf: made the data more to come - done

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dabri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline = Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South metro station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.609675|N|77.089542|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South West Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| leader_name = [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi]]
| leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| leader_name1 = [[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] & English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110045
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 011
| registration_plate = DL-4S, DL-4C, DL-9C, DL-9S
}}

'''Dabri''' is a [[village]], near [[Janakpuri]] in the [[South West Delhi district|South West district]] in the [[Union territory|Indian Union Territory]] of [[Delhi]]. Its pincode is 110045. Its nearest metro station is [[Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South metro station|Dabri Mor Janakpuri South metro station]]. It comes under [[Dwarka, Delhi Assembly constituency|Dwarka Assembly Constituency]].

==Neighbourhood==
Dabri is very well connected to other colonies of [[New Delhi]] such as [[Janakpuri]], [[Vikaspuri]], [[Palam]], [[Dwarka Sub City]], Delhi Cantonment, Uttam Nagar as well as the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] and [[Gurgaon]] (via [[Dwarka Sub City]]).

==Geography==
Dabri is divided into smaller regions: The Main Land Dabri Village further divided into Syndicate Enclave, Raghu Nagar, Dabri Extension Main, Vaishali colony, Dabri Extension East and Sitapuri.

Dabri is a historial Village in Delhi.
The village has been fully urbanised now and does not have any agricultural lands after government acquisition for Dwarka and Janakpuri development project under land acquisition Act 1894.

==Politics==
Dabri's [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is [[Parduymn Rajput]] of [[BJP]] and [[Member of Parliament]] is [[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

==Accessibility==
* Dabri has a robust and well connected road network and one of the most well connected colonies in South-West Delhi area.
* Nearest metro station is [[Dabri Mor metro station]] which is situated in C2D Janakpuri south block. It was opened on 29 May 2018.
* Nearest railway station is [[Delhi Cantonment railway station|Delhi Cantt]] and [[Palam railway station|Palam railway]] station.
* Major [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] Bus Routes connecting Dabri to the rest of the city are 718,721,740A,741,761,775,778,778A,794,801,840,877,947, RL-75, RL-77, RL-79, (+)(-) Outer Mudrika etc. In addition to this there are other RTVs & Metro feeder vehicles operating at lower frequencies.
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] Bus Route no. 721, 740 & RL-77 are the most frequent bus services from Dabri to ISBT (Kashmere gate), Nehru Place, ISBT (Anand Vihar), New Delhi railway station respectively.

===Delhi Metro===
[[Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South metro station]] has been constructed near C2D Janakpuri block near Dabri Mor. It was opened for public on 29 May 2018. It is electrified with 25 KW 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary. Its services are from preceding station Delhi Metro Following station Janakpuri West Terminus Magenta Line Dashrath Puri toward Botanical Garden. On all stations lying in Magenta Line, there are platform doors, that open only when the doors of incoming metro trains are aligned with it when metro comes to halt, enhancing the safety against falling between the gaps.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]

Barpeta Medical College and Hospital

2026-04-06T17:04:00Z

LolitasErurf:

{{Short description|Medical college in Barpeta, Assam}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Barpeta Medical College and Hospital
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| city = Jotigaon, [[Barpeta]]
| coor =
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = India
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2011}}
| principal = Dr. Ramen Talukdar
| staff =
| faculty =
| students =
| undergrad = 125 ([[MBBS]]) per year
| postgrad = 42
| affiliation = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]] [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{URL|https://faamch.assam.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Barpeta Medical College and Hospital (BMCH),''' Formerly known as Fakruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College And Hospital is the fifth medical college of Assam based in [[Barpeta]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mizoram, Centre sign MOU for first medical college : News|url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/mizoram-to-get-its-first-medical-college/1/357473.html|website = indiatoday.intoday.in|accessdate = 2015-11-02|archive-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125070134/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/mizoram-to-get-its-first-medical-college/1/357473.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> The classes were formally inaugurated in August 2012 by then health minister of [[Assam]], [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], after it received the permission from the [[National Medical Commission]] even though the hospital section was inaugurated on 11 February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Classes start in Barpeta medical college|url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/classes-start-in-barpeta-medical-college/cid/393104|website = The Telegraph|accessdate = 2015-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Assam Tribune Online |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jun1712/at08 |website=www.assamtribune.com |accessdate=2015-11-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125043526/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jun1712%2Fat08 |archivedate=25 November 2015 }}</ref>

It is affiliated with [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]], [[Guwahati]]. The college has a current intake of 125 undergraduate students per year and 42 postgraduate students per year. The college also runs various paramedical diploma courses.<ref>{{Cite web| title=DME Assam paramedical| url=https://dme.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/paramedical| website=www.dme.assam.gov.in| access-date=2022-02-25}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Barpeta Medical College and Hospital was originally established as ‘Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital’, in the memory of India’s 5th President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed who was from Assam. The Himanta Biswa Sarma government in the state, however, has decided to drop the name “Fakruddin Ali Ahmed”, and rename the college as Barpeta Medical College and Hospital. The move sparked outrage after the Assam cabinet passed the proposal to rename the college on March 11, 2026. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ummid.com/news/2026/3/12/renaming-of-fakhruddin-ali-ahmed-medical-college-sparked-outrage.html | title=Renaming of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College sparks outrage | work=ummid.com | date=March 2026 | accessdate=12 March 2026}}</ref>

==Departments==

*[[Anaesthesiology]]
*[[Anatomy]]
*[[Biochemistry]]
*[[Community Medicine]]
*[[Dentistry]]
*[[Dermatology]]
*[[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT]]
*[[Forensic Medicine]]
*[[Medicine]]
*[[Microbiology]]
*[[Obstetrics]] & [[Gynaecology]]
*[[Ophthalmology]]
*[[Orthopaedics]]
*[[Paediatrics]]
*[[Pathology]]
*[[Pharmacology]]
*[[Physiology]]
*[[Psychiatry]]
*[[Radiology]]
*[[Surgery]]
*[[Tuberculosis management|TB]] & [[Cardiothoracic surgery|Chest]]

==XCLEPIA==
Xclepia is the annual fest of Barpeta Medical College. It is held every year towards the end of first week of February and ends on 11 Feb which commemorates the Foundation Day of the college.
Various sports, literary, cultural activities etc. are undertaken during the fest week by the students, staff and teachers of the college.
Xclepia is named after Asclepius or Hepius, a hero and GOD of medicine in ancient Greek religion and mythology.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=50em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.faamcassam.co.in/}}

{{coord|26.324|90.986|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Affiliates of Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2011]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

Nar Bahadur Khatiwada

2026-04-05T20:52:08Z

LolitasErurf: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nar Bahadur Khatiwada
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = Temi-Tarku
| term_start = [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
| term_end = 1984
| predecessor = ''New constituency''
| successor = [[Indra Bahadur Rai]]
| term_start1 = 1975
| term_end1 = 1979
| constituency1 = Dentam
| office2 = Member of the [[State Council (Sikkim)|Sikkim State Council]]
| term_start2 = [[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]]
| term_end2 = 1975
| constituency2 = Dentam
| predecessor2 = ''New constituency''
| birth_place = [[Gangtok]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]
| party = [[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress]]
| other_party = [[Sikkim National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| profession = [[Lawyer]], [[advisor]] & [[consultant]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nar Bahadur Khatiwada''' (born 1947) is a politician and lawyer from Sikkim.<ref name="a">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/49246-80--turnout-in-Sikkim-poll.html?page=2 |title=80% turnout in Sikkim poll |newspaper=The Statesman}}</ref>

He was elected to the Sikkim Assembly in [[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]] from Dentam Constituency.<ref name="e">{{cite web |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140322/jsp/siliguri/story_18105264.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327041106/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140322/jsp/siliguri/story_18105264.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Mayor to join SKM}}</ref> Khatiwada won Temi-Tarku seat in the [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]], standing as a [[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1979 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF SIKKIM}}</ref>

Nar Bahadur Khatiwada completed his Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Political Science and Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) from [[North Bengal University]] (NBU). He is a member of [[Bar Council of West Bengal]]. He is also a Member of the Supreme Court Bar Association. He was appointed Additional Advocate General for the state of Sikkim from 22 December 2000 to 13 February 2004. He was designated Senior Advocate by the Hon’ble [[Sikkim High Court|High Court]] of Sikkim.

==Early life and education==
Nar Bahadur Khatiwada was born to Dal Bahadur Khatiwada, a [[WW-II]] veteran who served in 3rd Battalion of the 5th Regiment, [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Rifles]] of the [[British Indian Army]] and Lachimaya Khatiwada on 14 April 1947 in [[Bhaluthang]], a village of [[West Sikkim]].

He did his initial schooling in Pelling Senior Secondary School, [[West Sikkim]]. While he was studying in Class X, he joined electioneering campaign for Kharga Bahadur Khatiwada, his uncle, of [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]]’s [[Sikkim National Congress]] party which was in the opposition for the Sikkim Council elected in the [[1970 Sikkimese general election|1970]].

As a result, he was not allowed to continue his studies in [[Sikkim]]. [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee|L D Kazi]], who went on to become the first [[Chief Minister of Sikkim]], not only took him to [[Kalimpong]] for completing his schooling in [[Scottish University]] Mission Institution School but also legally adopted him as his son. After completing schooling in 1971, Nar Bahadur Khatiwada joined Government College, [[Kalimpong]] and graduated in Political Science (Hon).

==Political career==
In Kalimpong, he became the student and youth leader and organized Sikkim youths studying outside Sikkim and motivated them for bringing about democracy in the state of Sikkim.

In 1972, [[Sikkim National Congress]] published Bulletin number 2 under the name of Nar Bahadur Khatiwada as Assistant Publicity Secretary. The said Bulletin inter alia wrote "....there can be no king without the people but there are countries without king. As such, the Chogyal and his coterie must see the writings on the wall and give democracy to the people of Sikkim and or else a day will come when the Chogyal will have to hand over power to strange successor". Taking this as a seditious statement, the [[Chogyal]] administration registered a case against [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee|LD Kazi]], Publicity Secretary Dhan Bahadur Gurung and Nar Bahadur Khatiwada in 1972.

In 1973, there was a popular peoples’ revolution for democracy, one man one vote with a written constitution etc. in which Nar Bahadur Khatiwada played an important role in mobilising the Sikkimese people. This movement ultimately resulted in the merger of Sikkim with the Indian Union in 1975 as the 22nd State. He was elected as Member of [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] for two consecutive terms i.e. from 1974 to 1979 and 1979 to 1985.

He stood again as a SPC candidate in Temi-Tarku in 1985, but lost the seat. He finished in third place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF SIKKIM}}</ref>

In 1989 and 1994 he contested the Temi-Tarku seat as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1989 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF SIKKIM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1994 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF SIKKIM}}</ref>

Nar Bahadur Khatiwada contested the 1999 Lok Sabha elections from 4-[[Darjeeling]] Parliamentary Constituency as a [[Congress (I)]] candidate.<ref name="e"/><ref>{{cite web |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030324/asp/siliguri/story_1797475.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140803/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030324/asp/siliguri/story_1797475.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Party fights over right}}</ref> He finished in second place with 24.96% of the votes, as the [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] boycotted the elections due to which the [[Gorkhas]] of Darjeeling hills didn't exercise their franchise, he stood second with about 1.5 lakh votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE THIRTEENTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)}}</ref>

He contested the 2014 Lok Sabha elections from 1-[[Sikkim]] Parliamentary Constituency as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate.<ref name="a"/> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and is actively involved in organizing the base of the party in Sikkim which till date since its merger has only been ruled by Regional parties. He is working for the party in other states as well.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election Year
!Legislature
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party
!Result
|-
|[[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]]
|[[State Council (Sikkim)|Sikkim State Council]]
|Dentam
|style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-47 |title=General Election to Sikkim Assembly, 1974 |date=20 April 1974 |pages=70–71 |access-date= 15 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
|rowspan=4|[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
|rowspan=4|[[Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency|Temi-Tarku]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim Prajatantra Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2|[[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress]]
|{{Won}}<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/1979-election-results.html List of Successful Candidates in Sikkim Assembly Election in 1979]</ref>
|-
|[[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Lost}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3356-sikkim-1985/ |publisher=ECI|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim}}</ref>
|-
|[[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Lost}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3358-sikkim-1989/ |publisher=ECI|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim}}</ref>
|-
|[[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|{{Lost}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3360-sikkim-1994/ |publisher=ECI|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim}}</ref>
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan=2|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|{{Lost}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE THIRTEENTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Lost}}<ref name="a"/>
|-
|}

==Awards==
He was conferred the Roll of Honour 2000 by the government of Sikkim for his contribution towards ushering in the era of Democracy and providing leadership to the people of [[Sikkim]]. He was awarded the International Civil Golden Award by Civil Forum [[Nepal]] in the year 2005 (2061 B.S.). He was awarded the Sikkim [[Sewa Ratna]] (Highest civilian award of the state) in 2013 by the [[Government of Sikkim]] in recognition of his valuable contribution to the State.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatiwada, Narbahadur}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Sikkim]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 1979–1984]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Sikkim]]
[[Category:Khas people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 1975–1979]]
[[Category:Members of the Sikkim State Council]]

Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary

2026-04-04T10:55:41Z

LolitasErurf: stub.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary
| birth_name = Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Minister of sugar mill and sugarcane development [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = March 2017
| predecessor = [[Ram Murti Verma]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Chhata (Assembly constituency)|Chhata]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| term_start1 = 11 March 2017
| predecessor1 = [[Tejpal Singh]]
| successor1 =
| term_start2 = May 2007
| term_end2 = March 2012
| predecessor2 = [[Tejpal Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Tejpal Singh]]
| term_start3 = October 1996
| term_end3 = February 2002
| predecessor3 = [[Tejpal Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Tejpal Singh]]
| term_start4 = March 1985
| term_end4 = November 1989
| predecessor4 = Chandan Singh
| successor4 = Kishori Shyam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|7|22}}
| birth_place = [[Mathura district|Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref name="Profile">{{cite news|title=Profile|publisher=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly website|accessdate=16 March 2019|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/281.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101438/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/281.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
| parents = Ratiram Chaudhary<ref name="My Neta">{{cite web|title=Laxmi Narayan|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2|publisher=My Neta|accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Mamta Chaudhary|1979}}
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Agra University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B.]])<ref name="My Neta"/>
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician<ref name="My Neta"/>
| footnotes = As on 14 April 2020
| other_party = {{ubl|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] {{small|(2007-2017)}}|
[[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1996-2007)}}|[[Lokdal]] {{small|(1985-1996)}}}}
}}
'''Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|9th]], 13th, 15th and [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]. And currently serving as Minister of Dairy Development, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries in [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath ministry]]. He represents the [[Chhata (Assembly constituency)|Chhata]] constituency as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He was previously a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and was a cabinet minister in the government led by chief minister [[Mayawati]].

== Political career ==
In 2006, Chaudhury joined the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maya-names-300-for-vs-polls/story-ItwHl0hRlsLFHcif8qYNUM.html|title=Maya names 300 for VS polls|date=14 July 2006|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> In the BSP government, he was the agricultural minister and was portrayed by the media as the party's "[[Jat people|Jat]] face". He assisted chief minister [[Mayawati]] in pacifying agitation in Jat majority areas.<ref name="LNC"/> He also said to the Jat farmers that the government was not against the farmers.<ref name="LNC">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-am-one-of-you-bsp-minister-pleads-with-jats/916133/|title=I am one of you, BSP minister pleads with Jats|website=Indian Express|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

In July 2015, Chaudhary along with a former mayor of Agra joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindi.news18.com/news/politics/former-minister-chaudhary-and-ahirwar-joined-the-bjp-822200.html|title=पूर्व मंत्री चौधरी और आहिरवार भाजपा में शामिल– News18 हिंदी|website=News18 India|access-date=2017-06-19}}</ref> In January 2017, he filed his nomination for [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], where he would contest from Chhata. He said that his intention was to carry Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s mission of development forward.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttar-pradesh/bjp-candidate-laxmi-narayan-chaudhary-nomination-from-chhata-395397.html|title=छाता विधानसभा सीट से भाजपा प्रत्याशी लक्ष्मी नारायण चौधरी ने भरा पर्चा|website=One India|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref> He won the election by defeating a [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhata - Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2017|url=http://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/chhata/|publisher=India|accessdate=18 July 2017}}</ref> He was given the portfolio of Additional Charge of Dairy Industry, Culture, Minority Welfare, Religious activities by chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://patrika.com/news/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-chief-minister-yogi-adityanath-changed-the-departments-of-several-ministers-hindi-news-1536977/|title=मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ ने कई मंत्रियों के विभाग बदले - Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath changed the departments of several Ministers hindi news|website=www.patrika.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-19}}</ref>

After becoming a minister, Chaudhary said that the government would impose the "[[Gujarat]] model of dairy development". He also said that steps would be taken to prohibit illegal slaughter of cattle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Will implement Gujarat model of dairy development: UP minister for Dairy Development Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary|url=https://financialexpress.com/india-news/will-implement-gujarat-model-of-dairy-development-up-minister-for-dairy-development-laxmi-narayan-chaudhary/603362/lite/|publisher=Financial Express|accessdate=19 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630192654/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/will-implement-gujarat-model-of-dairy-development-up-minister-for-dairy-development-laxmi-narayan-chaudhary/603362/lite/|archive-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> It was also announced that the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Waqf]] boards of the state would be dissolved. He cited the alleged scams involving the boards for this decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://patrika.com/news/lucknow/yogi-sarkar-big-decision-removed-six-members-of-waqf-board-hindi-news-1602865/|title=योगी सरकार का बड़ा फैसला, वक्फ बोर्ड के छह सदस्यों को हटाया - Yogi Sarkar big decision, removed six members of Waqf Board hindi news|website=www.patrika.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-19}}</ref> Chaudhary said that an investigation by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] was required, and also alleged a scam of 1000 crore rupees associated with the boards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail-Mg/MzIwMDY2/up-minister-demands-cbi-probe-of-waqf-affairs.html|title=UP minister demands CBI probe of Waqf affairs|website=www.aninews.in|access-date=2017-06-20}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was also made the party incharge of [[Kaushambi district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.patrika.com/news/kaushambi/up-state-minister-laxmi-narayan-chaudhary-plan-for-development-of-kaushambi-news-in-hindi-1577368/|title=UP State Minister Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary plan for development of Kaushambi news in Hindi-जिला पंचायत सदस्यों के विरोध के बीच प्रभारी मंत्री ने खींचा विकास का खाका|website=m.patrika.com|access-date=2017-06-19}}</ref>

== Views ==
Chaudhary is of the opinion that unlike the government of [[Akhilesh Yadav]], the [[Yogi Adityanath]] government does not indulge in politics of appeasement. He also said [[Uttar Pradesh]] was heading towards <nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Rama]] Rajya<nowiki>''</nowiki> (kingdom of Hindu god Rama) during the government of Adityanath. He also said that the celebrations of [[Ramlila]] in [[Ayodhya]] and [[Rasa lila]] in [[Vrindavan]] were evidences of his claim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.raftaar.in/yogi-adityanath-laxmi-narayan-chaudhary-rajya-ayodhya-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0/detail/0e3ac34c81bd25978676e936623d2f63|title=योगी-आदित्य-नाथ-के-मंत्री-ने-कहा-अयोध्या-में-रामलीला-वृंदावन-रासलीला-जैसी-पहल-से-यूपी-रामर|work=Raftaar News|access-date=2017-06-20}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In January 2017, Chaudhary was injured in a road accident while on his way to attend a rally of Prime Minister
[[Narendra Modi]] in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ex-UP minister Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary among 5 injured in road mishap|url=https://zeenews.india.com/uttar-pradesh/ex-up-minister-laxmi-narayan-chaudhary-among-5-injured-in-road-mishap_1963749.html/amp|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200741/https://zeenews.india.com/uttar-pradesh/ex-up-minister-laxmi-narayan-chaudhary-among-5-injured-in-road-mishap_1963749.html/amp|archive-date=16 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Laxmi Narayan}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]

Kalapi (film)

2026-03-29T15:38:11Z

LolitasErurf: quick fixed details based on references also and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|1966 Indian biographical film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalapi
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Manhar Raskapur]]
| producer = Pragya Pictures
| writer = Prabodh Joshi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
* [[Padmarani]]
* [[Aruna Irani]]
* [[Nutan]]
* [[P. Kharsani|Pranlal Kharsani]]
}}
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| cinematography = Shankar Bakel
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1966|df=yes}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiancine.ma/LZY/info | title=Kalapi (1966) | publisher=indiancine.ma | accessdate=31 May 2021 }}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget =
| gross =
| based_on =
}}
'''''Kalapi''''' is a 1966 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] [[biographical film]] directed by [[Manhar Raskapur]], starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Padmarani]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Nutan]], [[P. Kharsani|Pranlal Kharsani]]. The film was produced by Pragya Pictures, and the story was written by Prabodh Joshi. Shankar Bakel was a cinematographer.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA724 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |author2=Paul Willemen |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |page=388}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA95|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|page=94}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story of the film is based on the life of prince of [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi state]] and Gujarati poet [[Kalapi]] (1874-1900), who died aged 26.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/>

==Cast==
The cast was:<ref name=":0"/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Kalapi
*[[Padmarani]]
*[[Aruna Irani]]
*Vishnukumar Vyas
*[[Pranlal Kharsani|P. Kharsani]]
*Pratap Ojha
*Nandini Desai
*Narayan Rajgor
*Dineshkumar
*D. S. Mehta
*Ashok Thakkar
*Premshankar Bhatt
*Ajit Soni
*[[Nutan]]
*Manoj Purohit
*Jayant Vyas
*Miss Jayashree
*Madhumati
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kalapi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1966}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:43
| label = [[Saregama]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kalapi/v57-J0JRCUo_|title=Kalapi |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{tracklist
| total_length = 13:43
| headline = Track list
| all_music = [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":0"/>
| all_lyrics = [[Kalapi]], [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=71 |edition=First}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gunegari Hamari Chhe
| lyrics1 =[[Kalapi]]
| extra1 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Krishna Kalle]]
| length1 = 3:22
| title2 = Jyan Jyan Najar Mari Thare
| lyrics2 = Kalapi
| extra2 =Mahendra Kapoor
| length2 = 3:25
| title3 = Peda Thayo Chhun Dhundhava
| lyrics3 = Kalapi
| extra3 = Mahendra Kapoor
| length3 = 3:23
| title4 = Smashano Dhundhnarao
| lyrics4 = Kalapi
| extra4 =Mahendra Kapoor
| length4 = 3:33
| title5 = Najar Na Trajvama Dil
| lyrics5 = Avinash Vyas
| extra5 = [[Krishna Kalle]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Ochhu Pade To Maafi Dai Do
| lyrics6 = Avinash Vyas
| extra6 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length6 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0264749}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Avinash Vyas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1960s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:1960s biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about royalty]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]

Shravan Tiwari

2026-03-27T18:41:52Z

LolitasErurf:

{{short description|Indian film director}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shravan Tiwari
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shravan Tiwari
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|12|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| citizenship=
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 2014
| known_for = [[706 (film)]], [[Aazam]] and [[Murshid (TV series)]]
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Shravan Tiwari''' is an Indian-American screenwriter and director. He has directed and written films like ''[[706 (film)]]'', ''[[Aazam]]'' and ''[[Murshid (TV series)]]''.

==Career==
Shravan Tiwari started with first short Gujarati film ''Photo frame'' (2010) and ''The Advocate'' (2013). A Hindi feature film ''The Last Don''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=उपाध्याय |first=उमेश कुमार |date=2022-11-16 |title=आजम फिल्म के डायरेक्टर श्रवण तिवारी से खास बातचीत: शेयर किया शूटिंग का किस्सा, कहा- स्क्रिप्ट सुनकर जिम्मी शेरगिल ने कम कर दी फीस |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/aazam-film-director-shravan-tiwari-exclusive-interview-130565920.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230701192540/https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/aazam-film-director-shravan-tiwari-exclusive-interview-130565920.html |archive-date=2023-07-01 |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> It was 2015 theatrical release. The film ''706'', was released in 2019, was on [[Netflix]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/director-shravan-tiwari-is-confident-of-his-film-aazams-prospects-says-pandemic-and-the-declining-star-system-have-changed-the-film-industry-exclusive/articleshow/100456403.cms | title=Director Shravan Tiwari is confident of his film Aazam's prospects, says "Pandemic and the declining star system have changed the film industry" - Exclusive | newspaper=The Times of India | date=24 May 2023 }}</ref>

In 2021 released Hindi web series ''Kamathipura'' and ''[[The Tattoo Murders]]'' on [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Hotstar]] and [[MX Player|MX player]], ''Murshid'' released on [[ZEE5|Zee5]] in 2023 is a Hindi web series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=Shravan Tiwari: I want to make a horror film on mystical city of Varanasi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shravan-tiwari-i-want-to-make-a-horror-film-on-mystical-city-of-varanasi-101666874210456.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Aazam]]'' is a Hindi feature film released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-24 |title=Director Shravan Tiwari is confident of his film Aazam's prospects, says "Pandemic and the declining star system have changed the film industry" - Exclusive |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/director-shravan-tiwari-is-confident-of-his-film-aazams-prospects-says-pandemic-and-the-declining-star-system-have-changed-the-film-industry-exclusive/articleshow/100456403.cms#:~:text=Shravan%20Tiwari,%20the%20director%20of,and%20aspirations%20in%20the%20industry |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-22 |title=Aazam – Rise of a New Don: Jimmy Sheirgill's First Look from Shravan Tiwari's Film Unveiled (View Poster) {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/jimmy-sheirgill-aazam-first-look-poster-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-dhanteras-latest-tweet-by-taran-adarsh-4364099.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Notes/Refs
|-
|2014
|The Last Don
|{{y}}
|{{y}}
|
|-
|2019
|[[706 (film)]]
|{{y}}
|{{y}}
|
|-
|2021
|[[The Tattoo Murders]]
|{{y}}
|{{y}}
|
|-
|2022
|Kamathipura
|{{y}}
|{{y}}
|
|-
|2023
|[[Aazam]]
|{{y}}
|{{y}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-19 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Jimmy Shergill on Aazam's USP, 'The moment film races against time, you get glued to your seat' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-jimmy-shergill-on-aazams-usp-the-moment-film-races-against-time-you-get-glued-to-your-seat-1221945 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=Shravan Tiwari's Aazam has a killer script & Jimmy Sheirgill. Everything else is forgettable |url=https://theprint.in/feature/deep-dive/shravan-tiwaris-aazam-has-a-killer-script-jimmy-sheirgill-everything-else-is-forgettable/1596470/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Two Zero One Four
|{{y}}
|{{y}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2024 |title=Jackie Shroff unveils his look as Captain Khanna from spy thriller 'Two Zero One Four' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jackie-shroff-unveils-his-look-as-captain-khanna-from-spy-thriller-two-zero-one-four/articleshow/107943050.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Akshay Oberoi to star with Jackie Shroff in an action thriller |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/akshay-oberoi-to-star-with-jackie-shroff-in-an-action-thriller}}</ref>
|-
|[[Murshid (TV series)]]
|{{y}}
|{{y}}
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sakshi |date=Aug 29, 2024 |title=Murshid Web Series Review: Kay Kay Menon overshadows others in Shravan Tiwari's gangster-drama |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/murshid-web-series-review-kay-kay-menon-overshadows-others-in-shravan-tiwari-s-gangster-drama-936 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Holy Ghost (2025 film)]]
|{{y}}
|{{y}}
|<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/jenn-osbornes-holy-ghost-explores-the-supernatural-through-redemption-and-truth/articleshow/121952455.cms</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm12275730|Shravan Tiwari}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Caribbean Shaktism

2026-03-26T23:52:39Z

LolitasErurf: formatting fix

{{Short description|Syncretic religion}}
{{Saktism}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Caribbean Shaktism''', also known as '''Kalimai Dharma''' or '''Madras Religion''' in Guyana,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kali/Mariamma Worship in Guyana: A Brief Overview |url=http://colour.ics.ulisboa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Mello-2020-AGTF-Magazine_compressed.pdf |publisher=Dr. Marcelo Moura Mello}}</ref> refers to the [[syncretic]] [[Shaktism|Shakti]] [[Kali]]/[[Mariamman]] worship that has evolved within the [[Indo-Caribbean]] [[Tamils|Tamil]] community in countries such as Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Guadeloupe, [[Martinique]] and other [[Caribbean]] countries. It can be found across the Caribbean and any South American country with an Indo-Caribbean community. It is a syncretic blend of [[Dravidian folk religion]], and Bhojpuri Folk Hinduism with communities in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Martinique]], and [[Guadeloupe]] adding on elements from Catholicism.

Similar traditions to this (which also have its origins in [[Mariamman#In the Tamil Diaspora|Tamil Mariamman Worship]]) can be found in the Tamil populations of South Africa, Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, Fiji and Vietnam.

== History ==
Indo-Caribbean Shaktism has emerged within the Indo-Caribbean community residing in countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and others in the [[Caribbean]] region.

===Origins in India===
Indo-Caribbean Shaktism is a syncretic tradition that has its origins in the [[Mariamman]] following in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Madrassis |url=https://www.peepaltreepress.com/discover/people/madrassis |website=Peepal Tree Press }}</ref> Mariamman was syncretized with [[Kali]] while also keeping the individual identity of Mariamman as a manifestation of Kali who is perceived to be the embodiment of [[Shakti]] in this tradition. Along this, deities from both [[Dravidian folk religion]] and [[Hinduism]] were worshipped, some perceived as a [[avatar|manifestation]] of another God while others were syncretized.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kali/Mariamma Worship in Guyana: A Brief Overview |url=http://colour.ics.ulisboa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Mello-2020-AGTF-Magazine_compressed.pdf |publisher=Dr. Marcelo Moura Mello}}</ref>

===Arrival to the Caribbean and South America===
Indo-Caribbean Shaktism emerged as a result of the migration of the [[Tamils|Tamil Indians]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Girmitiya System-Indentured Labour |url=https://vajiramandravi.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/media/2021/4/29/21/16/13/History_modern_India_Handout_2.pdf |publisher=Vajiram & Ravi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C. Madrasi Sangam – Caribbean Hindustani |url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/madrasi-sangam/#:~:text=Tamils%20are%20the%20majority%20of,sugarcane%20and%20other%20agricultural%20estates. |website=caribbeanhindustani.org}}</ref> to the Caribbean during the 19th century. The British colonial policies led to the introduction of [[indentured servitude]], bringing Indians from various regions to work on plantations in places like Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica, Martinique, Suriname, French Guiana and with that, the indentured servants carried their religious traditions with them, including their beliefs in the Tamil Goddess Mariamman.

The migration of Indians as indentured servants introduced new religious and social dynamics to the British colonies in the [[Caribbean]] and South America. These migrants came from oppressed castes and lower socioeconomic backgrounds, creating a distinct class of people who were neither Black nor White.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/minnesota-hindu-milan-mandir/history-indo-caribbean-hind|title=History of Indo-Caribbean Hinduism · Minnesota Hindu Milan Mandir · Religions in Minnesota|website=religionsmn.carleton.edu}}</ref>

===Double diaspora in the United States===
Indo-Caribbean communities have also established temples in countries like the United States. These communities experience a "double diaspora," connecting their traditions to both India and their respective Caribbean or South American countries.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Beliefs and practices ==
Indo-Caribbean Shaktism is primarily [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula]], meaning that the primary deity worshipped is [[Kali]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Madrassis |url=https://www.peepaltreepress.com/discover/people/madrassis}}</ref>

===Beliefs===
Indo-Caribbean Shaktism combines their [[Shaktism|Shakti]] beliefs of Tamil origin with cultural influences from the Caribbean context. Devotees engage in rituals and practices like puja, mantra recitation, and devotional singing to connect with Shakti. Other Hindu deities may appear in temples and iconography alongside Kali and Tamil Gods/Goddesses, including [[Durga]], [[Ganesha|Ganesh]], [[Hanuman]], [[Krishna]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Radha]], [[Murugan]], [[Rama]], [[Saraswati]], [[Shiva]], and [[Sita]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&dq=Caribbean+Shakti&pg=PA954 |title=The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions: Volume 1: A – L; Volume 2: M – Z |last2=Case |first2=Frederick I. |date=2013-04-30 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09433-0 |pages=954 |language=en}}</ref> These Gods of [[Vedas|Vedic]] origin are worshipped alongside those of Tamil (Madras) origin. [[Murugan]] has a special following in some Caribbean Shakti communities, especially those in the [[French Caribbean]], where he is seen as the embodiment of [[Ardhanarishvara]] in its fullest potent. His following stems from Tamil religion.

Indo-Caribbean Shaktism, like most Hindu sects and regional variations, is described differently by different individuals, with some considering it pantheistic, polytheistic, or even monotheistic. {{CN|date=March 2026}} Shaktas view the goddess ([[Kali]]/[[Mariamman|Mariamma]]) as the supreme, ultimate, and eternal reality, embodying creation and its governing energy.

===Practices and syncretism===
Indo-Caribbean Shaktism encompasses various religious practices that have evolved among the Indo-Caribbean community, influenced by Hindu traditions, and [[Dravidian folk religion]]. Due to adaptations to the Caribbean region, some practices differ from those found in the Indian Subcontinent (most of all in [[Tamil Nadu]]). Common practices include [[animal sacrifice]] (now contentious and abandoned by some groups),<ref name=":3" /> physical manifestation of [[deities]], [[libations]], [[firewalking]], [[Ritual|rites]], drumming, and singing devotional songs ([[bhajans]]) to invoke the presence of God.<ref name=":0" /> Hindu practices like deity meditation, [[puja (Hinduism)|pujas]], and religious ceremonies are also observed, along with unique elements from Dravidian Folk Religion such as physical manifestations during rituals.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/civilisations/4822?lang=en|title=Invoking the supernatural and the supranational: Tappu, trance and Tamil recordings in Indo-Guyanese 'Madras Religion' and the politics of sonic presence|first=Stephanie Lou|last=George|date=August 12, 2018|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|issue=67|pages=41–56|via=journals.openedition.org|doi=10.4000/civilisations.4822|s2cid=201339190 }}</ref>

Ceremonies called Pujas often include the drumming of three to five [[Parai|tappu]] to invoke the deity to the space.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Invoking the supernatural and the supranational: Tappu, trance and Tamil recordings in Indo-Guyanese 'Madras Religion' and the politics of sonic presence |url=https://journals.openedition.org/civilisations/4822?lang=en}}</ref> Then, the head pujari receives the God or Goddess into their body, acting as a medium. A mixture of water, [[turmeric]] powder, and [[Azadirachta indica|neem]] leaves are poured onto the medium, as it is believed that the God's energy heats up the body while the water and turmeric with the neem leaves cools the body down again.<ref>{{cite web |title=Un Karagam Perantha Amma |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqZEecfr6bE&t |publisher=Shri Maha Kali Ammaa Mandir}}</ref> Puja services are often held once a week<ref name=":3" /> and the medium is known as a marlo pujari, who goes into a trance known as "Sami Aduthal". Practitioners use offerings of vegetarian (sadaa) and non-vegetarian (satwik) origin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Da Costa |first1=Kimberli |title=Dee Baba |url=https://kimberlidacosta.wordpress.com/environmental-folklores/dee-baba/ |website=Wordpress |publisher=Kimberli Da Costa}}</ref> Often, animals can be sacrificed to the "warrior" or "Madras" Gods, which are gods of Tamil origin, and often are black roosters, pigs, goats, and hens.

==Regional variations==
Since Caribbean Shaktism encompasses a wide range of similar traditions from across the Caribbean and South America, there are some regional variations which may differ from one another. It may be due to more or less influence of Tamil culture, or other aspects. The regions where the largest amount of Shakti practices can be found is in [[East Berbice-Corentyne]], Guyana and [[Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo]], Trinidad and Tobago with smaller communities of Madras Hindus in bordering areas of Suriname with Guyana, parts of [[French Guiana]], Jamaica, Saint Lucia, [[Cayman Islands]], Guadeloupe, [[Martinique]], and in some parts of Venezuela and Central America where [[Antillean|Tamil Antillean]] settlers brought their religion. (Most notably in [[Colon, Panama|Colon]], [[Maracaibo]], [[El Callao, Venezuela|El Callao]], [[North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region|The northern Caribbean coast of Nicaragua]], and some parts of Caribbean Costa Rica and some parts of the [[Leeward Antilles]]).

===Maldevidan Spiritism===
Maldevidan Spiritism is a syncretic practice originating in the French Caribbean that has its origins in Caribbean Shaktism and [[Roman Catholicism]]. They worship [[Hindu gods]] represented as Catholic [[saints]]. They refer to these gods as "les bons dieux coolies" in French meaning "The holy Coolie Gods", "Coolie" being a slang word to signify East Indian.<ref name="Michael M. Horowitz">{{cite journal |last1=Horowitz |first1=Michael M. |title=The Martiniquan East Indian Cult of Maldevidan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27853612 |journal=Social and Economic Studies |date=1961 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=93–100 |publisher=Michael M. Horowitz|jstor=27853612 }}</ref>

The primary deity is "Maldevidan", a local regional name for [[Madurai Veeran]] who is syncretized with Jesus.<ref name="Michael M. Horowitz"/> Another deity, Mari-Eman (a local name for [[Mariamman]]) is also of importance in the practice, being syncretized with the [[Virgin Mary]].<ref name="Michael M. Horowitz"/> Deities like [[Kateri Amman]] (syncretized with [[St. Michael]]), among others are also found in the following.<ref name="Michael M. Horowitz"/>

This is practice is common in the northern regions of the island with many shrines and gathering places throughout the region. Rituals include playing drums, dancing on sharpened machetes, and sacrificing animals such as roosters and sheep.<ref name=":1" />

There is a historic Hindu temple in [[Basse-Pointe]] in Martinique built in the 19th century, which is still in use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.island-search.com/caribbean/martinique/|title=Martinique|access-date=2023-09-04|archive-date=2011-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928154932/http://www.island-search.com/caribbean/martinique/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fodors.com/world/caribbean/martinique/things-to-do/sights/reviews/basse-pointe-121523|title = Basse-Pointe Review – Martinique Caribbean – Sights | Fodor's Travel}}</ref>

===Caribbean Tamil Christianity===
Some syncretists in the [[Dutch Caribbean|Dutch]] and [[Commonwealth Caribbean|English Caribbean]] may even be as syncretic where they do Caribbean Shakti practices while outwardly practicing [[Evangelicalism]] or [[Roman Catholicism]], two of the most common Christian practices in the Caribbean. The traditions of spirit possession (Sami Aduthal) may have been syncretized with those of the [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] of the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Church]] and the traditions of appealing to different saints in the [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic Church]] may have syncretized those of appealing to the different Hindu and Dravidian gods. Other less orthodox traditions may have also been kept to some extent, whether going to the fullest extent of keeping most or all traditions as long as aligning with those of Christianity, or may have kept them to a lesser extent, doing traditions of worshipping by a river or doing a three-day Karagam Puja, creating a sort of Caribbean-Shakti Christianity, or Caribbean Tamil Church, and also resulting in forms of Caribbean Shaktism more syncretic or less syncretic than others.

== Differences from mainland Indian Shaktism ==
There are many differences in Indo-Caribbean Shaktism that are different from the form of Shaktism practiced in Mainland India and Nepal. One such feature is that of syncretism, in which Catholic or [[New-Age]] Spiritual figures may often be found in Shakti [[Mandir]]s. There are also practices, such as that of Maldevidan Spiritism in [[Martinique]], or Caribbean Tamil Christianity in the [[Commonwealth Caribbean|English Caribbean]] and [[Dutch Caribbean]] that is syncretic.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Martinique Profile |url=http://www.worldmap.org/uploads/9/3/4/4/9344303/martinique_profile.pdf |website=WorldMap.org}}</ref>

Other practices that are different include the tradition of the physical manifestation of the deity. Although there are some practices in Indian Shaktism that do include trance, the tradition of manifestation by Hindu gods is most certainly from [[Dravidian folk religion]].<ref name="auto"/>

Another practice that is different is that of the deities worshipped. While Vedic Hindu deities are worshipped, deities referred to as "[[Madrasi]]" gods (meaning Dravidian or Tamil gods) come from Dravidian Folk Religion. Such gods are [[Karuppu Sami|Sangani Baba]], [[Mariamman]], [[Kateri Amman|Kateri Maa]], [[Muneeswarar|Muniswaran]], among others. Different names may also be used for Vedic deities and some practices may be of regional origin rather than general origin.<ref name=":2" /> Some deities may even be new deities created by the indentured servants for a specific purpose.

Indo-Caribbean Shakti [[bhajan]]s and [[Kirtan]]s (devotional music) are often done in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Caribbean Hindustani]] rather than in Sanskrit (although Sanskrit bhajans are used) and practices such as [[Karagam]] Puja are not found in Indian Shaktism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindu Temple |url=https://www.maevebassett.com/other-ethnobotany/hindu-temple}}</ref> Most devotees of Indo-Caribbean Shaktism also practice Hinduism, going to both services of Vedic origin and services of Madrasi origin.

== Temples ==

=== Guyana ===

* Supply Jagadamba Devi Temple, [[Triumph, Guyana]]
* Maha Kali Kovil, Guyana
* Shree Bhadra Kali Amman Ashram, Guyana
* Maha Kali Shakti Temple, [[Timehri]], Guyana
* Kali Temple, Guyana
* Mariamman Temple, Whim, [[Berbice]], Guyana

=== Trinidad and Tobago ===

* Arjune Davi Niraj Shakti Temple, [[Marabella]], Trinidad and Tobago
* Skanda Mata Shakti Kovil [[Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago]]
* Muneshwarran Mandir, [[Chaguanas]], Trinidad and Tobago
* Sri Kaliamman Kovil, [[Arouca, Trinidad and Tobago]]
* Shri Adi Shakti Para Brahm Swaroopini Mandir, [[Siparia]], Trinidad and Tobago
* Jai Kali Shakti Mandir, [[Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago]]

=== Suriname ===

* Tri Shakti Kali Devi Mandir, Suriname

=== Martinique ===

* Temple Hindou, [[Basse-Pointe]], Martinique

=== Guadeloupe ===

* Shingam's Kovil, [[Le Moule]], Guadeloupe
* Temple Mariamman Lalsingue, [[Les Abymes]], Guadeloupe

=== Venezuela ===

* Sri Caliamman Chakti Poderosas Covil, [[El Callao, Venezuela|El Callao]], [[Bolivar (state)|Bolivar]], [[Venezuela]]

=== North America ===

* Shri Maha Kali Ammaa Mandir, [[Brampton]], Ontario, Canada
* Meenakshi Mariamman Devi Mandir, [[Deland, Florida]], United States
* Jamaica Kali Mandir, [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States
* Shri Mariamman Temple, [[Opa-Locka]], [[Florida]], United States

== See also ==

*[[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago]]
*[[Hinduism in Guyana]]
*[[Hinduism in Martinique]]
*[[Hinduism in Suriname]]
*[[Hinduism in Jamaica]]
*[[Indo-Caribbean]]
*[[Shaktism]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Shaktism}}

[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Hinduism in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean religion]]
[[Category:Hinduism in South America]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Guyana]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Suriname]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Barbados]]

Indian 3-paisa coin

2026-03-24T13:37:06Z

LolitasErurf: starting some post basic info - done

{{Short description|Former denomination of the Indian rupee}}
{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = Three paise
| Country = India
| Value = 3[[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]] ({{frac|3|100}}{{INR}})
| Unit =
| Mass_g = 1.25
| Mass_troy_oz =
| Mass_grain = 19.3
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special = 
| Gold_troy_oz =
| Silver_troy_oz =
| Diameter_mm = 21
| Diameter_inch = 0.83
| Diameter_special = 
| Thickness_mm = 2.0
| Thickness_inch = 0.079
| Thickness_special = 
| Edge = Smooth
| Composition = [[Aluminium]]
| Years of Minting = 1964-1971
| Mintage = 1,612,704,568
| Mint marks = ⧫ = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] B = Mumbai proof issue * = [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] ⟐ = [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] No mark = [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]]
| Circulation = [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]]
| Catalog Number = [[Standard Catalog of World Coins|KM#]] 14.1 & 14.2
| Obverse =[[File:3-paise-1965-obs.png|125px]]
| Obverse Design = [[State Emblem of India]] with country name.
| Obverse Designer =
| Obverse Design Date =
| Obverse Discontinued =
| Obverse2 =
| Obverse2 Design =
| Obverse2 Designer =
| Obverse2 Design Date =
| Obverse2 Discontinued =
| Obverse3 =
| Obverse3 Design =
| Obverse3 Designer =
| Obverse3 Design Date =
| Obverse3 Discontinued =
| Obverse4 =
| Obverse4 Design =
| Obverse4 Designer =
| Obverse4 Design Date =
| Obverse4 Discontinued =
| Reverse =[[File:3-paise-1965-rev.png|125px]]
| Reverse Design = Face value and year of minting
| Reverse Designer =
| Reverse Design Date =
| Reverse Discontinued =
| Reverse2 =
| Reverse2 Design =
| Reverse2 Designer =
| Reverse2 Design Date =
| Reverse2 Discontinued =
| Reverse3 =
| Reverse3 Design =
| Reverse3 Designer =
| Reverse3 Design Date =
| Reverse3 Discontinued =
| Reverse4 =
| Reverse4 Design =
| Reverse4 Designer =
| Reverse4 Design Date =
| Reverse4 Discontinued =
}}
The Indian '''Three paise''' ({{langx|hi|तीन पैसे}}) (singular: ''Paisa''), is a former denomination of the [[Indian Rupee]]. The 3[[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]] coin equals {{frac|3|100}} of the Indian Rupee. The symbol for paisa is ([[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]]).

==History==
Prior to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 [[Anno Domini|AD]] was further divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided to four [[Indian pice]]s and each pice into three [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] till 1947 when the pie was demonetised. In 1955, India amended the "[[The Indian Coinage Act, 1906|Indian Coinage Act]]" to adopt the metric system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called "Naya Paisa" (English: ''New Paisa''). On 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa". Paisa coins were issued as a part of "The Decimal Series".<ref name="Coin details">{{cite news|title=Coin details|publisher=India Numismatics|accessdate=27 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1847.html}}</ref><ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=27 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian coins">{{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=India Numismatics|accessdate=27 August 2017|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref>

==Mintage==
Three paise coins were minted from 1964 to 1971 at the [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|India Government mint]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present day Mumbai) and [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Calcutta]] (present day Kolkata). Coins borne ⧫ (small dot/diamond) symbol for Mumbai and no mint mark for Kolkata mint. Three paise coins have been [[Withdrawal of low-denomination coins|demonetized]].<ref name="History of Indian coins"/><ref name="3 paise">{{cite news|title=3 paise|publisher=colnect.com|accessdate=27 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2103}}</ref>

===Total mintage===
Total 1,612,704,568 coins were minted from 1964 to 1971.<ref name="3 paise"/>

===Composition===
Three paise coins were minted from [[aluminium]] in [[Coin orientation|medallic alignment]]. Coins weighed 1.25 grams, had a diameter of {{convert|21|mm|in}} and thickness of {{convert|2|mm|in}}. Three paise coins were hexagonal shaped and had smooth edge.<ref name="Coin details"/>

==Variants==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="13"|Variants (1964–1971).
|-
! colspan="2"| Image !! rowspan="2"| Value !! colspan="4"| Technical parameters !! colspan="3"| Description !! colspan="2"| Year of minting !! rowspan="2"| Monetary status
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last
|-
| colspan="2"| || 3[[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]] || 1.25 g || 21 mm || 2.0 mm || [[Aluminium]] || Smooth || [[State Emblem of India]] & country name in Hindi and English. || Face-value and year. || 1964 || 1971 || [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]].<ref name="Coin details"/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian paisa]]

{{Portal bar|India|Numismatics|Money}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Indian currency}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]

Kalapini Komkali

2026-03-23T09:43:45Z

LolitasErurf: starting a bio basic info - done

{{Indian name|Kalapini|Komkali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalapini Komkali
| image = Kalapini Komkali (born 1966).png
| image_size =
| caption = In a 2021 interview
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|03|12}}
| birth_place = [[Dewas]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| occupation = Singer
| parents = [[Kumar Gandharva]] and [[Vasundhara Komkali]]
| spouse =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo singer
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
| website = {{URL|https://kalapini.com/}}
|years_active =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
}}
'''Kalapini Komkali''' (born 1966) is an Indian [[Indian classical music|classical vocalist]] from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In 2023 she received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Vocal]].

==Biography==
Kalapini Komkali was born on 12 March 1966, in [[Dewas]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2022 and 2023 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/mar/doc202437320201.pdf |publisher=Press information bureau, Government of India |page=62}}</ref> She is daughter of classical vocalists [[Kumar Gandharva]] and [[Vasundhara Komkali]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalapini Komkali on being Kumar Gandharva's daughter, honing her art and the undying guru-shishya tradition |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/kalapini-komkali-on-being-kumar-gandharvas-daughter-honing-her-art-and-the-undying-guru-shishya-tradition-4385879.html |work=Firstpost |date=17 March 2018 |language=en-us |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127182622/https://www.firstpost.com/living/kalapini-komkali-on-being-kumar-gandharvas-daughter-honing-her-art-and-the-undying-guru-shishya-tradition-4385879.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hans">{{cite news |last1=Adke |first1=Arti |title=Kalapani Komakali: A legacy of melodic excellence |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/kalapini-komkali-a-legacy-of-melodic-excellence-910358 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=28 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930152733/https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/kalapini-komkali-a-legacy-of-melodic-excellence-910358 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is from [[Dewas]] in Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Free Press">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: Dewas Classical Singer Kalapini Komkali Chosen For Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/madhya-pradesh-dewas-classical-singer-kalapini-komkali-chosen-for-sangeet-natak-akademi-award |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> She is an active trustee of the Kumar Gandharva Sangeet Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-17 |title=Nirgun Bani : Kalapini Komkali - Mahindra Kabira Festival |url=https://mahindrakabira.com/artist/nirgun-bani-kalapini-komkali |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=mahindrakabira.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Musical career==
Trained in music by her parents [[Kumar Gandharva]] and [[Vasundhara Komkali]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parakala |first1=Vangmayi |title=Emerging from the shadows of giants |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/emerging-from-the-shadows-of-giants/article26743549.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 April 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Kalapini has developed her own singing style, and has excelled in various forms of Hindustani classical music, including khayal, thumri, dadra, and bhajan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalapini Komkali: My father was a strict teacher |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kalapini-Komkali-My-father-was-a-strict-teacher/articleshow/40100819.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212111734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kalapini-Komkali-My-father-was-a-strict-teacher/articleshow/40100819.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Free Press"/> A distinctive feature of her singing style is her use of folk music from the [[Malwa region]] of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kusnur |first=Narendra |date=2018-01-08 |title=Music all around her |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-all-around-her/article22399020.ece |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her first solo performance was in 1993.<ref name=":0" /> Her solo commercial music releases include, ''Aarambha'' and ''Inheritence'' by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], ''Dharohar'' by [[Times Music]], and ''Swar-Manjari'', a live concert recording by [[Virgin Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voice of devotion |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/gyan-zone/voice-of-devotion-268672/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> She has also sung for the films ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' and ''Devi Ahalya''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2011-10-21 |title=Saha Gaan - Nov 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/saha-gaan-nov-12/article2546255.ece |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Live performances==
''Singing Gandhi'', part of the series ''Gandhi Matters'' by [[Raza Foundation]], was a musical tribute to [[Mahathma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Manjari |title=Melody and the Mahatma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/melody-and-the-mahatma/article28719920.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 July 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Kalapini and Bhuvanesh Komakali performed their Jugalbandi concert on the occasion of [[S. H. Raza|Raza]]'s centenary.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Shailaja |title=Classical treat by Kalapini and Bhuvanesh Komkali |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/classical-treat-by-kalapani-and-bhuvanesh-komkali/article65234113.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 March 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Kalapini has received a fellowship from the Department of Culture, Government of India, and has also been honored with the Kumar Gandharva Award by the Pujari Pratishthan of Pune.<ref name=":1" /> In 2023 she received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Vocal]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards 2022-23 Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-2022-23/ |work=adda247 |date=15 March 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323150459/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-2022-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Komkali, Kalapini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Sarada Hoffman

2026-03-15T04:18:19Z

LolitasErurf: creating article

{{Short description|Indian Bharatanatyam exponent (1929–2025)}}
{{Given name hatnote|Sarada|Hoffman|lang=Tamil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarada Hoffman
| image =
| birth_name = A. Sarada<ref>{{cite web |title=History – Kalakshetra Foundation |url=https://www.kalakshetra.in/college/history/ |website=www.kalakshetra.in}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|06|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], Madras Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|09|14|1929|06|14|df=y}}
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| known for = [[Bharatanatyam]]
| occupation = Dance, teacher
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1996)
| website =
}}

'''Sarada Hoffman''' (14 June 1929 – 14 September 2025) was an Indian [[Bharathanatyam]] dancer and dance teacher from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra |date=2024-06-19 |title=Legendary Bharatanatyam dancer C.V. Chandrasekhar passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/veteran-bharatanatyam-dancer-cv-chandrasekhar-passes-away/article68307196.ece |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1996, she received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her contributions to Bharatanatyam.

==Background==
A. Sarada (later Sarada Hoffman) was born in [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] in 1929.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=SARADA HOFFMAN |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Sarada_Hoffman.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> She grew up in the [[Theosophical Society Adyar]], where children lived and studied under the leadership of [[George Arundale]].<ref name="sruti">{{Cite book |url=https://dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Sarada-Perfectionist.pdf |title=A perfectionist |date=February 2009 |publisher=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti Magazine]] |pages=9}}</ref> When her parents moved to [[Madurai]], [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] took Sarada under her care and made her stay in the [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]]'s hostel.<ref name="sruti"/> She stayed in the same hostel as a student and later as a teacher until she married Peter Hoffman in 1960.<ref name="sruti"/>

There were two Saradas at Kalakshetra institute of Rugmini Devi. Due to the age difference, the older Sarada, who joined first, came to be known as "Periya Sarada" and the younger Sarada Hoffman as "Chinna Sarada".<ref name="sruti"/>

Sarada studied Bharatanatyam at Kalakshetra under Rukmini Devi Arundel, Pandanallur Chokkalingam Pillai and [[Mylapore Gowri Ammal]].<ref name="SNA"/> She also received training in [[Kathakali]] from Kathakali gurus like Ambu and Chandu Panicker.<ref name="SNA"/> After completing her studies in 1947, she was appointed a dance teacher at Kalakshetra and one of its principal dancers.<ref name="SNA"/>

==Career==
Initially, Hoffman performed as part of the Kalakshetra troupe but later focused on teaching and composing Bharatanatyam.<ref name="SNA"/> Many noted dancers and teachers, including [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]], [[Adyar K. Lakshman]], [[C. V. Chandrasekhar]], [[Dhananjayans|Shantha and Dhananjayan]], have trained under her.<ref name="SNA"/> After retiring from Kalakshetra as the head of the dance department in 1989, she served as an emerita member of Kalakshetra until 1996.<ref name="SNA"/>

==Personal life and death==
In 1960, she married Peter Hoffman. They had two children, Krishna and Geeta.<ref name="sruti"/> They lived at Valmiki Nagar, [[Thiruvanmiyur]], Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarada Hoffman |url=http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/features/interviews/sarada.asp}}</ref>

Sarada Hoffman died on 14 September 2025, at the age of 96.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-15 |title=Legendary Bharatanatyam dancer and Akademi awardee Sarada Hoffman passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/legendary-bharatanatyam-dancer-and-akademi-awardee-sarada-hoffman-passes-away-ly4r439p |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hoffman received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1996 for her contributions to Bharatanatyam.<ref name="SNA"/> In 2001, she received the first Rukmini Devi Medal for Excellence in the Arts, established by the Centre for Contemporary Culture, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title='She moulded us into good human beings' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/mar/02spec.htm |publisher=Rediff | first=Krishnaveni | last=Lakshman | date=2 March 2004 | accessdate=30 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoffman, Sarada}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]

Veliyankode Umar Khasi

2026-03-05T18:28:15Z

LolitasErurf: content update

{{Short description|Muslim scholar, freedom fighter and poet from British India}}
{{More citations needed|date= July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Valiyankode Umer Qazi
| image =Umer Qazi.jpg|
| alt = Umer Qazi, Valiyangod,
| caption = Valiyankode Umer Qazi
| birth_date = c. 1757
|death_date = 1856
| birth_place = Valiyankode, Ponnani<ref>http://ponnani-public.blogspot.in/ {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref> [[Malappuram]] district, [[Kerala]], [[India]].
| other_names = Valiyullahi Umer Qazi, Valiyankode Umer Qazi
| known_for = the [[Civil disobedience]] movement
| occupation =
| website =
}}
{{Islam}}

'''Valiyankode Umer Qazi''' ([[Arabic]]:'''عاشق الرسول عمر القاضي بلنكوتي المليباري''' , [[Malayalam]]: വെളിയങ്കോട്ട് ഉമര്‍ ഖാസി(റ) ) was a Muslim scholar, freedom fighter and poet. He was active in the [[Civil disobedience]] movement and refused to pay tax to the government in British India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaihoon.com/334.htm|title=Umar Qazi - Sufi Poet on Horseback|date=6 January 2010}}</ref>

==Early life==
QUaZi was born to Ali Musliyar, a decedent of Sheikh Hasan Tabee, and Amina, in the house known as "Kaziyarakath" in Hijra 1177 Rabee Awal 10 FRIDAY.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} His parents died before he was ten years old.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He obtained the basic studies from his father in his early childhood.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

When he was eleven, he was enrolled in Tanoor Darse, under the mentorship Ahmed Musliyar, a decedent of Makdoom family. He then studied with Aboobacker Hisham, also known as Aoukoya Musliyar.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He was admitted in Ponnani Darse in his 13th year and accepted the guidance of Mammikutty Kazi.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He learned Fathul Mueen and other authentic classical texts from there. After the six-year course at Ponnani, he left there after the death of his teacher Mammikutty Musliyar.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

==The meeting with Mamburam Thangal==
He travelled to Mamburam Thangal with his friend Aoukoya.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} It is believed he lost all of his knowledge by confusing in the authenticity of the Thangal as Sheikh Murabbe. {{Vague|date=July 2018}} He accepted Mamburam Thangal as his guide, and this meeting was recorded by Mamburam Mala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hussainrandathani.com/Articles.aspx |title=Dr Hussain Randathani |access-date=28 July 2013 |archive-date=16 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716154236/http://www.hussainrandathani.com/Articles.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==His social service==
He was installed as the supreme judge in the Muslim locality, under Valiyangode Juma Masjid.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He depended upon Thuhfa of Ibn Hajar to announce the verdicts.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He was appointed as Mudarris, the chief dean in the mosque-based college.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He was accompanied by his companion Aoukoya Musliyar, who served as his assistant and coworker. Debates occurred between them on the swalath between Tarvih namaz.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

==As Freedom fighter==
He was an early participant in the [[Civil disobedience]] movement in Indian peninsula, refusing to pay tax ordered by Amsham Adikari, the local chieftain appointed by the British government.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} Marakkar Sahib stepped in and promised to pay his tax until his death. When Marakkar Sahib died, the issue once again became problematic.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

==As a poet==
He wrote poetry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alipurang.blogspot.in/2011/09/umer-kazi-veliyamcode-kerala-india.html|title = ALI AKBAR PURANG: Umer kazi veliyamcode kerala india|date = 9 September 2011}}</ref> During his stay in jail, he conveyed his thought to Mamburam via poems. He used to send his letters with poems.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Transliterated title!! Original title!! Translated title!! Theme
|-
| Swallal Ilahu|| صلّى الإلٰه|| Almighty Says Swalath|| The life of Prophet and his specialty
|-
| Nafaesu Durar || نفائس الدّرر|| The precious gems || Some rare knowledge
|-
| Lahal Ul Hilalau || لاه الهلال || Crescent emerged || lauding Prophet
|-
| Jafath Ni ||جفتني|| Covered me || The praise of Prophet
|-
| Lamma Dahar || لمّا ظهر || When appeared || About Prophet
|-
| Allafa al Aasi|| الّف العاصي || A convicted composed || praise of Prophet
|-
| Maqasid ul Nikah || مقاصد النّكاح|| Objectives of marriage || Islamic laws related to marriage based on Shafi School of Thought
|-
| Tarajim ul Muharramath || تراجيم المحرّمات || Explanation on forbidden || Islamic laws related to forbidden based on Shafi School of Thought
|-
| Kitabu al Swaidh Wal Isthiyad||كتاب الصّيد والإصطياد|| Text on Slaughtering and hunting||Islamic regulation related to slaughtering and hunting
|-
|asool dabah wa kasaa'id
|أصول الذبح والقصائد
|Origin of slaughter and poems
|
|-
|}

==Affection for Muhammed==
He expressed his passion for the Islamic Prophet [[Muhammed]] in poems and prose.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} The lines which start with عمر الفقير are carved in the threshold of Muhammad's shrine in Medina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaihoon.com/253.htm|title=Allama Iqbal and Umar Qazi: Two lovers of the Holy Prophet|date=8 November 2009|access-date=28 July 2013|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411014732/http://www.jaihoon.com/253.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
Realising he would soon die, he prepared his own grave and awaited death.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khasi, Veliyankode Umar}}
[[Category:1760s births]]
[[Category:1856 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Muslim mystics]]
[[Category:Muslim poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience in India]]

Tourism in Northeast India

2026-03-04T13:01:06Z

LolitasErurf: creating new entry

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = geography
| above = Northeast India
| image = [[File:Northeast India States.svg|thumb|right|245px|{{center|States and big cities in Northeast India}}]]
| caption =
| label1 = Population Census
Estimate (2022)
| data1 = 51,670,000
| label2 = [[Geography of India|Area]]
| data2 = {{convert|262230|km2|abbr=on}}
| label3 =
| data3 =
| label4 = [[Time zone]]
| data4 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])|
}}
[[Northeast India]] consists of eight states: [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]] and [[Tripura]]. Tourism in this area is based around the unique [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] landscape and culture distinct from the rest of India.

==Tourist circuits ==
{{ see also | Tourism in India}}
{{expand section|date=February 2024}}

* Arunachal Pradesh: the [[Arunachal Frontier Highway#Tourism|Bhalukpong-Bomdila-Tawang Tourist Circuit]] along the Arunachal Frontier Highway and the [[Trans-Arunachal Highway#Tourism|Nafra-Seppa-Pappu-Pasa-Pakke Valleys-Sangdupota-New Sagalee-Ziro-Yomcha Tourist Circuit]] along the Trans-Arunachal Highway and East-West Industrial Corridor Highway have been developed under the [[Swadesh Darshan Scheme]].<ref name="artu1">[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1552846 Two important North East Circuits under Swadesh Darshan Scheme of Central Tourism Ministry inaugurated in Arunachal Pradesh today], PIB India, 15 November 2018.</ref>

==National parks==
* '''[[Namdapha National Park]]''' is the largest protected area in the [[Eastern Himalaya]] [[biodiversity hotspot]] and is in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[Northeast India]]. It is the third largest national park in India in area. It is in the [[Eastern Himalaya|Eastern Himalayan sub-region]] and is recognized as one of the richest areas in biodiversity in India.<ref name="Deb">Deb, P & Sundriyal, RC. (2007) Tree species gap phase performance in the buffer zone area of Namdapha National Park, Eastern Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology 48(2): 209-225 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120218201019/http://www.tropecol.com/pdf/open/PDF_48_2/08%20Panna.pdf PDF]}}</ref>
*'''[[Keibul Lamjao National Park]]''' is the world's only floating national park in the periphery of the [[Loktak Lake]], the largest lake in the entire North East India. It is the only natural habitat of the dancing deer, [[Sangai]] (Cervus eldi eldi), once thought to be extinct. [[Sangai festival]] is a grand international festival Origanised by the Government of Manipur for the preservation of the deer.
*'''[[Sirohi National Park]]''' is a [[National park]] in the Hill top of the Shirui Hill in [[Ukhrul district]] of [[Manipur]]. It is the only habitat of the beautiful terrestrial lily, [[Shirui lily]] (Lilium macklineae), which is found nowhere in the world except in this park.
* '''[[Kaziranga National Park]]''' is a [[National park of India|national park]] in the [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]] and [[Nagaon district]]s of the state of [[Assam]], India. A [[World Heritage Site]], the park hosts two-thirds of the world's [[Indian rhinoceros|great one-horned rhinoceroses]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6564337.stm |work=BBC News |title=Assam rhino poaching 'spirals' |author=Bhaumik, Subir |date=17 April 2007 |access-date=2008-08-23 |archive-date=22 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122025403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6564337.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kaziranga boasts the highest density of [[Bengal tiger|tigers]] among [[protected area]]s in the world and was declared a [[tiger reserve]] in 2006.
* '''[[Orang National Park]]''' is on the north bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the [[Darrang]] and [[Sonitpur district]]s of [[Assam]]. The park has a rich flora and fauna, including great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, [[pigmy hog]], [[elephant]]s, wild [[Water buffalo|buffalo]] and [[tiger]]s. It is the only stronghold of rhinoceros on the north bank of the Brahmaputra.<ref name="wildlife">{{Cite web |url=http://assamonline.in/TouristPlaces/places/Tezpur.asp |title=Tezpur |work=Orang Wildlife Sanctuary |access-date=2009-11-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130024055/http://www.assamonline.in/TouristPlaces/places/Tezpur.asp |archive-date=2009-11-30}}</ref><ref name="rhino">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/ref_files/1244031710.pdf |title=Spatial modeling and preparation of decision support system for conservation of biological diversity in Orang National Park, Assam, India |access-date=2009-11-08 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715182032/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/ref_files/1244031710.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="northeast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.north-east-india.com/assam/orang-national-park.html |title=Orang National Park |access-date=2009-11-08 |archive-date=11 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111230615/http://www.north-east-india.com/assam/orang-national-park.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[Manas National Park]]''' or Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a national park, [[UNESCO]] Natural [[World Heritage Site]], a [[Project Tiger]] reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve in [[Assam]].
* '''[[Dibru-Saikhowa National Park]]''' is a national wildlife park in [[Tinsukia]], [[Assam]]. It mainly consists of moist mixed semi-evergreen forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, canebrakes and grasslands. It is the largest [[salix]] swamp forest in northeast [[India]].
* '''[[Nameri National Park]]''' is in the foothills of the [[Eastern Himalayas]] in the [[Sonitpur District]] of Assam. This is excellent elephant country and was considered to be an elephant reserve. It is an ideal habitat for a host of other animals including the [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[dhole]] (the Asiatic wild dog), pygmy hog, [[muntjac]], [[gaur]], [[wild boar]], [[sloth bear]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[capped langur]] and [[Indian giant squirrel]].
* '''[[Balphakram National Park]]''' is a [[national park]] about 3,000 metres above [[sea level]], near the [[Garo Hills]] in [[Meghalaya]], India. It is often referred to as the "abode of perpetual winds" as well as the "land of spirits." It is the home of the [[barking deer]] and the [[asian golden cat|golden cat]].
* '''[[Nokrek National Park]]''', or Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, is a [[national park]] approximately 2 km from Tura Peak in [[West Garo Hills district]] of [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]. [[UNESCO]] added this National park to its list of [[Biosphere Reserve]]s in May 2009.<ref name="sify-br">{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jf1u4rjejdc&title=Three_Indian_sites_added_to_UNESCO_list_of_biosphere_reserves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028175430/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jf1u4rjejdc&title=Three_Indian_sites_added_to_UNESCO_list_of_biosphere_reserves |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2014 |title=Three Indian sites added to UNESCO list of biosphere reserves |date=27 May 2009 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2009-05-30}}</ref><ref name="ens">{{cite news |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2009/2009-05-27-01.asp |title=UNESCO Designates 22 New Biosphere Reserves |date=27 May 2009 |publisher=Environment News Service |access-date=2009-05-30 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175759/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2009/2009-05-27-01.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> Along with Balpakram, Nokrek is a hotspot of biodiversity in Meghalaya.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2003). Meghalaya's vanishing wilderness. ''Sanctuary Asia'' 23(5): 30-35.</ref>

'''Other national parks'''
*[[Mouling National Park]] is in the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].
*[[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] is in the [[Bishnupur district]] of the state of [[Manipur]].
*[[Sirohi National Park]] is located in the state of [[Manipur]].
*[[Murlen National Park]] is in the [[Champhai district]] [[Mizoram]].
*[[Ntangki National Park]] is in [[Peren district|Peren]] district of [[Nagaland]].
*[[Phawngpui]] is the Blue Mountain of [[Mizoram]], a highly revered peak, considered to be the abode of the gods. Phawngpui peak is the highest mountain peak in Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phawngpui |url=http://mizotourism.nic.in/phawngpui.htm |publisher=MizoTourism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303183739/http://mizotourism.nic.in/phawngpui.htm |archive-date=2013-03-03}}</ref>
*[[Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary]] is a wildlife reserve in the [[Marigaon district]] of the state of [[Assam]].
*[[Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary]] is a wildlife sanctuary in [[Tripura]].
*[[Gorumara National Park]] is a [[National Park]] in northern [[West Bengal]].
*[[Singalila National Park]] is located on the [[Singalila Ridge]] at an altitude of more than 7000 feet above sea level, in the [[Darjeeling district]] of [[West Bengal]].
*[[Neora Valley National Park]] is in the [[Kalimpong subdivision]] under [[Darjeeling District]], [[West Bengal]].
*[[Jaldapara National Park]] is at the foothills of the [[Eastern Himalaya]]s in [[Alipurduar district]] in [[West Bengal]] and on the bank of the [[Torsa River]].

<gallery>
File:Ibisbill4.jpg|Ibisbill in [[Nameri National Park]]
File:Namdapha2.jpg|Canopy cover of [[Namdapha National Park]]
File:Nameri river.jpg|River patrolling by forest guards at Nameri National Park
File:KAZIRANGA.JPG|[[Kaziranga]] is an important habitat for the Indian rhinoceros
File:BengalFlorican.jpg|[[Bengal florican]], a threatened species conserved in the [[Orang National Park]]
File:Capped langur in manas.jpg|A [[capped langur]] in [[Manas National Park]]
File:Blue hill.jpg|A view of mountains from the Manas.
File:Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (2).jpg|A view from [[Dibru-Saikhowa National Park]]
File:Calotes mystaceus manipur.JPG|A [[Blue-crested lizard|blue-crested lizard (''Calotes mystaceus'')]] in [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]].
File:NAMERI_NATIONAL_PARK_,_ASSAM,_INDIA,_Wild_Life.jpg|[[Nameri National Park]]
</gallery>

== Reserved forest ==
* [[Nongmaiching Reserved Forest]] in the [[Nongmaiching Ching]] mountains in the [[Imphal Valley]] of [[Manipur]]
* '''Kakoijana reserved forest''' – [[Kakoijana reserved forest]] is famous for Golden Langurs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/14-years-on-kakoijana-forest-continues-fight-for-sanctuary-status/203256/ |title=14 years on, Kakoijana forest continues fight for sanctuary status |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2016-04-15 |archive-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601175849/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/14-years-on-kakoijana-forest-continues-fight-for-sanctuary-status/203256/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Langol Reserved Forest''' – It is known as the "lungs of Imphal Valley" for its wide stretching area span in the [[Imphal]] valley. Besides, it is famous for the [[sacred groves]] which were preserved since ancient times for religious belief. '''Langol Lairembi Temple''' and '''Langol Ningthou Temple''' are great religious destinations for people of [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi Faith]] in [[North East India]].
*'''[[Bhairabkunda]] Reserve Forest (Assam)'''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Afforestation changes life and landscape: How a district in Assam lost a forest, gained a future |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/afforestation-changes-life-and-landscape-how-a-district-in-assam-lost-a-forest-gained-a-future-4997615/ |date=2017-12-25 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-15 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224210545/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/afforestation-changes-life-and-landscape-how-a-district-in-assam-lost-a-forest-gained-a-future-4997615/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Hills==

* '''Kangchenjunga''' – Kangchenjunga is the third highest [[List of highest mountains|mountain in the world]].<ref name="Freshfield1903">{{cite book |author=Freshfield, D. W. |year=1903 |url=https://archive.org/stream/roundkangchenjun00fresrich#page/n7/mode/2up |title=Round Kangchenjunga: a narrative of mountain travel and exploration |publisher=Edward Arnold |location=London}}</ref> It rises with an elevation of {{convert|8586|m|abbr=on}} in a section of the [[Himalayas]] called ''Kangchenjunga Himal'' that is limited in the west by the [[Tamur River]] and in the east by the [[Teesta River]].<ref name="Carter1985">{{cite journal |last=Carter |first=H. A. |year=1985 |url=http://c498469.r69.cf2.rackcdn.com/1985/109_carter_himalaya_aaj1985.pdf |title=Classification of the Himalaya |journal=American Alpine Journal |volume=27 |issue=59 |pages=109–141 |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813005801/http://c498469.r69.cf2.rackcdn.com/1985/109_carter_himalaya_aaj1985.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kangchenjunga Himal is located in eastern [[Nepal]] and [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref name="Dhar2000">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.2000.tb04065.x|title=An appraisal of precipitation distribution around the Everest and Kanchenjunga peaks in the Himalayas |journal=Weather |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=223–234 |year=2000 |last1=Dhar |first1=O. N. |last2=Nandargi |first2=Shobha |bibcode=2000Wthr...55..223D |s2cid=121273656 }}</ref>
*'''[[Mount Tempü]]''', aka '''Mount Iso''', is the highest peak in [[Manipur]]. One can experience the sight of the abode of angels, the great [[Dzüko Valley]] from the top of the peak.
*'''Mt. Koubru''' – Mt. Koubru, one of the highest [[Summit|peak]] in [[North East India]] is situated in [[Manipur]]. It is easily identified by its humped back like a [[cow]]. It is the greatest religious destination for people of [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi faith]] as well as adventure place for people across the nation.
* '''Naga Hills''' – The [[Naga Hills]], reaching a height of around {{convert|3825|m|ft|abbr=off}}, lie on the border of [[India]] and [[Burma]] (Myanmar).
* '''Patkai Hills''' – The [[Patkai]] hills are on India's northeastern border with Burma.
* '''Khasi Hills''' – The [[Khasi Hills]] are part of the Garo-Khasi range in the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]], and is part of the Patkai range and of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion.
* '''Lushai Hills''' – The [[Lushai Hills]] (or Mizo Hills) are part of the Patkai range in [[Mizoram]] and partially in [[Tripura]], India. Hills in Mizoram run north–south. A hill range of the Mizo Poets Square also known as [[Mizo Hlakungpui Mual]] runs from north to south. The Poets Square was set up in 1986 to commemorate the Mizo poets and writers at the outskirts of [[Khawbung]]. It is one of the most visited sites for tourists.
* '''Assam Himalaya''' – [[Assam Himalaya]] is a traditional designation for the portion of the [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] [[mountain range|range]] between the eastern border of [[Bhutan]], on the west, and the Great Bend of the [[Yarlung Zangbo River|Tsangpo]] River, on the east.
* '''Garo Hills''' – The [[Garo Hills]] are part of the Garo-Khasi range in [[Meghalaya]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Garo Hills-The Ecological Canvas of Meghalaya|url=http://megtourism.gov.in/dest-garo.html|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029084022/http://megtourism.gov.in/dest-garo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are inhabited mainly by tribal dwellers, the majority of whom are [[Garo people]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Subba |editor-first=T.B. |title=The anthropology of North-East India|year=2003|publisher=Orient Longman|location=Hyderabad|isbn=978-8125023357 |editor2=G.C. Ghosh}}</ref> It is one of the wettest places in the world.
* '''Sela Pass''' – [[Sela Pass]] is the high-altitude [[mountain pass]] in [[Tawang District]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. It has an elevation of {{convert|4170|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="beontheroad.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.beontheroad.com/2011/01/high-altitude-sela-passbackbone-of.html |title=High Altitude Sela Pass–Backbone of Tawang District |website=beontheroad.com |date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2013-04-18 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814015044/https://www.beontheroad.com/2011/01/high-altitude-sela-passbackbone-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="travelomy.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelomy.com/sela-pass/ |title=Sela Passmountain pass |website=travelomy.com |access-date=2013-04-18 |archive-date=5 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505000627/http://www.travelomy.com/sela-pass |url-status=dead }}</ref> It connects the Buddhist city of [[Tawang Town]] to [[Tezpur]] and [[Guwahati]] and is the main road connecting [[Tawang]] with the rest of [[India]].

'''Other hills'''
*[[Jongsong Peak]] is a mountain in the 'Janak' section of the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="aaj_1985">{{cite journal
|author=Carter, H. Adams
|title=Classification of the Himalaya
|journal=American Alpine Journal
|volume=27
|issue=5
|year=1985
|page=115
|url=http://c498469.r69.cf2.rackcdn.com/1985/109_carter_himalaya_aaj1985.pdf
|access-date=2011-05-18
|archive-date=13 August 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813005801/http://c498469.r69.cf2.rackcdn.com/1985/109_carter_himalaya_aaj1985.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref> At {{convert|7462|m|ft|0}} it is the [[List of highest mountains|57th highest peak in the world]], although it is dominated by the third highest, [[Kangchenjunga]], {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south. Jongsong's summit is at a [[List of tripoints|three-way boundary]] between [[Nepal]], [[China]] and [[India]].
*[[Gimmigela Chuli]], or The Twins, is a mountain in the [[Himalayas]], on the border between [[Taplejung District|Taplejung]], [[Mechi Zone|Mechi]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sikkim]], [[India]]. It has an elevation of {{convert|7350|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.
*[[Kabru]] is a [[mountain]] in the [[Himalayas]] on the border of eastern [[Nepal]] and [[India]]. It is part of a ridge that extends south from [[Kangchenjunga]] and is the southernmost {{convert|7000|m|ft|-2}} peak in the world.
*[[Kirat Chuli]] or Tent Peak is a mountain in the [[Himalayas]]. It lies on the border between [[Nepal]] and [[India]].
*[[Mount Pandim]] is a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[mountain]] in [[Sikkim]], [[India]]. It has an elevation of {{convert|6691|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.
*[[Paohanli Peak]] or Paunhuri is a {{convert|7128|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|0}} peak at the border of Zarkang, [[Yadong County]], [[Tibet]] ([[China]]) and [[Sikkim]] ([[India]]).
*[[Pauhunri]] is a [[mountain]] in the [[Eastern Himalayas]]. It is on the border of [[Sikkim]], [[India]] and [[Tibet]], [[China]], and is about 75 km northeast of [[Kangchenjunga]].
*[[Siniolchu]] is one of the tallest mountains of the [[India]]n [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]]. The {{convert|6888|m|ft|0}} mountain is considered to be particularly aesthetically attractive, having been described by [[Douglas Freshfield]] as "the most superb triumph of mountain architecture and the most beautiful snow mountain in the world".<ref>{{cite book|title=Sikkim: A Traveller's Guide |last1=Ray |first1=Arundhati |last2=Das|first2=Sujoy |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-7824-008-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xnw-2sU1KMoC&dq=Siniolchu&pg=PA22 |page=22|year=2001 }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Kangchenjunga East Face from Zemu Glacier.jpg|East face of [[Kangchenjunga]], from near the Zemu Glacier.
File:Pangsau Pass.jpg|Patkai hills as seen from Pangsau Pass
File:Sela Pass, Arunachal Pradesh.JPG|[[Sela Pass]], [[Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh, India.]]
File:Tawi Tlang, Mizoram.JPG|Tawi Tlang hill range in the central [[Mizoram]] is known for adventure sports.
File:Hlakungpui_Mizo_Poets_Square_(3).JPG|Mizo Poets Square also known as [[Mizo Hlakungpui Mual]].
File:Mount_Pandim.jpg|West face of [[Mount Pandim]], viewed from Prek Chu valley
File:Mt. Kabru at sunrise Sikkim India October 2013.jpg|Mt. [[Kabru]] at sunrise, Sikkim (2013)
File:Le Siniolchu vu depuis le Glacier de Zemu. Photo de Vittorio Sella (1859-1943).jpg|[[Siniolchu]] taken from the [[Zemu Glacier]] by [[Vittorio Sella]]
</gallery>
Jumpui hills (Tripura) Jampui Hills is a hill range located in the North Tripura district in the north eastern part of the Indian state of Tripura. The average altitude of the hill range is approximately 1000 metres above sea level.

==Hill stations==
*'''Ukhrul''' – [[Ukhrul]] is a hill station in [[Ukhrul district]], [[Manipur]]. It is a place of paradise where one will experience the real sight of blue Mountains, lovely Brooks and enchanting waterfalls. People are also friendly enough that one can seek hospitality at any household, besides the presence of several hotels and homestays.
*'''Tamenglong''' – [[Tamenglong]] is a Hill station in [[Tamenglong district]] of [[Manipur]]. It is famous for the scenic natural beauty as well as for fruit groves.
*'''Haflong''' – [[Haflong]] is a hill station in Assam, surrounded by streams, green hills and waterfalls.
* '''Tawang''' – [[Tawang town]] is a town at an elevation of approximately {{convert|3048|m}} in the northwestern part of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] of [[India]].
* '''Cherrapunji''' – [[Cherrapunji]] is a subdivisional town in the [[East Khasi Hills district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]]. It is credited as being the wettest place on Earth, although nearby [[Mawsynram]] currently holds that record. Cherrapunji holds the all-time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year: It received {{convert|9300|mm|in|abbr=on}} in July 1861 and {{convert|26461|mm|in|abbr=on}} between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/10000/greatest-monthly-rainfall- |title=Most annual rainfall |access-date=2012-05-07 |work=Guinness World Records |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102105718/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/10000/greatest-monthly-rainfall- |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Cherrapunji.jpg|One board in [[Cherrapunji]]
</gallery>

==Waterfalls==
* [[Nohkalikai Falls]]; 1,120 ft Cherapunjee (Meghalaya)
* [[Nohsngithiang Falls]]; 1,033 ft (Meghalaya)
* [[Langshiang Falls]] – 1,106 ft (Meghalaya)
* [[Kynrem Falls]] – 1,001 ft (Meghalaya)
* Sadu Chiru Waterfalls (Leimaram Falls), Kangpokpi district, [[Manipur]]
* [[Elephant Falls]] (Meghalaya)
* [[Panimur Falls]] (Assam)
* [[Vantawng Falls]] – 751 ft( Mizoram)
* [[Nuranang Falls]] Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh)
* Chmapawati Kunda (Assam)
* Akashiganga Falls (Assam)
* Sivakunda Falls (Assam)
* [[Bishop Falls (India)]](Meghalaya)
* Khaipholangso falls (Karbi Anglong, Assam)
* Belughat falls (Karbi Anglong, Assam)
* Kangthilangso falls (Karbi Anglong, Assam)
* Dumla waterfalls (khowai, tripura)
* Dumbur waterfalls (tripura)
*Tuilha Kol(Chalwa) Water falls (Kanggui district, Manipur)

==Lakes==
* '''Khecheopalri Lake''' – [[Khecheopalri Lake]], originally known as Kha-Chot-Palri (meaning the heaven of [[Padmasambhava]]), is a [[sacred lake]] for [[Buddhists]] and [[Hindus]], which is believed to be a wish-fulfilling lake. It is near Khecheopalri village, {{convert|147|km|mi}} west of [[Gangtok]] and {{convert|34|km|mi}} to the northwest of [[Pelling|Pelling town]] in the [[West Sikkim]] district of the [[Northeast India|Northeastern Indian state]] of [[Sikkim]].
* '''Gurudongmar Lake''' – [[Gurudongmar Lake]] is one of the highest lakes in the world at an altitude of {{convert|17100|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}. It lies in the district of [[North Sikkim]] in the state of [[Sikkim]] in [[India]].
* '''Lake Tsongmo''' – [[Lake Tsongmo]] or Changu Lake is a glacial lake in the East Sikkim, [[India]], some {{convert|40|km}} from [[Gangtok]] at elevation of {{convert|3780|m|abbr=on}}.
* '''Loktak Lake''' – [[Loktak Lake]] is the largest freshwater lake in the entire Northeast [[India]] is famous for its ''[[phumdi]]s'' (heterogeneous decomposing mass of vegetation, soil, and organic matters) floating over it. [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]], the only floating national park in the world, floats over it. It is near [[Moirang]] in [[Manipur]] state, India.<ref name="wet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riverbasin.org/view_file.cfm?fileid=114 |title=Integrated Wetland and River Basin Management – A Case Study of Loktak Lake |access-date=2009-04-03 |publisher=Wetlands International – South Asia, New Delhi, India |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322112032/http://www.riverbasin.org/view_file.cfm?fileid=114 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref> Moreover, Loktak Day is a great annual event for the Lake.
*'''Pumlenpat Lake''' – [[Pumlenpat]] is the second largest lake in [[Manipur]] situated in the [[Thoubal district]] of the state. Small [[islands]] and [[islets]] are the awe inspiring views of the lake. Besides, it is famous for the rich [[marine life]] and [[phytoplankton]]s.
* '''Lake Shilloi''' – The [[Lake Shilloi]] is located in [[Phek District]], Nagaland. Shilloi lies on the lower slopes of the hill ranges running along Myanmar. It is surrounded by hills. The lake spreads over 0.25 to 0.30 km2.
* '''Umiam Lake''' – [[Umiam Lake]] is a [[reservoir]] in the hills 15 km to the north of [[Shillong]] in the state of [[Meghalaya]].

'''Other lakes'''
*[[Chandubi Lake]] is natural lake in the [[Kamrup district]] of [[Lower Assam]] 64 km from the city of [[Guwahati]] accessible through [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assam/tourism/chandubi-lake.html |title=Chandubi Lake |website=mapsofindia.com |access-date=2011-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129051922/http://www.mapsofindia.com/assam/tourism/chandubi-lake.html|archive-date=2013-01-29}}</ref>
*[[Dipor Bil]], also spelt 'Deepor Beel' (''bil'' or ''[[beel]]'' means "lake" in the local [[Assamese language]]), is to the southwest of [[Guwahati]] city, in [[Kamrup district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref name="RIS">{{cite web
|url = http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2IN012en.pdf
|title = Ramsar Wetlands Information Sheet – Deepor Beel
|access-date = 27 June 2007
|publisher = [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar Convention on Wetlands]] official website
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000400/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2IN012en.pdf
|archive-date= 27 September 2007
}}</ref>
*[[Son Beel]] (Shon Bill) is one of the largest lakes in southern [[Assam]] in [[India]].<ref name="The Telegraph (Calcutta) - 10Dec2008 - National wetland status for Son Beel">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081210/jsp/northeast/story_10226432.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226092749/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081210/jsp/northeast/story_10226432.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2013 |title=National wetland status for Son Beel |date=10 December 2008 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> It is situated in the [[Karimganj district]], and is the largest [[wetland]] in Assam state.<ref name="Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) - undated - National Wetland Atlas: Assam">{{cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/NWIA_Assam_Atlas.pdf |title=National Wetland Atlas: Assam |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)]] |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204352/http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/NWIA_Assam_Atlas.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Rudrasagar Lake]] also known as Rudijala, is in [[Melaghar]], [[Tripura]].
*[[Bijoy sagar]] is a lake in Udaipur in Eastern India. It is also called Mahadeb Dighi. It is one of the largest lakes in [[Udaipur]] in [[Tripura]].

<gallery>
File:Dongmar lake.jpg|[[Gurudongmar Lake]]
File:Umiam Lake, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.jpg|View of [[Umiam Lake]], [[Shillong]]
File:Angami 1723b.jpg|The Naga Hills are the traditional homeland of the [[Naga people]]
File:Foot bridge to Khecheolpalri Lake.jpg|Foot bridge to [[Khecheopalri Lake]]
File:Buddhist Flag flutters in GuruDongmar Lake.JPG|[[Gurudongmar Lake]]
Image:Tsongmo Lake, Gangtok.jpg|[[Lake Tsongmo|Tsongmo Lake]] in March
Image:Chsungo.jpg|[[Lake Tsongmo|Tsongmo Lake]] in winter
File:Loktak Lake1.jpg|[[Loktak Lake]]
</gallery>

== Lake islands and islets ==
There are innumerable islands and islets in several lakes of the region. Some of the most beautiful and famous are:

* [[Thanga|Thanga Island]] – It is the largest island in the [[Loktak Lake]], world's only floating lake, situated in [[Bishnupur district]] of [[Manipur]]. It is a great tourist destination for adventure and a religious destination for both [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Sanamahism|Sanamahists]]. It is also famous for its numerous temples as well as sacred sites.
* '''Karang Island – ''' It is the second largest island in the [[Loktak Lake]]. It is a great religious destination, famous for the residence of two great [[Temple]]s, '''Ebudhou Khuman Apokpa Temple''' and '''Ibudhou Khumanpokpa Temple''', temples of the ancestral [[deity]] [[Khuman Pokpa]] of the [[Khuman Salai|Khuman Dynasty]] of [[Manipur]].
* '''Ithing Islet – ''' It is a human inhabited [[Islet]] situated on the way to [[Thanga|Thanga Island]] in the [[Loktak Lake]].

==River islands==
* '''Majuli''' – [[Majuli]] or Majoli is a large [[river island]] in the [[Brahmaputra River]], Assam, India, famous for [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Vaishnavite Satras]]. The island had a total area of {{convert|1250|km2|mi2|0}}.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/world/asia/indian-island-shrinks-as-brahmaputra-swells-and-sways.html 'A Capricious River, an Indian Island’s Lifeline, Now Eats Away at It'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819151128/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/world/asia/indian-island-shrinks-as-brahmaputra-swells-and-sways.html |date=19 August 2017 }} 14 April 2013 ''The New York Times''</ref> Majuli is the largest river island and the first island district in the India. It is also recognised by ''Guinness Book of World Records'' as World's Largest River Island.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majuli |first1=River Island |title=Largest river island |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island- |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island- |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Umananda Island''' – The Umananda Island, also known as Peacock island, is the home to Umananda temple and it is the smallest inhabited river island in the world.

<gallery>
File:Majuli Island.jpg|An exotic view of [[Majuli]]
File:Way To Majuli.jpg|Way to [[Majuli]] from Jorhat City
</gallery>

==Monasteries==
* '''Pemayangtse Monastery''' – The [[Pemayangtse Monastery]] is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery in Pemayangtse, near [[Pelling]] in the northeastern [[Indian state]] of [[Sikkim]], {{convert|140|km|mi}} west of [[Gangtok]].
* '''Tawang Monastery''' – [[Tawang Monastery]] in the [[States and Union Territories of India|Indian]] state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world after the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]].
* '''Zang Dhok Palri Phodang''' – [[Zang Dhok Palri Phodang]] is a [[Buddhist]] monastery in [[Kalimpong]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The monastery is atop [[Durpin Hill]], one of the two hills of the town. It was consecrated in 1976 by the visiting [[Dalai Lama]].
* '''Rumtek Monastery''' – [[Rumtek Monastery]], also called the "Dharmachakra Centre", is a [[gompa]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Sikkim]] near the capital [[Gangtok]]. It is a focal point for the sectarian tensions within the [[Karma Kagyu]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] that characterize the [[Karmapa controversy]].
* '''Enchey Monastery''' – [[Enchey Monastery]] is in [[Gangtok]], the capital city of [[Sikkim]] in the Northeastern [[Indian state]]. It belongs to the [[Nyingma]] order of [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhism]].
* '''Tashiding Monastery''' – [[Tashiding Monastery]] is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery of the [[Nyingma]] sect of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in Western [[Sikkim]], northeastern [[India]]. It is on top of the hill rising between the Rathong chu and the [[Rangeet River]].
* '''Dubdi Monastery''' – [[Dubdi Monastery]], occasionally called 'Yuksom Monastery,' is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Vihara|monastery]] of the [[Nyingma]] sect of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] near [[Yuksom]], in the [[Geyzing]] subdivision of [[West Sikkim]] district.<ref name="Si">{{cite web |url=http://sikkiminfo.in/monasteries.htm |title=Monasteries |website=sikkiminfo.in |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213055527/http://sikkiminfo.in/monasteries.htm |archive-date=13 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="Dubdi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikkiminfo.net/monasteries.htm |title=Monasteries in Sikkim are of three types  |access-date=2010-05-05 |website=Sikkim Info |archive-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223125930/http://www.sikkiminfo.net/monasteries.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Ralang Monastery''' – [[Ralang Monastery]] is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery of the [[Kagyu]] sect of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in southern [[Sikkim]], northeastern [[India]]. It is 6 km from [[Ravangla]].{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
<gallery>
File:Tawang Monastery Doorway Mandala.jpg|The mandala at the "Kakaling", the entry gate to the [[Tawang Monastery]].
File:Main Shrine of Pemangytse Gompa with prayer flags.jpg|[[Pemayangtse Monastery]].
File:Zang Dhok Palri Phodang 02.jpg|The [[Zang Dhok Palri Phodang]] monastery atop Durpin Hill.
File:PrayerWheelsRumtek.JPG|Prayer wheels in the [[Rumtek Monastery]].
File:Window of prayer hall, Enchey.jpg|Ornately carved colourful window of [[Enchey Monastery]].
File:Yuksom Dubdi Gompa.jpg|[[Dubdi Monastery]].
File:The golden chorten - tashiding.jpg|The Golden Chorten near [[Tashiding Monastery]].
File:Ralong monastery - top view.jpg|[[Ralang Monastery]].
File:Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg|[[Rumtek Monastery]], Sikkim, India.
</gallery>

==Ancient Hindu sites==
{{see also | Yatra }}

* Rock carvings
** Tripura
*** [[Chabimura]], 15th-16th century Hindu rock carvings
*** [[Unakoti]], 7th-9th century Hindu rock carvings
* [[Shaktipeetha]]: there are 3 Shaktipeetha in Northeast
** Assam's [[Kamakhya Temple]] Shaktipeetha in Guwahati
** Meghalaya's [[Nartiang Durga Temple]] Shaktipeetha and 600-year-old temple
** Tripura's [[Tripura Sundari Temple]] Shaktipeetha

== Temples ==

* [[Shree Govindajee Temple]] – It is the largest Hindu [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temple in the entire [[Manipur]] state. This temple in [[Imphal East district]] is the first premise where the great classical dance [[Manipuri dance]] is performed, dedicated to [[Krishna|Shri Govindajee]].
*[[Shri Radha Raman Temple, Kanchipur]] – It is one of the oldest [[Hindus|Hindu]] temple in North East India. Situated in [[Kanchipur, Manipur]], it is a great religious destination for the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] followers.
*[[Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir|Gopinath Mandir]] – It is the second largest Hindu temple in [[Manipur]]. Located in [[Ningthoukhong]], [[Bishnupur district]] of the state, it is also a grand premise for the performance of the great [[Manipuri dance]], dedicated to [[Krishna|Shri Gopinath]].
*[[Kaina (Manipur)|Kaina Temple]] – It is a Hindu temple in the Hill top of the [[Kaina (Manipur)|Kaina Hill]] in [[Thoubal district]] of [[Manipur]]. It is a great religious destination for [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] followers from across the country. It is famous for the grand feasts performed as well as for the scenic beauty of the hillside.
*[[Dah Parvatiya]] – It is a temple built in the 6th century, dedicated to [[Shiva]].
*[[Kamakhya Temple]] – It is a [[Hindu]] temple in [[Assam]], and a great religious destination for [[Shaktism]] followers.
*[[Joy dol]] – The second largest temple built based upon [[Nilachal architecture]].
*[[Na-Pukhuri Shiva Dol]] – Last temple built during Ahom era which displays grandeur.
*[[Sivasagar Sivadol]] – It is a temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], built in 1734 by Ahom queen [[Ambika, Bar Raja|Ambika]]. It is one of the tallest Shiva temples in India.
*[[Negheriting Shiva Doul]] – It is a grand temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] situated in [[hillock]], built during the reign of [[Rajeswar Singha]].
*[[Barpeta Satra]] – It is one of the most prominent [[Satras|Satra]] of Assam, it was first built by [[Madhavdev]] in the 16th century.
*[[Dakhinpat Satra]] – One of the influential and prominent [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Satra]] of Assam, established by Ahom king [[Jayadhwaj Singha]] in the mid 17th century.

== Forts and Palaces ==
* [[Kareng Ghar]] – It was the residence of the Ahom kings , this place originally consisted of 7 storeys and was reconstructed in brick in the mid 18th century.
* [[Kareng Ghar]] – This was the residence of the Ahom kings. It originally had 7 storeys and was reconstructed brick by brick in the mid-18th century.
* [[Talatal Ghar]] – It served as the parliament and residence of Ahom kings, it is the biggest monument built during the Ahom era.
* [[Talatal Ghar]] – This was initially built as a military base, but also served as a residence for the Ahom royal family. It is the grandest monument built during the Ahom era.
* '''[[Kangla Palace]]''' – This is one of the oldest sites in the world, dating back to 1405 BC when King Tangja Leela Pakhangba ascended the throne of [[Kangleipak]] (present day [[Manipur]]).
* [[Kangla Palace|Kangla Fort]] – It is one of the oldest [[forts]] in the world, with its earliest existence dates back to 1405 BC when King Kangba, son of king Tangja Leela Pakhangba held power in [[Kangleipak]] (present day [[Manipur]]). It is a place of major tourist attraction as well as religious destination having more than 365 sacred sites associated with [[Sanamahism]].

==World war memorial sites==
* '''[[Imphal War Cemetery]]''' – It is an important war [[cemetery]], having 1600 burials, maintained by [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]], situated in Dewlahland, 10 km away from [[Imphal International Airport]], [[Manipur]].
* '''Khongjom War Memorial Complex''' – Situated in [[Thoubal district]] of [[Manipur]], this complex highlights the [[Anglo-Manipur War]], held in Khongjom, a small hillock in 1891. World's tallest sword structure is the main tourist attraction in the site.
* '''Red Hill''' – Aka, '''Maibam Lotpa Ching''', this [[hillock]] is a memorial site of the [[Second World War]] [[Battle of Imphal]]. The '''Japan War Memorial Complex''' is also present in the foothills, constructed by the [[Government of Japan]].

==Monuments and other tourist spots==

===Living root bridges===
The [[living root bridges]] of [[Cherrapunji]] aren't built – they are grown over hundreds of years, in the rainforest of Cherrapunji. They are alive, growing and gaining strength over time.<ref name="walkthroughindia.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/location/top-51-reasons-why-you-should-visit-northeast-india-before-you-die/ |title=Top 51 Reasons Why You Should Visit Northeast India Before you die |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175321/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/location/top-51-reasons-why-you-should-visit-northeast-india-before-you-die/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They are also present in [[Laitkynsew]], and [[Nongriat]].
<gallery>
File:Living root bridges, Nongriat village, Meghalaya2.jpg
</gallery>

===Madan Kamdev===
[[Madan Kamdev]] is a famous archaeological site in [[Kamrup district]] of [[Assam]]. This site has ruins of huge and small temples scattered around an old temple of Shiva: Gopeshwar Temple is near a village and a big cave nearby is known as Parvati Guha.
<gallery>
File:Madan Kamdev 5.jpg
File:Madan Kamdev 3.jpg
File:Madan Kamdev.jpg
File:Madan Kamdev 10.jpg
</gallery>

===Meghalaya caves===
The Indian state of [[Meghalaya]] is famous for its many caves, which attract tourists from India and abroad. A few of the caves in this region have been listed amongst the longest and deepest in the world. A famous one is Mawsmai caves near Cherrapunji are the limestone caves, lies near the village of Mawsmai. Meghalaya is famous in the world for its deep caves such as the Siju Cave; Krem Liat Prah is the longest cave in Asia.<ref name="walkthroughindia.com"/>
<gallery>
File:Expedition is in progress in Meghalayan Caves.jpg|Expedition in progress in [[Meghalaya]] Caves.
</gallery>

==Capital cities==

===Agartala===
[[Agartala]] is capital of [[Tripura]] state. Its second largest city in [[Northeast India]] after [[Guwahati]].
Places of attraction in Agaratala:
* '''College Tilla''' – [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College]], [[Tripura University]] buildings, football ground, international cricket stadium, picturesque lush landscapes and serene natural lakes. It is also a National Bird Sanctuary.
* '''[[Ujjayanta Palace]]''' – Palace of the Tripura kings, was converted to state legislative assembly and is now into a museum; in the area of Palace Compound is one of the eye-catching attraction in the state.
* '''Jagannath temple''' – Hindu temple of Vaishnava school of thought. It has been transformed into the Ujjayanta Museum and it was inaugurated by Dr. [[Hamid Ansari]], the vice president of India.
* '''Umamaheswar temple''' – Hindu temple of Shaiva and Shakti (durga).
* '''Venuban Buddha Vihar''' – Around 2 km inside the city of Agartala from the city center is the Venuban Vihar where a Buddhist [[Shrine#Buddhism|shrine]] houses a metal statue of the [[Buddha]].{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* '''Krishna Mandir'''
* '''Puratan Agartala (Old Agartala)'''
* '''Malancha Niwas''' – [[Rabindranath Tagore]], the first Asian Nobel Laurete had stayed here during his visit to Tripura.
* '''Agartala Amusement Park''', Amtali- Chocolate Hotels Pvt Ltd
* '''Agartala City Centre''' – The main hub point in the city, in Paradise Chowmuhuni, carries a lot of attraction in the capital.
* '''Agartala Secretariat''' – Approximately 3 km from the heart of the city, this is a splendid place to watch the biggest government building in Northeast India.
* '''Rabindra Kanan'''
* '''Nehru Park'''
* '''Heritage Park'''
* '''Tripura State Museum''' is at the [[Ujjayanta Palace]].
* '''Science Museum''', in Sukanta Academy.
* '''Haveli Museum''', in Kashipur.
<gallery>
File:Main gate of the Heritage park.jpg|Main gate of the Heritage Park, [[Agartala]]
</gallery>

===Aizawl===
[[Aizawl]] is the capital of [[Mizoram]] state. The main places of interest in Aizawl are:
* '''Bara Bazar''' is the main shopping centre of Aizawl in Dawrpui Veng locality. The steep Zion Street is lined with stalls selling garments. The main bazar is where the people are best seen in their traditional costumes selling produce from the farms as well as imports from China brought through [[Myanmar]]. The Millennium Centre in the same locality is a popular shopping mall.
* '''[[Mizoram State Museum]]''' is in the centre of the town at Zarkawt. This museum gives a good insight into Mizo traditions, culture and history.
* '''[[Reiek]]''' Tourist Resort, a tourist spot 12 km from Aizawl, is at an elevation of 1548 metres with a traditional [[Mizo people|Mizo]] village.
* '''Durtlang Hills''' on the northern side of Aizawl offers a fine view of the hill station from [[Durtlang Hospital]] or [[Aizawl Theological College]].
* '''[[Hmuifang]]''' is about 50 km from Aizawl with an elevation of 1619 metres. The mountain is covered with virgin forests reserved since the Mizo chief's time.<ref>{{cite web|title=HMUIFANG TOURIST RESORT|url=http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/hmuifang-tourist-resort.html|publisher=Govt of Mizoram|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref>
* '''Berawtlang Tourist Complex''' 7 km from Aizawl is a recreational centre that hosts cultural activities. It is considered a popular picnic spot.
* '''Baktawng Village''', 70 km from Aizawl, is where [[Pu Ziona]] lives with the "worlds largest existing family" with 39 wives, 94 children, 14 daughters-in-law and 33 grandchildren.<ref name="worldrecordsacademy">{{cite news |title=Biggest family: Ziona Chana has 39 wives and 94 children: a world record |url=http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/society/biggest_family_Ziona_Chana_has_39_wifes_and_94_children_a_world_record_112126.html |website=worldrecordsacademy.org |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=24 October 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402020502/http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/society/biggest_family_Ziona_Chana_has_39_wifes_and_94_children_a_world_record_112126.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[Solomon's Temple, Aizawl Mizoram, India]]''' in Kidron Valley, Chawlhhmun is a grand temple complex operated by [[Kohhran Thianghlim]] of Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kohhran |first=Thianghlim |title=Solomon's Temple |url=http://kohhranthianghlim.org/index.php/about-us/solomon-s-temple |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224202845/http://kohhranthianghlim.org/index.php/about-us/solomon-s-temple |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>
* '''Khuangchera Puk''' is a cave in Ailawng near [[Reiek]], about 30 km from Aizawl.
{{Panorama
|image = File:Aizawl Panoramic View.jpg
|height = 200
|alt =
|caption = A panorama of [[Aizawl]] taken from Zemabawk.
}}

===Gangtok===
[[Gangtok]] is the capital and the largest city of [[Sikkim]] state. City is known for its tourist attractions.
<gallery>
File:Kangchenjunga.JPG|[[Kanchenjunga]], visible from [[Gangtok]], is the world's third-tallest peak.
File:Ban Jhakri Falls - Gangtok.jpg|[[Banjhakri Falls and Energy Park|Ban Jhakri Falls]], [[Gangtok]].
File:Gangtok from Tibet Road.jpg|[[Gangtok]] seen from Tibet Road.
File:Dro-dul Chorten - Gangtok, Sikkim.jpg|Dro-dul Chorten, Gangtok, [[Sikkim]].
File:Gangtok ropeway.jpg|Gangtok [[Aerial lift|Ropeway]].
File:Gangtok night amit mitra.jpg|[[Gangtok]] at night.
</gallery>

===Guwahati===
[[Guwahati]] is the commercial capital of [[Assam]] state and its largest city in North East India.
* '''River cruise:''' One of the major attractions of Guwahati is the cruise on the Brahmaputra river.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Art-hub-that-floats-on-the-Brahmaputra/articleshow/13992570.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601145731/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/people/32155149_1_art-hub-brahmaputra-art-space |url-status=live |archive-date=1 June 2013 |title=Art hub that floats on the Brahmaputra |date=10 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Dhamini Ratnam}}</ref>
* '''[[Umananda Temple]]:''' On the Peacock Island in the middle of the Brahmaputra, this Shiva temple was built in 1664. It is believed that Shiva by using his third eye burnt Kamdeva here. Every year Shivaratri is celebrated in this temple in a great way. The island is believed to be the world's smallest human inhabited island. The world's largest river island is [[Majuli]].
* '''Accoland:''' Accoland family fun kingdom is the northeast's only amusement park named after Acco, the mythological king of amusement. This park is at Patgaon.
*'''[[Srimanta Sankaradeva Kalakshetra]]:''' Shankardev Khalakshetra's name is synonymous with the Vaishnava saint and scholar of Assam [[Srimanta Shankardeva]]. It is a multipurpose cultural complex that has fulfilled its aim in protecting, promoting and preserving the cultural heritage of the communities and tribes of Assam and the country.
* '''[[Guwahati Planetarium]]:''' In Uzanbazar this planetarium is the only one of its kind in the northeastern region and a center of astronomical research. For visitors, the mysterious aspects of the universe are brought alive by sheer audio-video technique and explained in the dark domed structure inside the planetarium.
* '''[[Assam State Museum]]:''' Assam State Museum is near Dighalipukhuri. It houses many rare, specimen of the [[Ahom Dynasty]]. Many articles of equipment, dress materials belonging to the glorious past of Assam are found here. Many antiques, statues, manuscripts, written on Shashi-paat and other valuable articles are preserved and displayed.
* '''[[Kamakhya Temple]]:''' Kamakhya Temple, some 5 km from the main city on the Nilachal Hill, is one of the most sacred Hindu shrines of India. Goddess Kamakhya is worshipped here. [[Ambubachi Mela]] is celebrated every year in the middle of June in this temple. Many devotees from across the country gathered here during this mela. Usually, it takes about four hours to complete the temple visit. However, if you are short on time, it can be covered in 1–1.5 hours by skipping the temple’s main sanctum.
* '''Shilpagram:''' Adjacent to Srimanta Shankardev Kalakshetra, this is the only crafts village of the North East Zone Cultural Center (NEZCC). It had made landmark in the promotion of the varied arts and cultures of the local people. It holds regular cultural events throughout the year in its open-air stage and auditorium.
* '''Nehru Park:''' At heart of the city at Panbazar by the side of Cotton College. The highlights of the park are the concrete statues of Bihu dance, Ojapali dance, Deodhani dance, Jhumur dance, Bhoor tal dance etc. There are altogether 45 concrete statues depicting these aspects of Assamese life and culture.
* '''NEDFi Haat:''' NEDFi Haat is at a leased building of Industries & Commerce Department Govt. of Assam. In NEDFi Haat visitors can buy handicraft and handloom products. They can buy traditional food items produced by the self-help groups of the state in the [[Bihu]] seasons.
* '''[[Assam State Zoo cum Botanical Garden]]:''' Assam State Zoo cum Botanical Garden is the largest zoo of the northeast at Hengerabari Reserved Forest in the city.
* '''[[Basistha Temple]]:''' Basistha Temple<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may3011/city05 |title=Scheme for Basistha temple facelift |work=The Assam Tribune |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043119/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may3011/city05 |url-status=live }}</ref> is on Sandhyachal Hill, on the southern part of the city; this tourist spot was once the ashram (hermitage) of sage Basistha.
* '''[[Sukreswar Temple]]:''' Sukreswar Temple is an ancient Shiva temple built by Ahom king Pramatta Singha on Dakini Jogini hill by the side of river Brahmaputra.
* '''[[Navagraha Temple]]:''' Navagraha temple or temple of nine planets is on Chitrachal Hill to the east. It was the ancient seat of study of astronomy and astrology. The nine planets are represented by the nine linga's inside the main temple. There is a stone imprint of solar system inside the temple. This temple is 3 km from the railway station is a center of Astrological and Astronomical research. It was for this temple Guwahati was named Pragjyotishpura.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhatt |last2=Bhargava |first1=S.C |first2=Gopal |title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories |page=256}}</ref>
* '''[[Dighalipukhuri]]:''' At the heart of the city at Uzanbazar and surrounded by the High Court on the north and the State Museum and District Library on the south. This is a huge man-made tank. It was excavated by King Bhagadatta to celebrate the 'swayambar' of his daughter Bhanumati who was married to Kourava prince Druyadhana. There is a boating club on the Dighalipukhuri.
* '''[[Ugro Tara Temple]]:''' At the heart of the city banks of Joarpukhuri (twin ponds). The Ugro Tara Temple is another shakti peeth temple where the eyes of Sati were believed to have fallen.
* '''Balaji Temple, Guwahati:''' This temple is a recent addition to the religious places of Guwahati. It is at Betkuchi area of the city. Balaji temple with striking South Indian architecture is unlike the other temples of this place. In the evening the temple is illuminated by electric lights.
* '''ISKCON Temple, Guwahati:''' This temple belongs to the [[ISKCON]] society founded by [[Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]. The temple's main deity is Radha-Krishna. The main emphasis of this temple's preaching lies on the teachings of [[Krishna]] and [[Bhagavad Gita]].
* '''[[Madan Kamdev]] & Gopeshwar Mandir''' is near to Guwahati in a village named as [[Deuduar]].
* '''[[Northbrook Gate]]:''' It was constructed to welcome British viceroy Lord Northbrook who visited Guwahati in 1874 near [[Sukreswar Temple|Sukreswar Ghat]]. British officials named it 'Gateway of Assam'.
* '''North East Crafts Museum and Showroom of Handicrafts & Handlooms''': An undertaking of North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation Limited (a Govt. of India Enterprise) this showroom has a wide variety of bamboo and cane handicrafts from across Northeast India. Visitors can buy these indigenous handicraft products from the showroom. The showroom is in Garchuk in Guwahati.

<gallery>
File:Dighali Pukhuri War Memorial.jpg|Dighali Pukhuri War Memorial
File:Ashyam.JPG|A view of [[Kamakhya Temple]], [[Guwahati]].
File:Shine Towers.jpg|Shine Towers, Guwahati.
</gallery>
{{Panorama
|image = File:Guwahati by Vikramjit Kakati 2012.jpg
|height = 200
|alt =
|caption = Panoramic view of [[Guwahati]] City.
}}

===Imphal===
[[Imphal]] is capital of [[Manipur]] state. Some of the places of attractions in city as follows.
*'''Kangla Palace''': '''[[Kangla Palace]]''' is on both sides '''(western and eastern)''' of the bank of the [[Imphal River]]. It was the traditional seat of the past [[Meitei people|Meitei]] rulers of [[Manipur]].
*'''Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple Complex''': A religious site and a tourist attraction, the temple complex is noted for its annual [[Durga Puja]] festival in September or October.
*'''Imphal War Cemetery''': This cemetery remembers [[British people|British]] and [[Indian people|Indian]] soldiers who fought and died in the [[Second World War]] (1944).
*'''[[Ima Keithel]]''' (Women's Market): The market stalls are all run by women, and it is reportedly the only such market in the world.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
*'''[[Jama Mosque, Imphal|Jama Masjid]]''': A holy place for [[Muslims]] in [[Imphal]], it is the only mosque in the Imphal market (on the bank of the Nambul River).
*'''[[Shri Govindajee Temple]]''': The temple was considered the apex of cultural activity during the reign of the '''Maharajas'''. Near the palace, it has two [[domes]] and a raised congregation hall.
*'''ISKCON Temple''': The ISKCON Temple is near the road from Imphal Airport to the city. The temple houses numerous [[Hindu]] deities of the incarnations of [[Vishnu]].

<gallery>
File:Imphal War cemetery.jpg|Imphal War Cemetery
File:Imphal, Manipur (84).jpeg|Women's Market (''Ima Keithel'')

File:Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (18).jpeg|Ruins of Kangla Fort, Imphal.
File:Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (216).jpeg|Kangla Museum houses, Imphal.
File:Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (75).jpeg|Shri Govindajee Temple, Imphal.
</gallery>

===Itanagar===
[[Itanagar]] is the capital of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Major tourist sites include:
*'''[[Ita Fort]]''': Ita Fort in Itanagar town is a historical site in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The name literally means "Fort of bricks" (brick being called "ita" in the [[Ahom language]]).
*'''[[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]]''': Known for showcasing tribal culture of the state.
*'''Ganga Lake''' is a natural lake locally known as '''Gekar Sinyi''' (Confined water in the [[Nyishi (Tribe)|Nyishi]] dialect) surrounded by a landmass of hard rock. Primeval vegetation, orchids masses on tall trees and tree ferns contribute to its popularity as a picnic spot. Boating facilities and a swimming pool are available at the site.
<gallery>
File:Ita Fort 01.JPG|[[Ita Fort]], southern gate, [[Itanagar]].
File:Jawaharlal Nehru Museum.JPG|Entrance of Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar.
File:Nyokum festival Nyishi.JPG|A festival of the [[Nyishi (Tribe)|Nyishi tribe]] of Arunachal Pradesh.
</gallery>

===Kohima===
[[Kohima]] is the capital of [[Nagaland]]. The
city is known for its [[Hornbill Festival]]. Major tourist sites include:
* War Cemetery is a memorial dedicated to the soldiers of the 2nd British Division of the Allied Forces who died in the Second World War at Kohima, in April 1944.
* Naga Heritage Village is a vista of nature, cheerful and hospitality of people. The Heritage Village protects and preserves all ethnic cultural heritages of Nagaland. It upholds and sustains the unique identity of dialects, customs and traditions of all the ethnological tribes of Nagaland.

<gallery>
File:Kohima State Museum.jpeg|Kohima State Museum
File:Kohima village.jpeg|Welcome to Kohima Village
File:Cemetery with kohima.jpeg|War Cemetery with Kohima City in background
</gallery>

===Shillong===
[[Shillong]] is the capital of [[Meghalaya]]. 
Places of interest in and around Shillong includes:
*'''Elephant Falls''': 12 km on the outskirts of the city, the mountain stream descends through two successive falls set in dells of fern covered rocks.
*'''Lady Hydari Park''': The park stretches over a kilometre and has an adjacent mini zoo.
*'''[[Ward's Lake (Shillong)|Ward's Lake]]''': Known locally as Nan-Polok, it is an artificial lake with garden and boating facilities.
*'''Shillong Golf Course''': Shillong has one of the largest golf courses (the world's wettest) in Asia: Gleneagles of the East. It enjoys the rare distinction of being one of the few natural golf courses in Asia. Not only is the Shillong Golf Course scenic and enjoyable, it is also challenging. A group of British civil service officers introduced golf to Shillong in 1898 by constructing a nine-hole course. The present 18-hole course was inaugurated in 1924. The course is set in a valley covered with pine and rhododendron trees. The tight fairways, carpeted with a local grass which hardens the soil, are difficult to negotiate. The number of out-of-bounds streams that criss-cross every fairway makes it all the more trying. Obstructions come in the form of bunkers, trees and rain. The longest hole is the 6th, which is a grueling 594 yards. Shillong Golf Course is considered to be the "[[Gleneagles Hotel|Glen Eagle]] of the East" at the [[United States Golf Association Museum]]. It was set in a valley at an altitude of 5200 ft in 1898 as a nine-hole course and later converted into an 18-hole course in 1924 by [[Captain Jackson]] and [[C. K. Rhodes]].
*'''Motphran''': The "Stone of France" which is locally known as "Motphran" was erected in memory of the 26th Khasi Labour Corps who served under the British in France during World War I. It bears the words of the famous Latin poet [[Horace]] "[[Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori]]" which can be roughly translated as "It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country."
*'''Shillong Peak''': A picnic spot, 10 km from the city, 1965 m above sea level, offers a panoramic view of the scenic countryside and is the highest point in the state. Obeisance is paid to U Shulong at the sanctum sanctorum at the peak's summit every springtime, by the religious priest of Mylliem State.
*'''Capt. Williamson Sangma State Museum''': For those interested in ethnic tribal culture and tradition this government museum offers insights to the lifestyle of the people. This museum is in the State Central Library complex where monuments for the great patriots of the state were erected beside the statue of Smt. Indira Gandhi and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
*'''Don Bosco Centre for Indigenous Cultures''': The Don Bosco Museum is part of DBCIC (Don Bosco Centre for Indigenous Cultures). DBCIC comprises research on cultures, publications, training, animation programmes and the museum, which is a place of knowledge-sharing on the cultures of the northeast in particular, and of culture in general. DBCIC with its Don Bosco Museum is at Mawlai, Shillong.
*'''Entomological Museum''' (Butterfly Museum): A privately owned museum of M/s Wankhar, Riatsamthiah, Shillong about 2 km from Police Bazar is the only known museum in India devoted to moths and butterflies.
*Air Force Museum at Upper Shillong
*Forest Museum in Lady Hydari Park
*Rhino Heritage Museum at Shillong
*Zoological Museum in Risa Colony
*Anthropological museum at Mawblei
*Botanical Museum at 4th Furlong
*Arunachal Museum at the Cantonment Area
*'''Chrysalis the Gallery''': This art gallery is on the second floor of Salonsar Mansion at Police Bazaar, the commercial hub of Shillong. Chrysalis has flexible spacing to display paintings (canvases), sculpture, photography and handicrafts. Run by a local artist, Jaya Kalra, the gallery caters to exhibitions of artists and artisans especially from the northeast and also from the rest of India.
*'''State Museum''': Located at the State Central Library complex.
*'''[[Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians]]''' is in Don Bosco Square.
*'''Bishop and Beadon Falls''': Both cascade down the same escarpment into a deep valley.
*'''Spread Eagle Falls''': 3 km from Polo Grounds.
*'''[[Sweet Falls]]''': Sweet Falls (also called "Weitden," in the native dialect) is a waterfall in Shillong. It lies about 5 km from the Happy Valley and is about 96 m in height.
*'''Crinoline Falls''': Near Lady Hydari Park.
*'''[[Madina Mosque, Shillong|Madina Masjid]]''': The only glass mosque in India. Madina mosque is the rare architectural marvel in India as it has a striking and glittering structure of glass.

<gallery>
File:Elephant Fall of Shillong.JPG|Elephant Falls, Shillong.
File:Church of Shillong.JPG|[[Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians]], Shillong.
File:Ward's Lake, Shillong India.jpg|[[Ward's Lake (Shillong)|Ward's Lake]], Shillong.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
* [[Tourism in India]]
*[[Tourist attractions in Manipur]]
* [[Tourism in Assam]]
* [[Tourism in Mizoram]]
* [[Outline of tourism in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Official websites==
{{Sister project links|Northeast India|voy=Northeast India}}
* [http://mdoner.gov.in Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]
* [http://www.northeasttourism.gov.in Northeast India Tourism]
* [http://www.ignca.nic.in/craft002.htm About Crafts of Northeast India]

{{Wikivoyage inline}}

[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India| ]]

John Day (film)

2026-03-02T10:01:34Z

LolitasErurf: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = John Day
| image = File:John Day Poster (2013).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ahishor Solomon
| producer = Anjum Rizvi Aatif Khan K. Asif
| writer = Ahishor Solomon Kartik Krishnan (dialogue)
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Randeep Hooda]] [[Vipin Sharma]] [[Shernaz Patel]] [[Sharat Saxena]] [[Elena Kazan]]
| music = [[Sandeep Chowta]] Strings Kshitij Tarey
| cinematography = [[Prakash Kutty]]
| editing = Arindam Ghatak
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|9|13}} (India)<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Review: John Day is a muddled affair|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1888397/report-film-review-john-day-is-a-muddled-affair|date=13 September 2013|accessdate=13 September 2013|publisher=DNA|author=Tushar Joshi }}</ref>
| runtime = 138 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/john-day-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mta0nju|title=John Day|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''John Day''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Ahishor Solomon. The film stars [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Elena Kazan]], [[Vipin Sharma]], and [[Shernaz Patel]]. It is an [[plagiarism|unofficial remake]] of the Spanish thriller ''[[Box 507]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Randeep Hooda - Naseeruddin Shah On The Sets Of John Day | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iaIqR1chDg| accessdate=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-13 |title=John Day review: Naseeruddin Shah, Randeep Hooda keep the film afloat |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/john-day-review-naseeruddin-shah-randeep-hooda-keep-the-film-afloat-1107027.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Plot==
John Day is a bank manager at Royal Citizen Co-operative Bank and lives with his wife Maria Day. The couple has recently lost their only daughter Pearl in a forest fire while she was on a trip with her boyfriend Kanishk. Maria is always depressed and never opens up with anyone. One day, when John is away for office work, a courier-boy enters the house and takes Maria as a captive. He then calls up John, informing him about his wife is a hostage, and tells him that a man will visit him at his bank and John has to do his work. It is shown that actually, it was a planned bank heist where the visitor gagged John, opened up the cash locker, and fled. Meanwhile, the kidnapper hammered Maria, causing her serious brain damage, and she got admitted to the hospital in a state of coma.

The news spread on all TV channels. An impatient and short tempered Police Officer, Gautam, is shocked and calls his girlfriend Tabassum to collect a very important document stored in a locker of the bank. Inside the bank, the bank authorities, in the presence of the police, are giving away claims to bank customers, when Tabassum approaches and claims her documents which are revealed to be some property papers called "CASABLANCA ESTATES". This surprises John Day, and he follows the duo in his car and observes them depositing the file in a government property office. John bribes the office personnel and procures the original Casablanca files, and investigates.

During his investigation, he learns that police Officer Gautam also seeks the files and wants to sell them to a Mafia-based organization in Dubai. Gautam is under pressure from the Mafia to hand over the original documents of "Casablanca Estates". John vows to take revenge on the people who have injured his wife and actually eliminates all the informants, including the kidnapper, the bank robbers and others involved. He then takes Tabassum as a captive and calls Gautam, and another powerful Mafia Khan Saab at Gautam's place, and there, the truth is revealed.

Casablanca estate is nothing but 8000 acres of forest land being acquired illegally on papers by Mafia Lord Khan Saab and Dubai based Al Hunain, along with the help of Police Officer Gautam, who works for Khan. They had acquired the land, registered it with the insurance company, and then set fire to the jungle in order to get heavy compensation. It was revealed that on that fateful day, when the fire erupted, John Day's daughter Pearl was there for a jungle trip and perished in the same while her boyfriend escaped unhurt.

Meanwhile, Gautam has a plan to sell the papers for 50 Crores to the Dubai-based AG group and settle with his girlfriend abroad. When Khan is about to shoot Gautam for his treachery, Tabassum opens fire to save him. An ensuing shootout occurs in the room and results in Tabassum being killed, Khan and his associates, badly wounded and finally, Gautam being shot multiple times by John. John then shoots Khan Saab too. Later he is shown weeping at the graves of his daughter and wife. The film ends with a Biblical quote by Mark "For what will it profit a man if he gains the whole world, and loses his own soul? (Mark 8:36).

==Cast==

* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as John Day
* [[Randeep Hooda]] as Gautam
* [[Elena Kazan]] as Tabassum Habibi
* [[Shernaz Patel]] as Maria Day
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Sikander Hayat Khan
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as Inspector Mangesh Shinde
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Krishnan
* Kenneth Desai as Prakash Nair
* Pramod Pathak as Vikrant Ghosh
* [[Dinesh Lamba]] as Liyaqat
* [[Deepak Shirke]] as Wagle
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as John Day's friend
* [[Denzil Smith]] as Priest

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Charon Taraf
| length1 = 4:58
| lyrics1 = Anwar Maqsood
| music1 = Strings
| extra1 = Strings
| title2 = Kis Lamhe Mein
| note2 = Female Version
| length2 = 4:26
| lyrics2 = [[Sayeed Quadri]]
| music2 = Kshitij Karey
| extra2 = [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| title3 = Kis Lamhe Mein
| note3 = Male Version
| length3 = 4:26
| lyrics3 = Sayeed Quadri
| music3 = Kshitij Karey
| extra3 = Kshitij Karey
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BH movie|john-day}}
* {{IMDb movie}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Strings (band)]]
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Spanish films]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about bank robbery]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-27T22:14:28Z

LolitasErurf: expanded content

{{Short description|State assembly elections in India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1972
| outgoing_members =
| election_date =
| elected_members =
| next_election = 1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1980
| seats_for_election = All 182 seats in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 92
| opinion_polls =
| leader2 = [[Babubhai J. Patel]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)
| leaders_seat1 = [[Sabarmati]]
| last_election1 = 140
| seats_before1 =
| seats_needed1 = 92
| seats1 = 75
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}65
| map_alt =
| map =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[President's Rule]]
| before_party =
| after_election = [[Babubhai J. Patel]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (O)
| previous_mps =
| elected_mps =
| next_mps =
| image1 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''INC (R)'''</div>
| image2 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''INC (O)'''</div>
| leader1 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 16
| seats_before2 =
| seats_needed2 = 92
| seats2 = 56
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}40
}}

The '''5th [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] election''' was held in 1975. <ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat Assembly elections 1975|work=The Hindu Business Line|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3831-gujarat-1975/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat election 1975 news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/gujarat-2017/the-1975-gujarat-assembly-election/article21262462.ece}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won 75 seats out of 168 seats. While, NCO won 56 seats, BJS won 18 seats and KLP won 12 seats. INC underperformed in this election and lost 65 seats.

A total of 834 men and 14 women contested the election. Total 178 men and 3 women won in the elections. The number of polling stations was 18,719 and the number of electors per polling station was 747.

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Gujarat Legislative Assembly 1975.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=3280514|seats1=75|sc1={{decrease}}65
|party2=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes2=1901751|seats2=56|sc2={{increase}}40
|party3=Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha|votes3=929428|seats3=12|sc3=New
|party4=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes4=710490|seats4=18|sc4={{decrease}}1
|party5=[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]|votes5=116873|seats5=2|sc5=New
|party6=Rashtriya Majdoor Paksha|votes6=97719|seats6=1|sc6={{increase}}1
|party7=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party (India)]]|votes7=58509|seats7=2|sc7={{increase}}2
|party20=Others|votes20=31038|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=933430|seats21=16|sc21={{increase}}8
|total_sc={{increase}}13
|invalid=342317
|electorate=13981348
|source=ECI<ref name=election1975>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3831-gujarat-1975/ |title=Statistical Report on Generlal Election, 1975 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Abdasa || None || Thacker Maheshkumar Harjivan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mandvi || None || Mehta Sureshchandra Rupshanker || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bhuj || None || Dholakia Kundanlal Jaswantra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Mundra || SC || Motharia Meghjibhai Sumarbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Anjar || None || Thakker Premjibhai Bhavanji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rapar || None || Harilal Nanji Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dasada || SC || Rathod Bhimabhari Dalabhai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Wadhwan || None || Parmar Juvansinh Jilubha || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Limbdi || None || Shah Nandlal Sunderji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chotila || None || Makwana Karamsibhai Kanjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Halvad || None || Shah Anupchandbhai Rajpalbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhrangadhra || None || Nagindas Manekchand Shah || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Morvi || None || Parmar Gokalbhai Dosabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tankara || None || Boda Govindbhai Jethabhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Wankaner || None || Jhala Janakkumarsinhji Rasikkumarsinhji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jasdan || None || Shivrajkumar Khachar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Rajkot I || None || Keshubhai Patel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rajkot I I || None || Aravindhbhai Maniyar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rajkot Rural || SC || Waghela Bhanubhai Gigabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gondal || None || Sorathia Popatlal Lakhabhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Jetpur || None || Patel Ramniklal Dhanjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Dhoraji || None || Mehta Chimanlal Amichand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Upleta || None || Patel Jayram Anandbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jodiya || None || Shah Kantila Premchand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jamnagar || None || Vinodbhai B. Sheth || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
| Jamnagar Rural || SC || Parmar Bhanji Kama || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalawad || None || Patel Bhimjibhai Vashrambhai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jamjodhpur || None || Kalariya Vithalbhai Premjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhanvad || None || Bhatia Samat Kana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khambhalia || None || Madam Hemathbhai Rambhai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Dwarka || None || Goria Markhi Jethabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Porbandar || None || Thakarar Vasanji Kheraj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kutiyana || None || Kambaliya Vejabhai Samathbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mangrol || None || Jora Jethalal Ranabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manavadar || None || Patel Vallabhabhai Popatlal || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Keshod || SC || Vanvi Devjibhai Bhikhabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Talala || None || Mori Kanjibhai Kasharabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Somnath || None || Shiekh Avashabegumsaheb Mohammed Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Una || None || Acharya Rasikchandra Devshanker || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| Visavadar || None || Bhesaniya Kurajibhai Dungarbhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Maliya || None || Patel Dharmashinh Dahvabhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Junagadh || None || Acharya Hemaben Suryakant || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Babra || None || Kansagara Jina Devraj || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Lathi || None || Bhadani Maneklal Jerambhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Amreli || None || Gondhia Narsinhdas Gordhandas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Dhari || None || Kotadia Manubhai Naranbhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Kodinar || None || Mori Pratapsingh Abhalbhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Rajula || None || Jashwant Mehta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Botad || None || Patel Vallabhbhai Jivanbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Gadhada || None || Shah Pratapbhai Tarachand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Palitana || None || Keshrisinh Sarvaiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sihor || None || Manubhai Vyas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kundla || None || Lallubhai Sheth || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mahuva || None || Mehta Chhabildas Pragjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Talaja || None || Gohil Gigabhai Bhavubhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghogho || None || Gohil Jorubha Narsinh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhavnagar North || None || Shah Nagindas Manilal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bhavnagar South || None || Gandhi Manilal Gordhandas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Dhandhuka || None || Shah Navalbhai Nemchandbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Dholka || None || Makwana Parsotanbhai Ravjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bavla || SC || Gohel Dhulabhai Dalabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Mandal || None || Patel Kantilal Ishwarlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Sarkhej || None || Chauhan Bhavansing Khodaji || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Daskroi || None || Patel Vishnubhai Kasibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Dehgam || None || Gabhaji Mangaji Thaker || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sabarmati || None || Patel Babubhai Jashbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Ellis Bridge || None || Vasanwala Babubhai Keshavlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Dariapur Kazipur || None || Manubhai Palkhiwala || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahpur || None || Patel Pramodchandra Chandulal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kalupur || None || Gupta Rajkumar Gigraj || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Asarwa || None || Patani Lakshmanbhai Kalidas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rakhial || None || Barot Maganbhai Ranchoddas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shaher Kotda || SC || Makwana Narsinhbhai Karshanbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khadia || None || Bhatt Ashok Kumar Chandulal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Jamalpur || None || Kundiwala Abdulrahim Tajuji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maninagar || None || Barot Navinchandra Motilal || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Majdoor Paksha}}
|-
| Naroda || None || Khubchandani Thawardas Ladharam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Gandhinagar || None || Jethalal Fulchandbhai Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Kalol || None || Patel Chimanbhai Pursottamdas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Kadi || None || Patel Prahladbhai Keshavlal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Jotana || SC || Parmar Haribhai Khusalbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Mehsana || None || Jhala Bhavsinhji Dansinhji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Mansa || None || Chaudhari Motibhai Ranchhodbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Vijapur || None || Patel Amaratabhai Kalidas || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Visnagar || None || Patel Sankalchand Kalidas || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kheralu || None || Thakore Shankarji Okhaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Unjha || None || Patel Kantilal Manilal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sidhpur || None || Patel Vithalbhai Dosabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Vagdod || None || Trivedi Vijaykumar Madhavlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patan || None || Amin Bhagwandas Narandas || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Chanasma || None || Patel Vikrambhai Dhanjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Sami || None || Thakor Viraji Navaji || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Radhanpur || None || Zula Khodidan Bhimji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vav || None || Parmar Hemabhai Dargha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deodar || None || Vaghela Liladhar Khodaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kankrej || None || Mafatlal Zumchand Panchani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Deesa || None || Patel Vinodchandra Jethalal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Dhanera || None || Dave Mansukhlal Jayshanker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Palanpur || None || Bachani Lekhraj Hemrajbhai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Vadgam || SC || Debhi Ashokbhai Amrabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Danta || None || Harisin Chavda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Khadbrahma || ST || Katara Khatubhai Kaudaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Idar || SC || Soneri Karsandas Hirabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Bhiloda || None || Vyas Dhaneshwar Kalidas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Himatnagar || None || Patel Bhagwandas Haribhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Prantij || None || Rathod Dipsingh Jawansingh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Modasa || None || Arjanbhai Bhimjibhai Patel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bayad || None || Rahevar Lalsinhji Kishor Singhji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Meghraj || None || Gandhi Jethalal Chandulal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Santrampur || None || Jivabhai Motibhai Damor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhalod || ST || Munia Virjibhai Limbabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Limdi || ST || Damor Malsing Fatabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dohad || ST || Patel Lalitkumar Bhagwandas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Limkhada || ST || [[Virsinh Mohaniya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Davgadh Baria || None || Jayadipsinhji || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Rajgadh || None || Patel Shantilal Parsotambhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Halol || None || Parmar Udaysinh Mohansinh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
| Kalol || None || Gandhi Maneklal Maganlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Godhra || None || Khalpa Abdulkarim Ismail || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shehra || None || Parmar Databhai Rayjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lunavada || None || Shah Shantilal Gulabchand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Randhikpur || ST || Gondia Badiabhai Muljibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Balasinor || None || Modi Champaben Chandulal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kapadvanj || None || Chauhan Budhaji Jitaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Thasra || None || Malek Yuasinmiya Yasufmiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Umreth || None || Khambhoja Hariharbhai Umiyashanker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kathlal || None || Zala Maganbhai Gokalbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Mehmedabad || None || Patel Ramanbhai Nagjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mahudha || None || Balwantsinh Sudhansinh Sodha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nadiad || None || Patel Dinsha Zaverbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Chakalasi || None || Vaghhela Shankarbhai Desaibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Anand || None || Solanki Ranchhodbhai Shanabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarsa || None || Govindbhai Jeshangbhai Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Petlad || None || Patel Fulabhai Vardhabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Sajitra || SC || Vanker Ishwarbhai Naranbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Matar || None || Patel Gordhanbhai Shambhubhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Borsad || None || Gohel Umedbhai Fatehsinh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhardran || None || Madhavsinh Fulsinh Solanki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Cambay || None || Patel Vallavbhai Ashabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Chhota Udaipur || ST || Rathawa Ramanbhai Naranbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Jetpur || None || Rathwa Mohansinh Chhotubhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Nasvadi || ST || Bhil Meghabhai Jagabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sankheda || ST || Tadvi Bhaijibhai Banabhai || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha}}
|-
| Dabhoi || None || Ambalal Nagjibhai Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Savli || None || Parmar Prabhatsinh Jorsinh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baroda City || None || Makarand Balwantry Desai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sayajiganj || None || G.g. Paradkar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| Reopura || None || Bhailalbhai Garbaddas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Vaghodia || None || Mehta Sanatkumar Maganlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baroda Rural || None || Patel Thakorbhai Mohanbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Padra || None || Shah Jashvantlal Saubhagyachand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Karjan || SC || Lauva Raghavji Thobmanbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jambusar || None || Solanki Maganbhai Bhukhanbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vagra || None || Rana Vijaysinhji Mansinhji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Broach || None || Thakore Payushbhai Dhanvantrai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ankleshwar || None || Patel Thakorbhai Gomanbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Jhagadia || ST || Vasava Zinabhai Ramsang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dediapada || ST || Vasava Kalubhai Khimjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajpipla || ST || Rajwadi Himatbhai Mathurbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nijhar || ST || Vasava Govindbhai Barkiyabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mangrol || ST || Vasava Mansukhlal Janiabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Songadh || None || Gamit Vasanjibhai Ganjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vyara || ST || Amarsinh Bhilabhai Chudhari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahuva || ST || Dhodia Dhanjibhai Karsanbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bardoli || ST || Rathod Chhotubhai Nathubhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Kamrej || ST || Rathod Dhanjibhai Motibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Olpad || None || Patel Parbhubhai Dahyabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Surat City North || None || Patel Shambhubhai Vallabhbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Surat City East || None || Kashiram Chhabidas Rana || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Surat City West || None || Vyas Popatlal Mulshankar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Chorasi || None || Patel Thakorebhai Narottambhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Jalalpore || None || Patel Gosiabhai Chhibabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Navsari || None || Patel Vithal Bhai Nagarji Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Gandevi || None || Naik Paragji Dahyabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Chikhli || ST || Patel Bhagubhai Parsottambhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Dangs Bansada || ST || Bagul Bhaskerbhai Laxmanbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Bulsar || None || Keshavbhai Ratanji Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Dharampur || ST || Jadav Ramabhai Balubhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Mota Pondha || ST || Patel Uttambhai Harjibhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pardi || ST || Patel Chhotubhai Jamnabhai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Umbergaon || ST || Patel Chhotubhai Vestabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gujarat elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1970s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1975 State Assembly elections in India|Gujarat]]

Mansinhji

2026-02-27T12:35:44Z

LolitasErurf: stub.

{{short description|Maharana of Danta (1795–1800)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharana]]
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]]
| reign = {{circa|1795}} – {{circa|1800}}
| predecessor = [[Abhaisinhji]]
| successor = [[Jagatsinhji]]
| death_date = {{circa|1800}}
| father = [[Abhaisinhji]]
| dynasty = [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]]
}}
'''Mansinhji''' was the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]] from 1795 until 1800.
== Early life and family ==
He was born as the eldest son of [[Abhaisinhji]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=DANTA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803184937/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Manu Nandshankar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48807 |title=Hind Rajasthan |date=1896 |pages=92–93}}</ref> He assisted his father in expelling the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] general, Arjun Rao, from [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":0" />

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father in 1795, he succeeded him as the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":0" /> He proved himself to be a vigorous ruler and, during his reign, increased the power of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James MacNabb |url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924070623537 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |date=1883 |publisher=Bombay : Gov. Central Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=416}}</ref> He first invaded [[Poshina]] and then participated in a mulukhgiri campaign with Gambhirsinhji, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Idar State|Idar]].<ref group="Note" name="Note01" /><ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
He died in 1800 and was succeeded by his brother, [[Jagatsinhji]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Master |first=Framroz Sorabji |url=http://archive.org/details/mahikanthadirect00mast |title=The Mahi Kantha directory |date=1922 |publisher=Rajkot : [s.n.] |others=University of California Libraries |pages=159}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note01>The term ''Mulukhgiri'' is derived from two [[Persian language|Persian]] words, ''mulk'', meaning land or country, and ''giriftan'', meaning to take or to seize. It was a type of campaign conducted either to [[Annexation|annex]] the territories of others or to extract [[Tribute|payments]] or [[Arrears|arrears]] from them. This system was introduced by the [[Muslims]] in [[India]], and the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s followed it on a regular basis.</ref>
}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1800 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

Jodbeed Gadhwala Conservation Reserve

2026-02-22T23:25:38Z

LolitasErurf: starting basic details initial version - done

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Jodbeed Gadhwala Conservation Reserve
| image = File:Black-eared Kites (50862625307).jpg
| image_caption =
| map = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|57|0.07|N|73|24|23.36|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Bikaner district]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| nearest_city = [[Bikaner]]
| area = 56.47 km²
| established = 25 November 2008
| governing_body = Rajasthan Forest Department
}}

'''Jodbeed Gadhwala Conservation Reserve''' or simply Jorbeed conservation reserve or Jorbeer is a protected area located in the [[Bikaner district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. It was notified by the Government of Rajasthan on 25 November 2008. The reserve covers an area of approximately 56.47 square kilometres and is managed by the [[Rajasthan forest department|Rajasthan Forest Department]]. It was created primarily to conserve declining populations of raptors, especially [[vultures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-14 |title=I went on a quest to photograph the last of the vultures |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/went-quest-photograph-last-vultures-095034007.html |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Yahoo Life |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2008 |title=Jodbeed Gadhwala Conservation Reserve - Public Information |url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/aboutus/departmental-wings/wild-life1/public-information/details-of-protected-area-/jodbeed-gadhwala-conservation-reserve.html |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=Forest Department, Government of Rajasthan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-08 |title=Jorbeer Conservation Reserve: Of menacing vultures and desert foxes - A Soul Window |url=https://asoulwindow.com/jorbeer-conservation-reserve-bikaner-birdwatching/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=Jorbeer Conservation Reserve: A Haven for Vultures - Deshatanam |url=https://deshatanam.com/jorbeer-conservation-reserve/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Established over a century ago by Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner, the Jorbeer site was originally designated as an official carcass disposal area, intended to be situated at a distance from the royal settlements. It continues to serve as a major animal carcass disposal site, primarily for cattle (including cows and bulls), as well as camels, goats, and sheep. The reserve was officially established on 25 November 2008, to protect traditional vulture feeding grounds and prevent land-use changes and disturbances in the area. It is the third conservation reserve in Rajasthan specifically designated for raptor conservation under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Vultures, now have more than carrion to feed on — plastic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/vultures-now-have-more-than-carrion-to-feed-on-plastic-9825024/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Jodbeed Gadhwala is situated about 14.5 km southeast of [[Bikaner]], accessible via the Bikaner Napasar Ladnun Road. The reserve lies within the semi-arid zone of the [[Thar Desert]], characterized by sandy dunes, ephemeral water bodies, and xerophytic shrubland dominated by ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'' and other drought tolerant vegetation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=indianpanorama |title=Jorbeer Conservation Reserve - Wildlife in Rajasthan - Indian Panorama |url=https://www.indianpanorama.in/experiences/nature-wildlife/wildlife/jorbeer-conservation-reserve.php |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Indianpanorama |language=en}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==

===Avifauna===
The reserve is an important habitat for several species of scavenging and predatory birds.
* '''Vultures''': [[Egyptian vulture|Egyptian Vulture]] (''Neophron percnopterus''), [[Eurasian griffon vulture|Griffon Vulture]] (''Gyps fulvus''), [[Cinereous vulture|Cinereous Vulture]] (''Aegypius monachus'')<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-15 |title=साढ़े पांच साल बाद परिवार से मिला गिद्ध: दो महीने जोधपुर में देखरेख के बाद बीकानेर में छोड़ा, एयर लिफ्ट कर लाए थे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/news/brought-airlift-from-chennai-to-jodhpur-bikaners-joint-flight-130682830.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223180026/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/news/brought-airlift-from-chennai-to-jodhpur-bikaners-joint-flight-130682830.html |archive-date=2022-12-23 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>
* '''Other Raptors''': [[Black kite|Black Kite]] (''Milvus migrans''), [[Steppe eagle|Steppe Eagle]] (''Aquila nipalensis''), [[Tawny eagle|Tawny Eagle]] (''Aquila rapax''), various harriers and buzzards
* '''Migratory Birds''': [[Demoiselle crane|Demoiselle Crane]] (''Anthropoides virgo''), [[Common crane|Common Crane]] (''Grus grus'')

===Flora===
The vegetation consists mainly of thorny shrubs, seasonal grasses, and herbs that appear briefly after the monsoon season.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Centre prohibits Nimesulide to protect raptors, activists elated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/centre-prohibits-nimesulide-to-protect-raptors-activists-elated/articleshow/116950264.cms |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Indrani |date=2020-05-25 |title=Birding at Jorbeer Vulture Conservation Reserve in Bikaner India |url=https://isharethese.com/jorbeer-vulture-conservation-reserve-birding-bikaner-india/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=i Share |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-10-05 |title=Vultures and Birdwatchers in Bikaner's Desert Wilderness |url=https://www.rajasthanbhumitours.com/blog/rajasthan-tourism/jorbeer-conservation-reserve-a-haven-for-vultures-and-birdwatchers-in-bikaners-desert-wilderness/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Rajasthan Bhumi Tours |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Jorbeer Conservation Reserve on Your Trip to Bikaner: A Sanctuary for Wildlife Enthusiasts |url=https://www.rajasthantourtrip.com/best-wildlife-sanctuaries-and-national-parks-of-rajasthan/jorbeer-conservation-reserve-bikaner.html |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.rajasthantourtrip.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Protected areas of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bikaner district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T03:44:02Z

LolitasErurf:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Hoshiarpur {{Small|PB-5}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Hoshiarpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}
| mp = [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
| preceded_by = [[Som Parkash]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Sri Hargobindpur Assembly Constituency|Sri Hargobindpur]] [[Bholath Assembly Constituency|Bholath]] [[Phagwara Assembly Constituency|Phagwara]] [[Mukerian Assembly Constituency|Mukerian]] 
[[Dasuya Assembly constituency|Dasuya]] [[Urmar Assembly Constituency|Urmar]] [[Sham Chaurasi Assembly Constituency|Sham Chaurasi]] [[Hoshiarpur Assembly Constituency|Hoshiarpur]] [[Chabbewal Assembly Constituency|Chabbewal]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
}}
'''Hoshiarpur''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"| Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|8
|[[Sri Hargobindpur Assembly Constituency|Sri Hargobindpur]] (SC)
|[[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
|[[Amarpal Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|26
|[[Bholath Assembly Constituency|Bholath]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
|[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|29
|[[Phagwara Assembly Constituency|Phagwara]] (SC)
|[[Balwinder Singh Dhaliwal]]
|-
|39
|[[Mukerian Assembly Constituency|Mukerian]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
|[[Jangi Lal Mahajan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|40
|[[Dasuya Assembly constituency|Dasuya]]
|[[Karambir Singh Ghuman]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|41
|[[Urmar Assembly Constituency|Urmar]]
|[[Jasvir Singh Raja Gill]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|42
|[[Sham Chaurasi Assembly Constituency|Sham Chaurasi]] (SC)
|[[Ravjot Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|43
|[[Hoshiarpur Assembly Constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
|[[Brahm Shankar Jimpa]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|44
|[[Chabbewal Assembly Constituency|Chabbewal]] (SC)
|[[Ishank Kumar Chabbewal|Ishank Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=52.941|value2=23.529|value3=5.882|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (10 Times)]]|label2=[[BJP|'''BJP '''(4 Times)]]|label3=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|Janata Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha||value5=5.882|value6=5.882|label5=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''' (1 Time)]]|label6=[[Aam Aadmi Party|'''AAP''' (1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|color6={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Diwan Chand Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Sardar Baldev Singh]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Amar Nath
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Major General Jai Singh (retd.)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Darbara Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Baldev Prakash]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Giani Zail Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|rowspan="3" | [[Kamal Chaudhry]]

|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Kanshi Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Kamal Chaudhry]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|Charanjit Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Avinash Rai Khanna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Santosh Chowdhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Vijay Sampla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Som Parkash]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Hoshiarpur]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal|Dr. Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:303859}}
|percentage = 32.04
|change = {{increase}}27.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Yamini Gomar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:259748}}
|percentage = 27.39
|change = {{decrease}}10.24
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anita Som Parkash
|votes = {{formatnum:199994}}
|percentage = 21.09
|change = {{decrease}}21.43
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sohan Singh Thandal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:91789}}
|percentage = 9.68
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:48214}}
|percentage = 5.08
|change = {{decrease}}7.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Jaswant Singh Fouji
|votes = {{formatnum:20923}}
|percentage = 2.21
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:5552}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{decrease}}0.71
}}
{{Election box majority |
|votes = {{formatnum:44111}}
|percentage = 4.65
|change = {{decrease}}0.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:948485}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =16,01,826 |ref = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}27.51
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Hoshiarpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Som Parkash]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:421320}}
|percentage = 42.52
|change = {{increase}}6.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:372790}}
|percentage = 37.63
|change = {{increase}}2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khushi Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:128564}}
|percentage = 12.98
|change = {{increase}}8.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate =Dr. Ravjot Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:44914}}
|percentage = 4.53
|change = {{decrease}}17.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:12868}}
|percentage = 1.30
|change = {{increase}}0.68
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:48530}}
|percentage =4.89
|change = {{increase}}3.48
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:991665}}
|percentage = 62.08
|change = {{decrease}}2.66
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}6.47
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Hoshiarpur]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vijay Sampla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:346643}}
|percentage = 36.05
|change = {{decrease}}6.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohinder Singh Kaypee]]
|votes = {{formatnum:333061}}
|percentage = 34.64
|change = {{decrease}}7.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Yamini Gomar
|votes = {{formatnum:213388}}
|percentage = 22.19
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhagwan Singh Chauhan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:40497}}
|percentage = 4.21
|change = {{decrease}}8.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5976}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:13582}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change = {{increase}}1.37
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:961562}}
|percentage = 64.74
|change = {{decrease}}0.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{decrease}} 6.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 results===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Hoshiarpur]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Santosh Chowdhary]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,58,812
|percentage = 42.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Som Parkash]]
|votes = 3,58,446
|percentage = 42.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sukhwinder Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,03,320
|percentage = 12.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Ritta Rahela
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 7,002
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Mahinder Singh Hamira
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 5,195
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 366
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,43,208
|percentage = 64.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hoshiarpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/hoshiarpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Hoshiarpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|31.5|75.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Hoshiarpur district]]

Kaber Vasuki

2026-02-21T19:19:03Z

LolitasErurf: starting first entry initial version

{{Short description|Tamil Independent Singer-Songwriter}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kaber Vasuki
| origin = [[Tamils | Tamilian]]
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]]{{cn|date=April 2024}}, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|4|6}}
| occupation = {{Hlist | [[Singer-Songwriter]] | [[Philosopher]] | [[Writer]] (Tamil)}}
| genre = [[independent music|Indie]]
| years_active = 2008–present
| label = [[Saregama]], KYN Records
| instrument = [[Guitar]]
| website = {{URL|https://kaber-vasuki.com/}}
}}

'''Kaber Vasuki''' is an independent [[Tamil language | Tamil]] [[Independent music| Indie]] music artist, known for his philosophical lyrics and unique approach to storytelling through music.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/songs-of-a-rebel/article6929057.ece | title=Songs of a rebel | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=24 February 2015 }}</ref>
==Early life and education==
Vasuki was born in [[Coimbatore]] where he spent his schooling and early days.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://niyantha.medium.com/singing-the-truth-e443e4fc5669 | title=Singing the Truth | date=17 May 2015 }}</ref> In 2010 Vasuki moved to [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/oct/21/kaber-vasuki-music-saved-me-from-an-emotional-crisis-and-musicians-became-my-saviours-20908.html | title=Kaber Vasuki: Music saved me from an emotional crisis, and musicians became my saviours | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=21 October 2020 }}</ref> He would go on to produce the first [[crowdfunding|crowdfunded]] Tamil independent album "Azhaghu Puratchi", and eventually starting the band "Kurangan" with fellow musician [[Tenma (musician)|Tenma]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Oct/22/songs-of-an-outsider-2213368.html | title=Songs of an outsider | date=22 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Kurangan Era==
Vasuki co-founded the Tamil Indie band Kurangan with Tenma in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/magazine/820769/meet-kurangan-a-chennai-pop-rock-band-making-tamil-music-deep-again | title=Meet Kurangan, a Chennai pop-rock band making Tamil music deep again | date=16 November 2016 }}</ref> The band's formation and evolution represent a key moment in Tamil indie music, with Vasuki being the singer-songwriter in this journey with his simple lyrics in the regional language (Tamil). In November 2016, Members of Kurangan formed Terrace Jams - a space to showcase new local talents - inspiring artists such as Siennor, Othasevuru and Shilpa Natrajan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/story-behind-othasevuru-two-member-tamil-indie-band-113650 | title=The story behind Othasevuru, the two-member Tamil indie band | date=7 December 2019 }}</ref> Despite being disbanded in 2018, Kurangan has a wide fan following today.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/Apr/25/tamil-indie-musics-watershed-moment-arrived-with-enjoy-enjaami-2293738.html | title=Tamil indie music's watershed moment arrived with 'Enjoy Enjaami' | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref>

==Independent music==

In 2021 Vasuki sold a phone demo of his song "Vasanam" as an [[NFT]] for 50 [[Ethereum]] (ETH), which amounted to nearly 1.5 [[Crore]] [[Indian Rupee|INR]] or 200,000[[USD]] at the time of the transaction. This event marked a significant development in the [[digital art]] and [[cryptocurrency]] spaces for Indie artists.
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/05/27/tamil-musician-sells-song-demo-as-nft-to-collector-who-bought-beeple-work.html | title=Tamil musician sells song demo as NFT to crypto-collector who bought Beeple work | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/cryptocurrency/tamil-musician-sells-nft-of-phone-demo-for-rs-1-5-crore-to-metakovan-of-beeple-fame-6913761.html | title=Tamil musician sells NFT of phone demo for Rs 1.5 crore to Metakovan of Beeple fame | date=27 May 2021 }}</ref>

Vasuki's solo work continues to be characterized by [[introspection|introspective]] lyrics and a willingness to experiment musically. His latest music video "Poi" showcases complex themes such as recovery from [[psychological abuse|toxic relationships]] and the psychological impacts of [[social media addiction]], framed within the context of [[contemporary]] [[Tamil culture]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kaber-vasuki-on-his-latest-tamil-indie-track-poi/article67581021.ece | title=Kaber Vasuki on his latest Tamil indie track 'Poi' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=21 December 2023 | last1=Kannadasan | first1=Akila }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/nov/26/what-lies-ahead-tamil-indie-star-kaber-vasukis-latest-single-explores-the-darker-human-nature-55447.html | title=What 'lies' ahead: Tamil Indie star Kaber Vasuki's latest single explores the darker human nature | date=26 November 2023 }}</ref>

==Activism==
Vasuki's work often touches on social and political themes, reflecting a deep commitment to addressing issues that affect society such as the Chennai Poromboke Paadal music video - a joint initiative by [[T. M. Krishna]] and environmental activist Nityanand Jayaraman.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Notes-from-the-south/article17103275.ece#! | title=Baradwaj Rangan on the transience of modern music | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 January 2017 | last1=Rangan | first1=Baradwaj }}</ref>

His approach to music as a tool for social commentary and change highlights the power of art in influencing societal perspectives and advocating for social justice with songs such as "Pidikkum" and "Okhahoma" promoting [[LGBT]] awareness.

==Discography==
Vasuki's [[discography]] includes a mix of independent [[single (music)|singles]] and film [[soundtracks]]. Some of his notable tracks include "The Poramboke Song" <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/here-comes-the-chennai-porombokkku-paadal/articleshow/56563269.cms | title=Here comes the Chennai Porombokkku Paadal | newspaper=The Times of India | date=26 February 2017 }}</ref> and "Vasanam," with the latter being a reflective piece on changing attitudes and missed opportunities for expression.

===Independent albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Album !! Track Listing
|-
| 2014 || Azhagu Puratchi (first crowdfunded Tamil Indie Album)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/kurangan-tamil-rock-music-band-offers-fresh-alternative-51798 | title=Kurangan: A Tamil rock music band that offers a fresh alternative | date=23 October 2016 }}</ref>||
*Ulagathin Sonthakaran
*Pachai Perundhu
*Pirai Kadhai
*Manda Mannan Kaviyam
*Karpanai Kadathal
*Chennai Paadal
|-
| 2019 || Kurangan Era (Collection of Songs from 2015 to 2018) ||
*Neethane
*Samudhayam Oru Mayam
*Suthanthiram Oru Dabba
*David Foster Wallace
*Retro
*Mugamoodi
*Naan Enna Muttala?
*Saakin Pokku
*Vasanam
*Rasathi
*Rockstar
*Oklahoma
*Unnai Thedi Varuven
*Poromboke Song
*Vilangu
*Jaathithaan
*Manitha Subhavam
*Nil. Gavani. Sol.
*Rendu Perum
*Ne Vekkam Kori<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/7dDSQfbUWrNvRqpNP92slb | title=Kaber Vasuki | website=[[Spotify]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/kaber-vasuki/967706458 | title=Kaber Vasuki on Apple Music }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tidal.com/browse/artist/6604382 | title=Kaber Vasuki }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Singles ||
*Jananaayagam
*Koothaadi<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kaber-vasuki.com/lyrics-varigal/ | title=Lyrics | வரிகள் - Kaber Vasuki. கேபர் வாசுகி | date=31 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/7dDSQfbUWrNvRqpNP92slb | title=Kaber Vasuki | website=[[Spotify]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2023|| Singles || Poi, Poi (alternative)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2023/Nov/18/of-tunes-and-being-tuned-with-kaber-vasuki-2633828.html | title=Of tunes and being tuned with Kaber Vasuki | date=18 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/kaber-vasuki-poi-song-video-interview/ | title=Kaber Vasuki's 'Poi' Video Unravels like a 'Black Mirror' Episode | date=30 December 2023 }}</ref>
|}

===Film work===
Vasuki has also made inroads into [[Kollywood]], contributing to soundtracks for movies like "[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]",<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/killer-killer-song-dhanush-movie-073558921.html | title='Killer Killer' Song Out: Dhanush's New Movie Captain Miller First Song Released | date=23 November 2023 }}</ref> "Dharala Prabhu", "Rocky" and "Aelay." collaborating with prominent Tamil Musicians such as [[Sam C. S]], [[Darbuka Siva]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Hiphop Tamizha]], [[ Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Sean Roldan]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Movie name !! Track Listing !! Credits
|-
| || ''Magavu'' (short film)<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TABxdA8Zc4o</ref> || || Singer, Lyricist
|-
|-
| 2017 || [[Kavan (film) | ''Kavan'']] || Mathuraangalam|| Singer
|-
| 2018 || [[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|''Irumbu Thirai'']] || Yaar Ivan || Lyrics
|-
| 2020 || [[Dharala Prabhu|''Dharala Prabhu'']] || Manusan || Lyrics<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/oct/21/kaber-vasuki-music-saved-me-from-an-emotional-crisis-and-musicians-became-my-saviours-20908.html | title=Kaber Vasuki: Music saved me from an emotional crisis, and musicians became my saviours | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=21 October 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Peipasi''|| Peipasi || Lyrics
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Aelay]]''|| Magaraasa || Lyrics & Singer
|-
| 2021 || [[Rocky (2021 film) | ''Rocky'']] || Naan Sinam Ariven, Vanma Padhaiyil || Lyrics & Singer
|-
| 2022 || [[Suzhal: The Vortex|''Suzhal: The Vortex'']] || Duvaa Duvaa, Suzhal – The Whisper of the Vortex || Lyrics
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]'' || "Kelvi Mattum Thangudhey" || Lyrics
|-
| 2024 || [[Captain Miller (soundtrack) | ''Captain Miller'']] || Killer Killer (title track), Un Oliyile || Lyrics<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/captain-miller-song-killer-killer-is-gv-prakash-dhanushs-war-cry-watch-9038188/ | title=Captain Miller song Killer Killer is GV Prakash-Dhanush's war cry, watch | date=22 November 2023 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasuki, Kaber}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

P. K. Michael Tharakan

2026-02-12T22:53:51Z

LolitasErurf: starting new post

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''P. K. Michael Tharakan''' is a senior academic, historian and [[social science]] researcher from [[Kerala]] state in southern India. He is the Chairman of the Kerala Council for Historical Research<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandan |first=S. |date=2017-08-26 |title=Fate of Pattanam hangs in the balance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fate-of-pattanam-hangs-in-the-balance/article19566224.ece |access-date=2022-03-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Giji K. |date=2018-11-12 |title=Burial urn of Megalithic era unearthed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/burial-urn-of-megalithic-era-unearthed/article25468757.ece |access-date=2022-03-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Council for Historical Research : Pages - Chairman-PK-Michael-Tharakan|url=http://kchr.ac.in/pages/114/Chairman-PK-Michael-Tharakan.html|website=kchr.ac.in|accessdate=7 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> and has served in several senior academic positions such as the Professor at the social science research institute [[Institute for Social and Economic Change]] Bangalore<ref>{{cite web|title=ISEC: P K Michael Tharakan|url=http://www.isec.ac.in/pkmt.htm|website=www.isec.ac.in}}</ref> and [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Kannur University]] during 2009–2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=SIMS: Profile of Dr. P.K. Michael Tharakan|url=http://sahrdayasims.ac.in/a_c_m_3.php|website=sahrdayasims.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202154618/http://sahrdayasims.ac.in/a_c_m_3.php.|archive-date=2 Dec 2016}}</ref>

Tharakan has authored many books and articles <ref>{{cite web|title=[worldcat] Tharakan, P. K. Mathew|url=https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n78020006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Essays from Economic and Political Weekly|url=http://www.epw.in/author/p-k-michael-tharakan|website=Economic and Political Weekly|accessdate=7 February 2018|language=en|date=5 June 2015}}</ref> and known for his work on documenting and analyzing the history of modern Kerala such as on [[Land reform in Kerala|land reforms]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Land reforms reshaped state: Prof P K Michael Tharakan|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/in-other-news/051116/land-reforms-reshaped-state-prof-p-k-michael-tharakan.html|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref> and on social characteristics such as its focus on health,<ref name="gulfnews_viral_dance_2021">{{Cite web|title=Viral dance turns spotlight on Kerala's health feats, strikes at hatred|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/viral-dance-turns-spotlight-on-keralas-health-feats-strikes-at-hatred-1.78489994|access-date=2021-11-08|website=gulfnews.com|language=en}}</ref> care-based professions,<ref name="gulfnews_returnees_2020" /> education,<ref name="gulfnews_viral_dance_2021" /> communalism<ref name="TNM_communalism_2021">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=Communalism in Kerala: A conversation with historian Michael Tharakan|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/communalism-kerala-conversation-historian-michael-tharakan-155334|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> and social harmony.<ref name="gulfnews_returnees_2020">{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: A challenge and opportunity for Kerala as half a million return|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/covid-19-a-challenge-and-opportunity-for-kerala-as-half-a-million-return-1.71333789|access-date=2021-11-08|website=gulfnews.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Publications==
* {{Cite book |last=Tharakan |first=Parayil Kochupappu Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVFRAQAACAAJ |title=When the Kerala Model of Development is Historicised: A Chronological Perspective |date=2008 |language=en}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kannur University]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tharakan titleholders]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Kannur University]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tharakan, PK Michael}}

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Narayani Gupta

2026-02-08T18:03:28Z

LolitasErurf: made.

{{Short description|Indian Historian}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV|date=January 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Narayani Gupta
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Prof-Narayani-Gupta.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Narayani Menon
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1942|11|13}}{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Historian
| period =
| known_for = History of Delhi
| home_town =
| title =
| boards = Member, Delhi Urban Arts Commission under [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| spouse = [[Partha Sarathi Gupta]]
| partner =
| children = Himadri Shikhar Gupta(Son), Niharika Gupta(Daughter)
| parents =
| relatives = [[Ashoka Gupta]] (Mother-in-Law), [[MGK Menon]] (Uncle), [[Sarada Menon]] (Aunt)
| awards = Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1982), [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Career Award (1992)
| website =
| education = BA, MA, PhD
| alma_mater = [[Indraprastha College for Women]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ipcollege.ac.in/Viewtopics.aspx?MenuId=ALUMNAE_CORNER_413 | title=Indraprastha College for Women }}</ref> (BA) [[Somerville College, Oxford]] (MA) [[Delhi University]] (PhD)
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition = [[Liberalism]]
| doctoral_advisor = Prof B.B. Misra Prof R.L. Shukla
| academic_advisors =
| influences = [[Richard Cobb]] [[Janet Abu-Lughod]]
| era =
| discipline = [[Historian]]
| sub_discipline = [[Urban History]]
| workplaces =
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests = Architectural Conservation
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Narayani Gupta''' (born 13 November 1942) is an Indian historian who was a professor of history at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] University, New Delhi. She taught at Indraprastha College from 1966 before joining Jamia Millia Islamia University in 1988. From 1991 to 1995, she taught at the TVB School of Habitat Studies. She is the author of works on urban history, particularly the history of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dhaaramagazine.in/2021/03/31/changing-landscapes-and-preservation-of-delhis-spaces-an-interview-with-prof-narayani-gupta/ | title=Changing Landscapes and Preservation of Delhi's Spaces: An Interview with Prof. Narayani Gupta | date=31 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Biography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
Gupta is the third daughter of Narayani Menon and VKR Menon, an [[Indian Civil Services]] officer in [[Bihar]] state of British India. Growing up in Delhi after 1946, she could observe the rapid changes in the social fabric post-Partition and the planning of Independent India. She is married to historian [[Partha Sarathi Gupta]].

==Academic contributions==
Her book ''Delhi between Two Empires'', based on her doctoral thesis, was called "groundbreaking" by reviewers.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} She is a founder-member and former president (1986–88) of the Conservation Society of Delhi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/heritage/conservationsociety-delhi.htm | title=The Conservation Society delhi, Delhi's heritage, architectural heritage delhi, history of delhi, delhi tour, delhi travel }}</ref> which emerged out of the Environment Group. She was a member of Delhi's Urban Art Commission from 1992 to 1995, and again from 2004 to 2007. From 2004 to 2012, she was associated with the Indian National Trust for Cultural Heritage,<ref>[http://documentationcentre.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Annual-Report-2015-16-a.pdf Annual report 2015] Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thefoundationschool.edu.in/teacher-workshop-on-trees-by-intach | title=The Foundation School | TFS }}</ref> as consultant on their Heritage Education programmes and their documentation centre.

Gupta has written history books for the National Book Trust and Orient Longman, and in 2019 edited a series of books on [[UNESCO]] world heritage sites.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} She headed the committee on middle school social science textbooks for the Delhi SCERT in 2002-04, was a member of [[NCERT]]'s National Focus Group on Teaching of Social Sciences,<ref>[https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/focus-group/social_sciencel.pdf Teaching of Social Science]</ref> and editor of the History textbook for Class 11 (2005).

==Activism and writing==

She is a columnist for newspapers and online magazines like ''[[Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/narayani-gupta/ | title=Narayani Gupta | date=28 May 2016 | work=Indian Express }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/students-map-lodhi-estate-heritage/articleshow/24402411.cms | title=Students map Lodhi Estate heritage | Delhi News | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> and writes about historical matters and contemporary history.

She remains actively engaged with the conservation of Delhi's monuments and urban landscape.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/chandni-chowk-development-delhi-6007795/ | title=Proposed reinvention of Delhi, ironically, bears affinity to colonial thinking | date=19 September 2019 | work=Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-central-vista-redevelopment-project-6274751/ | title=The proposed Central Vista will destroy Delhi's cultural landscape | date=19 February 2020 | work=Indian Express }}</ref> She is one of the people who took a stand on the issue of the redevelopment of Central Vista and filed a case in [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] against it.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Narayani}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs

2026-02-08T15:32:23Z

LolitasErurf: starting data

{{Short description|Indian reality TV show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = SRGMP Marathi LC logo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| runtime = 45–60 minutes
| creator = Zee Marathi Creative Team
| executive_producer = Nilesh Mayekar
Sandeep Arjun Kamble
| director = Rajan Dange
| presenter = [[Pallavi Joshi]] [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
| judges = [[Avdhoot Gupte]] [[Vaishali Samant]] [[Salil Kulkarni]] [[Suresh Wadkar]] [[Vaishali Mhade]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| num_episodes = 249
| num_seasons = 4
| first_aired = {{start date|2008|07|07|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|11|25|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi]]''
}}

'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] singing reality show which is a part of ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi]]'' which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. Li'l Champs first season premiered in 2008. The winner of the first season was Kartiki Gaikwad. There were three more seasons, the latest one being the 4th season broadcast in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Raut, Aarya Ambekar, Kartiki Gaikwad, Mugdha Vaishampayan, and Prathamesh Laghate to join Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs’ jury|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rohit-raut-aarya-ambekar-kartiki-gaikwad-mugdha-vaishampayan-and-prathamesh-laghate-to-join-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-jury/articleshow/83599928.cms|access-date=2021-06-20|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Production ==
The show aimed to discover the best singing talent in the age range of 5–15 years from the [[Maharashtra]]. The show was judged by singer and composer [[Avadhoot Gupte]] and singer [[Vaishali Samant]] in addition to other individuals from the Indian music industry who served as guest judges. The show was hosted by actress [[Pallavi Joshi]]. The progress of the contestants through the rounds was also dependent on the votes of the audience.

=== Auditions ===
Auditions for the show up to season 13 were held in [[Pune]], [[Nashik]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Thane]], [[Kolhapur]] and [[Mumbai]]. For season 14, channel arranged auditions through [[WhatsApp]] by making some short video of songs.

=== Finalist ===
The top 5 Little Champs Season 1 Finalists are
* [[Rohit Raut]]
* Prathamesh Laghate
* [[Aarya Ambekar]]
* [[Mugdha Vaishampayan]]
* Kartiki Gaikwad

These Top 5 Finalist were invited in the show [[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]] on [[Zee Marathi]] from 8–10 February 2021 for completing 12 years of ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs Finale''.

=== Rules ===
The contest was held in five stages viz. Preliminary, Quarter-Final, Semi-Final, Final and Mega-Final. One contestant was declared the "Little Champ" from these five stages.

A total of 50 contestants were divided across two groups. The first group, "Juniors", had 20 contestants in the age range of 8 to 11 years while the second group had 30 contestants in the age range of 12 to 14 years. The contestants in the 8 to 11 years age group performed on the episodes broadcast on Mondays while the contestants from the 12 to 14 years age group performed on the episodes broadcast on Tuesdays.

=== Scoring system ===
In this contest the notes Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni was used for scoring. After every performance of every contestant, every judge independently scored the performance.

The scores increased linearly from 'Sa' to 'Ni' and will have values from 'Sa' = 1 to 'Ni' = 7. The result was declared based on the total score from the judges. In the Final round, the same scoring system will be used to make decisions. The values for the notes will change to 'Sa' = 14, 'Re' = 28, 'Ga' = 42, 'Ma' = 56, 'Pa'= 70, 'Dha' = 85 and 'Ni' = 100. 'Sa+' = 100+

In the Final round, while making a decision the votes of the viewers was taken into account along with the scores given by the judges. Till the middle of the Final round the weighting given to the votes of the viewers increased while that given to the scores of the judges decreased.

In the first week of the Final round, all the contestants performed but no contestant was eliminated this week. In the following weeks, the viewers had a chance to act as judges. From the second week onwards, the votes of the viewers received via SMS and the scores of the judges resulted in contestants having low scores to be eliminated.

In the first week, the weighting of the judges' scores was 90% while that of the viewers' votes was 10%. In the second week, the weighting of the judges' scores was 80% while that of the viewers' votes was 20%. In this manner the weighting of the votes of the viewers and the judges' scores was 50% each by the end of the fifth week. This weighting stayed constant till the Mega-Final. The result of the Mega-Final, though, were solely decided by the votes of the viewers. So also there was a jury of 5 reputed singers which included [[Shridhar Phadke]], Devaki Pandit, Pt. Sanjeev Abhyankar, Suresh Wadkar and Asha Khadilkar, who along with Avadhoot and Vaishali were assessing the participants.

== Rounds ==
The competition consisted of the following rounds.

=== Preliminary round ===
Talented contestants who had to leave the contest because of a minor difference in scores were given another chance in a special "Call Back" round. A total of two "Juniors" and four "Seniors" were selected for the Quarter-Final from the "Call Back" round.

=== Quarter-final ===
In the second stage, i.e. in the Quarter Final, 12 "Junior" contestants were split across 3 groups while 24 "Senior" contestants were split across 4 groups. "Junior" contestants performed on the episodes broadcast on Mondays while the "Senior" contestants performed on the episodes broadcast on Tuesdays.

The Quarter-Final round for the "Junior" contestants went on for three weeks. Two contestants were eliminated on every Monday. The six contestants who were selected at the end of the third week competed again in the fourth week. The best four contestants out of these were chosen for the Semi-Final round. The Quarter-Final round for the "Senior" contestants went on for four weeks. Three contestants were eliminated on every Tuesday. At the end of the fourth week, two eliminated contestants whose scores were the highest amongst those eliminated were selected for the Semi-Final round. In this manner, four "Junior" and fourteen "Senior" contestants, for a total of eighteen contestants competed in the Semi-Final round.

=== Semi-final ===
The Semi-Final round went on for three weeks. The selected eighteen contestants were split into three groups of six each. There was no distinction between "Seniors" and "Juniors". Every contestant performed a song on the episodes broadcast on Monday and Tuesday. Two contestants were eliminated at the end of the episode broadcast on Tuesdays.

=== Final ===
Twelve contestants contested the Final round. Every week one contestant was supposed to leave the contest.

== Elimination chart ==
=== Round 1 to Semi-final ===
Numbers in the cells indicate the episode in which the contestant performed in a <Week>.<Episode> format. For example, 4.1 in the Round 1 column indicates the 1st episode i.e. the one on the Monday of the 4th week of Round 1.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Legend'''
|-
| style="background:#696969;" width="25%" | Did Not Perform
| style="background:#c6efce;" width="25%" | Performed
| style="background:#ffc7ce;" width="25%" | Eliminated
| style="background:#00ff00;" width="25%" | Winner
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Singer'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Round 1'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Round 1 Callbacks'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Round 2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Round 2 Callbacks'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Semi-Final'''
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Abhishek Saraf
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Aditi Subhedar
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Aditya Apte
|style="background:#c6efce;"|5.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Aishwarya Sahasrabuddhe
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Anuja Kamat
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.2
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Anushka Kulkarni
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | [[Aarya Ambekar]]
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Ashish Kulkarni
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.2
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Avanti Patel
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Bhagyashri Tikle
|style="background:#c6efce;"|5.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.1
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Chinmay Kale
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Divya Dicholkar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Juilee Joglekar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Kalyani Bhande
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3.2
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Kartiki Gaikwad
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Kasturi Joshi
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Kaustubh Mulay
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | [[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Krutika Borkar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Malavika Dikshit
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Manasi Deshpande
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Mayuri Atre
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|5.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.1
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Mihir Khare
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Mohit Karle
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Mugdha Kale
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3.1
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | [[Mugdha Vaishampayan]]
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Neha Karmarkar
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Prajakta Marathe
|style="background:#c6efce;"|5.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Prathamesh Laghate
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Radhika Nande
|style="background:#c6efce;"|5.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Rageshri Vairagkar
|style="background:#c6efce;"|5.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.1
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Revati Tanawade
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.1
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | [[Rohit Raut]]
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Rutuja Phatak
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Sagar Phadke
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Sanchita Garge
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Saraswati Borgaonkar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2.2
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shalmali Sukhtankar
|style="background:#c6efce;"|5.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shamika Bhide
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|5.2
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|2
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Sharayu Date
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.1
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Sharvari Naik
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shirin Kelkar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|5.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shraddha Joshi
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shreya Datar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shreya Karlekar
|style="background:#c6efce;"|4.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shridhar Patankar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2.1
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Sukrut Tamhankar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|5.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Vaidehi Mekde
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|4.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|1.1
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Vaishnavi Paralikar
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|2.2
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|1.2
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Veda Nerurkar
|style="background:#c6efce;"|3.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|3.1
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|style="background:#696969;"| 
|}

=== Final and Mega-Final ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Legend'''
|-
| style="background:#696969;" width="25%" | Did Not Perform
| style="background:#c6efce;" width="25%" | Performed
| style="background:#ffc7ce;" width="25%" | Eliminated
| style="background:#00ff00;" width="25%" | Winner
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
| align="right" | ''Round:''
| align="center" colspan="18" | '''Final'''
| align="center" | '''Mega-Final'''
|-
| align="right" |''Week:''
| align="center" |'''1'''
| align="center" |'''2'''
| align="center" |'''3'''
| align="center" |'''4'''
| align="center" |'''5'''
| align="center" |'''6'''
| align="center" |'''7'''
| align="center" |'''8'''
| align="center" |'''9'''
| align="center" |'''10*'''
| align="center" |'''11'''
| align="center" |'''12'''
| align="center" |'''13'''
| align="center" |'''14'''
| align="center" |'''15'''
| align="center" |'''16'''
| align="center" |'''17'''
| align="center" |'''18'''
| align="center" |'''19'''
|-
! align="center" | Contestant
! align="center" colspan="19"| Result
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | [[Aarya Ambekar]]
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|10.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Avanti Patel
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|10.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|style="background:#696969"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Kartiki Gaikwad
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|10.2
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#00ff00;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | [[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | [[Mugdha Vaishampayan]]
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|10.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Neha Karmarkar
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Prathamesh Laghate
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|10.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Radhika Nande
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|10.2
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | [[Rohit Raut]]
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|10.1
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Sagar Phadke
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shalmali Sukhtankar
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|10.2
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|-
| style="background:whitesmoke" | Shamika Bhide
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#c6efce;"|    
|style="background:#ffc7ce;"|10.1
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|style="background:#696969;"|    
|}
{{center|* ''The numbers in the Week 10 column indicate which episodes during the week the contestants performed.''}}

== Seasons ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan="2" | Originally Broadcast
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Days
|-
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:Yellow"|
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2008|7|7}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2009|2|8}}
|align="center"| Mon-Tue<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand Finale of Little Champs|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/grand-finale-of-little-champs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134106/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/grand-finale-of-little-champs.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 June 2022|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:Green"|
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2010|8|2}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2011|1|9}}
|align="center"| Wed-Thu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Champs winner announced|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/little-champs-winner-announced.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521101609/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/little-champs-winner-announced.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 May 2017|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:Red"|
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|6|24}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2021|12|12}}
|align="center"| Thu-Sat<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular Marathi reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Little Champs's new season to launch soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-marathi-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-little-champss-new-season-to-launch-soon/articleshow/81734389.cms|access-date=2021-04-13|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:Blue"|
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|8|9}}
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|11|25}}
|align="center"| Wed-Sat
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
|Best Event
|Grand Finale
|-
|Best Judge
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|-
|Best Anchor Female
|[[Pallavi Joshi]]
|-
|Best Non-fiction Show
|[[Essel Vision Productions]]
|-
|2010
|Best Judge
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|-
|[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2021|2021]]
|rowspan="2"|Best Anchor Female
|rowspan="2"|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
|-
|[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2023|2023]]
|}

== Reception ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 39
|2008
|0.85
|1
|88
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 21/09/2008 to 27/09/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016221537/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=21/09/2008&endperiod=27/09/2008|archive-date=2008-10-16|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=21/09/2008&endperiod=27/09/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2008
|1.02
|1
|67
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 02/11/2008 to 08/11/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202064723/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=02/11/2008&endperiod=08/11/2008|archive-date=2008-12-02|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=02/11/2008&endperiod=08/11/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2008
|1.15
|1
|29
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 16/11/2008 to 22/11/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208092225/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/11/2008&endperiod=22/11/2008|archive-date=2008-12-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/11/2008&endperiod=22/11/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2008
|1.33
|1
|45
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 07/12/2008 to 13/12/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231234041/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=07/12/2008&endperiod=13/12/2008|archive-date=2008-12-31|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=07/12/2008&endperiod=13/12/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2009
|1.55
|1
|33
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 04/01/2009 to 10/01/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122201135/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=04/01/2009&endperiod=10/01/2009|archive-date=2009-01-22|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=04/01/2009&endperiod=10/01/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2009
|2.0
|1
|19
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 18/01/2009 to 24/01/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208173523/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=18/01/2009&endperiod=24/01/2009|archive-date=2009-02-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=18/01/2009&endperiod=24/01/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2009
|2.1
|1
|20
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 01/02/2009 to 07/02/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226010253/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=01/02/2009&endperiod=07/02/2009|archive-date=2009-02-26|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=01/02/2009&endperiod=07/02/2009}}</ref>
|-
|8 February 2009
|Grand Finale
|2.66
|1
|10
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 08/02/2009 to 14/02/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307013359/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=08/02/2009&endperiod=14/02/2009|archive-date=2009-03-07|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=08/02/2009&endperiod=14/02/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|2010
|0.88
|1
|70
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 01/08/2010 to 07/08/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825214347/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=01/08/2010&endperiod=07/08/2010|archive-date=2010-08-25|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=01/08/2010&endperiod=07/08/2010}}</ref>
|-
|9 January 2011
|Grand Finale
|0.83
|1
|88
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 09/01/2011 to 15/01/2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201032241/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=09/01/2011&endperiod=15/01/2011|archive-date=2011-02-01|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=09/01/2011&endperiod=15/01/2011}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13821108}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs/0-6-4z5406240/ ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]

Socialist Party (India, 2011)

2026-02-08T03:32:52Z

LolitasErurf:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Socialist Party (India)
|party_logo = File:HMSflag.png
|colorcode = Red
|president = [[Thampan Thomas]]
|general_secretary = [[Sandeep Pandey]] S. Nurul Amin Gautam Kumar Pritam
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader =
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2011|5|28}}
|split =
|abbreviation = SP(I)
|dissolution =
|headquarters = Lohiya Mazdoor Bhawan, H. No. 41/557, Dr. Tufel Ahmed Marg, Narhi,
[[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="headquarters ">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/candidate-political-parties/election-symbol/ | title=Election Symbol |website=ECI }}</ref>
|publication =
|students =
|youth = Socialist Yuvjan Sabha
| labour = Socialist Mazdoor Sabha
|women =
|peasants = Socialist Kisan Sabha
|ideology = [[Democratic socialism]]
|international =
|colours =
|position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|eci = Registered - Unrecognized
|alliance =
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|state_seats_name =
|state_seats =
|symbol =
|flag =
| no_states =
}}
'''Socialist Party (India)''' is a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] political party founded May, 2011 in India.

== History ==
In 2011, several socialist groups and individuals formed the Socialist Party (India), which intends to carry forward the legacy of the Socialist Party formed in 1948. The party was formed through a resolution passed by Mr. Pannalal Surana at the foundation conference on 28 May 2011, under the chairmanship of Prof. [[Keshav Rao Jadhav]].{{fact|date=February 2025}}

== Current status ==
Party National Conference held at Wardha in Gujarath on 28–30 September 2021 elected Adv [[Thampan Thomas]] Ex MP from Kerala as president and [[Sandeep Pandey|Dr.Sandeep Pandey]] of UP as General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/india/advocate-thampan-thomas-elected-as-socialist-party-india-national-president-852168|title=തമ്പാൻ തോമസ് സോഷ്യലിസ്റ്റ് പാർട്ടി (ഇന്ത്യ) ദേശീയാധ്യക്ഷൻ; ഡോ. സന്ദീപ് പാണ്ഡെ ജന. സെക്ര|first=മാധ്യമം|last=ലേഖകൻ|date=26 September 2021|website=Madhyamam}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2011]]

Harpreet Sandhu (actor)

2026-02-07T19:38:21Z

LolitasErurf: starting first info first draft

{{short description|Indian actor, director, writer, and producer}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harpreet Sandhu
| image = HarpreetSandhuforMilestoneB&W.png
| caption = Sandhu in 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|01|08}}
| birth_place = [[Rurka Kalan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]<ref name="Africa Nomads Conservation">{{cite news|title=Brand Ambassador|url=http://www.africaconserve.org/ambassadors/|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=ANC|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903095045/http://www.africaconserve.org/ambassadors/|archivedate=3 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor, director, producer, writer, musician
| years_active = 2009–present
| awards = 2015 Nominated National Award top25 People's Choice [[Canadian Immigrant]] 2015 Shortlist [[87th Academy Awards]]
| citizenship =
| height = {{convert|5|ft|11|in|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
| signature = HarpreetAutograph.svg
| website = {{Official website|http://www.harpreetsandhu.org}}
}}

'''Harpreet Sandhu''' (born 8 January 1979) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor, director, writer, music director, editor, cinematographer and poet. His debut Punjabi film ''[[Work Weather Wife]]'' was the first ever Punjabi and only Canadian film to get shortlisted at [[87th Academy Awards]] under Best Original Song in a feature film and Best Feature Film for its songs "Moon" and "Long Braid".<ref name="Global News Canada">{{cite news|title=WATCH: Surrey made film shortlisted for an Oscar|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1772710/watch-surrey-made-film-shortlisted-for-an-oscar/|accessdate= 14 January 2015 |website=globalnews.ca}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sandhu was born in [[Rurka Kalan]], Punjab, [[India]] and spent the early part of his life living in a remote village. He is a graduate of [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] and he trained under Hollywood actress [[Debra Podowski]] in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada.<ref name="ibollywoodsongs.com news">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibollywoodsongs.com/harpreet-sandhu-the-newest-star-ready-to-change-the-face-of-punjabi-cinema/|title=Harpreet Sandhu the Newest Star ready to change the face of Punjabi Cinema|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=ibollywoodsongs.com}}</ref>

== Professional work ==
Sandhu is an actor and film maker.<ref name="MuzicMag News">{{cite news|title=Harpreet Sandhu-Newest Star Ready to Change The Face of Punjabi Cinema|url=http://www.muzicmag.com/2014/08/harpreet-sandhu-newest-star-ready-to-change-punjabi-cinema-face.html|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=MuzicMag}}</ref><ref name="Punjabi Mania Interview">{{cite news|title=Harpreet Sandhu on Work Weather Wife|url=http://punjabimania.com/interview-harpreet-sandhu-on-work-weather-wife/|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=Punjabimania.com|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903144539/http://punjabimania.com/interview-harpreet-sandhu-on-work-weather-wife/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His debut film is ''[[Work Weather Wife]]'' in 2014.<ref name="MuzicMag News"/> He has worked with [[Alka Yagnik]]. He has acted in Indian and international films.<ref name="Punjabi Mania Interview"/><ref name="FilmCraze News">{{cite news|title=First Ever Canadian Punjabi Feature Film Work Weather Wife|url=http://www.filmcraze.com/punjabi-2/punjabi-movies/first-ever-canadian-punjabi-feature-film-work-weather-wife/|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=FilmCraze|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903143018/http://www.filmcraze.com/punjabi-2/punjabi-movies/first-ever-canadian-punjabi-feature-film-work-weather-wife/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Entertainment Punjab News">{{cite news|title=Work Weather Wife First Ever Canadian Punjabi Movie|url=http://www.entertainmentpunjab.com/2014/08/23/work-weather-wife-first-ever-canadian-punjabi-movie/|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=Entertainmentpunjab.com|archive-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904000343/http://www.entertainmentpunjab.com/2014/08/23/work-weather-wife-first-ever-canadian-punjabi-movie/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Movie Awards">{{cite news|title=Los Angeles Movie Awards Winners (I) 2011|url=http://thelamovieawards.com/2011_(I)_Winners.html|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=LAMA Official website}}</ref><ref name="Toronto Independent Film Festival">{{cite news|title=Toronto Independent Film Festival Line Up 2011|url=http://film-fest.ca/2011lineup.htm|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=Toronto Independent Film Festival Official Website List|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007042449/http://www.film-fest.ca/2011lineup.htm|archivedate=7 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Reel Film Festival Winners">{{cite news|title=Los Angeles Reel Film Festival Winners 2011|url=http://www.lareelfilmfest.com/2011_Winners.html|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=LAReelFilmFest Winners 2011}}</ref> He dubbed ''Wahgan Hawaawan'', in Urdu for ArtGauge Films Inc. and scripted the Urdu version of poems for ''[[Work Weather Wife]]''.<ref name="Punjabi Mania Interview"/>

He has been associated with advertising since 2009 as a model, choreographer, copywriter, producer and director.<ref name="Muzicmag News on Reema Nagra">{{cite news|title=Reema Nagra From Abbotford Starring in Punjabi Movie WWW|url=http://www.muzicmag.com/2014/08/reema-nagra-from-abbotford-starring-in-punjabi-movie-www.html|accessdate=2 September 2014|website=muzicmag.com}}</ref><ref name="First Look Of Akhian Ch Tu Vasda - Upcoming Punjabi Movie">{{cite news|title=First look of Akhian ch tu vasda|url=http://music.punjabi-poetry.com/2013/01/first-look-of-akhian-ch-tu-vasda.html|accessdate=3 September 2014|website=Punjabi Poetry}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable" width=70.5%
|+ Film
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
| ''[[Swallowed Whole]]''
| Mr. Gill
|
|-
| ''Judaaiyaan: The Separation''
| Villain
|
|-
|2011
| ''My Hope''
| Cameo
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
| ''Through My Eyes''
| Avi
|
|-
| ''[[My Suicide]]''
| Cameo
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2013
| ''Thuk La Ke''
| Avi
|
|-
| ''[[Diwali]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| ''[[2013 Kabaddi World Cup]]''
| Athlete
|
|-
|2014
| ''[[Work Weather Wife]]''
| Vick
|
|-
|2015
| ''Monologo''
| Lead
|
|-
|2016
| ''[[Star Trek Beyond]]''
| Uncredited bridge crew<ref name="Imdb Star Trek Credit">{{cite web|title=Star Trek Beyond credit list|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2660888/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_1|accessdate= 24 November 2015 |website=imdb.com}}</ref>
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
On March 19, 2015, Sandhu was nominated for Canadian Immigrant Award, recognizing the top 25 Canadian immigrants of the year, sponsored by [[Royal Bank of Canada|RBC]].<ref name="Canadian Immigrant">{{cite news|title=Canadian Immigrant|url=http://canadianimmigrant.ca/canadas-top-25-immigrants/vote|accessdate=19 March 2015|website=canadianimmigrant.ca}}</ref>
* '''Won''': Los Angeles Movie Awards for ''Judaaiyaan: The Separation'' (2011)<ref name="Los Angeles Movie Awards"/>
* '''Won''': Toronto Independent Film Festival: ''Judaaiyaan: The Separation'' (2011)<ref name="Toronto Independent Film Festival"/>
* '''Won''': Los Angeles Reel Film Festival: ''Judaaiyaan: The Separation'' (2011) – As producer<ref name="Los Angeles Reel Film Festival Winners"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|4157311}}
*{{Official website|http://www.harpreetsandhu.org/}}


{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, Harpreet}}
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]

Anahita Uberoi

2026-02-06T05:28:22Z

LolitasErurf: added references

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anahita Uberoi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|8|6}}<ref name=today/>
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Anahita tAWAR
| occupation = Actress
| known_for =
}}

'''Anahita Uberoi''' (born 6 August 1967) is an Indian actress working actively in the theater circuit. Uberoi also acted in some [[Hindi film]]s.

==Early life==
Uberoi hails from a family of thespians to [[Vijaya Mehta]] and Farrokh Mehta. Uberoi started to work in her mother's troupe at age of 12. Uberoi did her schooling from [[The Cathedral & John Connon School]], Mumbai and later studied psychology and sociology from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. Subsequently, she trained [[Herbert Berghof Studio]], New York and acted on Broadway, before returning to India.<ref name=today>{{cite web | title = Future faces from the world of dance and theatre in India: Quiet Fire |work= India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19991206-future-faces-from-the-world-of-dance-and-theatre-in-india-781429-1999-12-05 |author=Stephen David|date=6 December 1999| access-date = 2014-10-27 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.verveonline.com/73/people/anahita.shtml Powerhouse Performer]. Verve. Meher Marfatya. 5 May 2009.</ref>

==Career==
Anahita Uberoi worked in many English language plays like ''Rupert's Birthday'', ''Going Solo'', ''Glass Menagerie'', ''Seascape with Sharks and Dancers'' and ''If Wishes Were Horses''.<ref>[http://www.indiatoday.in/story/anahita-uberoi-infuses-vitality-into-english-theatre/1/264792.html Anahita Uberoi infuses vitality into English theatre]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[India Today]]. Farah Baria, 24 August 1998.</ref>
Uberoi also worked as assistant director to [[Gloria Muzio]] and [[Joe Dowling]] and worked with numerous American actors and actresses includes [[Jason Robards]], [[Eli Wallach]], Robert Sean, Leonard, Judd Hirsch and Mary Steenburgen.<ref>[http://ragetheatre.co.in/content/anahita-uberoi Anahita Uberoi at Rage Theaters] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141023125851/http://ragetheatre.co.in/content/anahita-uberoi |date=23 October 2014 }}. Rage Theaters. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</ref> She has also appeared in 2003 hit film [[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]], as Priyanka Kapoor.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0643349}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uberoi, Anahita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Maharashtra]]

{{ India-film-bio-stub }}

Belur Math

2026-02-05T22:02:59Z

LolitasErurf: fixes

{{Short description|Headquarters of the Ramakrishna Mission in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Belur Math বেলুড় মঠ
| image = Belur Math, Howrah.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ramakrishna Belur Math
| map_type = India Kolkata
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal

| coordinates = {{coord|22|37|57|N|88|21|23|E|type:landmark_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Howrah]]
| location = [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]]
| elevation_m =
| festivals=
* Celebration of Sri Ramakrishna
* Swami Vivekananda and Sarada Devi's birthdays
* Durga Puja, Janmasthami
* Christmas
* Kali Puja
* Shiva Ratri
| architecture = Fusion of Hindu, Christian and Islamic motifs
| temple_quantity = 4
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = none
| established = {{start date and age|1897|01}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.belurmath.org/symphony_in_architecture_ramakrishna_temple/prelude.htm |title=A Symphony in Architecture – Ramakrishna Temple, Belur Math |access-date=2013-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718233543/http://www.belurmath.org/symphony_in_architecture_ramakrishna_temple/prelude.htm |archive-date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| creator = [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
| website = {{URL|https://belurmath.org/}}
}}
{{Hinduism small}}
'''Belur Math''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈbeluɽ ˈmɔʈʰ|pron}}) is the headquarters of the [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission]], founded by [[Swami Vivekananda]], the chief disciple of [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]. It is located in [[Belur, West Bengal, India]] on the west bank of [[Hooghly River]].<ref name="Dutta_104"/> The land for the Math was purchased on 4th March, 1897. Swami Vivekananda established Belur Math by placing holy relics of Shri Ramakrishna at Belur Math premises on 9th December 1898. Swami Vivekananda returned from America via Colombo and with a small group of disciples started working on the construction of two temples, one at Belur and the other one at Mayavati, Almora, which was called the Advaita Ashrama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belur Math in Kolkata, Belur Math and Swami Vivekananda |url=https://www.kolkataonline.in/city-guide/belur-math-in-kolkata#:~:text=Belur%20Math%20was%20established%20in,Himalayas%20called%20the%20Advaita%20Ashrama. |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.kolkataonline.in}}</ref> The temple is the heart of the Ramakrishna movement. It is notable for its architecture that fuses Hindu, Islamic, Buddhist, and Christian art and motifs as a symbol of unity of all religions. In 2003, [[Belur Math railway station]] was also inaugurated which is dedicated to Belur Math Temple.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sarina Singh|author2=Joe Bindloss|author3=Paul Clammer|author4=Janine Eberle|title=India|page=452}}</ref>

[[File:A sketch of Belur Math.jpg|thumb|A sketch of Belur Math campus]]
[[File:Belur Math Howrah.jpg|thumb|Belur Math from Ratan Babu Ghat]]

== History ==
In the beginning of 1897, Swami Vivekananda arrived at [[Baranagar]], [[Calcutta]] with his small group of Western disciples. Two monasteries were founded by him, one at Belur, which became the headquarters of Ramakrishna Mission and the other at Mayavati on the Himalayas, in [[Champawat District]], [[Uttrakhand]], called the [[Advaita Ashrama]].<ref>
{{cite book
| author = Hendrik Kraemer
| title = World Cultures and World Religions
| page = 151
}}
</ref><ref name="farquhar-202">{{Cite book | author = J. N. Farquhar | title = Modern Religious Movements in India | page = 202| author-link = J. N. Farquhar }}</ref> These monasteries were meant to receive and train young men who would eventually become ''[[Sannyasa|sannyasis]]'' (religious ascetic) of the Ramakrishna Mission, and to give them a training for their work. The same year the philanthropic activity was started and relief of the famine was carried out.<ref name="farquhar-202"/>

Swami Vivekananda's days as a ''parivrajaka'' (wandering monk) before his visit to Parliament of Religions, took him through many parts of India, and he visited several architectural monuments like the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]] palaces, Diwan–I–Khas, palaces of [[Rajasthan]], ancient temples of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and other places. During his tour in America and Europe, he came across buildings of architectural importance of Modern, [[Medieval]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] styles. It is reported that Vivekananda incorporated these ideas in the design of the Belur Math temple.<ref>{{cite book | title = A Symphony in Architecture Ramakrishna Temple Belur Math | chapter = prelude | chapter-url = http://www.belurmath.org/symphony_in_architecture_ramakrishna_temple/prelude.htm | author = Swami Tattwajnanananda | access-date = 10 October 2008 | archive-date = 18 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130718233543/http://www.belurmath.org/symphony_in_architecture_ramakrishna_temple/prelude.htm | url-status = dead}}</ref>

[[Swami Vijnanananda]], a brother-monk of Swami Vivekananda and one of the monastic [[disciples of Ramakrishna]], who was, in his pre-monastic life, a civil engineer, designed the temple according to the ideas of Vivekananda and Swami Shivananda, the then President of Belur Math laid the foundation stone on 13 March 1929. The massive construction was handled by [[Martin Burn & Co.]] The mission proclaims the Belur Math as, "A Symphony in Architecture".<ref>{{cite book | title = A Symphony in Architecture Ramakrishna Temple Belur Math | author = Swami Tattwajnanananda}}</ref> The Math can be reached by direct EMU train services from Howrah, ferry and by road.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=92}}</ref>

== Campus ==
[[File:Belur Math Gate.jpg|thumb|The entrance gate of Belur Math has symbols of all religions]]
[[File:Ramakrishna Monastic Disciples 1899.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Monastic disciples, Trigunatitananda, [[Swami Shivananda|Shivananda]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], Turiyananda, Brahmananda. Below Sadananda, at Belur Math, 20 June 1899.]]
[[File:Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Belur Math.jpg|thumb|Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Belur Math campus.]]
[[File:Ramakrishna Sangraha Mandir.jpg|thumb|Ramakrishna Sangraha Mandir, Belur Math, West Bengal, India]]
[[File:Annual Day celebration in Ramakrishna Math, Belur.jpg|thumb|Thousands of people visit the Math for the annual day celebration.]]
[[File:Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira, Belur Math Campus.jpg|thumb|[[Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira]], Belur Math campus.]]

The {{convert|40|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}} campus of the Belur Math on the banks of the Hooghly includes temples dedicated to Ramakrishna, [[Sarada Devi]] and Swami Vivekananda, in which their relics are enshrined, and the main monastery of the [[Ramakrishna Order]]. The campus also houses a Museum containing articles connected with the history of Ramakrishna Math and Mission. Several educational institutions affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission are situated in the vast campus adjacent to Belur Math, including [[Ramakrishna Mission Shilpamandira]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belurmath.org/belurmath.htm|title=Belur Math|access-date=2008-10-10|archive-date=10 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072617/http://www.belurmath.org/belurmath.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Belur Math is considered one of the prime tourist spots near Kolkata<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040805/asp/calcutta/story_3583419.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103054115/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040805/asp/calcutta/story_3583419.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2005|title=A Calcutta that's quintessential|last=Saha|first=Subhro |date=5 August 2004|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2009-05-06}}</ref> and place of pilgrimage by devotees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030313/asp/calcutta/story_1760773.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030407043128/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030313/asp/calcutta/story_1760773.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2003|title=By boat, a pilgrim's triangle|date=13 March 2003|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2009-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-24079946_ITM|title=Eastern Railway to start train to Belurmath|last=Yengkhom|first=Sumati |date=31 July 2003|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2009-05-06}}</ref> The ex-president [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] regarded Belur Math as a "place of heritage and national importance."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-13569542_ITM|title=Belur a heritage site: President|date=2 October 2004|work=Financial Times|access-date=2009-05-06}}</ref>

=== Sri Ramakrishna Temple ===
[[File:Ramakrishna Marble Statue.jpg|thumb|right| The marble statue of Ramakrishna at Belur Math 
{{Audio|খণ্ডন ভব বন্ধন.oga|Khandana Bhava Bandhana (Arati Song)}}]]

The design of the temple was envisioned by Swami Vivekananda and the architect was [[Swami Vijnanananda]], a direct monastic disciple of Ramakrishna. Sri Ramakrishna Temple was consecrated on 14 January, the [[Makar Sankranti]] Day in 1938.

The Ramakrishna temple at the Belur Math is designed to "celebrate the diversity of Indian Religions"<ref name="Dutta_104">Dutta (2003), p. 104.</ref> and resembles a [[temple]], a [[mosque]], a [[Church (building)|church]] if seen from different positions.<ref>
{{cite book | title = Pilgrimage Centers of India | page = 167}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/16955?tid=14|title=Travel: Kolkata Surprise|date=2008-10-18|publisher=MySinchew |access-date=2009-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/take-five/soul-places-of-india/2005/12/17/1134703641099.html|title=Soul places of India|last=Simmons|first=Graham |date=18 December 2005|work=The Sunday Morning Herald|access-date=2009-05-08|quote=The Ramakrishna Mission, at Belur Math in Calcutta, is known for its charitable works and outstanding temple – Hindu, Saracen and Arabic design on a foundation of a Christian cross.}}</ref> The architectural style and symbolism from a number of religions have been incorporated into the design of the temple at Belur Math, to convey the "universal faith" in which the movement believes.<ref name="ouc">
{{cite book
| author = Open University Course Team
| title = Introduction to the Humanities
| page = 75
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| title = Pilgrimage Centers of India
| quote = This symbolises the main message of the master that all religions and men are essentially one and united.
| page = 167
}}</ref> The temple is considered a prime example of the importance of "material dimension" of religion.<ref name="ouc"/>

The main entrance of the temple, has a facade influenced by Buddhist styles in the Buddhist stupa at Sanchi & the main entrance of the Ajanta Caves. The structure which rises over the entrance is modelled on the Hindu temples of South India with their lofty towers. The windows and balconies inside the temple draw upon the [[Rajput]] (Hindu) and [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]] (Islamic) style of north India. The central dome is derived from the Renaissance architecture of the Duomo of the [[Florence Cathedral]]. The ground plan is in the shape of [[Christian cross]].<ref name="Dutta_104" /><ref name="ouc"/>

The height of the temple is {{convert|112.5|ft|m|order=flip}} and covers a total area of {{convert|32900|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The temple mainly is built of [[chunar stone]] and some portion in the front is of cement. The high entrance of the temple is like a [[South Indian]] [[Gopuram]] and the pillars on both sides represent Buddhistic architectural style. The three umbrella-like domes on the top built in Rajput-[[Mughal Empire|Moghul]] styles give an idea of thatched roofs of the village [[Kamarpukur]].

The circular portion of the entrance is an intermingling of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] style with Hindu architecture and within it, placing the emblem of the Order, is a representation of beauty and solemnity. Just above seen is a replica of a [[Shiva lingam]]. The ''natmandira'', the spacious congregational hall attached to the ''sanctum'', resembles a church, especially of St Peter's Church in Rome. The pillars in a line on its both sides are according to [[Doric order|Doric]] or [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] style. The beam above is held by decorative brackets similar to the [[Meenakshi]] Temple at [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The elaborate designs on the pillars resemble the Orissa style.

The hanging balconies above the natmandir and the windows show the effect of [[Mughal Empire|Moghul]] architecture used in the Fatehpur Sikri. The broad ''parikrama'' path for doing circumambulatory rounds on all sides of the ''garbhamandira'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]) are built like [[Buddhist]] ''chaityas'' and Christian Churches. The lattice work statues of [[Navagraha]] figures are etched on semi-circular top of outside the temple. The golden [[kalasha]] is placed on the top of the temple and has a full-bloomed [[lotus (plant)|lotus]] below. The architecture of the big dome and of the other domes show a shade of Islamic, Rajput, Bengal terracotta and [[Lingaraja Temple]] styles. The entrance doors on both east and west of the temple having pillars on both sides are like the elegant gateways of the Manmandir in Gwalior Fort. [[Ganesha]] and [[Hanuman]] images, representing success and power, are carved above them.

====The statue====
A full size statue of Sri Ramakrishna is seated on a hundred petalled lotus over a [[damaru]] shaped marble pedestal wherein the Sacred relics of Sri Ramakrishna are preserved. The swans on the front represents Paramatman. The statue of Sri Ramakrishna was made by the famous sculptor late Gopeswar Pal of Kolkata and the decorations of the temple were conceived by artist late Sri [[Nandalal Bose]]. The canopy above the deity and all the doors and windows are made of selected [[teakwood]] imported from [[Myanmar]].

=== Swami Vivekananda Temple ===
[[File:Swami Vivekananda Temple at Belur Math, Howrah, WB.jpg|alt=Temple of Swami Vivekananda at Belur Math|thumb|250x250px|[[Swami Vivekananda]] temple Belur Math.]]
[[File:The Om in the first floor of Swami Vivekananda's temple .jpg|alt=The first floor of Swami Vivekananda's temple at Belur Math|thumb|375x375px|The OM (in Bengali script) in the first floor of Swami Vivekananda's temple, which was built on the place where Swamiji was cremated in 1902.]]
The Swami Vivekananda Temple stands on the spot where Swami Vivekananda's mortal remains were cremated in 1902. Consecrated on 28 January 1924, the temple has in its upper storey an alabaster OM (in Bengali characters). Beside the temple stands a bel (bilva) tree in the place of the original bel tree under which Swami Vivekananda used to sit and near which, according to his wish, his body was cremated. On 4 July 1902 at Belur Math, he taught Vedanta philosophy to some pupils in the morning. He had a walk with [[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)|Swami Premananda]], a brother-disciple, and gave him instructions concerning the future of the Ramakrishna Math. He left his body (died) in the evening after a session of prayer at Belur Math. He was 39. Vivekananda had fulfilled his own prophecy of not living to be forty-years old.

=== Holy Mother's temple ===
The Holy Mother's temple is dedicated to [[Sarada Devi]], the spiritual consort of Ramakrishna. The holy mother's temple is right at the entrance of Belur Math. The temple is over the area where her mortal remains were consigned to flames. The temple of the Holy Mother was consecrated on 21 July 1920.<ref name="Sengupta">{{cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Jatindra Chandra |title=West Bengal district gazetteers|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|year=1965|volume=5|page=624}}</ref>

=== Swami Brahmananda's temple ===
{{Expand section|date=December 2009}}
Another temple dedicated to [[Disciples of Ramakrishna|Swami Brahmananda]]—a direct disciple of Ramakrishna and the first president of the [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission]]—is situated near Holy Mother's temple.<ref name="Sengupta" />

The temple was built on the place where Swami Brahmananda was cremated in a period of two years. It a marble image of Swami Brahmananda. Shyam Ghosh, a disciple of Swami Brahmananda, bore the expenses of Rs 40,000. Shyam Ghosh was the son of Navagopal Ghosh, a disciple of Sri Ramakrishna. [[Shivananda|Swami Shivananda]] dedicated this temple on 7 February 1924.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Brahmananda Temple |url=https://belurmath.org/swami-brahmananda-temple/ |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=Belur Math}}</ref>
[[File:Brahmananda Statue.png|thumb|Swami Brahmananda Statue in Brahmananda Temple, Belur Math. A Closer Look.]]

[[File:Brahmananda Statue, Belur Math.png|thumb|Swami Brahmananda Statue in Brahmananda Temple, Belur Math.]]
[[File:Swami Brahmananda temple, Belur Math, Howrah, India.jpg|thumb|Swami Brahmananda temple, Belur Math.]]

=== Ramakrishna Sangraha Mandir ===
The famed, two-storey Ramakrishna Sangraha Mandir hosts artifacts used by Ramakrishna, Sarada Devi, Swami Vivekananda, and some of his disciples. These include the long coat worn by Vivekananda in the West, [[Sister Nivedita]]'s table, and an organ of Mrs Sevier's.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18940000_ITM|title=Oasis of peace|date=1 March 2005|work=The Statesman|access-date=2009-05-06}}</ref><ref name="Hindu-05">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/01/stories/2005040100540300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406102233/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/01/stories/2005040100540300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2005|title=Evolution of a spiritual movement on display |last=Dutta|first=Indrani|date=1 April 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-05-06}}</ref> The museum chronicles the contemporary growth of the movement, and the Bengalese.<ref name="Hindu-05"/>

The museum has a realistic recreation of the ''Panchavati'' – the clutch of five sacred trees of the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] where Ramakrishna practised ''sadhana'' (spiritual disciplines).<ref name="Hindu-05"/> The black stone bowl from which Ramakrishna took ''payasam'' (a sweet Indian dish) during his final days, while suffering from [[Head and neck cancer|throat cancer]], and the pillow he had used, in the house in Calcutta where he spent his last few months, are on display.<ref name="Hindu-05"/> Ramakrishna's room in the house, where he distributed [[ochre]] clothes to 12 disciples anointing Vivekananda (then Narendranath) as their leader, has also been shown with a model of Ramakrishna bestowing grace on his disciples, and the footwear used by Ramakrishna has been put on the model. The room at Dakshineswar where Ramakrishna lived has been recreated with display of clothes and other objects used by him, the ''tanpura'' used by Vivekananda to sing to his master, and the copies of two charcoal drawings sketched by Ramakrishna are on display.<ref name="Hindu-05"/>

Sarada Devi's pilgrimage to [[Chennai]], [[Madurai]] and [[Bangalore]] has also been exhibited, along with items used by her then, in 1911. The museum showcases a huge replica of Swami Vivekananda in the front of the [[Chicago Art Institute]], where the famous [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] was held in September 1893. Alongside the same display, is a letter by [[Jamsetji Tata]], Swami Vivekananda's co-passenger on the trip, that reveals an important and well-known work of Tata's, which was inspired by Swamiji: the founding of the [[IISc|Indian Institute of Science]] at Bangalore.<ref name="Hindu-05"/>

The wooden staircase and the lotus woodwork of [[Victoria Public Hall]] in Chennai, where Vivekananda gave inspiring speeches to a large congregation, have been brought over. A few displays away from this is a show on Miss [[Josephine MacLeod]], who met Swamji in the U.S. in 1895 and served India for 40 years thereafter. She played an important role in the Ramakrishna movement. At this enclosure is a crystal image of Swamiji that was done by Paris jeweler [[René Lalique]].<ref name="Hindu-05"/>

== Activities ==
The Belur Math conducts medical service, education, work for women, rural uplift and work among the labouring and backward classes, relief, spiritual and cultural activities.<ref name="cyrus-118">
{{cite book
| author = Cyrus R. Pangborn
| title = Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions
| chapter = The Ramakrishna Math and Mission
| page = 118
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-14/patna/27938159_1_flood-relief-relief-operations-relief-and-rehabilitation-programmes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023205107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-14/patna/27938159_1_flood-relief-relief-operations-relief-and-rehabilitation-programmes|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=R K Mission's flood relief measures continue|date=14 December 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2009-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/23/stories/2005122313160300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420135505/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/23/stories/2005122313160300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2006|title= An eventful year for RK Mission |date=23 December 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031222/asp/bengal/story_2706029.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031225064618/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031222/asp/bengal/story_2706029.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2003|title=Mission lists relief work|date=22 December 2003|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2009-05-08}}</ref> The center also celebrates annual birthdays of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, Sarada Devi and other monastic [[disciples of Ramakrishna]]. The annual celebrations of ''Kumari Puja''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-01|title=Sri Sri Kumari Puja 2020 at Belur Math|url=https://media.belurmath.org/sri-sri-kumari-puja-2020-at-belur-math-6812/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Media Gallery|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[Durga Puja]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Durga Puja – Belur Math|url=https://media.belurmath.org/tag/durga-puja/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Media Gallery|language=en-US}}</ref> are one of the main attractions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081007/jsp/calcutta/story_9932503.jsp|title=Day of anjali & attraction|date=7 October 2008|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2008-10-10| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045231/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081007/jsp/calcutta/story_9932503.jsp| archive-date= 10 October 2008 }}</ref> The tradition of ''Kumari puja'' was started by Vivekananda in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Swami Vivekananda gave Durga Puja at Belur Math an idol makeover|url=https://www.dailyo.in/lifestyle/swami-vivekananda-durga-puja-belur-math-ramakrishna-paramhansa-idol-worship-ma-sarada-brahmo-samaj-kumari-puja-divine-mother/story/1/6938.html|access-date=2021-03-01|website=dailyo.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/StoryPrint.aspx?ID=NEWEN20070030030&ch=633577555410071250|title=Kolkata pays tribute to sacred feminine|last=Sanyal|first=Sourav|date=20 October 2007|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2009-05-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172125/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/StoryPrint.aspx?ID=NEWEN20070030030&ch=633577555410071250|archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

== Visiting ==
Belur Math has been re-opened for visitors and devotees from 18 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Hindustan Times|agency=Kolkata News|date=18 August 2021|title=Belur Math in Kolkata to re-open for public from today|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/belur-math-in-kolkata-to-re-open-for-public-from-today-101629244017207.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Times Now|first=Kolkata News|date=18 August 2021|title=Kolkata: Belur Math to reopen for devotees and visitors for about five hours from today|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/article/kolkata-belur-math-to-reopen-for-devotees-and-visitors-for-about-five-hours-from-today/800420}}</ref>

It was temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, from 22 April to 17 August 2021, and earlier from 24 March 2020 to 9 February 2021, with a brief opening during the phased unlock process from 15 June to 2 August 2020, and from 10 February to 21 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Belur Math|date=20 April 2021|title=Belur Math will remain closed from 22 April 2021 {{!}} Swami Suvirananda|via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSTyuT5OEJs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=সংবাদ প্রতিদিন|first=Samvad Pratidin|date=21 April 2021|title=করোনাতঙ্কে ফের বন্ধ হচ্ছে বেলুড়মঠ, খুলবে কবে?|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/belur-math-will-be-closed-from-22-th-april-due-to-corona/|access-date=21 April 2021|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Belur Math to reopen gates on 10 February|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/belur-math-to-reopen-gates-on-february-10/cid/1804768|access-date=2021-03-01|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kundu|first=Indrajit|date=1 August 2020|title=Belur Math shrine in Bengal to shut indefinitely from 2 August after brief reopening|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/belur-math-in-bengal-to-shut-indefinitely-from-august-2-1706688-2020-08-01|access-date=2021-03-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Belur Math|first=Ramakrishna Mission|title=Entrance Restriction at Belur Math from 2 Aug 2020|date=August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAk7sISqReI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/QAk7sISqReI |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-03-01}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

It is served by the [[Belur Math railway station]], part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]].

==Presidents ==
* [[Disciples of Ramakrishna|Swami Brahmananda]] 1897–1922
* [[Swami Shivananda]] 1922–1934
* [[Swami Akhandananda]] 1934–1937
* [[Swami Vijnanananda]] 1937–1938
* [[Swami Shuddhananda]] 1938–1938
* [[Swami Virajananda]] 1938–1950
* [[Swami Shankarananda (Indian monk)|Swami Shankarananda]] 1951–1962
* [[Swami Vishuddhananda]] 1962–1962
* [[Swami Madhavananda]] 1962–1965
* [[Swami Vireshwarananda]] 1965–1985
* [[Swami Gambhirananda]] 1985–1988
* [[Swami Bhuteshananda]] 1988–1998
* [[Swami Ranganathananda]] 1998–2005
* [[Swami Gahanananda]] 2005–2007
* [[Swami Atmasthananda]] 2007–2017
* [[Swami Smaranananda]] 2017–2024
* [[Swami Gautamananda]] 2024-

==See also==
* [[Kalighat Kali Temple]]
* [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]
* [[Gazi Pir]]
* [[Baranagar Math]]
* [[Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School|Baranagar Ramakrishna Mission]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Dutta|first=Krishna |title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history|publisher=Signal Books|year=2003|edition=illustrated|pages=255|isbn=978-1-902669-59-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&pg=PA104}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Belur Math}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}
{{Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Howrah topics}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah]]
[[Category:Headquarters in India]]
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Howrah district]]

Flora Annie Steel

2026-01-29T19:30:01Z

LolitasErurf: made some pg w/ refs

{{Short description|English writer on India (1847–1929)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
|name = Flora Annie Steel
|image = Flora Annie Steel.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|caption = Flora Annie Steel, c. 1903
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1847|4|2|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Sudbury, London|Sudbury]], [[Middlesex]], England<ref name="orlando">{{Cite web |url=http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=steefl |title=Flora Annie Steel entry: Overview screen |publisher=Cambridge University Press Online |work=Orlando: Women's Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present |date=2006 |access-date=28 November 2014 |author1=Brown, Susan |author2=Patricia Clements |author3=Isobel Grundy |name-list-style=amp |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924092920/http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=steefl |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|death_date = {{death date and age|1929|4|12|1847|4|2|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Minchinhampton]], [[Gloucestershire]], England<ref name=orlando/>

|occupation = Writer
|period = 19th century
|genre = [[History]], [[Fiction]], [[Children's Literature]]
|subject =
|movement =
|influences =
|influenced =
|signature =
|website =
}}
'''Flora Annie Steel''' (2 April 1847 – 12 April 1929) was a writer who lived in [[British Raj|British India]] for 22 years. She was noted especially for books set in the [[Indian subcontinent]] or connected with it. Her novel ''[[On the Face of the Waters]]'' (1896) describes incidents in the [[Indian Mutiny]].

==Personal life==
She was born Flora Annie Webster at Sudbury Priory, [[Sudbury, London|Sudbury, Middlesex]], the third child of George Webster.<ref name=orlando/> Her mother, Isabella MacCallum, was an heiress.<ref name=Powell1981/>{{rp|1}} In 1867 she married Henry William Steel, a member of the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], and they lived in India until 1889,<ref name="MacMillan2007">{{Cite book |author=Margaret MacMillan |title=Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xh4m4Ljrn4C&q=turki+woman+married+to&pg=PA245 |year=2007 |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-8129-7639-7 |pages=245–}}</ref> chiefly in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with which most of her books are connected.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} She grew deeply interested in native Indian life and began to urge educational reforms on the government of India. Mrs Steel herself became an Inspectress of Government and Aided Schools in the Punjab and also worked with [[John Lockwood Kipling]], [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s father, fostering Indian cooking.<ref>{{Cite wikisource |The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Steel, Mrs. Flora Annie}}</ref> When her husband's health was weak, Flora Annie Steel took over some of his responsibilities.

She died at her daughter's house in [[Minchinhampton]], [[Gloucestershire]] on 12 April 1929.<ref>Orlando. [http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=steefl Retrieved 31 October 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924092920/http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=steefl |date=24 September 2019 }}</ref> Her biographers include [[Violet Powell]]<ref name=Mannsaker1982>{{Cite journal |last=Mannsaker |first=Frances M. |title=''Flora Annie Steel, Novelist of India'' by Violet Powell |journal=Victorian Studies |date=Autumn 1982 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=105–106 |jstor=3827506}}</ref><ref name=Powell1981>{{Cite book |author=Violet Powell |title=Flora Annie Steel, Novelist of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUVbAAAAMAAJ |date=May 1981 |publisher=Heinemann|isbn=9780434599578 }}</ref> and Daya Patwardhan.<ref name=Parry1967>{{Cite journal |last=Parry |first=Benita |title=''A Star of India: Flora Annie Steel, Her Works and Times'' by Daya Patwardhan |journal=The Modern Language Review |date=April 1967 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=324–325 |doi=10.2307/3723865 |jstor=3723865}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Daya Patwardhan |title=A Star of India: Flora Annie Steel, Her Works and Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRVKAAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Sole agents: A. V. Griha Prakashan, Poona}}</ref>

==Writing==
Flora was interested in relating to all classes of [[Culture of India|Indian society]]. The birth of her daughter gave her a chance to interact with local women and learn their language. She encouraged the production of local handicrafts and collected folk-tales, a collection of which she published in 1894.

Her interest in schools and the education of women gave her insight into native life and character.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} A year before leaving India, she co-authored and published ''[[The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook]]'', which gave detailed directions to European women on all aspects of household management in India.

In 1889 the family moved back to Britain, and she continued her writing there. Some of her best work, according to the [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']], is contained in two collections of her short stories, ''From the Five Rivers'' and ''Tales of the Punjab''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

She also wrote a popular history of India.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} John F. Riddick describes Steel's ''The Hosts of the Lord'' as one of the "three significant works" produced by [[Anglo-Indian]] writers on Indian missionaries, along with ''The Old Missionary'' (1895) by [[William Wilson Hunter]] and ''Idolatry'' (1909) by [[Alice Perrin]].<ref name="Riddick2006">{{Cite book |author=John F. Riddick |title=The History of British India: A Chronology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&pg=PA179 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32280-8 |pages=179}}</ref> Among her other literary associates in India was [[Bithia Mary Croker]].<ref>[[Douglas Sladen]]: "Lady Authors", in: ''Twenty Years of My Life'' (London: Constable, 1915), p. 120 ff.</ref>

==Bibliography==
[[File:STEEL(1894) Tales of the Punjab (15628450798).jpg|thumbnail|''Tales of the Punjab'' (1894), illustrated by John Lockwood Kipling]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*''Wide Awake Stories'' (1884)
*''From the Five Rivers'' (1893)
*''Miss Stuart's Legacy'' (1893)
*''Tales of the Punjab'' (1894)
*''The Flower of Forgiveness'' (1894)
*''The Potter's Thumb'' (1894)
*''Red Rowans'' (1895)
*''[[On the Face of the Waters]]'' (1896)
*''In the Permanent Way, and Other Stories'' (1897)
*''In the Tideway'' (1897)
*''[[The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook]]'' (1888)
*''The Hosts of the Lord'' (1900)<ref>{{Cite journal |title=''The Hosts of the Lord'' by Flora Annie Steel |journal=The Sewanee Review |date=January 1901 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=101–102 |jstor=27528148}}</ref>
*''Voices in the Night'' (1900)
*''In the Guardianship of God'' (1903)
*''A Book of Mortals'' (1905)
*''India'' (1905)
*''A Sovereign Remedy'' (1906)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Willcox |first=Louise Collier |title=''A Sovereign Remedy'' by Flora Annie Steel |journal=The North American Review |date=April 19, 1907 |volume=184 |issue=613 |pages=861–863 |jstor=25105855}}</ref>
*''A Prince of Dreamers'' (1908)
*''India through the ages; a popular and picturesque history of Hindustan'' (1908)
*''King-Errant'' (1912)
*''The Adventures of Akbar'' (1913)
*''The Mercy of the Lord'' (1914)
*''Marmaduke'' (1917)
*''Mistress of Men'' (1918)
*''[[English Fairy Tales]]'' (1918)
*''A Tale of Indian Heroes'' (1923)
*"Lâl"
*''A Cookery Book''
*''Late Tales''
*''The Curse of Eve''
*''The Gift of the Gods''
*''The Law of the Threshold''
*''The Woman Question''
*''The Garden Of Fidelity: Being The Autobiography Of Flora Annie Steel 1847–1929''<ref name="spectator">{{cite web |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/23rd-november-1929/39/flora-annie-steel |title=Flora Annie Steel |publisher=The Spectator Archive |date=23 November 1929 |access-date=28 November 2014 |author=Meston |pages=39}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Steel, Flora Annie|volume=25|page=861}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |voy=no |wikt=no |v=no |n=no |b=no|author=no}}
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooksby=yes |viaf=211452326}}
*{{Gutenberg author |id=1973|name=Flora Annie Webster Steel}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Flora Annie Steel}}
*{{Librivox author |id=3527}}
*[https://www.greatwartheatre.org.uk/db/script/1875/ Play 'Grand-dad' by Steel on Great War Theatre]

{{Victorian children's literature}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Steel, Flora Annie}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Wembley]]
[[Category:Writers from the London Borough of Brent]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century English historians]]
[[Category:19th-century English short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English short story writers]]
[[Category:19th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:English tax resisters]]
[[Category:Feminism in India]]
[[Category:English women historians]]

Great Living Chola Temples

2026-01-19T03:22:12Z

LolitasErurf: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = A collage of Great living Chola temples UNESCO heritage site.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Scenes from the three temples
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| includes = [[Brihadisvara Temple|The Brihadisvara Temple Complex, Thanjavur]] [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|The Brihadisvara Temple Complex, Gangaikondacholapuram]] [[Airavatesvara Temple|The Airavatesvara Temple Complex, Darasuram]]
| ID = 250bis
| coordinates = {{coord|10|46|59|N|79|07|57|E|region:IN|display=title, inline|format=dms}}
| year = 1986
| extension = 2004
| area = {{convert|21.88|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|16.715|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| locmapin = India#Tamil Nadu
| map_caption =
| WHS = Great Living Chola Temples
| Criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)}}(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
}}
The '''Great Living Chola Temples''' is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] designation for a group of three [[Chola dynasty]] era [[Hindu temple]]s in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple at [[Thanjavur]] was added in the list in 1987, while the other two temples were added in 2004.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 |title=Great Living Chola Temples |access-date=6 November 2010 |publisher=World Heritage: Unesco.org}}</ref>

Completed between early 11th and the 12th century CE, the monuments include:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/945rev.pdf |title=Great Living Chola Temples |access-date=6 November 2010 |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref>

* [[Brihadisvara Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]], built by [[Rajaraja I]].
* [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara Temple]] at [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], built by [[Rajendra Chola I]].
* [[Airavatesvara Temple]] at [[Darasuram]], built by [[Rajaraja II]].

== World Heritage Site recognition ==
The Temple Complex at [[Thanjavur]] was recognised in 1987. The Temple Complex at [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] and the Airavatesvara Temple Complex were added as extensions to the site in 2004. The criteria for inclusion in the "Great Living Chola Temples" site are:
* Criterion (i): The three [[Chola]] temples of Southern India represent an outstanding creative achievement in the architectural conception of the pure form of the Dravidan type of temple.
* Criterion (ii): The [[Brihadisvara Temple]] at Thanjavur became the first great example of the Chola temples, followed by a development of which the other two properties also bear witness.
* Criterion (iii): The three Great Chola Temples are an exceptional and the most outstanding testimony to the development of the architecture of the Chola Empire and the [[Tamil civilization]] in Southern India.
* Criterion (iv): The Great Chola temples at Thanjavur, at Gangaikondacholapuram and Darasuram are outstanding examples of the architecture and the representation of the Chola ideology.

== Temples ==
Thanjavur is about {{convert|340|km}} southwest of [[Chennai]]. Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Darasuram are respectively about {{convert|70|km}} and about {{convert|40|km}} to its northeast.

{{Location map+ | Tamil Nadu
| width = 300
| float = center
| relief = 1
| caption = Location of Chola temples in the UNESCO world heritage site.
| AlternativeMap = India Tamil Nadu location map.svg
| places =
{{Location map~ | Tamil Nadu
| label = Thanjavur
| position = bottom
| mark = Tamil Om.svg
| marksize = 10
| lat_deg = 10.782778
| lon_deg = 79.131667 }}
{{Location map~ | Tamil Nadu
| label = Gangaikonda Cholapuram
| position = top
| mark = Tamil Om.svg
| marksize = 10
| lat_deg = 11.206233
| lon_deg = 79.448889 }}
{{Location map~ | Tamil Nadu
| label = Darasuram
| position = right
| mark = Tamil Om.svg
| marksize = 10
| lat_deg = 10.948411
| lon_deg = 79.356708 }}
{{Location map~ | Tamil Nadu
| label = Chennai
| position = left
| mark = Cyan pog.svg
| lat_deg = 13.083333
| lon_deg = 80.266667 }}
{{Location map~ | Tamil Nadu
| label = Madurai
| position = right
| mark = Cyan pog.svg
| lat_deg = 9.9
| lon_deg = 78.1 }}
{{Location map~ | Tamil Nadu
| label = Bengaluru
| position = right
| mark = Cyan pog.svg
| lat_deg = 12.966667
| lon_deg = 77.566667 }}
{{Location map~ | Tamil Nadu
| label = Coimbatore
| position = right
| mark = Cyan pog.svg
| lat_deg = 11.01833
| lon_deg = 76.97250 }}
}}

=== Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur ===
{{main|Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur}}
[[File:Brihadisvara Temple - Thanjavur peruvudaiyar kovil ttkcvrvb122k23iph (588).jpg|thumb|Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur]]
The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]].<ref name=britbrihadthanj>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Thanjavur-India Thanjavur], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name=asibrihadthanj/> It is one of the largest South Indian temples and an exemplary example of fully realized [[Tamil architecture]].<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India, a History |publisher=[[Harper Collins Publishers]] |location=New York, United States |isbn=0-00-638784-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |pages=xix}}</ref> Built by [[Raja Raja Chola I]] between 1003 and 1010 AD. The original monuments of this 11th century temple were built around a moat. It included gopura, the main temple, its massive tower, inscriptions, frescoes and sculptures predominantly related to [[Shaivism]], but also of [[Vaishnvaism]] and [[Shaktism]] traditions of [[Hinduism]]. The temple was damaged in its history and some artwork is now missing. Additional mandapam and monuments were added in centuries that followed. The temple now stands amidst fortified walls that were added after the 16th century.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=1-21}}<ref name=michell16>{{cite book|first=George |last=Michell |date=2008 |title=Architecture and art of Southern India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=16–21, 89–91}}</ref>

Built out of granite, the [[vimana (architectural feature)|vimanam]] tower above the sanctum is one of the tallest in South India.<ref name=asibrihadthanj>{{cite web|title=The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp}}</ref> The temple has a massive colonnaded prakara (corridor) and one of the largest Shiva linga in India.<ref name=asibrihadthanj/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=20-21}} It is also famed for the quality of its sculpture, as well as being the location that commissioned the brass [[Nataraja]] – Shiva as the lord of dance, in 11th century. The complex includes shrines for [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]], Amman, Subrahmanyar, Ganesha, Sabhapati, Dakshinamurti, Chandesrvarar, Varahi and others.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=1-26}} The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Gopal 1990 185">{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/185 185]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

=== Brihadisvara Temple in Gangaikonda Cholapuram ===
{{main|Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram}}
[[File:Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Brihadisvara Temple in Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
The Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram is a Hindu temple located at Gangaikonda Cholapuram about {{convert|70|km}} from the Thanjavur Brihadisvara Temple. This temple was completed in 1035 AD by [[Rajendra Chola I]] as a part of his new capital, this Chola dynasty era temple is similar in design and has a similar name as the 11th century, and sometimes just called the Gangaikondacholapuram temple.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=241-245}}<ref name=asigcbt/>{{sfn|Michell|1988|p=4, 51-53, 145}}

It is dedicated to Shiva and based on a square plan, but the temple reverentially displays Vaishnavism, Shaktism and syncretic equivalence themes of Hinduism with statues of Vishnu, Durga, Surya, Harihara, Ardhanishvara, and others.<ref name=asigcbt>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp Great Living Chola Temples], Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India</ref><ref name=ayyar291>PV Jagadisa Ayyar (1993), South Indian Shrines, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|81-206-0151-3}}, pages 291-295</ref>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=241-249}} In addition to the main shrine with linga, the temple complex has a number of smaller shrines, gopura, and other monuments, with some partially ruined or restored in later centuries. The temple is famed for its bronze sculptures, artwork on its walls, the Nandi and the scale of its curvilinear tower.<ref name=asigcbt/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=243-249}}<ref name=unesco>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/ |title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher= UNESCO World Heritage Centre|year=2004}}</ref>

=== Airavatesvara Temple ===
{{main|Airavatesvara Temple}}
[[File:Airavatesvara Temple, Dharasuram, Kumbakonam ttkcvrvb122k23iph (586).jpg|thumb|Airavatesvara Temple]]
The Airavatesvara Temple is at [[Darasuram]], in the outskirt of the city of [[Kumbakonam]], completed in 1166 AD.<ref name=michell91>{{cite book|first=George |last=Michell |editor-first1=Julia A. B. |editor-last1=Hegewald |editor-first2=Subrata K. |editor-last2=Mitra |title=Re-Use-The Art and Politics of Integration and Anxiety |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZqHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |year=2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0981-5 |pages=91–93}}</ref> It is one among a cluster of eighteen medieval era large Hindu temples in the [[Kumbakonam]] area.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1992]], pp. 349-350</ref> The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It also reverentially displays Vaishnavism and Shaktism traditions of Hinduism, along with the legends associated with sixty three [[Nayanars]] – the [[Bhakti movement]] saints of Shaivism.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1979|pp=225-245}}<ref name="Harle1994p318">{{cite book|first=James C. |last=Harle |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/318 318]}}</ref><ref name="Dehejia2010p106">{{cite book|first=Vidya |last=Dehejia |title=Art of the Imperial Cholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC |year=2010 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-51524-5 |pages=106–115}}</ref>

Named after Airavata, Indra's white elephant, the Airavatesvara Temple is part of the Great Living Chola Temples, a group of three major Chola-era temples in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the last of the three temples built under successive Chola rulers, beginning with Rajaraja I, and was constructed by Rajaraja II around c. 1150 CE. The temple is noted for the Rajagambhira Thirumandapam ("Royal Courtyard"), which features intricately carved pillars, long granite steps, and stone chariots drawn by horses. The site is located at Darasuram, near Kumbakonam.

The stone temple incorporates a chariot structure, and includes major Vedic and Puranic deities such as Indra, [[Agni]], [[Varuna]], [[Vayu]], Brahma, Surya, Vishnu, Saptamtrikas, Durga, Saraswati, Sri Devi (Lakshmi), Ganga, Yamuna, Subrahmanya, Ganesha, Kama, Rati and others.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1979|pp=225-234}} The temple was much larger and once had seven courtyards according to inscriptions. Only one courtyard survives; parts of the temple such as the gopuram are in ruins, and the main temple and the main temple and associated shrines stand alone.<ref name=ayyar351>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1993]], p. 351</ref> The temple continues to attract large gatherings of Hindu pilgrims every year.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1992]], pp. 350-351</ref>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1979|pp=225-234}}<ref>{{cite book|first1=Pratapaditya |last1=Pal |first2=Stephen P. |last2=Huyler |first3=John E. |last3=Cort |display-authors=etal |title=Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |year=2016 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-28847-8 |page=65}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180" caption="Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur">
File:Thanjavur, Brihadishwara Temple (7013915633).jpg|View of the [[vimana|Śrī Vimāna]] of the Thanjavur Temple
File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 086.jpg|The granite [[gopuram]] (tower) of the Thanjavur Temple
File:Thanjavur brihadeeswarar temple.jpg|Temple entrance gopurams at Thanjavur
File:An elephant relief on the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur.jpg|An elephant relief on the Thanjavur temple
File:Sanskrit written on the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur.jpg|Tamil written on the Thanjavur Temple
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180" caption="Brihadisvara Temple in Gangaikonda Cholapuram">
File:Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple entrance.jpg|The entrance leads into a grand complex
File:Back view of Raja gopuram.jpg|The pyramidal structure above the sanctum at the Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
File:Gangaikonda Cholapuram-Temple-WUS02583.jpg|[[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]]
File:Gangaikonda cholapuram sculptures 06.jpg|[[Ardhanarishvara]] (half Shiva, half Parvati): sculpture at Gangaikonda Cholapuram
File:Chola sculpture.jpg|Stone sculpture at Gangaikonda Cholapuram
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180" caption="Airavatesvara Temple">
File:A Dravidian architecture Pillar in Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram @ Thanjavur district..JPG|A pillar in Dravidian architectural-style in Airavatesvara Temple
File:Chariot detail, Airavatesvara, Tamil Nadu.jpg|Chariot detail of the Airavatesvara Temple
File:Darasuram, Airavatesvara Temple, Mandapa at night, India.jpg|Altar
File:Darasuram, Airavatesvara Temple, Inner halls, India.jpg|Pillars
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Ayyar |first= P.V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |year=1993 |isbn=81-206-0151-3 |ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaitanya |first=Krishna |title=Arts of India |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1987 |ref=Chaitanya}}
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Richard |title=Lives of Indian images |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton, N.J |year=1997 |isbn=0-691-00520-6 |ref=Davis |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofindianima0000davi}}
* {{cite book |author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam |title=Later Chola Temples |publisher=Thomson Press |year=1979 |oclc=6921015}}
* {{cite book |author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam |title=Middle Chola Temples |publisher=Thomson Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-9060236079}}
* {{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1988 |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-53230-5}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Great living Chola temples}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 UNESCO's World Heritage Site] listing the Chola temples

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Granite buildings]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1935

2026-01-14T10:16:23Z

LolitasErurf: created new biography

{{Short description|none}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in 1935.

==A-Z of films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes/music
|-
|''Abasheshe'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Dineshranjan Das || [[Pramathesh Barua]], [[Molina Devi]] || [[Family film]] ||
|-
|''Basabdatta''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Satish Dasgupta || [[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], [[Kanan Devi]] || Family film ||
|-
|''[[Bhagya Chakra]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Nitin Bose]] || [[Pahari Sanyal]], Indu Mukhopadhyay || Family film ||
|-
|''Bidrohi''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Dhirendranath Gangopadhyay]] || [[Ahindra Choudhury]], [[Anupam Ghatak]] || Family film ||
|-
|''Bidyasundar''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Priyanath Gangopadhyay||Ranibala, Lalit Mitra|| Family film ||
|-
|''[[Biraha]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Tinkari Chakraborty|| Tinkari Chakraborty, Ranibala|| Family film ||
|-
|''[[Devdas (1935 film)|Devdas]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Pramathesh Barua]] || [[K. L. Saigal]], [[Pramathesh Barua]] || Family film ||
|-
|''Debdasi''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Prafulla Ghosh]] || [[Ahindra Choudhury]], Indu Mukhopadhyay || Family film ||
|-
|''Dikdari'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Jyotish Mukhopadhyay || Ranjit Roy, [[Tulsi Lahiri]] || Family film ||
|-
|''Harishchandra''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Prafulla Ghosh]] || Bhanu Ray, Bhaskar Deb || Family film ||
|-
|''Kanthahar''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Jyotish Bandyopadhyay||[[Ahindra Choudhury]], Jahar Gangopadhyay||Family film ||
|-
|''Khasdakhal''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Rameshchandra Dutta||Indu Mukhopadhyay, [[Renuka Ray]] || Family film ||
|-
|''[[Manmoyee Girls' School]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Jyotish Bandyopadhyay||Jahar Gangopadhyay, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]] || Family film ||
|-
|''Mantrashakti''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Satu Sen||Jahar Gangopadhyay, Manoranjan Bhattacharya || Family film ||
|-
|''Monikanchan Part-II'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Tulsi Lahiri]] ||Ranibala, Sishubala|| Family film ||
|-
|''Nari Pragati'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Tulsi Lahiri]] || || Family film ||
|-
|''[[Patalpuri]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Priyanath Gangopadhyay||Jiban Gangopadhyay, Tinkari Chakraborty || Family film ||
|-
|''Payer Dhulo''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Jyotish Mukhopadhyay||Jahar Gangopadhyay, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay||Family film||
|-
|''Phantom Of Calcutta''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Anandamohan Ray||Santosh Sinha, Anandamohan Ray|| Family film ||
|-
|''Prafulla''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Tinkari Chakraborty|| [[Ahindra Choudhury]], Jahar Gangopadhyay|| Family film ||
|-
|''Ratkana'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Jatin Das||Krishnadhan Mukhopadhyay, Ranjit Roy|| Family film ||
|-
|''Sanjher Pidim'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| || || Family film ||
|-
|''[[Satya Pathe]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Amar Chowdhury]] || Jahar Gangopadhyay, [[Amar Chowdhury]] || Family film ||
|-
|''Shesh Patra'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Kalipada Das]] ||Lalit Mitra, Bhola Mitra|| Family film ||
|-
|''Sudurer Priya'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| || || Family film ||
|-
|''Swayambara''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||K. Bhushan||Lalit Mitra, Bhumen Roy|| Family film ||
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Harishchandra.jpg|''Harishchandra''
Image:Dena_paona_1931.jpg|A scene from ''[[Dena Paona (film)|Dena Paona]]'', 1931, the first Bengali talkie
Image:Devdas35.jpg|''Devdas''
Image:Pramathesh Barua and Jamuna Barua in Devdas, 1935.jpg|''Devdas''
Image:1931_Alam_arya.jpg|''Alam Arya''
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* ''[[Bengali Film Directory]]'' – edited by Ansu Sur, [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]], [[Calcutta]], 1999

{{1935 films}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1935}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1935]]
[[Category:Lists of 1935 films by language]]
[[Category:1935 in Indian cinema|Films, Bengali]]

Jete Nahi Dibo (film)

2026-01-10T05:46:05Z

LolitasErurf: starting first info added tags - done

{{short description|Bengali romantic-drama film directed by Raj Chakraborty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox film
| name = Jete Nahi Dibo
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Prabir Roy]]
| producer = Royz Media and Entertainment
| screenplay = Ashok Roy
| starring = Sujan Mukherjee, Dulal Lahiri, Sudip Sarkar, Swastika Dutta, Mallika Sinha Roy, Debraj Roy, Rahul Burman, Anindo Sarkar
| music = Diptesh Pradipta
| cinematography = Arindam Bhattacharjee
| editing = Joydeep Mukherjee
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2023|9|1}}
| country = [[India]]
| runtime = 116 Minutes
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|1.55|c}}
| gross =
}}

'''''Jete Nahi Dibo''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] docu-feature directed by [[Prabir Roy]] under the banner Royz Media and Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jete-nahi-dibo-the-documentary-feature-on-uttam-kumar-to-release-on-september-3/articleshow/65400262.cms|title='Jete Nahi Dibo' The documentary-feature on Uttam Kumar|website=The Times of India|date=14 August 2018}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The “Docu-Feature” is narrated from Abir (''played by Sudip Sarkar'') and Ushahi's (''played by Swastika Dutta'') perspective, who are portrayed in the film to be very close to [[Uttam Kumar]] throughout 70's era until his death. They spent several hours with Uttam Kumar and others associated with the actor's family and friends. The actor's philosophy of life, his acting and struggle are showcased in this docu-feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/uttam-kumar-s-life-has-many-inspiring-stories-apart-from-scandals|title=Uttam Kumar's life has many 'inspiring stories' apart from 'scandals'|website=The Quint|date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

==Controversy==
The film became controversial during its proposed release. Family members of the actor opposed its release and moved to court. The film received an injunction and was barred from its scheduled release of 22 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/family-dont-want-film-on-uttam-kumars-life/articleshow/72135836.cms|title=Family raises concern on film 'Jete Nahi Dibo'|website=Ei Samay|date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/how-can-they-release-a-film-on-uttam-kumar-without-seeking-our-nod/articleshow/72162729.cms|title=How can they release without our nod?|website=Times of India|date=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/alipur-court-issues-stay-order-on-uttamkumars-documentary-by-prabir-roy-jete-nahi-dibo-163226/|title='Jete Nahi Dibo' receives stay order|website=Indian Express Bengali|date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released in Indian theaters on September 1, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jete Nahi Dibo (2023) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kheda |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kheda/jete-nahi-dibo/ET00116880?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11354418}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

2022 Bengaluru Open

2026-01-02T21:34:52Z

LolitasErurf:

{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2022|Bengaluru Open|
| date= 7–13 February
| edition=5th
| draw=32S / 16D
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| location=[[Bangalore]], India
| champs={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tseng Chun-hsin]]
| champd={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
| before_year=2020
| after_name=Bengaluru Open II
| after_year=2022
}}
The '''2022 [[Bengaluru Open]]''' was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the [[2022 ATP Challenger Tour]]. It took place in [[Bangalore]], India from 7 to 13 February 2022.

==Singles main-draw entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|CZE}}
|[[Jiří Veselý]]
|80
|1
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Stefano Travaglia]]
|93
|2
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Aleksandar Vukic]]
|140
|3
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Hugo Grenier]]
|158
|4
|-
|{{flag|TUR}}
|[[Altuğ Çelikbilek]]
|161
|5
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Enzo Couacaud]]
|162
|6
|-
|<s>{{flag|SWE}}</s>
|<s>[[Elias Ymer]]</s>
|<s>163</s>
|<s>7</s>
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Federico Gaio]]
|174
|8
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 31 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles|title=Rankings | Singles | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref>

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-03|title=Bengaluru Open 2022: Myneni gets wildcard for Bengaluru Open|url=https://www.insidesport.in/bengaluru-open-2022-saketh-myneni-gets-wildcard-for-bengaluru-open-atp-challenger/|publisher=InsideSport|agency=PTI|access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Rishi Reddy

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Antoine Bellier]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gabriel Décamps]]
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Borna Gojo]]
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Malek Jaziri]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rio Noguchi]]

The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Steven Diez]]

==Champions==
===Singles===
{{main|2022 Bengaluru Open – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Tseng Chun-hsin]]''' def. {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Borna Gojo]] 6–4, 7–5.

===Doubles===
{{main|2022 Bengaluru Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Saketh Myneni]]''' / {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]''' def. {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier]] / {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alexandre Müller]] 6–3, 6–2.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2022 ATP Challenger Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengaluru Open, 2022}}
[[Category:2022 ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2022]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian tennis]]
[[Category:February 2022 sports events in India]]

List of Punjabi films of 2012

2025-12-10T01:22:32Z

LolitasErurf: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Short description|none}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Punjabi film list}}
This is a list of [[Punjabi Cinema|Panjabi films]] of 2012.

==List of films==
{| class="wikitable"
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Release date !! Producer
!Ref.
|-
|''[[Pure Punjabi]]''|| [[Munish Sharma]] || Karan Kundra, Manjot Singh, Nav Bajwa, Kanwar Zorawar Singh, Sangram Singh, Dhriti Saharan, Deepak Raja, Sukhbir Singh, Narinder Jattu, Paramjot Singh, Harpal Singh|| Comedy || 13 January 2012 || Batra Showbiz and Kapil Batra Production in association with Sandal Production Calgary
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Sharma|first=Munish|title=Pure Punjabi|date=2012-01-13|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2187047/|accessdate=2016-11-25}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi]]'' || Ravinder Peepat || Tarun Khanna, Neeru Bajwa, Rana Jung Bahadur, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Rana Ranveer, Harry Josh, Amar Noorie || Drama || 17 February 2012 || Kapil Batra Films Production House
|
|-
|''[[Rehmataan]]''|| [[Rajveer Singh Maan]] || Deep Dhillon. Jasmine Jassi, Gurvinder Brar, Gugu Gill, Sukhbir Razia, Surinder Shinda, Sukhjinder Shera || Drama || 16 March 2012 || BAM ARTS
|
|-
|''[[Mirza – The Untold Story]]'' || Baljit Singh Deo || Gippy Grewal, Mandy Takhar, Rahul Dev, Binnu Dhillon || Action/Romance || 6 April 2012 || Inda Raikoti & Aman Khatkar
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Deo|first=Baljit Singh|title=Mirza: The Untold Story|date=2012-04-06|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2357211/|accessdate=2016-11-25}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Taur Mittran Di]]'' || Navaniat Singh || Arminder, Ranvijay Singh, Surveen, Amita Pathak, Mukesh Rishi|| || 11 May 2012|| Eros Entertainment & Jimmy Sheirgill Productions
|
|-
|''[[Aappan Pher Milange]]'' || Ravinder Ravi || Gracy Singh, Jas Dhillon, Vishal Karwal, Kanwaljit Singh, Amar Noorie, Girija Shankar, Jaswinder Bhalla, Smita Jayker, Parmod Pabbi, Mani Kapoor, Sudesh Dhiman, Jatinder Suri|| || 25 May 2012||JLPL FILMS PVT. LTD.
|
|-
|''[[Rahe Chardi Kala Punjab Di]]'' || Shapinder Saini || Shakti Kapoor, Sharad Saxena, Prabhleen Sandhu, Dakshh Ajit Singh, Jimmy Sharma, Sapna Thakur|| ||25 May 2012 ||Jasvir Singh Sidhu
|
|-
|''[[Kabaddi Once Again]]'' || Sukhminder Dhanjal||Varinder Singh, Sudeepa Singh, Jaswinder Bhalla, Nachhatar Gill, Binu Dhillon, Rana Jung Bahadur, Rana Ranbir, Amar Noorie || Sports|| 8 June 2012|| Harjinder Singh Dhanoa
|
|-
|''[[Desi Romeos]]'' || Ishafaq Khan ||Babbu Mann, Harjit Harman, Bhupinder Gill, Jasprem Dhillon, Shilpa Dhar, Bittu, Mitesh, Ravi Bal || || 15 June 2012|| Maan Films
|
|-
|''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' || Anurag Singh || Diljit Singh Dosanjh, Neeru Bajwa, Jaswinder Bhalla, BN Sharma, Rana Ranbir, Karamjeet Anmol, Sari Mercer, Upasana Singh ||Romantic Comedy || 29 June 2012|| [[Gunbir Singh Sidhu]], Darshan Grewal (Grewalz Cine Corp & Speed Records)
|
|-
|''Yaraan Naal Baharaan 2'' || Samit Brar || Rajwinder Sumal, Rishita Monga, Vikramjeet Virk, Shivindera Mahal, Yograj Singh, Balwinder Kaur (Beggowal), Jitendra Rose Kaur, Aman Sutdhar, Parminder Gill, Prince Kawaljeet Singh, Rakesh Dhawan|| || 13 July 2012 || Dreamers Production
|
|-
|''[[Carry On Jatta]]'' || Smeep Kang || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Mahie Gill]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[B.N. Sharma]], Karamjit Anmol, [[Rana Ranbir]], [[Khushboo Grewal]]|| Comedy||27 July 2012 ||Sippy Grewal, Pushpinder Happy, Sukha Singh, Semi Dhaliwal
|
|-
|''[[Sirphire]]'' || Harjit Singh Ricky ||Preet Harpal, Monica Bedi, Priyanshu Chatterjee, Gurleen Chopra, Roshan Prince, Karamjeet Anmol || || 10 August 2012|| Gurpreet Singh Sidhu
|
|-
|''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'' (Alms for a Blind Horse) || Gurvinder Singh||Samuel John, Mal Singh, Serbjeet Kaur, Dharminder Kaur, Emmanuel Singh, Kulwindeer Kaur, Lakha Singh, Gurinder Makna ||Critically Acclaimed || 10 August 2012 (Theatrical release) ||National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC)
|
|-
|''[[Yaar Pardesi]]'' || Gurbir Singh Grewal ||Claudia Ciesla, Vandana Singh, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Dhanveer Singh, Navdeep Kaler, Binnu Dhillon, B.N. Sharma, Raghveer Boli, Tarsinder Singh, Anita Meet, Anita Shabdeesh, Sanjeev Rai, Rupinder Barnala || ||24 August 2012 || AVI FILMS ENTERPRISES
|
|-
|''[[Raula Pai Gaya]]''||[[Atharv Baluja]] ||[[Ravinder Grewal]], [[Surbhi Jyoti]], Kartar Cheema, [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[BN Sharma]], Maninder Velly, Parjesh Kapil || Comedy || 31 August 2012 || [[Ravinder Grewal]]
|
|-
|''[[Ajj De Ranjhe]]'' || Manmohan Singh||Aman Dhaliwal, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Kim Verma, Gurleen Chopra, Rana Ranbir, Deep Dhillon || ||7 September 2012 ||Punjaab Movies International in association with Reliance Entertainment
|
|-
|''[[Pinky Moge Wali]]'' ||[[Vikram Dhillon]] ||Gavie Chahal, Neeru Bajwa, Geeta Zaildaar, KS Makhan, B. N. Sharma, Rana Jung Bahadur, Harpal Singh, Avtar Gill, Shavinder Mahal|| || 28 September 2012||Kapil Batra Production House Pvt Ltd
|
|-
|''[[Saadi Wakhri Hai Shaan]]'' ||Gurbir Singh Grewal ||Sangram Singh, Mandy Takhar, Binnu Dhillon, Rana Ranbir, Shivendra Mahal, Harpal SinghGurpreet Ratole, Mannu Sandhu (Miss Canada Runner Up), Tarsinder Thind, Anita Meet, Dharminder Grewal, Abhiroy Cheema, Amrik Mangat || ||12 October 2012 ||Dr Inderroop Singh Ghuman, Dr Sukhpal Singh Mangat, Mr Bikramjit Singh Gill
|
|-
|''[[Burrraah]]'' || Hemant Sagar Sharma ||Mukul Dev, Yuvraj Hans, Harish Verma, Veer Vashisht, Deep Joshi, Manav Vij, Bikramjit Randhawa, BN Sharma || || 19 October 2012 ||diy Entertainment
|
|-
|''[[Power Cut]]''||Jaspal Bhatti || Jaspal Bhatti, Jaswinder Bhalla, Prem Chopra, BN Sharma, Gurchet Chitrakar, Savita Bhatti, Surilie Gautam, Jasraj Singh Bhatti|| || 26 October 2012||Mad Arts, Jaspal Bhatti Film School
|
|-
|''[[Dil Tainu Karda Ae Pyar]]'' || Ajay Pannalal ||Gulzar Inder Chahal, Neetu Singh, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Kanwaljeet Singh, || Romantic Comedy|| 2 November 2012 || Gulzar Inder Singh Chahal, Kinsis Filmss
|
|-
|''Meri Chargay Jawani Sohniyeh''||Daljit Singh Baath||[[Surjit Khan]], [[Baljit Malwa]]|| ||23 November 2012|| ||
|-
|''[[Munde Patiala De]]'' || Mohan Sharma|| Gaurav Kakkar, Rahul Kalra, Surbhi Jyoti, Aman Jot, Binnu Dhillon, Satwant Kaur || Romantic Comedy|| 30 November 2012 ||
|
|-
|''[[Sadi Gali Aaya Karo]]'' || Sunil (Pali) || Anuj Puri, Zoya, Harpal Singh, Nav Bajwa, Priyanka, Razia Sukhbir|| Romance, Drama and Comedy || 14 December 2012 || B.M. Entertainment Company
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?title_type=feature&languages=pa&sort=moviemeter,asc&ref_=tt_dt_dt/ Punjabi films] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of Punjab}}
{{2012 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Films Of 2012}}
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|2012]]
[[Category:Lists of 2012 films by language|Punjabi]]

Darbhanga Municipal Corporation

2025-11-03T09:49:41Z

LolitasErurf: made a entry and citations

{{Short description|Civic body governing Darbhanga, Bihar, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Original research|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Darbhanga Municipal Corporation
|native_name=दरभंगा नगर निगम|native_name_lang=hi| logo_pic =Darbhanga Nagar Nigam.png
| logo_caption = Darbhanga Municipal Corporation
| logo_res = 270px
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1982}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Anjum Ara
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Nazia Hasan
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Rakesh Gupta ([[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]])
| last_election1 = 2022
| meeting_place = Mirzapur, Lal Bagh, [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]] - 846004
| website = {{URL | https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/darbhanga}}
| seats = 48
}}

'''Darbhanga Municipal Corporation''' or '''Darbhanga Nagar Nigam''', is the civic body that governs [[Darbhanga]], a city of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Darbhanga Municipal Corporation consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]], and administers the city's [[infrastructure]], [[public service]]s, and supplies.

==History==
Darbhanga Municipal Corporation was established on August 23, 1982. Darbhanga Municipal Corporation covers 19.18 km2. and is divided into 48 administrative wards.

== Wards ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+
!Zone
!Ward Number
!Ward Name
!Areas Covered
!Assembly Constituency
!Councillor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darbhanga Nagar Nigam Result 2022 Winners List: Check Full List Of Ward Winners In Darbhanga |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/live-darbhanga-nagar-nigam-election-result-2022-phase-2-winners-list-mayor-deputy-mayor-councillor-nagar-nikay-chunav-news-updates-10059279 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.thedailyjagran.com |language=en}}</ref>
!Political Group
|-
|
|1
|
|
|
|Tabassum Khatoon
|
|-
|
|2
|
|
|
|Jayanti Devi
|
|-
|
|3
|
|
|
|Kumkum Kumari
|
|-
|
|4
|
|
|
|Shyam Sharma
|
|-
|
|5
|
|
|
|Puja Mandal
|
|-
|
|6
|
|
|
|Narad Yadav
|
|-
|
|7
|
|
|
|Ishwar Mandal
|
|-
|
|8
|
|
|
|Mithilesh Rai
|
|-
|
|9
|
|
|
|Rakesh Paswan
|
|-
|
|10
|
|
|
|Amrita Jalan
|
|-
|
|11
|
|
|
|Soni East
|
|-
|
|12
|
|
|
|Mukesh Mahasheth
|
|-
|
|13
|
|
|
|Rajeev Singh
|
|-
|
|14
|
|
|
|Rakhi Kumari
|
|-
|
|15
|
|
|
|Suchitra Rani
|
|-
|
|16
|
|
|
|Gaudi Paswan
|
|-
|
|17
|
|
|
|Vikash Kumar
|
|-
|
|18
|
|
|
|Vishwapati Mishra
|
|-
|
|19
|
|
|
|Ravi Mohan
|
|-
|
|20
|
|
|
|Nusrat Praveen
|
|-
|
|21
|
|
|
|Naveen Sinha
|
|-
|
|22
|
|
|
|Rinku Devi
|
|-
|
|23
|
|
|
|Chandni Devi
|
|-
|
|24
|
|
|
|Khalid Uzma
|
|-
|
|25
|
|
|
|Firoz Alam
|
|-
|
|26
|
|
|
|Ajay Mahto
|
|-
|
|27
|
|
|
|Manna Mandal
|
|-
|
|28
|
|
|
|Jyoti Kumari
|
|-
|
|29
|
|
|
|Shabana Khanum
|
|-
|
|30
|
|
|
|Zeenat Praveen
|
|-
|
|31
|
|
|
|Rinku
|
|-
|
|32
|
|
|
|Nikhat Praveen
|
|-
|
|33
|
|
|
|Israt Jahan
|
|-
|
|34
|
|
|
|Poonam Devi
|
|-
|
|35
|
|
|
|Pinky Devi
|
|-
|
|36
|
|
|
|Firdaus
|
|-
|
|37
|
|
|
|Riyasat Ali
|
|-
|
|38
|
|
|
|Nujhat Praveen
|
|-
|
|39
|
|
|
|Shahnaz Praveen
|
|-
|
|40
|
|
|
|Poonam Devi
|
|-
|
|41
|
|
|
|Shankar Prasad Jaiswal
|
|-
|
|42
|
|
|
|Ambika Kumari
|
|-
|
|43
|
|
|
|Nisar Alam
|
|-
|
|44
|
|
|
|Rakesh Roshan
|
|-
|
|45
|
|
|
|Devkrishna Jha
|
|-
|
|46
|
|
|
|Raju Paswan
|
|-
|
|47
|
|
|
|(Elected unopposed)
|
|-
|
|48
|
|
|
|Subhash Kumar Saurabh
|
|}

== Functions ==
Darbhanga Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Da9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Da10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government<ref name="Gi11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gi12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gi13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

== 2022 Elections Results ==

{{Election box begin | title=2022 MCD Elections(Mayor): Darbhanga}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anjum Ara
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes =30,114
|percentage = 24.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dharmsheela Gupta
|party = BJP
|votes =21,380
|percentage = 17.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nirmata Nayak
|party = Independent
|votes =18,483
|percentage = 14.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Madhubala Sinha
|party = Independent
|votes =18,349
|percentage = 14.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anjani Devi
|party = Independent
|votes =11,270
|percentage = 9.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Reeta Singh
|party = Independent
|votes =10,945
|percentage = 8.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Seema Kumari
|party = Independent
|votes =4,723
|percentage = 3.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Meena Kumari
|party = Independent
|votes =3,362
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Radha Devi
|party = Independent
|votes =2,065
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Angoori Khatoon
|party = Independent
|votes =2,008
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Reena Devi
|party = Independent
|votes =1,377
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sangeeta Vihari
|party = Independent
|votes =1,010
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,734|percentage=7.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,23,227|percentage=na|change=na}}
{{Election box win with party link|
|winner=Janata Dal (United)|loser=
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=2022 MCD Elections(Deputy Mayor): Darbhanga}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nazia Hasan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =31,927
|percentage = 25.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Archana Jha
|party = Independent
|votes =28,083
|percentage = 22.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pinki Devi
|party = Independent
|votes =17,072
|percentage = 13.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asha Devi
|party = Independent
|votes =16,236
|percentage = 12.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yamuna Devi
|party = Independent
|votes =9,858
|percentage = 7.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sumitra Devi
|party = Independent
|votes =6,612
|percentage = 5.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Renu Kumari
|party = Independent
|votes =4,766
|percentage = 3.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Zafar Fatma
|party = Independent
|votes =3,847
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sonali Devi
|party = Independent
|votes =3,597
|percentage = 2.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rita Thakur
|party = Independent
|votes =3,029
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,844|percentage=3.07|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,027|percentage=na|change=na}}
{{Election box win with party link|
|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/darbhanga Official Website]

[[Category:Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Bihar]]

South African cricket team in India in 2015–16

2025-09-20T09:01:15Z

LolitasErurf: updated details

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = South African cricket team in India in 2015–16
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 29 September 2015
| to_date = 7 December 2015
| team1_captain = [[Virat Kohli]] (Tests) [[MS Dhoni]] (ODIs, T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Hashim Amla]] (Tests) [[AB de Villiers]] (ODIs) [[Faf du Plessis]] (T20Is)
| no_of_tests = 4
| team1_tests_won = 3
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (266)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[AB de Villiers]] (258)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (31)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Imran Tahir]] (14)
| player_of_test_series = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (255)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[AB de Villiers]] (358)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (7)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (10) [[Dale Steyn]] (10)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[AB de Villiers]] (SA)
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (128)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[JP Duminy]] (98)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (4)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Albie Morkel]] (3) [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] (3)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[JP Duminy]] (SA)
}}

The [[South Africa national cricket team|South African cricket team]] toured [[India]] from 29 September to 7 December 2015.<ref name="Tour">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/903611.html |title=Schedule for South Africa's tour to India announced |access-date=27 July 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> The tour consisted of four [[Test cricket|Test matches]], five [[One Day International]] (ODI) and three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref name="Matches">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/878755.html |title=India build up to World T20 with plenty of matches |access-date=20 May 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> This was the first time a four-match Test series between the two nations has been played in India and the first time that South Africa played a T20I against India in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=India vs South Africa 2015 Schedule|url=http://www.cricketworldcupinformation.com/p/india-vs-south-africa-2015-live.html}}</ref> India won the Test series while South Africa won both the ODI and T20I series.

Starting with this series, all bilateral tours between India and South Africa were called the Mahatma Gandhi-Nelson Mandela series, with the teams playing for the [[Freedom Trophy (cricket)| Freedom Trophy]].<ref name="Freedom">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/915937.html |title=India-South Africa to play Gandhi-Mandela series |access-date=31 August 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite news |title=Jadeja returns for South Africa Tests |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad">{{cite news |title=Tahir, Dane Piedt return to SA Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/919227.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad">{{cite news |title=India pick Gurkeerat for ODIs, Aravind for T20s |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/921989.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad"/>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Varun Aaron]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|
* [[Hashim Amla]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[Temba Bavuma]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
* [[Simon Harmer]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* <s>[[Vernon Philander]]</s>
* [[Dane Piedt]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Stiaan van Zyl]]
* [[Dane Vilas]]([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]<ref name="IndTest"/>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Mohit Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Gurkeerat Singh]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]<ref name="IndTest"/>
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
|
* [[AB de Villiers]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Aaron Phangiso]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* <s>[[Rilee Rossouw]]</s>
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Mohit Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
|
* [[Faf du Plessis]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Eddie Leie]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* <s>[[David Wiese]]</s>
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Albie Morkel]]
|}

South Africa's [[David Wiese]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a fractured hand and was replaced by [[Albie Morkel]].<ref name="SA changes">{{cite news |title=Albie Morkel replaces injured Wiese |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/923561.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Rilee Rossouw]] was ruled out of the ODI series following a stress fracture to his foot and was replaced by [[Khaya Zondo]].<ref name="SA changes"/> [[Harbhajan Singh]] was added to India's ODI squad as [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] sustained a left side strain injury during the first ODI.<ref name="Harbhajan">{{cite news |title=Ashwin suffers side strain, Harbhajan in as cover |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/927867.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> [[JP Duminy]] was ruled out of the last two ODI matches after suffering a hand injury. He was replaced by [[Dean Elgar]]. Duminy is expected to be fit for the Test series.<ref name="Duminy">{{cite news |title=JP Duminy ruled out of last two India ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930677.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Vernon Philander]] was ruled out of the last three Test matches after suffering an ankle injury and was replaced by [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]].<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |title=Kyle Abbott replaces injured Philander |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/939965.html|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Marchant de Lange]] was added to South Africa's Test squad as cover for [[Dale Steyn]].<ref name="Marchant">{{cite news |title=De Lange brought in as cover for Steyn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942445.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Tour matches==
===T20: India A vs South Africans===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 29 September
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA|name=South Africans}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]
| score1 = 189/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[JP Duminy]] 68[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 1/16 (2 overs)
| score2 = 193/2 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 87 (49)
| wickets2 = [[JP Duminy]] 1/22 (2 overs)
| result = India A won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903583.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Palam]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = South Africans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = 12 players per side (11 batting, 11 fielding).
}}

===Two-day: Indian Board President's XI vs South Africans===
{{Test match
| date = 30–31 October
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indian Board President's XI}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA|name=South Africans}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 296 (78.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Lokesh Rahul]] 72 (132)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Simon Harmer]] 3/41 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 302 (69.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 112 (131)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/70 (16 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 92/0 (30 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 49[[not out|*]] (90)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903585.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Subrat Das]] (Ind) and [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Indian Board President's XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = 14 players per side (11 batting, 11 fielding).
}}

==T20I series==

===1st T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date =2 October
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 199/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 106 (66)
| wickets1 = [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 200/3 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[JP Duminy]] 68[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 1/26 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903587.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| motm = [[JP Duminy]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sreenath Aravind]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) became the fastest batsman and also the first Indian batsman to reach 1,000 runs in [[Twenty20 International]]s.<ref name="Kohli-fastest">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/925313.html |title=Most sixes hit in India, and Duminy's fastest fifty |access-date=2 October 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] scored his first century in T20Is and became the first Indian batsman to hit a T20 international century in a losing cause.<ref name="Kohli-fastest"></ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 5 October
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 92 (17.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 22 (24) [[Suresh Raina]] 22 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Albie Morkel]] 3/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 96/4 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[JP Duminy]] 30[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903589.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]] Attendance: 44,790
| umpires = [[C. K. Nandan]] (Ind) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Albie Morkel]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = The crowd started throwing bottles onto the ground during the South African innings and play was held up twice for a total of 51 minutes.<ref name="idiots">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/926377.html |title=Crowd trouble takes centre stage in Cuttack |access-date=5 October 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="BBCSport">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/34449733 |title=India v South Africa T20 match stopped twice after crowd trouble |access-date=6 October 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 8 October
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Match abandoned
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903591.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = No toss.
| rain = The start of the match had to be delayed due to a wet outfield after a spell of localised rain.
| notes = After a final inspection at 21:30 the match was abandoned without a ball bowled.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 October
| time = 09:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 303/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 104[[not out|*]] (73)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 2/47 (10 overs)
| score2 = 298/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 150 (133)
| wickets2 = [[Imran Tahir]] 2/57 (10 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 5 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903593.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| motm = [[AB de Villiers]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
South Africa won the toss and chose to bat first reaching 5/303 in its innings. Three of its top four batsmen — [[Hashim Amla]] (37), [[Faf du Plessis]] (62) and [[AB de Villiers]] — passed thirty runs setting a strong platform, with the latter putting on 65 runs for the sixth wicket [[Farhaan Behardien]] (35 off 19). De Villiers finished unbeaten on 104 off 73 balls, getting to his 21st hundred with a six off the last ball of the innings.

India's reply began strongly before [[Shikhar Dhawan]] lost his wicket in the eighth over. [[Rohit Sharma]] (150 off 133 balls) and [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (60 off 82 balls) put on 149 runs for the second wicket, before the latter was dismissed in the 34th over. Wickets fell at regular intervals henceforth, and India finished five runs short of the target at 7/298 after 50 overs.

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 October
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 247/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 92[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 3/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 225 (43.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 51 (56)
| wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 3/39 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 22 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903595.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] Attendance: 26,832
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| motm = [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
Opting to bat first after winning to toss, India got off to a poor start losing [[Rohit Sharma]] in the second over. After [[Shikhar Dhawan]] was dismissed in the 13th over, wickets kept falling at regular intervals at the other end of [[MS Dhoni]], who finished unbeaten at 92 off 86 balls. With [[Ajinkya Rahane]], the only other batsmen with a half-century (51), India finished its innings at 9/247.

South Africa began its chase well and were placed comfortably at 3/139 after 25 overs. After two wickets fell off consecutive overs, in the 26th and 27th, the lower-middle order and tail failed to get runs. It lost wickets at regular intervals before being dismissed for 225 in the 44th of its innings, with [[Axar Patel]] finishing off with his career-best figures of 3/39, from his 10 overs.

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 October
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 270/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 103 (118)
| wickets1 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 2/62 (9 overs)
| score2 = 252/6 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 77 (99)
| wickets2 = [[Morne Morkel]] 4/39 (10 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 18 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903597.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Niranjan Shah Stadium|Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Morne Morkel]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
South Africa won the toss and chose to bat first. [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] was sent to open the innings for the first time in the series with [[Quinton de Kock]], who put on 72 runs together. de Kock put on 118 runs together with [[Faf du Plessis]] (60 off 63 balls), on course, reaching his hundred off 114 balls. The team finished with 7/270 after 50 overs.

India, chasing 271, began well before losing [[Shikhar Dhawan]] in the 11th over. [[Virat Kohli]] (77 off 99) batted in two notable partnerships — with [[Rohit Sharma]] (65 off 74) for the second wicket and [[MS Dhoni]] (47 off 61) for the third wicket. [[Morne Morkel]] (4/39 off 10 overs) picked up the wickets of Dhoni and Kohli in his 9th and 10th overs, as India's middle order fell, before finishing off at 6/252 after 50 overs.

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 22 October
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 299/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 138 (140)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/54 (10 overs)
| score2 = 264/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[AB de Villiers]] 112 (107)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/68 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 35 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903599.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
India won the toss, chose to bat first compiled a total of 299 losing 8 wickets. [[Rohit Sharma]]'s dismissal in the fifth over brought [[Virat Kohli]] to the crease, who batted in two century partnerships. He put on 104 runs with [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (45 off 53 balls) for the third wicket and 127 with [[Suresh Raina]] (53 off 52 balls) for the fourth wicket. Kohli finished with 138 off 140 balls before being dismissed in the 49th over by [[Kagiso Rabada]], who finished with figures off 3/54 off his 10 overs.

Chasing 300, South Africa lost early wickets, and then at regular intervals, losing 3 wickets for 32 runs between the 10th and 20th over. [[AB de Villiers]] came to the crease on [[Faf du Plessis]]'s dismissal in the 15th over, and brought his hundred up off 98 balls, with a six in the 43rd over. Losing wickets at the other end at regular intervals, his partnership with [[Farhaan Behardien]] of 56 runs was the highest of the South African innings. They finished 9/264 in the 50 overs. With his hundred, his 22nd, de Villiers went past [[Herschelle Gibbs]] and [[Hashim Amla]] as the most hundreds by a South African [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kohli 23, de Villiers 22|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/931961.html|access-date=25 October 2015|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=22 October 2015}}</ref>

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 25 October
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 438/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 133 (115)
| wickets1 = [[Suresh Raina]] 1/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 224 (35.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 87 (58)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 4/41 (6.5 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 214 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903601.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
| motm = [[Quinton de Kock]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
South Africa won the toss and chose to bat first on a flat pitch. It lost its first wicket with [[Hashim Amla]] getting dismissed for 23 in the fourth over. [[Quinton de Kock]] made his second hundred of the series, coming off 78 balls and put on 154 runs with [[Faf du Plessis]] for the second wicket before losing his wicket in the 27th over. du Plessis got his hundred as well off 105 balls before being [[Retired out|retiring]] due to cramps, after scoring 133 from 115 balls. [[AB de Villiers]] batted on and reached his hundred off 57 balls and was dismissed at 119 off 61 balls, before the team completed its innings at 4/438.

Chasing 439, India lost its first wicket in the fifth over and second in the eighth over, before [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (60 off 59) and [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (87 off 58) put on 112 runs for the third wicket. Wickets continued to fall henceforth, before the team was dismissed in the 36th over for 224.

Many records were equaled or broken on course of the match. South Africa's total of 438 was the joint third-highest in ODIs. It was only the second time that three batsmen from the same team scored individual centuries in an ODI innings. [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]'s concession of 106 runs off his ten overs was the second-highest in an ODI. [[Hashim Amla]] became the fastest to reach 6,000 runs in ODIs, in 123 innings.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa at Wankhede: 12 overs, 169 runs|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/933546.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref>

==Test series==
{{main|Freedom Trophy (cricket)}}
===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 5–9 November
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 201 (68 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Murali Vijay]] 75 (136)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dean Elgar]] 4/22 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 184 (68 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 63 (83)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 5/51 (24 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 200 (75.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 77 (153)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Imran Tahir]] 4/48 (16.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 109 (39.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Stiaan van Zyl]] 36 (82)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 5/21 (11.5 overs)

| result = India won by 108 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903603.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (SA) made his Test debut.
}}

On a pitch which looked heavily in favour of spinners, [[Virat Kohli]] won the toss and India elected to bat. Despite a good start and base given by [[Murali Vijay]] and [[Cheteshwar Pujara]], India were bowled out for 201 in their 1st innings. However, the Indian spinners stuck to make sure that South Africa, despite [[AB de Villiers]]'s 63, conceded a lead of 17 runs. India again had a strong foundation laid by Vijay and Pujara after [[Shikhar Dhawan]] picked up a pair. But a collapse of 38/8 meant that South Africa needed 218 to win the Test. The Indian spinners led by [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] and [[Ravindra Jadeja]] bowled South Africa out for 109 to hand India a 108 run victory. The match was the fourth consecutive match in India which finished within three days.<ref name="1stTest">{{cite news |title=Spinners win India another three-day home Test |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/937929.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=7 November 2015 |access-date=7 November 2015 }}</ref>

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 14–18 November
| time =
| team1 = {{cr|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr-rt|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 214 (59 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 85 (105)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 4/50 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 80/0 (22 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 45[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903605.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No play was possible on days 2, 3, 4 and 5 due to rain.
| notes = [[AB de Villiers]] played his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test]].<ref name="AB100">{{cite news |title=Spinners bowl hapless South Africa out for 214 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/940551.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 }}</ref>
* This was the ninth-shortest non-abandoned Test match.<ref name="Ninth">{{cite news |title=Ninth-shortest Test ends in inevitable draw |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/941967.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 }}</ref>
}}
The 2nd Test started with Indian captain [[Virat Kohli]]'s surprise decision to bowl first. India included [[Stuart Binny]] and [[Ishant Sharma]] in place of [[Amit Mishra]] and [[Umesh Yadav]]. The Indian spinners, [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] and [[Ravindra Jadeja]], took 8 wickets between them to dismiss South Africa for 214. Indian openers [[Murli Vijay]] and [[Shikhar Dhawan]] started positively and at the end of Day 1 India was in a strong position. However, strong and persistent rain on next 4 days meant that the match ended in a draw without any further play.

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 25–29 November
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 215 (78.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Murali Vijay]] 40 (84)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Simon Harmer]] 4/78 (27.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 79 (33.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[JP Duminy]] 35 (65)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 5/32 (16.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 173 (46.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 39 (78)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Imran Tahir]] 5/38 (11.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 185 (89.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 39 (152)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 7/66 (29.5 overs)

| result = India won by 124 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903607.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = South Africa's score of 79 all out is the lowest total against India in Tests.<ref name="SA79">{{cite news |title=Spinners raze SA for record-low 79, pitch in focus |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/944179.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=26 November 2015 }}</ref>
}}
India batted first and despite a strong start, a middle-order collapse meant India were all out for 215. The day ended with [[Dean Elgar]] and [[Hashim Amla]] batting. The first session on day 2 changed the game decisively in India's favour after South Africa were reduced to 17/5. Despite a counter-attacking innings from [[JP Duminy]], India bowled them out for 79. The Indian 2nd innings was a repeat of their 1st innings with India suffering a middle-order collapse to be all out for 173, setting South Africa a target of 310 runs. The 2nd day ended with [[Dean Elgar]] and [[Hashim Amla]] batting. The 3rd day of the match was the final day as South Africa, despite a long partnership from captain Amla and [[Faf du Plessis]] were dismissed for 185 with [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] taking seven wickets. The pitch for the match was heavily criticized for offering extreme turn and variable bounce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/944207.html |title='This wicket is diabolical' |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> The pitch was later rated as being poor by the ICC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/946137.html |title=Nagpur pitch rated 'poor' by ICC |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref>

===4th Test===
{{Test match
| date = 3–7 December
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 334 (117.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 127 (215)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]] 5/40 (24.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 121 (49.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 42 (78)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 5/30 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 267/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (100.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 100[[Not out|*]] (206)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Morne Morkel]] 3/51 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 143 (143.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[AB de Villiers]] 43 (297)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 5/61 (49.1 overs)

| result = India won by 337 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903609.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind) scored his first century on home soil and also became the first batsman to score a century in this Test series.
* Ajinkya Rahane also became only the 5th Indian batsman, after [[Vijay Hazare]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Rahul Dravid]] & [[Virat Kohli]], to [[List of cricketers who have scored centuries in both innings of a Test match|score centuries in both innings of a Test match]], and the 81st batsman overall to achieve the feat.
* South Africa's second innings had the second lowest run rate in Test history for a completed innings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lowest run rate in a completed innings|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283119.html|publisher=[[ESPN Cricinfo]]|access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref>
* This was India's biggest win in Tests in terms of runs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Test Cricket India's largest Victories|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=1;id=6;type=team |publisher=[[ESPN Cricinfo]]|access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref>
}}
The fourth and final Test of the series was the only one which went beyond the third day. India again won the toss and chose to bat but a familiar batting collapse took place. However, a 98 run partnership between [[Ajinkya Rahane]] and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] resulted in the first 300 run innings of the series. Rahane scored the first century of the series as well. South Africa's reply was a repeat of their earlier batting collapses, with batsmen after batsmen falling to [[spin bowling]]. India in their 2nd innings on back of second century for Rahane and a fighting 88 from captain [[Virat Kohli]], declared at 267 to set South Africa a target of 481. However, a marathon blockathon from [[Hashim Amla]], [[AB de Villiers]], [[Faf du Plessis]] and [[Temba Bavuma]] could not help South Africa, as India won by 337 runs in the final session of the series. Rahane for his two centuries was named the man of the match, while Ashwin's 31 wickets made him the man of the series. Rahane became only the 5th Indian batsmen to score two centuries in a match while Ashwin's 31 wickets were the second highest for an Indian bowler behind [[Harbhajan Singh]]'s 32 wickets in the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2000–01|2001 series against Australia]].

==Anti-Pakistan protests at Mumbai==
On the morning of 19 October, BCCI president [[Shashank Manohar]] and PCB chairman [[Shaharyar Khan]] were to discuss a proposed [[Indian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2015–16|India-Pakistan series in December]]. Just before the meeting, a group of 50 workers from the [[Shiv Sena]], a political party, stormed into the BCCI headquarters in Mumbai, shouting anti-Pakistan slogans and demanding the cancellation of the series. They also threatened to stop [[Aleem Dar]] from officiating in the [[#5th ODI|Mumbai ODI]].

[[Aleem Dar]], a member of the elite panel of ICC umpires, had officiated in the first three ODIs, and was also scheduled to umpire in the fourth and fifth ODIs, in Chennai and Mumbai. In response to the above incident ICC decided to withdraw Dar from the last two ODIs. [[Wasim Akram]] and [[Shoaib Akhtar]], a part of the commentary team, decided to leave India before the fifth ODI at Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security concerns force Akram, Akhtar, Dar to leave India early |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/security-concerns-force-akram-akhtar-dar-to-leave-india-early-930653 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/series/903573.html Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2015–16}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South African cricket team in India in 2015-16}}
[[Category:2015 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2015 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2015–16]]
[[Category:South African cricket tours of India]]

Tzrifin bus stop attack

2025-09-16T18:29:27Z

LolitasErurf: General cleanup and content improvements

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|2003 suicide bombing in Israel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
| title = Tzrifin bus stop attack
| partof = the [[Second Intifada]] militancy campaign
| image = Memorial to the victims of the terror attack in Tzrifin in 2003.jpg
| map = {{location map|Israel center ta|lat_deg=31|lat_min=58|lat_sec=12|lon_deg=34|lon_min=50|lon_sec=36|caption=The attack site}}
| native_name = הפיגוע בתחנת האוטובוס בצריפין
| caption = Memorial to the victims of the attack
| location = [[Tzrifin]], [[Israel]]
| target =
| date = {{start date and age|2003|9|9|df=yes}}
| native_name_lang = heb
| coordinates = {{coord| 31|58|12|N|34|50|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| time = 17:50 pm
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone = UTC+2
| type = [[Suicide bombing]]
| fatalities = 9 soldiers (+1 bomber)
| injuries = 15+ soldiers
| perps = [[Hamas]]
| perpetrator =
}}
[[File:The_place_of_the_suicide_bomber_attack_in_Tzrifin_junction_in_2003.jpg|alt=|thumb|The bus station where the attack took place]]
The '''Tzrifin attack''' was a [[suicide bombing]], which occurred on 9 September 2003 in a [[bus stop]] in central Israel next to the military base [[Tzrifin]]. 9 IDF soldiers were killed in the attack and more than 15 soldiers were injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-09-09 |title=Suicide attack at Israeli army base |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3094362.stm |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>

The attack was carried out by a terrorist sent by the [[Hamas]] from [[Beit Liqya]]. He blew himself up inside the hitchhiking station at the Jaffa Gate of Camp Tzrifin, during an evening hour when dozens of soldiers and civilians were waiting there. The steel structure of the hitchhiking station absorbed part of the explosion's force, with many metal fragments and shrapnel embedded in it, thereby preventing the further escalation of the disaster.<ref>{{Cite news |title=עלה ל-8 מספר הרוגי הפיגוע בצריפין |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2750857,00.html |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>

The reactions in the Israeli political system to the attack were intense. Members of the Knesset from "[[Likud]]" and "[[Shinui]]" demanded the elimination of the entire Hamas leadership and the expulsion of Yasser Arafat from the Palestinian Authority territories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=שומפלבי |first=אילן מרסיאנו ואטילה |date=2003-09-09 |title=בימין דורשים: להרוג את ראשי החמאס ולגרש את ערפאת |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2750900,00.html |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>

Just hours after the attack, the [[Café Hillel bombing|Cafe Hillel bombing]] was carried out by the same terrorist infrastructure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=וייס |first=אפרת |date=2004-09-13 |title=נחשפה החוליה שביצעה את פיגועי צריפין וקפה הלל |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2976574,00.html |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>

In July 2004, a terror cell from Beit Liqya involved in the execution and planning of many attacks, including the Tzrifin bombing, was arrested.<ref name=":0" /> On 14 March 2010, Israel captured Maher Ouda, who headed the Hamas command in Ramallah, and was responsible for carrying out these two attacks and others.<ref>{{Cite news |last=גרינברג |first=חנן |date=2010-03-14 |title=נעצר ראש התארגנות פיגועי קפה הלל וצריפין |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3862125,00.html |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Café Hillel bombing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/9/Suicide+Bombings-+Tzrifin+and+Jerusalem+-+Septembe.htm Suicide Bombings- Tzrifin and Jerusalem - 9 September- 2003] - published at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-09-09-israel-bombing_x.htm Two separate suicide bombings kill at least 15 in Israel] - published on [[USA Today]] on 9 September 2003
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3094362.stm Suicide attack at Israeli army base] - published on [[BBC News]] on 9 September 2003
* [http://news.sky.com/home/sky-news-archive/article/1103195 MidEast: Suicide Blast Kills Eight] - published on [[Sky News]] on 9 September 2003

{{Palestinian militancy attacks in the 2000s}}
{{Hamas}}

[[Category:September 2003 in Asia]]
[[Category:Hamas suicide bombings]]
[[Category:Attacks on bus stations in Asia]]
[[Category:Building bombings in Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli casualties in the Second Intifada]]
[[Category:2003 building bombings]]
[[Category:Suicide bombings in 2003]]

{{Israel-hist-stub}}
{{terrorism-stub}}

Indian Institute of Petroleum

2025-09-07T05:41:22Z

LolitasErurf: update

{{Short description|Research institute in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Institute
|name = Indian Institute of Petroleum
|image = Indian_Institute_of_Petroleum_Logo.png
|image_size =
|image_name =
|caption =
|established =1960
|chairman =
|head_label = Director <ref name=org>[http://www.iip.res.in/iipnew/orgchart.htm Organisational Chart]</ref>
|head =Dr.Harender Singh Bisht (IIP)
|faculty =YES
|staff =325
|budget =Rs 100 Crores<ref>[http://www.iip.res.in/iipnew/overview-abt.htm Overview] IIP website.</ref>
|endowment =
|location =[[Dehradun]], [[India]]
|address =P.O. Mohkampur, Dehradun, 248005, [[Uttarakhand]], India
|website =[http://www.iip.res.in/ www.iip.res.in]
}}
{{coord|30.2699707|78.0800053|display=title}}
The '''Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP)''', established in 1960, is one of the 37 constituent laboratories of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), dedicated to R&D in the [[hydrocarbon]] sector.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iip.res.in/iipnew/index.html |title=Indian Institute of Petroleum |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416180852/http://www.iip.res.in/iipnew/index.html |archive-date=16 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ind>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Indian-Institute-of-Petroleum-19293.htm Indian Institute of Petroleum] India9.</ref>

The Director General of CSIR based in [[Delhi]], Dr. Nallathamy Kalaiselvi, is the head of the parent organization. Dr.Harender Singh Bisht has been the Director of the institute since 2023.<ref name=org/>

Spread over a campus of {{convert|250|acre|km2|adj=on}}, it is situated in [[Dehradun]], the capital of [[Uttarakhand]] state, on [[National Highway 72 (India)|National Highway 72]] ([[NH 72]]). Established through an act of parliament in the year 1959, it started in New Delhi in 1960 and finally in Dehradun since 1963. It sought organisational help from [[Institut français du pétrole]] (IFP), France, a petroleum research organisation, under [[UNESCO]] programme during 1960 to 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP), DehraDun {{!}} Council of Scientific & Industrial Research {{!}} CSIR {{!}} GoI |url=https://www.csir.res.in/indian-institute-petroleum-dehradun |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.csir.res.in}}</ref>

An [[ISO 9001]] certified institute, IIP develops processes and products for petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, training of personnel in oil and petrochemical industries, and assisting in formulation of standards for petroleum products. The institute acquired the [[ISO 9001]] certification in 1998.<ref>[http://dehradun.nic.in/Institution.htm#Indian%20Institute%20of%20Petroleum Indian Institute of Petroleum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170705/http://dehradun.nic.in/Institution.htm |date=2011-07-21 }} [[Dehradun]] official website.</ref>

The Institute has a sanctioned research staff strength of 120 R&D scientists supported by 224 technical personnel and 213 administrative staff. It is equipped with state of the art R&D facilities including pilot plants. The annual budget of the institute is around INR 100 crores (USD 12 Million). The institute is recognized by over 14 universities to conduct research leading to [[Doctorate]] degree.<ref name=ind/>

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

==Research programs==
Applied research leading to the development of technologies, products and processes in the area of Petroleum refining, Petrochemicals, Speciality chemicals, IC engines, and Combustion.

===Expertise===
*Process and product development (lab/bench/pilot scale)
*Process scale-up, process design
*Process optimization
*Process improvement and revamping
*Techno-economic feasibility studies
*Technology assessment
*Energy audit and conservation in chemical plants
*Vehicular pollution abatement
*Use of alternative fuels in IC engines
*Product characterisation

===Activities===
*Petroleum Refining and catalysis
*Catalytic refining and catalysis
*Catalyst for refining process
*Separation process, solvent extraction, adsorption, membranes
*Lubricating oil base stocks processes, evaluation and characterisation
*Modified bitumen and carbon materials
*Thermal conversion process
*Modeling and simulation
*Chemical/petrochemicals intermediates
*Additives for petrochemicals industry
*Process and product development for [[specialty chemicals]]
*Petrochemicals intermediates
*Bioprocessing of petroleum streams
*Fuel lubes and chemicals from biomass

===Petroleum Products Application===
*Engine emission: pollution abatements
*Alternative fuels: oxygenates, CNG, Propane, LPG, DME
*Engine development: improved efficiency, lower emission
*Tribology: evaluation and development of petroleum products, and developments of techniques for product evaluation
*Combustion: developments of industrial and domestic combustion appliances, evaluation of fire resistant properties of [[hydraulic fluid]]s
*Development of Nutan wick stoves in the 1960s<ref>{{cite web |title=Nutan|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/nutan-no-more-107012601098_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=5 February 2013}}</ref>

===Analytical sciences===
*Detailed and short evaluation of crude oil
*Characterisation of petroleum products
*Characterisation of catalyst
*Technical and support services
*Instrumental analysis
*Engineering services
*Pipeline Design and Network
*Training
*Business developments and technology transfer

==Awards==

===CSIR Technology===
*Production of food grade hexane by using nmp technology 2001.
*Lube oil base stock (lobs) production through nmp 2000.
*Propane deasphalting 1999.
*Visbreaking technology 1998.
*Sulfolane production technology 1997.
*Business development and technology marketing 1996.
*Low air pressure film burner 1994.
*Food grade hexane 1993.
*Bimetallic Pt-Re reforming catalyst 1992.
*Production of benzene/toluene through sulfolane extraction 1990.

===Young Scientist===
*1990 Young Scientist.
*1993 Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ficci).
*1993 Excellence in science and technology.
*2021 Young Scientist

===Indian Chemical Manufacturers Association (ICMA)===
Production of benzene/toluene through sulfolane extraction 1985.

==See also==
*[[University of Petroleum and Energy Studies]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.iip.res.in/ Official website]

{{Dehradun}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute Of Petroleum}}
[[Category:Research institutes in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1960]]
[[Category:Institutions of Petroleum in India]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Yashashri Masurkar

2025-09-05T17:04:14Z

LolitasErurf: creating data - done

{{short description |Indian television actress (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates | date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yashashri Masurkar
| image = Yashashri Masurkar.jpg
| caption = Masurkar in 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|12|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010–present
}}
'''Yashashri Masurkar''' is an Indian actress and [[voice artist]] known for her work in [[Hindi]] television productions. She is best known for playing the role of Kanak in [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]'s drama series [[Rang Badalti Odhani]] which was her acting debut.
Yashashri has also been part of various other shows, including ''[[Sanskaar – Dharohar Apnon Ki]]'', ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]],'' and ''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yashashri Masurkar to star in Krishndasi|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/yashashri-masurkar-to-star-in--krishndasi--16822195|website=[[Mid-day]] |date=January 2016 |access-date=January 1, 2016}}</ref> Additionally, she participated in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-marathi-4-contestants-list-yashashri-masurkar-kiran-mane-tejaswini-lonari-mahesh-manjrekar-8187343/|title=Meet Bigg Boss Marathi 4 contestants: From Yashashri Masurkar, Kiran Mane to Tejaswini Lonari|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 October 2022 |access-date=October 3, 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Masurkar made her acting debut in the Marathi series ''Laxman Resha''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yashashri Masurkar roped in for Colors TV's new show? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/tv/32268736_1_yashashri-masurkar-new-show-gujarati-family |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/tv/32268736_1_yashashri-masurkar-new-show-gujarati-family |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> She rose to popularity as Kanak in ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]],''<ref>{{cite news |title=Chatter Box |website=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/chatter-box-128/ |access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> where her chemistry with [[Karan Tacker]] garnered attention.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lovemaking scenes on TV! |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Lovemaking-scenes-on-TV/etphotostory/33441226.cms |access-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Soon after the series came to a close, she bagged the role of Mrignayani in ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'' on [[Imagine TV]], which she quit shortly after.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yashashri is the grown up Mrignayni |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yashashri-is-the-grown-up-mrignayni/articleshow/9553976.cms |access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> After a short stint on ''[[Sanskaar – Dharohar Apnon Ki]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |date=June 22, 2013 |title=Supriya Kumari to replace Yashashri Masurkar in 'Sanskaar' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-supriya-kumari-to-replace-yashashri-masurkar-in-sanskaar-1851399 |website=DNA India}}</ref> she joined the cast of ''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Do Dil Bandhey Ek Dori Se: Yashashri Masurkar to learn surfing - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/do-dil-bandhey-ek-dori-se-yashashri-masurkar-to-learn-surfing/articleshow/38928359.cms |website=The Times of India|date=24 July 2014 }}</ref> Her negative role in the show generated angry reactions from viewers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yashashri Masurkar flooded with hate mails - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yashashri-masurkar-flooded-with-hate-mails/articleshow/38474224.cms |website=The Times of India|date=16 July 2014 }}</ref> In 2015, she was roped in to play Agnishikha in ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Yashashri Masurkar bags Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat? |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yashashri-masurkar-bags-chakravartin-ashoka-samrat/articleshow/46746705.cms}}</ref> Later, she appeared in ''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Yashashri Masurkar to star in 'Krishndasi' |website=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/yashashri-masurkar-to-star-in-krishndasi-115123100739_1.html |access-date=December 31, 2015}}</ref> and several other shows in supporting roles. Yashashri was seen on ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: "My father hit me in front of the villagers because I performed Garba," reveals Yashashree Masurkar |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-my-father-hit-me-in-front-of-the-villagers-because-i-performed-garba-reveals-yashashree-masurkar/articleshow/94705597.cms |access-date=October 7, 2022}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Laal Ishq (film) |Laal Ishq]]''
| Nisha
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kabaad: The Coin]]''
| Savita
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
| Kanak Shantanu Khandelwal
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series) |Chandragupta Maurya]]''
| Rajkumari Mriganayani
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Sanskaar – Dharohar Apnon Ki]]''
| Bharati
|
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]''
| Sumitra
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series) |Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Sonal
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2015
| ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series) |Code Red]]''
| Poonam (Episode 56)
| Episodic Role
|-
| ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
| Rajkumari Agnishikha
|
|-
| ''Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain''
| Nagina
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Deepti Sirohi
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Aarambh: Kahaani Devsena Ki]]''
| Mekala
|
|-
| 2019
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series) |Crime Patrol]]''
| Mandira/Neha/Anushka Bhosale
|Episode 901/928/972
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
| Saroj
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4) |Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
|Contestant (Evicted Day 49)
|14th place<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: "The audience will know my real side in the show," says Bigg Boss Marathi 4 contestant Yashashree Masurkar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-the-audience-will-know-my-real-side-in-the-show-says-bigg-boss-marathi-4-contestant-yashashree-masurkar/articleshow/94604777.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The Times of India |date=2 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi]]''
| Bela Ankush Rajyavadhkar
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter}}
*{{IMDb name|9318035}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masurkar, Yashashri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Imtiaz Qureshi

2025-08-23T23:32:20Z

LolitasErurf: starting some stub v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian chef (1931–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox chef
|name = Imtiaz Qureshi
|image = Imtiaz_Qureshi_(alt_spelt_Imitiaz_Qureshi)_Padma_Shri_award_from_President_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg
|caption = Qureshi receiving [[Padma Shri]] from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in 2016
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|02|02|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Lucknow]], British India
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|02|16|1931|02|02|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
|children = 7
|known_for = Reviving the [[Dum Pukht]] cooking tradition (a method of slow cooking)
|style = [[Awadhi cuisine]]; [[Mughlai cuisine]]
|awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2016)
}}

'''Imtiaz Qureshi'''{{Efn|Qureshi's first name is alternately spelt as Imitiaz. Specifically, the [[Padma Shri]] citation from 2016 has his name spelt as Imitiaz Qureshi.}} (2 February 1931 – 16 February 2024) was an Indian chef known for reviving the [[Dum Pukht]] cooking tradition and creating restaurant brands including [[Bukhara (restaurant)|Bukhara]] and Dum Pukht. He was a master chef at [[ITC Hotels]], an Indian luxury hotel chain. Qureshi is credited with the popularisation of [[Awadhi cuisine]] with some of his popular dishes including Dal Bukhara, [[Biryani|Dum Pukht Biryani]], [[Kakori Kebab]], Warqi Paratha, and [[Kheer|Garlic Kheer]].

2016 Qureshi received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, for his culinary contributions. He was the first chef to win this award in this category.{{Efn|Chef [[Tarla Dalal]] had won this award earlier in 2007 in the 'others' category}}

==Early life==
Qureshi was born on 2 February 1931 in a family of chefs in [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (in present-day Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]) of the then British India.<ref name="Imtiaz Qureshi's secret sauce is the passion he infuses in the dish">{{cite news |first1=Shiv Sahay |last1=Singh | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/imtiaz-qureshis-secret-sauce-is-the-passion-he-infuses-in-the-dish/article8172651.ece | title=Imtiaz Qureshi's secret sauce is the passion he infuses in the dish | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=30 January 2016 | accessdate=4 August 2016 | archive-date=30 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130193412/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/imtiaz-qureshis-secret-sauce-is-the-passion-he-infuses-in-the-dish/article8172651.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The family traced its lineage to over 200 years when they were the chefs for the rulers of [[Awadh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vishal |first=Anoothi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=Mrs LC's Table: Stories about Kayasth Food and Culture |date=25 September 2016 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5009-592-8 |language=en |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085541/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Zarin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jurkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56 |title=Delhi's Meatscapes: Muslim Butchers in a Transforming Mega-City |date=14 June 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909538-4 |language=en |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085615/https://books.google.com/books?id=jurkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Qureshi started his culinary journey with his uncle at the age of nine, when his uncle was tasked with cooking for a British regiment with over 10,000 soldiers in India.<ref name=":0"/> He later joined Krishna Caterers, a catering company which served the [[Indian Army]] during the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962.<ref name="Master of Dum">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/master-of-dum/ | title=Master of Dum | publisher=Indian Express | date=28 January 2016 | accessdate=4 August 2016 | archive-date=31 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731092519/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/master-of-dum/ | url-status=live }}</ref> During this time, he cooked for the then Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] for a state banquet hosted by [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]], the then chief minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The dinner was supposed to be a vegetarian meal, when Nehru was surprised to see [[murgh musallam]], fish, and [[shami kebab]]s, on his table, only to be told that Qureshi had reinterpreted vegetarian dishes including jackfruit, lotus stem, brinjal, and bottle gourd to appear as meat dishes.<ref name=":3" /> Qureshi was later commissioned by Nehru to cook for the opening of the [[Ashok Hotel]] in Delhi.<ref name=":0" /> A dish that is attributed to him during this time was [[Dal Bukhara]] (lentils cooked in the Bukhara tradition).<ref name=":0" /> The dish was based on [[black lentil]]s ([[Urad dal]]) cooked similar to the one-pot meal called [[Khichdi (dish)|Khichdi]].<ref name="Padma Shri awardee chef Imtiaz Qureshi recounts his culinary journey" /> In another event from the time, at Krishna hotel, the young Qureshi was noted to have cooked a banquet for [[Begum Akhtar]], when she had reached out in distress after Qureshi's mentor, the senior chef, was missing while having to cook for a ''[[Majlis]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Murtaza Ali |date=27 June 2018 |title=When Imtiaz Qureshi saved the day... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/when-imtiaz-qureshi-saved-the-day/article24269593.ece |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217052502/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/when-imtiaz-qureshi-saved-the-day/article24269593.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

After working at a few local restaurants in Lucknow, including at the Clark's Hotel, he was recruited by ITC Hotels' founder [[Ajit Haksar]] in 1979.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=Farewell, Chef Imtiaz Qureshi, the "real rockstar of Lucknow" |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/farewell-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-the-real-rockstar-of-lucknow/ |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085619/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/farewell-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-the-real-rockstar-of-lucknow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He popularized cooking in copper vessels at these restaurants.<ref name=":0" /> With an objective of reviving [[Awadhi cuisine]], Haksar had asked Qureshi to prepare a menu inspired by the food at ''[[Walima]]'', the banquet that is a part of Islamic weddings.<ref name=":1" /> Qureshi also served the hospitality chain at several of their locations including at the Maurya Sheraton, Delhi before becoming the master chef of the group.<ref name="The Shahenshah Of Dum Pukth Cooking!">{{cite web | url=http://uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/12crust/twelve/feature9.htm | title=The Shahenshah Of Dum Pukth Cooking! | publisher=Upper Crust India | date=2016 | accessdate=4 August 2016 | archive-date=8 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508051107/http://uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/12crust/twelve/feature9.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> At the ITC Hotels, he was credited for reviving the [[Awadhi cuisine|Awadhi]] [[Dum Pukht]] cooking tradition (a method of slow cooking) and creating restaurant brands including [[Bukhara (restaurant)|Bukhara]] and Dum Pukht.<ref name="Padma Shri awardee chef Imtiaz Qureshi recounts his culinary journey">{{cite web |first1=Krutika |last1=Behrawala |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/padma-shri-awardee-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-recounts-his-culinary-journey/16902194 | title=Padma Shri awardee chef Imtiaz Qureshi recounts his culinary journey | publisher=Mid Day | date=28 January 2016 | accessdate=4 August 2016 | archive-date=5 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505234003/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/padma-shri-awardee-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-recounts-his-culinary-journey/16902194 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Legend of Quereshi">{{cite web | url=http://www.grandecuisines.com/home.php?event=Imtiaz%20Qureshi | title=The Legend of Quereshi | publisher=Grand Cuisines of India | date=2016 | accessdate=4 August 2016 | archive-date=10 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510101208/http://www.grandecuisines.com/home.php?event=Imtiaz%20Qureshi | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kalra |first=J. Inder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45VyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Prashad-Cooking with Indian Masters (Thoroughly Revised Edition, 2022) |date=26 May 2022 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-93-90951-17-8 |language=en |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085540/https://books.google.com/books?id=45VyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The first of these brands, Bukhara, was opened in 1977, and Dum Pukht in 1989.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Krishnendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LlwFtTg8GoC&pg=PA111 |title=Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia |last2=Srinivas |first2=Tulasi |date=1 May 2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95224-9 |language=en |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085511/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LlwFtTg8GoC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dum Pukht, translating to "choking off the steam", was a method of slow-cooking where the food was cooked sealed and kept warm in double-walled clay ovens called Bukharis. Spices and herbs were subsequently added to the dish.<ref name=":2" /> In the modern way of cooking, meat and vegetables are partially cooked and placed in a cauldron and sealed with a ring of ''atta'' ({{Translation|flour}}). The food then cooks in its own juices and steam with the moisture remaining within, retaining the flavour of the ingredients. Simultaneously burning coal is placed on the lid, allowing the food to be heated from the bottom and the top at the same time.<ref name="The Shahenshah Of Dum Pukth Cooking!" /> One of the most popular dum pukht dishes is the [[Biryani|Dum Pukht Biryani]].<ref name="The Shahenshah Of Dum Pukth Cooking!" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=Eid Special: From biryani to kebabs, 7 recipes from the Qureshi family |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/eid-special-biryani-kebabs-7-recipes-qureshi-family-food/ |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202022108/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/eid-special-biryani-kebabs-7-recipes-qureshi-family-food/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a 2016 interview with the Indian newspaper ''[[Mid-Day]]'', he noted that "[he] created the menu for Bukhara in one night, while running 104 degree Fahrenheit fever. Till date, the menu remains unchanged."<ref name="Padma Shri awardee chef Imtiaz Qureshi recounts his culinary journey" /> Describing his method of cooking, Qureshi maintained that he did not believe in measures, but instead relied on ''Andaz'' ({{Translation|instinct}}) and measured ingredients by his palm.<ref name="The Shahenshah Of Dum Pukth Cooking!" /> In another interview in 2015 with the Indian newspaper, [[The Financial Express (India)|''The Financial Express'']], he weighed in on the [[Biryani]] versus [[Pulav|Pulao]] debate stating "There is no such thing as biryani. Every dish is a pulao. In every so-called biryani, rice is three-fourth cooked when added to either raw or cooked meat. So technically, all of them are pulaos."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2015 |title=Spicy fare & spicier tales from chef Imtiaz Qureshi |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/travel-tourism/spicy-fare-spicier-tales-from-chef-imtiaz-qureshi/149400/ |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085626/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/travel-tourism/spicy-fare-spicier-tales-from-chef-imtiaz-qureshi/149400/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some of his other popular dishes included the [[Kakori Kebab]], which was noted for a glossier exterior and finer texture compared to the [[Seekh kebab]].<ref name=":1" /> The dish was not well known outside of specific Lucknow households until he popularized them during his time at the ITC hotels.<ref name=":1" /> During this time, he also collaborated with [[Jiggs Kalra]] on various columns and articles aiming to popularize Awadhi cuisine. The partnership established Qureshi as the face of ITC Hotels' restaurants and culminated in a book.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Some of his other signature dishes included Grand Trunk Road Tandoori Fruit Chaat, Warqi Paratha, and [[Kheer|Garlic kheer]], the last of which won him praises from the president [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=Legendary chef Imtiaz Qureshi, master of Dum Pukht, passes away at 93 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/legendary-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-master-of-dum-pukht-passes-away-at-93-417894-2024-02-16 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085513/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/legendary-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-master-of-dum-pukht-passes-away-at-93-417894-2024-02-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Qureshi served several official banquets hosted by various Prime Ministers and Presidents of India, including Jawaharlal Nehru, [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Zakir Husain]], and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] for visiting leaders including [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Tony Blair]] among others.<ref name="Padma Shri for ITC Chef Imtiaz Qureshi, finally India recognizes culinary art">{{cite web |date=30 January 2016 |title=Padma Shri for ITC Chef Imtiaz Qureshi, finally India recognizes culinary art |url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/SilkStalkings/padma-shri-for-itc-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-finally-india-recognizes-culinary-art/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825184357/http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/SilkStalkings/padma-shri-for-itc-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-finally-india-recognizes-culinary-art/ |archive-date=25 August 2016 |accessdate=4 August 2016 |publisher=Economic Times}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> The Government of India awarded him the fourth-highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for his contributions to culinary art.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | accessdate=3 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | archive-date=3 August 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the first to win this award in this category. Chef [[Tarla Dalal]] had received the Padma Shri in the 'others' category in 2007 in the capacity of Author.<ref name="Imtiaz Qureshi's secret sauce is the passion he infuses in the dish" /><ref name="Padma Shri awardee chef Imtiaz Qureshi recounts his culinary journey" />

Qureshi retired from his service with ITC Hotels in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Phorum |last1=Dalal |date=5 February 2017 |title=Shocking! Padma Shri award winning chef Imtiaz Qureshi intimated of 'retirement' via letter |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/padma-shri-award-winning-chef-imtiaz-qureshi-retirement-letter-itc-hotels-17967159 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217173430/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/Padma-Shri-award-winning-chef-Imtiaz-Qureshi-retirement-letter-ITC-Hotels-17967159 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Qureshi was married and had five sons and two daughters: Aisha Qureshi, Ishtiyaque Qureshi, Ashfaque Qureshi, Irfan Qureshi, Yasmin Qureshi, Imran Qureshi and Muhammad Ahsan Ali Qureshi, who are also in the culinary business and have restaurants in India and abroad, grandson Azaan Qureshi is the sixth generation chef awarded Asia's 50 best in year 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bangkokfoodies.com/asias-50-best-restaurants-2022-announcement-in-bangkok-thailand-full-list-1-to-100/ | title=ASia's 50 BEST RESTAURANTS 2022 ANNOUNCEMENTS, BANGKOK, THAILAND : FULL LIST [1 TO 100] | Bangkok Foodies | date=29 March 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Padma Shri awardee chef Imtiaz Qureshi recounts his culinary journey" /> In his early days, Qureshi also dabbled as a local wrestler in Lucknow and was referred to as Imtiaz [[Pehlwani|Pehlwan]].<ref name="The Shahenshah Of Dum Pukth Cooking!" />

Qureshi died in [[Mumbai]] on 16 February 2024, aged 93.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chef Imtiaz Qureshi, Padma Shri Recipient, Dies At 93 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/chef-imtiaz-qureshi-padma-shri-recipient-dies-at-93-5068611 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216094041/https://www.ndtv.com/food/chef-imtiaz-qureshi-padma-shri-recipient-dies-at-93-5068611 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He had been admitted to the [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre|Lilavati Hospital]] in Mumbai, two weeks earlier.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Khandelwal |first1=Heena |title=Ustaad, not a chef: Imtiaz Qureshi, known for reviving the 'dum pukht' cooking style, dies at 93 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/chef-padma-shri-recipient-imtiaz-qureshi-dies-at-93-9165349/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217050253/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/chef-padma-shri-recipient-imtiaz-qureshi-dies-at-93-9165349/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Tarla Dalal]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=rVo82THUsdU|title=Dum pukht Style Cooking by MasterChef Imtiaz Qureshi at Indian Restaurant Congress 2014}}
* {{YouTube|id=NCYvHwmnlk8|title=Gordon Ramsay Learns How To Make Biryani with Imtiaz Qureshi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qureshi, Imitiaz}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]

Surur (village)

2025-07-05T15:31:00Z

LolitasErurf: creating new place

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Surur''' is a village located in [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] taluka at [[Satara district|Satara District]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Villages in Satara district]]

{{Satara-geo-stub}}

Chetan Singh

2025-05-25T00:36:36Z

LolitasErurf: made new bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Chetan Singh''' (born 1955) is an academic historian from [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. He is noted for his work on the history of early modern and modern [[western Himalayas]].

== Education ==
Chetan Singh did his schooling from the [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar|Lawrence School]], Sanawar. He did his undergraduate studies at Delhi University's [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St Stephen's College]]. He did his PhD from the Centre for Historical Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Career ==
Chetan Singh served as an academic historian at the [[Himachal Pradesh University]] in [[Shimla]] for nearly three decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, India |url=https://hpuniv.ac.in/university-detail/message-detail.php?department-of-history&messid=148 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=hpuniv.ac.in}}</ref> He also served as the Director of the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study|Indian Institute of Advanced Studies]] (IIAS) in Shimla, from 2013 till 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Directors of IIAS – Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=http://iias.ac.in/previous-directors-of-iias/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Singh was the first ever Shimla-based scholar to head IIAS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Head of IIAS to leave before tenure end - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/head-of-iias-to-leave-before-tenure-end/1085874/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> He is a member of the editorial board of the ''Himachal Pradesh University Journal: Humanities and Social Sciences''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh University |url=https://hpuniv.ac.in/innerpage/humanities-and-social-sciences.php |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=hpuniv.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Chetan Singh's 2019 book ''Himalayan Histories'' has received critical acclaim in the academia as well as mass media.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lally |first=Jagjeet |date=November 2019 |title=Himalayan Histories: Economy, Polity, Religious Traditions. By Chetan Singh |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=M9 |doi=10.1659/mrd.mm248.1 |s2cid=218915461 |issn=0276-4741|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guha |first=Sumit |date=November 2019 |title=Himalayan Histories: Economy, Polity, Religious Traditions. By Chetan Singh. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2019. xi, 303 pp. {{text|ISBN:}} 9781438475219 (cloth). |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/himalayan-histories-economy-polity-religious-traditions-by-chetan-singh-albany-state-university-of-new-york-press-2019-xi-303-pp-isbn-9781438475219-cloth/D328F96208B39973A83D09F3FB1F9DCA |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=972–973 |doi=10.1017/S0021911819001670 |s2cid=214449361 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sax |first=William S. |date=2020-12-15 |title=Himalayan Histories: Economy, polity, religious traditions, by Chetan Singh |url=http://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/ebhr/index.php?id=272 |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |language=en |issue=55 |pages=138–142 |doi=10.4000/ebhr.272 |s2cid=250973929 |issn=0943-8254|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Raaja |date=2019-07-14 |title=Hill History - Book Review |url=https://hillpost.in/2019/07/hill-history-book-review/112066/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Hill Post |language=en-US}}</ref> In his review of this book, the American anthropologist [[:de:William S. Sax|William Sax]] commends Singh as "one of the most eminent historians of the western Himalaya", while describing the book as being focussed on "the pre-eminent role of regional gods (''deota'') in traditional and contemporary politics, and the complexities of Himalayan pastoralism."<ref name=":1" />

JM Baker deems Singh's ''Natural Premises'' (1998) to be the first environmental history of the region that now falls under the north Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The book, Baker argues, is based on the assumption that the natural premises of this region, "i.e. the opportunities and constraints imposed by environmental parameters such as topography, climate, and natural resource endowments, significantly influence patterns of resource use and social, economic, and political organization".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=J. Mark |date=1999 |title=Book review of 'Natural Premises: Ecology and Peasant Life in the Western Himalaya, 1800-1950' by Chetan Singh |url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1649&context=himalaya |journal=Himalaya |volume=19 |issue=1}}</ref> [[Nandini Sundar]] is more critical, arguing that this book offers a lot of interesting details but little as narrative or analysis. However, she adds that this book would be of interest to "someone looking for examples of ecological influences on economy and society."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sundar |first=Nandini |date=2000 |title=CHETAN SINGH, Natural Premises: Ecology and Peasant Life in the Western Himalaya, 1800-1950, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 252. |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=37 |issue=3|doi=10.1177/001946460003700308 |s2cid=143589377 }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
'''Books'''
* ''Himalayan Histories: Economy, Polity, Religious Traditions'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chetan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7mBDwAAQBAJ&dq=chetan+singh+himalayas&pg=PP6 |title=Himalayan Histories: Economy, Polity, Religious Traditions |date=2018-12-27 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-7521-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Recognizing Diversity: Society and Culture in the Himalaya'' (2011, edited volume)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognizing Diversity |url=https://india.oup.com/product/recognizing-diversity-9780198069089? |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=india.oup.com}}</ref>
* ''Natural Premises: Ecology and Peasant Life in the Western Himalaya, 1800-1950'' (1998)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chetan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0h_AAAAMAAJ |title=Natural Premises: Ecology and Peasant Life in the Western Himalaya, 1800-1950 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564276-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Region and Empire: Panjab in the Seventeenth Century'' (1991)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chetan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L0bAAAAIAAJ |title=Region and Empire: Panjab in the Seventeenth Century |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562759-6 |language=en}}</ref>
'''Articles and book chapters'''

* Singh, Chetan. "Creation of “Scientific” Knowledge: The Asiatick Society and Exploration of the Himalaya, 1784–1850." In ''Connecting Territories'', pp. 242-261. Brill, 2021.
* Singh, Chetan. "Constructing the State in the Western Himalaya." ''Journal of Punjab Studies'' 20 (2013).
* Singh, Chetan. "Pastoral people and shepherding practices in the Western Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh): A historical perspective." In ''Pastoral practices in High Asia'', pp. 161–174. Springer, Dordrecht, 2012.
* Singh, Chetan. "Pastoralism and the making of colonial modernity in Kulu, 1850–1952." ''Nomadic peoples'' 13, no. 2 (2009): 65–83.
* Singh, Chetan. "The Place of Myth, Legend and Folklore in Western Himalayan History." ''Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia'' (2008): 41.
* Singh, Chetan. "Long-Term Dynamics of Geography, Religion, and Politics." ''Mountain Research and Development'' 26, no. 4 (2006): 328–335.
* Singh, Chetan, S. Laxman, and Thakur. "The Dhoom in Himachal Pradesh: Community Consciousness, Peasant Resistance or Political Intrigue." ''Where Mortals and Mountain Gods Meet: Society and Culture in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Simla'' (2002).
* Pirta, Raghubir Singh, and Chetan Singh. "The search for sustainable development in the Himalayas." ''Mountain Research and Development'' 21, no. 1 (2001): 30–33.
* Singh, Chetan. "A strategy of interdependence: Gaddi, peasant and state in Himachal." ''From tribe to caste. Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla'' (1997): 374–386.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chetan}}
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Historians of colonialism]]
[[Category:Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

SCUD (company)

2025-05-04T19:49:28Z

LolitasErurf: starting a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SCUD
| logo =
| type = [[Sole proprietorship|Proprietorship]]
| services = [[Film production|Production]]
| industry = [[Motion picture]]
| foundation = 1998
| founder = [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
| location_city = [[Kolkata]]
| key_people = [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
| divisions = Film Production
| location_country = India
}}

'''SCUD''' is an Indian film production and distribution company established and owned by [[Satarupa Sanyal]] in 1998. In the same year, the independent film maker produced and directed her debut film ''ANU'' (Bengali / feature / 35mm / 12reels). The success and widespread recognition of the ''ANU'', nationally and overseas, laid the foundation of the company.

Till date ''SCUD'' has produced more than 50 short films, 4 feature films, TVC, Music videos, telefilms, documentaries and awareness films.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

From 2017 onwards, [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] has been heading the company alongside of her mother [[Satarupa Sanyal]]. The former has taken charge of national advertisements and other motion picture projects.

The mother-daughter duo also runs an NGO together namely "Scud society for Social Communication" and they prefer to focus on the development of women especially in the rural areas in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiyowoman.com/news/ritabhari-and-satarupa-sanyal-the-perfect-mother-daughter-duo|title=Ritabhari and Satarupa Sanyal – the perfect mother daughter duo – Jiyo Woman|date=1 January 1970|website=JiyoWoman}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
! Notes
!Ref
|-
|1998
| ''Anu''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Indrani Haldar]], Nirmalya Banerjee
| Produced by SCUD Film was selected in Indian Panorama (1999).
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/anu-33586|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402160255/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/anu-33586|url-status=live|archive-date=2 April 2019|title=Anu (1998) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|2002
| ''Atatayee''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Indrani Haldar]], Chiranjeet, [[Barun Chanda]], [[Tapas Paul|Tapas Pal]]
| Produced by SCUD
|
|-
|2003
| ''Tanyabi Firti''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|
| Produced by Films Division, Govt. of India
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/BIFFESblr/posts/1178353418945288|title=Bengaluru International Film Festival|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|2004
| ''[[Kalo Chita]]''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Sharad Kapoor]]
| Produced by Palchaudhury movies
|
|-
|2012
| ''Tobuo Basanta''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
| Produced by Giniya Entertainment Released in 2018
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/tobuo-basanta/movieshow/65242559.cms|title=Tobuo Basanta Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos – eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|2014
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Calcutta]]''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Ritabhari Chakraborty]], [[Rajatava Dutta]]
| Produced by Akash movies
|{{CN|date=May 2023}}
|-
|2015
| ''Ondhokarer Nodi''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|
| Produced by SCUD
|
|-
|2016
| ''Onyo Opalaa''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
| [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]], [[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay|Bhaswar Chatterjee]], [[Nigel Akkara]]
| Produced by SCUD
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/onyo-opalaa/movie-review/49994080.cms|title=Onyo Opalaa Movie Review {2.5 /5}: Critic Review of Onyo Opalaa by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=|last1=Buzarbaruah |first1=Upam }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/onyo-opala-review/|title=Onyo Opala Review – An Unusual Perspective On The Gay Identity|first1=Sangadipa Goswami|last1=May 5|first2=2018 at 10:47 am Please give the link of the movie Onno|last2=Opala|date=8 December 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/onyo-opalaa|title=Onyo Opalaa on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaatcannes.com/films-details/126/|title=FICCI at Cannes – ONYO OPALAA -|website=www.indiaatcannes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pandolin.com/riveting-films-from-different-parts-of-the-country-at-iffi-2015/|title=Riveting films from different parts of the country at IFFI 2015 – Pandolin|last=Pandolin Staff|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/news-cast-of-onyo-opalaa-walk-the-ramp-at-music-launch-of-the-film/24231|title=Cast of 'Onyo Opalaa' walk the ramp at music launch of the film|website=gomolo.com}}</ref>
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Director
! Cast
! Notes
! Media Link
! Ref
|-
|2017
| ''Naked''
| Rakesh Kumar
|[[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
| Produced by SCUD, AOC and Live Signages Nominated for Jio Filmfare 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tellyartist.org/2018/02/14/naked-hd-ft-kalki-koechlin-and-ritabhari-nominated-for-jio-filmfare-2018-short-film/ |title=NAKED | HD | Ft Kalki Koechlin and Ritabhari |Nominated for Jio Filmfare 2018 | Short film – Telly Artist |website=tellyartist.org |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402153253/http://tellyartist.org/2018/02/14/naked-hd-ft-kalki-koechlin-and-ritabhari-nominated-for-jio-filmfare-2018-short-film/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Awareness on Cyber Bullying
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R29hoYjAF6w YouTube Link]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shorted.in/short-films/credits/ritabhari-chakraborty%E2%80%8B/|title=Ritabhari Chakraborty – Short Films – Shorted|publisher=|via=shorted.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/831716/watch-in-short-film-naked-a-leaked-clip-provokes-a-debate-on-violence-against-women|title=Watch: In short film 'Naked', a leaked clip provokes a debate on violence against women|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entertainmentcorner.in/media/short-films/naked-ft-kalki-koechlin-and-ritabhari/amp/|title=Naked : Ft Kalki Koechlin and Ritabhari|website=www.entertainmentcorner.in|date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/in-naked-kalki-koechlin-stars-as-actress-whose-sex-scene-goes-viral-1667540|title=In Naked, Kalki Koechlin Stars As Actress Whose Sex Scene Goes Viral – NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/watch-kalki-koechlin-plays-actress-whose-sex-scene-goes-viral-naked/|title=WATCH: Kalki Koechlin plays an actress whose sex scene goes viral in Naked – Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 March 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''Fool For Love''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
| Produced by Large Short Films.
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glwND65EAx4 YouTube Link]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/fool-for-love-an-ever-relevant-story-of-illusions-of-love/articleshow/67944297.cms|title='Fool For Love': An ever relevant story of illusions of love – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shortfundly.com/|title=Shortfundly – Watch best indian short films / independent films|website=www.shortfundly.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/large-short-films-fool-for-love-shows-anurag-kashyap-at-his-emotional-best/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402151747/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/large-short-films-fool-for-love-shows-anurag-kashyap-at-his-emotional-best/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 April 2019|title=Short Film Review: Fool for Love is a stark tale about the perils of modern love|date=12 February 2019|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| ''Valentines Day Special''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
| Produced by Nykaa.
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAOWzaV1aUY YouTube Link]
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Song
! Director
! Cast
! Notes
! Media Link
! Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
| ''Orrey Mon''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
| Produced by SCUD.
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlimhpwZDeE YouTube Link]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gdn8.com/2017/01/orrey-mon-lyrics-ayushmann-khurrana.html|title=ORREY MON LYRICS (ওরে মন) – Ayushmann Khurrana, Ritabhari Chakraborty – Bengali Lyrics|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| ''Adda Song''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Kunal Karan Kapoor]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
| Produced by SCUD. Presented by Mother Dairy.
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWm4-ZNqnl8 YouTube Link]
|
|}

===Advertisements===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Director
! Cast
! Notes
! Media Link
! Ref
|-
|2018
| ''The Goddess Within – Ode to Durga Pujo''
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
| Produced by Nykaa.
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owIXtz25hw0 YouTube Link]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1998]]

Doms (Bengali)

2025-01-06T02:15:56Z

LolitasErurf: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Doma (caste)]]

Palm Valley, Hyderabad

2024-11-01T01:57:37Z

LolitasErurf: starting post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{unreferenced|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palm Valley
| native_name = Tadban
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = neighbourhood, Businesses
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500 064
| registration_plate = TS 12, 13
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bahadurpura (Assembly constituency)]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Tadban
}}
'''Palm Valley''', or '''Tadban''' ({{langx|te|తడ్బాన్|translit=Taḍbān|lit=Palm Valley}}), is a region in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is part of the [[Bahadurpura (Assembly constituency)|Bahadurpura constituency]]. The names Tadban and Palm Valley come from the multitude of [[palm tree]]s (''taḍ'') that grew in the area in the late 19th century.{{fact|date=May 2020}} It is close to [[Mir Alam Tank]].

==Area==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2020}}

The Valley is divided into three regions: Central Road, K.J. Hills, and X-Roads. The area under central denotes from the police station to the end of the vegetable market; the inside sub-region is marked as K.J. Hills; while the area on the outskirts of Palm Valley is considered as X-Roads.

==Education==
Between the 1990s and the 2010s, the local literacy level increased to a great extent.{{fact|date=May 2020}} Local schools include:
* MANIS HIGH SCHOOL INDRA NAGAR TADBAN
* Boston Mission High School
* Al-Suffa Mission High School
* Government Boys' School (Galbalguda & KaliKamaan)
* Kilpatrik Mission High School
* St. Marys High School
* St. Alphonsa High School

==Landmarks==
[[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] passes near [[Nehru Zoological Park]]. The same highway connects to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] in [[Hyderabad]].

Other landmarks include:

* Aashoor Khana
* Nayeem Complex Tadban x Road
* Eidgah [[Mir Alam]]
* Electricity Junction
* K.J Hills
* Miralam Water Reservoir
* [[Mir Alam Tank|Miralam]] Lake
* Police Station
* Shah Function Palace
* Vegetable Market
* Jamia Masjid Siddiq-e-Akbar. (Behind kalapathar P.S)

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Geography of Hyderabad, India]]

{{Hyderabad-geo-stub}}

Daulatpur, Firozabad

2024-03-07T21:03:55Z

LolitasErurf: made first article and citations

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Other uses|Daulatpur (disambiguation){{!}}Daulatpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daulatpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Daulatpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Daulatpur in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.19101|N|78.3849|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.972
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4508
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daulatpur''' ({{IAST|Daulatpur}}) is a village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 4,508, in 554 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Daulatpur had a population of 4,508, in 554 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|102}} This population was 67.5% male (3,043) and 32.5% female (1,465). The 0-6 age group numbered 488 (262 male and 226 female), making up 10.8% of the total population. 856 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 19.0% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|98–9}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Daulatpur as having a population of 1,159 people (624 male and 535 female), in 178 households and 178 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190–1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Daulatpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 698 people (373 male and 325 female), in 122 households and 89 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 487 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Daulatpur had 3 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|102–7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Chandil

2023-11-24T22:16:20Z

LolitasErurf: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.97|N|86.05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.11
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 246
| population_total = 4839
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 6591
| registration_plate = JH 22
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 78.83%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]]
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandil''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Chandil block|Chandil]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Chandil subdivision]] of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|86|0|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|02|53|N|85|56|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ichagarh | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ichagarh]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|18|N|85|48|22|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kuchai| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Kuchai]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|58|1|N|85|58|10|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Chowka| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|38|32|N|86|4|14|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Gobindpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Gobindpur, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|37|38|N|86|0|27|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Rajnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|7|5|N|85|58|32|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kukru| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kukru]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|59|46|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Nimdih| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Nimdih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|42|24|N|85|55|39|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8=Seraikela| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Saraikela]] (M) |label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Adityapur| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|58|9|N|86|3|52|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Chandil | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=Chandil (CT) |shape-color10=black| label-size10=13|label-color10=black 
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chota Gamahria | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor11= #A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kandra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Kandra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|29|N|85|49|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kharsawan | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kharsawan]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kopali | numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Kopali]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|40|N|85|56|43|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Sini | numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sini, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|54|15|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos16= top|label16= Dalma |labela16= Wildlife|labelb16= Sanctuary | numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color16= #74C365
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|1|13|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Chandil Dam| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Chandil Dam]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|8|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label18= Subarnarekha |labela18= River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 60| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|85|47|0|E}} |label19= Karkari |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|30|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -60| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|52|0|N|85|50|0|E}}| label21= Chandil Gamharia |labela21= Range | label-color21 = #C42222 | label-angle21=0| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|0|N|85|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -10| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|26|0|N|86|3|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=2.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Chandil is located at {{coord|22.97|N|86.05|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Chandil.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Chandil]</ref> It has an average elevation of 246&nbsp;metres (807&nbsp;feet).

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750 | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |work= P.C. Roy Chaudhury | publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 30: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Chandil.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 30 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The headquarters of Chandil CD block are located at Chandil town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref> Chandil also houses the headquarters of the Chandil subdivision.

The revenue headquarters of Chandil sub-division is located near Chandil Dam.{{fact|date=October 2023}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chandil had a total population of 4,839, of which 2,500 (52%) were males and 2,339 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 701. The total number of literate persons in Chandil was 3,262 (78.83% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 378866, Pages 98-99: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Chandil block#Language and religion]])

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chandil had a population of 4,341. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Chandil has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 71% and female literacy of 53%. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Seraikela Kharsawan'', Chandil covered an area of {{cvt|1.11|km2}}. It has an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1,132.9 |mm}}. Among the civic amenities, it had {{cvt|11|km|spell=in}} of roads with both closed and open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources, hand pump, pressure tank. It had 786 domestic electric connections, 10 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 6 hospitals, 2 dispensaries, 2 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 maternity home, 1 nursing home, 1 charitable hospital/ nursing home, 1 veterinary hospital, 6 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 5 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 3 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. It had 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan), 1 special school for the disabled. Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall. Three important commodities it produced were ready-made clothes, furniture, medicines. It had the branch offices of 2 nationalised banks, 1 agricultural credit society, 1 non-agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 632-637 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 27 November 2021}}</ref>

==Industry==
The first commercial sponge iron plant in India is located at Umesh Nagar in Chandil.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Transport==
At [[Chandil railway station]], the [[Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line]] meets the [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/tatanagar-barkakana-passenger-58023/6494/168/1219 | title= Tatanagar-Barkakana Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo| accessdate = 29 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/2973/168/1468 | title = 68056 Tatanagar Asansol MEMU | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 29 November 2021}}</ref>

==Media==
A number of Hindi, Bengali, and English newspapers are published from the Jamshedpur city and circulated here. Out of these, Hindustan, Prabhat Khabar and Dainik Jagran have the highest readership.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} City centric TV programming is provided by the 24-hour news channel Sahara Samay (Jamshedpur) and several other channels are telecast by local cable operators.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Tourism==
*'''Chandil Dam''' - [[Chandil Dam]], standing on the [[Subarnarekha River]], is 220 meter in height and the height of its water level is 190 meters.{{fact|date=October 2023}} A museum, located close to the dam, has scripts written on rocks, which are 2000 years old. The River Swarnarekha flows through this region. The Karkori River originating from the Hundru falls mingles with the Swarnarekha River here at Chandil.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandil dam raises flooding fears|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/jharkhand/story_14250912.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722150946/http://telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/jharkhand/story_14250912.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2011|accessdate=10 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
*'''Ichagarh Palace -''' Ichagarh was the capital of erstwhile [[Patkum estate|Patkum state]] which consisted modern day Chandil, Kukru, Nimdih, Ichagarh, [[Kandra]], and adjoining regions of erstwhile Manbhum district of Bengal. Established by the Scion of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain, the region hosts several ancient temples, relics and an ancient palace on the banks of river Karkari and Swarnarekha.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Jayda Temple''' - An ancient temple of Lord [[Shiva]], built by Raja Vikram Aditya Deo of erstwhile Patkum Estate ([[Ichagarh]]) one of the pilgrimage of Jharkhand. Situated on the way to Ranchi-Tata. A fair is held here every year on the eve of [[Makar Sankranti]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''SAI BABA Temple (HUMID)''' - A temple of Lord SAI BABA situated in the way to Ranchi-Tata.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
*'''MATHIA Temple''' - also known as Sadhu Baandh mathia is one of the centers of JUNA AKHADA. It is one of the ashrams of SWAMI PRAMANAND and has hosted many Hath Yogis. The only Rath Yatra of Chandil is organized by this temple.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''[[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]]''' -The Dalma mountains, which are the "crown of Chandil Block", is a safe haven for wild animals like elephants, deer, wild pigs, sambhar and several species of birds and snakes. Dalma Wild Life Sanctuary is home to elephants and deer.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Sheesh Mahal Auditorium''' - the sheesh mahal palace is collection of ancient temple sculpture.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Education==
Singhbhum College was established at Chandil in 1973. Affiliated with the [[Kolhan University]] it offers honours courses in Hindi, Bengali, Santali, Sanskrit, history, economics, philosophy, political science, psychology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, accountancy, M.Com, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/singhbhum-college-chandil | title = Singhbhum College | publisher = Careers360 | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/singhbhum-college-chandil | title = Singhbhum College, Saraikela Kharsawan | publisher = College Dekho | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

Chandil Polytechnic offers diploma courses in engineering.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.chandilpolytechnic.org | title = Chandil Polytechnic | publisher = CP | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

Singhbhum College is a Hindi-medium co-educational institution established in 1965. It has facilities for teaching in classes XI and XII. It has a library with 1,200 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200316002/singhbhum-college-chandil.html | title = Singhbhum Colleg Chandil| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

Government S.S. High School Chandil is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1962. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. The school has a library with 2,078 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200316002/20200301906/ss+2-high-school-chandil.html | title = SS +2 High School Chandil| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

Vivekananda International High School is an English-medium co-educational institution established in 1998. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII. The school has a library with 352 books and has 5 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200301905/vivekananda-intern-school.html | title = Vivekananda Intern. School| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>

File:Chandil Dam.JPG|Chandil Dam
Image:Boats at Dam.JPG|Boats at Dam
Image:Jayda Temple.jpg|Jayda Temple
Image:Sheesh Mahal Auditorium.JPG|Sheesh Mahal Auditorium(Chandil Dam)
File:Jayda Mandir.jpg|Jayda Mandir
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category}}
<references/>
{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

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