Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ludhiana Halwara International Airport

2026-05-07T06:27:22Z

LolitaErurf: Done

{{Short description|International airport serving Ludhiana, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Halwara International Airport
| image =
| image-width = 250
| image_alt =
| image2 =
| image2-width = 250
| IATA = HWR
| ICAO = VIHX
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Ludhiana]]
| location = [[Halwara]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30|44|52|N|75|37|51|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label = '''LDH'''/VIHX
| metric-elev = yes
| r1-number = 13/31
| r1-length-m = 3050
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Concrete/Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy = yes
| website =
}}

'''Halwara International Airport'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Sunita |date=2023-12-14 |title=Halwara Airport Ludhiana: Facts, amenities, launch date, news |url=https://housing.com/news/halwara-international-airport-in-ludhiana/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121232837/https://housing.com/news/halwara-international-airport-in-ludhiana/ |archive-date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Housing News |language=en-GB}}</ref> {{airport codes|HWR|VIHX}} also known as '''Ludhiana International Airport''' is an [[international airport]] sitiated in the town of [[Halwara]] in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]], on the former site of the [[Halwara Air Force Station]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=24 May 2020 |title= Ludhiana international airport halwara: GLADA takes possession of land at Halwara for construction of international civil terminal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/international-airport-glada-takes-possession-of-land-at-halwara-for-construction-of-international-civil-terminal-6425112/ |work=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=[[Ludhiana]] |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Majeed |first=Shariq |date=5 October 2021 |title=Tender for Halwara int'l airport terminal this week |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/tender-for-halwara-intl-airport-terminal-this-week/articleshow/86760781.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |location=[[Ludhiana]] |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

It is the third international airport in Punjab after [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]] and [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhasin |first=Sukhmeet |date= |title=Halwara airport coming up, Sahnewal to shut operations |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/halwara-airport-coming-up-sahnewal-to-shut-operations-337801 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |location=[[Ludhiana]] |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209094302/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/halwara-airport-coming-up-sahnewal-to-shut-operations-337801 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The site is 32-km drive from [[Ludhiana]] City and the Greater Ludhiana Area Development Authority (GLADA) has acquired 161.27 acres of land<ref>{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Nitin |date=6 November 2021 |title=Finally, AAI nod to Rs 4,691.12L international airport terminal building at Halwara |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/finally-aai-nod-to-rs-4-691-12l-international-airport-terminal-building-at-halwara-334848 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |location=[[Ludhiana]] |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209094302/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/finally-aai-nod-to-rs-4-691-12l-international-airport-terminal-building-at-halwara-334848 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Halwara for the building of a Ludhiana international civil terminal. The airport is being built to accommodate [[Boeing 737-700]] and [[Airbus A320]] aircraft. The upcoming airport is likely to accelerate the growth of businesses in Ludhiana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chadha |first=Vipra |date=28 November 2024 |title=Halwara Airport Ludhiana - Latest News, Status & Key Facts |url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/halwara-airport/132016.html&ved=2ahUKEwiWibXQyKyKAxUEcGwGHZm2LZkQFnoECD8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw2jPsho1TpleKFfymogHh7c}}</ref> Air India is set to start flights to the airport, once it has been handed over to AAI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air India to operate flights from Halwara airport |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/air-india-to-operate-flights-from-halwara-airport/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The airport was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 1 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ludhiana’s long-awaited Halwara airport opens; flight ops to start in March|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/ludhianas-long-awaited-halwara-airport-opens-flight-ops-to-start-in-march/|website=The Tribune|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>

==Current status==
The airport was inaugurated on 1st February 2026 by PM Narendra Modi. The airport is now operational. Air India has announced two flights from Indra Gandhi International Airport, Delhi to Ludhiana starting from 15th May, 2026.
The Bookings have started for the flights from 1st April 2026. Other carriers like Indigo are in the documentation stage.

==Airlines and destinations==
{{Airport-dest-list
|
[[Air India]]
|
[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web
|title=Air India becomes first airline to announce flights to Halwara (Ludhiana) on 15 May
|url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Air-India-becomes-first-airline-to-announce-flights-to-Halwara-Ludhiana.html
|website=Air India
|access-date=10 April 2026
}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
*[[List of airports in Punjab, India|List of airports in Punjab]]
*[[Ludhiana Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Proposed airports in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Company Secretary (India)

2026-05-05T14:05:27Z

LolitaErurf: creating initial data w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Professional title}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Tone|date=August 2022}}
}}

A '''Company Secretary in India''' is a qualified member of the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] (ICSI). Prerequisites for membership are successful completions of the ICSI theory and practical training exams. Company Secretaries are required for every [[Indian companies|Indian Company]] listing on the [[Stock market|stock exchange]], [[Public company|public]] or [[Privately held company|private]], with share capitals of Rs 10 crores or higher. As a qualified professional, a company secretary is required to perform the duties enumerated by the ICSI for organisations engaged in manufacturing or service for ensuring proper compliance with [[Law|legal]] and [[tax]]ation-related controls to be followed through the course of its operations. These policies clear any ambiguities for the organisations in the maintenance of their [[Accounting records|book of accounts]]. The ICSI has +70000 Company Secretaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meerad.in/company-secretary-in-india-a-complete-overview/ |title=Company Secretary in India – A Complete Overview |publisher=Meerad Journal: Meerad. |date= November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 15, 2025}}</ref> Their roles include facilitating meetings of the [[Board of directors|Board of Directors]], providing guidance on formation, [[Mergers and acquisitions|mergers]] and [[liquidation]]s and representing the company in [[arbitration]] or the [[National Company Law Tribunal|Company Law Board]], among other tasks.

== History and objective ==
A Company Secretary is an individual who has qualified for the examinations and completed the required practical and theoretical sessions conducted by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI), a body of registered Company Secretaries founded in 1980.<ref name="cs9">{{cite news |last1=Kunal |first1=Prince |date=15 November 2025 |title=Company Secretary Course Details: Admission, Fees & Exam |publisher=trademarksearchpro.com |url=https://trademarksearchpro.com/blog/company-secretary-course-details-admission-fees-exam |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> Every Indian company, public or private, with paid share capitals of at least Rs 10 [[crore]] or greater and listed on the stock market needs a full-time company secretary who handles legal obligations related to the company.<ref name="cs2">{{cite news |last1=Kunal |first1=Prince |date=15 November 2025 |title=How to Become Company Secretary (CS) After 12th {{!}} Admission Process |language=en |publisher=Meerad Business Solutions |url=https://meeradgroup.in/how-to-become-a-company-secretary-in-india/ |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="cs3" />

== Eligibility criteria ==

The following criteria are the required educational qualifications for the three levels:<ref name="cs3" /><ref name="cs2" />

=== Company Secretary Executive Entrance Test ===

* An aspirant can enroll for Company Secretary Executive Entrance Test after completion of 12th class{{Clarify|reason=This most likely means "12th grade", but I'm not really sure if this is correct.|date=July 2023}} from a recognized Board or Institution.<ref name="cs5">{{cite news |title=ICSI CSEET January 2022 registration ends today at icsi.edu |url=https://scroll.in/announcements/1012840/icsi-cseet-january-2022-registration-ends-today-at-icsi-edu |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Scroll.in |date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="cs6">{{cite news |title=Company Secretary Course,Eligibility,Syllabus {{!}} Education After 12th |url=https://www.educationafter12th.com/company-secretary-2016-course-details-exam-eligibility/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=educationafter12th.com |date=22 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Executive Level ===
An aspirant can enroll for Executive Level of Company Secretary after passing a foundation conducted by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India. He or she must be an undergraduate in any field of specialization from a recognized Institution or university with 50 percent or above.<ref name="cs3" /> Otherwise, an undergraduate in any field of specialization from a recognized Institution or university with 50 percent or less should get qualified in Company Secretary Executive Entrance Test (CSEET).<ref name="cs3" /> He or she must be a postgraduate in any field of specialization from a recognized Institution or university.<ref name="cs3" /> The minimum age is 17 years.

=== Professional Level ===

* On this level, an aspirant must have successful completion of foundation and executive levels.

== Responsibilities ==

A full time Company Secretary in India is needed for a company with a capital of 10 crores or more to perform the following activities:<ref name="cs10">{{cite news |title=All you need to know about a career as company secretary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/all-you-need-to-know-about-a-career-as-company-secretary/story-sSt6sABLGmJKDsE5AoauWK.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=15 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cs3">{{cite news |title=Demand for Company Secretaries goes up |url=https://telanganatoday.com/demand-for-company-secretaries-goes-up |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="cs1">{{cite news |title=Know more about the incredible scope of commerce studies in India |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2022/05/24/know-scope-commerce-studies-india-education-ca-bcom-mcom.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=OnManorama |date=24 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="cs4">{{cite news |last1=V |first1=NARAYANAN |title=ICSI to promote Company Secretaryship as career |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/icsi-to-promote-company-secretaryship-as-career/article33950173.ece |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=27 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning and facilitating Board of Director meetings.
* Acting as Registrar for a Company.
* Guiding the formation of new companies, mergers of companies, and liquidations of companies.
* Administration-related tasks as Chief Administration officer.
* Making policies for Company in accordance with Capital Markets.
* Managing secretarial assignments as principal secretary.
* Adhering to tax regulations as Administrative Secretary.
* Adhering to regulations on various legal issues.
* Reviewing guidelines on accountancy and audit as Corporate Planner.
* Scheduling internal and external appointments as Administrative Assistant.
* Representing the Company in Registrar of Companies.
* Representing the Company in issues related to arbitration.

== Curriculum ==

Following are the curriculum and eligibility for clearance of each of the stages:<ref name="cs3" />

=== Company Secretary Executive Entrance Test ===

This includes four subjects, known as Papers, of 100 marks each as under:

* Paper 1: [[Business communication|Business Communication]] (Subjective, three hours)
* Paper 2: Fundamentals of Accounting (Subjective, three hours)
* Paper 3: Economic and Business Environment (Subjective, three hours)
* Paper 4: Business Laws and Management (OMR Based, two hours)

==== Qualifying Marks ====
Examination for Company Secretary Executive Entrance Test is conducted three times a year (February, June, & October).

=== Company Secretary Executive Examination ===

The Intermediate Exam consists of two groups with seven Subjects, carrying 100 marks each with a prescribed time limit of three hours during the exam:

* Paper 1: Jurisprudence. Interpretation & General Laws.
* Paper 2: Company Law & Practice.
* Paper 3: Setting Up Of Business, Industrial & Labour Laws.
* Paper 4: Corporate Accounting & Financial Management.
* Paper 5: Capital Marketing & Securities Laws.
* Paper 6: Economic, Commercial & Intellectual Property Laws.
* Paper 7: Tax Laws & Practice.

==== Marks needed to Qualify ====
An aspirant needs to get 40% minimum in each subject and an aggregate of 50% in all subjects to qualify for the intermediate examination. If a candidate appears for examination for both groups and is able to secure minimum qualified marks in all subjects in either group or both groups but fails to get an aggregate in any group, then the same can be set off from the excess marks from other groups. However, if the marks do not meet the aggregate criteria in the required group, the person testing fails the group and cannot secure the necessary aggregate score and may need to be retested.

=== Company Secretary Professional Examination ===

The Final exam in Company Secretary has eight papers of 100 marks each, which are divided into four subjects in two groups. The exam duration for each subject is three hours.

* Paper 1: Environmental, Social and Governance Principles and Practices.
* Paper 2: Drafting, Pleadings and Appearances.
* Paper 3: Compliance Management, Audit and [[Due diligence|Due Diligence]].
* Paper 4: Open Book Exam (elective paper).
* Paper 5: Corporate Restructuring, Insolvency and Valuation.
* Paper 6: Corporate Funding and [[Strategic management|Strategic Management]]
* Paper 7: Open Book Exam (elective paper)

=== Qualifying Marks ===
A candidate can either opt to attempt for one or both groups in an examination, however, they can aim for All India Rank in the examination, only if they attend and clear both groups at a time and is able to secure marks within the top 50 candidates attending.

An aspirant needs to get 40% minimum in each subject and an aggregate of 50 percent in all subjects to qualify in the final examination. If a candidate appears for examination for both groups and if they are able to secure minimum qualified marks in all subjects in either groups or both groups but fails to get aggregate in any group, then the same can be set off from the excess marks from other group. However, if the marks are unable to meet the aggregate criteria in the required group, then they have failed the group and is unable to secure the aggregate until they are retested

== Mandatory training ==

A Company Secretary needs to complete these mandatory trainings during the training period when Rs 10,000 per month [[stipend]] is given:<ref name="cs11">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Chaitanya |last2=Agrawal |first2=Anuj |title=Assisting the Apprentice: Becoming a Company Secretary (CS) |url=https://www.barandbench.com/apprentice-lawyer/assisting-the-apprentice-becoming-a-company-secretary-cs |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=18 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cs3" /><ref name="cs2" />

* Training in Computers
* Induction programme for Students
* Programme on Executive Development
* Specialised agency training
* Development Programme for Professionals
* Orientation programme for management-related subjects
* Respective Internships with collaborated entities (Three years after post Executive Level Registration, or post clearance of Executive exam for two years or post clearance of professional exam for one year)
For getting a membership in the Institute of Company Secretaries of India, an aspirant must attend the Corporate Leadership Development Programme after the completion of three levels.

== Examination and fee structure ==

The examinations prepared by the ISCI at Executive and Professional levels are conducted two times in a year; in June and December.<ref name="cs7">{{cite news |title=Institute of Company Secretaries of India begins free online crash course for CS exam 2020 to be held in July |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/institute-of-company-secretaries-of-india-begins-free-online-crash-course-for-july-cs-exam-2020-8379841.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Firstpost |date=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> For the fee structure its details for various levels are:<ref name="cs2" />

# Company Secretary Executive - Rs 8,800 (Registration - Rs 1,500, Tuition Fee - Rs 5,000, Examination form fee - Rs 1,800, Examination Fee - Rs 500).
# Company Secretary Professional - Rs 13,250 (Registration - Rs 1,500, Tuition Fee - Rs 9,500, Examination form fee - Rs 2,250).

== Recognition ==

Company Secretaries are eligible for Ph.D courses in universities based in India, [[National Eligibility Test]] (NET) conducted by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC). The award of Fellowship in Junior Research or Assistant Professor as the degree holders of Company Secretary (CS) course are considered equivalent to Post Graduates by the UGC.<ref name="cs5" /><ref name="cs3" /><ref name="cs8">{{cite news |title=UGC recognises company secretary qualification as equivalent to post graduate degree |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/ugc-recognises-company-secretary-qualification-as-equivalent-to-post-graduate-degree/articleshow/81515571.cms |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=15 March 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.icsi.edu/home/ Official website of the ISCI]

[[Category:Company secretaries]]
[[Category:Corporate governance in India]]

Ahimsa in Jainism

2026-05-01T23:17:04Z

LolitaErurf: creating pg...

{{Short description|Fundamental principle in Jainism}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Ahinsa Parmo Dharm.jpg|thumb|Painting in a [[Jain temple]] with the statement "''ahiṃsā paramo dharma''" (non-injury is the highest virtue/religion)]]
{{Jainism}}

In [[Jainism]], '''''ahiṃsā''''' (''{{IAST|Ahimsā}}'', alternatively spelled 'ahinsā', [[Sanskrit]]: अहिंसा [[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|ahiṃsā}}'', [[Pali|Pāli]]:<ref name="Johansson2012">{{cite book|first=Rune E. A. |last=Johansson|title=Pali Buddhist Texts: An Introductory Reader and Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXBmlQvw7PwC&pg=PT143|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-11106-8|page=143}}</ref> ''{{IAST|avihinsā}}'') is a fundamental principle forming the cornerstone of its [[Ethics of Jainism|ethics]] and doctrine. The term ''[[ahiṃsā]]''<ref>{{cite book | last=Fox | first=Michael Allen | title=The Routledge Handbook of Pacifism and Nonviolence | chapter=Nonviolence and Pacifism in the Long Nineteenth Century | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=New York | series= Routledge handbooks in philosophy | date=2018-02-02 | isbn=978-1-315-63875-1| editor-last=Fiala | editor-first=Andrew Gordon | doi=10.4324/9781315638751-3 | url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317271987/chapters/10.4324/9781315638751-3 | pages=15–29}}</ref> means [[nonviolence]], non-injury, and the absence of desire to harm any life forms. [[Veganism]], [[vegetarianism]] and other nonviolent practices and rituals of Jains flow from the principle of ahimsa. There are five specific transgressions of Ahimsa principle in Jain scriptures – binding of animals, beating, mutilating limbs, overloading, and withholding food and drink. Any other interpretation is subject to individual choices and not authorized by scriptures.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |date=2001 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 }}</ref>

The Jain concept of ''ahimsa'' is very different from the concept of nonviolence found in other philosophies. Violence is usually associated with causing harm to others. But according to the [[Jain philosophy]], violence refers primarily to injuring one's own self – behaviour which inhibits the soul's own ability to attain ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation from the cycle of births and deaths).<ref name="Jaini 1998 167">{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|p=167}}</ref> At the same time it also implies violence to others because it is this tendency to harm others that ultimately harms one's own soul. Furthermore, the Jains extend the concept of ahimsa not only to humans but to all animals, plants, micro-organisms and all beings having life or life potential. All life is sacred and everything has a right to live fearlessly to its maximum potential. Living beings need not fear those who have taken the vow of ''ahimsa''. According to Jainism, protection of life, also known as ''abhayadānam'', is the supreme charity that a person can make.<ref name="Varni, Jinendra 1993">{{harvnb|Varni|1993|p=335}} "Giving protection always to living beings who are in fear of death is known as abhayadana"</ref>

Ahimsa does not merely indicate absence of physical violence, but also indicates absence of desire to indulge in any sort of violence.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Varni|1993|p=154}} "Even an intention of killing is the cause of the bondage of Karma, whether you actually kill or not; from the real point of view, this is the nature of the bondage of Karma."</ref> Jains have strongly advocated veganism and nonviolence throughout the ages.<ref name="Dundas 2002">{{harvnb|Dundas|2002}}</ref>

==The Metaphysical Foundation: ''Karma'' and Spiritual Survival==
Jain texts expound that there are ten life essentials or life-principles; these are: the five senses, energy, respiration, life-duration, the organ of speech, and the mind.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=34}} Living beings are classified on the basis of their sensory organs ({{IAST|indriya}}) and life essentials ({{IAST|praṇa}}) they possess. According to Jain texts:{{sfn|S.A. Jain|1992|pp=62, 63, 196}}
* The one-sensed lives possess four essentials – sense organ of touch, strength of body or energy, respiration, and life-duration.
* The two-sensed beings have six, namely the sense of taste and the organ of speech in addition to the former four.
* The three-sensed beings have seven with the addition of the sense of smell.
* The four-sensed beings have eight with the addition of the sense of sight.
* The five-sensed beings without mind have nine life-principles with the addition of the sense of hearing. Those endowed with mind are said to have ten vitalities with the addition of the mind.
According to ''[[Tattvarthasutra]]'', one of the most important Jainism scriptures, "the severance of vitalities out of passion is injury".{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=99}} Therefore, the higher the number of senses and vitalities a being has, the more is its capacity to suffer and feel pain. Hence according to Jainism, violence to higher-sensed beings like man, cow, tiger and those who have five senses and the capacity to think and feel pain attracts more ''karma'' than violence to lesser-sensed beings like [[insect]]s, or single-sensed beings like [[microbe]]s and [[plant]]s.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=161}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=168}}

Out of the five types of living beings, a householder is forbidden to kill, or destroy, intentionally, all except the lowest (the one sensed, such as [[vegetable]]s, herbs, cereals, etc., which are endowed with only the sense of touch).{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=49}} But, the ascetic is required to avoid even injuring the one-sensed form of life to the best of his ability.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=55}}
Hence Jainism enjoins its adherents to completely avoid violence to higher-sensed beings and as far as possible minimise violence to lower-sensed and single-sensed beings.
Jains agree with Hindus that violence in self-defence can be justified,<ref>''Nisithabhasya'' (in ''Nisithasutra'') 289; Jinadatta Suri: ''Upadesharasayana'' 26; Dundas pp. 162–163</ref> and they agree that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty.<ref>Jindal pp. 89–90; Laidlaw pp. 154–155; Jaini, Padmanabh S.: ''Ahimsa and "Just War" in Jainism'', in: ''Ahimsa, Anekanta and Jainism'', ed. Tara Sethia, New Delhi 2004, p. 52–60</ref> Jain communities accepted the use of military power for their defence, there were Jain monarchs, military commanders, and soldiers.<ref>Harisena, ''Brhatkathakosa'' 124 (10th century); Jindal pp. 90–91; Sangave p. 259.</ref>

==The Vow of ''Ahimsa'': Ascetic and Lay Practice==
{{See also|Five vows}}
In [[Jainism]], both [[Jain monasticism|ascetics]] and householders (''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvaka]]'') have to follow five major vows ({{Transliteration|sa|vratas}}). Ascetics observe these fives vows more strictly and therefore observe complete abstinence.

1. Ahimsa is formalised into Jain doctrine as the first and foremost vow. The votary must not to hurt any living being by actions, words or thoughts.{{sfn|Clarke|Beyer|2009|p=325}} The Jain text ''[[Puruşārthasiddhyupāya]]'' deals with the conduct required of the householder (''śrāvaka'') and therefore discusses the fundamental vow of Ahimsa in detail. There are two types of Ahimsa – Bhaav Ahimsa and Karm Ahimsa. Bhaav Ahimsa is thinking to not hurt someone in the thoughts and intentions whereas Karm Ahimsa is not hurting someone through some actions or words. The text expounds that "all these subdivisions (injury, falsehood, stealing, unchastity, and attachment) are ''hiṃsā '' as indulgence in these sullies the pure nature of the soul. Falsehood etc. have been mentioned separately only to make the disciple understand through illustrations."{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=33}}

2. ''Satya'' (Truth) – The underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore, it is said to cause ''hiṃsā'' (injury).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=66}} According to Jain text ''[[Sarvārthasiddhi]]'', translates S.A. Jain, "that which causes pain and suffering to the living is not commendable, whether it refers to actual facts or not is immaterial".{{sfn|S.A. Jain|1992|p=197}}

3. ''Asteya'' (Non-thieving) – According to ''Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'':
{{blockquote|Driven by passions, taking anything that has not been given be termed as theft and since theft causes injury, it is hiṃsā|''{{IAST|Puruşārthasiddhyupāya}}'' (42){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=68}}}}

4. ''Brahmacharya'' – It means chastity for householders and celibacy in action, words & thoughts for ascetics.
{{blockquote|Unchastity (''abrahma'') is copulation arising from sexual desire. There is all-round injury to the living in copulation and, therefore, it is ''hiṃsā''.|''Puruşārthasiddhyupāya''(107){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=71}}}}
{{blockquote|Just as a hot rod of iron inserted into a tube filled with sesame seeds burns them up, in the same way, many beings get killed during sexual intercourse|''Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'' (108){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=72}}}}

5. ''Aparigraha'' ([[Non-possession]]) – According to Jain texts, attachment to possessions (''parigraha'') is of two kinds: attachment to internal possessions (''ābhyantara parigraha''), and attachment to external possessions (''bāhya parigraha'').{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=76}} The fourteen internal possessions are: Wrong belief, the three sex-passions (male sex-passion, female sex-passion, and neuter sex-passion), also the six defects (laughter, liking, disliking, sorrow, fear, and disgust), and four passions (anger, pride, deceitfulness, and greed).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=77}} According to Jain texts, "internal possessions are proved to be hiṃsā as these are just another name for ''himsā''". External possessions are divided into two sub-classes, the non-living, and the living. "External possessions, due to the passion of attachment in them, result into ''himsā''."{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=77}}

===Ascetic practices for adherence to Ahimsa===
These five vows are called {{Transliteration|sa|Mahāvratas}} (major vows) when observed by an ascetic.{{sfn|Tukol|1976|p=4}} {{IAST|Ahimsa}} is the first and foremost of all vows. Jain monks and nuns must rank among the most "nonviolent" people in the world. A Jain ascetic is expected to uphold the vow of {{IAST|Ahimsa}} to the highest standard, even at the cost of their own life. The other four major vows – truthfulness, non-stealing, non-possession and celibacy – are in fact extension of the first vow of complete nonviolence.<ref name="Jaini 1998 167"/>{{sfn|Varni|1993|p=368}}{{efn|"''Ahimsa'' is the heart of all stages of life, the core of all sacred texts, and the sum ({{IAST|pinda}}) and substance ({{IAST|sara}}) of all vows and virtues."}}

The ascetic practices of total renunciation of worldly affairs and possessions, refusal to stay in a single place for a long time, continuous practice of austerities like fasting etc. are geared towards observance of {{IAST|Ahimsa}}. The Jain mendicants abide by a rigorous set of rules of conduct, where they must eat, sleep and even walk with full diligence and with an awareness that even walking kills several hundreds of minute beings. Jain ascetics sweep the ground before them to avoid injuring the most minuscule forms of life. They generally brush the ground clear of insects before they tread. [[Digambara monk]]s do not wear any clothes and eat food only when it is not prepared for themselves. Ascetics of the [[Śvētāmbara]] tradition wear a small mask to avoid taking in tiny insects. The observation of three {{IAST|guptis}} or the controls of mind, speech and body and five ''samiti'' are designed to help the monks in observing the vow of Ahimsa faultlessly. A monk is required to cultivate the habit of carefulness (''samti''), in respect of the following five particulars:{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=29}}

# walking, so as not to injure any living being;
# speech, so as not to cause pain to any one by offensive, disagreeable language, or by a careless use of words having a tendency to incite others to violent deeds;
# eating, so as not to cause injury to any living being;
# handling things – the water gourd, books and the feather whisk, with which there is a great danger of injury to small insects; and
# evacuation and disposal of faeces, urine, and the like.

The entire day of a Jain monk is spent in ensuring that he observes his vow of ahimsa through mind, body and speech faultlessly. This seemingly extreme behaviour of the monks comes from a sense that every action, no matter however subtle, has a karmic effect which can bind soul and inhibit liberation, especially those that result in ''hiṃsā'' (injury).{{sfn|Oldmeadow|2007|p=157}}

===Householders adherence to the vow===
A Jain layman, on account of his household and occupational compulsions, is unable to adhere to the five major vows of ascetic. Hence he observes ''aṇuvrata'' or minor vows which although are similar to the major vows of the ascetics are observed with a lesser severity. It is difficult to avoid some violence by a lay person to single-sensed immobile beings in the process of occupation, cooking, self-defense etc. That is why he vows not to kill without a necessary purpose and determined intention, a moving sentient being, when it is innocent. Tying up, injuring, mutilating, burdening with heavy load and depriving from food and drinks any animal or human being, with one's mind polluted by anger and other passions are the five ''{{IAST|aticāra}}'' or transgressions of the vow of ahimsa.{{sfn|Varni|1993|p=310}} However, it is to be understood that ultimately, there is limited spiritual progress and no emancipation unless the major vows are adhered to.

Jainism is perhaps the only religion in the world that requires all its adherents to follow a strict [[vegetarian]] diet.<ref name="Huntington">{{citation | last =Huntington | first =Ronald | title =Jainism and Ethics | url =http://www1.chapman.edu/schweitzer/huntington.html | access-date =2007-07-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070819191651/http://www1.chapman.edu/schweitzer/huntington.html| archive-date= 19 August 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Vegetarian food that also involves more harm to the living beings such as roots, bulbs, multi seeded vegetables etc. are avoided by strict Jains. The importance of ahimsa manifests in many other ways in the daily life of Jains. For a layperson it means participating in business that results in least amount of violence to living beings. No furs, plumes or silk are worn. Use of leather is kept to a minimum and must in any event be from naturally dead animals. Food is usually eaten during the day unless unavoidable, since there is too much danger of injuring insects in cooking at night. The Jain will not use an open light nor leave a container of liquid uncovered lest a stray insect be destroyed; even with this precaution, liquids are always strained before use.<ref name="Huntington" /> Through the ages Jains have sought to avoid occupations that unavoidably entail injury, and this accounts for the disproportionate number who have entered banking, commerce and other mercantile trades.<ref name="Huntington" />

===Transgressions===
Jain texts list down five transgressions of the vow of ahimsa:{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=103}}

# Tying up animals too tightly
# Beating them mercilessly
# Cutting their limbs
# Overloading them
# Neglecting to feed them properly

A king who fights in defending his empire, however, does not violate the vow of ahimsa, for his motive is to protect his subjects. The same is the case with the judge who punishes to maintain law and order.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=48}}

==Philosophical Nuance and Analysis==

===Important constituents===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2015}}
While Jainism enjoins observance of total nonviolence by the ascetics, it is often argued that the man is constantly obliged to engage in destructive activities of eating, drinking, breathing and surviving in order to support his body. According to Jainism, life is omnipresent with infinite beings including microorganisms pervading each and every part of the universe. Hence it may still be possible to avoid killing of gross animals, but it is impossible to avoid killing of subtle microorganisms in air and water, plant life and various types of insects that may be crushed by walking.

However, the Jain conception of ahimsa is quite different from what is commonly understood by violence. The violence is defined more by the motives and the consequences to the self rather than by the act itself. Furthermore, according to Jain Scriptures, destruction of less developed organism brings about lesser ''karmas'' than destruction of developed animals and ''karmas'' generated in observance of religious duties faultlessly disappears almost immediately. Hence, it is possible to observe complete nonviolence with right knowledge, even when some outward violence occurs to living beings in the course of performing religious duties by observing carefulness and pure mental disposition without any attachment.

====Carefulness====

According to Jainism, a monk who is careless in his activities is guilty of violence irrespective of whether a living being remains alive or dies; on the other hand, the person who is ever vigilant and careful in observing the ''samitis'' experiences no karmic bondage simply because some violence may have taken place in connection with his activities.<ref>{{harvnb|Varni|1993|p=388}}</ref> Carefulness came to be seen as a defence for the monks against violence in Jainism. ''[[Tattvārthasūtra]]'' defines ''hiṃsā'' or violence simply as ''removal of life by careless activity of mind, body and speech.'' Thus action in Jainism came to be regarded as truly violent only when accompanied by carelessness.

====Mental states and intention====

Ahimsa does not merely indicate absence of physical violence, but also indicates absence of desire to indulge in any sort of violence.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Jains have strongly advocated vegetarianism and nonviolence throughout the ages.<ref name="Dundas 2002"/> Ahimsa being central to the [[Jain philosophy]], Jain Ācāryas have produced, through ages, quite elaborate and detailed doctrinal materials concerning its various aspects.
[[Paul Dundas]] quotes ''Ācārya Jinabhadra'' (7th century), who shows that the omnipresence of life-forms in the universe need not totally inhibit normal behaviour of the ascetics:<ref>{{harvnb|Dundas|2002|p=162}}</ref>
{{blockquote|It is the intention that ultimately matters. From the real point of view, a man does not become a killer only because he has killed or because the world is crowded with souls, or remain innocent only because he has not killed physically. Even if a person does not actually kill, he becomes a killer if he has the intention to kill; while a doctor has to cause pain but is still non-violent and innocent because his intention is pure, for it is the intention which is the deciding factor, not the external act which is inconclusive.}}
Thus pure intention along with carefulness was considered necessary to practice {{IAST|Ahimsa}} as Jains admitted that even if intention may be pure, careless activities often resulted in violence unknowingly.

====Knowledge====
The Jains also considered right knowledge as a prerequisite for practising {{IAST|Ahimsa}}. It is necessary to know what is living and what is non-living to practice {{IAST|Ahimsa}} faultlessly. A person who is confused between Living and non-living can never observe non-violence. ''Daśavaikālika Sūtra'' declared:<ref name="Oldmeadow 2007 156–157">{{harvnb|Oldmeadow|2007|pp=156–157}}</ref>
{{blockquote|First knowledge, then compassion. Thus does one remain in full control. How can an ignorant person be compassionate, when he cannot distinguish between the good and the evil?}}
It further declares:<ref name="Oldmeadow 2007 156–157"/>
{{blockquote|Knowledge of living and non-living alone will enable one to become compassionate towards all living creatures. Knowing this all aspirants, proceed from knowledge to eternal virtues. What can an ignorant do? How does he know what is noble and what is evil?}}

The knowledge is also considered necessary to destroy ''[[Karma in Jainism|Karmas]]''. Samaṇ Suttaṁ declared:
{{blockquote|The ignorant cannot destroy their ''Karmas'' by their actions while the wise can do it by their inaction i.e. by controlling their activities because they are free from greed and lustful passions and do not commit any sin as they remain contented|165}}

===Anekantavada===
{{Main|Anekantavada}}
''Anekantavada'' is the principle of relativity of truth or the doctrine of multiple aspects.<ref>{{harvnb|Varni|1993|p=670}} "One and the same person assumes the relationship of father, son, grandson, nephew and brother, but he is the father of one whose he is and not of the rest (so is the case with all the things)."</ref> Jains hold that truth is multifaceted and has multiple sides that cannot be completely comprehended by anyone. Anekantavada describes the world as a multifaceted, ever-changing reality with an infinity of viewpoints relative to the time, place, nature and state of one who is the viewer and that which is viewed. What is true from one point of view is open to question from another. Absolute truth cannot be grasped from any particular viewpoint alone, because absolute truth is the sum total of all different viewpoints that make up the universe. Because it is rooted in these doctrines, Jainism cannot exclusively uphold the views of any individual, community, nation, or species.<ref>
{{citation | last =Hunter | first =Alan | title =Forgiveness in Jainism | date =May 2003 | url =http://www.coventry.ac.uk/researchnet/external/content/1/c4/08/77/v1170243233/user/jainism.doc | access-date =4 October 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090411110952/http://www.coventry.ac.uk/researchnet/external/content/1/c4/08/77/v1170243233/user/jainism.doc | archive-date =11 April 2009 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}
</ref> It recognises inherently that other views are valid for other peoples, and for other life-forms. This perception leads to the doctrine of syadvada or sevenfold predication stating the truth from different viewpoints. Anekantvada is the doctrine and [[Syadvada]] is its expression. According to Jaina philosophers all important philosophical statements should be expressed in this sevenfold way in order to remove the danger of dogmatism (''ekanta'') in philosophy.<ref>{{citation | last =Koller | first =John M. | title =Syadvada as the epistemological key to the Jaina middle way metaphysics of Anekantavada | journal =Philosophy East and West | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages =400–408 | location =Honolulu |date=July 2000 | issn =0031-8221 | id ={{ProQuest|216882163}} }}
</ref>

The concept of ''syadvada'' allows the Jains to accept the truth in other philosophies from their perspectives, thus inculcating a tolerance for other viewpoints. Anekantvada is non-absolutist and stands firmly against all dogmatisms, even including any assertion that only Jainism is the right religious path.<ref name="Huntington"/>

==={{IAST|Dravya hiṃsā}} and {{IAST|bhāva hiṃsā}}===

[[File:Jaina Doctrine of Ahimsa.png|thumb|Categorization of hiṃsā, drawn by [[Champat Rai Jain]] in 1933]]

===Types of violence===

While the Jain ascetics observe absolute nonviolence, so far as a Jain householder is concerned, the violence is categorised as follows:
# '''{{IAST|Sankalpinī hiṃsā}} or intentional violence''' – Intentional violence knowingly done is the worst form of violence and is a transgression of the layperson's vow of nonviolence. Examples of {{IAST|sankalpinī hiṃsā}} are killing for hunting, amusement or decoration, or butchering for food or sacrifice or killing or hurting out of enmity, malice or mischief. {{IAST|sankalpinī hiṃsā}} has to be totally renounced by a householder.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1976}}
# '''{{IAST|Virodhinī hiṃsā}} or Self-defence''' – One is allowed to practice self-defense against a robber, murderer, or any other criminal. This self-defense is necessary when evil attacks.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1976}}
# '''{{IAST|Āṛambhinī (Graharambhi) hiṃsā}} or domestic or household violence '''– This violence is unavoidably committed in the course of preparing food, household cleanliness, washing, construction of houses, wells, etc.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1976}}
# '''{{IAST|Udyoginī hiṃsā}} or Occupational Violence''' – This violence is connected to occupational undertakings like agriculture, building and operating industries, etc.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1976}}
:While {{IAST|sankalpinī hiṃsā}} has to be avoided at all costs, the other three types of hiṃsā, although unavoidable in some cases, should not exceed the strict requirements of fulfilling the duties of a householder. Furthermore, they should not be influenced by passions such as anger, greed, pride and deceit or they take the character of {{IAST|sanpalkinī hiṃsā}}.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1976}}

==={{anchor|Ways of committing Violence}}Ways of committing violence===
[[File:Depiction of Violence Gujarat.jpg|thumb|500px|Violence (Himsa) gouache on paper, 17th century, Gujarat depicts animals of prey with their victims. The princely couple symbolises love, which is another occasion of violence.]]
It would be wrong, however, to conclude that {{IAST|Ahimsa}} only prohibits physical violence. An early Jain text says: "With the three means of punishment – thoughts, words, deeds – ye shall not injure living beings."<ref name="Huntington" /> In fact, violence can be committed by combination of the following four factors:

1. The instrumentality of our actions. We can commit violence through
:a. body i.e. physical action,
:b. speech i.e. verbal action, or
:c. mind i.e. mental actions
2. The process of committing violence. This includes whether
:a. we only decide or plan to act,
:b. we make preparations for the act e.g. like collecting necessary materials or weapons, or
:c. we actually begin the action
3. The modality of our action, whether
:a. we ourselves commit violence,
:b. we instigate others to carry out the violence, or
:c. we give our silent approval for the violence
4. The motivation for action. This includes which of the following [[negative emotion]]s motivate the violence.
:a. Anger
:b. Greed
:c. Pride
:d. Manipulation or deceit

In Jainism, "non-manifestation of passions like attachment is non-injury (''Ahimsa''), and manifestation of such passions is injury (''himsa'')." This is termed as the essence of the Jaina Scriptures.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=35}}

==The rationale of nonviolence==
[[File:Ahinsa.jpg|thumb|Sculpture depicting the statement "''ahimsā paramo dharma''" (Photo: [[Ahinsa Sthal]], Delhi)]]
According to Jainism, the purpose of nonviolence is not because it is a commandment of a God or any other supreme being. Its purpose is also not simply because its observance is conducive to general welfare of the state or the community.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1976}} While it is true that in Jainism, the moral and religious injunctions were laid down as law by [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arhats]] who have achieved perfection through their supreme moral efforts, their adherence is just not to please a God, but the life of the Arhats has demonstrated that such commandments were conductive to Arhat's own welfare, helping him to reach spiritual victory. Just as Arhats achieved spiritual victory by observing non-violence, so can anyone who follows this path.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1976}}

Another aspect that provides a rationale to the avoidance of ''hiṃsā'' is that, any acts of ''himsā'' results in ''himsā'' to self. Any act of violence though outwardly is seen to harm others, harms the soul of the person indulging in the act. Thus by an act of violence, a soul may or may not injure the material vitalities known as {{IAST|dravya praṇa}} of someone else, but always causes injury to its own ''bhāva praṇa'' or the psychic vitalities by binding the soul with ''karmas''. It would be entirely wrong to see Ahimsa in Jainism in any sentimental light.<ref name="Huntington"/> The Jain doctrine of non-injury is based on rational consciousness, not emotional compassion; on responsibility to self, not on a social fellow feeling. The motive of {{IAST|Ahimsa}} is totally self-centered and for the benefit of the individual. And yet, though the emphasis is on personal liberation, the Jain ethics makes that goal attainable only through consideration for others.

Furthermore, according to the Jain karmic theory, each and every soul, including self, has reincarnated as an animal, plant or microorganism innumerable number of times besides re-incarnated as humans. The concept of {{IAST|Ahimsa}} is more meaningful when understood in conjunction with the concept of karmas. As the doctrine of transmigration of souls includes rebirth in animal as well as human form, it creates a humanitarian sentiment of kinship amongst all life forms. The motto of Jainism – {{IAST|''[[Parasparopagraho Jivanam|Parasparopagraho jīvānām]]''}}, translated as: ''all life is inter-related and it is the duty of souls to assist each other''- also provides a rational approach of Jains towards Ahimsa.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

In conclusion, the insistence of ahimsa is both about non-injury to others as it is about non-injury and spiritual welfare of the self. The ultimate rationale of ahimsa is fundamentally about karmic results of the ''hiṃsā'' on self and the society and not just a dogmatic principle or commandment.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==''Ahimsa'' in Practice: The Daily Disciplines==
{{Main|Jain vegetarianism}}
The Jain vegetarian diet is practised by the followers of [[Jain culture]] and philosophy. It is considered one of the most rigorous forms of a spiritually motivated diet on the Indian subcontinent and beyond. The Jain cuisine is completely vegetarian, and it also excludes potatoes, onions and garlic, like the [[shojin-ryori]] cuisine of Japan.

According to Amṛtacandra Sūri:
{{blockquote|"Those who wish to renounce hiṃsā must, first of all, make effort to give up the consumption of wine, flesh, honey, and the five ''udumbara'' fruits (the five udumbara trees are Gular, Anjeera, Banyan, Peepal, and Pakar, all belonging to the fig class).|''{{IAST|Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya}}'' (61){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=44}}}}

The strictest forms of Jain diet are practised by the monastic ascetics. It also excludes potatoes and other root vegetables.{{sfn|Shah|1998}} The scrupulous and thorough way of applying nonviolence to everyday activities, and especially to food, shapes their entire lives and is the most significant hallmark of Jain identity.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|pp=154–160}}{{sfn|Jindal|1988|pp=74–90}}{{sfn|Tähtinen|1976|p=110}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=176–177}}
For Jains, [[lacto-vegetarianism]] (generally known simply as vegetarianism in India) is mandatory. Food which contains even small particles of the bodies of dead animals or eggs is absolutely unacceptable.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|pp=166–169}} Some Jain scholars and activists support [[veganism]], as the industrial production of dairy products involves violence against cows.
Strict Jains don't eat [[list of root vegetables|root vegetables]] such as potatoes, onions, roots and tubers. This is so because tiny life forms are injured when the plant is pulled up and because the bulb is seen as a living being, as it is able to sprout.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|pp=156–157, 167–170}}{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=260}} Also, consumption of most root vegetables involves uprooting and killing the entire plant, in contrast to consumption of most other terrestrial vegetables, upon which the plant lives on after plucking the vegetables (or it was seasonally supposed to wither away anyway). Mushrooms, fungi and yeasts are forbidden because they are parasites, grow in non-hygienic environments, and may harbour other life forms. [[Alfalfa]] is the only known plant that contains vitamin D2, which they may use directly or make vitamin D2 supplements from. Honey is forbidden, as its collection would amount to violence against the bees.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|pp=166–167}}
Jains are also not supposed to consume food left overnight because of contamination by microbes. Most Jain recipes substitute for potato with [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.jainuniversity.org/jainism.aspx |title=Jainism |publisher=Jainuniversity.org |access-date=2010-09-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002010300/http://www.jainuniversity.org/jainism.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Misconceptions==
The Jain scriptures discuss various misconceptions that are harboured in case of Ahimsa. They often oppose the Vedic beliefs in sacrifices and other practices that justified violence in various ways. ''Ācārya Amritacandra's Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya'' discuss these wrong beliefs at length to alert the Jain laity to them. These misconceptions are as follows.

===Animal sacrifices===
The belief that animals were created for [[yajna]] (sacrifice) and hence it was not considered a slaughter, as it elevated not only the person making the sacrifice, but also the animals was also denounced by the Jains. {{IAST|Ācārya}} Amṛtacandra of {{IAST|Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya}} condemned this practice by stating that it is a misconception to hold that Gods are pleased at sacrifices of living beings and there is no wrong in committing hiṃsā for the sake of religion.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=55}}

{{IAST|Ācārya}} Amṛtacandra says that animals should not be killed for guests or persons deserving respect as often advocated in certain scriptures.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=56}} It is also a wrong belief that wild animals that kill many other animals should be killed.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=57}} This is often justified in the name of hunting of ferocious animals like tigers for sport. Another wrong belief forwarded to justify killing of ferocious animals is that, these kill many lives and accumulate grave sins and hence killing them is an act of mercy. According to Jainism, killing can never be an act of mercy. It is also a misconception to believe that it is advisable to kill those who are suffering so that they may get relief from agony. These sorts of arguments are forwarded to justify killing of those animals that may have become old or injured and hence have become commercially useless.

===Wrong Beliefs===
Other wrong beliefs are killing those who are in state of happiness or those who are in meditation under wrong belief that the mental state at the time of death will be perpetuated in future lives. It is also a wrong belief that killing of self and others is justified as the soul that is imprisoned in the body will be permanently released and achieve salvation.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|pp=58–59}}

==Fruits of nonviolence==
{{Main|Karma in Jainism}}
According to Jain texts, the fruits of ''himsā'' (violence) depends upon the severity of passions at the time of commencement of such an act.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=38}} One may be responsible for the sinful act of ''himsā'' without actually causing injury; the other, while having caused injury, may not be responsible for the act.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=39}} Also, when two persons commit the act of ''himsā'' jointly, its consequences on fruition (of ''karma'') may be grave for one person and mild for the other.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=40}}

According to Jains, the consequences of karma are inevitable. The consequences may take some time to take effect but the ''karma'' is never fruitless. The latent karma becomes active and bears fruit when the supportive conditions arise. A great part of attracted karma bears its consequences with minor fleeting effects, as generally most of our activities are influenced by mild [[negative emotion]]s. However, those actions that are influenced by intense negative emotions cause an equally strong karmic attachment which usually does not bear fruit immediately. It takes on an inactive state and waits for the supportive conditions—like proper time, place, and environment—to arise for it to manifest and produce effects. If the supportive conditions do not arise, the respective karmas will manifest at the end of maximum period for which it can remain bound to the soul. These supportive conditions for activation of latent karmas are determined by the nature of karmas, intensity of emotional engagement at the time of binding karmas and our actual relation to time, place, surroundings. There are certain laws of precedence among the karmas, according to which the fruition of some of the karmas may be deferred but not absolutely barred.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1966|p=197}}

==Modern reception==
{{IAST|Ahimsa}}, an important tenet of all the religions originating in India, is now considered as an article of faith by the adherents of the [[Indian religions]].

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was of the view:{{blockquote|No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahimsa so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism. As and when the benevolent principle of Ahimsa or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond. Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Lord Mahavira is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahimsa.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmJnWrjnfjMC|last=Pandey|first=Janardan|date=1998|title=Gandhi and 21st Century|isbn=978-81-7022-672-7|page=50|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>}}

[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] wrote the Jain slogan, ''Ahimsa parmo dharma'', on [[Facebook]]'s Real Wall at its headquarters, when he visited for a town hall question-and-answer session in September 2015.<ref>{{citation |title=Ahimsa is the greatest dharma, writes PM Modi on Facebook Wall |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/ahimsa-is-the-greatest-dharma-pm-modi-writes-on-facebook-wall |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218181605/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/ahimsa-is-the-greatest-dharma-pm-modi-writes-on-facebook-wall/ |archive-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Harisatya |title=Reals in the Jaina metaphysics |publisher= Seth Santi Das Khetsy Charitable Trust |location=Bombay |year=1966 |type=thesis }}
* {{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Harisatya |title=Jain moral doctrine |publisher=Jain Sāhitya Vikās Maṇḍala |location=Bombay |year=1976 }}
* {{citation |last1=Clarke |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter B. Clarke |last2=Beyer |first2=Peter |title=The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC |date=2009 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-203-87212-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |editor-first=John |editor-last=Hinnels |title =The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ialKAbIyV4C |publisher =Routledge |year=2002 |location=London |isbn=0-415-26606-8 }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Champat Rai |author-link=Champat Rai Jain |title=The Practical Dharma |url=https://archive.org/details/ThePracticalDharma |date=1929 |publisher=The Indian Press Ltd. |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Champat Rai Jain|1929}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvārthsūtra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC |year=2011 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |location=[[Uttarakhand]] |isbn=978-81-903639-2-1 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2011}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya |year=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8190363948 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=S. A. |title=Reality |year=1992 |publisher=Jwalamalini Trust |url=https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT |edition=Second |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|S.A. Jain|1992}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Tukol|first1=Justice T. K.|title=Sallekhanā is Not Suicide|date=1976|publisher=L.D. Institute of Indology|location=Ahmedabad|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN0cAAAAMAAJ
}} [https://archive.org/details/SallekhanaIsNotSuicide Alt URL]
* {{citation |last=Halbfass |first = Wilhelm |title = Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Thought|publisher = Suny Press |year = 1991 }}
* {{citation |last=Goyal |first=S.R.|title=A History of Indian Buddhism |year=1987|location=Meerut }}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path of Purification|year=1998 }}
* {{citation |last=Jindal |first=K.B. |title=An epitome of Jainism |year=1988 |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-215-0058-3 }}
* {{citation |author1-link=James Laidlaw (anthropologist) |last=Laidlaw |first=James |title=Riches and Renunciation. Religion, economy, and society among the Jains |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Oldmeadow |editor-first=Harry |title=Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West |year=2007 |publisher=World Wisdom |isbn= 9781933316222}}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |publisher=Sussex Academy Press |year=1998 |location=Sussex |series=Volume I and II | isbn=1-898723-30-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Tähtinen |first=Unto |title=Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition |year=1976 |location=London |isbn=0-09-123340-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Varni |first=Jinendra |year=1993 |title=Saman Suttam |editor-first1=Sagarmal |editor-last1=Jain |translator-first1=T.K. |translator-last1=Tukol |translator-first2=K. K. |translator-last2=Dixit |publisher=Bhagwan Mahavir Memorial Samiti |location=New Delhi }}
* {{citation |last=Walters |first=Kerry S. |title=Religious Vegetarianism: From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama |year=2001|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-4972-1 }}
{{refend}}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Vegetarianism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain philosophy]]
[[Category:Jain ethics]]

Sree Vishnu

2026-05-01T05:17:18Z

LolitaErurf:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sree Vishnu
| alias =
| image = Actor_Sree_Vishnu.png
| caption = Vishnu in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|2|29|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=TelanganaToday|title=Sree Vishnu drops a hint on his birthday|url=https://telanganatoday.com/sree-vishnu-drops-a-hint-on-his-birthday|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2018|title=Never wanted to be hero, just want to be a good actor: Telugu star Sree Vishnu to TNM|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/never-wanted-be-hero-just-want-be-good-actor-telugu-star-sree-vishnu-tnm-77354|access-date=8 December 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_name = Rudraraju Vishnuvardhan<ref name="name">{{Cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Nala-Damayanti-is-a-feel-good-film-Sree-Vishnu/articleshow/30572552.cms |title = Nala Damayanti is a feel good film : Sree Vishnu |publisher= [[Times of India]] |date=17 February 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Antarvedipalem]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sree Vishnu has his fanboy moment with Victory Venkatesh - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sree-vishnu-has-his-fanboy-moment-with-victory-venkatesh/articleshow/72346609.cms|access-date=8 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| alma mater = [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2009–present
}}

'''Sree Vishnu''' (born '''Rudraraju Vishnuvardhan'''; 29 February 1984) is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. After appearing in minor roles, Vishnu got his breakthrough with ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]'' (2013). He later starred in supporting roles in films such as ''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]'' (2013), ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' (2016), ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' (2017). For the lattermost, he got a [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor]] nomination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out: Date, place of 7th edition revealed |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016 |access-date=8 August 2018 |work=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>

He expanded to leading roles in successful comedies like ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' (2017), ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' (2019), ''[[Raja Raja Chora]]'' (2021), ''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]'' (2023), ''[[Om Bheem Bush]]'' (2024) and ''[[Sree Vishnu#Single (film)|Single]]'' (2025).

== Early life ==
Sree Vishnu was born in [[Antarvedipalem]] of [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He graduated in [[Bachelor of Business Management]] (Honors) from [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]], Visakhapatnam. He worked as a [[web designer]] in [[Hyderabad]] till 2006, after which he quit to pursue a career in the film industry and started as an assistant director.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2019|title=Most intense character I've portrayed: Sree Vishnu on playing a DJ in 'Thippara Meesam'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/most-intense-character-i-ve-portrayed-sree-vishnu-playing-dj-thippara-meesam-111411|access-date=8 December 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

While in college he was a member of the theatre group. He also played for the under-19 [[Andhra cricket team]].<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web|date=28 December 2016|title=Interview with Sree Vishnu about 'Appatlo Okadundevadu by Maya Nelluri|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sreevishnu-appatlookadundevadu.html|publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Vishnu is a friend of fellow actor [[Nara Rohit]] and has collaborated with him in several films.<ref name="tt">{{Cite web|last=Ranjith|first=Gabbeta|title=Sree Vishnu opens up about his friendship with Nara Rohith, role in VOZ|url=https://telanganatoday.com/sree-vishnu-friendship-nara-rohith-role-voz|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vishnu acted in several short films. One of them, "Bewars" directed by Pavan Sadineni, became popular on [[YouTube]]. His first film roles were minor ones in ''[[Baanam]]'' and ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]''. In 2013, he was approached by Pavan Sadineni, for a lead role in the film ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]''.<ref name="P"/> In a review of ''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]'' (2013) by ''The Times of India'', the reviewer wrote that "Vishnu sparkles with his dialogue delivery".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/second-hand/movie-review/27312112.cms|title=Second Hand Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Second Hand by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2014, he acted in [[Nara Rohit]]'s ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' as a home minister's son.<ref name="P">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sree-vishnu-patience-is-the-only-mantra/article19828499.ece|title=Sree Vishnu: Patience is the only mantra|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=9 October 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Following a few other minor roles, in 2016 he had a lead role in the film ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/thippara-meesam-to-change-sree-vishnus-career-graph|title=Thippara Meesam to change Sree Vishnu's career graph|first=Prakash|last=Pecheti|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref name="P"/> He later starred in notable films ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' (2019) and ''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/brochevarevaru-ra/movie-review/69988436.cms|title=Brochevarevarura Movie Review|website=The Times of India|date=2019-06-28|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216145528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/brochevarevaru-ra/movie-review/69988436.cms|url-status=live}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sree Vishnu and Reba Monica John shine in this family entertainer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/samajavaragamana/movie-review/101356189.cms?from=mdr|access-date=29 June 2023|work=The Times of India|date=29 June 2023|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629082533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/samajavaragamana/movie-review/101356189.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, he featured in ''[[Om Bheem Bush]]'', directed by Sree Harsha Konuganti<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-02-22 |title=Sree Vishnu comes with a crazy title ‘Om Bheem Bush’ |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sree-vishnu-comes-with-a-crazy-title-om-bheem-bush-860253 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Swag (film)|Swag]]''.

In 2026, '''Sree Vishnu'''’s film ''Vishnu Vinyasam'' had its release date advanced by one day, moving from 28 February to 27 February 2026 to align with a Friday theatrical release.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
*''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Baanam]]'' || Academy officer || || rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munju |first=Ganesh |date=2 November 2024 |title=Sree Vishnu : సెన్సార్ కి కూడా దొరకకుండా అన్ని బూతులు ఎలా మేనేజ్ చేస్తావ్ అన్న.? |trans-title=Sree Vishnu: Brother, how do you manage [to sneak in] so many foul words which even the censors would not find? |url=https://www.bigtvlive.com/entertainment/how-sree-vishnu-escaping-censor-board-in-his-movies-check-more-details.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250428140413/https://www.bigtvlive.com/entertainment/how-sree-vishnu-escaping-censor-board-in-his-movies-check-more-details.html |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Big TV |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2011
| ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]''|| Vishnu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' || Rupesh || Uncredited role; [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film Dubbed in Telugu as ''Love Failure''
|-
| ''[[Naa Ishtam]]'' || Ganesh's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''|| Ashok ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013 || ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]'' || Royal Raju ||
|
|-
| ''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]'' || Chaitanya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Okkadine]]'' ||Sailaja's brother|| ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' || Srikar||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || Bhadram || ||
|-
| ''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance in the song "Sukumaara"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Appatlo Okadundevaadu]]'' || Railway Raju||
|
|-
| ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]'' || Kantha Rao ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''[[Maa Abbayi]]'' || Abbayi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' ||Vasu|| Nominated{{Ndash}}[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' || Aravind Krishna||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]'' || Rudraraju Sagar ||
|
|-
| ''[[Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu]]'' ||Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu "Nikhil" ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' || Rahul ||
|
|-
|''[[Thipparaa Meesam]]''
| Mani Shankar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021|| ''[[Gaali Sampath]]''
| Suri
|
|
|-
|''[[Raja Raja Chora]]''
| Bhaskar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2020|title=Sree Vishnu's next venture titled 'Raja Raja Chora'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sree-vishnu-s-next-venture-titled-raja-raja-chora-119414|access-date=8 December 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Arjuna Phalguna]]''
|Arjuna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Bhala Thandanana]]'' || Chandra ||
|<ref>{{cite web|date=7 April 2021|title=Sree Vishnu, Catherine Tresa's ''Bhala Thandanana'' goes on floors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sree-vishnu-catherine-tresas-bhala-thandanana-goes-on-floors/articleshow/81945216.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Alluri (film)|Alluri]]''
|Alluri Sita Ramaraju
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]''
|Balu
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Om Bheem Bush]]''
|Krishnakanth "Krish" Gundagani and Madhana Manoharudu{{efn|name=dual role|Sree Vishnu plays dual roles in this film.}}
|[[Dual role]]
|<ref name="The makers of Sree Vishnu's Om Bheem Bush share first look, lock release date">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=The makers of Sree Vishnu's Om Bheem Bush share first look, lock release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/feb/22/the-makers-of-om-bheem-bush-share-first-look-release-date-52282.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224162936/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/feb/22/the-makers-of-om-bheem-bush-share-first-look-release-date-52282.html |archive-date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Swag (film)|''Swag'']]
|[[King]] Bhavabhuthi, Yayathi, Vibhuthi (Dhanubhuthi) and{{Br}}[[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Bhavabhuthi, Singareni "Singa"{{efn|name=five roles|Sree Vishnu plays five roles in this film.}}
|[[dual role|Five roles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=Sree Vishnu Arriving With 'SWAG'! |url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/sreevishnu-1307473 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=english.tupaki.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Single (film)|Single]]''
|Vijay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=#SV18 Grand Reveal |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MovbUzGStz4 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=youtube.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" |2026
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
|Arya
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Ram Abbaraju of Nari Nari Naduma Murari: I want to make only entertaining films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Jan/13/teluguinterviews2026jan10ram-abbaraju-of-nari-nari-naduma-murari-i-want-to-make-only-entertaining-films |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
|Vishnu
|
|
|-
|''[[Mrithyunjay]]''
|Jay
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/mrithyunjay-movie-review|title=‘Mrithyunjay’ Movie Review: Sree Vishnu’s Thriller Has The Smarts But Settles for Convenience|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|access-date=30 March 2026|last=Raman|first=Sruthi Ganapathy}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gaayapadda Simham]]''
|TBA
|Extended cameo
|-
|{{Pending film|Comrade Kalyan}}
|Kalyan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=#SreeVishnu19 Movie Pooja Ceremony|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XtVXawqfOk |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=youtube.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notes}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6783918}}
*{{Facebook|SreeVishnuOfficial|Sree Vishnu}}
*{{Twitter|sreevishnuoffl|Sree Vishnu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu, Sree}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:37:45Z

LolitaErurf: creating initial post more to come...

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|08|04}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Dadar}} (DR)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Sainagar Shirdi}} (SNSI)
| distance = {{convert|332|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6h
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities= Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22147 / 22148
| speed = {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Shiridi - Mumbai) Express (via Manmad) Route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22147 / 22148 '''Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Dadar}} and {{stnlnk|Sainagar Shirdi}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22147/22148 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/new-train-to-connect-mumbai-with-sainagar-shirdi/articleshow/59832456.cms New train to connect Mumbai with Sainagar Shirdi]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170804223448/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=From-next-month-take-a-train-from-Dadar-30072017009055 From next month, take a train from Dadar to Shirdi every Friday]</ref>

== Service ==
The 22147/Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 332 km in 6h. The 22148/Sainagar Shirdi–Dadar Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 332 km in 6h.

== Route and halts ==
The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Dadar}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Thane}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kasara}}
* {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}
* {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kopargaon}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Sainagar Shirdi}}'''

== Coach composition ==
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 18 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction ==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]] diesel locomotive from Dadar to Shirdi.

== Rake sharing ==
The train shares its rake with 11001/11002 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Pandharpur Express]] and 12131/12132 [[Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express]].

== Direction reversal ==
The train reverses its direction at;
* {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}

== See also ==
* [[Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express]]
* [[Sainagar Shirdi–Pandharpur Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/66031 22147/Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/66032 22148/Sainagar Shirdi–Dadar Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadar-Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Shirdi]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

RattanIndia

2026-04-26T08:20:27Z

LolitaErurf: put up first details initial version

{{Short description|Indian electric power company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
[[File:RattanIndia Logo.jpg|right|thumb|RattanIndia logo]]
'''RattanIndia Enterprises Ltd''', formerly '''RattanIndia Infrastructure Ltd.''', is an Indian company that is involved in the energy sector.

The traditional focus of the company was on coal and thermal power; however, the company has expanded its scope more recently, focusing more on [[emerging technologies]] and e-commerce.

The company supplies electricity to Maharashtra state and uses coal from South Coalfields Limited and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ltd|first=Research and Markets|title=RattanIndia Power Ltd (RTNPOWER) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review|url=https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4278545/rattanindia-power-ltd-rtnpower-financial-and|access-date=2021-12-10|website=www.researchandmarkets.com|language=english|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219120331/https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4278545/rattanindia-power-ltd-rtnpower-financial-and|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Rattan India was the outcome of the split of [[Indiabulls]] where the energy component was named as RattanIndia in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mukul|first=Jyoti|date=2014-09-06|title=Rajiv Rattan takes control of Indiabulls Power|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rajiv-rattan-takes-control-of-indiabulls-power-114090600798_1.html|access-date=2021-12-10|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125145721/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rajiv-rattan-takes-control-of-indiabulls-power-114090600798_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The company is listed on National Stock Exchange and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RattanIndia Power Ltd. Share Price Today, Stock Price, Live BSE/NSE Prices and News for RattanIndia Power Ltd. {{!}} Bloomberg-Quint|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/stock/972964/rattanindia-power-ltd|access-date=2021-12-10|website=www.bloombergquint.com|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219120328/https://www.bloombergquint.com/stock/972964/rattanindia-power-ltd|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vivek Kulkarni|Brickwork Ratings]] provided the rating for the Bank Loan Facilities of aggregating to Rs.7617.99 Crs in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brickwork Ratings for Rattan India|url=https://www.brickworkratings.com/Admin/PressRelease/RattanIndia-Power-5Oct2020(1).pdf|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219120325/https://www.brickworkratings.com/Admin/PressRelease/RattanIndia-Power-5Oct2020(1).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

RattanIndia has two thermal power plants: the first is the Nashik power plant that was reported stranded in 2020 due to no long-term purchase agreements and conflicts on land acquisition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETEnergyworld.com|title=De-stressing power and banking sectors advances with international divestment of RattanIndia's Amravati coal plant - Opinion by Vibhuti Garg {{!}} ET EnergyWorld|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/energy-speak/de-stressing-power-and-banking-sectors-advances-with-international-divestment-of-rattanindia-s-amravati-coal-plant/3968|access-date=2021-12-10|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219120324/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/energy-speak/de-stressing-power-and-banking-sectors-advances-with-international-divestment-of-rattanindia-s-amravati-coal-plant/3968|url-status=live}}</ref> The other power plant is in Amravati that was commissioned in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=RattanIndia Power commissions 270 MW unit 4 at Amravati|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/rattanindia-power-commissions-270-mw-unit-4-at-amravati/articleshow/46505983.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-10|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219121829/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/rattanindia-power-commissions-270-mw-unit-4-at-amravati/articleshow/46505983.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Amravati power plant was in debt and [[Goldman Sachs]] Varde partners took over the Rs 4050 crores against 15 percent equity in 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Table 34: Share of Debt Relief in DAC Members' Total Net ODA in 2004|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/036556625566|access-date=2021-12-10|doi=10.1787/036556625566|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The company was also involved in solar energy but that component was sold to GIP for Rs 1067 [[crore]] in September 2020 and the company exited the solar business.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jai|first=Shreya|date=2020-09-02|title=RattanIndia sells entire solar portfolio of 306 Mw to GIP for Rs 1,670 cr|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rattanindia-sells-entire-solar-portfolio-of-306-mw-to-gip-for-rs-1-670-cr-120090200924_1.html|access-date=2021-12-10}}</ref>

=== Acquisition of Revolt Motors ===

In October 2022, RattanIndia Enterprises Ltd announced that they would be acquiring the electric motorcycle company Revolt Motors for an undisclosed figure.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paramasivam|first=Praveen|date=2022-10-07|title=RattanIndia to buy 100% stake in electric motorcycle maker Revolt Motors|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rattanindia-to-buy-100-stake-in-electric-motorcycle-maker-revolt-motors-122100700343_1.html|access-date=2022-10-07|archive-date=31 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231031838/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rattanindia-to-buy-100-stake-in-electric-motorcycle-maker-revolt-motors-122100700343_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The takeover was completed in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2023-01-14|title=RattanIndia Enterprises acquires EV maker Revolt Motors|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/rattanindia-enterprises-acquires-ev-maker-revolt-motors/articleshow/96991655.cms}}</ref>

== Allegations of irregularity ==
There have been allegations of irregularities on RattanIndia by [[Lone Star Funds]] with which the company had formed a finance company.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Vyas|first1=Maulik|last2=Das|first2=Saikat|title=Lone Star subsidiary approaches NCLT alleging oppression and mismanagement in RattanIndia Finance|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/lone-star-unit-moves-nclt-against-rattanindia-fin-alleges-irregularities/articleshow/82689663.cms|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107070558/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/lone-star-unit-moves-nclt-against-rattanindia-fin-alleges-irregularities/articleshow/82689663.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1999 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Electric power companies of India]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1999]]

Political marriages in India

2026-04-26T01:11:19Z

LolitaErurf: put up initial details and citations

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Lead too short|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Political marriages in India''' have occurred throughout history, and during the reign of various dynasties.

==Classical period==

===Mauryan Empire===
{{Main|Seleucid-Mauryan War}}
According to Appian, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], one of [[Alexander]]'s [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] generals who established the [[Seleucid Kingdom|Seleucid Empire]] in 312 BCE with its capital at [[Babylon]], brought Persia and [[Bactria]] under his authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]].<ref name=mookerji>{{cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1988 |orig-year=first published in 1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}</ref> Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they reached an understanding. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Appian |title=History of Rome, The Syrian Wars|page=55 }}</ref>

Alain Daniélou and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added [[Arachosia]] ([[Kandahar]]), [[Gedrosia]] ([[Balochistan]]), [[Aria]] ([[Herat]]), and [[Paropamisadae]] ([[Kabul]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Alain Daniélou]] |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/86/mode/1up?q=Baluchistan+ |title=A brief history of India |date=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-89281-923-2 |pages=86 |quote=Greek sources tell us that Seleucus found the enterprise too hazardous and preferred to form an alliance with Chandragupta. He ceded to Chandragupta the territories of Arachosia (Kandahar), and Paropanisadae (Kabul), as well as certain parts of Aria (Herat), and Gedrosia (Baluchistan).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walter Eugene |first1=Clark |year=1919 |title=The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology |journal=Classical Philology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=297–313 |doi=10.1086/360246 |s2cid=161613588}}</ref> According to Strabo, [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|archive-date=3 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.<ref>{{citation |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |volume=2 |pages=13–15 |year=2005 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/11919 |publisher=Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803240612 |quote=via [[Project MUSE]] {{subscription required}}}}.</ref> However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian [[Puranic]] source, [[Pratisargaparvan|Pratisarga Parva]] of the [[Bhavishya Purana]], described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Chandra |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1992 |page=83}}</ref> [[Mahavamsa|The Mahavamsa]] also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as ''Suvarnnaksi''), in marriage to Chandragupta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paranavithana |first=Senarat |title=The Greeks and the Mauryans |publisher=Lake House Investments |date=January 1971 |isbn=9780842607933 |language=English}}</ref>

Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107.</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|2003|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tarn | first1 = W. W. | year = 1940 | title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita | journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies | volume = 60 | pages = 84–94 | doi = 10.2307/626263 | jstor = 626263 | s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court in Patna.<ref name=mookerji/>

===Gupta Empire===
Chandragupta I married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. The [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] were an ancient clan headquartered at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] in present-day [[Bihar]] during the time of [[Gautama Buddha]]. A [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichchhavi kingdom]] existed in present-day [[Nepal]] in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.<ref name="RC">{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India; Volume 3, Part I: A.D. 300–985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}</ref>{{rp|12}}

Samudragupta's inscription mentions that several kings tried to please him by attending to him personally; offering him their daughters in marriage (or, according to another interpretation, gifting him maidens<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}</ref>{{rp|125}}); and seeking the use of the [[Garuda]]-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shankar Goyal |title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 }}</ref>{{rp|168}} These kings included "Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi, Shaka-Murundas, and the rulers of the island countries such as Simhala".<ref>{{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA477 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}</ref>{{rp|343}}<ref name="TS">{{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258 258] |year=1978 |publisher=Concept |oclc=249004782 }}</ref>{{rp|77–78}}

Chandragupta II married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga dynasty]], which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas.<ref name="RC"/>{{rp|60}}

[[Kumaragupta I]] was married to Anantadevi. According to historian [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|R. N. Dandekar]], Anantadevi was a [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] princess. The [[Talagunda pillar inscription]] suggests that the Kadamba king, Kakusthavarman established a matrimonial alliance with the Guptas.<ref name="TS"/>{{rp|174}}

===Satavahana dynasty===
[[Simuka]], in order to overthrow the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanvas]], forged an alliance with Ambhiya chief Tranakayiro Kalalaya, by marrying his son, Satakarni, to Tranakayira's daughter [[Nayanika]]. This paved the way for the foundation of [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana rule]] over most of Southern India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Some Early Dynasties of South India|author= Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|date=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=37|isbn= 978-81-208-2941-1}}</ref>

In an effort to end the hostilities with the Western Satraps, [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]], the younger son of Gautamiputra Satakarni, married the daughter of [[Rudradaman I]]. The region of Aparanta was conceded by Rudradaman to [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]] as [[dowry]]. Despite their marital ties, at least two wars occurred between them, during which the Satavahanas were defeated. Rudradaman, however, spared the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni, primarily because of their familial relationship.<ref name="UP">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131716779 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=Dineschandra |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |date=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120806900 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA228 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}</ref>{{rp|172–176}}

===Vakataka dynasty===
Rudrasena II, the ruler of the Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch of the [[Vakataka dynasty]], married [[Prabhavatigupta]], the daughter of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA91 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0}}</ref>{{rp|91}}

[[Narendrasena]] of the Vakataka dynasty was married to a "daughter of a king of [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]]" named Ajjhitabhattarika. She is purported to be the daughter of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] king [[Kakusthavarman]], who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |title=The Vakatakas: An Essay in Hindu Iconology |date=1997 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=9069801000}}</ref>{{rp|106}}

[[Madhava Varma II]] of the [[Vishnukundina dynasty]] married the daughter of [[Prithivishena II]] after subduing him.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Andhra Pradesh Part 1|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|date=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxI_AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Maithili Prakashana|page=54}}</ref>

==Medieval period==
===Rashtrakuta dynasty===
The [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] ruler, [[Amoghavarsha I]], got his daughter Chandrabbalabbe married to [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga dynasty]] prince Butuga I. This marriage sealed the alliance between the Ganga dynasty and the Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}</ref>{{rp|119}}

[[Amoghavarsha III]] was married to a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] princess named Kundakadevi. He also had a daughter named Revakanimmadi, who was married to the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga]] King [[Butuga II]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-date=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5|page=82}}</ref><ref name="Kamath">{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref>{{rp|44}}

===Chalukya dynasty===
Chalukya ruler [[Kirtivarman II]] married to a sister of the Sendraka king Shri-vallabha Senanada, who swore allegiance to the Chalukyas after Kirtivarman's conquest of the Kadamba kingdom.<ref name="DP" >{{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}</ref>{{rp|41}}

Pulakeshin married the daughter of the Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]],<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|76}} who became the mother of Pulakeshin's son, [[Vikramaditya I]].<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|77}} In return, [[Shilabhattarika]], a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a grandson of Durvinita.<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|77}}<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/99893306 | title=Vijayaditya's charter showing that the Sanskrit poetess Shilabhattarika was a Chalukya princess, and three more copperplate charters | journal=Tarun Bharat, Mumbai | date=January 2023 | last1=Bapat | first1=Shreenand }}</ref> Pulakeshin II also married an [[Alupa dynasty|Alupa]] princess named Kadamba Devi after subduing them.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies Volumes 38–40|date=1998|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TLc6RgQPbIC}}</ref> {{rp|112}}

===Chalukyas of Vatapi===
The Chalukya ruler [[Vikramaditya I]] entered into a marital alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty by marrying Gangamahadevi.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|date=1951|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZYwAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>{{rp|242}}

[[Vijayaditya|Vijayaditya I]]'s son, [[Vishnuvardhana IV]], was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter, Silamahadevi, to the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International|date=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}</ref>{{rp|395}}

===Western Chalukyas===
Ayyana I was married to the daughter of Rashtrakuta ruler [[Krishna II]]. This marriage raised the Chalukya family's political status.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |chapter=The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇa |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |pages=74 }}</ref> Ayyana I's descendant, Vikramaditya IV, married Bontha Devi, a daughter of the Kalachuri king Lakshmana-raja.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=B. R. |title=Bādāmiya cālukyaru |date=1971 |publisher=Aibiec Prakāśana |location=Bangalore |pages=49–54 |edition=1 |language=Kannada |oclc=500113397}}</ref> [[Tailapa II]] married the Rashtrakuta princess Jakavve, the daughter of Bhammaha Ratta, possibly to strengthen his political position.<ref name="altekar">{{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |chapter=The Rāshtrakūtas |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=1 (Parts I-IV) |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lllDAAAAYAAJ |oclc=59001459 }}</ref>{{rp|229}}<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|100–101}}

Bhillama III, a vassal king of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty]] of Devagiri, rebelled against [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]]. Jayasimha successfully dealt with the rebellion and managed to recover all of his lost territories by 1024 CE. Bhillama III later married Avalladevi, the daughter of Jayasimha II, as an act of peace.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}</ref>{{rp|383}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref>{{rp|102}}

[[Vikramaditya VI]] married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters, establishing a temporary truce between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}</ref>{{rp| 171–172}} He also dealt with a revolting Kadamba feudatory by marrying off his daughter, Maila Devi, to the Kadamba King Jayakeshi II.<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|105}}

===Pratiharas of Mandore===
[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura#Kakka|Kakka]], the Pratihara ruler of Mandore, is said to have married Rani Padmini of the Bhati clan, which is considered by some to be identical with the Bhatis of Jaisalmer.<ref name="Brajadulal">{{cite book | last=Chattopadhyaya | first=Brajadulal | title=The Making of Early Medieval India, Second Edition | publisher=OUP India | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2012-10-11 | isbn=978-0-19-807725-1}}</ref>{{rp|81}}

===Pala dynasty===

The second ruler of the [[Pala dynasty]] in the [[Bengal]] region, [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]], was married to a princess named ''Kamadevi'' of the [[Rashtrakutas|Rashtrakuta]] empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Krishnamachariar |first1=Madabhushi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&dq=princess+of+Pala+dynasty+married+to&pg=PA162 |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature: Being an Elaborate Account of All Branches of Classical Sanskrit Literature, with Full Epigraphical and Archaeological Notes and References, an Introduction Dealing with Language, Philology, and Chronology, and Index of Authors & Works |last2=Srinivasachariar |first2=M. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-0284-1 |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Vigrahapala III]], son of [[Nayapala]] and ruler of the [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]] in the [[Bengal]] region, succeeded in receiving Princess [[Yauvanasri]] in marriage, a daughter of [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi Karna]], ruler of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri dynasty]] of Tripuri, after defeating her father in battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Asoke Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ&q=Jatavarman+married+to+Kalachuri |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century |date=1956 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=361 |language=en |quote=From Ramacharita (I, v. 9 and commentary) we learn that Nayapala's son and successor Vigrahapala III defeated Lakshmi-Karņa and married his daughter Yauvanaśri.}}</ref>

===Utpala dynasty===

Queen [[Sugandha]], daughter of ''Svamiraja,'' a [[Darad]] Hindu ruler of a kingdom near [[Kashmir]], was married to the second ruler of the [[Utpala dynasty]], Raja [[Sankaravarman|Shankaravarman]], and gave birth to [[Utpala dynasty#Gopalavarman|Gopalavarman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=Manohar Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7ABAAAAMAAJ |title=Eminent Rulers of Ancient Kashmir: A Detailed History of the Life and Rule of Ten Kings and Queens of Ancient Kashmir |date=1975 |publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jan |first=Changez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M491EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sugandha+was+the+daughter+of+Svamiraja&pg=PT53 |title=Forgotten Kings: The Story of the Hindu Sahi Dynasty |date=2022-07-18 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-93-92099-01-4 |language=en |quote=Avantivarman had a son called Sankaravarman, whose marriage he arranged to Sugandha, the daughter of Svamiraja, king of the North, possibly a Darad, the natural rivals of the Hindu Sahis.}}</ref>

Princess [[Didda]], daughter of Simharāja, the king of the [[Utpala dynasty]], was married to ''Kshemagupta,'' ruler of the [[Lohara dynasty]] of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalhaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0368-8 |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref>

===Yadava dynasty===
Yadava ruler Vaddiga I married Vaddiyavve, also known as Vohivayya, the daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa, who was the younger brother of Rashtrakuta emperor [[Krishna III]]. His descendant [[Bhillama II]] married Lachchiyavve, a Rashtrakuta princess. The wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were Chalukya princesses.<ref name="Kamath" />{{rp|136–137}}<ref name="altekar" />{{rp|517}}

===Chahamanas===
According to their inscriptions, the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chahamanas]] have been noted to have a distinct preference for the Rashtrakutas or Ratraudhas. Tribhuvanesvara of the Chahamana family has been mentioned as having married Laksmidevi of the Rashtrakuta lineage. [[Alhanadeva]] was also married to Annalladevi of the Rashtrakuta family. Dharavarsa, a member of the [[Paramara dynasty]], also married the daughter of the Chahamana ruler [[Kelhanadeva]]. Satyaraja, belonging to the Paramara family of Vagada, was married to Rajsri of the Chahamana family.<ref name="Brajadulal" /> {{rp|81}}

According to the [[Kanhadade Prabandha]], written in the 15th century by [[Padmanābha]], Piroja, the daughter of Alauddin Khalji, fell in love with Viramadeva Songira of Jalore. Alauddin proposed to marry her to Viramadeva, but Viramadeva rejected the offer, triggering Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.<ref>{{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA121 |year=2005 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}</ref>{{rp|124–125}}

===Guhila dynasty===
The Guhilas contracted marital relations with Rajput clans such as the [[Solanki dynasty|Caulukyas]], the Paramaras, the Rashtrakutas, the Cahamanas, and the Hunas.<ref name="Brajadulal"/> {{rp|81}}

[[Rawal Bharttripatta II]] married a Rashtrakuta princess named Mahalakshmi to forge an alliance against the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]].<ref name="Somani" >{{cite book|first=Ram Vallabh |last=Somani |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976|oclc=2929852}}</ref>{{rp|50}} His son, [[Rawal Allata]], entered into a matrimonial alliance with the [[Huns|Hunas]] by marrying a Huna princess, Hariyadevi.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|52}} Naravāhana, the son of Allata, married Princess Jejaya of the Chahamana family.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|55}}

Vijayasimha got his daughter, Syamaladevi, married to the Parmara ruler [[Udayaditya]], which ended the traditional animosity between the two houses.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India A.D. 985–1206|publisher= Indian History Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94YL686RG8IC|date=1992|isbn= 978-81-7007-121-1}}</ref>{{rp|528}} Vijayasimha's daughter, Alhaṇadevi, later married the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna]].<ref>{{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}</ref>{{rp|495}}

[[Tejasimha]] married a Songira princess named Rupadevi. Songira records also maintain an account of Subali, a Guhila princess, marrying a Songira chief named Rao Samantsimha. This was in contravention to the rigid clan hierarchy and the concept of hypergamy among the Rajputs.<ref name="Sabita" >{{cite book|title=The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan|first=Sabita|last=Singh|date=2019|publisher=OUP India|isbn=9780199098286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|63}}

===Tomaras of Gwalior===
The [[Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum|Gujari Mahal]], located in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar, Haryana]], still hums with the immortal love story of [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomar Rajput]] emperor [[Man Singh Tomar]] and his lover, a Mirgnyani, a [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] lady.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Renu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ&dq=gujari+mahal&pg=PT116 |title=Monuments of India |date=2014-08-19 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5165-298-4 |language=en}}</ref> Man Singh Tomar built Gujjari Mahal in 1354.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Gwalior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMfzAQPB804C&q=gujari+mahal |title=Heritage of Madhya Pradesh: Treasures of Central Archaeological Museum, Gujari Mahal, Gwalior |last2=Kacker |first2=Loveleen |last3=Misra |first3=Om Prakash |date=1997 |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Madhyam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Susant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-3HAgAAQBAJ&dq=gujari+mahal&pg=PA229 |title=Imbibed In Faith |date=2014 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1258-9 |language=en}}</ref>

===Khilji dynasty===

After [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|Alauddin's conquest of Devagiri]] in either 1296 or 1304, [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]], chief of the [[Yadava dynasty]], got his daughter Jhatyapali Yadava married to Alauddin Khalji. She later became the mother of Alauddin's son and successor [[Shihab-ud-din Omar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}</ref>{{rp|56–57}}

===Tughlaq dynasty===

[[Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq]] (Ghazi Malik) the founder of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], was married to a [[Jat|Hindu Jat]] woman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhry |first=Shruti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEonEAAAQBAJ&dq=jat+muslim+marriage&pg=PT72 |title=Moving for Marriage: Inequalities, Intimacy, and Women's Lives in Rural North India |date=2021-10-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8559-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Emperor [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] married a [[Gurjar]] lady and also built the [[Gujri Mahal|Gujari mahal, Hissar]] for his wife in 1356.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhuAAAAMAAJ&q=gujari+mahal+hisar |title=Purābhāratī: Studies in Early Historical Archaeology and Buddhism : Commemoration Volume in Respect of Prof. B.P. Sinha |date=2006 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-88934-39-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Juneja |first=M. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UixuAAAAMAAJ&q=gujari+mahal+hisar |title=Hisar City: Places & Personalities |date=2004 |publisher=Modern Publishers |language=en}}</ref>

Sipasalar Rajab Tughlaq (Malik Rajab Turk), the younger brother of Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] and ruler of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], was married to princess Bibi Naila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajab, Ghazi Malik's younger brother who held the title Sipahsalar, was his father. His mother Naila was the offspring of Rajput King Rana Mal of Dipalpur, Punjab, and a concubine from the Jat clan. |title=Firuz Shah Tughluq {{!}} History Unravelled |url=https://historyunravelled.com/warriors/firuz-shah-tughluq-made-a-huge-contribution-in-the-fiel |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=historyunravelled.com |language=en}}</ref> Bibi Naila was a Jat concubine-born daughter of a Rajput ruler, Raja Ran Mal (Rana Mall) [[Bhatti]] of [[Abohar]], Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FIRUZ'S FATHER, SIPAH-SALAR Rajab, was the younger brother of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlud, and they together had migrated to India from Khurasan during the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji. In India Rajab married a Jat princess, a beautiful and spirited daughter of Rana Mall Bhatti of Dipalpur in Punjab. Firuz was their only child. |first=Abraham Eraly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&dq=rana+mall+bhatti&pg=PT267 |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |date=2015-04-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Manazir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hIdAAAAMAAJ&q=tuglak+bhatti+rajput |title=Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, 1351-1388 A.D. |date=1978 |publisher=Chugh Publications |language=en |quote=''These were Qaraunah Turks, popularly known as Tughlaq. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of this dynasty. Rajab was known as sipasalar Nasiruddin Rajab, was an impressive personality in the court of Allauddin. He was married to the daughter of Rajput Raja Ran Mal Bhatti.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phadke |first=H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxlIAAAAIAAJ&q=tuglak+bhatti+rajput |title=Haryana, Ancient and Medieval |date=1990 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-34-2 |pages=118 |language=en |quote=''Firuz Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin's nephew, born of the daughter of Ran Mal of Abohar, was proclaimed the successor to the throne on March 24, 1351 at Thatta.''}}</ref>

===Bahmani kingdom===

[[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Alau'd-din Ahmad]] Shah, the first ruler of the [[Bahmani kingdom]], married the daughter of [[Farooqui dynasty#Sultan Nasir Khan Faroqi|Sultan Nadir Khan]] of the [[Farooqui dynasty|Farooqi dynasty]]. He also married the daughter of the ruler [[Sangameshwar]].<ref name="Eaton"/>

In 1406, [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah Bahmani]], the Muslim ruler of the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani]] kingdom, married the daughter of the Hindu King [[Deva Raya II]] of the [[Vijaynagar Empire|Vijaynagar]] Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |pages=112 |language=en |quote=''Firuz Shah Bahmani married the daughter of Deo Ray of Vijaynagar in 1406, the marriage being celebrated in a grand manner.''}}</ref> Firuz Shah also married his son to a woman whom the Ruler of Vijayanagara had also desired to marry. The Bahmanis prevented women of their clan from marrying beyond their own rank, with some of them being married off to the saintly Ni'mat Allahi family of Bidar.<ref name="Eaton" >{{cite book | last=Eaton | first=R.M. | title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives | publisher=Cambridge University Press | issue=pt. 1, v. 8 | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-521-25484-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=74}}</ref>

===Jaunpur Sultanate===

[[Mahmud Shah of Jaunpur|Mahmud Shah Sharqi]], the ruler of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] and son of [[Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur|Ibrahim Shah Sharqi]], was married to a princess named Bibi Raji. She was the daughter of Sultan [[Alam Shah]], the last ruler of the [[Sayyid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&dq=sultan+of+Jaunpur+married+with&pg=PA89 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Rekha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Succession in the Delhi Sultanate |date=1990 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-069-5 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref>

===Bijapur kingdom===

[[Yusuf Adil Shah]], the founder of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur sultanate]], was married to a [[Hindus|Hindu]] Maratha princess. She was the daughter of ''Raja Mukund Rao'', the ruler of [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]. After the marriage, Adil Shah gave her a new name, ''Bibi [[Khanum|Khanam]],'' and made her his chief queen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |pages=144 |language=en |quote=In the Deccan, Deo Raj of Vijayanagar had married a daughter to Firuz Shah Bahmini, and Mukund Rao Maratha, the Raja of Idar, had given his sister in marriage to Yusuf Adil Shah, the first Sultan of Bijapur.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVr_f_gXOX4C&dq=Rajput+princess+married+Maratha&pg=PA45 |title=Hindu Culture During and After Muslim Rule: Survival and Subsequent Challenges |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-26-6 |pages=45 |language=en |quote=The Sultans of Deccan married Maratha girls. Yusuf Adilshah, the founder of Bijapur kingdom, had married a Maratha girl whom he named as Bibi - Khanam and made her chief queen.}}</ref>

===Muzaffarid dynasty===

[[Muzaffar Shah I]] (Zafar Khan), the ruler of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid]] dynasty, gave his daughter in marriage to [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firzoz Shah Tughlaq]], ruler of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. Later, he was appointed as governor of the Gujarat with the title "''Muzaffar Khan''" by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1391 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=Zafar+Khan+son+of+Sadharan&pg=RA1-PA131 |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |pages=B_131 |language=en |quote=''Gujarat: The independent kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Zafar Khan, son of Sadharan, a Jat convert to Islam. Sadharan's sister was married to Firuz Tughluq. Zafar Khan was appointed gover- nor of Gujarat in 1391, with the title Muzaffar Khan.''}}</ref>

[[Muzaffar Shah II]] married three Hindu Rajput princesses: Rajbai, Bibi Rani, and Laximi Bai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPnZEAAAQBAJ |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-83095-5 |pages=299 |language=en |quote=''Sultan Muzaffar Shah II too married three Rajput princesses - Rajbai, the daughter of Rana Mahipat, Laxmibai, daughter of Gohal Rajput and Bibi Rani of suryavansa Rajput family.''}}</ref> Rajbai was the daughter of Rana Mahipat. Laximi Bai was the daughter of a chief of the [[Guhila (clan)|Gohil Rajputs]] and the mother of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Qutb-ud-Din Bahadur Shah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaube |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m94BAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537 |date=1975 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-0-88386-573-6 |pages=154 |language=en |quote=''LAKHAM (Lakshmi Bai) wife of Sultan Muzaffar (II) of Gujarat. She was a Gohil Rajput. Bahadur Shah was her son.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Hari Narain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyMqAAAAYAAJ |title=Indian Women Through the Ages |last2=Verma |first2=Amrit |date=1976 |publisher=Great Indian Publishers |pages=99 |language=en |quote=''Prince Bahadur's mother was Lakshmi Bai, the daughter of a Gohil Rajput.''}}</ref> Bibi Rani, the chief queen of Muzaffar Shah, was the mother of [[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikander Khan]]. She was the daughter of a Rajput of the suryavansa family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaki |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Society in Northern India During the 15th and First Half of the 16th Century |date=1996 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company |isbn=978-81-7074-175-6 |pages=28 |language=en |quote=''Muzaffar II of Gujarat ( 1511-1526 ) had several Rajput wives and Bibi Rani, who had 7,000 personal attendants, enjoyed the supreme status. Con- scious of this, Muzaffar Shah II of Gujarat decided to settle it during his lifetime. He apprehended that his six sons -Sikandar Khan, Bahadur Khan, Latif Khan, Nasir Khan, Chand Khan and Ibrahim-all born of different mothers. Rani Bai Rajput princess of the Suryavansa family. She brought up her son with all care and affection. Despite the best arrangement for his education, the prince was not well up in studies. Bibi Rani was the chief queen of Muzaffar shah II and the mother of the Sikander Khan.''}}</ref>

[[Maldeo]], the Rajput ruler of [[Rathore dynasty]] of [[Marwar]], gave his two daughters in marriage to the Muslim rulers of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]] of Gujarat. Queen Kankavati Rathore was married to [[Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah III]], and Maldeo's second daughter was married to ''Islam Shah'' of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |pages=144 |language=en |quote=Similarly, Maldev (Maldeo) of Marwar had married a daughter to Sultan Mahmud of Gujarat, and another to Islam Shah.}}</ref>

==Early modern period==
===Mughal Empire===
Akbar was selective about Muslim royal families he chose to accept as subordinate allies through acceptance of their daughters as brides.<ref name="Fisher2015" />{{rp|89}} Political marriages were also noted to be unsuccessful at ending enmity; for example, despite the marriage of Miran Mubarak Shah II's daughter to Akbar in 1564, the [[Farooqui dynasty|Khandesh Sultanate]] periodically fought wars with the Mughals.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|90–91}} In 1561, Akbar married his sister to Mirza Sharaf-ud-din Husain, a Timurid noble who later conspired against him.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|91}}Akbar’s other sisters and daughters were married to [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] and prominent Muslims from Central and West Asia. Mirza Muzaffar Husain Khan, the former Timurid ruler of Gujarat, was also noted to have married one of Akbar's daughters. Akbar also gave his daughter to Mirza Shahrukh, the deposed Timurid ruler of Badakhshan, and another one to his brother-in-law Raja Ali Khan of Khandesh.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|91}}

Although a few Rajput rulers provided brides to the Mughals, the Sisodia clan of Mewar was an exception and had refused to send their women to the Mughal Harem, which resulted in a siege and mass suicide at [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Chittor]].{{sfn|Richard Eaton|2019|p=139|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP139]|ps=:Only the Sisodia clan of Mewar in southern Rajasthan proudly claiming pre-eminence among the Rajput clans, refused to send its women to the Mughal Harem, resulting in the siege and mass suicide at Chittor.}} Once Mewar had submitted and alliance of Rajputs reached a measure of stability, matrimonial between leading Rajput states and Mughals became rare, Sabita Singh also notes that while the scale of Rajput-Mughal marriages peaked during Akbar's reign, Akbar's successors abandoned the use of extensive matrimonial alliances, diminishing its political significance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra+rajput+mughal+marriage&pg=PA124 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part-II |date=2007 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |isbn=9788124110669 |page=124}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81–83}} Some accounts state that neither Akbar nor his successors provided brides to the Rajputs.<ref name="Fisher2015">{{cite book | author = Michael Fisher | date = 1 October 2015 | title = A Short History of the Mughal Empire | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | pages = 88–90 | isbn = 978-0-85772-976-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ldOLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88}}</ref>

According to ''[[Maasir-i-Alamgiri]]'', the daughters of Maratha rulers [[Sambhaji]] and [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] were married to Mughal noblemen.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |author-link=James Laine |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=2003-02-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514126-9 |page=48 |chapter=The Hindu Hero: Shivaji and the Saints, 1780–1810 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0004 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230/chapter/157914310}}</ref> According to a few sources, Jahangir, the son of Akbar himself born to a Hindu princess, barred any potential giving of brides to the Hindus:{{Blockquote|text=They ally themselves with Hindus, and both give and take girls. Taking them is good, but giving them, God forbid! I gave an order that hereafter they should not do such things, and whoever was guilty of them, should be [[Capital punishment|capitally punished]].<ref name="Fisher2015"/>|sign=[[Jahangir|Emperor Jahāngir]]}}

===Sisodia dynasty===
According to bardic legends, [[Hammir Singh]] (1302–1364) is said to have married a Songira princess named Songari Devi of Jalore.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63–64}}

[[Mandalika III|Rao Mandalika III]] (1451 CE to 1472 CE) of [[Junagadh]] was married to Sisodia princess Ramavati, who was [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]]'s daughter. The Guhilas maintained and reinforced their social ties with the Rajput rulers of Gujarat until the end of the fifteenth century.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63–64}}

Narain Das, the Raja of Bundi, fought alongside Rana Raimal during his campaign against the sultan of Malwa. Raimal was impressed by Das's valour and arranged for one of his nieces to marry him.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|513}}

The [[decline of the Mughal Empire]] in the eighteenth century was marked by the onset of Rajput rebellions across the empire. In this struggle for dominance, the Ranas of Mewar leveraged Mewar's history of resistance against the Mughals, exemplified by their refusal to enter any matrimonial alliance with them. The Ranas of Mewar also highlighted their role as defenders of Rajput honor.<ref name="Sabita"/> {{rp|83}}

===Rathore dynasty===
In 1395, [[Chunda of Mandore|Rao Chunda]] was approached by the [[Pratihar]]s of [[Mandore]], who proposed an alliance against the [[Tughlaq Empire]]. Chunda agreed and married a Pratihar princess. It was common practice to include villages and land in a Rajput princess's dowry,<ref name="Sabita" />{{rp|154}} as exemplified by Rao Chunda, who received the fortified city of Mandore and a thousand villages as dowry.<ref name=DQ>{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142}}</ref><ref name="rima"/>{{rp|379–80}} His daughter, Hansa Bai, was later married to Rana Lakha of Mewar.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|335}}

[[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]] married multiple times, as was common among the Rajput elite.<ref name="rima" />{{rp|380}} He is known to have married Kodamde Bhatiyani, daughter of Ranigde, Rao of [[Pugal]]; Bharmali, daughter of Chacha, son of [[Kshetra Singh]], Rana of Mewar;<ref name="rima" />{{rp|337}} and Rami Bai, daughter of Lalaji Songira of [[Nadol]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |year=1992 |pages=145–175 }}</ref>

In 1438, Ranmal was assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha, leading to a period of hostility between the two houses. Eventually, peace was established after a marriage between Rao Jodha's daughter, Shringar Devi, and Rana Kumbha's son, Raimal.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|382}}

[[Rao Bika]], the eponymous founder of the [[Bikaner State|kingdom of Bikaner]], was married to Bhatiyani Rani Rang Kanwar, the daughter of [[Shekha of Amarsar|Rao Shekha]], the [[Bhati]] ruler of [[Pugal]].<ref name=SaranZieglerP194>{{cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Richard |last2=Ziegler |first2=Norman P. |title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Biographical notes with introduction, glossary of kinship terms and indexes |publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |page=194 |isbn=9780891480853 }}</ref>

In 1496, Maharana Rinmala married one of his daughters to the crown prince of Merta, Viramdev, who was a son of Rao Duda.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63}} In 1537, [[Maldeo Rathore]] besieged [[Jaisalmer]]. Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter, [[Umade Bhattiyani]], to Rathore.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert.|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|year=2016|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert.|publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages=85, 87|isbn=9781107080317}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|24}}

In 1562, Akbar married the granddaughter of Rao Viramdev of [[Merta City|Merta]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=366–367}}</ref> On 15 November 1570, Rai Kalyan Singh married his daughter, Raj Kanwar, to Akbar.<ref name=":R">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+|title=A Persian historiography in India|year=2003|pages=78–79|isbn=9788173915376|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+|url-status=live |last1=Waseem |first1=Shah Mohammad |publisher=Kanishka Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abu'l|title=Akbarnama|volume=II|pages=518}}</ref> In the same year, Akbar married Bhanumati, another niece of Rai Kalyan Singh of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].<ref name=":R" /> Also in 1570, Puram Bai, a great-granddaughter of Rao Viramdev, married Akbar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=I|pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=362}}</ref> Akbar married Rukmavati, the daughter of [[Maldev Rathore|Rao Maldeo]], through one of his concubines.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|553}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119462/page/n24/mode/1up|year=1993|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-0-7069-6385-4|pages=17–18}}</ref> On 11 January 1586, the marriage of Prince Salim ([[Jahangir]]) to Princess [[Manavati Bai]], the daughter of Mota Raja [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]], took place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Dirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ |title=The Great Mughals and their India |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-84544-98-0 |language=en |quote=If Babur and his son Humayun were still full-blooded Central Asian Turks, Akbar through his mother (Hamida Banu Begum) was half Persian and Akbar's son Jahangir (through his mother, the princess of Amber) was therefore 25 per cent Turk, 25 per cent Persian and 50 per cent Rajput. Shah Jahan (the Mughal par excellence), Jahangir's son, was 75 per cent Rajput: both his mother (Rajkumari Shri Manavati Bai Lall Sahiba alias Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani) and his paternal grandmother were Rajput princesses.}}</ref> Prince Salim also married Karamsi, the daughter of Kesho Das ([[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]-[[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan Vol II |pages=361}}</ref>

In April 1624, the marriage of Prince Parvez to Princess Manbhavati Bai, the sister of [[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Gaj Singh]] [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]], took place.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Richard Davis|last1=Saran|first2=Norman Paul|last2=Ziegler|title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Translations and notes with appendices, glossary, introductory material and indexes|publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|pages=18|isbn=978-0-891-48085-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan; Volume II|pages=51}}</ref> Prince Khurram ([[Shah Jahan]]) married Lilavati Bai, the daughter of Sakat Singh of Marwar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=45}}</ref> In 1649, Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan resolved the enmity between Rao Amar Singh and Maharaja Jaswant Singh by ordering the marriage of Jasiangde to Maharaja Jaswant Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|54}}

In 1654, the daughter of [[Amar Singh Rathore|Rao Amar Singh]] was married to Prince [[Sulaiman Shikoh|Suleiman Shikoh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Kobita |title=Shah Jahan and His Paradise on Earth |pages=164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=The Mughal Harem: Women and the Culture of Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |location=New York |pages=197–201 |language=en}}</ref> In 1671, Mohammaduazzam ([[Bahadur Shah I]]) married Princess Amrita Bai, the daughter of Maharaja Roop Singh Rathore of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]].<ref name="irv">{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1921|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 September 1715, [[Farrukhsiyar]] married Princess [[Indira Kanwar]], the daughter of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Towheed |first=Shafquat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2EZBQAAQBAJ |title=New Readings in the Literature of British India, c. 1780–1947 |date=2007-10-01 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-3-89821-673-9 |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> In 1718, [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] married his daughter to the Raja of Jaipur, [[Sawai Jai Singh]], to garner his support in favour of the [[Sayyid brothers]] in the Mughal court. Also in that same year, Sawai Jai Singh, seeking to increase his influence in the Marwar court, married his daughter to Abhai Singh, the son of Maharaja Ajit Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|67}} In 1729, Abhai Singh, the Rana of Marwar, subjugated various local chiefs. The prince of Sirohi chose to offer his daughter in marriage instead of resisting Abhai Singh. The practice of offering a daughter to resolve hostility was intended to secure peace and protect against potential attacks.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|51}}<ref name="DDGaur">{{cite book |author=D. D. Gaur |title=Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVAFAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Usha |oclc=641457000 |page=49 |quote=These slave communities were known by various names, such as Darogas, Chakars, Hazuris, Ravana- Rajputs, Chelas, Golas and Khawas. }}</ref>{{sfn|Lindsey Harlan|1992|p=145,167}}

===Kachwaha dynasty===

In February 1562, Raja [[Bharmal]] of [[Amer, India|Amer]], an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by marrying his daughter, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], to him.<ref name="Chandra 243">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2007 |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}</ref>{{rp|243}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=jodha+bai&pg=PA128 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Kalpas Publisher |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |language=en |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115751/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=jodha+bai&pg=PA128 |url-status=live }}</ref> During Akbar's reign, the incentive for marriage came from the Mughal side. Surjan Hada is known to have joined the alliance on the condition that Akbar would not marry any of his daughters, so no marriage took place.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> However, not all Rajputs accepted the offer to enter an alliance with Akbar. Both Rao Chandrasen of Jodhpur and Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar refused to bow down to the emperor. Their resistance is attributed to their desire to remain independent and, in Rana Pratap's case, to his refusal to suffer the humiliation of sending a daughter to the imperial harem.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> The scale of Rajput-Mughal marriages peaked during Akbar's reign. However, Akbar's successors abandoned the use of extensive matrimonial alliances, diminishing its political significance.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81–83}}

[[Man Singh I]]'s brother, Chandrabhan Kachwaha, married the daughter of Raja Puranmal of [[Gidhaur]], whose fort was easily conquered by the Kachwaha army.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2=Bakshi|date= 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQeSBLpUwsC}}</ref>{{rp|77}}

Prince Salim's first and chief consort was the [[Kachwaha]] Rajput princess, Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji, daughter of [[Raja Bhagwant Das]] of the [[Kingdom of Amber]], entitled [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]], to whom he was betrothed in the 16th year of his life.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rahman |first=Munibur |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie de l'Islam |title=Salīm, Muḥammad Ḳulī |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_6549}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azad |first=Mohammad Akram Lari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxluAAAAMAAJ |title=Religion and Politics in India During the Seventeenth Century |date=1990 |publisher=Criterion Publications |pages=46 |language=en |quote=There had been marriages between Rajput princess and Muslim rulers before this, but these were forced and unwilling ... ambitions of Emperor. On 13th February 1585 in marriage of Salim with Man Bai daughter of Bhagwant Das of Amber ...}}</ref>

On 5 July 1678, [[Azim-ush-Shan]] married Bai Jas Kaur, the daughter of Kirat Singh, who was the son of Raja [[Jai Singh II|Jai Singh]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1921|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 July 1681, [[Aurangzeb]]'s son Kaam Baksh married Kalyan Kumari, the daughter of Amarchand of Manoharpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagatanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ajmer and the Mughal Emperors (Page_121) |date=1999 |publisher=Neha Vikas Prakashan |pages=121 |language=en |quote=On Saturday, the 30th July, 1681 A.D., Muhammad Kam Bakhsh was married to Kalyan Kumari, daughter of Amar Chand and sister of Jagat Singh, Zamindar of Manoharpur . This marriage was also held in the Jama Mosque .}}</ref>

[[File:The rulers of Jodhpur, Amber and Udaipur.jpg|thumb|A Mewari painting of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]], [[Amar Singh II]], [[Sawai Jai Singh|Maharaja Jai Singh II]] and [[Durgadas Rathore]].]]

During the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Rajput rebellion of 1708]], Sawai Jai Singh II re-established marital alliances with the state of Mewar after 150 years by marrying the daughter of Maharana Amar Singh II. He also married the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur in an effort to reclaim lost territories and forge a unified coalition against Aurangzeb's successor, Bahadur Shah.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|67}}{{rp|83}}

===Bhatis of Jaisalmer===

[[Udai Singh II]] was married to Dheer Bai Bhattiyani, a sister of Umade Bhattiyani.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|462}}According to an inscription from 1324 AD, ''Kshemasimha'' had his daughter Dulha Devi married to King Karna Deva of Jaisalmer.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|372}}

Many Rajput clans converted to Islam over time; however, their lifestyle did not differ greatly from their Hindu counterparts. There have been many instances of intermarriages between Muslim and Hindu Rajputs for political reasons. For example, the marriage of the daughter of Ismail Khan, the ruler of Sind, to Rao Kalan of Jaisalmer for consolidating his kingdom. Another instance can be seen in Chachi Deo's (1448–62) marriage to the granddaughter of Mohammad Shoomar Khan.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|77–78}}

Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan submitted to Kelana, the ruler of the Bhati Kingdom of Pugal, by marrying off his daughter Zubeida as part of the peace settlement.<ref name="Sabita" />{{rp|77}}

In 1570, Maharawal Harraj Singh got his daughter, Princess Nathi Bai, married to Akbar.<ref>{{cite book |first=Rajvi Amar |last=Singh |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh, 1992 |page=1166 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115746/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rima" >{{cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company, 2006 |isbn=9788129108906 |pages=548–552 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115745/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Indian History, Volume 46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History, 1968 |page=32 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115748/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1587, Prince Salim married, [[Malika Jahan]], the daughter of Maharawal Bhim Singh of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QRwAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Jaisalmer |date=1990 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-070-8 |pages=59 |language=en |quote=Jehangir (Salim) mentions in his Memoirs Maharawal Bhim is a man of rank of influence- His daughter had been married to me, when I was a prince and I had given a title of ' Malika ye Jehan ' to her . She was very handsome.}}</ref>

===Peshwas of Maratha Empire===

A [[Muslims|Muslim]] princess [[Mastani]] was married to Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] of [[Maratha Empire]]. Accounts with regard to the origin of Mastani vary. Some consider her the daughter of Nizam [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], while others refer to her as a courtesan of the court of some Muslim chief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460890/page/n35/mode/2up |title=Advanced Study In The History Of Modern India Vol. 1 Ed. 2nd |page=28}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=C. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0E_AAAAMAAJ |title=Baji Rao I, the Great Peshwa |date=1961 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=79–80 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Jaiwant E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KohEAAAQBAJ |title=Baji Rao: The Warrior Peshwa |date=2017-04-19 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-120-0 |pages=1st & 2nd pg of the chapter "Mesmerized by Mastani" |language=en}}</ref> Another theory says she was the daughter of Bundela ruler [[Chhatrasal]] through his Muslim concubine [[Ruhani Bai Begum|Ruhani Bai]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Chapalgaonkar |first1=Narendra |title=Maharaja Kishan Prashad |date=2022-03-21 |work=The Last Nizam and His People |pages=17–24 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003093336-3 |access-date=2024-10-21 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9781003093336-3 |isbn=978-1-003-09333-6 |last2=Panse |first2=Sharadchandra|url-access=subscription }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |page=108 |language=en |quote=Of his own sweet will The Rajput king bestowed a large number of Personal Jagir to Bajirao near Jhansi and further offer hand of her daughter Mastani born from his Muslim Concubine.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Joglekar |first=Anagha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdJwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chhatrasal+Rajput+married+daughter+mastani+with+Bajirao&pg=PA47 |title=Prerna Publication : Bajiraw Peshwa: The Insurmountable Warrior |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Prerna Publication |isbn=978-93-87463-10-3 |pages=47 |language=en |quote=It was at this time that Raja Chhatrasal introduced Bajirao to his daughter Mastani. Mastani was Raja Chhatrasal's daughter even though her mother was not his legal wife.}}</ref> The marriage was arranged by Nizam or Chhatrasal in order to promote diplomatic relations with Marathas.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Jaiwant E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KohEAAAQBAJ |title=Baji Rao: The Warrior Peshwa |date=2017-04-19 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-120-0 |pages=2nd pg of the chapter "Mesmerized by Mastani" |language=en}}</ref>

===Kolhapur state===

Sambhaji II, the second Maratha ruler of the [[Kolhapur State]], married a Rajput princess from Ramnagar after becoming [[Chhatrapati]] at [[Pune|Poona]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Sushila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajput+princess+married+Maratha |title=Role of Women in Maratha Politics, 1620-1752 A.D. |date=2000 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-67-4 |pages=147 |language=en |quote=Chimnajee Appa took position at Purandar fort with Shahu. Sambhaji II was declared Chhatrapati at Poona and was married to a Rajput princess of Ramnagar.}}</ref>

===Jats===
Some Jats earned social status from [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] by submitting their daughters as tribute. As a result of this, the Jat clans who made this transaction were organised into a relatively higher social grade vis-a-vis their own brethren as they would only take daughters from other Jats.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Below the Akhari (according to the Hoshiyarpur account) is the Darbari grade, descendants of those who gave daughters to the emperor Jahángír. Thus some of the mann Jats are Darbáris, and they will only marry with Darbáris as a rule. But they will accept brides from Jats of grades below the Darbári provided the dower (dahej) is sufficiently large. |first1=Sir Denzil Ibbetson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QmrSwFYe60C&dq=Akbari+jat&pg=PA377 |title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province |last2=Maclagan |date=1990 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 |language=en}}</ref> Such grades came to be known as Akbari Jats, Jahangiri Jats, Shah Jahauni Jats and Aurangzebi Jats deriving from the regnal name of Mughal monarch in whose reign these leading Jat families made any such transaction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nijjar |first=Bakhshish Singh ‘Below the Akbari Jats are the Jahangir, just as the Akbaris gave daughters (according to our version) to Akbar. Thus some of the Man Jats of Tuto Mazara are Darbaris (Courtiers). Darbari Jats will only marry their daughters to Darbaris, but they will take brides for their sons from non-Darbaris, provided the dowry (dahej) is ample.’ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&dq=akbari+jat&pg=PA139 |title=Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India: 900 B.C.-1947 A.D. |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0908-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aw3hRAX_DgC |title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (Page-377) |date=1997 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-85297-68-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dabas |first=Bal Kishan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahBuAAAAMAAJ&q=jahangiri+jats |title=The Political and Social History of the Jats |date=2001 |publisher=Sanjay Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7453-045-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Modern period==
===Bijawar state===

[[Bijawar State|Bijawar]]'s Maharaja Sawant Singh was a [[Bundela]] Rajput adopted from the house of [[Orchha State]]. He married a woman of the [[Ahir]] or [[Yadav]] caste, who gave birth to their son Aman Singh in 1911. Aman Singh was denied inheritance by the authorities based on the belief that his succession would be "greatly resented by rulers not merely in Bundelkhand but also in Rajputana and Kathiawar, where Bundela Rajput rulers have in recent years contracted marriages."<ref name="jhala" >{{cite book | last=Jhala | first=Angma Dey | title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India | publisher=Routledge | date=2015-10-06 | isbn=978-1-317-31443-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feQvCgAAQBAJ }}</ref>{{rp|61}}

===Kapurthala state===

The daughter of [[Jagatjit Singh]] of [[Kapurthala State]], [[Amrit Kaur of Mandi|Amrit Kaur]], was married to Rajput [[Joginder Sen]] of the [[Mandi State|princely state of Mandi]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Ramusack | first=B.N. | title=The Indian Princes and their States | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=The New Cambridge History of India | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-139-44908-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA18 | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Brentnall | first=M. | title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh | publisher=Indus Publishing Company | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA92 | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=92}}</ref>

In 1928, [[Sita Devi (Maharani of Kapurthala)|Sita Devi]], a Hindu Rajput princess from the Kashipur princely state in Punjab, married [[Sita Devi (Maharani of Kapurthala)#Early life and education|Maharaja Kamarjit]] Singh, an [[Ahluwalia (caste)|Ahluwalia]] Sikh ruler and son of [[Jagatjit Singh|Maharaja Jagajit Singh]] of the Kapurthala princely state in Punjab. She was the daughter of ''Udai Raj Singh I,'' ruler of [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur state]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Kapurthala|pages=47–48 |oclc=932267190 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Angma Dey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeUvCgAAQBAJ |title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31444-8 |pages=93 |language=en |quote=Similarly, Sita Devi's marriage reflected these early twentieth-century aspi- rations for legitimacy through purity of bloodlines. Born into the small Rathor Rajput state of Kashipur in the United Provinces in 1915, Sita Devi was brought up believing she would marry a nobleman from another Rajput princely state. Kashipur observed the traditions of the zenana, and she grew up in strict pardah, after the age of seven-and-a-half. At thirteen, she was married to Maharaj Kumar Karamjit Singh of Kapurthala, a Sikh state in the Punjab.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Krishnendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kZBqJBjOgC&dq=Rajput+princess+married+to+sikh&pg=PA63 |title=Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia |last2=Srinivas |first2=Tulasi |date=May 2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27011-4 |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book | author = Lindsey Harlan | year= 2018 | title = Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives | publisher = Univ of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-30175-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=97jADwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Lindsey Harlan|date=1992|title=Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC&pg=PA88|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-07339-5}}

[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]

K. K. Umadhevan

2026-04-23T15:34:18Z

LolitaErurf: Starting A Details...

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. K. Umadhevan
| native_name = கே. கே. உமாதேவன்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2006
| constituency = [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur (Sivaganga)]]
| predecessor = [[R. Sivaraman]]
| successor = [[K. R. Periyakaruppan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|9|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Koothakkudi, [[Sivaganga district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| alma_mater = Pre-University Course (PUC)
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
}}
'''K. K. Umadhevan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from Koothakkudi village in the [[Sivaganga district]]. Umadhevan completed his [[Pre-university course|Pre-University Course]] (PUC). Representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party, he contested and won the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur Assembly constituency]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 581-583.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Sivaganga)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Umadhevan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,165 |percentage=38.69% |change=+6.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Sivaraman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,075 |percentage=31.68% |change=-15.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sevanthiappan Pulavar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,589 |percentage=3.54% |change=-0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Gunasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,646 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. U. Gahan Raam Chattrapathi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,142 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,090 |percentage=7.01% |change= -8.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=129,674 |percentage=62.26% |change= -4.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,277 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sadanand Shet Tanavade

2026-04-23T09:08:23Z

LolitaErurf: put up a data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sadanand Shet Tanavade
| image = Sadanand Shet Tanavade.png
| caption = Tanavade in 2023
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 29 July 2023
| predecessor = [[Vinay Tendulkar]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Goa|Goa]]
| office1 = President, [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Goa]]
| term_start1 = 12 January 2020
| term_end1 = 18 January 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Vinay Tendulkar]]
| successor1 = [[Damu G. Naik]]
| office2 = Member of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Tivim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Thivim]]
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2007
| predecessor2 = [[Dayanand Narvekar]]
| successor2 = [[Nilkanth Halarnkar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1967|01|31}}
| birth_place = [[Pirna, Goa]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = M.COM, Diploma in Marketing Management
}}

'''Sadanand Shet Tanavade''' (born 31 January 1967) is an Indian politician who served as the president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Goa]]. He is a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], and a former [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tivim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Thivim]].<ref name="prezIT">{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-mla-sadanand-tanavade-elected-goa-bjp-chief-1636205-2020-01-12|title =Former MLA Sadanand Tanavade elected as Goa BJP chief|publisher =Press Trust of India|quote =Sadanand Tanvade, the former MLA from Thivim who was till now Goa BJP's general secretary, was the only one to file his nomination for the state party chief's post on Saturday.|location =[[Panaji]] |date =12 January 2020|website =indiatoday.in|author =[[Press Trust of India]] |accessdate =15 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Jaishankar, O’Brien among 11 elected to Rajya Sabha uncontested">{{cite news |newspaper=The Indian Express |title=Jaishankar, O'Brien among 11 elected to Rajya Sabha uncontested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/jaishankar-bjp-candidates-elected-rajya-sabha-uncontested-gujarat-8844578/ |access-date=18 July 2023 |date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718114039/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/jaishankar-bjp-candidates-elected-rajya-sabha-uncontested-gujarat-8844578/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanavade, Sadanand}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Goa]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hok Kolorob (film)

2026-04-21T08:18:58Z

LolitaErurf:

{{short description|2026 Indian Bengali film by Raj Chakraborty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hok Kolorob
| image = Hok Kolorob film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| producer = [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
| screenplay = Souvik Bhattacharya
| story = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| starring = [[Saswata Chatterjee]] [[Partha Bhowmick|Partho Bhowmik]] Rohaan Bhattacherjee [[Om Sahani]] [[John Bhattacharya]] Sreya Bhattacharyya Abhika Malakar Debdutta Raha Pushan Dasgupta Samiul Alam Akash Malik Arnab Biswas
| cinematography = Manas Ganguly
| editing = Md.Kalam
| music = '''Songs:''' Ishan Mitra Dolaan Mainnakk Amit Chatterjee
| studio = Raj Chakraborty Entertainment Private Limited
| distributor = [[PVR INOX|PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|1|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 131 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hok Kolorob''''' (Bengali: হোক কলরব <ref>{{Cite news |last=Patrika |first=Anandabazar |date=28 August 2025 |title=শাসক দল, বিরোধী দল 'পরিচালক' রাজের উপরে ভরসা রাখুক, 'হোক কলরব' ছবিতে ভাল কিছুই দেখাব: রাজ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/raj-chakraborty-bringing-a-new-film-named-hok-kolorob-dgtl/cid/1628748 }}</ref> ) is a 2026 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[Political thriller|political thriller film]] written and directed by [[Raj Chakraborty]] and produced by [[Subhashree Ganguly]] under the banner of Raj Chakraborty Entertainment Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=Bombay Times |date=23 January 2026 |title=Friday (January 23, 2026) Theatre Releases In India: From 'Draupathi 2', To 'Hok Kolorob' Check Out The Movies Releasing This Weekend |url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/friday-january-23-2026-theatre-releases-in-india-from-draupathi-2-to-hok-kolorob-check-out-the-movies-releasing-this-weekend/1769094433774 }}</ref> Starring [[Saswata Chatterjee]] in the lead role,<ref>{{Cite news | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=25 December 2025 |title='Hok Kolorob' teaser: Saswata Chatterjee plays cop tasked with controlling a students's protest |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/saswata-chatterjee-plays-cop-tasked-with-controlling-a-studentss-protest-in-raj-chakrabarty-directorial/cid/2139579}}</ref> the film was released theatrically on 23 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-08-28 |title=Campus tales for Raj Chakraborty |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/campus-tales-for-raj-chakraborty-624949 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/hok-kolorob/movieshow/126434422.cms |title=Hok Kolorob Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2026-01-22 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Drawing inspiration from real-life events that happened at Jadavpur University in 2023, the film depicts the death of a first-year student in a university hostel allegedly due to [[ragging]], examining the resulting public outcry regarding institutional accountability and systemic negligence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The upcoming film Hok Kolorob raises its voice against the practice of ragging |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-upcoming-film-hok-kolorob-raises-its-voice-against-the-practice-of-ragging/2003146 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Chakraborty's upcoming film Hok Kolorob explores the aftermath of a tragedy |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/raj-chakraborty-s-upcoming-film-hok-kolorob-explores-the-aftermath-of-a-tragedy/2002896 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Inspector Khudiram Chaki
* [[Partha Bhowmick|Partho Bhowmik]]
* Rohaan Bhattacherjee as Saikat Nandy
* Sreya Bhattacharyya as SI Bonhi Ray <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2025-12-26 |title=Indulge Kolkata turns 7: Actress Sreya Bhattacharya is a lifelong optimist fuelled by her passion for acting |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Dec/26/indulge-kolkata-turns-7-actress-sreya-bhattacharya-is-a-lifelong-optimist-fuelled-by-her-passion-for-acting |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Om Sahani]] as Farhan<ref>{{Cite news | date=27 August 2025 |title=The political drama, which also stars Om Sahani, is set to hit theatres on January 23, 2026 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raj-chakrabarty-announces-next-feature-film-hok-kolorob-starring-saswata-chatterjee-subhashree-ganguly/cid/2120028#goog_rewarded |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>
* [[John Bhattacharya]] as Gaurav Bhattacharya
* Debdutta Raha as Rudra Bhowmik
* Pushan Dasgupta
* Samiul Alam
* Akash Malik
* Abhika Malakar
* Arnab Biswas

== Release ==
''Hok Kolorob'' was released in theatres across [[West Bengal]] on 23 January 2026. Teaser of Hok Kolorob was released on 25 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-12-25 |title=First Look: Students vs police in 'Hok Kolorob' teaser |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/first-look-students-vs-police-in-hok-kolorob-teaser-641303 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hok Kolorob- Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/hok-kolorob-official-teaser/videoshow/126433980.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Eshna Bhattacharya of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "Hok Kolorob remains a sincere and emotionally driven film that addresses significant social issues. Its strong performances, especially from Saswata Chatterjee, and its commitment to relevant themes ensure it maintains engagement and emotional impact throughout." She applauded John Bhattacharya, Sreya Bhattacharyya and Rohan Bhattacharjee in their respective roles, the screenplay, impactful dialogues, cinematography and well staged crowd scenes but criticized the storytelling for resorting to heightened drama, the overstretched and stylised protest sequences, the increasing melodramatic tone in the second half, the unnecessarily loud background score in certain scenes that reduces the subtlety of performances and the situation, poorly choreographed action sequences and the occasional comedy that does no help but disrupting the emotional continuity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Eshna |title=Hok Kolorob Movie Review: Saswata holds this story of student unrest together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/hok-kolorob/movie-review/127696682.cms |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2026}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|39366604}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]][[Category:2026 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2020s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Chakraborty]]

Mubarak Begum (tawaif)

2026-04-20T07:50:53Z

LolitaErurf: Stub

{{Short description|Indian courtesan (died 1878)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

'''Mubarak Begum ('''Mahruttun Mubarak ul-Nissa Begum),<ref>[https://www.cityspidey.com/news/17965/tawaifs-of-delhi-a-tale-told-and-untold Tawaifs of Delhi: a tale told and untold] City Spidey 9 June 2022</ref> was an Indian ''[[tawaif]]'' (courtesan) and thirteenth wife of [[David Ochterlony]], the first [[Resident (title)#Residents in Asia|British Resident]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court at [[Delhi]].

==Early life==
Born into a poor family, Mubarak Begum initially pursued a career as a dancing girl in [[Pune]], before converting to [[Islam]]. Begum became a ''[[tawaif]]'', and had several poetry soirees. Guests included renowned poet [[Mirza Ghalib]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/09/30/courtesan-contribution-hindustani-classical-music-histories/|title=Courtesan Contribution To Hindustani Classical Music—Lesser Told Histories|first=Saonli|last=Hazra|date=29 September 2019|website=Feminism in India|accessdate=7 December 2023}}</ref> Sir David initially purchased her as a concubine and married her a few years later. Mubarak Begum is said to have held influence in her husband's court.<ref name="fridaytimes">{{Cite news |last=Adnan |first=Ally |date=2014-08-22 |title=Where else could I live like a king? |work=Friday Times |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/22-Aug-2014/where-else-could-i-live-like-a-king |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>

Reportedly Ochterlony's favourite wife, she was the mother of his two youngest children, both daughters. She was known as "Generallee Begum". As such, she took precedence over the rest of the household.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2001540.ece |title= Ochterlony and his bibis|author=R. V. Smith |date= 8 May 2011 |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Begum was a devout Muslim, once applying for leave to make the ''[[hajj]]''.<ref name="Dalrymple1" /> She organized musical soirees at their home, maintaining the dignity and decorum of Indian [[mehfil]]s of music. She also made perfume, and could make ''[[attar]]''.

Because of her love for [[Urdu]] and [[Persian poetry]], she was a regular participant in the [[mushaira]]s held in the courtyard of [[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Delhi College]].<ref name="fridaytimes"/> Mughal prince [[Mirza Farhatullah Baig]] held a poetry symposium at her home.<ref>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/the-dome---s-doom.html The dome’s doom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216072128/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/the-dome---s-doom.html |date=16 December 2023 }}, Thursday, 23 July 2020</ref>

Although much younger than Ochterlony, Begum was seen as the dominant personality in the marriage. This led one observer to remark that "making Sir David the Commissioner of Delhi was the same as making Generallee Begum". Another observer remarked, "Ochterlony's mistress is the mistress now of everyone within the walls". As a result of her influence, Ochterlony considered raising his children as Muslims, and when Begum's daughters had grown up, he adopted a child from the family of the Nawabs of [[Loharu State|Loharu]], one of the leading Muslim families of Delhi. Raised by Mubarak, the girl married her cousin, a nephew of the famous [[Urdu]] poet [[Mirza Ghalib]].<ref name="Dalrymple1">William Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 66</ref>

Begum to have set herself up as a power in her own right, and pursued an independent foreign policy. At one point, it was reported that "Mubarak Begum, alias Generalee Begum, fills the [Delhi] papers with accounts of the ''Nizars'' and ''Khiluts'' [gifts and dresses of honor] given and taken by her in her transactions with the ''Vacquils'' [ambassadors of the different Indian powers] - an extraordinary liberty, if true."<ref>Gardner papers, National Army Museum, Letter 87, p. 226, 10 August 1821</ref>

However, despite her power and status, Begum was widely unpopular among the British and the Mughals alike. She offended the British by calling herself "Lady Ochterlony" while also offending the Mughals by awarding herself the title ''"[[Qudsia Begum]]"'', a title previously reserved for the Emperor's mother. After Ochterlony's death, she inherited ''Mubarak Bagh'', an Anglo-Mughal garden tomb Ochterlony had built in the north of [[Old Delhi]]. Her unpopularity combined with her background as a dancing girl ensured that no Mughal gentleman would use her structure. To this date, the tomb is still referred to by the local inhabitants of the old city as the ''"Randi ki Masjid"''.<ref name="Dalrymple2">William Dalrymple, ''[[White Mughals]]'', pp. 183-184</ref>

==Masjid==
David Ochterlony built a mosque in her honour, informally known as [[Randi ki Masjid]].<ref>[https://www.cntraveller.in/story/old-delhi-randi-ki-masjid-got-name/ How Old Delhi’s Randi ki Masjid got its name],29 November 2019</ref> After her death in 1878, the mosque was taken over by the British government. The mosque is one of the three mosques to be commissioned by women in medieval India.<ref>[https://theprint.in/india/masjid-dome-that-collapsed-in-old-delhi-part-of-200-yr-old-mosque-commissioned-by-a-woman/464714/ Masjid dome that collapsed in Old Delhi part of 200-yr-old mosque commissioned by a woman] The Print 20 July 2020</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mubarak Begum}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Perfumers]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:17th-century dancers]]

Malviya Nagar, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:27Z

LolitaErurf: Details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{for|the constituency in Delhi|Malviya Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malviya Nagar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-54-Malviya Nagar.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 54
| district = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:216988}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| mla = [[Kalicharan Saraf]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2018
}}
'''Malviya Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] district.

== Birth and extent of the constituency ==
This constituency was created by the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008''. The first elections held here, as a separate constituency, were in [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]. The constituency comprises the following wards of the [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]: 15, 16, 18 to 21, 25 to 27, 31 and 35.<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=2 October 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=4|[[Kalicharan Saraf]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=2 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Malviya Nagar<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalicharan Saraf
|votes = {{formatnum:92506}}
|percentage = 60.62
|change = +12.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Archana Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:57012}}
|percentage = 37.36
|change = -9.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1598}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change = -0.58
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35494}}
|percentage = 23.26
|change = +22.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152606}}
|percentage = 70.33
|change = +2.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Malviya Nagar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Kalicharan Saraf
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:70221}}
|percentage = 48.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Archana Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:68517}}
|percentage = 47.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2371}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1704}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:145781}}
|percentage = 68.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jaipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.85|75.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Vaishal Shah

2026-04-16T12:13:26Z

LolitaErurf:

{{Short description|Indian Film Producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaishal Shah
| image = Vaishal Shah at Chaniya Toli Premiere.jpg
| caption = Vaishal Shah at [[Chaniya Toli]] Premiere
| birth_name = Vaishal Shah
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|11|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| organization = Jannock Films LLP
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film maker]]|[[film producer]] }}
| years_active = 2015{{endash}}present
| known_for = ''[[Chhello Divas]]'' (2015) ''[[Karsandas Pay & Use]]'' (2017) [[Shu Thayu?]] (2018)'' [[Chehre]]'' (2021) ''[[Fakt Mahilao Maate]]'' (2022) ''[[3 Ekka]]'' (2023) ''[[Fakt Purusho Maate]]'' (2024)
| parents = Rajeshbhai Jamnadas Shah - Father & Hema Rajeshbhai Shah - Mother
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
| website = https://jannockfilms.com/
| networth =
}}

'''Vaishal Shah''' is an Indian film producer known for his work in Gujarati, Marathi, and Hindi cinema. He has produced several commercially successful films including [[Chhello Divas]] (2015),<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/producer-goes-to-cops-as-piracy-hits-chhello-divas/50127414.html |title= Producer Goes To Cops As Piracy Hits 'Chhello Divas' – Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref> [[Karsandas Pay & Use]] (2017), [[Shu Thayu?]] (2018), [[Fakt Mahilao Maate]] (2022),<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-to-make-his-gujarati-film-debut-in-fakt-mahilao-mate/articleshow/92826525.cms|title= Amitabh Bachchan to make his Gujarati film debut in 'Fakt Mahilao Mate' – Times of India|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|date= 12 July 2022}}</ref> [[3 Ekka]] (2023), [[Fakt Purusho Maate]] (2024) and [[Chaniya Toli]] (2025).<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2025/anand-pandit-vaishal-shah-and-actor-yash-soni-s-latest-gujarati-release-chaniya-toli-smashes-r-485353.html |title= Anand Pandit, Vaishal Shah, And Actor Yash Soni's Latest Gujarati Release 'Chaniya Toli' Smashes Records – Filmi Beat}}</ref>

As a [[Filmmaking|filmmaker]], Shah focuses on producing films that entertain audiences while conveying social messages. He was the first producer to bring together actors [[Malhar Thakar]], [[Yash Soni]] and [[Mitra Gadhavi]] in [[Chhello Divas]] (2015), followed by their collaborations in [[Shu Thayu?]] (2018) and [[3 Ekka]] (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/the-end-goal-is-to-entertain/81861327.html |title= 'The end goal is to entertain' – Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref> Both Shu Thayu? and 3 Ekka rank among the top 10 [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|highest-grossing Gujarati films]] of all time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-INR100-cr-moment-for-gujarati-cinema.html |title=The ₹100 Cr moment for Gujarati cinema |date=8 October 2025|work=Ormax Media |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesprime.com/blog/box-office-kings-top-15-highestgrossing-gujarati-movies-104690449 |title=Box Office Kings: Top 15 Highest-Grossing Gujarati Movies |date=25 October 2023|work=Times Prime |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2021, Shah collaborated with producer [[Anand Pandit]] as co-producer of the Hindi film [[Chehre]], starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Emraan Hashmi]]. The duo later produced Gujarati films including [[Fakt Mahilao Maate]] (2022),<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-to-guest-star-in-gujarati-film-fakt-mahilao-mate-2465351.html |title= Amitabh Bachchan to guest star in Gujarati film 'Fakt Mahilao Mate' – Zee News}}</ref> [[Fakt Purusho Maate]] (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://variety.com/2024/film/news/amitabh-bachchan-god-cameo-fakt-purusho-maate-1236029542/ |title= Amitabh Bachchan Plays God Cameo in Sequel 'Fakt Purusho Maate': 'His Enduring Stardom Is a Phenomenon' (EXCLUSIVE) – Variety}}</ref>, [[Chaniya Toli]] (2025)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/anand-pandit-and-vaishal-shah-team-up-for-their-fourth-gujarati-project-chaniya-toli/articleshow/120196375.cms |title=Anand Pandit and Vaishal Shah team up for their fourth Gujarati project Chaniya Toli |date=11 April 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>, Asambhauuu (2026).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/vaishal-shah-anand-pandit-new-film-asambhavaauuu-release-rakshabandhan-137693431.html |title=રક્ષાબંધનના દિવસે થિયેટર્સમાં ‘અસંભાવઉઉઉ’ ધમાલ!:વૈશલ-આનંદની નવી ફિલ્મનું ઈન્ટ્રસ્ટિંગ ટાઈટલ રિવીલ; મિત્ર, રોનક અને તત્સતની સુપરહીટ જોડી દેખાશે|work=Divya Bhaskar|access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | [[Film producer|Producer]]
! scope="col" | [[Film producer|Co-Producer]]
! scope="col" | [[Language]]
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[List of Gujarati films of 2026|2026]]
|''Asambhauu''
|{{yes}}
|
| rowspan='3'|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|-
| [[List of Gujarati films of 2025|2025]]
|''[[Chaniya Toli]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/anand-pandit-and-vaishal-shah-team-up-for-their-fourth-gujarati-project-chaniya-toli/articleshow/120196375.cms |title=Anand Pandit and Vaishal Shah team up for their fourth Gujarati project "Chaniya Toli"|website= [[The Times of India]]|date=11 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan='2'|2024
|''[[Fakt Purusho Maate]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/fakt-purusho-maate-anand-pandit-vaishal-shah-to-wow-audiences-with-this-gujarati-movie-1503298721.html |title= Fakt Purusho Maate: Anand Pandit, Vaishal Shah to wow audiences with this Gujarati movie – The Statesman|website= [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date= 9 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Musafiraa''
|
|{{yes}}
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| rowspan='2'|2023
|''[[3 Ekka]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://filmikafe.com/regional-cinema-news/anand-pandit-and-vaishal-shah-is-all-set-to-produce-another-gujarati-film-2/|title= आनंद पंड‍ित और वैशाल शाह की युगलबंदी लेकर आ रही है 'त्रण एक्‍का' – Filmikafe|date= 25 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baap Manus]]''
|
|{{yes}}
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|[[List of Gujarati films of 2022|2022]]
|''[[Fakt Mahilao Maate]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/amitabh-bachchan-to-guest-star-in-gujarati-film-fakt-mahilao-mate-171247|title= Amitabh Bachchan to guest star in Gujarati Film Fakt Mahilao Mate – News Nine|date= 19 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Chehre]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
| rowspan='2'|2018
|''[[Shu Thayu?]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|rowspan='3'|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/shu-thayu-is-the-title-of-chhello-divas-team-starring-film/articleshow/65145850.cms|title= Shu Thayu is the title of film starring Chhello Divas team – Times of India|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 26 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''Vandha Villas''
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/gujarati-film-vandha-villas-is-finally-set-to-release/articleshow/63927987.cms|title= Gujarati film Vandha Villas is finally set to release – Times of India|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 26 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Karsandas Pay & Use]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://connectgujarat.com/karsandas-pay-use/|title= 'Karsandas Pay & Use' – Connect Gujarat}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Days of Tafree]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Chhello Divas]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chhello-divas-a-new-beginning/ET00035842|title= Chhello Divas: A New Beginning – Book My Show}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Gujarati cinema]]
* [[List of Gujarati films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]
* [[List of Indian film producers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8312212}}
* {{Facebook|vaishal7}}
* {{Instagram|vaishalshah7}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|celebrity/vaishal_shah}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Vaishal}}
[[Category:Film producers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]

Red Line (Chennai Metro)

2026-04-10T10:37:24Z

LolitaErurf: put up basic data initial version

{{Short description|Transit line in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Red Line (Line 5)
| other_name =
| native_name = Sivappu vaḻittaṭam
| native_name_lang = ta
| color = ff0000
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Chennai Metro]]
| status = Under Construction
| locale = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| start = {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}}
| end = {{stl|Chennai Metro|Sholinganallur}}
| connectinglines = '''''Operational''''' (5): {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{rbox|Chennai Suburan West Line|West Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}}}, {{rbox|Chennai Suburan South Line|South Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}}}, {{rbox|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|#{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|1}}}} '''''Upcoming''''' (2): {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| stations = 45{{efn|name=Share|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}} station would be shared between the Red and [[Purple Line (Chennai Metro)|Purple Line]]s, and the existing The existing {{stl|Chennai Metro|Koyambedu}} station on the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] will accommodate the Red Line as well.}}
| daily_ridership =
| open =
| close =
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Sampath|first=Nirupa|title=Chennai Metro Rail outsources phase 2 to Delhi Metro|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/cmrl-outsources-phase-2-to-delhi-metro-tamil-quota-to-go-828697|publisher=DT Next|date=3 April 2025|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
| character =
| depot = Madhavaram Pattabiram
| stock = {{hlist |[[Alstom Metropolis|Alstom]] |[[BEML]] }}
| linelength_km = 47<ref name="Scrap">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-scraps-nine-stations-in-phase-2/articleshow/100219302.cms|title=Chennai metro scraps nine stations in phase 2|date=14 May 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| signalling = [[Communications-based train control|CBTC Signalling System]]
| speed_km/h =
| elevation =
| website = [https://chennaimetrorail.org/ chennaimetrorail.org]
| map_state = collapsed
| map = {{Chennai Metro Red Line Route}}
}}
The '''Red Line''' or '''Line 5''' is one of the under construction lines of [[Chennai Metro]] Phase-II stretching from [[Madhavaram Milk Colony]] to [[Sholinganallur]]. The {{cvt|44.6|km}}-long line will consist of 45 stations,{{efn|name=Share}} station would be shared between the Purple and '''Red Line'''s, and is considered as a single station.}} out of which six will be underground and 39 will be at grade or elevated. A branch line of corridor five, known as Line 5B, from [[Koyambedu]] to [[Pattabiram]] has been proposed with its Detailed Project Report approved by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in May 2025. The {{cvt|21.76|km}} branch line will consist of 19 elevated stations.

== Planning and construction ==
=== Phase II ===
The construction of the first phase of [[Chennai Metro]] started in June 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Work-commences-on-Chennai-metro|title=Work commences on Chennai Metro|publisher=Projects Today|date=11 June 2009|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825214006/http://www.projectstoday.com/News/Work-commences-on-Chennai-metro|url-status=live}}</ref> Commercial operations started on the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|green line]] in June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140904/nation-current-affairs/article/chennai-metro-one-stop-short-dream-run|title=Chennai Metro one stop short of dream run|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 August 2014|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035707/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140904/nation-current-affairs/article/chennai-metro-one-stop-short-dream-run|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/conditional-clearance-for-metro-rail/article7155672.ece|title=Conditional clearance for Metro Rail|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 April 2015|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/conditional-clearance-for-metro-rail/article7155672.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CMRL-l-Newsletter-l-Aug-2015-l-Final-PDF.pdf|title=Chennai Metro Newsletter - August 2015|publisher=Chennai Metro|date=29 June 2015|access-date=7 June 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020114202/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CMRL-l-Newsletter-l-Aug-2015-l-Final-PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 February 2019, the extension of [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|blue line]] was opened, completing the first phase of the metro.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece|title=PM Modi inaugurates Chennai Metro Rail's final leg|last=Simhan|first=TE Raja|work=The Hindu Businessline|date=10 February 2019|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014616/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2016, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] announced that the second phase would have three lines totaling {{cvt|104|km}} in length with 104 stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/104-km-104-stations-Unveiling-Phase-II-of-Metro/article14549167.ece|title=1800 km, 180 stations: Unveiling Phase II of Metro|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=2 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226164406/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/104-km-104-stations-Unveiling-Phase-II-of-Metro/article14549167.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Detailed-project-report-for-Phase-II-of-Metro-Rail-ready/article16947271.ece|title=Detailed project report for Phase II of Metro Rail ready|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130634/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Detailed-project-report-for-Phase-II-of-Metro-Rail-ready/article16947271.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Two corridors would extend from [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]] connecting with [[Siruseri]] and [[Sholinganallur]] respectively (lines 3 and 5) with the third corridor connecting [[Koyambedu]] with [[Lighthouse, Chennai|Lighthouse]] (line 4). The fifth line connecting [[Madhavaram Milk Colony]] and Sholinganallur will extend to {{cvt|47|km}} of which {{cvt|41.2|km}} would be [[elevated]] and {{cvt|5.8|km}} [[underground rail|underground]]. It will consist of 48 stations including six undergrounds stations.<ref name="Proj">{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|title=Project status of Chennai Metro|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926171710/http://chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Metro's second phase to go up to Poonamallee|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metros-second-phase-to-go-up-to-poonamallee/article19310471.ece|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226092631/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metros-second-phase-to-go-up-to-poonamallee/article19310471.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The stations for the second phase were designed to be smaller than the existing stations operational in the first phase.<ref>{{cite news|last=U|first=Tejonmayam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-trim-stations-under-phase-2/articleshow/56226400.cms|title=Chennai: Metro rail to trim stations under phase 2|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 December 2016|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208051107/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-trim-stations-under-phase-2/articleshow/56226400.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 November 2020, foundation stone for the second phase was laid and construction commenced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/amit-shah-to-lay-foundation-for-chennai-metros-phase-ii-project/article33111023.ece|title=Amit Shah to lay foundation for Chennai Metro's phase II project|date=17 November 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064943/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/amit-shah-to-lay-foundation-for-chennai-metros-phase-ii-project/article33111023.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022, Alstom was awarded the contract to supply metro coaches for the phase II expansion.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2022/11/alstom-wins-eu98-million-contract-design-and-manufacture-78-metro-coaches-chennai-metro-phase-ii|title=Alstom wins €98 million contract to design and manufacture 78 metro coaches for Chennai Metro Phase-II|date=11 November 2022|publisher=Alstom|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216121324/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2022/11/alstom-wins-eu98-million-contract-design-and-manufacture-78-metro-coaches-chennai-metro-phase-ii|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2023, CMRL announced a revised plan for the second phase revising the station count on the fifth line to 45.8{{efn|name=Share}} As per the final plan, the line will extend for {{cvt|44.6|km}}.<ref name="Scrap"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Chennai Metro - Phase II<ref name="Map">{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Phase-II-Updated-Map.pdf|title=Chennai Metro rail phase II|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
!Line Name
!colspan="2"|Terminals
!Length (km)
!Stations
!Status
|-
|style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Red}};|Red Line
|[[Madhavaram Milk Colony]]
|[[Sholinganallur]]
|style="text-align:center;"|47
|style="text-align:center"|45
|Under construction
|}

The second phase is estimated to cost {{INRconvert|632.46|b}} of which initially {{INRconvert|47.1|b}} was loaned by [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]].<ref name="Proj"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/phase-ii-chennai-metro-project-to-cost-rs-36-000-cr-114022800932_1.html|title=Phase-II Chennai metro project to cost Rs 36,000 cr|date=2 March 2014|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216121325/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/phase-ii-chennai-metro-project-to-cost-rs-36-000-cr-114022800932_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/india/english/office/topics/press220331_03.html|title=JICA extends ODA Loan of INR 4710 Cr for Chennai Metro Rail Project Phase 2 (II)|date=21 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216121327/https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/india/english/office/topics/press220331_03.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 February 2021, the [[Prime Minister of India]] announced that the government has set aside {{INRconvert|630|b}} for the construction of phase II and further extension.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ground-work-for-chennai-metro-rail-phase-2-hit/articleshow/80918239.cms|title=Ground work for Chennai metro rail phase-2 hit|last=Dipak K|first=Dash|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218192218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ground-work-for-chennai-metro-rail-phase-2-hit/articleshow/80918239.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The line is expected to be completed by 2028.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Rail second phase likely to be completed in six years|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/apr/26/metro-rail-second-phase-likely-to-be-completed-in-6-yrs-1969031.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 April 2019|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Phase II extension ===
In 2022, the state government proposed a branch extension for the fifth line from [[Koyambedu]] to [[Avadi]], covering an approximate {{cvt|16.1|km}}.<ref name="P2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/detailed-feasibility-report-for-chennai-metro-rails-phase-2-extension-to-be-ready-in-three-months/article66664484.ece|title=Detailed feasibility report for Chennai Metro Rail's Phase 2 extension to be ready in three months|date=26 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428075613/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/detailed-feasibility-report-for-chennai-metro-rails-phase-2-extension-to-be-ready-in-three-months/article66664484.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2024, feasibility report was submitted by CMRL for the proposed expansion of the line, green lighting the same.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-chennai-metro-cmrl-submits-detailed-feasibility-reports-for-phase-ii-project-extension-a-progress-report-3251256/|title=CMRL submits Detailed Feasibility Reports for Phase II project extension|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=22 September 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=29 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429192946/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-chennai-metro-cmrl-submits-detailed-feasibility-reports-for-phase-ii-project-extension-a-progress-report-3251256/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later decided to extend the line till [[Pattabiram]]. The Detailed Project Report was approved by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in May 2025 and forwarded to the [[Government of India]] for final approval. A depot near [[Pattabiram]] stretch of [[Chennai Outer Ring Road|Outer Ring Road]] is also planned as a part of the expansion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Ram |title=TN govt gives in-principle nod for Chennai Metro link from Koyambedu to Pattabiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-govt-gives-in-principle-nod-for-chennai-metro-link-from-koyambedu-to-pattabiram/articleshow/120829027.cms |date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="DPR">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Feb/22/chennai-metro-rail-submits-dpr-for-2176-km-extension-from-koyambedu-to-pattabiram|title=Chennai Metro Rail submits DPR for 21.76 km extension from Koyambedu to Pattabiram|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 February 2025|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|+Chennai Metro - Phase II Extension - Line 5B<ref name="FE"/><ref name="DPR"/>
|-
! Line
! colspan="2"|Terminals
! Length
! Stations
! Status
|-
|style="background:#ff0000;|Red Line
|[[Koyambedu metro station|Koyambedu]]
|[[Pattabiram]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|21.76|km|abbr=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|19
|{{tooltip|DPR|Detailed Project Report}} approved
|}

== Stations ==
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
|-
!align="center" colspan="6" style="background:Red;" | '''Red Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|S.No
! colspan="2"|Station Name<ref name="Map"/>
! rowspan="2" |Expected Opening<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=2024-01-20 |title=Work on elevated stretches of corridor 5 of Metro Rail phase II project gains momentum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/work-on-elevated-stretches-of-corridor-5-of-metro-rail-phase-ii-project-gains-momentum/article67759580.ece |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|1||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}}||மாதவரம் பால் பண்ணை
|March 2027||{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Purple|croute}} (''Under Construction'')||Underground
|-
|2||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Depot}}||மாதவரம் பணிமனை
|March 2027|| ||At-grade
|-
|3||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Assisi Nagar}}||அசிசி நகர்
|March 2027|| ||Elevated
|-
|4||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Manjambakkam}}||மஞ்சம்பாக்கம்
|March 2027||
|Elevated
|-
|5||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Velmurugan Nagar}}||வேல்முருகன் நகர்
|March 2027||
|Elevated
|-
|6||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Bus Terminus}}||மாதவரம் பேருந்து நிலையம்
|March 2027||{{rint|bus}} [[Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus]]
|Elevated
|-
|7||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Shastri Nagar, Chennai}}||சாஸ்திரி நகர்
|March 2027||
|Elevated
|-
|8||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Retteri Junction}}||ரெட்டேரி சந்திப்பு
|March 2027||
|Elevated
|-
|9||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Kolathur Junction}}||கொளத்தூர் சந்திப்பு
|March 2027|| ||Underground
|-
|10||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Srinivasa Nagar}}||சீனிவாச நகர்
|March 2027||
|Underground
|-
|11||[[Villivakkam]]||வில்லிவாக்கம்
|March 2027|| [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Chennai Suburban Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Villivakkam railway station|Villivakkam]]
([[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West Line]])
|Underground
|-
|12||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Villivakkam Bus Terminus}}||வில்லிவாக்கம் பேருந்து நிலையம்
|March 2027||
|Underground
|-
|13||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Villivakkam CTH Road}}||வில்லிவாக்கம் சி.டி.எச் சாலை
|March 2027||
|Underground
|-
|14||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Anna Nagar West}}||அண்ணா நகர் மேற்கு
|March 2027|| ||Elevated
|-
|15||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Thirumangalam}}||திருமங்கலம்
|March 2027||{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
|16||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Anna Nagar KV}}||அண்ணா நகர் கே.வி
|March 2027||
|Elevated
|-
|17||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Koyambedu}}||கோயம்பேடு
|October 2026||{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
|18||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Koyambedu Market}}||கோயம்பேடு அங்காடி
|October 2026||
|Elevated
|-
|19||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Natesan Nagar}}||நடேசன் நகர்
|October 2026||
|Elevated
|-
|20||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Virugambakkam}}||விருகம்பாக்கம்
|October 2026||
|Elevated
|-
|21||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Alwarthirunagar}}||ஆழ்வார்திருநகர்
|October 2026||{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Elevated
|-
|22||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Valasaravakkam}}||வளசரவாக்கம்
|October 2026
|{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Elevated
|-
|23||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Karambakkam}}||காரம்பாக்கம்
|October 2026
|{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Elevated
|-
|24||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Alapakkam Junction}}||ஆலப்பாக்கம் சந்திப்பு
|October 2026
|{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Elevated
|-
|25||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Mugalivakkam}}||முகலிவாக்கம்
|October 2026||
|Elevated
|-
|26||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Ramapuram}}||ராமாபுரம்
|October 2026||
|Elevated
|-
|27||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Manapakkam}}||மணப்பாக்கம்
|October 2026||
|Elevated
|-
|28||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Chennai Trade Centre}}||சென்னை வர்த்தக மையம்
|October 2026||
|Elevated
|-
|29||{{stl|Chennai Metro|Butt Road}}||பட் சாலை
|March 2027||
|Elevated
|-
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{{note label|§|§|§}} under construction

==See also==
* [[Rapid transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Metro|line 5=yes}}

{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Metro - Line 5}}
[[Category:Chennai Metro lines]]

Jail Yatra (1981 film)

2026-04-04T18:31:52Z

LolitaErurf: Starting New Post...

{{RefImprove||date=July 2024}}
{{for|the Raj Kapoor-starrer film|Jail Yatra (1947 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jail Yatra
| image = Jail Yatra 1981 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bhappi Sonie]]
| producer = Pravin Bali Vijay Maria
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Jail Yatra Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jail-yatra/cast/}}</ref>
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Reena Roy]]
| music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Jal Mistry]]
| editing = M.S. Shinde
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981|9|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jail Yatra''''' is a 1981 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bollywood]] [[Action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Bhappi Sonie]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jail Yatra (1981) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jail_yatra_1981 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jail Yatra (1981) |url=https://indiancine.ma/VRX |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> It stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Vinod Khanna]] and [[Reena Roy]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jail YatraU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/jail-yatra/movieshow/61333303.cms |access-date=2024-07-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Jail Yatra (1981) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/jail-yatra-1981-hindi-movie |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Ramnath Verma
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Raju Verma
* [[Reena Roy]] as Shanu
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Radha Verma
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Kuldeep
* [[Jagdeep]] as Garage Owner
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Police Inspector
* [[Katy Mirza]] as Jagdeep Wife
* [[Heena Kausar]] as Roopa
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Constable at the beach
* Birbal
* [[M. B. Shetty|MB Shetty]] as goon

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Bachna Raja Ji"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Yeh Jo Nazar Hamari Tumhari Ladi Hain"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Nahin Lagta Hay Dil"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Kya Takalluf Hai Wallah, Lijiye Dil Bismillah"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|-
| "Paake Akeli Mohe"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0390139}}

[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bhappi Sonie]]
[[Category:1980s prison films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Raghuji I

2026-04-03T16:29:22Z

LolitaErurf: put up new details initial version

{{Short description|Raja of Nagpur from 1739 to 1755}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image =
| name = Raghuji I
| title = Senasaheb Subha{{efn|English: Lord of the Provinces and the Army}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipcnbsBb5PcC&q=%22%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%22 | title=Vaidya-daptarantuna Nivadalele Kagada | last1=Vaidy | first1=Sankara | date=7 April 2024 }}</ref> Senadhurandhar{{efn|English: A highly distinguished and capable military commander}}
| caption = Portrait of Raghuji Bhonsle
| succession = 1st [[Raja]] of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]
| religion = Hinduism
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| serviceyears =
| battles =
{{Hidden begin}}{{Bulleted list|[[Second Maratha invasion of Bengal]]|[[Fourth Maratha invasion of Bengal]]|[[Siege of Barabati (1745)]]|[[Battle of Naubatpur (1745)]]}}{{Hidden end}}
}}
| full name =
| coronation =
| birth_name = Raghuji Bhonsle
| birth_date = {{C.}} 1695
| birth_place = {{unbulleted list|[[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maratha Kingdom]]|(modern day [[Maharashtra]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1755|02|14|1685|df=yes}}
| death_place = {{unbulleted list|[[Nagpur]], [[Maratha Empire]]|(modern day [[Maharashtra]], India)}}
| reign = 1739{{Spaced ndash}}14 February 1755
| predecessor = {{unbulleted list|''Position established''|(Burhan Shah as [[Gonds of Deogarh|Gond]] ruler)}}
| successor = [[Janoji Bhonsle|Janoji I]]
| house = [[House of Bhonsle|Bhonsle]] ([[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Nagpur]])
| spouse =
| father = Bimbaji
| mother = Kashibai
| issue = [[Janoji of Nagpur|Janoji I]] [[Mudhoji Bhonsle|Mudhoji]] [[Bimbaji Bhonsle|Bimbaji]] Sabaji
}}
'''Raghuji I''' (Raghuji Bhonsle, {{IPA|mr|ɾəɡud͡ʒi bʱoːsəleː}}; 1695 – 14 February 1755)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe9tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22raghoji+the+great%22 |title=The Cyclopedia of India: Biographical, Historical, Administrative, Commercial |date=1992 |publisher=Book Traders |pages=312 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Prabhu Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WM5aAAAAIAAJ&q=%22raghoji+the+great%22 |title=The Political History of Chhattisgarh, 1740-1858 A.D. |date=1979 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |pages=38, 39, 88 |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Maratha]] general credited with the Maratha expansion into [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]], [[Odisha]], and [[Bengal]], establishing Maratha supremacy in those areas of South Asia. He was granted the title of ''Senasaheb Subha'', meaning "Lord of the Provinces and the Army", and a ''[[Saranjamdar|saranjam]]'' in the [[Vidarbha region]] by [[Shahu I]]. He is considered the founder of the [[Kingdom of Nagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |date=2015-12-21 |title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal |url=http://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Origin==
The [[Bhonsle (clan)|Bhonsale]] family branch of Raghuji were known as 'Hinganikar' as they were originally chiefs from Berdi (near Hingani in [[Pune District]]) established by Bimbaji Bhonsle. Ancestors of Raghuji—namely his great-granduncle Rupaji I, great-grandfather Mudhoji, grandfather Bapuji, and Bapuji's two brothers Sabaji and Parsoji—fought in the armies of [[Shivaji]]. Mudhoji resided in [[Pandavgad]], ruling over a Mauza near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] in Maharashtra, which Shivaji had granted to him as [[jagir]] for his spectacular exploits, while his brother Rupaji I resided at Bham in the district of [[Yavatmal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOBtAAAAMAAJ&q=rupaji+pandogarh |title=Proceedings |date=1975 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=311 |language=en}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=July 2024}}

As Rupaji I was childless, his property later passed to his brother Mudhoji; this subsequently gave Hinganikar Bhonsles a foothold in [[Amravati district|east Maharashtra]] for future conquests. Shivaji entrusted high military command and the collection of ''chauth'' (tribute) in [[Amravati district|Berar]] to the most distinguished of them. Mudhoji's son Sabaji was given villages of Rakhswari and Poorkikotar; however, it was Parsoji who attained highest position in the family.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} During [[Mughal-Maratha Wars|Mughal–Maratha Wars]] [[Rajaram I|Chhatrapati Rajaram Bhonsle]] bestowed the title of 'Senasahibsubha' (meaning 'Master of provinces and armies') on Parsoji Bhonsle along with rights to regions of [[Deogarh Fort|Devgad]], [[Gondwana]], [[Chandrapur|Chanda]], and [[Nagpur district|Varhad]], from where he could exact tribute.

Bapuji only had one son, Bimbaji, who was the father of Raghuji I. Parsoji had three sons: Santaji, Kanhoji, and Ranoji, each of whom had a distinguished career. Santaji was part of various campaigns of Shivaji and the other commanders until his murder in Delhi during the 1719 campaign to depose [[Farrukhsiyar]] led by Senapati [[Khanderao Dabhade]]. Ranoji was given the title of 'Sawai Santaji' (meaning 'Superior Santaji') along with other compensations for the loss of his brother's life.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 1722, [[Shahu I]] presented Badnera and [[Amravati]] to Ranoji Bhonsle, further extending the Hinganikar Bhonsles' presence in the east. Kanhoji went on to rule for 20 years, securing the family title of 'Senasahibsubha' and paving the way for future conquests. The less-prominent Bimbaji Bhonsle was without a son until one was finally born, who Bimbaji believed to be a result of prayers of a pious [[Vaishnava]] saint Ramajipant Kolhatkar. On those grounds Bimbaji named his son Raghuji ([[Raghu|Raghava]]) after [[Rama]], an [[avatar]] of Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra state Gazetteer district Nagpur |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nagpur/his1.html |website=gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqYiBAAAQBAJ&dq=raghoji+i+bhonsle&pg=PA80 |title=Maratha Generals and Personalities: A gist of great personalities of Marathas |date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Pratik gupta |language=en}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Early life ==
Bimbaji died shortly after his son was born, and Raghuji grew up with his mother Kashibai and grandmother Baijabai at the same [[Pandavgad|Pandavavadi]] near Wai. On attaining maturity Raghuji served under his uncle Ranoji as a ''shiledar'' (cavalryman) in [[Amravati]], participating in various military operations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=Zahiruddin |date=1975 |title=Side Lights on the Administrative System of the Bhonsle State of Nagpur (1740-1772) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138856 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=36 |pages=310–320 |jstor=44138856 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=July 2024}} His uncle Senasahibsubha Kanhoji Bhonsle, based at Bham sixteen miles south of [[Yavatmal]], invited him to his fief as he was heirless up to that point.

The city of Bham (or Bhambraja) was located on a small plateau near the [[Adan River|Adan]] river, raised 300 ft. above the level of the valley. Today it is a vast but completely abandoned site of immense stone ruins and traces of planted trees. The original settlement was expansive, with a tradition of 5,000 houses owned by [[Sadhu|Bairagis]] (ascetics) alone under the protection of [[Marathas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharashtra (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlhuAAAAMAAJ&q=bham+bairagis |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Ahmadnagar |date=1960 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |pages=698 |language=en}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=July 2024}}

Senasahibsubha Kanhoji looked after and mentored Raghuji, who was the son of his cousin Bimbaji, with hopes of gradually passing his duties to him. But after the birth of his son Rayaji Bhonsle, his plans for adopting Raghuji ended and their relations were disrupted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6thAAAAIAAJ&q=raghuji+tiger+shahu |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Akola |date=1977 |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Rise to power==
[[File:Raghuji Bhosale I.jpg|left|thumb|Raghoji I with his courtiers]]
Raghuji then left his uncle and travelled with 100 horsemen to offer his services to the [[Deogarh Fort|Gond Kingdom of Devgad]], then ruled by Chand Sultan, where he fought for many years and familiarised himself with local politics. Eventually Raghuji returned to [[Satara district|Satara]] to directly serve the [[Shahu I|Chhatrapati Shahu Bhonsle]]. Raghuji's status dramatically escalated when he bravely slew a tiger that threatened Shahu's life during a hunting expedition. Shahu rewarded Raghuji, most importantly by arranging the marriage of his own Shirke clan wife Rani Sagunabai's sister Salubai to Raghuji. This further bound the Chhatrapati Bhonsle and the Senasahibsubha Bhonsle families.<ref name=":0" />

This was simultaneously followed by the downfall of Senasahibsubha Kanhoji, who had entered into talks with the [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam]]. For further examination he was invited by Shahu to Satara. On 23 August 1725 Kanhoji left Satara without permission, fleeing the officers sent after him. After three years of distant correspondence, Shahu finally appointed Raghuji as the new Senasahibsubha in 1728. Following Raghuji's appointment, Shahu granted him the [[deed|sanads]] for [[Vidarbha|Berar]] and [[Gondwana]] and the right to extend the levy of [[chauth|''chauth'']] to [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Patna]] in Bihar, [[Allahabad]] in [[Awadh|Awadh Subah]] and [[Murshidabad|Maksudabad]] in [[Bengal Subah]] serving as directives for his conquests.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |last=Maharashtra (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=raghuji+tukoji+gujar+kanhoji |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Akola District |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref>

Raghuji's first campaign as Senasahibsubha was to bring his uncle Kanhoji to justice and restore centralization in the eastern provinces. He deployed an army of 30,000 cavalry. Raghuji's armies roved in all directions exacting the pending ''chauth'' and Sardeshmukhi, which served as return of central authority over the lands. In 1731 Raghuji Bhonsle killed Isa Khan and seized all the villages in [[Kingdom of Kherla|Kherla]] as well as the Fort of Salbardi.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=unav |title=Eighteenth-Century South Asia and the Maratha Political |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D88H03KJ/download |website=academiccommons.columbia.edu|date=2018 |doi=10.7916/D88H03KJ }}</ref>

Raghuji followed this by defeating Shujayat Khan of [[Akola]], the deputy of the Nawab of Ellichpur, and subjugating his territory. In this duration Kanhoji had prepared countermeasures by fortifying his base at Bham. Raghuji received the aid of his uncle Sawai Santaji Ranoji Bhonsle of [[Amravati]]. The two armies jointly besieged the fort of Bham and killed Kanhoji's general Tukoji [[Gurjar|Gujjar]], who death broke Kanhoji's patience and he fled from the fort, closely pursued by the allied cavalry. Raghuji and Ranoji overtook Kanhoji at Mandar near [[Yavatmal]] and defeated him in the fight. Kanhoji was imprisoned in the fort of Satara while his son Rayaji continued at Bham.<ref name="books.google.com" />

Tensions regarding Rayaji and Raghuji's rights as Senasahibsubha ended only by 1748 when Rayaji died childless, thus ensuring the supremacy of Raghuji Bhonsle's line. Shahu Chhatrapati then bestowed the authority to impose ''chauth'' and [[deed|mokasa]] of prominent Mughal cities and regions like [[Lucknow]], [[Allahabad]] in [[Awadh]], [[Murshidabad]] in [[Bengal Subah]], [[Vidarbha|Berar]] (claimed by [[Nizam]]), Bitia in [[Bundelkhand|Malwa Subah]], [[Hajipur]] and [[Patna]] in [[Bihar|Bihar Subah]] (under Nawab of [[Bengal Subah]]), and of the Gond Kingdoms of [[Deogarh Fort|Devagad]], [[Garha Kingdom|Gadha]], Bhavargad, and [[Chandrapur|Chanda]]. This ensured the direction of Raghuji's future expansions.<ref name="books.google.com" />

==Military campaigns==
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Nagardhan-Fort-Main-Entrance.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Main entrance of the Nagardhan Fort near [[Nagpur]] city, commissioned by Raghoji Bhonsale]]
Bold and decisive in action, Raghuji was an archetypical Maratha leader; he saw in the troubles of other states an opening for his own ambition, and did not even require a pretext for invasion. Twice his armies occupied [[Bengal]], and it was he who attained the conquest of [[Cuttack]]. [[Chandrapur|Chanda]], [[Chhattisgarh]], and [[Sambalpur]] were added to his dominions between 1745 and 1755, the year of his death. He was succeeded by his son [[Janoji Bhonsle]].<ref name="generals">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqYiBAAAQBAJ&dq=raghoji+i+bhonsle&pg=PA80 |title=Maratha Generals and Personalities: A gist of great personalities of Marathas |date=1 August 2014 |publisher=Pratik gupta |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Handwriting of Raghuji Bhonsle.jpg|thumb|left|Seal, signature, and handwriting of Maratha Senadhurandar Sarkar Senasahibsubha Raghuji Bhonsle I of Nagpur]]

===Campaigns in South India===
The Nawab of Carnatic Dost, Ali Khan, sent his son Safdar Ali and [[Chanda Sahib|Husayn Dost Khan]] (better known as Chanda Sahib) to extort tribute from the Hindu states of Deccan. Through treachery Chanda brought about the abdication of the queen of [[Tiruchirappalli]]. After entering the fort by swearing on the [[Quran]] sacred oaths of peace and behaving like a brother to the widowed queen, Husayn facilitated the storming of the fort by having his men enter through the adjoining palace known as Dilwar Mandap. Heartbroken on such betrayal the widowed queen [[Self-immolation|burnt herself]] in disgrace.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The extension of the Muslim power in the far south had set in motion a Hindu reaction led by Vangaru Tirumala, a member of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] and a former rival of queen Minakṣhi, and Sayaji Bhonsle, the deposed Maratha ruler of Tanjore, who appealed for aid to [[Chhatrapati Shahu]], the most powerful Hindu ruler at the time. Hindu Kingdoms such as [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]], [[Sivaganga estate|Sivaganga]], [[Pudukkottai State|Pudukkottai]], and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] called upon the Marathas for intervention, and offered cooperation against the Arcot Nawab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kunju |first=A. P. Ibrahim |date=1959 |title=TRAVANCORE AND THE CARNATIC IN THE XVIII CENTURY: Fresh Light Thrown by the Matilakam Records |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304325 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=22 |pages=368–377 |jstor=44304325 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=July 2024}} They demanded the expulsion of the Navayet Nawabs. Even the [[Nizam]] supported Maratha intervention against them.

Pratapsingh Bhonsle of Tanjore was neither regular in the payment of tribute nor obedient to the Subehdar, causing the Nawab to remove him from Tanjore by force and install a Muslim deputy. Finally incensed by the atrocities of the Nawab, Shahu deployed Raghuji Bhonsle of [[Nagpur]] and Fatehsingh Bhonsle of [[Akkalkot]] with army of 40,000 to wreak vengeance on the wrongdoers. Raghuji defeated the Nawab of [[Kadapa|Cuddappah]], exacted tribute from the Nawab of [[Karnool]], and advanced southwards into the subah of [[Arcot]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Battle of Damalcherry Pass===
The rapid advance of the Marathas filled the Nawab [[Dost Ali Khan]] with dismay. Soon afterwards, on May 20, 1740, the Battle of Damalcherry took place, which was a major confrontation between the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], Dost Ali Khan of Arcot, and the Maratha Senasahibsubha Raghuji I Bhonsle of Nagpur.<ref name="Jeremy Black">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Black|title=War in the Eighteenth-Century World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+Damalcherry&pg=PA60|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year= 2012|isbn=9780230370005|pages=280}}</ref> The battle was a victory for the Marathas in which Dost Ali Khan, his son, and nearly all his officers were killed. Dost Ali Khan's diwan Mir Assud was taken captive. The Nawab's capital city of Arcot was plundered and the rich treasures were taken as booty by the triumphant Marathas.<ref name="Saswadkar">{{cite journal |last= Saswadkar|first= P. L.|title=Prohibition under the Peshwas in the latter half of the eighteenth century|journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year= 1965|volume= 27|pages= 326–328|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140671|publisher=JSOR|jstor= 44140671|access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="TN Gov">{{cite web |title=Brief history of Arcot|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/sites/113/2020/08/briefhistory-PB-Arcot.pdf|publisher=Tamil Nadu Govt|access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref> The news of this defeat spread dismay and consternation in the country. Safdar had by then only reached Arcot. He started negotiations for a truce with the Marathas through Mir Assud who was in captivity in the Maratha camp. The Marathas were disappointed by the desolate condition of the country and many in the circles were ready to come to terms. Raghuji however demanded a high fee for sparing Chanda Sahib, who offered only seven lakhs with a statement threatening to continue the conflict if the terms were rejected.

===Siege of Trichinopoly===
{{Main|Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)}}

Raghuji discarded the meagre offer and deployed his men against [[Tiruchirappalli]]. The main body of the Maratha cavalry took positions before the city and cut off its communications. Meanwhile, a large body of Nevayet troops under Chanda Sahib's brother Zaynut Abdul Khan, known as Bada Sahib, marched to the northern borders of their territory to prevent a total encirclement.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fH9CAAAAYAAJ&q=Zaynut+Abdul+Khan Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Pg. 277]</ref> The Maratha contingents attempted to intercept the march of Bada Sahib, but the flank of his brother Sadak Sahib defeated their stretched lines at [[Dindigul]]. The two then merged their forces and rushed to Tiruchirappalli to aid their brother but were intercepted by Raghuji at [[Manapparai]]. In the fierce battle which lasted for nine hours the Marathas emerged victorious. Raghuji killed Bada Sahib and Sadak Sahib with more than 3,000 men in each of their contingents slain. This decisive Maratha victory considerably helped their siege of Tiruchirappalli. Despite the formidable odds, Chanda Sahib resisted the onslaught for more than a month.<ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal |last=Rajayyan |first=K. |date=1970 |title=The Marathas at Trichinopoly: 1741-1743 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688690 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=51 |issue=1/4 |pages=222–230 |jstor=41688690 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

On the 16th of March 1741, the Marathas finally scaled the walls of the ramparts of Tiruchirappalli fort, surprised the garrison, and conquered the Nevayet stronghold. The fort was surrendered to Raghuji on the day of [[Ram Navami]], but it was the banner of Fatehsingh Bhonsle which was raised on the fort. Chanda Sahib negotiated for peace by offering to pay twelve lakhs of rupees for his safe departure, but the Marathas demanded one crore. Eventually the talks broke down and the Marathas carried away the Husayn Dost Khan together with his son Abid Ali as prisoner to [[Vidarbha|Berar]] and then to [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. Raghuji appointed [[Murari Rao|Murari Rao Ghorpade]] as the new ruler at Tiruchirappalli, which marked the end of the Nevayets and the culmination of the Maratha campaign.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

According to Ramesan, it must have been at this time of his invasion in 1740, while in the [[Chittoor district]] and very near to [[Tirupati]], that Raghuji took the opportunity to visit the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara temple]] and offer his obeisance to the deity with offerings of many valuable jewels. These jewels are still preserved in the temple in a chest known as "Raghojivari Pette".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramesan |first=n |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.162281 |title=The Tirumala Temple |date=1999}}</ref>

===Conquest of Chhattisgarh===
{{Main|Siege of Ratanpur}}

Raghoji's Diwan Pandit [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Ram]] invaded and placed Mohansingh, an illegitimate son of Raghuji, in charge of the states of [[Raipur]], [[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]], [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], and [[Sambalpur]] in Chhattisgarh before advancing on to Orissa.

===Campaigns in Bengal and Odisha===
{{Main|Maratha invasions of Bengal}}

The Maratha Empire undertook an expedition in Bengal after the successful campaign in [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] at the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|Battle of Trichinopolly]]. Raghoji led this expedition. Raghoji was able to annex [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] permanently, as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in the region after the death of the Orissa governor [[Murshid Quli Khan]] in 1727.<ref>{{cite book |last=Government of Maharashtra |year=1974 |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Wardha District |edition=2nd |location=Bombay |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |page=63 |oclc=77864804}}</ref> The Nawab of Bengal ceded territory up to the river Suvarnarekha to the Marathas, and agreeing to pay Rs. 20 lacs as [[chauth]] for [[Bengal]] (including both West Bengal and Bangladesh) and 12 lacs for Bihar (including Jharkhand); Bengal thus became a tributary of the Marathas.<ref>Fall Of The Mughal Empire- Volume 1 (4Th Edn.), J.N.Sarkar</ref>

===Final takeover of Devagad===

Dissensions continued between the [[Deogarh Fort|Devgad]] Gond brothers and once again, the elder brother Burhan Shah requested the aid of Raghoji. Akbar Shah was driven into exile and finally poisoned at [[Hyderabad]]. However, this time Raghoji did not pass the opportunity of conquering such a plentiful and rich country.<ref name="hunter">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=Naaf to Rangmagiri |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="society">{{cite book |last1=Society (MANCHESTER) |first1=Northern Central British India |title=Proceedings of a Public Meeting for the formation of The Northern Central British India Society held in the Corn Exchange, Manchester, on Wednesday evening, August 26th, 1840 |date=1840 |publisher=Northern Central British India Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSFYAAAAcAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=RA2-PA8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2024}}

He declared himself 'protector' of the Gond king. Thus in 1743, Burhan Shah was practically made a state pensionary, with real power being in the hands of the Maratha ruler. After this event the role of the Gonds in politics of the Deogarh region faded from history.<ref name="community">{{cite book |last1=Kurup |first1=Ayyappan Madhava |title=Continuity and Change in a Little Community |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCNfWRGXd04C&q=king+of+deogarh+chand+sultan&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Raghuji Raje Bhonsle.jpg|thumb|Statue of Raghuji I at Sakkardara Square]]
King of Nagpur Raghuji Bhonsle died on February 14, 1755. He left behind four legitimate sons—Janoji, Mudhoji, Sabaji, and Bimbaji—and one known natural son, Mohansingh.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group="Notes"}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
#Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'' 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.

{{commons category|Raghuji I of Nagpur}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box |
before=Raja Gond |
title=[[Nagpur kingdom|King of Nagpur]] |
years=1739–1755 | after=[[Janoji Bhonsle|Janoji]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{MarathaEmpire|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghoji 01 Bhosale}}
[[Category:Maratha Chiefs in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:1755 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Nagpur]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:1685 births]]

PK (film)

2026-03-29T08:29:17Z

LolitaErurf: further enhance references based on references

{{short description|2014 Indian Hindi film by Rajkumar Hirani}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = PK
| image = PK poster.jpg
| alt = Khan, as the title character PK, stands nude on railroad tracks, looking into the camera while obscuring his genitals with a cassette tape player.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| producer = {{plainlist |
* [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
* Rajkumar Hirani<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajkumar Hirani turns producer for Aamir Khan's 'Peekay' |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rajkumar-Hirani-turns-producer-for-Aamir-Khan-s-Peekay/Article1-887150.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209032416/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rajkumar-Hirani-turns-producer-for-Aamir-Khan-s-Peekay/Article1-887150.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 July 2012 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref>
}}
| writer = {{plainlist |
* Rajkumar Hirani
* [[Abhijat Joshi]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist |
* [[Aamir Khan]]
* [[Anushka Sharma]]
* [[Sushant Singh Rajput]]
* [[Boman Irani]]
* [[Saurabh Shukla]]
* [[Sanjay Dutt]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' {{plainlist |
* [[Shantanu Moitra]]
}}
'''Guest Composers:''' {{plainlist |
* [[Ajay–Atul]]
* [[Ankit Tiwari]]
}}
'''Background Score:''' {{plainlist |
* Sanjay Wandrekar
* Atul Raninga
}}
| cinematography = [[C. K. Muraleedharan]]
| editing = Rajkumar Hirani
| studio = {{plainlist |
* [[Vinod Chopra Films]]
* [[Rajkumar Hirani Films]]
}}
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|12|19}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Aamir Khan's PK cleared with UA certificate; makers won't host any special screenings |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2733671/Aamir-Khan%27s-PK-cleared-with-UA-certificate%3B-makers-won%27t-host-any-special-screenings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120054256/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2733671/Aamir-Khan%27s-PK-cleared-with-UA-certificate;-makers-won%27t-host-any-special-screenings |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=8 December 2014 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = [[Indian rupee|₹]]122 [[crore]]<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2482|title=PK - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=7 February 2023|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207194737/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2482|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = ₹769.89 crore<ref name="PK Box Office">{{cite web |title=PK Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pk/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221085337/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pk/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''PK''''' ([[translation]]: ''Drunk''<ref>{{cite news |title=PK's Plot Summary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pks-plot-summary/articleshow/45576638.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606135543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pks-plot-summary/articleshow/45576638.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>) is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[science fiction film|science fiction]] [[comedy-drama]] film edited and directed by [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and written by Hirani and [[Abhijat Joshi]] and jointly produced by Hirani and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] under the production banners of [[Rajkumar Hirani Films]] and [[Vinod Chopra Films]], respectively. A [[religious satire]] addressing [[superstition]] and [[False prophet|pseudoprophets]], the film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Aamir Khan]] (as the title character), [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Saurabh Shukla]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]]. Khan plays a humanoid alien who was sent to Earth on a research mission. After losing the remote with which he contacts his spaceship, he is told by the people of Earth to seek God's help - leading him to start a national movement which questions [[organised religion]] as a whole.

After the success of ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), Hirani and Joshi began scripting their next project; finding similarities with the plot of ''[[Inception]]'' (2010), they scrapped the film. It was later rewritten with a different angle and tone. During production, the film was initially titled ''Talli'' and later ''Ek Tha Talli'' before being changed to ''PK'' as the latter title was found to be too similar to ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012). The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Ajay–Atul]] and [[Ankit Tiwari]] with lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]], Amitabh Varma and [[Manoj Muntashir]]. [[UTV Motion Pictures]] acquired the distribution rights of the film. ''PK'' was the first Bollywood film to be shot in [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bruges Bollywood movie sets box office record |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2015/01/05/bruges_bollywoodmoviesetsboxofficerecord-1-2199886/ |work=VRTNWS |date=5 January 2015 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

''PK'' was released on 19 December 2014. Upon release, it received critical acclaim, with praise directed towards Khan's performance and the film's humour. The film received 8 nominations at the [[60th Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Khan, [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Hirani, winning two. Additionally, it won five [[Producers Guild Film Awards]], and two [[Screen Awards]]. ''PK'' garnered the [[Telstra People's Choice Award]] at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]. Produced on a budget of {{INR|link=yes}}1.22 billion, ''PK'' was the first Indian film to gross more than {{INR|link=yes}}7 billion and [[United States dollar|US$]]100 million worldwide. At the time of its release, it emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film of all time]]. PK has remained among the [[List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films|top 50 highest-grossing Indian films]] for over a decade, from its release in 2014 to 2024. The film's final worldwide gross was {{INR|link=yes}}769.89 [[crore]] (US$118.92 million).<ref name="PK Box Office"/> {{As of|2026}}, it stands as the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|eleventh highest-grossing Hindi film of all-time]].

== Plot ==
A nude [[humanoid]] [[extraterrestrial life|alien]] lands on Earth on a research mission in [[Rajasthan]], India, and is stranded when the remote control to summon his spaceship is stolen.

That very day, in Belgium, an Indian woman, Jagat "Jaggu" Janani Sahni, meets a Pakistani man, Sarfaraz Yousuf, and falls in love with him. Her father objects to their relationship, citing their different religions, and consults their family astrologer, [[Godman (India)|godman]] Tapasvi Maharaj, who predicts Sarfaraz will betray Jaggu. Determined to prove them wrong, Jaggu asks Sarfaraz to marry her, only to be heartbroken after receiving an unsigned letter calling off their wedding and not to contact him.

Jaggu returns to India and becomes a journalist. She is intrigued after finding the alien distributing pamphlets about a "missing" God. She earns his trust by rescuing him when he attempts to take money from a temple's donation box as a "refund" for God's broken promises, and he opens up to her. He stole clothes and money from a couple having sex in a car and befriended a bandmaster, Bhairon Singh. He learned [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] at a brothel by holding hands and exchanging memories with a prostitute and started looking for the thief who stole his remote in [[Delhi]], where he earned the name "PK" (drunk) as people thought he was intoxicated when getting confused with different religions. When told only God can help him, he began practising many Indian religions, including [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] and [[Islam]], attempting to find "God" to no avail. He found out Tapasvi had his remote but refused to return it, claiming it was a gift from God. Believing his story after a brief hesitation, Jaggu promises to help PK.

After Jaggu pranks an unknown caller in front of him, PK naively conjectures Tapasvi and his other godmen must be unintentionally dialling a "wrong number" to communicate with God, advising the public against engaging in meaningless rituals for their prayers. Intrigued, Jaggu encourages the public to expose [[Pious fraud|fraudulent godmen]] by sending their videos to her news channel. Gradually, this "wrong number" campaign turns into a popular mass movement, much to the dismay of Tapasvi. Meanwhile, Bhairon finds the thief in Rajasthan and informs PK that he sold the remote to Tapasvi. PK realises Tapasvi was a fraud all along, intentionally misleading people. Bhairon and the thief are later killed in a terrorist attack.

Tapasvi confronts PK on air, asking him what the "right number" is. PK claims people should believe in the "real" God that created them instead of other fraudulent godmen and their "duplicate" God. Tapasvi claims he has a direct connection to "God", citing his prediction of Sarfaraz's betrayal to prove Muslims to be liars. Having absorbed Jaggu's memories earlier, PK claims he can disprove his prediction and reveals Sarfaraz had not written the letter to Jaggu, citing the presence of another bride as a possible recipient that day. Shocked, Jaggu contacts the [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan#Europe|Pakistani Embassy]] in Belgium, where Sarfaraz worked part-time, and learns Sarfaraz has been awaiting her call for a long time, proving he still loves her. It is revealed that Sarfaraz had found the same letter that day and, believing it to be from Jaggu, stopped contacting her. Jaggu and Sarfaraz tearfully reconnect while Jaggu's father realises Tapasvi's true colours, and forces him to return the remote to PK.

PK is able to return to his planet with his remote. When leaving, he takes two suitcases full of audio tapes, having filled them with recordings of Jaggu's voice. PK tells Jaggu that the recordings are of sounds from earth. However, Jaggu finds out that the tapes are actually of their conversations. She also finds the love note PK wrote for her earlier, realising his love for her, but reluctance to confess due to her feelings for Sarfaraz. She chooses not to confront PK directly and tearfully watches him walk towards his spaceship. After his departure, Jaggu publishes a book about PK, grateful for her experience with him.

A year later, PK returns to Earth on a new research mission on human nature with more members of his species.

== Cast ==
[[File:Aamir Khan at 92.7 BIG FM to promote Satyamev Jayate 06.jpg|thumb|[[Aamir Khan]] at the Radio Station 92.7's studio in [[Mumbai]]]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Aamir Khan]] as PK; a [[humanoid]] [[extraterrestrial life|alien]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-revealed-aamir-khan-s-real-name-in-pk-2041864/amp|title=Revealed: Aamir Khan's real name in 'PK'|publisher=DNA|date=7 December 2014 |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
* [[Anushka Sharma]] as Jagat Janini "Jaggu" Sahni; a [[journalist]] and Sarfaraz's girlfriend and later his wife
* [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] as Sarfaraz Yousuf; Jaggu's boyfriend and later her husband
* [[Boman Irani]] as Cherry Bajwa; Jaggu's employer
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Tapasvi Maharaj; a self-proclaimed [[Godman (India)|godman]]
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Bhairon “Bhaia” Singh; a [[bandmaster]] in [[Rajasthan]] and PK's friend
* [[Parikshit Sahni]] as Jayprakash Sahni; Jaggu's father
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Mrs. Sahni; Jaggu's mother
* [[Ram Sethi]] as the old man in [[Belgium]] who tricked Sarfaraz and Jaggu
* Rajinder Sharma Nanu as the thief who stole PK's remote
* [[Sai Gundewar]] as the Ticket Seller of the Bachchan show in Belgium
* [[Rohitash Gaud|Rohitashv Gour]] as Mr. Pandey; a [[Delhi Police|police]] [[constable]]
* Reema Debnath as Phuljhadiya; a [[prostitute]]
* Sachin Parikh as Tapasvi's manager
* [[Arun Bali]] as the old [[Sikh people|Sikh]] man in a restaurant
* [[Kamlesh Gill]] as the old woman in a restaurant
* Michael Pekala as Bystander in the train station<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2036309/TV-actor-to-play-cop-in-Aamirs-PK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105132605/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2036309/TV-actor-to-play-cop-in-Aamirs-PK |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2015 |title=TV actor to play cop in Aamir's PK |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>
* [[Rukhsaar Rehman]] as the Receptionist at [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan#Europe|Pakistani Embassy]] in [[Belgium]]
* [[Plabita Borthakur]] as Jaggu's younger sister<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-right-breaks/article6799237.ece |title=The right breaks |first=Y. Sunita |last=Chowdhary |date=18 January 2015 |via=www.thehindu.com |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=22 May 2018 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522182659/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-right-breaks/article6799237.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/plabita-borthakur/ |title=Plabita Borthakur Movies, News, Songs & Images – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704214804/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/plabita-borthakur/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Anil Mange]] as a man dressed as [[Lord Shiva]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anil-mange-channelled-his-inner-anu-malik-to-make-a-mark-in-hasee-toh-phasee/cid/211072 |title=Anil Mange channelled his inner Anu Malik to make a mark in Hasee Toh Phasee |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831152927/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anil-mange-channelled-his-inner-anu-malik-to-make-a-mark-in-hasee-toh-phasee/cid/211072 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as an idol seller at a [[Delhi]] temple
* [[Alok Pandey]] as a reporter
* Rajeev Gupta as a police inspector
* [[Monali Thakur]] as a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] girl
* [[Maanvi Gagroo]] as Meetu Singh; Jaggu's colleague
* [[Shaji Choudhary]] as Tapasvi's bodyguard
* Hetal Puniwala as a maternity hospital doctor
* [[Vijay Crishna]] as an entrepreneur at the interview
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in a cameo appearance as a fellow alien from PK's home planet
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{{quote box|width=33%|align=right|quote="PK" was the only film which began with a desire to say something. I can't say what that thing is. The battle was the other way round—how do you say such a serious thing in an entertaining way? For many years, we were struggling, until we finally found a way, where it will be entertaining, won't be offensive—will hit the right notes, basically.
|source=—[[Rajkumar Hirani]], director of ''pk'', in an interview to India Insight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2014/12/17/a-minute-with-rajkumar-hirani/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218015754/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2014/12/17/a-minute-with-rajkumar-hirani/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2014 |title=A Minute With: Rajkumar Hirani |date=17 December 2014 |access-date=21 January 2016 |publisher=[[Reuters.com]]}}</ref>
}}

After the success of ''3 Idiots'', director Rajkumar Hirani and writer Abhijat Joshi started work for their next project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-hirani-and-vidhu-vinod-chopra-to-team-up-again_108538.html |title=Aamir, Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra to team up again |date=30 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214012/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-hirani-and-vidhu-vinod-chopra-to-team-up-again_108538.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They had written a story about a character who had the ability to get into another person's mind to make that person a better human being. They spent one year to write a story, but it turned out to be similar to ''[[Inception]]'' (2010). After watching ''Inception'', Hirani and Joshi were shocked by the similarities. Eventually, they decided to scrap the film, then Hirani and Joshi reworked on the script, changing the entire tone and angle. It took five years to make the film and three years to write it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/rajkumar-hirani-i-am-really-nervous-with-pk/20141215.htm |title=Rajkumar Hirani: I am really nervous with PK |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214002/http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/rajkumar-hirani-i-am-really-nervous-with-pk/20141215.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In ''PK'', Khan played nine avatars (costume changes)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-pk-nine-different-looks-pics-18047.html |title=Aamir Khan and his nine different avatars in 'PK' (view pics) |date=30 October 2014 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en|access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> and, during the course of the film, the actor had to chew over 10,000 [[betelnut]] preparations called ''[[paan]]''.{{Hair space}}{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} Betelnut is a psychoactive stimulant used throughout Asia and characterised by its ability to stain users' mouths red.<ref name="CNN Betelnut">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/asia/myanmar-betel-nut-cancer/index.html |title=Nothing to smile about: Asia's deadly addiction to betel nuts |first=Hilary |last=Whiteman |date=4 November 2013 |publisher=CNN |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> "In real life ''paan'' is not a habit, I have it once in a while but for this film I chew ''paan'' for every scene. I would at times eat about 100 ''paans'' in a day. We had a ''paanwala'' [a ''paan'' maker] on the sets," said Khan in the report. For every take, Khan had to eat a fresh ''paan'' to fill his mouth. Before beginning the shoot, he would eat at least 10–15 ''paans'' to get the right color inside his mouth and on his lips.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khan-PK-is-the-toughest-role-of-my-career/articleshow/44923032.cms |title=Aamir Khan: PK is the toughest role of my career |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Viral Thakkar was the visual effects supervisor. The visual effects company was Riva Digital at a point employing 100 artists working on the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/a-peek-behind-the-making-of-pk-with-riva-vfx-and-animation |title=A peek behind the making of 'PK' with Riva VFX and Animation |date=21 January 2015 |publisher=Animation Express |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029235734/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/a-peek-behind-the-making-of-pk-with-riva-vfx-and-animation |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In 2011, Aamir Khan and Anushka Sharma signed on for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-to-romance-ranbir-aamir_113841.html |title=Anushka to romance Ranbir, Aamir! |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=21 January 2016 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213905/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-to-romance-ranbir-aamir_113841.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Khan's nephew [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Ranbir Kapoor]] were considered for a role which eventually went to [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] before the release of his debut movie ''[[Kai Po Che]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/sushant-singh-rajput-signed-for-rajkumar-hirani-s-peekay_118821.html |title=Sushant Singh Rajput signed for Rajkumar Hirani's 'Peekay' |date=10 September 2012 |access-date=21 January 2016 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214011/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/sushant-singh-rajput-signed-for-rajkumar-hirani-s-peekay_118821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier reports said that Rajkumar Hirani had signed [[Arshad Warsi]] for the film when it was reported<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajkumar-hirani-signs-arshad-warsi-for-p.k./1052478/ |title=Rajkumar Hirani signs Arshad Warsi for P.K. – Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214053417/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajkumar-hirani-signs-arshad-warsi-for-p.k./1052478/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that Arshad will be playing an important role. In 2013, Warsi said in an interview "I couldn't have worked out on dates. I wouldn't refuse Raju for anything. In fact, when he offered me the film, I did not even ask for the script, I was like I am ready to come on whenever you want. So that is the connection I share with Raju."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1636084/Rajkumar-Hirani-signs-Arshad-Warsi-for-P.K. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103031750/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1636084/Rajkumar-Hirani-signs-Arshad-Warsi-for-P.K. |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Rajkumar Hirani signs Arshad Warsi for P.K. |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=24 January 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Before Rajput and Warsi were signed on, [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Sharman Joshi]] were said to be cast in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/news/Arshad-Warsi-Joins-Aamir-Khan-In-PK-2255 |title=Arshad Warsi Joins Aamir Khan in PK |date=30 December 2012 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=BoxofficeCapsule.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130141823/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/news/Arshad-Warsi-Joins-Aamir-Khan-In-PK-2255 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-sharman-hirani-to-team-up-again_98156.html |title=Aamir, Sharman, Hirani to team up again? |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214018/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-sharman-hirani-to-team-up-again_98156.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Junaid Khan, son of Aamir Khan worked as an assistant director in this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/videos/aamirs-son-junaid-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-239697 |title=Aamir's son Junaid to make his Bollywood debut |date=17 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=[[NDTV News]] |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130052853/http://movies.ndtv.com/videos/aamirs-son-junaid-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-239697 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Characters ===
* '''PK''': The titular character was written to be a Chaplinesque, bumbling alien and meant to provide an outside view to the quirks and hypocrisies of the Indian society. To further accentuate the alien look, Khan developed a distinct appearance and mannerisms including wearing green contact lenses and not blinking while talking. Khan learned [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] for the role<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khan-and-his-Bhojpuri-teacher-inseparable-for-two-years/articleshow/44885457.cms |title=Aamir Khan and his Bhojpuri teacher, inseparable for two years |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129171027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khan-and-his-Bhojpuri-teacher-inseparable-for-two-years/articleshow/44885457.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> with the help of the language expert Shanti Bhushan. Rajkumar Hirani said in an interview, "When we write a script we usually visualize the characters in the film. How they look, talk and walk. But PK is one such character which was very difficult to visualize. We didn't have a reference point. PK was one such character, who didn't have a reference point. A character like him wasn't there in any book, nor did we meet someone like him in real life. We only knew that we wanted the character to be innocent and child-like. Now the question was, who is that actor who could look like a child. Someone who is perfect for the role of PK. The answer was obvious – Aamir Khan."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desiretrees.com/aamir-khan-making-of-pk-the-character-behind-the-scenes/ |title=Rajkumar Hirani – Aamir Khan Making of PK The Character |date=14 December 2014 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=Desiretrees |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202164041/http://www.desiretrees.com/aamir-khan-making-of-pk-the-character-behind-the-scenes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Jagat "Jaggu" Janani''': PK's friend and confidante, Jaggu is a television news reporter and is instrumental in spreading PK's message. She was envisioned as a fun-loving yet mature and independent woman. The producers wanted a distinct look for Jaggu and ended up trying several options over a few days before settling on one. Sharma said in an interview "Raju Sir wanted me to look happy, chirpy and peppy in ''PK''. Keeping his brief in mind, the team came up with this look." She revealed that she was not required to cut her hair by remarking, "I have long hair, so hair stylists just wrapped my hair and tucked inside the wig".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-making-of-jagat-janani-anushka-reveals-the-secrets-behind-her-pk-characte-4843144-PHO.html?referrer_url |title=Making of Jagat Janani: Anushka Sharma reveals the secrets behind her 'PK' character |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=Daily Bhaskar.com |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201151046/http://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-making-of-jagat-janani-anushka-reveals-the-secrets-behind-her-pk-characte-4843144-PHO.html?referrer_url |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Bhairon Singh''': Makers wanted somebody tall and sturdy for the role of Bhairon Singh and that's why Sanjay came in the picture. Vidhu Vinod Chopra shared, "The character Bhairon Singh is shown to be PK's good friend. The idea was that since PK is a tiny person, we wanted someone who in contrast is very huge. Such that, when Bhairon hugs PK, it looks funny as the tiny man would go completely unnoticed in Bhairon's arms."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-making-of-bhairon-singh-rajkumar-hirani-reveals-the-secret-behind-sanjay-dutts-c-4841913-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201151049/http://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-making-of-bhairon-singh-rajkumar-hirani-reveals-the-secret-behind-sanjay-dutts-c-4841913-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2016 |title=Bhairon Singh: Rajkumar Hirani reveals the secret behind Sanjay Dutt's character in 'PK' |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=Daily Bhaskar.com}}</ref>

=== Title ===
In 2011, in its initial scripting stage, Hirani named the film ''Talli'', then changed it to ''Ek Tha Talli'' which he loved, but later on came to know that ''Ek Tha Tiger'' was already in production (released in 2012). He dropped the idea and, after many titles, he came up with a title that only had initials, ''PK''. After starting the film, Hirani felt ''PK'' was not a good enough title. He decided to change the title to ''Talli''. But after a few weeks of shooting, Hirani decided to go back to the original title.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.mid-day.com/articles/find-out-why-rajkumar-hirani-took-5-years-to-make-pk/15764191 |title=Find out why Rajkumar Hirani took 5 years to make 'pk' |date=14 November 2014 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

=== Themes ===
[[Firstpost]] compared ''PK'' to Hirani and Khan's previous collaboration ''3 Idiots'', as they both involve "A socially awkward and 'different' young man—who walks and talks in a strange, enthusiastic childlike manner—observes the system, questions it, asks you to look at the many ludicrous things that inform it, and eventually brings about a minor revolution."<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/pk-review-alien-aamir-peppy-anushka-in-a-funny-but-flawed-satire-1857433.html PK review: 'Alien' Aamir, peppy Anushka in a funny but flawed satire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129090732/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/pk-review-alien-aamir-peppy-anushka-in-a-funny-but-flawed-satire-1857433.html |date=29 January 2015 }}. Firstpost (20 December 2014). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> In an interview, Rajkumar Hirani revealed that initially, the plot involved the alien protagonist falling in love with a girl early on, which led him to question religious divisions when he encountered her father’s prejudice. He used his powers to change the father's mindset. However, after watching ''Inception'', Hirani realised the concept was too similar and scrapped the original second half. The filmmakers also decided against a storyline involving a case against God, as it closely resembled the play ''[https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/act-of-god/article3917372.ece Kanji Viruddh Kanji]'', which was being adapted into a film (''[[OMG – Oh My God!|OMG Oh My God]]''). Ultimately, ''PK'' focused on promoting communal harmony, with both films exploring similar themes but through different approaches.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=19 December 2021 |title=7 years of PK: Rajkumar Hirani reveals an alternate ending of PK; opens up on being compared with OMG Oh My God 7 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/7-years-pk-rajkumar-hirani-reveals-alternate-ending-pk-opens-compared-omg-oh-god/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901204654/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/7-years-pk-rajkumar-hirani-reveals-alternate-ending-pk-opens-compared-omg-oh-god/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
According to Hirani, ''PK'' is a "satire on Hindu gods and their godmen".<ref name="bare" /> The co-director Khan began looking for shooting locations in July 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aamir Khan's son Junaid to make Bollywood debut? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Aamir-Khan-s-son-Junaid-to-make-Bollywood-debut/Article1-890413.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 July 2012 |access-date=19 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201123245/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Aamir-Khan-s-son-Junaid-to-make-Bollywood-debut/Article1-890413.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> Second unit filming was set to begin in late 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkumar Hirani rubbishes the rumors about 'PK' |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1583721/Rajkumar-Hirani-rubbishes-the-rumors-about-PK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106234215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1583721/Rajkumar-Hirani-rubbishes-the-rumors-about-PK |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 November 2012 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> which was stalled after the rumoured departure of three department heads for the film and bad weather stalling initial shoots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bad weather stalls shoot of 'P.K.' |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bad-weather-stalls-shoot-of-P-K/Article1-941415.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=19 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117001701/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bad-weather-stalls-shoot-of-P-K/Article1-941415.aspx |archive-date=17 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=More trouble for Raju Hirani's 'Peekay' |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=295684&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=295684 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=19 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112202727/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=295684&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=295684 |archive-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> Hirani denied rumours that the film would be delayed, stating that principal filming had always been intended to begin in mid-January 2013 in Delhi and Rajasthan to "capture the winter of Delhi".<ref>{{cite web |title=PK: Aamir Khan, Rajkumar Hirani's next film to be shot in Delhi, Rajasthan |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pk-aamir-khan-rajkumar-hiranis-next-film-to-be-shot-in-delhi-rajasthan/303719-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106082538/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pk-aamir-khan-rajkumar-hiranis-next-film-to-be-shot-in-delhi-rajasthan/303719-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=3 November 2012 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='PK' is not being delayed: Rajkumar Hirani |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/PK-is-not-being-delayed-Rajkumar-Hirani/Article1-954767.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 November 2012 |access-date=19 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106130503/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/PK-is-not-being-delayed-Rajkumar-Hirani/Article1-954767.aspx |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>

Shooting officially began on 1 February 2013,<ref>{{cite web |title=Aamir Khan joined by Kiran Rao and son in Rajasthan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Aamir-Khan-joined-by-Kiran-Rao-and-son-in-Rajasthan/Article1-1004902.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=4 February 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203094517/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Aamir-Khan-joined-by-Kiran-Rao-and-son-in-Rajasthan/Article1-1004902.aspx |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref> with the filming scheduled to occur over a 45-day period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aamir takes Kiran, son along for 'Peekay' shoot |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/spotted-aamir-khan-s-son-azad-on-the-sets-of-p-k/article1-1008623.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 February 2013 |access-date=8 February 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209123702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Spotted-Aamir-Khan-s-son-Azad-on-the-sets-of-P-K/Article1-1008623.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> A one-week schedule of shooting of ''PK'' was in June 2013 in [[Bruges]], Belgium.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sushant-singh-rajput-and-anushka-sharmas-romance-in-belgium/articleshow/45575533.cms|title=PK shot in Bruges, Belgium|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A 26-day schedule of shooting of ''PK'' started in Delhi from 27 September 2013.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Aamir-Khan-spotted-shooting-for-P-K/Article1-1128354.aspx Aamir Khan spotted shooting for P.K.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007202357/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Aamir-Khan-spotted-shooting-for-P-K/Article1-1128354.aspx |date=7 October 2013 }}. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. 28 September 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130929202643/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/peekay-aamir-khan-amazes-fans-in-delhi-with-his-new-look/425031-8-66.html "'Peekay': Aamir Khan amazes fans in Delhi with his new look"]. ''[[IBN Live]]''. 28 September 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131001001357/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-28/news-interviews/42480623_1_aamir-khan-pk-anushka-sharma "Aamir Khan shoots for 'PK' in Delhi"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 28 September 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.</ref>

== Marketing ==

The film was marketed by a Mumbai Based company named Spice PR owned by Prabhat Choudhary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/us-baahubali-achievement-content-foresight-prabhat-choudhary/ |title=For us, Baahubali is an achievement of the content and foresight – Prabhat Choudhary |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=31 May 2017 |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708135427/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/us-baahubali-achievement-content-foresight-prabhat-choudhary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The makers released a teaser trailer on 23 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/pk-aamir-khan-is-a-namuna-reveals-anushka-sharma-683321 |title=Aamir Khan a 'Weird Yet Adorable Namuna' in PK Trailer |date=23 October 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> It achieved 3.4 million views on YouTube within five days,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-pk-teaser-get-over-3-million-views-in-five-days-18009.html |title=Aamir Khan's PK teaser garners 3.4 million views in five days |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=[[India TV]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> subsequently receiving 12 million views. It was regarded as the most viewed movie trailers on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pk-tops-list-of-10-most-viewed-movie-trailers/ |title='PK' tops list of 10 most viewed movie trailers |date=6 February 2015 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121122858/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pk-tops-list-of-10-most-viewed-movie-trailers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser was attached with the film ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-s-pk-trailer-to-be-attached-to-shah-rukh-khan-s-happy-new-year-2025614 |title=Aamir Khan's 'PK' trailer to be attached to Shah Rukh Khan's 'Happy New Year |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=DNA |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054147/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-s-pk-trailer-to-be-attached-to-shah-rukh-khan-s-happy-new-year-2025614 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August, the makers found a new promotional strategy to interact with the audiences by introducing talking standees. This was the first time a Bollywood film used a talking standee at varied locations as a part of its promotions. The standee had Khan talking to people in a prominent places in popular [[Movie theater|theatres]] and [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiple]]xes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=For the first time in Bollywood, P.K. to have talking standee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/for-the-first-time-in-bollywood-pk-to-have-talking-standee-202400-2014-07-31 |magazine=India Today|agency=IANS |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

On 7 December 2014, Khan began the city tour for promotions with Patna. The character he plays speaks in Bhojpuri which is the main language used for communication in Bihar. Aamir said at the event "I have decided to launch the promotional campaign of my film ''PK'' from Bihar to connect with the language. My character speaks Bhojpuri in the film." Hence, the actor decided to start his promotional schedule from Bihar. Although he wanted to visit Bhojpur, which is 60 kilometres from Bihar, he could not because of security issues. In Bihar he visited a litti chokha stall. The visit resulted in a surge of customers to the shop, and the shop owner put up pictures of Khan eating the local delicacy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/patna-litti-chokha-shop-aamir-khan-bihari-rai-105155-2012-06-10 |title=Unknown Patna litti-chokha shop becomes famous after Aamir Khan's brief visit |author=Giridhar Jha |date=10 June 2012 |magazine=India Today |language=en|access-date=27 February 2019 }}</ref> Then the crew proceeded to Varanasi where they had a screening of their film ''3 Idiots'' and interacted with the people. Khan made an impromptu visit to Krishana Paan shop to savour a Banarasi pan. The actor specially removed time from his schedule to visit this place. He enjoyed a "mitha banarasi paan" there. After the crew visited Delhi, Ahemdabad, Raipur, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Indore, Bangalore and other locations in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-starts-his-pk-promotions-from-bihar-2041865 |title=Aamir Khan starts his 'PK' promotions from Bihar |date=7 December 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=DNA |archive-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807223009/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-starts-his-pk-promotions-from-bihar-2041865 |url-status=live }}</ref> Aamir and makers also promoted the film in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/anushka-sharma/aamir-anushka-return-dubai-pk-promotions |title=Aamir, Anushka return from Dubai PK promotions |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=Pinkvilla |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201111341/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/anushka-sharma/aamir-anushka-return-dubai-pk-promotions |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== ''PK: The Game'' ===
[[Indiagames]], a part of [[Disney India]]'s [[Disney Interactive Studios|Interactive business]], announced the launch of the official mobile game 'PK' based on the film. On 14 December 2014, [[Aamir Khan]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]], managing director of [[Disney India]] and Sameer Ganapathy, VP and head, Interactive of Disney India launched the game at the Reliance Digital Store in Juhu amidst much fanfare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.firstpost.com/bollywood/after-happy-new-year-aamir-and-anushka-launch-mobile-game-for-pk-1848181.html |title=Aamir Khan and Anushka Sharma launch mobile game for PK |date=13 December 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=[[First Post]] |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201082224/http://m.firstpost.com/bollywood/after-happy-new-year-aamir-and-anushka-launch-mobile-game-for-pk-1848181.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The game was developed for both feature phones and smartphones. It was launched on [[Google Play]], [[App Store (iOS)|iOS App Store]] and [[Universal Windows Platform|Windows platform]]. In the game, the player gets to don many avatars of Aamir Khan as seen in the movie, along with a special avatar of Anushka Sharma, as he embarks upon an exciting endless running adventure. Set against an Indian background, the gamer runs amidst the by-lanes of Delhi, railway tracks in a desert (as seen in the movie), and collect a maximum number of paans (as PK is seen enjoying eating paan in the movie). The gamer has to avoid a number of obstacles on the way, which include cows, buses, Delhi trains, rickshaws, traffic jams, and more. The backdrops in the game give the player the feel of the movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khan-Anushka-Sharma-reveal-new-game-plan/articleshow/45504497.cms |title=Aamir Khan, Anushka Sharma reveal new game plan |date=14 December 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112052721/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khan-Anushka-Sharma-reveal-new-game-plan/articleshow/45504497.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
''PK'' was earlier scheduled to release on 6 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2155840/Aamir-starrer-P.K.-to-release-on-June-6-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044629/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2155840/Aamir-starrer-P.K.-to-release-on-June-6-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2014 |title=Aamir starrer P.K. to release on June 6, 2014 |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The director (who is also editor of the film), [[Rajkumar Hirani]], wanted to spend more time editing. Besides, some portions with Sanjay Dutt were yet to be shot. Also, the second season of [[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|''Satyamev Jayate'']] was to kick off from March. So Aamir Khan was not sure if he would be able to promote ''PK'' in June. Hence the makers settled for a December release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/after-dhoom-3s-success-aamir-khans-p-k-to-release-on-christmas-2014/ |title=P.K. to release on Christmas, Aamir Khan's lucky date |date=20 January 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

''PK'' was released on 19 December 2014, as the 200th [[List of Bollywood films of 2014|Bollywood release in 2014]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/releasecounthits200forfirsttimepk200threleaseof2014 |title=Release Count Hits 200 For First Time – PK 200th Release of 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225325/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/releasecounthits200forfirsttimepk200threleaseof2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PK-is-the-200th-release-of-2014/articleshow/45544870.cms |title=PK is the 200th release of 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012140902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PK-is-the-200th-release-of-2014/articleshow/45544870.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The release was later expanded to 6000 screens worldwide, which included 5200 screens in India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/416 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032929/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/416 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2015 |title=Bollywood's 300 Crore Club |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 August 2015}}</ref> and 844 screens overseas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/PK-Box-Office-Can-it-be-the-biggest-hit-of-2014/articleshow/45613610.cms |title=PK Box Office: Can it be the biggest hit of 2014? |work=The Times of India |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401175255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/PK-Box-Office-Can-it-be-the-biggest-hit-of-2014/articleshow/45613610.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''PK'' was initially released in 4844 screens worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pk-to-reach-4-844-screens-worldwide-tomorrow-114121800482_1.html |title=PK to reach 4,844 screens worldwide tomorrow |author=Urvi Malvania |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=20 December 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206103527/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pk-to-reach-4-844-screens-worldwide-tomorrow-114121800482_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/12/14/aamir-khans-pk-release-6000-screens-india-overseas/ Aamir Khan's 'PK' to release in over 6,000 screens in India, overseas – The American Bazaar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206233533/https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/12/14/aamir-khans-pk-release-6000-screens-india-overseas/ |date=6 December 2019 }}. Americanbazaaronline.com (14 December 2014). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khan-pk-anushka-sharma-sushant-singh-rajput-rajkumar-hirani-sanjay-dutt-231246-2014-12-15 Aamir Khan's PK to be the biggest release in India? : Bollywood, News – India Today] . Indiatoday.intoday.in (15 December 2014). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/449269/aamirs-pk-garners-rs-95.html Aamir's 'PK' garners Rs 95 cr in three days] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205005804/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/449269/aamirs-pk-garners-rs-95.html |date=5 December 2019 }}. ''Deccan Herald''. (22 December 2014). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> ''PK'' has been made tax-free in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]].<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/after-up-bihar-also-declares-aamir-khans-pk-tax-free/ After UP, Bihar also declares Aamir Khan's PK tax-free] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206142343/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/after-up-bihar-also-declares-aamir-khans-pk-tax-free/ |date=6 December 2019 }}. ''The Indian Express'' (2 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150102122604/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/3752517/PK-now-made-tax-free-in-Bihar PK now made tax-free in Bihar]. BollywoodHungama.com (2 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/if-tax-breaks-for-pk-are-alright-why-not-a-subsidy-for-satanic-verses-2026655.html If tax breaks for PK are alright, why not a subsidy for Satanic Verses?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125421/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/if-tax-breaks-for-pk-are-alright-why-not-a-subsidy-for-satanic-verses-2026655.html |date=8 November 2020 }}. Firstpost (3 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> ''PK'' is the widest Indian movie released in the UK (198 screens), Pakistan (over 70 screens), Australia (35 screens) and outside of India (844 screens in over 40 overseas markets).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-indias-pk-get-broad-759208 |title=Disney India's 'PK' to Get Broad Worldwide Release |author=Nyay Bhushan |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=([[Prometheus Global Media]]) |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529155315/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-indias-pk-get-broad-759208 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''PK'' was released theatrically in [[China]] on 22 May 2015 across 4,600 screens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.mtime.com/2015/05/07/1542329.html#p1 |title='我的个神啊'首曝中文版海报地球那么大 '外星人'阿米尔汗下周来华 |work=时光网 |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913182338/http://news.mtime.com/2015/05/07/1542329.html#p1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It had a dubbed [[Mandarin Chinese]] version, with [[Wang Baoqiang]] voicing Khan's role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan's 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan' Set For Wide China Release |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/salman-khan-s-bajrangi-bhaijaan-set-wide-china-release-1076852 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=21 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181657/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/salman-khan-s-bajrangi-bhaijaan-set-wide-china-release-1076852 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released in [[South Korea]] and [[Hong Kong]] on 3 September 2015,<ref>{{cite news |last=Frater |first=Patrick |title=Aamir Khan's 'PK' Heads for September Release in Korea |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/aamir-khans-pk-release-in-korea-1201553130/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811150736/https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/aamir-khans-pk-release-in-korea-1201553130/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="scmp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/film-tv/article/1854339/film-review-bollywoods-pk-sees-alien-search-remote-control-and-god |title=Film review: Bollywood's PK sees alien search for remote control and god |date=2 September 2015 |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401081430/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/film-tv/article/1854339/film-review-bollywoods-pk-sees-alien-search-remote-control-and-god |url-status=live }}</ref> and in [[Japan]] on 29 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/359129/aamir-khans-pk-all-set-release-japan |title=Aamir Khan's PK All Set to Release in Japan! |website=Pinkvilla |date=29 July 2016 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831152928/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/359129/aamir-khans-pk-all-set-release-japan |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The music rights were sold for {{INRConvert|150|m|year=2014|mode=historical}}.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/big-deal-bollywood-salman-khan-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-163906-2013-05-20 indiatoday.intoday.in] |title=The Bollywood gravy train just got juicier</ref> ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]'' reported, "Being the first film to use Rentrak, Khan has taken the first initiative to bring in a paradigm shift from the usual norms followed in Bollywood. He had clearly enforced the idea of Rentrak to be brought in to bring more accuracy when it comes to box office figures."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-s-pk-the-first-bollywood-film-to-use-rentrak-to-monitor-film-s-box-office-collections-2042781 |title=Aamir Khan's 'PK' the first Bollywood film to use Rentrak to monitor film's box office collections |work=dna |access-date=9 January 2015 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205012153/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-s-pk-the-first-bollywood-film-to-use-rentrak-to-monitor-film-s-box-office-collections-2042781 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|PK (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack is composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Ajay–Atul]] and [[Ankit Tiwari]] with lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]], Amitabh Varma and Manoj Muntashir. The song "Tharki Chokro" is the first single, released on 24 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tharki-chokro-from-pk-single/id939183653 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114080137/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tharki-chokro-from-pk-single/id939183653 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2015 |title=Tharki Chokro(From "PK") – Single |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> The video focuses on [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PKs-first-song-Tharki-chokro-to-be-launched-in-Delhi/articleshow/45078378.cms |title=PK's first song 'Tharki chokro' to be launched in Delhi |website=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111010618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PKs-first-song-Tharki-chokro-to-be-launched-in-Delhi/articleshow/45078378.cms |archive-date=11 November 2014 |access-date=22 April 2024 }}</ref> with the song sung by [[Swaroop Khan]] and composed by Ajay–Atul with lyrics penned by Swanand Kirkire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/?client=mv-google#/watch?v=NkJHEj0oPV0%7ctitle=YouTube%7cpublisher= |title=YouTube |publisher=YouTube |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> The second single, "Love Is a Waste of Time", which pictured Aamir Khan and Anushka Sharma, was released on 31 October 2014 on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/love-is-waste-time-from-pk/id941628636 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115005057/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/love-is-waste-time-from-pk/id941628636 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2015 |title=Love Is Waste of Time (From "PK") – Single |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> The song is sung by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]], composed by Shantanu Moitra with the lyrics of Amitabh Varma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/PK-Aamir-Khan-says-love-is-a-waste-of-time/articleshow/45143526.cms |title=PK: Aamir Khan says love is a waste of time |website=The Times of India |archive-date=24 November 2014 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124040629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/PK-Aamir-Khan-says-love-is-a-waste-of-time/articleshow/45143526.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> "[[Chaar Kadam]]" was released on 2 November 2014 on the T-Series YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDIXUnUkDmk&list |title=OFFICIAL: 'Chaar Kadam' VIDEO Song – PK – Sushant Singh Rajput – Anushka Sharma – T-series |date=21 November 2014 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211035439/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDIXUnUkDmk&list |url-status=live }}</ref> The song is sung by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and Shreya Ghoshal, composed by Shantanu Moitra with lyrics by Swanand Kirkire. The full soundtrack was released on 5 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PK (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) on iTunes |date=5 November 2014 |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/pk-original-motion-picture/id942383049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101024403/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/pk-original-motion-picture/id942383049 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=iTunes Store |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Srijana Mitra Das of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the movie 4 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/PK/movie-review/45559270.cms |title=PK Movie Review |work=The Times of India |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215155358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/PK/movie-review/45559270.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajeev Masand of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave 3.5 stars quoting "It's a courageous film that sticks to Hirani's well-oiled formula".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/masand-review-masands-verdict-180-732016.html |title='PK' review: It's a courageous film that sticks to Hirani's well-oiled formula |publisher=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908130456/http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masand-review-masands-verdict-180-732016.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 5 stars calling it "''PK'' is a winner all the way, a film that [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Bimal Roy]] and [[Guru Dutt]] would have been proud of had they been alive. Hirani is without a doubt their most worthy standard-bearer."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/pk-movie-review-1068 |title=PK Movie Review |publisher=NDTVMovies.com |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=19 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219234121/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/pk-movie-review-1068 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' described it as "a solid entertainer that will surely entertain the masses and classes alike" and gave 4.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/558557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810062806/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/558557 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2012 |title=PK |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave ''PK'' 4 out of 5 stars and called it "a triumph" and argued that Khan "soars high".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pk-is-a-triumph-and-aamir-soars-high/20141219.htm |title=Review: PK is a triumph and Aamir soars high |date=19 December 2014 |work=Rediff |access-date=19 December 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206014156/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pk-is-a-triumph-and-aamir-soars-high/20141219.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Sukanya Verma of the same publication called the film "a mixed bag of spunk and sentimentality", while still giving it 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pk-is-a-mixed-bag-of-spunk-and-sentimentality/20141219.htm |title=Review: PK, a mixed bag of spunk and sentimentality |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 December 2014 |quote=Part comedy, part drama, PK opts to share its genre specification with science fiction. |archive-date=19 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219114829/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pk-is-a-mixed-bag-of-spunk-and-sentimentality/20141219.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and said "Khan steals the show with his performance".<ref>Rohit Vats, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219130258/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/pk-review-aamir-steals-the-show-it-s-a-winner/article1-1298241.aspx "PK review: Aamir Khan steals the show, it's a winner all the way"], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 19 December 2014</ref> Rohit Khilnani of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 4.5 stars, and said "Go watch the film & watch it ASAP!"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/pk-review-starring-aamir-khan-anushka-sharma-sanjay-dutt-231921-2014-12-19 |title=PK review: Go watch the film & watch it ASAP! |work=India Today |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219153946/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pk-review-starring-aamir-khan-anushka-sharma-sanjay-dutt/1/407753.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Edmund Lee of ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' gave ''PK'' 3.5 stars.<ref name="scmp" /> In Japan, Yuri Wakabayashi of [[:ja:映画.com|''Eiga'']] gave the film a positive review in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wakabayashi |first=Yuri |title=PK : 映画評論・批評 |url=http://eiga.com/movie/81561/critic/ |website=[[:ja:映画.com|Eiga]] |date=25 October 2016 |language=ja |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207012752/http://eiga.com/movie/81561/critic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, ''Film Companion'' ranked Khan's performance among the 100 best in Indian film for the past decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2019|title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade|date=4 July 2023 }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Bollywood films||List of highest-grossing Indian films}}

''PK'' had its box office figures tracked by [[Rentrak]],<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-s-pk-box-office-collections-to-be-tracked-by-rentrak-2045112 |title=Aamir Khan's 'PK' box office collections to be tracked by Rentrak |work=dna |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204192634/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-s-pk-box-office-collections-to-be-tracked-by-rentrak-2045112 |url-status=live }}</ref> a United States–based company that specialises in audience measurements. ''PK'' became the first Bollywood film to earn {{INRConvert|1|b|year=2014|mode=historical}} net from online bookings.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PK-starts-Bollywoods-Rs-100-crore-online-club/articleshow/46061158.cms |title=PK starts Bollywood's Rs 100 crore online club |website=The Times of India |last1=Dhamija |first1=Anshul |last2=Kurian |first2=Boby |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923140034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PK-starts-Bollywoods-Rs-100-crore-online-club/articleshow/46061158.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''PK'' grossed {{INR|link=yes}}183.09{{nbsp}}[[crore]] (US$28.955 million) worldwide in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/topworldwideopeningweekendsbaahubalifourth |title=Top Worldwide Opening Weekends – Baahubali Fourth |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714122440/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/topworldwideopeningweekendsbaahubalifourth |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="exchange14">{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Yearly Average Rates (61 INR per USD) |url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713183556/https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[OFX (company)|OFX]]}}</ref> It became the highest-grossing Indian film, in both domestic as well as international markets.<ref name="pkchina2" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Hoad |first=Phil |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/07/global-box-office-pk-the-hobbit-big-hero-6-unbroken |title=Aamir Khan's religious satire PK becomes India's most successful film |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107183230/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/07/global-box-office-pk-the-hobbit-big-hero-6-unbroken |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's final worldwide gross was {{INR}}753.36 crore<ref name="asianet" /> (US${{To USD|7629|IND|year=2015}}{{nbsp}}million). It was the 71st highest-grossing film of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2014&p=.htm |title=2014 WORLDWIDE GROSSES |publisher=boxofficemojo.com |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228214424/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2014&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''PK'' was the first Indian film to gross more than {{INR|link=yes}}7 billion<ref name="gross">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723212938/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/pk |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/pk |title=PK |publisher=[[Box Office India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkstronginchinaheadsfor700croreworldwide |title=PK Strong in China – Heads For 700 Crore Worldwide |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225310/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkstronginchinaheadsfor700croreworldwide |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="PK at 6.01 billion worldwide">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhits600croreworldwide |title=PK at 601 crore worldwide |publisher=Box Office India |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121133530/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhits600croreworldwide |archive-date=21 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[United States dollar|US$]]100 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhoom 3- US Figures |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pk.htm |publisher=Box Office Mojo |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915012209/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pkchina2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pktopoverseasgrosserafterchinaweekend |title=PK Top Overseas Grosser After China Weekend |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225313/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pktopoverseasgrosserafterchinaweekend |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PK-may-stagger-past-100-million-milestone-at-boxoffice/articleshow/45738153.cms |title=PK may stagger past $100 million milestone at boxoffice |website=The Times of India |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007124610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PK-may-stagger-past-100-million-milestone-at-boxoffice/articleshow/45738153.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/dec/31/transformers-4-2014-global-box-office-in-review |title=Transformers 4 – machine-tooled for domination: 2014 global box office in review |work=The Guardian |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825231539/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/dec/31/transformers-4-2014-global-box-office-in-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:45%; text-align:center;"
|+ ''PK'' worldwide collections breakdown
|-
! Territories
! Collections breakdown
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing films in India|India]]
! {{INR}}448.74 (US$70,930,600)
|-
| Domestic [[Gross revenue|gross]]
| {{INR|link=yes}}448.74 crore<ref name="boi">{{cite web |title=PK |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2482 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130232158/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2482 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Domestic [[Net income|net]]
| ₹340.8 crore<ref name="boi"/>
|-
| Distributor share
| {{INR}}165 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/finalclassifications2014 |title=Final Classifications 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106160140/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/finalclassifications2014 |archive-date=6 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Entertainment tax]]
| {{INR}}107.94 crore<ref name="pk700boi">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhits700croreworldwidechinaat145million |title=PK Hits 700 Crore Worldwide – China at 14.5 Million |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608160137/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhits700croreworldwidechinaat145million |archive-date=8 June 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Boxoffice">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pktops575croreworldwide |title=PK Tops 575 Crore Worldwide |publisher=Box Office India |date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123859/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pktops575croreworldwide |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="pk5 billion" />
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|Overseas]]
! US$47,988,400{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} ({{INR}}304.52 crore)<ref name="exchange16">{{cite web |title=Exchange Rates (68.3 INR per USD) |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |year=2016 |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215024949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2076.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[China]]
| [[Renminbi|¥]]119{{nbsp}}million<ref name="chinafilminsider">{{cite news|title=China Box Office: 'Guardians 2' Wins Weekend Handily, But India's 'Dangal' On The Rise {{!}} China Film Insider|url=http://chinafilminsider.com/china-box-office-guardians-2-wins-weekend-handily-indias-dangal-rise/|work=China Film Insider|date=8 May 2017|archive-date=28 September 2020|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928174903/http://chinafilminsider.com/china-box-office-guardians-2-wins-weekend-handily-indias-dangal-rise/|url-status=live}}</ref>—US$19,650,000 ({{INR}}124.83 crore)
|-
| [[United States]] and [[Canada]]
| US$10,616,104{{nbsp}}million ({{INR}}67.16 crore)
|-
| [[South Korea]]
| US$296,315 ({{INR}}1.96 crore)
|-
| [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]
| US$4,955,752<ref name="boi" /> ({{INR}}31.35 crore)<ref name="exchange15">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Exchange Rates (64.2 INR per USD) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215024949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2076.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=16 November 2017 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[United Kingdom]]
| [[Pound sterling|£]]2,386,569<ref name="boi" /> (US$3,704,164)<ref>{{cite web |title=Exchange Rates (0.607 GBP per USD) |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |year=2014 |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215024949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2076.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Australia]]
| [[A$]]2,108,655<ref name="boi" /> (US$1,712,959)<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |title=P.K. (2014) – International Box Office Results |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=pk.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |date=21 June 2015 |language=en |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130339/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=pk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| [[HK$]]6,732,481<ref>{{cite web |title=PK 2014 Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pk/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 November 2015 |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221085337/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pk/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (US869,591)<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Average Rates (7.75 HKD per USD) |url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |website=[[OFX (company)|OFX]] |year=2015|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713183556/https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="boi" />
|-
| [[New Zealand]]
| [[NZ$]]568,336<ref name="NZ" /> (US$443,482)<ref name="mojo" />
|-
| [[Taiwan]]
| US$289,000<ref name="boi" /> ({{INR}}1.86 crore)<ref name="exchange15" />
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|Worldwide]]
! {{INR}}769.89 crore<ref name="PK Box Office"/> (US$118,919,000){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|}

=== Domestic ===
''PK'' earned {{INR|266.3 million}} net on its opening day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkfirstdayterritorialbreakdown |title=PK First Day Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Box Office India |date=20 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225243/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkfirstdayterritorialbreakdown |url-status=dead }}</ref> It showed growth on its second day, earning around {{INR|303.4 million}} net.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkshowsgoodgrowthonsaturday |title=PK Shows Good Growth on Saturday |publisher=Box Office India |date=21 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225308/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkshowsgoodgrowthonsaturday |url-status=dead }}</ref> On its third day, the film brought in {{INR|384.4 million}} net, bringing its weekend take to {{INR|954.1 million}} net.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhashugeweekendphenomenaltrending |title=PK Has Huge Weekend – Phenomenal Trending |publisher=Box Office India |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225248/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhashugeweekendphenomenaltrending |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''PK'' had the highest collections for a Hindi film on its first Monday, earning around {{INR|212.2 million}} net.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pksetsalltimerecordonmonday |title=PK Sets All Time Record on Monday |publisher=Box Office India |date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511174720/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pksetsalltimerecordonmonday |archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> Over the next two days it grossed {{INR|193.6 million}} and {{INR|195.5 million}} net respectively, taking its total to {{INR|1555.4 million}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkcrosses150croreinsixdays |title=PK Crosses 150 Crore in Six Days |publisher=Box Office India |date=25 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511235209/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkcrosses150croreinsixdays |archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> On Christmas Day the film earned {{INR|275.5 million}} net, taking its first week total to {{INR|1.831 billion}} net.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkfirstweekdailycollections |title=PK First Week Daily Collections |publisher=Box Office India |date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228180332/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkfirstweekdailycollections |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/bajrangibhaijaancrosses125croreinfourdays |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan Crosses 125 Crore in Four Days |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723195155/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/bajrangibhaijaancrosses125croreinfourdays |url-status=live }}</ref>

On its second Friday, ''PK'' brought in around {{INR|144.8 million}} net.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkchancesof50croresecondweekenddayeightrocksteady |title=PK Day Eight Rock Steady |publisher=Box Office India |date=27 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607135611/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkchancesof50croresecondweekenddayeightrocksteady |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> The film kept growing in its second weekend, earning {{INR|171.6 million}} on Saturday and {{INR|218.5 million}} on Sunday, taking the weekend total to {{INR|534.9 million}} net.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkat244crorenettafterelevendays |title=PK at 244 Crore Nett in Eleven Days |publisher=Box Office India |date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101170840/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkat244crorenettafterelevendays |archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> It earned {{INR|100.8 million}} on its second Monday, {{INR|91.1 million}} on Tuesday and {{INR|90.5 million}} on Wednesday. With this, the film took its total to around {{INR|2648.2 million}} net and became the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing film in India]] in just 13 days.<ref name="All Time">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkishighestgrossingfilmofalltime |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210190954/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkishighestgrossingfilmofalltime |archive-date=10 February 2015 |title=PK Is Highest Grossing Film of All Time |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=1 January 2015 |date=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhasjumpincollectionsonwednesday |title=PK Has Jump in Collections on Wednesday |publisher=Box Office India |date=1 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101162051/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhasjumpincollectionsonwednesday |archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> The film set a record second week figure of {{INR|957.8 million}}, taking its total to {{INR|2788.7 million}} net.<ref name="pk5 billion">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhits500croreworldwideheadsfor6 billion |title=PK Hits 500 Crore Worldwide Heads For 600 Crore |publisher=boxofficeofficeindia.com |date=17 January 2015}}{{dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=Tolly4bolly |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''PK'' made an all-time record in the Mumbai circuit by grossing there more than {{INR|1 billion}} net.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhitscenturyinmumbaicircuit |title=PK Hits Century in Mumbai Circuit |publisher=Box Office India |date=6 January 2014 |access-date=28 February 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225259/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhitscenturyinmumbaicircuit |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film netted around {{INR|267.5 million}} in its third weekend, reaching {{INR|3.0562 billion}} net in seventeen days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkgrosses305crorenettinseventeendays |title=PK Grosses 305 Crore Nett in Seventeen Days |publisher=Box Office India |date=5 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225246/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkgrosses305crorenettinseventeendays |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''PK'' went on to net {{INR|3.175 billion}} in India and grossed {{INR|1.53 billion}} overseas for a worldwide gross of {{INR|5.77 billion}} in three weeks.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkgrosses319crorenettinthreeweeks |title=PK Grosses 319 Crore Nett in Three Weeks |publisher=Box Office India |date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123811/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkgrosses319crorenettinthreeweeks |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Boxoffice" /> The film earned a final domestic gross of {{INRConvert|448.74|c|year=2014|mode=historical}},<ref name="bollywoodmoviereview" /> including a domestic net of {{INR|3.408 billion}}.<ref name="bollywoodhungama" />

=== International ===
The film opened in 22 international markets during its opening weekend (19–21 December) and grossed $28.7 million, placing it at No. 3 at the worldwide box office behind ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'' and ''[[Gone with the Bullets]]''.<ref name="Dead">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2014/12/international-box-office-hobbit-five-armies-big-hero-6-pk-gone-with-the-bullets-results-1201332492/ |title='Hobbit' Rules While Chinese, Indian And French Films Make Noise: Intl BO Update |author=Nancy Tartaglione |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174746/https://deadline.com/2014/12/international-box-office-hobbit-five-armies-big-hero-6-pk-gone-with-the-bullets-results-1201332492/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In North America, it set an opening weekend record for an Indian film collecting $3.75 million and placing at No. 10 at the box office.<ref name="Dead" /> ''PK'' is the first Indian film to gross US$10 million in North America (US and Canada). The international gross was US$47.99 million ({{INR}}304.52 crore)<ref name="pk700boi" /><ref name="pkchina2" /><ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-pk-emerges-a-winner-in-china-collects-rs-123-27-cr/ |title=Box Office: PK emerges a winner in China; collects Rs. 123.27 cr :Latest Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 May 2015}}</ref>—at the time, the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time in international markets]].<ref name="boxofficeindia.com2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150204100416/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenoverseasgrossers2014 Boxoffice]. Box Office India. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref><ref name=list>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/399 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015143944/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/399 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2014 |title=List of Top International GBO earners of all time |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/561 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119130233/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/561 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2015 |title='I' scores over other releasesBox Office Overseas Report |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/uglyflopspkisanalltimeblockbuster |title=Ugly Flops PK Is An All Time Blockbuster |publisher=boxofficeofficeindia.com |date=17 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106060358/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/uglyflopspkisanalltimeblockbuster |archive-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> In Pakistan, ''PK'' grossed {{PKRConvert|18|c}} as of 10 January 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir's 'PK' movie strikes gold at Pakistan box office |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/452690/aamirs-pk-movie-strikes-gold.html |date=10 January 2015 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=17 January 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201750/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/452690/aamirs-pk-movie-strikes-gold.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='PK' collection crosses Rs 18cr in Pakistan |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/12-Jan-2015/pk-collection-crosses-rs-18cr-in-pakistan |date=12 January 2015 |work=Daily Times |access-date=17 January 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118104658/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/12-Jan-2015/pk-collection-crosses-rs-18cr-in-pakistan |archive-date=18 January 2015}}</ref>

==== East Asia ====
''PK'' had a second phase of overseas release in [[East Asia]], most prominently in [[China]].<ref name="pk-china">{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&country=CH&id=pk.htm |title=P.K. (2014) – International Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo |website=www.boxofficemojo.com |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101136/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&country=CH&id=pk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=1349 |title=PK Hits 700 Crore Worldwide – China at 14.5 Million – Box Office India |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=25 May 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041621/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=1349 |url-status=live }}</ref> It became an instant hit, grossing US$5.14–5.3 million in first three days of release due to good word-of-mouth—a record for an Indian film (previously held by ''[[Dhoom 3]]''), debuting at second place at the Chinese box office behind ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-avengers-passes-797908 |title=China Box Office: 'Avengers' Passes $200M as Bollywood Hit 'PK' Opens Strongly |author=Clifford Coonan |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=([[Prometheus Global Media]]) |date=25 May 2015 |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526094810/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-avengers-passes-797908 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cain" /> ''PK'' became the highest-grossing Indian film in China in just 72 hours<ref name=Cain>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/05/25/box-office-aamir-khan-bollywood-blockbuster-pk-sizzles-into-chinas-record-books/ |title=Box Office: Aamir Khan Bollywood Blockbuster "PK" Sizzles Into China's Record Books |author=Rob Cain |work=[[Forbes]] |publisher=(Forbes, Inc.) |date=25 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108094559/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/05/25/box-office-aamir-khan-bollywood-blockbuster-pk-sizzles-into-chinas-record-books/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/05/27/could-bollywoods-aamir-khan-be-chinas-next-big-movie-star/ |title=Could Bollywood's Aamir Khan Be China's Next Big Movie Star? |author=Rob Cain |work=[[Forbes]] |publisher=(Forbes, Inc.) |date=27 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528155754/http://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/05/27/could-bollywoods-aamir-khan-be-chinas-next-big-movie-star/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and grossed US$19.5 million (Rs 1.22 billion) in China.<ref name="pk-china" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pk-creates-history-in-china-cross-rs-100-cr-at-chinese-box-office-115060900536_1.html |title=PK creates history in China; crosses Rs 100 cr at Chinese box office |first=Urvi |last=Malvania |date=10 June 2015 |via=Business Standard |newspaper=Business Standard India |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815222012/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pk-creates-history-in-china-cross-rs-100-cr-at-chinese-box-office-115060900536_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pkdhoombajrangi">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/bajrangibhaijaanclosinginon500croreworldwide |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan Closing in On 500 Crore Worldwide |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801185925/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/bajrangibhaijaanclosinginon500croreworldwide |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/canbrothersdoa30croredaytwoondaytwoasitsbiggestoneholidaysoftheyear |title=Can Brothers Do A 30 Crore Day Two On Day Two As Its Biggest One Holidays of the Year?-PK 19.5 milion US$ in China |access-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101170836/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/canbrothersdoa30croredaytwoondaytwoasitsbiggestoneholidaysoftheyear |archive-date=1 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=variety>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/box-office/china-box-office-jurassic-world-chomps-99-million-opening-weekend-1201520449/ |title=China Box Office: 'Jurassic World' Chomps $99 Million Opening Weekend |author=Patrick Frater |website=Variety |date=14 June 2015 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204200137/https://variety.com/2015/film/box-office/china-box-office-jurassic-world-chomps-99-million-opening-weekend-1201520449/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It became the first Indian film to pass the 100 million [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] ($16.11 million) threshold, which is considered rare for a non-Hollywood foreign film.<ref name="CHINA">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-san-andreas-801168 |title=China Box Office: 'San Andreas' Shakes Up World's Second Biggest Film Market |author=Clifford Coonan |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=([[Prometheus Global Media]]) |date=8 June 2015 |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108154945/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-san-andreas-801168 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film grossed [[Renminbi|¥]]119{{nbsp}}million<ref name="chinafilminsider" /> (US$20{{nbsp}}million)<ref name="forbes-pk">{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Rob |title=India's 'PK' Crosses 300 Crore Overseas in Bid To Retain Global Box Office Crown |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/09/27/9-months-on-pk-still-fighting-to-retain-global-box-office-crown/ |website=Forbes |access-date=10 June 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102180759/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/09/27/9-months-on-pk-still-fighting-to-retain-global-box-office-crown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in China. In addition, it grossed US$0.3{{nbsp}}million in [[South Korea]], US$870,000 in [[Hong Kong]], and US$289,000 in [[Taiwan]].<ref name="boi"/> ''PK'' was also a hit in Japan when it was released there in 2016, particularly in [[Tokyo]]; in [[Shinjuku]], for example, it was the year's second highest-earning film at [[:ja:シネマカリテ|Cinema Qualite]].<ref name="nikkatsu">{{cite news |title=映画『PK』第9回東京新聞映画賞受賞！新宿シネマカリテで凱旋上映決定！ |url=http://www.nikkatsu.com/news/201702/002606.html |work=[[Nikkatsu]] |date=15 February 2017 |language=ja |archive-date=7 December 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207015544/http://www.nikkatsu.com/news/201702/002606.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Records ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible " style="width:99%;"
|+ Box office records set by ''PK''
|-
! Box office record !! Record details !! Previous record holder !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| Number of screens (Domestic)|| 5,200 screens || ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013, 4,500 screens) ||<ref name="906dhoomthreeoverseas">{{cite news |title=Speedy Aamir's Dhoom 3 vrooms past SRK's Chennai Express in overseas markets |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/speedy-aamir-s-dhoom-3-vrooms-past-srk-s-chennai-express-in-overseas-markets-114010600754_1.html |access-date=7 January 2014 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402120043/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/speedy-aamir-s-dhoom-3-vrooms-past-srk-s-chennai-express-in-overseas-markets-114010600754_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Lifetime gross (India) || {{INR}}4.4874{{nbsp}}billion || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, {{INR}}3.72{{nbsp}}billion)||<ref name="asianet">[http://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/10-highest-worldwide-grossing-bollywood-movies 10 highest worldwide grossing Bollywood movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820143008/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/10-highest-worldwide-grossing-bollywood-movies |date=20 August 2020 }}, [[Asianet News]], 8 June 2017</ref><ref name="bollywoodmoviereview">[http://bollywoodmoviereview.in/bollywood-200-crores-movies-list/ Bollywood 200 Crore Club Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154502/https://bollywoodmoviereview.in/bollywood-200-crores-movies-list/ |date=9 July 2018 }}, Bollywood Movie Review, 3 April 2017</ref>
|-
| Lifetime net (India) ||{{INR}}3.408{{nbsp}}billion || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, {{INR}}2.61{{nbsp}}billion)||<ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/ |title=Box Office Collection India 2014 {{pipe}} Bollywood Box Office Collection till Now |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 July 2023 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128072611/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="india-gross">{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php |title=Top India Grossers All Time |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111234519/https://boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pktosettleat340crorenett |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=28 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203160730/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pktosettleat340crorenett |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkat334croreafter31days |title=PK At 334 Crore After 31 Days |publisher=Box Office India |date=19 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119133824/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkat334croreafter31days |archive-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Overseas gross || {{INR}}3.0452{{nbsp}}billion || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, US$31 million)||<ref name="asianet" /><ref name="pk700boi" /><ref name="pkchina2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/399 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015143944/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/399 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2014 |title=Special Features: List of Top International GBO earners of all time – Box Office, Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Worldwide gross || {{INR}}753.36{{nbsp}}billion || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, {{INR}}5.4{{nbsp}}billion)||<ref name="asianet" /><ref name="pkdhoombajrangi" /><ref name="pk700boi" /><ref name="Worldwide Gross">{{cite web |title=PK US Figures |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pk.htm |publisher=Box Office Mojo |date=12 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915012209/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Highest gross (North America) || US$10.616{{nbsp}}million || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, $8,031,955) ||<ref name="boi" /><ref name="Worldwide Gross" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=dhoom3.htm |title=Dhoom 3 |year=2013 |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=IMDb |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116032240/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=dhoom3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Highest gross (Australia) || A$2.11{{nbsp}}million || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, A$1,752,845) ||<ref name="boi" /><ref name="AU">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/topoverseas/country/AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231181837/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/topoverseas/country/AU |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2014 |title=Box Office – Bollywood Top Grossers in AUSTRALIA |author=Bollywood Hungama |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| Highest gross (New Zealand) || NZ$568,336 || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, NZ$530,911) ||<ref name="NZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/topoverseas/country/NZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231173548/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/topoverseas/country/NZ |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2014 |title=PK International |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |date=27 December 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Highest gross (China) || ¥119{{nbsp}}million (US$20 million) || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, US$3.17 million) ||<ref name="chinafilminsider" /><ref name="forbes-pk" /><ref name=Cain /><ref name="auto1" /><ref name=variety /><ref name=Frater>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/box-office/china-box-office-doraemon-1201510095/ |title=China Box Office: Historic Opening Puts Japan's 'Doraemon' On Top |author=Patrick Frater |date=1 June 2015 |access-date=2 June 2015 |website=Variety |archive-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035709/https://variety.com/2015/film/box-office/china-box-office-doraemon-1201510095/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Highest gross in a single territory outside India || US$20 million (China) US$11{{nbsp}}million (North America) || ''Dhoom 3'' (2013, $8,031,955, North America) ||<ref name="forbes-pk" /><ref name=variety /><ref name=Frater /><ref name="boi" />
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Awards
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Results
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Apsara Film Producers Guild Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]]
| [[Aamir Khan]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress]]
| [[Anushka Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]], Abhijat Joshi
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Aamir Khan]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Anushka Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | Bollywood Hungama Surfers' Choice Movie Awards
| Best Film
| rowspan="2" | ''PK''
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
|-
| Best Marketed Film
|-
| Best Director
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Aamir Khan]]
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Comedian
| [[Boman Irani]]
|-
| [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
| Highest-Grossing Film
| ''PK''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| rowspan="3" | Abhijat Joshi, [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="6" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajkumar Hirani]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Aamir Khan]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| Manoshi Nath, Rushi Sharma
|-
| GQ Awards
| Director of the Year
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''PK''
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Aamir Khan]]
|-
|Best Dialogue
|[[Rajkumar Hirani]], Abhijat Joshi
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sarika |title=Highlights: 21st Annual LifeOK Screen Awards – Shahid Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra win Best Actor, 'Queen' Best Film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120115-screen-awards-2015-live/ |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 January 2015 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505072816/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120115-screen-awards-2015-live/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Best Costume Design
|Manoshi Nath, Rushi Sharma
|}

== Sequel ==
Director Hirani has confirmed that a sequel will be made starring Khan and Ranbir Kapoor. He said, "We will make the sequel. We had shown Ranbir [Kapoor's character landing on the planet] towards the end of the film, so there is a story to tell. But Abhijat Joshi (the writer of the film) has not written it yet. The day he writes it, we will make it."<ref>{{cite news |title='PK 2' in the works with Ranbir Kapoor: Rajkumar Hirani |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2285501/pk-2-in-the-works-with-ranbir-kapoor-confirms-rajkumar-hirani |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=The Express Tribune |date=22 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408025206/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2285501/pk-2-in-the-works-with-ranbir-kapoor-confirms-rajkumar-hirani |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PK 2 to star Aamir Khan and Ranbir Kapoor in lead – IndiaTV News |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-ranbir-kapoor-in-pk-2-21033.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=India TV News |date=12 March 2015 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075142/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-ranbir-kapoor-in-pk-2-21033.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
{{see also|Hindutva boycott of Bollywood films}}
When the shoot was going on in Chandni Chowk area of Delhi, an [[First Information Report|FIR]] was lodged against the makers of the film for allegedly [[hurting religious sentiments]] in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3542780221.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150329163829/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3542780221.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 29 March 2015 |title=How Protests against 'PK' Have Unwittingly Validated the Film's Message |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |date=3 January 2015}}</ref> The objection was regarding a scene where a man dressed as the Hindu deity [[Shiva]], pulls the rickshaw with two [[burqa]] clad women as passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIR lodged against director, actors of Aamir Khan's 'P.K.' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fir-lodged-against-director-actors-of-aamir-khan-s-p-k/story-KsrlH7JZsEYgsCAJRpbPTJ.html |date=11 October 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=23 November 2013 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126132803/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fir-lodged-against-director-actors-of-aamir-khan-s-p-k/story-KsrlH7JZsEYgsCAJRpbPTJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2014, the film's poster sparked a controversy{{vague |date=December 2014}} as it featured [[Aamir Khan]] posing almost [[nude]] with only a [[Boombox|radio cassette recorder]] covering his [[genitals]].<ref name="bare">{{cite web |title=FIRST LOOK: Aamir Khan bares all for PK! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-aamir-khan-bares-all-for-pk/20140801.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203071958/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-aamir-khan-bares-all-for-pk/20140801.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PK poster: Here are 5 questions we have for the very naked Aamir Khan |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/pk-poster-here-are-5-questions-we-have-for-the-very-naked-aamir-khan-1644549.html |work=[[First Post]] |access-date=12 September 2014 |date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914120519/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/pk-poster-here-are-5-questions-we-have-for-the-very-naked-aamir-khan-1644549.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] had cleared the film, a [[Public interest litigation in India|PIL]] was filed in the court by the All India Human Rights and Social Justice Front to ban its release saying it promoted nudity and vulgarity. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] of India dismissed the plea and gave the film a green signal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Don't like it, don't watch it: Supreme Court to PK petitioner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khans-pk-in-another-legal-tangle-pil-seeking-ban-filed-in-sc-204017-2014-08-14 |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=India Today |date=14 August 2014 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424112020/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khans-pk-in-another-legal-tangle-pil-seeking-ban-filed-in-sc-204017-2014-08-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> A case was lodged against Aamir Khan and Rajkumar Hirani under [[section 295A]] in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Case lodged against 'PK' actor Aamir Khan, director Raju Hirani and producer in Rajasthan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/case-lodged-against-pk-actor-aamir-khan-director-raju-hirani-and-producer-in-rajasthan/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Activists of pro-Hindu organisations [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and [[Bajrang Dal]] protested against certain scenes in the film, which they considered to be hurtful to the religious sentiments of the Hindu community as it showed [[Aamir Khan]] running behind [[Shiva]]. Subsequently, some theatres were vandalised by those activists,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood film fans fall in love with PK despite Hindu nationalist protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/02/bollywood-film-pk-hindu-nationalist-protests-india-aamir-khan |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=2 January 2015 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923163958/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/02/bollywood-film-pk-hindu-nationalist-protests-india-aamir-khan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bajrang Dal members vandalise theatres screening PK in Ahmedabad |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bajrang-dal-members-vandalise-theatres-screening-pk-in-ahmedabad/article6735632.ece |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808143952/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bajrang-dal-members-vandalise-theatres-screening-pk-in-ahmedabad/article6735632.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Suchandana |date=29 December 2014 |title=Saffron wings protest against "anti-Hindu" scenes in film PK |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saffron-wings-protest-against-anti-Hindu-scenes-in-film-PK/articleshow/45680709.cms |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saffron-wings-protest-against-anti-Hindu-scenes-in-film-PK/articleshow/45680709.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> who demanded a ban on the movie<ref>{{cite news |title=PK controversy: Prominent Ahmedabad theatres vandalized by Bajrang Dal members |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/PK-controversy-Prominent-Ahmedabad-theatres-vandalized-by-Bajrang-Dal-members/articleshow/45675197.cms |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012072228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/PK-controversy-Prominent-Ahmedabad-theatres-vandalized-by-Bajrang-Dal-members/articleshow/45675197.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and a [[Public Interest Litigation]] was filed against ''PK'' for the same.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saffron-wings-protest-against-anti-Hindu-scenes-in-film-PK/articleshow/45680709.cms |title=Saffron wings protest against "anti-Hindu" scenes in film PK |last=Gupta |first=Suchandana |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saffron-wings-protest-against-anti-Hindu-scenes-in-film-PK/articleshow/45680709.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pil-seeks-ban-on-pk/article6716706.ece |title=PIL seeks ban on PK |author=Sandeep Joshi |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 December 2014 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203161832/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pil-seeks-ban-on-pk/article6716706.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amish Tripathi]] of ''Hindustan Times'' and [[Madhu Kishwar]] of ''Firstpost'' took issue with the film for mocking [[idolatry]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amish |title=Lessons from PK: Beliefs may be cast in stone |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/lessons-from-pk-beliefs-may-be-cast-in-stone/story-CqOufZDvC5xlACU6w6pEiN.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 January 2015 |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630102752/https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/lessons-from-pk-beliefs-may-be-cast-in-stone/story-CqOufZDvC5xlACU6w6pEiN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sorry Aamir, despite all the denials PK has an anti-hindu undertone |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/sorry-aamir-despite-all-the-denials-pk-has-an-anti-hindu-undertone-2041285.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=13 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Swaroopanand Saraswati]] in January 2015 raised questions with the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] about the film, demanding that the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigate how the film received its certification from the Censor Board despite several members of the Board requesting that the film be reviewed again, but with no action taken.<ref>{{cite news |title=Censor Board member claims objected to scenes in 'PK'; Shankaracharya Swaroopanand demands CBI probe |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-censor-board-member-claims-objected-to-scenes-in-pk-shankaracharya-swaroopanand-demands-cbi-probe-2050096 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[DNA India]] |date=6 January 2015 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112144842/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-censor-board-member-claims-objected-to-scenes-in-pk-shankaracharya-swaroopanand-demands-cbi-probe-2050096 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Sunni clerics of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] demanded the removal of some scenes of the movie which they believed were hurting religious sentiments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim clerics seek removal of controversial scenes from 'pk' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141230/nation-current-affairs/article/muslim-clerics-seek-removal-controversial-scenes-pk |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=30 December 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Government officials, such as the [[Uttar Pradesh]] chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] and the then–chief minister of [[Bihar]] [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]], exempted the film from [[entertainment tax]] to encourage wider viewership.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Aamir Khan's 'PK' tax-free in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aamir-khans-pk-tax-free-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/45703167.cms |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424131031/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aamir-khans-pk-tax-free-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/45703167.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]
* [[List of films featuring extraterrestrials]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2338151|PK}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|558557}}
* {{mojo title|pk}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|pk|PK}}
* {{YouTube|82ZEDGPCkT8|Official trailer}}

{{Rajkumar Hirani}}
{{Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}
{{Vinod Chopra Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:PK}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about alien visitations]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films critical of religion]]
[[Category:Telstra People's Choice Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajkumar Hirani]]
[[Category:Films set in Bruges]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ankit Tiwari]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shantanu Moitra]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian religious comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Religious satire films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mandawa]]
[[Category:2014 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Belgium]]
[[Category:Films shot in Belgium]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bruges]]
[[Category:Films set in Brussels]]
[[Category:Films set in Flanders]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:2014 controversies]]
[[Category:2014 musical films]]
[[Category:2014 science fiction films]]

List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly

2026-03-29T04:55:12Z

LolitaErurf: updated content per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bihar Legislative Assembly
| legislature = [[17th Bihar Assembly]]
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Bihar Legislature
| term_limits = 5 years
| members = 243
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|November 2025]]
| next_election1 =
| session_room = Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg
| session_alt = A two-storied building with the Indian flag on top
| meeting_place = Bihar State Assembly, [[Patna]]
| website = [https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in Bihar Legislative Assembly]
}}
[[File:IN-BR.svg|thumb|Location of Bihar (in red) within India|alt=Bihar is located in the east of India, bordering Nepal]]

The [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] is the lower house of the [[bicameral]] legislature of the state of [[Bihar]] in [[Eastern India]]. Its seat is at [[Patna]],<ref name="cpa-hq">{{cite web| title=Bihar Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] | url=https://www.cpahq.org/directory/bihar/ | access-date=29 January 2026 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716204054/https://www.cpahq.org/directory/bihar/ |archive-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> the capital of the state,<ref name="v941">{{cite web |title=Patna - About district |publisher=Government of Bihar |date=17 January 2026 | url=https://patna.nic.in/hi/about-district/ | language=en |access-date=29 January 2026 |quote=Patna is the capital of Bihar state. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101040412/https://patna.nic.in/hi/about-district/ |archive-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> and it sits for a term of five years unless it is dissolved early.{{efn|A Legislative Assembly can be dissolved early, under Article 174 of the Indian Constitution, in a few situations including a [[Hung Assembly]] and the inability of any alliance to form a [[Majority#Majority vote|majority]].<ref name="u856">{{cite journal| title=Power of Governor to dissolve State Assembly under Article 174 of the Indian constitution |author=Yashvardhan Tailor |journal=Indian Journal of Integrated Research in Law |volume=5 |issue=3 |issn=2583-0538 |url=https://ijirl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/POWER-OF-GOVERNOR-TO-DISSOLVE-STATE-ASSEMBLY-UNDER-ARTICLE-174-OF-THE-INDIAN-CONSTITUTION.pdf |access-date=26 January 2026 |pp=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126093208/https://ijirl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/POWER-OF-GOVERNOR-TO-DISSOLVE-STATE-ASSEMBLY-UNDER-ARTICLE-174-OF-THE-INDIAN-CONSTITUTION.pdf | archive-date=26 January 2026 | url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name=constitution/>{{Rp|page=72}} Bihar is India's [[list of states and union territories of India by population|second largest state by population]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|twelfth largest by area]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Ramanath |title=Speeding up Bihar's urbanisation |website=ORF |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/speeding-up-bihars-urbanisation/ |date=19 July 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125021134/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/speeding-up-bihars-urbanisation/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Projections For India And States 2011 - 2036 |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf |date=July 2020 |website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115052031/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf |archive-date= 15 November 2022}}</ref> The assembly was created in 1937 as an outcome of the split of the [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], after the passage of the [[Government of India Act, 1935]].<ref name="n285">{{cite web | title=The Bihar Legislature - A historical perspective | publisher=[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] | date=25 February 2025 | url=https://vidhansabha.bihar.gov.in/pdf/History_of_Bihar_Vidhan_Sabha.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122172749/https://vidhansabha.bihar.gov.in/pdf/History_of_Bihar_Vidhan_Sabha.pdf | archive-date=22 January 2025 | url-status=dead | access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> The Bihar Legislative Assembly has had [[Elections in Bihar|18 terms]] since independence. After the latest election in 2025, the assembly is dominated by the governing [[National Democratic Alliance]], which won 202 out of the 243 seats. [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], the largest opposition party, has 25 seats.<ref name="ht">{{cite web | last=Fazili | first=Sana | title=Bihar election final results: Breakdown of how many seats BJP, JD(U), RJD, Congress won | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=15 November 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nda-mahagathbandhan-bjp-jdu-rjd-congress-ljp-jan-suraaj-prashant-kishore-tejashwi-seat-tally-101763169862862.html | access-date=29 March 2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206225554/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nda-mahagathbandhan-bjp-jdu-rjd-congress-ljp-jan-suraaj-prashant-kishore-tejashwi-seat-tally-101763169862862.html |archive-date=6 December 2025}}</ref>

Constituency boundaries are periodically redrawn by the [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]] which tries to keep them as geographically compact areas, and with due consideration to existing boundaries of administrative units. The lastest census is used to draw the boundaries and every assembly constituency has to be completely within a [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|parliamentary constituency]].<ref name="delimitationAct">{{cite web | title=The Delimitation Act, 2002 | url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2004/1/A2002-33.pdf | access-date=26 January 2026 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126093211/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2004/1/A2002-33.pdf | archive-date=26 January 2026 | url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|at=Sect. 8–9|p=4}} Since 2000, the Bihar Assembly has had 243 [[Single-member district|single-seat]] constituencies, each of which [[Direct election|directly elects]] a representative<ref name=constitution/>{{rp|at=Ch. III, Art. 170, Sect. 1|p=71}} based on a [[First-past-the-post voting|first past the post]] election.<ref name="fpp">{{cite web | last=Khaitan | first=Tarunabh | title=Ranked-choice voting system could deepen democracy, prevent polarisation | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 May 2019 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ | access-date=24 August 2025 |quote=Elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas take place under the first-past-the-post (FPP) system. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129155431/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

Since the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]] from the United Kingdom in 1947, the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] have been given [[reservation in India|reservation status]], guaranteeing political representation, and the Constitution lays down the general principles of [[positive discrimination]] for SCs and STs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|title=Reserved uncertainty or deserved certainty? Reservation debate back in Mysuru |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 February 2020|first=K Shiva|last=Kumar|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=constitution>{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|title=The Constitution of India [As on 9th December, 2020]|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]]|access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153125/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Rp|page=137}} According to the [[2011 census of India]] the Scheduled Castes constitute {{percentage|16567325|49821295+54278157|1}}, while the Scheduled Tribes constitute {{percentage|1336573|49821295+54278157|1}} of the population of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf |title=2011 Census Primary Census Abstract |website=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=1 October 2017 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215732/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|6}} The Scheduled Castes have been granted a reservation of 38 seats in the assembly, while 2 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the Scheduled Tribes.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|6}}

==History==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Changes in the constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Act/Order
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Explanation
! scope="col" | Total seats
! scope="col" | [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|SC]]-reserved seats
! scope="col" | [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|ST]]-reserved seats
! scope="col" | Election(s)
|-
| 1950, 1951
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951<ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
| The Indian [[Republic Day (India)|Constitution]] came into effect and new constituencies were created.
| align=right | 276
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 24
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3886-bihar-1951/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043220/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3886-bihar-1951/ | archive-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1956
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]
| Some parts of Bihar were transferred to [[West Bengal]].
| align=right | 264
| align=right | 39
| align=right | 29
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3887-bihar-1957/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041008/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3887-bihar-1957/ | archive-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1961
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
|There were changes in the number and reservation status of constituencies. Two-member constituencies were abolished.
| align=right | 318
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 32
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3888-bihar-1962/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925214232/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3888-bihar-1962/ | archive-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1966
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1966<ref name=delimitation1966>{{cite web | title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1966 | year=1967 | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS9YAAAAMAAJ | access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>{{Rp|page=419}}
| There were changes to the number of seats reserved for SC and ST candidates.
| align=right | 318
| align=right | 45
| align=right | 29
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130093832/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ | archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]],<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3890-bihar-1969/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1969 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924235822/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3890-bihar-1969/ | archive-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3892-bihar-1972/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921135412/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3892-bihar-1972/ | archive-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1976
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/1976-dpaco/mode/2up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
| There were changes in the number and reservation status of constituencies.
| align=right | 324
| align=right | 46
| align=right | 28
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]],<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317191407/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ | archive-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]],<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317113239/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ | archive-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]],<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112152601/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ | archive-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]],<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317113128/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ | archive-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]],<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317175619/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ | archive-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024152713/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ | archive-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000]]
| The new state of [[Jharkhand]] was created from the southern parts of Bihar.

There were 324 assembly constituencies in undivided Bihar. After the split, 243 of them composed the reduced legislative assembly of the state.
| align=right | 243
| align=right | 39
| align=right | 0
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (February)]],<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 - Feb and Oct |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124104037/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ | archive-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (October)]]<ref name=election2005/>
|-
| 2008
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Delimitation Commission Order, 2008<ref name=delimitation2008/>{{rp|6}}
| There were changes in the reservation status and area covered by constituencies.
| align=right | 243
| align=right | 38
| align=right | 2
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]],<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112120622/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ | archive-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]],<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112165356/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ | archive-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]],<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226095331/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 | archive-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<ref name="y947">{{cite web | title=Bihar Elections 2025 Explained In Numbers, Dates And Maps | publisher=[[NDTV]] | date=6 October 2025 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-elections-2025-explained-in-numbers-and-dates-9404870 | access-date=19 October 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010061338/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-elections-2025-explained-in-numbers-and-dates-9404870 |archive-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Constituencies==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Bihar.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The constituencies of Bihar with their reservation status indicated by colour|alt=The two ST-reserved constituencies of Bihar are located in its south-east, while the SC-reserved constituencies are spread out geographically.]]

{{legend table|width=auto|title=Reservation
|#fef06d|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|Scheduled Castes]] (SC)
|#fdcdb0|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST)
}}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col-1right" style=text-align:center;
|+Constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly<ref name=delimitation2008/>{{Rp|74–96}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|No.|Constituency Number}}
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Reservation
! scope="col" | [[List of districts of Bihar|District]]
! scope="col" | [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
! scope="col" | Electorate ([[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceoelection.bihar.gov.in/BAGE2025_Form20.html |title=Assembly General Election, 2025 (Form 20) |access-date= 6 December 2025 |archive-date=6 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206165609/https://ceoelection.bihar.gov.in/BAGE2025_Form20.html |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar.}}</ref><ref name=election2025>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2025 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 January 2026 |url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121105843/https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 | archive-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 1
! scope=row | [[Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| None
| rowspan="9" | [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| {{formatnum:331447}}
|-
| 2
! scope=row | [[Ramnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:299784}}
|-
| 3
! scope=row | [[Narkatiaganj Assembly constituency|Narkatiaganj]]
| rowspan=10 | None
| {{formatnum:277575}}
|-
| 4
! scope=row | [[Bagaha Assembly constituency|Bagaha]]
| {{formatnum:318191}}
|-
| 5
! scope=row | [[Lauriya Assembly constituency|Lauriya]]
| {{formatnum:252171}}
|-
| 6
! scope=row | [[Nautan Assembly constituency|Nautan]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
| {{formatnum:286639}}
|-
| 7
! scope=row | [[Chanpatia Assembly constituency|Chanpatia]]
| {{formatnum:294526}}
|-
| 8
! scope=row | [[Bettiah Assembly constituency|Bettiah]]
| {{formatnum:292087}}
|-
| 9
! scope=row | [[Sikta Assembly constituency|Sikta]]
| [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| {{formatnum:278251}}
|-
| 10
! scope=row | [[Raxaul Assembly constituency|Raxaul]]
| rowspan="12" | [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
| {{formatnum:286131}}
|-
| 11
! scope=row | [[Sugauli Assembly constituency|Sugauli]]
| {{formatnum:283696}}
|-
| 12
! scope=row | [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]]
| {{formatnum:301008}}
|-
| 13
! scope=row | [[Harsidhi Assembly constituency|Harsidhi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="5" | [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
| {{formatnum:274415}}
|-
| 14
! scope=row | [[Govindganj Assembly constituency|Govindganj]]
| rowspan=10 | None
| {{formatnum:264744}}
|-
| 15
! scope=row | [[Kesaria Assembly constituency|Kesaria]]
| {{formatnum:260633}}
|-
| 16
! scope=row | [[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
| {{formatnum:256338}}
|-
| 17
! scope=row | [[Pipra, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
| {{formatnum:336303}}
|-
| 18
! scope=row | [[Madhuban, Bihar Assembly constituency|Madhuban]]
| [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| {{formatnum:265505}}
|-
| 19
! scope=row | [[Motihari Assembly constituency|Motihari]]
| [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
| {{formatnum:292635}}
|-
| 20
! scope=row | [[Chiraia Assembly constituency|Chiraia]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| {{formatnum:289283}}
|-
| 21
! scope=row | [[Dhaka Assembly constituency|Dhaka]]
| {{formatnum:335844}}
|-
| 22
! scope=row | [[Sheohar Assembly constituency|Sheohar]]
| [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]
| {{formatnum:304871}}
|-
| 23
! scope=row | [[Riga Assembly constituency|Riga]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
| {{formatnum:317263}}
|-
| 24
! scope=row | [[Bathnaha Assembly constituency|Bathnaha]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="6" | [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| {{formatnum:318190}}
|-
| 25
! scope=row | [[Parihar Assembly constituency|Parihar]]
| rowspan=12 | None
| {{formatnum:324889}}
|-
| 26
! scope=row | [[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand]]
| {{formatnum:316116}}
|-
| 27
! scope=row | [[Bajpatti Assembly constituency|Bajpatti]]
| {{formatnum:333004}}
|-
| 28
! scope=row | [[Sitamarhi Assembly constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| {{formatnum:305766}}
|-
| 29
! scope=row | [[Runnisaidpur Assembly constituency|Runnisaidpur]]
| {{formatnum:287491}}
|-
| 30
! scope=row | [[Belsand Assembly constituency|Belsand]]
| [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| {{formatnum:261773}}
|-
| 31
! scope=row | [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]]
| rowspan="10" | [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| {{formatnum:276152}}
|-
| 32
! scope=row | [[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]]
| {{formatnum:290195}}
|-
| 33
! scope=row | [[Khajauli Assembly constituency|Khajauli]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| {{formatnum:293616}}
|-
| 34
! scope=row | [[Babubarhi Assembly constituency|Babubarhi]]
| {{formatnum:308096}}
|-
| 35
! scope=row | [[Bisfi Assembly constituency|Bisfi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| {{formatnum:328813}}
|-
| 36
! scope=row | [[Madhubani Assembly constituency|Madhubani]]
| {{formatnum:339367}}
|-
| 37
! scope=row | [[Rajnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="4" | [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| {{formatnum:313288}}
|-
| 38
! scope=row | [[Jhanjharpur Assembly constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| rowspan=6 | None
| {{formatnum:320142}}
|-
| 39
! scope=row | [[Phulparas Assembly constituency|Phulparas]]
| {{formatnum:320615}}
|-
| 40
! scope=row | [[Laukaha Assembly constituency|Laukaha]]
| {{formatnum:336961}}
|-
| 41
! scope=row | [[Nirmali Assembly constituency|Nirmali]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]]
| {{formatnum:304066}}
|-
| 42
! scope=row | [[Pipra, Supaul Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
| {{formatnum:305165}}
|-
| 43
! scope=row | [[Supaul Assembly constituency|Supaul]]
| {{formatnum:293575}}
|-
| 44
! scope=row | [[Triveniganj Assembly constituency|Triveniganj]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:304346}}
|-
| 45
! scope=row | [[Chhatapur Assembly constituency|Chhatapur]]
| rowspan=2 | None
| {{formatnum:333518}}
|-
| 46
! scope=row | [[Narpatganj Assembly constituency|Narpatganj]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Araria district|Araria]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
| {{formatnum:336584}}
|-
| 47
! scope=row | [[Raniganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Raniganj]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:342519}}
|-
| 48
! scope=row | [[Forbesganj Assembly constituency|Forbesganj]]
| rowspan=11 | None
| {{formatnum:360102}}
|-
| 49
! scope=row | [[Araria Assembly constituency|Araria]]
| {{formatnum:334656}}
|-
| 50
! scope=row | [[Jokihat Assembly constituency|Jokihat]]
| {{formatnum:303837}}
|-
| 51
! scope=row | [[Sikti Assembly constituency|Sikti]]
| {{formatnum:302777}}
|-
| 52
! scope=row | [[Bahadurganj Assembly constituency|Bahadurganj]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
| {{formatnum:292251}}
|-
| 53
! scope=row | [[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
| {{formatnum:301120}}
|-
| 54
! scope=row | [[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
| {{formatnum:283172}}
|-
| 55
! scope=row | [[Kochadhaman Assembly constituency|Kochadhaman]]
| {{formatnum:250697}}
|-
| 56
! scope=row | [[Amour Assembly constituency|Amour]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
| {{formatnum:312866}}
|-
| 57
! scope=row | [[Baisi Assembly constituency|Baisi]]
| {{formatnum:286869}}
|-
| 58
! scope=row | [[Kasba, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
| {{formatnum:287959}}
|-
| 59
! scope=row | [[Banmankhi Assembly constituency|Banmankhi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:302101}}
|-
| 60
! scope=row | [[Rupauli Assembly constituency|Rupauli]]
| rowspan=7 | None
| {{formatnum:298673}}
|-
| 61
! scope=row | [[Dhamdaha Assembly constituency|Dhamdaha]]
| {{formatnum:314949}}
|-
| 62
! scope=row | [[Purnia Assembly constituency|Purnia]]
| {{formatnum:290893}}
|-
| 63
! scope=row | [[Katihar Assembly constituency|Katihar]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Katihar district|Katihar]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
| {{formatnum:262016}}
|-
| 64
! scope=row | [[Kadwa Assembly constituency|Kadwa]]
| {{formatnum:280637}}
|-
| 65
! scope=row | [[Balrampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Balrampur]]
| {{formatnum:348537}}
|-
| 66
! scope=row | [[Pranpur Assembly constituency|Pranpur]]
| {{formatnum:313606}}
|-
| 67
! scope=row | [[Manihari Assembly constituency|Manihari]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| {{formatnum:297676}}
|-
| 68
! scope=row | [[Barari Assembly constituency|Barari]]
| None
| {{formatnum:279756}}
|-
| 69
! scope=row | [[Korha Assembly constituency|Korha]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
| {{formatnum:298867}}
|-
| 70
! scope=row | [[Alamnagar Assembly constituency|Alamnagar]]
| rowspan=2 | None
| rowspan="4" | [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| {{formatnum:360264}}
|-
| 71
! scope=row | [[Bihariganj Assembly constituency|Bihariganj]]
| {{formatnum:327455}}
|-
| 72
! scope=row | [[Singheshwar Assembly constituency|Singheshwar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| [[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]]
| {{formatnum:329826}}
|-
| 73
! scope=row | [[Madhepura Assembly constituency|Madhepura]]
| None
| rowspan="3" | [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| {{formatnum:345596}}
|-
| 74
! scope=row | [[Sonbarsha Assembly constituency|Sonbarsha]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="4" | [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| {{formatnum:302061}}
|-
| 75
! scope=row | [[Saharsa Assembly constituency|Saharsa]]
| rowspan=3 | None
| {{formatnum:370709}}
|-
| 76
! scope=row | [[Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Simri Bakhtiarpur]]
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| {{formatnum:336967}}
|-
| 77
! scope=row | [[Mahishi Assembly constituency|Mahishi]]
| [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| {{formatnum:288096}}
|-
| 78
! scope=row | [[Kusheshwar Asthan Assembly constituency|Kusheshwar Asthan]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="10" | [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| {{formatnum:259912}}
|-
| 79
! scope=row | [[Gaura Bauram Assembly constituency|Gaura Bauram]]
| rowspan=12 | None
| rowspan="5" | [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| {{formatnum:261738}}
|-
| 80
! scope=row | [[Benipur Assembly constituency|Benipur]]
| {{formatnum:300497}}
|-
| 81
! scope=row | [[Alinagar Assembly constituency|Alinagar]]
| {{formatnum:285708}}
|-
| 82
! scope=row | [[Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency|Darbhanga Rural]]
| {{formatnum:290287}}
|-
| 83
! scope=row | [[Darbhanga Assembly constituency|Darbhanga]]
| {{formatnum:325503}}
|-
| 84
! scope=row | [[Hayaghat Assembly constituency|Hayaghat]]
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| {{formatnum:253557}}
|-
| 85
! scope=row | [[Bahadurpur Assembly constituency|Bahadurpur]]
| [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| {{formatnum:310848}}
|-
| 86
! scope=row | [[Keoti Assembly constituency|Keoti]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| {{formatnum:298961}}
|-
| 87
! scope=row | [[Jale Assembly constituency|Jale]]
| {{formatnum:314779}}
|-
| 88
! scope=row | [[Gaighat Assembly constituency|Gaighat]]
| rowspan="11" | [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
| {{formatnum:322326}}
|-
| 89
! scope=row | [[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai]]
| {{formatnum:311664}}
|-
| 90
! scope=row | [[Minapur Assembly constituency|Minapur]]
| {{formatnum:282903}}
|-
| 91
! scope=row | [[Bochahan Assembly constituency|Bochahan]]
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:286053}}
|-
| 92
! scope=row | [[Sakra Assembly constituency|Sakra]]
| {{formatnum:273397}}
|-
| 93
! scope=row | [[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
| rowspan=10 | None
| {{formatnum:306238}}
|-
| 94
! scope=row | [[Muzaffarpur Assembly constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
| {{formatnum:316880}}
|-
| 95
! scope=row | [[Kanti Assembly constituency|Kanti]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| {{formatnum:319372}}
|-
| 96
! scope=row | [[Baruraj Assembly constituency|Baruraj]]
| {{formatnum:278389}}
|-
| 97
! scope=row | [[Paroo Assembly constituency|Paroo]]
| {{formatnum:313093}}
|-
| 98
! scope=row | [[Sahebganj Assembly constituency|Sahebganj]]
| {{formatnum:301544}}
|-
| 99
! scope=row | [[Baikunthpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]]
| {{formatnum:308361}}
|-
| 100
! scope=row | [[Barauli, Bihar Assembly constituency|Barauli]]
| {{formatnum:284192}}
|-
| 101
! scope=row | [[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj]]
| {{formatnum:297051}}
|-
| 102
! scope=row | [[Kuchaikote Assembly constituency|Kuchaikote]]
| {{formatnum:300132}}
|-
| 103
! scope=row | [[Bhore Assembly constituency|Bhore]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:337564}}
|-
| 104
! scope=row | [[Hathua Assembly constituency|Hathua]]
| rowspan=3 | None
| {{formatnum:291165}}
|-
| 105
! scope=row | [[Siwan Assembly constituency|Siwan]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| {{formatnum:319165}}
|-
| 106
! scope=row | [[Ziradei Assembly constituency|Ziradei]]
| {{formatnum:276435}}
|-
| 107
! scope=row | [[Darauli Assembly constituency|Darauli]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:308041}}
|-
| 108
! scope=row | [[Raghunathpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur]]
| rowspan=11 | None
| {{formatnum:294703}}
|-
| 109
! scope=row | [[Daraunda Assembly constituency|Daraunda]]
| {{formatnum:315729}}
|-
| 110
! scope=row | [[Barharia Assembly constituency|Barharia]]
| {{formatnum:310094}}
|-
| 111
! scope=row | [[Goriakothi Assembly constituency|Goriakothi]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| {{formatnum:331190}}
|-
| 112
! scope=row | [[Maharajganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Maharajganj]]
| {{formatnum:302398}}
|-
| 113
! scope=row | [[Ekma Assembly constituency|Ekma]]
| rowspan="10" | [[Saran district|Saran]]
| {{formatnum:291675}}
|-
| 114
! scope=row | [[Manjhi Assembly constituency|Manjhi]]
| {{formatnum:294611}}
|-
| 115
! scope=row | [[Baniapur Assembly constituency|Baniapur]]
| {{formatnum:317424}}
|-
| 116
! scope=row | [[Taraiya Assembly constituency|Taraiya]]
| {{formatnum:298532}}
|-
| 117
! scope=row | [[Marhaura Assembly constituency|Marhaura]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]
| {{formatnum:271541}}
|-
| 118
! scope=row | [[Chapra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
| {{formatnum:325112}}
|-
| 119
! scope=row | [[Garkha Assembly constituency|Garkha]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:311162}}
|-
| 120
! scope=row | [[Amnour Assembly constituency|Amnour]]
| rowspan=7 | None
| {{formatnum:250779}}
|-
| 121
! scope=row | [[Parsa Assembly constituency|Parsa]]
| {{formatnum:270589}}
|-
| 122
! scope=row | [[Sonpur Assembly constituency|Sonpur]]
| {{formatnum:290014}}
|-
| 123
! scope=row | [[Hajipur Assembly constituency|Hajipur]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]
| {{formatnum:335905}}
|-
| 124
! scope=row | [[Lalganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Lalganj]]
| {{formatnum:344150}}
|-
| 125
! scope=row | [[Vaishali Assembly constituency|Vaishali]]
| [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| {{formatnum:337584}}
|-
| 126
! scope=row | [[Mahua Assembly constituency|Mahua]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]
| {{formatnum:295843}}
|-
| 127
! scope=row | [[Raja Pakar Assembly constituency|Raja Pakar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:281602}}
|-
| 128
! scope=row | [[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
| rowspan=2 | None
| {{formatnum:345491}}
|-
| 129
! scope=row | [[Mahnar Assembly constituency|Mahnar]]
| {{formatnum:301439}}
|-
| 130
! scope=row | [[Patepur Assembly constituency|Patepur]]
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| {{formatnum:300968}}
|-
| 131
! scope=row | [[Kalyanpur, Samastipur Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
| rowspan="10" | [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| {{formatnum:324932}}
|-
| 132
! scope=row | [[Warisnagar Assembly constituency|Warisnagar]]
| rowspan=7 | None
| {{formatnum:324904}}
|-
| 133
! scope=row | [[Samastipur Assembly constituency|Samastipur]]
| {{formatnum:275257}}
|-
| 134
! scope=row | [[Ujiarpur Assembly constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| {{formatnum:310269}}
|-
| 135
! scope=row | [[Morwa Assembly constituency|Morwa]]
| {{formatnum:269034}}
|-
| 136
! scope=row | [[Sarairanjan Assembly constituency|Sarairanjan]]
| {{formatnum:283203}}
|-
| 137
! scope=row | [[Mohiuddinnagar Assembly constituency|Mohiuddinnagar]]
| {{formatnum:260541}}
|-
| 138
! scope=row | [[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency|Bibhutipur]]
| {{formatnum:275296}}
|-
| 139
! scope=row | [[Rosera Assembly constituency|Rosera]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| {{formatnum:331466}}
|-
| 140
! scope=row | [[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
| rowspan=7 | None
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| {{formatnum:289760}}
|-
| 141
! scope=row | [[Cheria-Bariarpur Assembly constituency|Cheria-Bariarpur]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
| {{formatnum:272019}}
|-
| 142
! scope=row | [[Bachhwara Assembly constituency|Bachhwara]]
| {{formatnum:312121}}
|-
| 143
! scope=row | [[Teghra Assembly constituency|Teghra]]
| {{formatnum:302549}}
|-
| 144
! scope=row | [[Matihani Assembly constituency|Matihani]]
| {{formatnum:354216}}
|-
| 145
! scope=row | [[Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency|Sahebpur Kamal]]
| {{formatnum:263289}}
|-
| 146
! scope=row | [[Begusarai Assembly constituency|Begusarai]]
| {{formatnum:342217}}
|-
| 147
! scope=row | [[Bakhri Assembly constituency|Bakhri]]
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:294566}}
|-
| 148
! scope=row | [[Alauli Assembly constituency|Alauli]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| {{formatnum:266664}}
|-
| 149
! scope=row | [[Khagaria Assembly constituency|Khagaria]]
| rowspan=5 | None
| {{formatnum:261473}}
|-
| 150
! scope=row | [[Beldaur Assembly constituency|Beldaur]]
| {{formatnum:323717}}
|-
| 151
! scope=row | [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
| {{formatnum:317609}}
|-
| 152
! scope=row | [[Bihpur Assembly constituency|Bihpur]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| {{formatnum:266461}}
|-
| 153
! scope=row | [[Gopalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
| {{formatnum:276973}}
|-
| 154
! scope=row | [[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:345572}}
|-
| 155
! scope=row | [[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]]
| rowspan=5 | None
| {{formatnum:344690}}
|-
| 156
! scope=row | [[Bhagalpur Assembly constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| {{formatnum:344577}}
|-
| 157
! scope=row | [[Sultanganj Assembly constituency|Sultanganj]]
| [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| {{formatnum:319989}}
|-
| 158
! scope=row | [[Nathnagar Assembly constituency|Nathnagar]]
| [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| {{formatnum:337948}}
|-
| 159
! scope=row | [[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Banka district|Banka]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| {{formatnum:298837}}
|-
| 160
! scope=row | [[Dhoraiya Assembly constituency|Dhoraiya]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:307230}}
|-
| 161
! scope=row | [[Banka Assembly constituency|Banka]]
| None
| {{formatnum:260299}}
|-
| 162
! scope=row | [[Katoria Assembly constituency|Katoria]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| {{formatnum:270298}}
|-
| 163
! scope=row | [[Belhar Assembly constituency|Belhar]]
| rowspan=10 | None
| {{formatnum:319717}}
|-
| 164
! scope=row | [[Tarapur Assembly constituency|Tarapur]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Munger district|Munger]]
| [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]]
| {{formatnum:331313}}
|-
| 165
! scope=row | [[Munger Assembly constituency|Munger]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| {{formatnum:341931}}
|-
| 166
! scope=row | [[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
| {{formatnum:330571}}
|-
| 167
! scope=row | [[Suryagarha Assembly constituency|Suryagarha]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
| {{formatnum:358028}}
|-
| 168
! scope=row | [[Lakhisarai Assembly constituency|Lakhisarai]]
| {{formatnum:391944}}
|-
| 169
! scope=row | [[Sheikhpura Assembly constituency|Sheikhpura]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
| [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]]
| {{formatnum:263432}}
|-
| 170
! scope=row | [[Barbigha Assembly constituency|Barbigha]]
| [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
| {{formatnum:232576}}
|-
| 171
! scope=row | [[Asthawan Assembly constituency|Asthawan]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]
| {{formatnum:304992}}
|-
| 172
! scope=row | [[Biharsharif Assembly constituency|Biharsharif]]
| {{formatnum:389706}}
|-
| 173
! scope=row | [[Rajgir, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajgir]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:299852}}
|-
| 174
! scope=row | [[Islampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
| rowspan=14 | None
| {{formatnum:303226}}
|-
| 175
! scope=row | [[Hilsa Assembly constituency|Hilsa]]
| {{formatnum:304842}}
|-
| 176
! scope=row | [[Nalanda Assembly constituency|Nalanda]]
| {{formatnum:325999}}
|-
| 177
! scope=row | [[Harnaut Assembly constituency|Harnaut]]
| {{formatnum:319850}}
|-
| 178
! scope=row | [[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]]
| rowspan="14" | [[Patna district|Patna]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| {{formatnum:286050}}
|-
| 179
! scope=row | [[Barh Assembly constituency|Barh]]
| {{formatnum:292909}}
|-
| 180
! scope=row | [[Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Bakhtiarpur]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| {{formatnum:298087}}
|-
| 181
! scope=row | [[Digha Assembly constituency|Digha]]
| {{formatnum:458367}}
|-
| 182
! scope=row | [[Bankipur Assembly constituency|Bankipur]]
| {{formatnum:379402}}
|-
| 183
! scope=row | [[Kumhrar Assembly constituency|Kumhrar]]
| {{formatnum:431390}}
|-
| 184
! scope=row | [[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| {{formatnum:389881}}
|-
| 185
! scope=row | [[Fatuha Assembly constituency|Fatuha]]
| {{formatnum:286297}}
|-
| 186
! scope=row | [[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]]
| {{formatnum:376759}}
|-
| 187
! scope=row | [[Maner Assembly constituency|Maner]]
| {{formatnum:334256}}
|-
| 188
! scope=row | [[Phulwari Assembly constituency|Phulwari]]
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:386351}}
|-
| 189
! scope=row | [[Masaurhi Assembly constituency|Masaurhi]]
| {{formatnum:326914}}
|-
| 190
! scope=row | [[Paliganj Assembly constituency|Paliganj]]
| rowspan=5 | None
| {{formatnum:285778}}
|-
| 191
! scope=row | [[Bikram Assembly constituency|Bikram]]
| {{formatnum:310092}}
|-
| 192
! scope=row | [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Bhojpur District, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
| {{formatnum:291878}}
|-
| 193
! scope=row | [[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]]
| {{formatnum:312103}}
|-
| 194
! scope=row | [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]]
| {{formatnum:327553}}
|-
| 195
! scope=row | [[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:263836}}
|-
| 196
! scope=row | [[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]]
| rowspan=6 | None
| {{formatnum:304027}}
|-
| 197
! scope=row | [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]]
| {{formatnum:308381}}
|-
| 198
! scope=row | [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
| {{formatnum:308161}}
|-
| 199
! scope=row | [[Brahampur Assembly constituency|Brahampur]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
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|-
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! scope=row | [[Buxar Assembly constituency|Buxar]]
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|-
| 201
! scope=row | [[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]]
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|-
| 202
! scope=row | [[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| {{formatnum:336695}}
|-
| 203
! scope=row | [[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
| None
| rowspan="4" | [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
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|-
| 204
! scope=row | [[Mohania Assembly constituency|Mohania]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="6" | [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]
| {{formatnum:277850}}
|-
| 205
! scope=row | [[Bhabua Assembly constituency|Bhabua]]
| rowspan=2 | None
| {{formatnum:280564}}
|-
| 206
! scope=row | [[Chainpur Assembly constituency|Chainpur]]
| {{formatnum:329045}}
|-
| 207
! scope=row | [[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="7" | [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
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|-
| 208
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| {{formatnum:355249}}
|-
| 209
! scope=row | [[Kargahar Assembly constituency|Kargahar]]
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|-
| 210
! scope=row | [[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]
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|-
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| rowspan="3" | [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]
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|-
| 212
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| {{formatnum:299804}}
|-
| 213
! scope=row | [[Karakat Assembly constituency|Karakat]]
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| 214
! scope=row | [[Arwal Assembly constituency|Arwal]]
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| 216
! scope=row | [[Jehanabad Assembly constituency|Jehanabad]]
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| {{formatnum:302681}}
|-
| 217
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|-
| 218
! scope=row | [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
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! scope=row | [[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]]
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| {{formatnum:313574}}
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| 220
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| 221
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! scope=row | [[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]]
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| {{formatnum:312764}}
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| {{formatnum:333900}}
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| {{formatnum:285969}}
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| {{formatnum:279534}}
|-
| 227
! scope=row | [[Imamganj Assembly constituency|Imamganj]]
| rowspan=3 style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
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| {{formatnum:304475}}
|-
| 228
! scope=row | [[Barachatti Assembly constituency|Barachatti]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]]
| {{formatnum:310945}}
|-
| 229
! scope=row | [[Bodh Gaya Assembly constituency|Bodh Gaya]]
| {{formatnum:329813}}
|-
| 230
! scope=row | [[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]]
| rowspan=5 | None
| {{formatnum:280313}}
|-
| 231
! scope=row | [[Tikari Assembly constituency|Tikari]]
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| {{formatnum:302975}}
|-
| 232
! scope=row | [[Belaganj Assembly constituency|Belaganj]]
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]]
| {{formatnum:279839}}
|-
| 233
! scope=row | [[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]]
| [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
| {{formatnum:308538}}
|-
| 234
! scope=row | [[Wazirganj Assembly constituency|Wazirganj]]
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]]
| {{formatnum:315561}}
|-
| 235
! scope=row | [[Rajauli Assembly constituency|Rajauli]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="5" | [[Nawada district|Nawada]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
| {{formatnum:331278}}
|-
| 236
! scope=row | [[Hisua Assembly constituency|Hisua]]
| rowspan=4 | None
| {{formatnum:368488}}
|-
| 237
! scope=row | [[Nawada Assembly constituency|Nawada]]
| {{formatnum:364839}}
|-
| 238
! scope=row | [[Gobindpur Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| {{formatnum:315221}}
|-
| 239
! scope=row | [[Warisaliganj Assembly constituency|Warsaliganj]]
| {{formatnum:345554}}
|-
| 240
! scope=row | [[Sikandra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Sikandra]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="4" | [[Jamui district|Jamui]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]]
| {{formatnum:301506}}
|-
| 241
! scope=row | [[Jamui Assembly constituency|Jamui]]
| rowspan=3 | None
| {{formatnum:313053}}
|-
| 242
! scope=row | [[Jhajha Assembly constituency|Jhajha]]
| {{formatnum:339867}}
|-
| 243
! scope=row | [[Chakai Assembly constituency|Chakai]]
| {{formatnum:319819}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Bihar|List of Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bihar Legislative Council]]

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar|*]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists]]

Thene Manasulu (1965 film)

2026-03-27T14:46:30Z

LolitaErurf: put up new post v1

{{short description|1965 film by Adurthi Subba Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thene Manasulu
| image = Thene Manasulu 1965 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
| producer = C. Sundaram
| screenplay = Adurthi Subba Rao
| story = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] [[K. Viswanath]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thene Manasulu (1965) Poster Design |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/RUG/info |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]], K. Viswanath}}
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Vakrinchina Sarala Rekhalu''|K. R. K. Mohan}}
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]] Sandhya Rani Sukanya
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = T. Krishna
| studio = Babu Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|df=y|1965|3|31}}
| runtime = 174 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=386}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Thene Manasulu''''' ({{Translation|Sweet hearts}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Adurthi Subba Rao]] and produced by C. Sundaram under the Babu Movies banner. The film stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]], Sukanya, and Sandhya Rani in lead roles. Notably, it was the first Telugu social film to be shot entirely in colour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=2022-11-15 |title=Krishna: The end of an era |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/features/2022/Nov/15/krishna-the-end-of-an-era-36670.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The story was based on the novel ''Vakrinchina Saralarekhalu'' by K. R. K. Mohan.<ref name="thehansindia">{{Cite news |last=Kalyanam |first=Rajeshwari |date=2 April 2015 |title=The launch of a Superstar |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-04-02/The-launch-of-a-Superstar/141388 |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190406054729/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-04-02/The-launch-of-a-Superstar/141388 |archive-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=SuperStarKrishna: మొదటి సినిమాకి 58 ఏళ్ళు, అది ఎలా మొదలయిందంటే... |trans-title=58 years since Krishna's debut film Tene Manasulu: How it all began |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/oldies/58-years-for-krishna-debut-film-tene-manasulu-and-how-it-actually-started-kavi-43698.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Chitra Jyothy |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |language=te}}</ref>

The film marked the debut of Krishna in a lead role and also the acting debut for Ram Mohan, Sandhya Rani and Sukanya. Despite initial skepticism from some in the industry about casting newcomers, ''Tene Manasulu'' became a commercial success and ran for 100 days in theatres. The film is also known for its popular soundtrack composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with songs like "Divinundi Bhuviki" and "Yemamma Ninnenamma" becoming hits. It was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Doli (film)|Doli]]'' (1969).<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=12 January 2018 |title=Tenemanasulu (1965) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tenemanasulu-1965/article22426721.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190328085154/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tenemanasulu-1965/article22426721.ece |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The story revolves around the intertwined lives of four main characters: Sita, Bhanumathi, Chittibabu, and Basavaraju. Sita is the daughter of Narasaraju, and Bhanumathi is the daughter of Srinivasa Rao. Chittibabu agrees to marry Sita on the condition that her father sends him to the United States for higher studies. However, after Chittibabu leaves, Srinivasa Rao's office money is stolen by Narasaraju, and he flees, leaving Bhanumathi behind.

Basavaraju, who was originally supposed to marry Bhanumathi, rejects her without even seeing her. Bhanumathi moves to the city with her mother and starts working, unaware that Basavaraju falls in love with her. Meanwhile, Chittibabu returns from the U.S. and neglects Sita, instead falling for Bhanumathi. Bhanumathi, realizing the situation, enacts a drama to reunite Chittibabu and Sita. In the end, she marries Basavaraju, and the film concludes with both couples finding happiness.

== Cast ==
Source: <ref name="BFTP" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=386}}
{{Cast listing|
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Basavaraju
*[[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]] as Chittibabu
*Sandhya Rani as Sita
*Sukanya as Bhanumati
*Venkateswara Rao as Srinivasa Rao
*G. S. R. Murthy as Narasaraju
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Basavaraju's stepmother
*Baby Rojarani as Chinni
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In the mid-1960s, director [[Adurthi Subba Rao]] wanted to make a film with newcomers as the stars. It was decided to adapt K. R. K. Mohan's novel ''Vakrinchina Sarala Rekhalu'' with the title ''Thene Manasulu''. The film was produced by C. Sundaram under Babu Movies,<ref name="BFTP" /> [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] was hired as the screenwriter and [[K. Viswanath]] as associate director.<ref name="thehansindia" /> Viswanath also worked as the dialogue writer alongside [[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]]. Cinematography was handled by P. S. Selvaraj, and editing by T. Krishna.<ref name="BFTP" />

=== Casting ===
Babu Movies released an advertisement saying the film required newcomers in the lead, and thousands of aspiring actors auditioned.<ref name="thehansindia" /> [[Hema Malini]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]], not yet the stars of [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] cinema they would later become, were among those who auditioned, but both were rejected. [[Krishnam Raju]] too was an unsuccessful contender.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-31 |title= మేరునగధీరుడు.. సెల్యులాయిడ్ కర్షకుడు.. ఆంధ్రా జేమ్స్ బాండ్ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/sitara/cinema/krishna-birthday-special-story/na20200531052920661 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref>

[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and Rammohan were selected from thousands of applicants to play the two male leads. Sukanya and Sandhyarani, hailing from [[Rajahmundry]] and [[Vijayawada]] respectively, were cast as the female leads. This was Krishna's first film in a major role, after he appeared as an [[Extra (acting)|extra]] in the 1962 releases ''[[Padandi Munduku]]'' and ''[[Kula Gotralu]]''. Krishna's remuneration for the film was ₹2,000.<ref name=":0" />

=== Filming ===
Adurthi Subba Rao, known for directing films with established stars, took on the challenge of working with newcomers. The actors were rigorously trained in dialogue delivery by K. Viswanath, while Hiralal coached them in dance sequences. Voice training sessions were held on the beach to help the cast project their voices more effectively.<ref name="BFTP" />

[[Principal photography]] began at [[Sarathi Studios]], [[Hyderabad]]. The film was initially planned to be in [[black-and-white]], but after seven to eight reels were shot, Adurthi decided to reshoot the entire film in [[Eastmancolor]].<ref name="thehansindia" /> ''Thene Manasulu'' thus became the first Telugu social film to be shot completely in colour.{{efn|''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963), the first full-length Telugu colour film was not a "social", i.e. a film having a contemporary setting.<ref name="thehansindia" />}} A few scenes required Krishna to ride a scooter, so actor [[Raavi Kondala Rao]], at Adurthi’s request, taught Krishna to drive the scooter in the streets leading from Sarathi Studios to [[Sanathnagar]]. It took four days for Krishna to learn scooter driving.<ref name="BFTP" /> ''Thene Manasulu'' (1965) showcased Krishna's willingness to perform risky stunts. In one scene, he impressed the crew by jumping from a moving scooter onto a speeding jeep without using a [[Double (occupation)|double]], a feat that left the director Adurthi Subba Rao amazed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=Krishna: ఆంధ్రుల జేమ్స్‌ బాండ్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/happy-birthday-super-star-krishna/0212/121110195 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], while the lyrics were written by Aatreya and [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]].<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DPJ/info |title=Thene Manasulu |publisher=Babu Movies |year=1965 |language=te |type=songbook}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Em Endukani Ee Siggendukani
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Yemamma Ninnenamma Yelagunnavu
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = Aatreya
| music2 =
| extra2 = P. Susheela, [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Dhivinundi Bhuviki Digivache
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
| music3 =
| extra3 = P. Susheela, Ghantasala
| length3 =
| title4 = 1 2 3 4
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = Aatreya
| music4 =
| extra4 = P. Susheela, [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Nee Edhuta Nenu Vaaredhuta Neevu
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Aatreya
| music5 =
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| length5 =
| title6 = Anadhiga Jarugutunna Anyayam Idhile
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 = Aatreya
| music6 =
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 =
| title7 = Purushudu Nenai Puttali
| note7 =
| writer7 =
| lyrics7 = Aatreya
| music7 =
| extra7 = P. Susheela, P. B. Sreenivas, Ghantasala
| length7 =
| title8 = Yevaro Yevaro Neevaadu
| note8 =
| writer8 =
| lyrics8 = Dasaradhi
| music8 =
| extra8 = P. Susheela
| length8 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Thene Manasulu'' was released on 31 March 1965.<ref name="BFTP" />  The film became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name=":0" /> Critics praised the film for its fresh cast and technical achievements, particularly the cinematography and music.<ref name="thehansindia" />

== Legacy ==
Adurthi Subba Rao remade the film in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Doli (film)|Doli]]'' (1969) which was also successful.<ref name="BFTP" /> Subba Rao signed the four lead actors again for his next film, ''[[Kanne Manasulu]]'' (1966) which turned out to be an average grosser.<ref name=":0" /> Despite ''Thene Manasulu''<nowiki/>'s success, only Krishna became a star among the four leads.<ref name="thehansindia" />

After the film, Krishna caught the attention of producers [[Doondi]] and Sundarlal Nahata, who were impressed by his daring stunt of jumping onto a speeding car without a [[Double (occupation)|double]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Nagaraju |first=Jinka |date=2022-11-17 |title=Krishna obit: Andhra's James Bond who turned Telugu cinema's heartthrob |url=https://thefederal.com/obituary/krishna-obit-andhras-james-bond-who-turned-telugu-cinemas-heartthrob/?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=The Federal |language=en}}</ref> Recognizing his potential, they cast him in the spy thriller ''[[Gudachari 116]]'' (1966), which became a major success and a turning point in Krishna's career.<ref name=":1" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0269950}}
{{Adurthi Subba Rao}}

[[Category:1960s romance films]]
[[Category:1965 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Adurthi Subba Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Kurnool Municipal Corporation

2026-03-24T20:50:19Z

LolitaErurf:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kurnool Municipal Corporation<hr />{{small|Karnūlu nagara pālaka Sanstha కర్నూలు నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}
| coa_pic = File:23 - Telugu Talli Statue with Kondareddy Buruju as background.JPG
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Kurnool
| foundation = 1994
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| members =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = 10 March 2021
| next_election1 = ''TBH''
| seats = '''52'''
| structure1_res = 250px

| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://kurnool.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| leader3 = Songa Ravindra Babu
| leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner
}}

'''Kurnool Municipal Corporation''' is a civic body of [[Kurnool]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="kmc">{{cite web|title=Kurnool Municipal Corporation|url=http://ourkmc.com/|website=Official website of Kurnool Municipal Corporation|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123160933/http://ourkmc.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was constituted as a municipality in the year 1994.<ref name=stats>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.gov.in/kurnool/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108200116/http://cdma.gov.in/kurnool/Basic_information_Municipality.html|archive-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Kurnool Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. The present municipal commissioner of the corporation is D. K. Balaji.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2022 |title=Kurnool sanitation staff dump garbage in front of shops for non-payment of user charges |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kurnool-sanitation-staff-dump-garbage-in-front-of-shops-for-non-payment-of-user-charges/article65231352.ece |access-date=7 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==

The corporation is spread over an area of {{Convert|69.75|km2|abbr=on}} with 52 election wards.<ref name="KMC ref1">{{cite news |title=Elaborate arrangements in place for counting of votes in Kurnool |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/elaborate-arrangements-in-place-for-counting-of-votes-in-kurnool-676715 |access-date=31 October 2021 |publisher=hehansindia.com |date=14 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="stats"/>

== List of mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |Kurnool Municipal Corporation (KMC)
|-
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
|-
|1.
|Bangi Anantaiah
|Pinjari Fakruddin
|1995
|2000
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|First Mayor & Deputy Mayor of KMC
|-
|2.
|Feroz Begum
|S.Raghuramireddy
|2000
|2005
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|-
|3.
|S.Raghuramireddy
|
|2005
|2010
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|-
|4.
|B.Y.Ramaiah
|S.Renuka N.Aruna
|2021
|2026
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|}

=== 2021 ordinary elections ===

{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party name
!Won
!Change
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|44
|{{no change}}
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|6
|{{no change}}
|-
!3
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|2
|{{no change}}
|-
|}

== Functions ==

Kurnool Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="ku9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="ku10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority.

* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.

* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.

* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.

* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.

* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.

* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.

* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.

* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="ku11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ku12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ku13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===

Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.

* Profession tax.

* Entertainment tax.

* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.

* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.

* Fees from Documentation services.

* Rent received from municipal property.

* Funds from municipal bonds.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kurnool]]

Singham

2026-03-20T17:18:46Z

LolitaErurf:

{{short description|2011 Indian film directed by Rohit Shetty}}
{{Other uses|Singham (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Singham
| image = Singham (2011 Hindi film) Theatrical poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| producer = Mahesh Ramanathan Acharya Utpaal
| writer =
| screenplay = Yunus Sajawal
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Sajid-Farhad|Farhad-Sajid]]
}}
| story = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Singam]]''|Hari}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ajay Devgn]]
*[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' [[Amar Mohile]] '''Songs:''' [[Ajay–Atul]]
| cinematography = Dudley
| editing = Steven H. Bernard
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2011|07|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR|40 crore}}<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |title=Singham - Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918232741/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=4 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}157.89 crore<ref name="BOI" />
}}

'''''Singham''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Rohit Shetty]] and produced by [[Reliance Entertainment]], based on a script by writers Yunus Sajawal and [[Sajid-Farhad|Farhad-Sajid]]. It serves as the first installment of Shetty's [[Cop Universe]]. A remake of the 2010 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Singam]]'' by [[Hari (director)|Hari]], the film stars [[Ajay Devgn]] in the lead role as a police officer named Bajirao Singham alongside [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Prakash Raj]], who reprises his role from the original film.

''Singham'' marked Devgn's and Shetty's return to the action genre after several years. It was theatrically released in [[India]] on 22 July 2011 with generally positive reviews from the critics towards praise for action-emotional drama, dialogues and homage to 70s [[masala film]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=Singham |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Singham/moviereview/9310035.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Singham/moviereview/9310035.cms |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nahta |first=Komal |title=Singham Review |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/singham-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122101113/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/singham-review/ |archive-date=22 November 2012 |access-date=23 July 2011 |work=Koimoi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |title=Singham movie review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14418/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804044308/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14418/index.html |archive-date=4 August 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> It opened with strong box office response;<ref>-Ajay Devgn Box Office Records : Lifetime Collections Talking Movies</ref> the film earned {{INR}}876 million in India on the first day and a worldwide total of {{INR|1.41 billion}} against a {{INR|410 million}} budget, becoming a box-office blockbuster.<ref name="BOI" />

''Singham'' gained a [[cult film]] status over the years, particularly for Devgn's portrayal of Bajirao and Raj's portrayal of Shikre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Singham: The Beginning of the Cop Franchise |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/singham-hindi-movie-rohit-shetty-simba-sooryavanshi-the-beginning-of-the-cop-franchise-ranveer-singh-akshay-kumar-ajay-devgn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Ajay Devgn celebrates 10 years of Singham, calls the film 'ek jasba' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ajay-devgn-celebrates-10-years-of-singham-calls-the-film-ek-jasba-1831165-2021-07-22}}</ref> After the film's success at the box office, Devgn and Shetty collaborated for the sequel ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014) and ''[[Singham Again]]'' (2024). Devgn reprised his role in Shetty's directorials of ''[[Simmba]]'' (2018) and ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021), which together form Shetty's [[Cop Universe]].

==Plot==
Inspector Rakesh Kadam, an honest officer, is falsely accused of corruption by Jaikant Shikre, a powerful crime boss, politician, and businessman running illegal rackets in Goa. Unable to bear the disgrace, Kadam commits suicide. His widow, Megha, vows revenge, declaring that justice will prevail.

The story shifts to Shivgad, a village near the Goa-Maharashtra border, where Bajirao Singham, an upright [[Maratha]] police officer, commands the local station. Respected for his informal yet effective problem-solving methods, Singham wins the villagers' admiration. His father Manikrao's childhood friend, industrialist Gautam Bhosle, visits Shivgad with his family, including his daughter Kavya. A series of comedic incidents lead to Kavya falling in love with Singham, admiring his integrity and simplicity.

Everything runs smooth until Jaikant, out on conditional bail for murder, is required to report to Shivgad every 2 weeks but sends a proxy. Enraged, Singham demands Jaikant sign in person. Jaikant arrives with his army of goons and threatens Singham with his political and criminal connections, but backs off on being intimidated by the villagers, who warn to finish him off out of admiration for Singham after hearing his threats. Humiliated by Singham in front of the villagers, an egoistic Jaikant uses his political influence to transfer Singham to Goa, where he begins a campaign of harassment. In Goa, upon joining, Singham, through his colleagues Abbas, Phadnis and Savalkar, and Megha, discovers the extent of Jaikant's criminal empire, supported by corrupt officials like DSP Satyam Patkar, who is his senior, and home minister Narvekar, while also learning of Kadam's suicide.

Being mentally tortured after several attempts to intimidate him are successful, Singham decides to move back to Shivgad. However, encouraged by Kavya, Singham gains motivation and starts dismantling Jaikant's operations by arresting his righthand man, Shiva, on trumped-up charges. Shiva's arrest reveals Jaikant's involvement in Kadam's downfall, along with other crimes like extortion, money laundering, and murder. Jaikant escalates the conflict by kidnapping Kavya's sister Anjali but Singham rescues her and captures one of his minions, ultimately linking to Jaikant and Shiva. Jaikant's political party wins the election, and he becomes a minister, further complicating matters. Upon victory, Jaikant issues transfer orders for Singham, forcing him to leave Goa within 24 hours, while Shiva gives a statement protecting Jaikant.

At a police function the same night, Singham, arriving with Megha and Kadam's son, accuses his colleagues of betraying their duty by protecting Jaikant, and vows to finish him off single-handedly. Filled with guilt in front of their family members, the officers, including DGP Pawar, get motivated to join his fight. With the support of the entire Goa Police Force, including Patkar, who has a change of heart, Singham leads a raid on Jaikant's residence, who escapes after feigning an emotional monologue. Running throughout the city, Jaikant is captured after a dramatic chase and is shot dead by Singham in a staged encounter, seated in Kadam's chair, and Shiva is forced to change his statement at gunpoint. At a press conference, the team exposes Jaikant's crimes with Shiva's confession, clears Kadam's name, and restores Megha's dignity. The film concludes with Singham and his colleagues saluting Megha, symbolizing the triumph of justice and integrity.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as [[Inspector]] Bajirao Singham
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Kavya Bhosle
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Jaikant Shikre
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as [[Inspector]] Rakesh Kadam (special appearance)
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Megha Kadam
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Gautam "Gotya" Bhosle
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Manikrao "Manya" Singham, Bajirao's father
* Meghna Vaidya as Lata Singham, Bajirao's mother
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as [[Head Constable|Head-Constable]] Prabhu Sawalkar
* [[Murali Sharma]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Satyam Patkar
* [[Ashok Samarth]] as Shiva Nayak, Jaikant's right-hand
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police|Sub-Inspector]] Abbas Malik
* [[Vijay Patkar]] as [[Havaldar]] Ramesh Kelkar
* [[Sana Amin Sheikh]] as Anjali Bhosle, Kavya's sister
* [[Anant Jog]] as Minister Anant Narvekar
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Sangam Talkies Goon
* Vineet Sharma as [[Sub Inspector of Police|Sub-Inspector]] Dev Phadnis
* [[Suchitra Bandekar]] as Savita Bhosle, Kavya's mother
* [[Kishore Nandlaskar]] as Narvekar's peon
* Naushad Abbas as Jaikant's henchman
* Hari Bala as Nandu Singh, a villager in [[Shivgarh]]
* Vikash Kadam as Sadha Singh, a villager in [[Shivgarh]]
* Pradeep Velankar as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Vikram Pawar, [[Goa Police]]
* Harish Shetty as Vitthal Dalvi, Jaikant's ally
* [[Jayant Sawarkar]] as Kamalkant Bhosle, Kavya's grandfather
* Suhasini Deshpande as Suhasini Bhosle, Kavya's grandmother
* Ravindra Berde as Zamindar Chandrakant
* Agastya Dhanorkar as Nitin, Rakesh Kadam's son
* Neeraj Khetrapal as Jaikant's lawyer
{{colend}}

==Production==
After the success of the Tamil film ''[[Singam]]'', directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]] in 2010, the film's remake rights were sold by the producers for [[Hindi]] and [[Kannada]] versions. The co-producers of the Tamil version, [[Reliance Big Pictures]] purchased the Hindi remake rights and announced in November 2010 that the version would feature [[Rohit Shetty]] as director and [[Ajay Devgn]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2010 |title=Rohit Shetty takes up Singam remake with Ajay Devgan |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rohit-shetty-takes-up-singam-remake-with-aja/707053/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106043055/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rohit-shetty-takes-up-singam-remake-with-aja/707053/ |archive-date=6 January 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{multiple image

| align = left
| direction = vertical
| footer =[[Anushka Shetty]] (''top'') was cast as the main female lead but was subsequently replaced by [[Kajal Aggarwal]] (''bottom'') due to unavailability of dates.
| width =

| image1 = Anushka Shetty2.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =


| image2 = Kajal Aggarwal at Bhagavanth Kesari Trailer Launch (1).jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
[[Prakash Raj]] was signed on to reprise his role as the antagonist from the original, whilst reports emerged that [[Asin]] and [[Anushka Shetty]] were being considered for the female lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Raj to play villain in Hindi once again |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-to-play-villain-in-hindi-once-again-news-tamil-klyk1tdbgie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125142420/http://sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-to-play-villain-in-hindi-once-again-news-tamil-klyk1tdbgie.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |access-date=10 July 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In mid-February 2011, [[Kajal Aggarwal]], an actress who predominantly features in South Indian films was signed in as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2011 |title=Devgn to romance South actress Kajal... |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajay-Devgn-to-romance-South-actress-Kajal-/articleshow/7500764.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajay-Devgn-to-romance-South-actress-Kajal-/articleshow/7500764.cms |archive-date=18 September 2018 |access-date=8 March 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2011 |title=to star with Ajay Devgn |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Kajal-to-star-with-Ajay-Devgn/articleshow/7482720.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427063343/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Kajal-to-star-with-Ajay-Devgn/articleshow/7482720.cms |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=8 March 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

''Singham'' went on floors in November 2010, with its scheduled cast. The first schedule began in early March 2011 with action sequences shot in [[Goa]] featuring technicians from South India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=Cut to the chase |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cut-to-the-chase/Article1-668238.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305050432/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cut-to-the-chase/Article1-668238.aspx |archive-date=5 March 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |website=Hindustan Times |location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=Rohit Shetty's Singham remake to go on floors from March 2nd |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2011-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231744/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2011/03/01/15412/ |archive-date=12 July 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

A scene with Prakash Raj and Ajay Devgn was shot in [[Goregaon]] in [[Mumbai]] with around 500 junior artists as villagers. Another scene was shot at [[Vagator]] in Goa for which 100 police jeeps were called.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsubramaniam, Nikhil |date=27 July 2011 |title=Behind the Scenes of Singham |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/slideshow-all-that-will-happen-on-kbc-this-holi/2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004174625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/slideshow-all-that-will-happen-on-kbc-this-holi/2011/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The shooting was stalled by the Federation of Western India Cine Employees (FWICE) members who demanded {{INR}}45 lakh to be paid to the workers when it was being shot in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in Mumbai.<ref>Jha, Subhash K. (2 June 2011) [http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/020611-Ajay-Devgn-demand-unpaid-wages-45-lakh-Singham-shooting.htm Workers stall 'Singham' shooting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809155131/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/020611-Ajay-Devgn-demand-unpaid-wages-45-lakh-Singham-shooting.htm |date=9 August 2011 }}. Mid-day.com. Retrieved on 2017-02-21.</ref>

== Release ==
[[Reliance Entertainment]] released ''Singham'' on 22 July 2011 in 2000 screens worldwide with 1500 prints excluding overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2011 |title=Huge expectations for Singham |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3208&nCat=news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723212338/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3208&nCat=news |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

The film's DVD was released on 23 August 2011. The [[Delhi High Court]], upon Reliance Entertainment's request, issued an order to all Indian ISPs to block file sharing sites to prevent unauthorized sharing of ''Singham''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham effect: File sharing sites blocked |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/singham-effect-file-sharing-sites-blocked-121249 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723234241/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/singham-effect-file-sharing-sites-blocked-121249 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=NDTV.com}}</ref>

A promotional [[mobile video game]] was released the same year as a [[Tie-in|tie-in product]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham |url=http://www.java-ware.net/games/download-singham-for-java-131357.html |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=java-ware.net}}</ref>

Ahead of the ''[[Singham Again]]'' release, ''Singham'' was re-released theatrically on 18 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahead of Singham Again release, Ajay Devgn and Rohit Shetty announce theatrical re-release of Singham |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ahead-of-singham-again-release-ajay-devgn-rohit-shetty-announce-theatrical-re-release-of-singham-101728631349381.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it four out of five stars and stated "''Singham'' is over-the-top retro kitsch, spilling over with high-voltage stunts, slow-motion action cuts and fiery dialogues delivered in high decibels. It is meant for all those action buffs interested in time travel to the angry young 1970s and 1980s when cinema was larger-than-life and totally unrealistic. But then, retro is currently chic, isn't it?"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=Singham |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Singham/moviereview/9310035.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Singham/moviereview/9310035.cms |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |work=Times of India}}</ref> [[Komal Nahta]] of ''Koimoi'' gave it four and a half stars out of five and said "On the whole, ''Singham'' is a powerful action-emotional drama which boasts of equally powerful dialogues and absolutely power-packed performances. It's a super-hit and will be loved by the masses and the classes, the men and the women, the young and the old, the rich and the poor. It is the kind of film which consumes the viewer and gives him the feeling that he was part of the fight against corruption! The film has immense repeat-value. Its business in Maharashtra will get a further boost because of the liberal use of Marathi in the dialogues. [[Kajal Aggarwal]] acts with effortless ease. Her performance is good."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nahta |first=Komal |title=Singham Review |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/singham-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122101113/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/singham-review/ |archive-date=22 November 2012 |access-date=23 July 2011 |work=Koimoi}}</ref> Suparna Sharma of ''[[The Asian Age]]'' gave it two out of five stars and stated "''Singham'' is a primitive, archetypal genre piece, and it is a hit. [[Rohit Shetty]] taps into the sentiment of the moment – emasculation, frustration – and gratifies it. But endowing a cop with nobility doesn't ring true, especially not when he is neither Chulbul-charming nor when the target of his anger and lashing is generic sleaze... Singham is vigilante cop let loose on all things foul. I felt fluctuating connect with Singham, but mostly he made me queasy."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexy abs, slick action, scary politics | the Asian Age |url=http://www.asianage.com/movie-reviews/sexy-abs-slick-action-scary-politics-172 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085230/http://www.asianage.com/movie-reviews/sexy-abs-slick-action-scary-politics-172 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.asianage.com}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film four and a half stars out of five and said "Singham pays homage to the action films of the 1970s, which was known for the heroism, death-defying action sequences and pulse-pounding thrills. It's an acknowledgement to one of the most successful genres of Bollywood – action movies – known for the trademark good versus evil themes and well-choreographed stunts."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |title=Singham movie review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14418/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804044308/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14418/index.html |archive-date=4 August 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] from ''[[NDTV]]'' also gave four out of five stars and said "Singham is an old-fashioned but rousing Hindi commercial film that pretty much restores one's faith in this often-maligned brand of cinema. It has super-duper hit written all over it. No matter how dismissive you might be of films that have no space for shades of grey, chances are that ''Singham'' will disarm you, if only for a bit."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee, Saibal |title=Review: Singham |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=638 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013221823/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=638 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Dailybhaskar'' gave a score of three stars out of five and said "The action takes over the romance in the film. Go for it, if you want to catch one hell of an action flick! "<ref>[http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-singham-2282092.html?HFB= Movie review: Singham] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914143607/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-singham-2282092.html?HFB= |date=14 September 2012 }}. Daily.bhaskar.com. Retrieved on 21 February 2017.</ref>

Sukanya Venkatraghavan from ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave two stars out of five and said "''Singham'' is a film that will invoke wolf whistles and applause from its audience. It is gloriously massy. The movie knows its job and does it well. It does nothing out of the box to grab your attention and yet it does. Pretty easily. Watch it for its robust potboiler personality. With extra masala as garnish. [[Ajay Devgan]] pulls out all stops for this one. He is fierce and impactful. This is his show all the way. His quirky forte for comedy too comes forth in the ubiquitous ha ha sequences with leading lady [[Kajal Aggarwal]] who looks pretty and has done what she has been told to, but probably deserved a meatier debut."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatraghavan, Sukanya |title=Singham movie review |url=http://filmfare.com/articles/singham-2554.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207223301/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/singham-2554.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=23 July 2011 |publisher=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Kaveree Bamzai from ''[[India Today]]'' gave three out of five stars and deemed that "Mr Devgn tries hard, growling like a Singham, and acting like a superman, but I was more interested in Prakash Raj's two tone Al Capone shoes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamzai, Kaveree |date=22 July 2011 |title=Film review: Singham |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/singham-review-138093-2011-07-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723013627/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/singham-review/1/145857.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> Raja Sen from ''[[Rediff]]'' gave one and a half stars out of five and said "All I can personally say about this trend of remaking one-note Southern hits as a viewer is that it's an exhausting one. It is in the tiny victories that we must seek refuge after a film like this: I'm just glad the hero, so eager to peel off his uniform, left his pants on."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen, Raja |date=22 July 2011 |title=Review: Singham is a tiresome film |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-singham/20110722.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080933/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-singham/20110722.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> Sudhish Kamath from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said "The original wasn't the best film around but it had a few smarts, pace and fury, and worked despite its cheesy visual effects purely because of Suriya who made the corniest lines sound good. Devgn does exactly the opposite. He takes some half-decent lines (by Farhad and Sajid) and makes them sound cheesy."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath, Sudhish |title=Roars to deceive |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2287680.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830093812/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2287680.ece |archive-date=30 August 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=India}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5, commenting "Remake of the 2010 Tamil blockbuster of the same name, 'Singham' has occasional bursts of comedy (both puerile and genuinely funny), but it's never quite as entertaining as the similarly intentioned 'Dabangg'."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajeev Masand |date=22 July 2011 |title=Masand: 'Singham' wears you out |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/masand-review-masands-verdict-39-386100.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816071034/https://www.news18.com/videos/india/masand-review-masands-verdict-39-386100.html |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

Shubha Shetty Saha from ''[[MiD DAY]]'' gave the film a score of two stars and deemed that "Nothing turns director Rohit Shetty on more than cars meeting midair. We all know that by now. And this film has some breath-taking action sequences, too. That's about it is."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha, Shubha Shetty |date=23 July 2011 |title=Singham – Movie review |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jul/230711-Bollywood-Singham-Ajay-Devgn-Rohit-Shetty-Kajal-Aggarwal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724063324/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jul/230711-Bollywood-Singham-Ajay-Devgn-Rohit-Shetty-Kajal-Aggarwal.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=[[MiD DAY]]}}</ref> Meenakshi Rao from ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' describes the film as "the David Dhawan of action, or for that matter the Golmaal of fights. To keep the audience engaged all through such unending babble needs some kind of acumen which normal people do not always have and through which people like Rohit Shetty get to make a whole lot of money, if not sense." giving it seven out of ten stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao, Meenakshi |title=Rollicking fights |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/355403/Rollicking-fights.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011841/http://www.dailypioneer.com/355403/Rollicking-fights.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=25 July 2011 |website=The Pioneer |location=India}}</ref> Kunal Guha from ''[[Yahoo]]! Movies'' gave two stars and says that "The film's assumption that mispronunciation is funny makes us endure words like honest (with a loud 'h'), clean cheet (clean chit), noun-saans (nonsense) and sooocide (suicide). The dialogues are spouted with immense enthusiasm, but the words defuse the intensity and make them seem trivial. Devgn does a fair job and conveys sufficient conviction and humility through his character. [[Kajal Aggarwal]] makes an unobjectionable debut and her eyes would surely inspire a few compliments."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha, Kunal |title=Singham review |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/singham-review-010127815.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726172720/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/singham-review-010127815.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Singham'' started extremely well at single screens with occupancy around 90% and was average at multiplexes with 50%–60% occupancy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham Has Good Start |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3218&nCat=box_office_report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320171315/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3218&nCat=box_office_report |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=23 July 2011 |publisher=Boxofficeindia |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the first four days, the film collected {{INRConvert|350|m|year=2011|mode=historical|lk=r}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3235&nCat=box_office_news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329012144/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3235&nCat=box_office_news |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3241&nCat=box_office_news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329012157/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3241&nCat=box_office_news |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> After five days, the earnings were around {{INRConvert|407.5|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} without any drop.<ref name="five">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3243&nCat=box_office_news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329012216/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3243&nCat=box_office_news |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The opening week gross collections were {{INRConvert|442|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} in India and {{INRConvert|35|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} from overseas to fetch a total opening week gross of {{INRConvert|477|m|year=2011|mode=historical}}, thus putting the nett weekend collections at {{INRConvert|475.7|m|year=2011|mode=historical}},<ref name="ie">{{Cite web |title=Singham, a hit in single-screens |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Singham--a-hit-in-single-screens/823178/ |access-date=29 July 2011 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2011 |title=Singham amongst the Top 10 openers of all time |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Singham-amongst-the-Top-10-openers-of-all-time/articleshow/9370532.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817222637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Singham-amongst-the-Top-10-openers-of-all-time/articleshow/9370532.cms |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=26 July 2011 |work=Times of India}}</ref> including {{INRConvert|120|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} in [[Mumbai]] area alone. In the second week, it collected {{INRConvert|263.4|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} nett to take the total two-week net collections at {{INRConvert|777.4|m|year=2011|mode=historical}}.<ref name="week2">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2011 |title=Singham stands at 77.74 crore in two weeks |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/784.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814193528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/784.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |access-date=5 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film is currently the sixth highest second week grosser.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3296&nCat=box_office_news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320171331/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3296&nCat=box_office_news |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The third weekend collections were estimated to be {{INRConvert|82.0|m|year=2011|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |title=Midweek: ''Singham'' 85 cr, 'Z.N.M.D.' 82 cr nett |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/785.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924133051/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/785.html |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> After three weeks, the nett collections amounted to {{INRConvert|861.7|m|year=2011|mode=historical}}.<ref name="Midweek">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2011 |title=Top 5: 'Singham' 89.63 cr, 'ZNMD' 86 cr |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/786.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001182234/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/786.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=14 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> It collected {{INRConvert|65.0|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} in its fourth week bringing its collections to {{INRConvert|926.7|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} in four weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham Week Four Territorial Breakdown |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3333&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320171338/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3333&nCat= |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=5 September 2011 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Singham'' earned {{INRConvert|980.0|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} nett in India, at the end of its theatrical run.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6252&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124065401/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6252&nCat= |archive-date=24 November 2013 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

The film grossed over {{INRConvert|1400|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref name="boxofficeindia1">{{Cite web |title=2011 Worldwide Figures: Twenty Films Cross 50 Crore |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419150736/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |archive-date=19 April 2012 |access-date=22 January 2011 |publisher=Box office India |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="boxofficeindia2">{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat= |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=5 March 2012 |publisher=Box office India |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It has grossed a total of {{INRConvert|1478.9|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} worldwide, including {{INRConvert|1393.1|m|year=2011|mode=historical}} in India and {{US$|1.25 million|long=no}} ({{INR|85.8 million}}) overseas.<ref name="BH">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2011 |title=Singham Box Office Collection till Now |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/singham/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225143439/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/singham/box-office/ |archive-date=25 December 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Singham (soundtrack)}}
The music of the film was composed by [[Ajay–Atul]], with lyrics penned by [[Swanand Kirkire]].

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Ceremony
! Category
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| [[4th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Best Background Score of the Year
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2013 |title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=24 May 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

== Protests in Karnataka ==

''Singham'' had been removed from cinemas in [[Karnataka]] while some cinemas had cancelled the shows following pressure from various groups protesting against derogatory statements against the Kannadigas. Various organisations raised voices against the anti-Kannadiga dialogues in ''Singham'' and the film which was released faced problems in continuing with the shows. There was a demand to remove such scenes from the film and the filmmakers contemplated on the next course of action.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Singham' dialogue offends Kannadigas |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-singham-dialogue-offends-kannadigas-1568545 |access-date=23 July 2011 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=K'taka wins battle against Singham, Ajay's dialogues beeped |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/07/23/karnataka-protest-ajay-s-singham-dialogues-muted-aid0101.html |access-date=23 July 2011 |website=OneIndia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=Singham screenings disrupted in Karnataka |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/singham-screenings-disrupted-in-karnataka/ |access-date=10 March 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The [[music video]] for the 2020 [[Black Eyed Peas]] song "Action" pays tribute to [[Indian film]] action scenes, including ''Singham''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2020 |title=Black Eyed Peas' new music video Action is dedicated to Indian cinema |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/black-eyed-peas-new-music-video-action-is-dedicated-to-indian-cinema-6548244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928175347/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/black-eyed-peas-new-music-video-action-is-dedicated-to-indian-cinema-6548244/ |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Animated series ===
{{Main|Little Singham}}
An animated series based on ''Singham'' premiered on [[Discovery Kids (India)]] in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2018 |title=Hindi 'Singham', remake of Suriya's cop film, to be made as kids animation series |url=https://www-thenewsminute-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindi-singham-remake-suriyas-cop-film-be-made-kids-animation-series-75262?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&&usqp=mq331AQECAFYAQ%3D%3D#aoh=15460380069304&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fhindi-singham-remake-suriyas-cop-film-be-made-kids-animation-series-75262 |access-date=December 28, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Sequel and chapters ===
{{Main|Cop Universe}}
''[[Singham Returns]]'', a sequel to ''Singham'' directed by Shetty and produced by [[Ajay Devgn FFilms|Ajay Devgn Films]], released in 2014. Devgn reprises his role from the previous film, while also co-producing the project. [[Kareena Kapoor]] plays the female lead, replacing Aggarwal. The film was also simultaneously made in Marathi. The film was released worldwide on 15 August 2014. The plot is loosely based on the 1993 Malayalam film ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]''.

''[[Simmba]]'', a second chapter of the universe directed by Shetty and produced by [[Dharma Productions]], was released in 2018. Starring [[Ranveer Singh]], the film features Sangram "Simmba" Bhalerao, a corrupt cop hailing from the same town as Singham. Devgn reprises his role in a special appearance. A third chapter of the universe, ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'', starring [[Akshay Kumar]] as another DCP named Veer Sooryavanshi who join hands with Simmba and Singham to stop a terrorist attack on [[Mumbai]] is directed again by Shetty.

The fifth installment, ''Singham Again'', was announced in December 2022 and released in November 2024, with Ajay Devgn reprising his role as Singham.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|1948150|Singham}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|542574}}

{{Rohit Shetty}}
{{Singham}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2011 action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rohit Shetty]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Cop Universe]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:2011 controversies]]

Shafi Shauq

2026-03-20T15:21:02Z

LolitaErurf: put up the entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Padma Shri award winning Kashmiri writer}}
'''Shafi Shauq''' (born 18 March 1950) is [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] poet, writer, and linguist. A recipient of [[Padma Shri]] and the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], he is an academic primarily recognized for his word regarding [[Kashmiri language]] and literature. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/prof-shafi-shauq-named-among-padma-shri-awardees-2026/|title=Prof Shafi Shauq named among Padma Shri awardees 2026|date=January 25, 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Shafi Shauq was born in 1950 in Kaprin village in the Shopian district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. He completed his doctoral studies in English and obtained a Ph.D. degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirvision.in/2026/01/25/prof-shafi-shauq-gets-padma-shri-for-his-contribution-to-education-literature/|title=Prof Shafi Shauq gets Padma Shri for his contribution to education, literature}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Bashaarat |title=The Padma Shri recipient from Kashmir: Mohammad Shafi Shauq, academic, author and a champion of local language |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-padma-shri-recipient-from-kashmir-mohammad-shafi-shauq-academic-author-and-a-champion-of-local-language-10494708/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Academic career==

Shauq served on the faculty of the University of Kashmir for over three decades. During his tenure he taught literature and was associated with academic projects. He retired in 2010 as the Dean of the Faculty of Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/the-actual-shafi-shauq-6310757/|title=The Actual Shafi Shauq|date=March 15, 2020}}</ref>

==Literary work==

Shafi Shauq’s body of work includes poetry, fiction, translation, literary criticism and language studies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-25 |title=कश्मीरी साहित्य के दिग्गज प्रोफेसर शफी शौक को मिला 'पद्म श्री', 100 से अधिक किताबों के हैं लेखक |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/bharat/kashmiri-literature-legend-professor-shafi-shauq-get-padma-shri-award-hindi-news-hin26012504822 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> He has authored, edited and translated numerous books in multiple languages. His publications include works on the Kashmiri language such as dictionaries and grammar manuals, as well as literary texts. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3782261-literary-luminary-prof-shafi-shauq-honored-with-padma-shri|title=Literary Luminary: Prof. Shafi Shauq Honored with Padma Shri | Entertainment|website=Devdiscourse}}</ref>

Some of his authored works referenced in public bibliographic sources include Kaeshur Lugaat (a Kashmiri dictionary)<ref>{{Cite web |title=breaking news: पद्मश्री अवार्ड से नवाजे गए कश्मीरी भाषा और साहित्य के प्रमुख विद्वान प्रो. शफी शौक.... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeejkladakh/kashmir/srinagar/prof-shafi-shauq-padma-shri-2026-kashmir-literature-7530 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Zee J&K Ladakh |language=hi}}</ref> and Keeshryuk Grammar, among others. His work encompasses original literary writing and translation of texts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Worker Brij Lal Bhat And Author Shafi Shauq From Jammu & Kashmir To Receive Padma Shri On Republic Day |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/social-worker-brij-lal-bhat-and-author-shafi-shauq-from-jammu-kashmir-to-receive-padma-shri-on-republic-day |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2006) for collection of [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] poems Yaad Aasmanan Hinz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering The Skies – Sahitya Akademi |url=https://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?product=remembering-the-skies |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: Welcome to Sahitya Akademi ::.. |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi_h.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915135020/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi_h.jsp |archive-date=2016-09-15 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
* Sahitya Akademi Translation Award <ref>{{cite news |last1=Wani |first1=Ruvaid |title=Lifelong dedication to Kashmiri heritage |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/lifelong-dedication-to-kashmiri-heritage/ |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=26 January 2026}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]] (2026) in the field of literature and education <ref>{{cite news |title=Great honour to be named on the list of Padma Shri recipients: Shafi Shauq |url=https://theprint.in/india/great-honour-to-be-named-on-the-list-of-padma-shri-recipients-shafi-shauq/2836366/ |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

== Works==
* Keeshryuk Grammar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof Shafi Shauq releases 3 books in Kashmiri language|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/city/prof-shafi-shauq-releases-3-books-in-kashmiri-language/|website=Greater Kashmir|date=2024-08-19|access-date=2026-01-25}}</ref>

* ''Keeshur Lugaat'' (Kashmiri Dictionary'')''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2026-01-25 |title=Padma Shri for Shafi Shauq: National Honour for a Lifetime Devoted to Kashmiri Literature |url=https://kashmirlife.net/padma-shri-for-shafi-shauq-national-honour-for-a-lifetime-devoted-to-kashmiri-literature-422298/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref>

* ''Kaeshir Zaban ti Adibuk Tawaariekh'' (History of the Kashmiri Language and Literature)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2026-01-25 |title=Padma Shri for Shafi Shauq: National Honour for a Lifetime Devoted to Kashmiri Literature |url=https://kashmirlife.net/padma-shri-for-shafi-shauq-national-honour-for-a-lifetime-devoted-to-kashmiri-literature-422298/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Yaad Aasmanan Hinz (Collection of poems)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shauq Shafi |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.510173 |title=Yaad Asimanan Hinz |publisher=N and S Publication Naseem Bagh Srinagar}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]
[[Category:Padma Shri Award]]

P. V. Sindhu

2026-03-17T13:44:37Z

LolitaErurf:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 1995)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Pusarla|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = P. V. Sindhu
| image = PV Sindhu headshot.jpg
| caption = Sindhu in August 2016
| size =
| birth_name = Pusarla Venkata Sindhu
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|7|5}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]]), India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/commonwealth-games/pv-sindhu-profile-badminton-biography-stats-medals-cwg-5105924/|title=PV Sindhu Profile, Stats, Record: PV Sindhu goes after converting bronze medal to gold|date=29 March 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| height = 1.79 m<ref name="SR">{{cite web |title=P. V. Sindhu Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/p-v-sindhu-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418005033/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/p-v-sindhu-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |access-date=10 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| weight = 65 kg<ref name="SR"/>
| years_active = 2011–present
| handedness = Right
| coach = Irwansyah Adi Pratama<ref name="HTCoach">{{cite news |last=Sikdar |first=Sandip |title=Want PV Sindhu to be more aggressive: Coach Irwansyah |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 January 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/badminton/want-pv-sindhu-to-be-more-aggressive-coach-irwansyah-101736958988753.html }}</ref>
| event = Women's singles
| career_record = 454 wins, 225 losses
| highest_ranking = 2
| date_of_highest_ranking = 1 April 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwflive.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/ranking.aspx?id=13220|title=World No 2 on 7th April 2017 -|website=www. bwflive.tournamentsoftware.com|access-date=16 January 2022}}{{dead link|date=February 2025}}</ref>
| current_ranking = 13
| date_of_current_ranking = 17 March 2026<ref name="bwfbadminton.com"/>
| titles =
| show-medals = Yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF World Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 BWF World Championships|2019 Basel]]|[[2019 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2017 BWF World Championships|2017 Glasgow]]|[[2017 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 BWF World Championships|2018 Nanjing]]|[[2018 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 BWF World Championships|2013 Guangzhou]]|[[2013 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014 BWF World Championships|2014 Copenhagen]]|[[2014 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Uber Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014 Thomas & Uber Cup|2014 New Delhi]]|[[2014 Thomas & Uber Cup#Medal summary|Women's team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2016 Thomas & Uber Cup|2016 Kunshan]]|[[2016 Thomas & Uber Cup#Medal summary|Women's team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2018 Gold Coast|[[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2022 Birmingham|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Badminton at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Badminton at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's team|Women's team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Badminton Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014 Badminton Asia Championships|2014 Gimcheon]]|Women's singles}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Badminton Asia Championships|2022 Manila]]|Women's singles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]]|Mixed team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024 Selangor]]|Women's team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati and Shillong]]|Women's team}}
{{MedalSilver|2016 Guwahati and Shillong|Women's singles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Youth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Badminton at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games|2011 Douglas]]|Girls' singles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2012 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2012 Gimcheon]]|Girls' singles}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2011 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2011 Lucknow]]|Girls' singles}}
{{MedalBronze|2011 Lucknow|Mixed team}}
| bwfbadminton_id = 73173/pusarla-v-sindhu
|honours=[[Khel Ratna Award]] [[Arjuna Award]] [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Padma Shri]]}}

'''Pusarla Venkata Sindhu''' (born 5 July 1995) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref name="bwfbadminton.com">{{Cite web |title=Pusarla V. Sindhu | Profile |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/73173/pusarla-v-sindhu |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation|BWF]]}}</ref> Considered as one of India's most successful athletes, Sindhu has won medals at tournaments such as the [[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]], the [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]], and on the [[BWF World Tour|World Tour]]. She is the first and only Indian to become the badminton world champion and only the second individual from India to win two consecutive medals at the Olympic Games.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 August 2021|title=PV Sindhu joins select group of repeat medalists with Tokyo 2020 bronze|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/pv-sindhu-joins-select-group-of-repeat-medalists-with-tokyo-2020-bronze|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Olympics}}</ref> She rose to a career-high world ranking of No. 2 in April 2017.<ref name="rank2">{{Cite news|title=Who Is PV Sindhu|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-pv-sindhu|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

Sindhu broke into the top 20 of the [[BWF World Ranking]]s in September 2012, at the age of 17.<ref name="top20">{{cite news|date=21 September 2012|title=Sindhu breaks into world top 20 ranking|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article3918416.ece|access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> She has won a total of five medals at the [[BWF World Championships]] and is only the second woman after China's [[Zhang Ning]] ever to win five or more singles medals in the competition. She represented India at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Olympics]], where she became the first Indian badminton player to reach the Olympic final. She won the silver medal after losing out to Spain's [[Carolina Marín]].<ref name="og16silver">{{cite news|title=PV Sindhu Scripts History, Becomes First Indian Woman To Win Olympic Silver Medal|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-olympics/pv-sindhu-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-woman-to-win-olympic-silver-medal-260281.html|access-date=20 August 2016|work=[[indiatimes.com]]}}</ref> She made her second consecutive [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] appearance at the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]] and won a bronze medal, becoming the first-ever Indian woman to win two Olympic medals.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 August 2021|title=PV Sindhu joins select group of repeat medalists with Tokyo 2020 bronze|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/pv-sindhu-joins-select-group-of-repeat-medalists-with-tokyo-2020-bronze|access-date=1 August 2021|website=[[Olympic Games]] }}</ref><ref name="og20bronze">{{Cite web|date=1 August 2021|title=PV Sindhu wins bronze medal to create history for India at Tokyo Olympics|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/pv-sindhu-wins-bronze-medal-to-create-history-for-india-at-tokyo-olympics-101627817697100.html|access-date=1 August 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

Sindhu won her first [[BWF Superseries|superseries]] title at the [[2016 China Open Super Series Premier|2016 China Open]] and followed it up with four more finals in 2017, winning the titles in [[2017 Korea Open Super Series|South Korea]] and [[2017 India Super Series|India]]. She also won the [[2018 BWF World Tour Finals]] and remains the only Indian player to win a season finale title. She is also the reigning [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Commonwealth Games]] champion and has won three consecutive singles medals at the [[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]], a silver medal at the [[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]], and two bronze medals at the [[Uber Cup]].

With earnings of US$8.5 million (2018), $5.5 million (2019), $7.2 million (2021), and $7.1 million (2022–24), Sindhu made the ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} list of Highest-Paid Female Athletes in 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2018/08/21/the-highest-paid-female-athletes-2018/|title=The Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2018|last=Badenhausen|first=Kurt|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2019/08/06/the-highest-paid-female-athletes-2019-serena-and-osaka-dominate/|title=The Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2019: Serena And Osaka Dominate|last=Badenhausen|first=Kurt|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2022/01/13/the-highest-paid-female-athletes-score-a-record-167-million/?sh=43b35c3e78cc|title=The Highest-Paid Female Athletes Score A Record $167 Million|last=Knight|first=Brett|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2022/12/22/the-worlds-highest-paid-female-athletes-2022/?sh=3a374f2e73b4|title=The World's Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2022|last=Knight|first=Brett|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2023/12/21/the-worlds-highest-paid-female-athletes-2023/?sh=6a3455e62b4c|title=The World's Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2023|last=Knight|first=Brett|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2024/12/18/the-worlds-highest-paid-female-athletes-2024/|title=The World's Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2024|last=Knight|first=Brett|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> She is a recipient of the sports honours [[Khel Ratna Award]] and [[Arjuna Award]], India's highest and second-highest sports awards, as well as the [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Shri]], India's third-highest and fourth-highest civilian awards.

== Early life and training ==
Pusarla Venkata Sindhu was born on 5 July 1995, in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family, to [[P. V. Ramana]] and P. Vijaya, in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=PV. Sindhu will keep hopes of all Indians high, says her father PV. Ramana |url=https://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/pv-sindhu-silver-medal-india-final-father-ramana-parents-result-highlights-2985915/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=PTI |date=23 August 2016 |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=PV Sindhu is true asset for both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220816/pv-sindhu-is-true-asset-for-both-telanga-and-andhra-pradesh.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=22 August 2016 |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> Both her parents hail from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="NewIndianExpress-19Aug16">{{Cite news |title=PV Sindhu's father offers prayers to their family deity in West Godavari |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/aug/19/pv-sindhus-father-offers-prayers-to-their-family-deity-in-west-godavari-1510910.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 August 2016 |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> Her mother is from [[Vijayawada]], while her father's family is originally from [[Eluru]] and later moved to [[Guntur]] and [[Nirmal]], where he was born.<ref name="NewIndianExpress-19Aug16" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Pandey |first=Ashish |date=20 August 2016 |title=Who does PV Sindhu belong to? Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in bitter fight |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/rio-olympics-2016/india-olympics/story/rio-olympics-2016-pv-sindhu-pullela-gopichand-andhra-pradesh-telangana-336280-2016-08-20 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Telangana, AP try hard to appropriate Sindhu |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/566572/telangana-ap-try-hard-appropriate.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=24 August 2016 |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> Sindhu lives in [[Hyderabad]]. She and her family regularly visit their [[Kuladevata|family deity]] in Ratnalammakunta village of [[Eluru district]], Andhra Pradesh.{{Refn|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sindhu performs puja at Ratnalamma temple |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-09-26/Sindhu-performs-puja-at-Ratnalamma-temple/255731 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=23 July 2023 |publication-place=Eluru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=రాట్నాలమ్మ సన్నిధిలో సింధు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/pv-sindhu-ratnalamma-temple-west-godavari-940142 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=రాట్నాలమ్మ సేవలో సింధు |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2021/andhra-pradesh/west-godavari/westgodavari-pv-sindhu-295800.html |website=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te |date=26 March 2021 |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>}} She was educated at [[Auxilium High School]], [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Sindhu: 'My dream is to become World No. 1' |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/sindhu-my-dream-is-to-become-world-no-1/article22881149.ece |access-date=22 January 2020 |agency=PTI |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=28 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref> and at [[St. Ann's College for Women]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=St Ann's College fetes Sindhu |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-08-12/St-Anns-College-fetes-Sindhu/104814 |work=[[www.thehansindia.com]] |date=13 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Both her parents have been national level [[volleyball]] players. Her father, Ramana, was a member of the Indian volleyball team that won the bronze medal in the [[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul Asian Games]], received the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2000 for his contribution to the sport.<ref name="parents">{{cite news|date=30 December 2009|title=Boys and girls with golden dreams|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/98758/print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404102742/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/98758/print|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 April 2012|access-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> Though her parents played professional volleyball, she chose [[badminton]] over it because she drew inspiration from the success of [[Pullela Gopichand]], the [[2001 All England Open Badminton Championships|2001 All England Open Badminton Champion]].<ref name="pro_1">{{cite news|last=V. V.|first=Subrahmanyam|title=Aiming for the stars|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/04/10/stories/2008041050140300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108060446/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/04/10/stories/2008041050140300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|access-date=20 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 April 2008|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She eventually started playing [[badminton]] from the age of eight.<ref name="parents" /> She first learned the basics of the sport with the guidance of Mehboob Ali at the badminton courts of the Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications in Secunderabad. Soon after, she joined Pullela Gopichand's [[Gopichand Badminton Academy]].<ref name="pro_1"/> While profiling her career, a correspondent with ''The Hindu'' wrote:<blockquote>"The fact that she reports on time at the coaching camps daily, traveling a distance of 56 km from her residence, is perhaps a reflection of her willingness to complete her desire to be a good badminton player with the required hard work and commitment."<ref name="pro_1"/></blockquote>

Gopichand seconded this correspondent's opinion when he said that "the most striking feature in Sindhu's game is her attitude and the never-say-die spirit."<ref name="pro_2">{{cite news|last=V. V.|first=Subrahmanyam|title=Shuttler Sindhu is the star to watch out for|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article809945.ece|access-date=20 October 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 October 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> After joining Gopichand's badminton academy, Sindhu won several titles. In the under-10 years category, she won the fifth Servo All India ranking championship in the doubles category and the singles title at the Ambuja Cement All India ranking. In the under-13 years category, she won the singles title at the Sub-juniors in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], doubles titles at the Krishna Khaitan All India Tournament IOC All India Ranking, the Sub-Junior Nationals and the All India Ranking in [[Pune]]. She also won the under-14 team gold medal at the 51st National State Games in India.<ref name="parents"/> She later parted company with Gopichand and went on to train with South Korean coach [[Park Tae-sang]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Abhishek |date=30 July 2021 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/article/explained-why-pv-sindhu-parted-ways-with-pullela-gopichand-to-train-with-south-korean-coach/792272 | title=Explained: Why PV Sindhu parted ways with Pullela Gopichand to train with South Korean coach |work=[[Times Now]] | access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> She is currently coached by [[Anup Sridhar]] and [[Lee Hyun-il]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naik |first=Shivani |date=24 September 2024 |title=PV Sindhu: Korean ex-World No 1 Lee Hyun-il joins coaching staff as Indian shuttler bids to find her way back to top level |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-lee-hyun-il-joins-coaching-staff-9586056/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sindhu got engaged to businessman Venkata Datta Sai in early December 2024 and got married on 22 December.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PV Sindhu to get married: Everything you need to know about her fiancé Venkata Datta Sai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-to-get-married-everything-you-need-to-know-about-her-fianc-venkata-datta-sai/articleshow/115917049.cms |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=SUBRAHMANYAM |first1=V. V. |title=Champion shuttler PV Sindhu gets married to Datta Venkata Sai in Udaipur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/champion-shuttler-pv-sindhu-gets-married-to-datta-venkata-sai-in-udaipur/article69018269.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Sindhu has been employed with [[Bharat Petroleum]] since July 2013, as an assistant sports manager with their Hyderabad office. Following her silver-medal win at the Rio Olympics, she was promoted to deputy sports manager. She was appointed as the first brand ambassador of [[Bridgestone|Bridgestone India]].<ref name="BPCL">{{cite news|title=BPCL announces Rs 75 lakh cash award, promotion for P V Sindhu|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bpcl-announces-rs-75-lakh-cash-award-promotion-for-p-v-sindhu-116082000493_1.html|access-date=20 August 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=20 August 2016}}</ref> She was appointed as the Deputy Collector (Group-I) by the [[Andhra Pradesh government]] in July 2017, which she took charge later in August.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 August 2017|title=PV Sindhu takes charge as Deputy Collector in Andhra Pradesh government|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/pv-sindhu-takes-charge-as-deputy-collector-in-andhra-pradesh-government/story-dku5XszT2ykMS1cebSJz3L.html|access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2009–11 ===
Sindhu entered the international circuit at a young age of 14 in the year 2009. She was a bronze medalist at the 2009 Sub-Junior Asian Badminton Championships held in [[Colombo]]. At the 2010 [[Iran Fajr International]] Badminton Challenge, she won the silver medal in the women's singles.<ref name="iran10">{{cite news|title=SAI badminton coach returns with glory|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100213/cth2.htm|access-date=20 October 2010|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=13 February 2010}}</ref> She reached the quarter-finals of the [[2010 BWF World Junior Championships]] that was held in Mexico, where she lost to Chinese [[Suo Di]] in a 3-gamer.<ref name="wjc10">{{cite news|title=India won two bronze in Junior World Badminton c'ships|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news622914.html|access-date=20 October 2010|newspaper=[[Zee News]]|date=29 April 2010}}</ref>

In 2011, she won the Maldives International Challenge in June defeating compatriot [[P. C. Thulasi]],<ref name="mdv11">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/15-years-old-pv-sindhu-triumphs-at-maldives-open|title=15 Years Old PV Sindhu Triumphs at Maldives Open|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=11 June 2011|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> as well as the Indonesia International Challenge the following month.<ref name="inaic11">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/p-v-sindhu-wins-indonesian-international-challenge|title=P.V. Sindhu wins Indonesian International Challenge|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=24 July 2011|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She then won the Commonwealth Youth Games by beating [[Soniia Cheah Su Ya]] of Malaysia in straight games.<ref name="cyg11">{{cite news|title=Badminton gold for Sindhu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/badminton-gold-for-sindhu/article2446408.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 September 2011|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> She was a finalist at the [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]] where she lost to home player [[Yao Jie]] 16–21, 17–21.<ref name="ned11">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2011/oct/17/sindhu-loses-in-dutch-open-final-301023.html|title=Sindhu loses in Dutch Open final|website=[[The New Indian Express|www.newindianexpress.com]]|date=17 October 2011|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> Her successful run continued after she won the Swiss International beating [[Carola Bott]] of Germany in the final.<ref name="suiic11">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/sensational-sindhu-wins-swiss-international-challenge-115051.html/amp|title=Sensational Sindhu wins Swiss International Challenge|website=www.firstpost.com|date=23 October 2011|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She lost in the second round of the [[2011 BWF World Junior Championships]] to [[Yuki Fukushima]] in a very close match 21–15, 18–21, 21–23.<ref name="wjc11">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/Sameer-battles-to-make-last-eight-in-world-junior-badminton/articleshow/10599759.cms|title=Sameer battles to make last eight in world junior badminton|editor=M Ratnakar|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 November 2011|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She won the India International badminton event later in the year, defeating compatriot [[Sayali Gokhale]].<ref name="indic11">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sindhu-signs-off-deceptively-yours/889928/|title=Sindhu signs off, deceptively yours|editor=Kabir Mandrekar|website=archive.indianexpress.com|date=20 December 2011|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

=== 2012 ===
A 16-year-old Sindhu went on to compete at the [[2012 All England Super Series Premier|All England Open Championships]] as a qualifier. She reached the main draw but lost to Taiwan's [[Tai Tzu-ying]] in 3 games. On 7 July 2012, she won the [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] beating Japan's [[Nozomi Okuhara]] in the final 18–21, 21–17, 22–20, becoming India's first-ever Asian Junior Champion.<ref name="ajc12">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/sindhu-wins-asia-youth-under-19-badminton-chship-371072.html/amp|title=Sindhu wins Asia Youth Under-19 Badminton Ch'ship|website=www.firstpost.com|date=7 July 2012|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In the [[2012 China Masters Super Series|China Masters]] Superseries tournament, she stunned [[London 2012 Olympics]] gold medalist [[Li Xuerui]], beating her 21–19, 9–21, 21–16 and entered the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/pv-sindhu-stuns-olympic-gold-medallist-xuerui-in-china-masters_748827.html|website=[[Zee News|zeenews.india.com]]|title=PV Sindhu stuns Olympic gold medallist Xuerui in China Masters|date=14 September 2012|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> However, she lost in the semi-finals to fourth seeded [[Jiang Yanjiao]] of China 10–21, 21–14, 19–21.<ref name="chnm12">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/fighter-pv-sindhu-bows-out-of-china-masters/articleshow/16408418.cms?referral=PM|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=Fighter PV Sindhu bows out of China Masters|date=15 September 2012|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

Sindhu then went on to participate in the 77th [[Indian National Badminton Championships|Senior National Badminton Championships]] held at [[Srinagar]]. She was defeated in the finals by [[Sayali Gokhale]] 15–21, 21–15, 15–21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/Tennis/Sayali-stuns-Sindhu/Article1-939443.aspx|title=Sayali stuns Sindhu|editor=Anamika Nandekar|website=[[Hindustan Times|www.hindustantimes.com]]|date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006005448/http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/Tennis/Sayali-stuns-Sindhu/Article1-939443.aspx|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> It was later revealed that she had injured her knee in the [[China Open (badminton)|China Open]] and had carried this injury through the [[Japan Open (badminton)|Japan Open]] and the nationals. She decided to skip the World Junior Championships so as to not aggravate the injury.<ref name="wjc12">{{cite web| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_pv-sindhu-sameer-verma-pull-out-of-world-junior-badminton-championships_1752060|title=PV Sindhu, Sameer Verma pull out of World Junior Badminton Championships|editor=G Krishnan|website=www.dnaindia.com|date=13 October 2012|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She finished runner-up in the Syed Modi India Grand Prix Gold event held in [[Lucknow]] in December, after going down to Indonesia's [[Lindaweni Fanetri]] in 3 games in the final.<ref name="sm12">{{cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/syed-modi-international-gallant-pv-sindhu-loses-in-singles-final|title=Syed Modi International: Gallant PV Sindhu loses in singles final|editor=Suhrid Barua|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=23 December 2012|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
Sindhu stunned China's [[Wang Shixian]] in the second round of the [[2013 Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]] in 3 tough games to reach the quarter-final, but lost to [[Eriko Hirose]] of Japan in yet another 3-game clash.<ref name="ac13">{{cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/pti-stories/sindhu-crashes-out-of-badminton-asia-c-ships-113041900766_1.html|title=Sindhu crashes out of Badminton Asia C'ships|website=[[business-standard.com]]|date=19 April 2013|access-date=31 May 2020 }}</ref> She reached her career-best ranking of 15.<ref name="rank15">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/kashyap-becomes-world-no6/article4653832.ece|title=Kashyap becomes world No.6|agency=PTI|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 April 2012|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> She won the Malaysian Grand Prix Gold title, beating Singaporean [[Gu Juan]] - 21–17, 17–21, 21–19. This was her first Grand Prix Gold title.<ref name="masgpg13">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sindhu-wins-malaysia-grand-prix/article4683735.ece|title=Sindhu wins Malaysia Grand Prix|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 May 2013|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She participated in the [[2013 BWF World Championships - Women's singles|2013 World Championships]], where she was seeded tenth in the draw. Having received a bye in the first round, she defeated Japanese [[Kaori Imabeppu]] in the second round in three games 21–19, 19–21, 21–17 and reached the third round. She then downed the defending champion, second-seeded [[Wang Yihan]] of China, 21–18, 23–21 to enter the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alleyne |first1=Gayle |last2=Sukumar |first2=Dev |last3=Leung |first3=Edwin |date=8 August 2013 |url=https://bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2013/08/08/wang-lao-ji-bwf-world-championships-2013-day-4-stunning-sindhu-denies-wang-yihan-repeat/ |title=Wang Lao Ji BWF World Championships 2013 – Day 4: Stunning Sindhu Denies Wang Yihan Repeat |work=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She set up a meeting with another higher-seeded Chinese player, [[Wang Shixian]], and beat her 21–18, 21–17 to become only India's second medalist in the singles events at the World Championships since [[Prakash Padukone]]'s bronze medal in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/pv-sindhu-beats-chinese-former-world-no-1-wang-shixian-to-reach-bwf-world-championships-semis|title=PV Sindhu beats Chinese former World No. 1 Wang Shixian to reach BWF World Championships semis|editor=Mohit Camma|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=10 August 2013|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> However, she lost in the semi-final to eventual champion [[Ratchanok Intanon]].<ref name="wc13">{{cite web|url=http://sport-asia.com/badminton-thai-teen-ratchanok-hopes-to-make-history-against-world-no-1-li/|title=Badminton: Ratchanok ready to create 'new history' in final with World No. 1 Li|website=sport-asia.com|date=10 August 2013|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

Sindhu was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] by the Government of India in recognition of her achievements.<ref name="macau">{{cite news |date=24 September 2013 |title=Shuttler Sindhu receives Arjuna Award |website=[[Business Line]] |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/shuttler-sindhu-receives-arjuna-award/article20665613.ece1 |access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref> In the [[2013 Indian Badminton League]], she was the captain of the team [[Awadhe Warriors]]. Her team qualified for the semi-final, where they beat [[Mumbai Marathas]], but lost in the final to [[Hyderabad Hotshots]]. She won the [[2013 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold|Macau Open Grand Prix Gold]] title by defeating Canada's [[Michelle Li]] 21–15, 21–12 in the final.<ref name="mac13">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/shuttler-p-v-sindhu-wins-macau-open-crown-219266-2013-12-01|title=Shuttler PV Sindhu wins Macau Open crown, her second Grand Prix of the year|website=[[India Today|www.indiatoday.in]]|date=1 December 2013|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
Sindhu reached the final of the [[2014 India Open Grand Prix Gold]] but lost to her senior compatriot [[Saina Nehwal]].<ref name="indgpg14">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2014/01/27/india-gpg-2014-review-nehwal-wins-srikanth-sinks/|title=India GPG 2014 – Review: Nehwal Wins; Srikanth Sinks|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=27 January 2014|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She claimed her first medal at the [[2014 Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]], a bronze, after beating Thailand's [[Busanan Ongbamrungphan]] in the quarter-finals.<ref name="ac14">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2014/04/27/asian-badminton-championships-2014-day-5-sasaki-lin-dan-in-final/|title=Asian Badminton Championships 2014 – Day 5: Sasaki, Lin Dan in Final|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=27 April 2014|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She reached the semi-final stage of the [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Commonwealth Games]] in the women's singles competition, which she lost narrowly to eventual gold medalist [[Michelle Li]] of Canada. She later won against Malaysian [[Tee Jing Yi]] to claim the bronze medal.<ref name="cg14">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-commonwealth-games-2014-pv-sindhu-wins-bronze-in-badminton-women-s-singles-2007517|title=Commonwealth Games 2014: PV Sindhu wins bronze in badminton women's singles|website=www.dnaindia.com|date=3 August 2014|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

In the [[2014 BWF World Championships - Women's singles|2014 World Championships]] held in Denmark, Sindhu was seeded eleventh. She powered past Russian [[Olga Arkhangelskaya]] in her first round in two easy games. She had a tough encounter against sixth seed [[Bae Yeon-ju]] in the round of 16 where she edged a close win 19–21, 22–20, 25–23. She later created history by becoming the first Indian to win two back-to-back medals in the BWF World Championships, after her bronze medal win the previous year, by beating second seed [[Wang Shixian]] in the quarter-finals in three games 19–21, 21–19, 21–15, in a match lasting more than an hour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/pusarla-venkata-sindhu-wang-shixian-wang-shixian-bwf-world-championships-carolina-marin-copenhagen-206316-2014-08-30|title=Sindhu stuns world No. 2 Wang of China to ensure second medal at World Championships|website=[[India Today|www.indiatoday.in]]|date=30 August 2014|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> However, in the semi-finals, she lost to the eventual champion [[Carolina Marín]] in straight games and had to settle for another bronze medal.<ref name="wc14">{{cite web|url=https://bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2014/08/30/li-ning-bwf-world-championships-2014-day-6-magnificent-marin-shines/|title=Li-Ning BWF World Championships 2014 – Day 6: Magnificent Marin Shines|editor=Richard Eaton|website=bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com|date=30 August 2014|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> At the end of the year, she defended her [[2014 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold|Macau Open]] title by beating [[Kim Hyo-min]] of South Korea in the final.<ref name="mac14">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2014/12/01/2014-macau-open-badminton-grand-prix-gold-review-xue-song-sindhu-victorious/|title=2014 Macau Open Badminton Grand Prix Gold – Review: Xue Song, Sindhu Victorious|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=1 December 2014|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
Sindhu was on the verge of victory against [[Li Xuerui]] in the quarter-finals of the [[2015 Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]], but ended up losing 21–11, 19–21, 8–21, narrowly missing out on a second consecutive Asian Championships medal.<ref name="ac15">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2015/04/24/ahsansetiawan-survive-cliffhanger-dong-feng-citroen-bac-2015-day-4/|title=Ahsan/Setiawan Survive Cliffhanger – Dong Feng Citroen BAC 2015 Day 4|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=24 April 2015|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> At the [[2015 BWF World Championships - Women's singles|2015 World Championships]], where she was seeded eleventh, Sindhu defeated [[Line Kjærsfeldt]] of Denmark in the first round after being a game down. She then stunned third seeded [[Li Xuerui]] in the round of 16 and reached the quarter-finals of the World Championships once again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2015/08/13/li-xuerui-bites-dust-day-4-session-1/|title=Li Xuerui Bites the Dust – Day 4: Total BWF World Championships 2015|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com|date=13 August 2015|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> However, this time, she suffered defeat against her Korean opponent [[Sung Ji-hyun]] in a close quarter-finals match 21–17, 19–21, 16–21, narrowly missing out on a third consecutive World Championship medal.<ref name="wc15">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/south-koreas-sung-ji-hyun-ends-p-v-sindhus-run-at-world-championships/articleshow/48481825.cms|title=South Korea's Sung Ji Hyun ends P V Sindhu's run at World Championships|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=14 August 2015|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

In October, playing at the [[2015 Denmark Super Series Premier|Denmark Open]], Sindhu reached her maiden Superseries tournament final, defeating three seeded players – [[Tai Tzu-ying]], [[Wang Yihan]] and [[Carolina Marín]]. In the final, she lost to the defending champion [[Li Xuerui]] in straight games 19–21, 12–21.<ref name="den15">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/Sindhu-ends-runner-up-at-Denmark-Open-Super-Series/articleshow/49442453.cms|title=Sindhu ends runner-up at Denmark Open Super Series|website=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com]]|date=18 October 2015|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In November, the defending champion Sindhu won her third successive women's singles title at the [[2015 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold|Macau Open]] Grand Prix Gold after defeating Japan's [[Minatsu Mitani]] in the final 21–9, 21–23, 21–14.<ref name="mac15">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/pv-sindhu-completes-hat-trick-of-macau-open-titles/story-nsllSEcnUJLw33nwZKC71M.html|title=PV Sindhu completes hat-trick of Macau Open titles|website=[[Hindustan Times|www.hindustantimes.com]]|date=29 November 2015|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

She suffered a stress fracture in 2015 that kept her from playing for nearly six months, yet managed to qualify for the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 February 2021|title=Self-belief has a silver lining as PV Sindhu found out in Rio 2016|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-badminton-pv-sindhu-self-belief-confidence-injury-rio-2016-silver|access-date=19 August 2022|work=[[Olympics]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
In January, Sindhu won the [[2016 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold|Malaysia Masters]] Grand Prix Gold women's singles title after beating Scotland's [[Kirsty Gilmour]] in the final.<ref name="masm16">{{cite web|url= https://sportscafe.in/articles/badminton/2016/jan/24/pv-sindhu-starts-2016-with-a-bang-wins-malaysia-masters|title=PV Sindhu starts 2016 with a bang, wins Malaysia Masters|editor=Debarshee Mitra|website=SportsCafe.in|date=24 January 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She had also won this tournament in 2013. She lost a close match at the [[2016 Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]] to [[Tai Tzu-ying]] in the second round, in which she failed to capitalise on a match point and suffered defeat.<ref name="ac16">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2016/04/29/intanons-winning-run-ends-day-3-dong-feng-citroen-badminton-asia-championships/|title=Intanon's Winning Run Ends – Day 3: Dong Feng Citroen Badminton Asia Championships|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=29 April 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In the [[2016 Premier Badminton League]], she was the captain of the [[Chennai Smashers]] team. In the group stage of the league, she won all of her five matches to help her team qualify for the semi-final and win the tournament against [[Mumbai Rockets]].

Sindhu was seeded ninth at the [[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Rio Olympic Games]]. In the group stage, she defeated Hungary's [[Laura Sárosi]] (2–0) and Canada's [[Michelle Li]] (2–1).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/live-badminton-score-pv-sindhu-women-singles-medal-day-9-2975058|title=PV Sindhu, Rio 2016 Olympics: PV Sindhu clinches win in second group clash|website=[[indianexpress.com]]|date=14 August 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She then ousted Taiwanese eighth seed [[Tai Tzu-ying]] (2–0) in the round of 16<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/pv-sindhu-live-badminton-women-singles-pre-quarter-final-match-india-medal-result-video-streaming-day-10-2977530/|title=PV Sindhu enters badminton quarter-final: As it happened|website=[[indianexpress.com]]|date=16 August 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> to meet the second seeded [[Wang Yihan]] from China in the quarter-finals, whom she also defeated in straight games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/indian-shuttler-pv-sindhu-enters-rio-2016-semis-defeats-world-no-2-wang-yihan/story-nV1oIgf25iOAIKsDc3xRqJ.html|title=PV Sindhu enters Rio 2016 semis, defeats World No. 2 Wang Yihan|editor=Sukhwant Basra|date=17 August 2016|access-date=20 August 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> She later faced sixth seeded Japanese star [[Nozomi Okuhara]] in the semi-finals and won in straight games, ensuring a podium finish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/rio-olympics-2016-how-pv-sindhu-stunned-nozomi-okuhara-with-a-badminton-blitzkrieg-2964664.html|title=Rio Olympics 2016: How PV Sindhu stunned Nozomi Okuhara with a badminton blitzkrieg|editor=Shirish Nadkarni|website=www.firstpost.com|date=19 August 2016|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> This set the stage for her final showdown with the top seed from Spain, [[Carolina Marín]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/olympics/i-ll-give-my-heart-for-gold-pv-sindhu-after-her-rio-2016-semifinal-victory/story-DG0Y1oJDVuDKwkjVGaTD4N.html|title=I'll give my heart for gold: PV Sindhu after her Rio 2016 semifinal victory|website=[[Hindustan Times|www.hindustantimes.com]]|date=19 August 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> Marin managed to beat her in three games in the 83-minute match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddinews.gov.in/Sports/Sports%20-%20Top%20Story/Pages/WorldNo1.aspx|title=Carolina Marin stamps class as the World No.1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820142258/http://ddinews.gov.in/Sports/Sports%20-%20Top%20Story/Pages/WorldNo1.aspx|archive-date=20 August 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> With that result, she clinched the silver medal, creating history as India's youngest individual Olympic medallist and the first Indian woman to bag an Olympic silver medal. This was only the second instance of a podium finish at the Olympics by any Indian badminton player.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sindhu-settles-for-silver-at-rio-olympics/article9008386.ece|title=Sindhu lends a silver lining to India's Olympic campaign|editor=Kamesh Srinivasan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 August 2016|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

Following her Olympic success, Sindhu clinched the title at the [[2016 China Open Super Series Premier|China Open]] beating China's [[Sun Yu (badminton)|Sun Yu]] 21–11, 17–21, 21–11. With this win, she became the second Indian player after [[Saina Nehwal]] and just the third non-Chinese women's singles player to win the China Open.<ref name="chno16">{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/badminton/story/_/id/18092707/badminton-pv-sindhu-wins-china-open-superseries-final|title=Dominant Sindhu wins China Open|website=www.espn.in|date=20 November 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She was also the runner-up at the [[2016 Hong Kong Super Series|Hong Kong Open]] after going down to [[Tai Tzu-ying]] in the final in straight games.<ref name="hk16">{{cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=104488|title=Badminton star Tai Tzu-ying becomes world No. 1 with HK Open victory|website=taiwantoday.tw|date=28 November 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> With her consistent performances, she qualified for the [[2016 BWF Super Series Finals|Superseries Finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2016/11/29/sindhu-leads-last-minute-dubai-qualifiers/|title=Sindhu Leads 'Last-Minute' Dubai Qualifiers|editor=Gayle Alleyne|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=29 November 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2016/12/06/womens-singles-qualifiers-dubai-world-superseries-finals/|title=Women's Singles Qualifiers: Dubai World Superseries Finals|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She defeated [[Akane Yamaguchi]] (2–1), lost to [[Sun Yu (badminton)|Sun Yu]] (0–2) and beat [[Carolina Marín]] (2–0) in the group stage. With 2 wins in the group, she reached the semi-finals, managing to do so in just her first-ever appearance in the tournament. However, she was defeated in the semi-finals by [[Sung Ji-hyun]], going down 15–21, 21–18, 15–21.<ref name="ssf16">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/824457/badminton-pv-sindhu-bows-out-of-dubai-superseries-after-losing-to-sung-ji-hyun-in-semi-final|title=Badminton: PV Sindhu bows out of Dubai Superseries after losing to Sung ji-Hyun in semi-final|website=amp.scroll.in|date=17 December 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> Sindhu was named as the [[BWF Awards|BWF Most Improved Player of the Year]] following her achievements in 2016.<ref name="Lee, Matsutomo">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2016/12/12/lee-matsutomotakahashi-win-best-player-awards/|title=Lee, Matsutomo/Takahashi Win Best Player Awards|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=12 December 2016|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
Sindhu won the [[2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|Syed Modi International]] by beating Indonesian youngster [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung]] in the final.<ref name="sm17">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/01/30/verma-pusarla-emerge-champions-syed-modi-international-championships-review/|title=Verma, Pusarla Emerge Champions – Syed Modi International Championships: Review|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=30 January 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In the [[2017 India Super Series|India Open Superseries]], she won the title by defeating [[Carolina Marín]] in straight games.<ref name="indo17">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/04/02/axelsen-pusarla-on-a-roll-yonex-sunrise-india-open-2017-singles-finals/|title=Axelsen, Pusarla on a Roll – Yonex-Sunrise India Open 2017: Singles Finals|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|date=2 April 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In April 2017, she achieved a career-high world ranking of number 2. At the [[2017 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|2017 World Championships]] held in Scotland, she was seeded fourth. In the round of 32, she defeated Korean [[Kim Hyo-min]] in straight games. She survived a difficult challenge from Hongkonger [[Cheung Ngan Yi]] in the next round, beating her in 3 close games 19–21, 23–21, 21–17. She thereafter eased past [[Sun Yu (badminton)|Sun Yu]] in the quarter-finals and another Chinese [[Chen Yufei]] in the semi-finals, both in straight games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/world-badminton-championships-2017-pv-sindhu-thumps-chen-yufei-to-reach-maiden-final-3978191.html/amp|title=World Badminton Championships 2017: PV Sindhu thumps Chen Yufei to reach maiden final|website=www.firstpost.com|date=27 August 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She had to settle for silver after losing to [[Nozomi Okuhara]] in the final 19–21, 22–20, 20–22, a close and exciting match lasting 110 minutes, thus making it the second longest women's singles match in the history of badminton. Her final against Okuhara is widely regarded as one of the best ever women's singles matches in the history of the sport.<ref name="wc17">{{cite web|url=https://bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/08/28/okuhara-prevails-in-epic-singles-finals-total-bwf-world-championships-2017/|title=Okuhara Prevails in Epic – Singles Finals: Total BWF World Championships 2017|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com|date=28 August 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

Sindhu defeated Okuhara in the final of the [[2017 Korea Open Super Series]] 22–20, 11–21, 21–18, thereby becoming the first Indian to win the [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]].<ref name="kor17">{{cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/korea-open-superseries-pv-sindhu-outlasts-nozomi-okuhara-to-clinch-title-1751342|title=Korea Open Superseries: PV Sindhu Outlasts Nozomi Okuhara To Clinch Title|editor=Dattaraj Thaly|website=[[NDTV Sports]]|date=17 September 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In August, she took charge as the Deputy Collector in [[Krishna District]] in the Chief Commissioner of Land Administration (CCLA) office under the Revenue Department of the Government of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sindhu takes charge as Deputy Collector |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sindhu-takes-charge-as-deputy-collector/article19459741.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 August 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She set up a repeat clash of the previous year's final at the [[2017 Hong Kong Super Series|Hongkong Open]], which she again lost to [[Tai Tzu-ying]] in straight games.<ref name="hk17">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/hong-kong-open-superseries-live-updates-pv-sindhu-tai-tzu-ying-1094433-2017-11-26|title=Hong Kong Open SuperSeries Final: How PV Sindhu was dominated by Tai Tzu Ying|editor=Ritayan Basu|website=[[India Today|www.indiatoday.in]]|date=26 November 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> Owing to her consistent performances, she qualified yet again for the [[2017 BWF Super Series Finals|Superseries Finals]], and was also nominated for the [[BWF Awards|BWF Female Player of the Year Award]], which was eventually won by [[Chen Qingchen]] of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/12/07/axelsen-tai-in-battle-for-player-awards|title=Axelsen, Tai in Batltle for Player Awards|website=bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com|date=28 August 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In the group stage of the [[2017 BWF Super Series Finals|Dubai World Superseries Finals]], she won all of her matches against [[He Bingjiao]] (2–1), [[Sayaka Sato]] (2–0) and [[Akane Yamaguchi]] (2–0) to progress to the semi-final. In the semi-final, she defeated China's [[Chen Yufei]] (2–0) to reach the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/dubai-super-series-finals-pv-sindhu-beats-chen-yufei-to-play-akane-yamaguchi-in-final-1788661%3famp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Dubai Super Series Finals: PV Sindhu Beats Chen Yufei, To Play Akane Yamaguchi In Final|editor=Joy Tirkey|website=[[NDTV Sports]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She finished as the runner-up after being narrowly beaten by Japan's [[Akane Yamaguchi]] 21–15, 12–21, 19–21 in an exciting 94-minute final.<ref name="ssf17">{{cite news|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/12/17/yamaguchi-wins-desert-classic-singles-finals-dubai-world-superseries-finals-2017|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|title=Yamaguchi Wins Desert Classic – Singles Finals: Dubai World Superseries Finals 2017|editor=Dev Sukumar|date=17 December 2017|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

=== 2018 ===
Sindhu faltered in the final again, this time at her home event, the [[2018 India Open (badminton)|India Open]], where she had a match point in the third game but was unable to convert it and lost the match narrowly to [[Beiwen Zhang]].<ref name="ind18">{{cite web|url=https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2018/02/04/zhangs-finest-moment-finals-yonex-sunrise-india-open-2018/|title=Zhang's Finest Hour – Finals: Yonex-Sunrise India Open 2018|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com|date=4 February 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> At the [[2018 All England Open|All England Open Championships]], she made it to the last four, before losing to world number 3 [[Akane Yamaguchi]] in the semi-final with a close 21–19, 19–21, 18–21 scoreline. This was her best performance at the [[2018 All England Open|All England Open]].<ref name="ae18">{{cite news|title=All England Open: PV Sindhu loses to Akane Yamaguchi in epic semi-final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/all-england-open-pv-sindhu-loses-to-akane-yamaguchi-in-epic-semi-final/articleshow/63349500.cms|website=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com]]|date=18 March 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She competed at the [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], winning a gold medal in the mixed team event<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2018/04/09/golden-day-for-india-day-5-xxi-commonwealth-games/|title=Golden day for India – Day 5: XXI Commonwealth Games|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=Badminton World Federation|date=9 April 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> and a silver medal in the singles event.<ref name="cg18">{{cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2018/04/16/lee-nehwal-triumphant-finals-xxi-commonwealth-games/|title=Lee, Nehwal triumphant – Finals: XXI Commonwealth Games|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=[[Badminton World Federation]]|date=16 April 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> Her jinx of losing in finals continued after she went down to [[Nozomi Okuhara]] in the final of the [[2018 Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]].<ref name="thao18">{{cite web|url=https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2018/07/15/okuhara-ends-season-jinx-singles-finals-toyota-thailand-open-2018/|title=Okuhara ends season jinx – Singles finals: Toyota Thailand Open 2018|last=Sukumar |first=Dev|website=Badminton World Federation|date=15 July 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

Sindhu was seeded third in the [[2018 BWF World Championships]]. She won her opening encounters against [[Fitriani]] and ninth seed [[Sung Ji-hyun]], both in straight games. She then faced defending champion [[Nozomi Okuhara]], whom she also defeated with a 21–17, 21–19 scoreline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2018/08/03/singles-champions-out-day-5-total-bwf-world-championships-2018/|title=Singles champions out! – Day 5: Total BWF World Championships 2018|last=Sukumar |first=Dev |website=Badminton World Federation|date=3 August 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In the semi-finals, she beat second-seeded [[Akane Yamaguchi]] in 2 games 21–16, 24–22.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/badminton/story/_/id/24281611/as-happened-pv-sindhu-beats-akane-yamaguchi-enter-second-consecutive-world-championship-final%3fplatform=amp|title=As it happened: PV Sindhu beats Akane Yamaguchi to reach the World Championship final|website=ESPN|date=4 August 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She won her second consecutive World Championship silver medal after losing to [[Carolina Marín]] in the final 19–21, 10–21. This was her fourth medal at the World Championships in total.<ref name="wc18">{{cite web|url=https://bwfworldchampionships.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2018/08/06/king-kento-queen-carolina-singles-finals-total-bwf-world-championships-2018/|title=King Kento, Queen Carolina – Singles finals: Total BWF World Championships 2018|last=Sukumar |first=Dev|website=Badminton World Federation|date=6 August 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

Sindhu was seeded third in the [[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's singles|2018 Asian Games]]. In the first round, she defeated Vietnamese [[Vũ Thị Trang]] in 3 games 21–10, 12–21, 23–21 in a very close encounter. She then faced [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung]] and beat her with a 21–12, 21–15 scoreline. She then had to battle to get past Thai [[Nitchaon Jindapol]] in the quarter-finals in three games. In the semi-finals, she defeated second seed [[Akane Yamaguchi]] to enter the final round. Though she lost to top seed [[Tai Tzu-ying]] in the final, she won a historic first silver medal for India in badminton.<ref name="ag18">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/asian-games-2018-pv-sindhu-nets-the-silver-medal-in-badminton/article24799401.ece|title=Asian Games 2018: P.V. Sindhu nets the silver|editor=Stan Rayan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 August 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

Sindhu qualified for the [[2018 BWF World Tour Finals]] at the end of the year. In the group stage, she defeated defending champion [[Akane Yamaguchi]] (2–0), top seed [[Tai Tzu-ying]] (2–1) and USA's [[Beiwen Zhang]] (2–0) to progress to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, she defeated Thailand's [[Ratchanok Intanon]] (2–0) to reach her second consecutive final at the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2018/12/15/nozomi-v-sindhu-for-gold-day-4-hsbc-bwf-world-tour-finals/|title=Nozomi v Sindhu for Gold! – Day 4: HSBC BWF World Tour Finals|editor=Gayle Alleyne|website=bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com|date=15 December 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> In the final, she defeated her arch-rival [[Nozomi Okuhara]] 21–19, 21–17, becoming the only shuttler from India to claim the title at the year-end finale.<ref name="wtf18">{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/pv-sindhu-scripts-history-becomes-1st-indian-to-win-bwf-world-tour-finals-1963332|title=PV Sindhu Scripts History, Becomes 1st Indian To Win BWF World Tour Finals|editor=Santosh Rao|website=[[NDTV Sports]]|date=18 December 2018|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

=== 2019–20 ===
[[File:P. V. Sindhu inside the cockpit of twin-seater – HAL’s Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, on the 4th Day of the Aero India – 2019 air show, at Air Force Station Yelahanka, Bengaluru on February 23, 2019.jpg|right|thumb|Sindhu inside the cockpit of [[HAL Tejas]] at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka AFS]], Bangalore]]
Sindhu was bought by the defending champions [[Hyderabad Hunters (Badminton team)|Hyderabad Hunters]] in the 2018 PBL auctions and was named as their skipper.<ref>{{cite news|title=PBL 2018 Auction: Kidambi Srikanth, Saina Nehwal, PV Sindhu Fetch Big Prices | Badminton News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/pbl-2018-auction-kidambi-srikanth-saina-nehwal-pv-sindhu-fetch-big-prices-1928727|editor=Samrat Chakraborty|website=[[NDTV Sports]]|date=8 October 2018|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> They lost in the semi-finals to [[Mumbai Rockets]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PBL 2019: Mumbai Rockets beat Hyderabad Hunters, face Bengaluru Raptors in finals |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/badminton/130119/pbl-mumbai-rockets-bengaluru-raptors-hyderabad-hunters-sameer-verma.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=13 January 2019|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> Sindhu competed at the [[Indian National Badminton Championships|Indian National Championships]] where she reached the final, losing to three-time champion [[Saina Nehwal]] 18–21, 15–21.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/saina-nehwal-beats-pv-sindhu-in-senior-nationals-final-for-second-title-in-a-row-5587223/|title=Saina Nehwal beats PV Sindhu in Senior Nationals final for second title in a row|website=[[indianexpress.com]]|date=16 February 2019|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> Just before the [[2019 All England Open|All England Championships]], she had ended her deal with Yonex and signed a mega-deal with Li-Ning for 4 years worth nearly {{INRConvert|50|c}}. This led to her having a new racket and equipment to which she had to get used to within 2–3 weeks, to debut it at the prestigious [[All England Open Badminton Championships|All England Badminton Championships]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/pv-sindhu-signs-rs-50-crore-sponsorship-deal-with-li-ning-1451295-2019-02-08|title=PV Sindhu signs Rs 50 crore sponsorship deal with Li-Ning|website=[[India Today|www.indiatoday.in]]|date=8 February 2019|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> She reached her first final of the season in the [[2019 Indonesia Open (badminton)|Indonesia Open]], where she lost to [[Akane Yamaguchi]] of Japan 15–21, 16–21.<ref name="inao19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/sports-news-indonesia-open-2019-final-pv-sindhu-loses-to-akane-yamaguchi-failes-to-capture-maiden-super-1000-title-news-334603|title=Indonesia Open 2019 Final: PV Sindhu Loses To Akane Yamaguchi, Fails To Capture Maiden Super 1000 Title|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|www.outlookindia.com]]|date=21 July 2019|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

At the [[2019 BWF World Championships - Women's singles|2019 World Championships]], Sindhu was seeded fifth. She opened her campaign with comfortable straight-game victories over [[Pai Yu-po]] and ninth seed [[Beiwen Zhang]] in successive rounds. She impressed everyone with her victory over second seed [[Tai Tzu-ying]] in the quarter-finals. She defeated Tai, coming from a game down 12–21, 23–21, 21–19 to make the semi-final and secure a fifth World Championship medal, the joint-most in the history of women's singles badminton.<ref>{{cite news|title=BWF World Championships: PV Sindhu assured of third straight medal after stunning Tai Tzu Ying |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/bwf-world-championships-pv-sindhu-beats-world-no-2-tai-tzu-ying-reach-semi-finals-assured-fifth-medal-1590889-2019-08-23|website=[[India Today|www.indiatoday.in]]|date=23 August 2019|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> In the semi-final, she defeated third seed [[Chen Yufei]] in straight games in dominating fashion, 21–7, 21–14, to enter her third consecutive World Championships final.<ref>{{cite news|title=PV Sindhu reaches third successive World Championships final after outclassing Chen Yu Fei in Basel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/world-badminton-championship-pv-sindhu-reaches-final-defeat-chen-yufei-1591152-2019-08-24 |editor=Akshay Ramesh|website=[[India Today|www.indiatoday.in]]|date=24 August 2019|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> In the final against [[Nozomi Okuhara]], she put up a near-flawless display to win 21–7, 21–7. In the process, she became the first Indian to win gold at the World Championships.<ref name="wc19">{{cite news|title=PV Sindhu becomes first Indian to win BWF World Championships |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pv-sindhu-becomes-first-indian-to-win-bwf-world-championships-119082500570_1.html|website=[[Business Standard]]|date=25 August 2019|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>

Despite her ranking as 15th on the World Tour, Sindhu got a wild card entry into the [[2019 BWF World Tour Finals]] because of her World Championship victory in August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2019/12/03/meet-the-top-eight-womens-singles|title=Meet the Top Eight – Women's Singles Qualifiers|editor=Dev Sukumar|website=bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com|date=3 December 2019|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> She competed in the World Tour Finals in Guangzhou as the defending champion but failed to reach the knockout phase after losing to [[Chen Yufei]] (1–2) and [[Akane Yamaguchi]] (1–2) in successive rounds. She finished off as third in the group after defeating [[He Bingjiao]] 21–19, 21–19 in her last match.<ref name="wtf19">{{cite web|url=http://newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=375936|title=BWF World Tour Finals: PV Sindhu beats He Bing Jiao for consolation win|website=newsonair.com|date=13 December 2019|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> She was named the [[BBC]] Indian Sportswoman of Year on 8 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/51730452|title=PV Sindhu named BBC Indian Sportswoman of Year|website=[[www.bbc.com]]|date=8 March 2020|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> In April, she was elected as one of the ambassadors of the BWF Committee's campaign – "I am Badminton" to promote clean and fair play in the sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/badminton/bwf-names-pv-sindhu-as-an-ambassador-for-its-i-am-badminton-campaign-2588063.html|title=BWF Names PV Sindhu as an Ambassador For Its 'I Am Badminton' Campaign|website=[[News18]]|date=22 April 2020|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
Sindhu, reaching her first final in over 18 months at the [[2021 Swiss Open (badminton)|2021 Swiss Open]], suffered a demoralising defeat against [[Carolina Marín]], losing 12–21, 5–21.<ref name="sui21">{{cite news|date=7 March 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-loses-to-carolina-marin-in-swiss-open-final/articleshow/81379333.cms|title=PV Sindhu loses to Carolina Marin in Swiss Open final|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> She was then stunned by [[Pornpawee Chochuwong]] of Thailand in the semi-final of the [[2021 All England Open|All England Open]], losing out 17–21, 9–21.<ref name="ae21">{{cite web |last=Berkeley |first=Geoff |title=Chochuwong stuns Sindhu to reach All England Open Badminton Championships final |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1105682/all-england-open-badminton-day-four |website=[[Inside the Games|www.insidethegames.biz]] |date=20 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> In May, she was elected as one of the two ambassadors from badminton in the International Olympic Committee's campaign ‘Believe in Sport’, aimed at preventing competition manipulation in the sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2021/05/03/pusarla-v-sindhu-and-michelle-li-appointed-ambassadors-for-iocs-believe-in-sport-campaign/|title=Pusarla V. Sindhu and Michelle Li Appointed Ambassadors for IOC's 'Believe in Sport' Campaign|website=olympics.bwfbadminton.com|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|date=3 May 2021|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

Sindhu was seeded sixth at the [[Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Tokyo Olympic Games]]. She won both of her group matches against Israel's [[Ksenia Polikarpova]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/pv-sindhu-makes-winning-start-at-tokyo-olympics-beats-israel-shuttler-ksenia-polikarpova/702565/%3famp|title=PV Sindhu makes winning start at Tokyo Olympics, beats Israel shuttler Ksenia Polikarpova|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=25 July 2021|access-date=1 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and Hong Kong's [[Cheung Ngan Yi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/tokyo-olympics-pv-sindhu-beats-cheung-ngan-yi-in-straight-games-enters-pre-quarterfinals-2496532%3famp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Tokyo Olympics: PV Sindhu Beats Cheung Ngan Yi In Straight Games, Enters Pre-Quarterfinals|website=[[NDTV Sports]]|date=28 July 2021|access-date=1 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to progress towards the knockout stage. She defeated Denmark's [[Mia Blichfeldt]] comfortably in the round of 16 and reached the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/tokyo-2020-pv-sindhu-vs-mia-blichfeldt-last-16-report-7427641/lite/|title=Tokyo 2020: PV Sindhu beats Mia Blichfeldt in straight games to enter quarters|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 July 2021|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> She put up a dominating display to outmanoeuvre fourth seed [[Akane Yamaguchi]] of Japan 21–13, 22–20, placing herself in the last four stage, also becoming the only Indian shuttler to reach two consecutive Olympic semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|first=Abhishek|last=Purohit|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/tokyo-2020-olympics-india-badminton-pv-sindhu-quarter-final-akane-yamaguchi|title=PV Sindhu overcomes a fighting Akane Yamaguchi to enter Tokyo Olympics semi-finals|website=[[Olympics]]|date=30 July 2021|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> Her opponent for the semi-final was second seed [[Tai Tzu-ying]]. Sindhu, who was yet to drop a game in the tournament, fell against Taiwan's Tai in two straight games 18–21, 12–21.<ref>{{cite web|first=Dev|last=Sukumar|url=https://olympics.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2021/07/31/tai-puts-on-a-show/|title=Tai Puts On a Show|website=[[Badminton World Federation]]|date=31 July 2021|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> She later beat eighth seed [[He Bingjiao]] of China in the playoff to clinch the bronze medal, thereby becoming the first Indian woman and only the fourth player in women's singles badminton to claim two medals at two consecutive Olympic games.<ref>{{cite web|first=James|last=Kuanal|url=https://www.insidesport.co/tokyo-olympics-badminton-super-sindhu-claims-another-olympic-medal-thrashes-chinas-he-bingjiao-21-13-21-15-to-win-bronze-in-tokyo/|title=Tokyo Olympics Badminton: Super Sindhu claims another Olympic medal, thrashes China's He BingJiao 21–13, 21–15 to win bronze in Tokyo|website=Inside Sports|date=1 August 2021|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

At the [[2021 BWF World Championships]], where she competed as the defending champion, Sindhu was seeded sixth. She eased past Slovakia's [[Martina Repiská]] in her opening encounter in straight games. She then defeated ninth seed [[Pornpawee Chochuwong]] 21–14, 21–18 in another straight-game encounter to make the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite web|first=Susan|last=Ninan|url=https://www.espn.com.sg/badminton/story/_/id/32881007/pv-sindhu-beat-chochuwong-set-tai-tzu-ying-quarterfinal-bwf-world-championships-2021|title=PV Sindhu dominates Chochuwong to set up Tai Tzu Ying quarterfinal at BWF World Championships|website=ESPN|date=16 December 2021|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> However, in the quarter-finals, she went down to top seed [[Tai Tzu-ying]] 17–21, 13–21, failing to medal at the World Championships for only the second time in her career.<ref name="wc21">{{cite web|first=Shivani|last=Naik|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-falls-to-tai-tzu-badminton-worlds-quarterfinal-7677813/|title=BWF World Championships: PV Sindhu falls to Tai Tzu in quarter-final|website=The Indian Express|date=18 December 2021|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>

Sindhu qualified for the [[2021 BWF World Tour Finals]] at the end of the year. In the group stage, she beat [[Line Christophersen]] (2–0), [[Yvonne Li]] (2–0) and lost to [[Pornpawee Chochuwong]] (1–2), qualifying for the semi-finals as second in her group. In the semi-final, she beat [[Akane Yamaguchi]] 21–15, 15–21, 21–19 in an exciting clash to make a third final at the year-end championships, only the second women's singles player to do so. In the final, she lost to South Korea's [[An Se-young]] to bag a second silver medal at the tournament.<ref name="wtf21">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sindhu-wins-silver-in-bwf-world-tour-finals/article37849473.ece|title=Sindhu wins silver in BWF World Tour Finals|website=The Hindu|date=5 December 2021|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>

=== 2022–23 ===
Sindhu won the [[2022 Syed Modi International|Syed Modi International]] for the second time beating compatriot [[Malvika Bansod]] in the final.<ref name="sm22">{{cite web|first=Rakesh|last=Rao|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sindhu-wins-syed-modi-international-badminton-title/article38313769.ece|title=Sindhu wins Syed Modi International badminton title|website=The Hindu|date=23 January 2022|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> She then won the title at the [[2022 Swiss Open (badminton)|2022 Swiss Open]], defeating Thailand's [[Busanan Ongbamrungphan]] in the final in two straight games.<ref name="sui22">{{cite web|first=Sandip|last=Sikdar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/badminton/swiss-open-2022-pv-sindhu-defeats-busanan-ongbamrungphan-to-clinch-women-s-singles-title-101648379385301.html|title=PV Sindhu wins Swiss Open badminton in her Basel fortress|website=Hindustan Times|date=27 March 2022|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> At the [[2022 Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]], where she was seeded fourth, Sindhu defeated fifth seed [[He Bingjiao]] of China in the quarter-finals,<ref>{{cite news|first=Naik|last=Shivani|date=30 April 2022|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-enters-bac-semifinals-assured-of-a-medal-7893683/|title=Sindhu scripts drama, semis spot|work=The Indian Express|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> but lost a close and controversial semi-final to top seed [[Akane Yamaguchi]],<ref name="ac22">{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/badminton-top-seed-yamaguchi-beats-aggrieved-sindhu-to-reach-asia-final|title=Top seed Yamaguchi beats aggrieved Sindhu to reach Asia final|website=Straits Times|date=30 April 2022|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> thus winning the bronze medal, her second medal at the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-settles-for-bronze-at-badminton-asia-championships/articleshow/91203679.cms|title=PV Sindhu settles for bronze at Badminton Asia Championships|work=The Times of India|date=30 April 2022|agency=PTI|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> She then won the [[2022 Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]] title, beating Asian Champion [[Wang Zhiyi]] of China in the final.<ref name="sgp22">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/singapore-open-pv-sindhu-crowned-champion-5572285.html|title=Singapore Open: PV Sindhu Crowned Champion|website=News18|date=17 July 2022|access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>

At the [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Commonwealth Games]], Sindhu won her maiden [[Commonwealth Games]] gold medal in the [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|women's singles]], beating [[Michelle Li]] of Canada in the final. With this win, she became only the second women's singles player to win a full set of medals at the Commonwealth Games.<ref name="cg22">{{cite news |title=CWG: PV Sindhu lights up final day with gold in badminton singles |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/aug/08/cwg-pv-sindhu-lights-up-final-day-with-gold-in-badminton-singles-2485388.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=New Indian Express |date=8 August 2022}}</ref> She was also unbeaten in the [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|mixed team]] event, where India won a silver medal.<ref>{{cite news |title=CWG 2022, Badminton: India win mixed team silver after losing to Malaysia in final |url=https://scroll.in/field/1029640/cwg-2022-badminton-india-win-mixed-team-silver-after-losing-to-malaysia-in-final |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=Scroll |date=3 August 2022}}</ref> However, during the Games, she sustained a left foot stress fracture injury that kept her out of all remaining tournaments of the year, including the [[2022 BWF World Championships - Women's singles|World Championships]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Injury rules PV Sindhu out of Badminton World Championships|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/injury-rules-pv-sindhu-out-of-badminton-world-championships/cid/1879992 |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Telegraph India |date=13 August 2022}}</ref> and the [[2022 BWF World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PV Sindhu pulls out of BWF World Tour Finals 2022|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/pv-sindhu-indian-badminton-player-bwf-world-tour-finals-2022-pull-out |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[Olympics]] |date=14 November 2022}}</ref>

Sindhu made a return from her injury layoff in the first tournament of 2023, the [[2023 Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia Open: PV Sindhu returns to lead Indian contingent after Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/malaysia-open-pv-sindhu-returns-to-lead-indian-contingent-after-commonwealth-games-2319415-2023-01-09 |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=9 January 2023}}</ref> In February, she was part of the Indian team that won a bronze medal at the [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships]], India's first-ever medal at the tournament.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships: India lose to China, claim bronze |url=https://www.espn.com.sg/badminton/story/_/id/35691148/india-lost-china-bronze-badminton-asia-mixed-team-championships |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=ESPN India |date=19 February 2023}}</ref> She reached her first final of the season at the [[2023 Spain Masters]], where she lost to [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung]] in straight games.<ref name="esp23">{{cite news |title=PV Sindhu finishes runner-up at Madrid Spain Masters|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-finishes-runner-up-at-madrid-spain-masters/articleshow/99190736.cms |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=2 April 2023}}</ref> She endured an up-and-down season, with four semi-finals but also seven first-round exits.<ref name="sindhu23">{{cite news |title=PV Sindhu's 2023 badminton season: Results at a glance|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/pv-sindhu-2023-badminton-season-form-results |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[Olympics]] |date=8 November 2023}}</ref> Her season was once again cut short, this time at the [[2023 French Open (badminton)|French Open]] in October, where she pulled out of her second round match with a knee injury.<ref name="fra23">{{cite magazine |title=Sindhu confirms knee injury, vows to come back 'firing on all cylinders'|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/pv-sindhu-confirms-knee-injury-vows-to-focus-on-paris-olympics/article67482078.ece |magazine=[[Sportstar]] |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

=== 2024–25 ===
Sindhu returned from her injury layoff at the [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|Badminton Asia Team Championships]] in February, where she led the Indian women's team to the gold medal, India's first-ever medal in the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Women defeat Thailand 3–2 in Final, Clinch Historic Gold in Badminton Asia Team Championships |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/badminton/indian-womens-team-create-history-win-gold-at-the-asian-team-championships-article-107792022 |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=18 February 2024}}</ref> Her first individual final of the season came at the [[2024 Malaysia Masters]], where she lost to reigning Asian Champion [[Wang Zhiyi]] in three games.<ref name="masm24">{{cite news |last=Sikdar |first=Sandeep |date=26 May 2024 |title=PV Sindhu loses to China's Wang Zhi Yi in Malaysia Masters badminton final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-loses-to-china-s-wang-zhi-yi-in-malaysia-masters-badminton-final-101716727945795.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref> On 8 July 2024, the [[Indian Olympic Committee]] designated her and the professional [[table tennis]] player [[Sharath Kamal]] as the flag bearers to the [[2024 Summer Olympics|París 2024 Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-olympics-2024/pv-sindhu-sharath-kamal-to-be-indias-flag-bearers-for-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/articleshow/111584981.cms |title=PV Sindhu Sharath Kamal to be India's flag bearers to París Olympics opening ceremony |work=The Times of India |date=8 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> In the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2024 Olympics]] in Paris, Sindhu won both her games in group M but lost in the round of 16 to [[He Bingjiao]] of China, the same player she had beaten in the 2020 Games bronze medal match.<ref name="og24">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paris-olympics-2024-india-badminton-matches-today-live-updates-satwik-chirag-lakshya-vs-prannoy-pv-sindhu-9488458/ |title=Paris 2024 Olympics India badminton Highlights: Sindhu loses to He Bing Jiao; Satwik-Chirag ousted |work=Indian Express |date=1 August 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> At the end of the year, Sindhu won the [[2024 Syed Modi International]] title beating Wu Luoyu of China in the final.<ref name="modi24">{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/other-sports-news/syed-modi-international-2024-pv-sindhu-lakshya-sen-clinch-singles-titles-124120100421_1.html |title=Syed Modi International 2024: PV Sindhu, Lakshya Sen clinch singles titles |work=Business Standard |date=1 December 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> This was her third title at the [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]], making her the joint-most successful player in the history of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thebridge.in/badminton/syed-modi-india-international-sindhu-lakshya-treesa-gayatri-clinch-titles-50890 |title=Syed Modi India International: Sindhu, Lakshya, Treesa-Gayatri clinch titles|work=The Bridge |date=1 December 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>

In 2025, Sindhu was elected in the BWF Athletes' Commission for the third time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic and World Champions named on new BWF Athletes' Commission |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2025/10/10/olympic-and-world-champions-named-on-new-bwf-athletes-commission/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> She endured an up-and-down season, with some of her standout results being a win over second seed [[Wang Zhiyi]] at the [[2025 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|World Championships]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/bwf-world-championships-2025-badminton-day-4-report-india |title=BWF World Championships 2025: PV Sindhu stuns world No. 2 Wang Zhiyi to storm into quarter-finals|work=Olympics.com |date=28 August 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> and a win over World No. 6 [[Pornpawee Chochuwong]] at the [[2025 China Masters|China Masters]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/china-masters-pv-sindhu-smooth-striding-defeats-thai-chochuwong-10256755/ |title=China Masters: PV Sindhu shows smooth striding to defeat Thai World No 6 Pornpawee Chochuwong to reach QF|work=Indian Express |date=18 September 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> However, she ended her season after the China Masters owing to a foot injury.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/pv-sindhu-withdraws-2025-season-foot-injury-recovery-update-india-badminton/article70207828.ece |title=P.V. Sindhu withdraws from rest of 2025 season to focus on recovery from foot injury|work=Sportstar |date=27 October 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

== Endorsements ==
An Economic Times report published in March 2017 noted that she is second only to Indian cricket captain [[Virat Kohli]] when it comes to earnings from each day of brand endorsements. Sindhu charges brands anywhere between {{INRConvert|1|c}} and {{INRConvert|1.25|c}} for a single day of endorsement related activities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/pv-sindhu-is-now-the-no-2-player-in-endorsements/articleshow/57484544.cms|title=PV Sindhu is now the no. 2 player in endorsements|last=Bhushan|first=Ratna|date=6 March 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>

She has endorsement deals with [[JBL]], [[Bridgestone|Bridgestone Tyres]], sports drink [[Gatorade]], pain reliever ointment Moov, online fashion store [[Myntra]], e-commerce portal [[Flipkart]], phone maker [[Nokia]] and electronics major [[Panasonic]]. She also endorses [[Stayfree]], health drink Boost, honey producer APIS Himalaya, herbal health drink firm Ojasvita and the [[Bank of Baroda]]. She is also a brand ambassador for both the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and Vizag Steel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/45268565|title=PV Sindhu: How India's Olympic badminton star became a sponsors' dream on £126,000 a week|date=22 August 2018|access-date=23 August 2019|language=en-GB|website=[[www.bbc.com]]}}</ref>

In February 2019, it was announced that Sindhu had signed a four-year sports sponsorship deal for {{INRConvert|50|c}} with Chinese sports brand [[Li-Ning|Li Ning]]. Her deal is one of the biggest in world badminton.<ref name="Sindhu Ref3">{{cite news |title=P V Sindhu: Big deal for P V Sindhu, bags Rs 50 cr contract with Chinese brand Li Ning |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/big-deal-for-p-v-sindhu-bags-rs-50-cr-contract-with-chinese-brand-li-ning/articleshow/67899120.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PV Sindhu's deal is one of the biggest in world badminton: Li Ning |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/pv-sindhu-li-ning-multi-year-deal-badminton-1451400-2019-02-08|date=8 February 2019|access-date=13 February 2022|language=en-GB|work=[[India Today]]|agency=PTI}}</ref> She would reportedly get {{INRConvert|40|c}} as sponsorship while the rest of the money would be for equipment. This was Li-Ning's second stint with Sindhu, who was with them for two years in 2014–2015 for a sum of {{INRConvert|1.25|c|year=2014}} a year. In 2016, she was back with Yonex for a {{INRConvert|3.5|c|year=2016}} per year contract for a period of three years.<ref name="IndiaToday-08Feb19">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/pv-sindhu-signs-rs-50-crore-sponsorship-deal-with-li-ning-1451295-2019-02-08|title=PV Sindhu signs Rs 50 crore sponsorship deal with Li-Ning |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[India Today]]|language=en |date=8 February 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>

In May 2024, she stepped in as an investor and brand ambassador for wellness brand Hoop.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Nisha |date=3 July 2024 |title=Olympian PV Sindhu joins wellness brand Hoop as investor, brand ambassador |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/olympian-pv-sindhu-joins-wellness-brand-hoop-as-investor-brand-ambassador-124070300657_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
[[File:Padma Bhushan PV Sindhu.jpg|thumb|upright|Sindhu being awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], {{circa|2021}}]]

=== National ===
* [[Arjuna Award]] (2013)<ref>{{cite news|title=Arjuna Award for Virat Kohli, PV Sindhu; Ronjan Sodhi gets Khel Ratna|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/news/212289-arjuna-for-kohli-sindhu-sodhi-gets-khel-ratna|access-date=18 August 2016|work=[[NDTV Sports]]|date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085331/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/news/212289-arjuna-for-kohli-sindhu-sodhi-gets-khel-ratna|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award of India (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title='This award will motivate me to achieve more laurels for India' |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/this-award-will-motivate-me-to-achieve-more-laurels-for-india-sindhu-sardar-singh/20150331.htm |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]], the highest sporting honour of India (2016)<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2016 |title=Sindhu, Sakshi, Dipa, Jitu Rai to get Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Sindhu-Sakshi-Dipa-Jitu-Rai-to-get-Rajiv-Gandhi-Khel-Ratna-Award/article14585081.ece |access-date=27 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award of India (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2021 |title=PV Sindhu receives Padma Bhushan; Mary Kom, Rani Rampal get honoured too |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/pv-sindhu-padma-bhushan-mary-kom-rani-rampal-awards-7612991/ |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Others ===
* [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year|CNN-IBN Indian of the Year (Sports)]] 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=PV Sindhu adjudged CNN-IBN Indian of the Year 2013 in sports category|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/pv-sindhu-cnn-ibn-indian-of-the-year-2013|work=Sportskeeda|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[FICCI]] Breakthrough Sportsperson of the Year 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=FICCI announces the Winners of India Sports Awards for 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/ficci-announces-the-winners-of-india-sports-awards-for-2014/|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref>
* [[NDTV Indian of the Year|NDTV Indian of the Year (Sports)]] 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=Amjad Ali Khan, Satish Gujral honored with NDTV Indian of the Year Award|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/amjad-ali-khan-satish-gujral-honored-with-ndtv-indian-of-the-year-award/|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>
* [[BWF Awards|BWF Most Improved Player of the Year]] 2016<ref name="Lee, Matsutomo"/>
* [[Indian Sports Honours]] Sportswoman of the Year 2017<ref>{{cite news|title=PV Sindhu, R Ashwin, Kidambi Srikanth, Mithali Raj bag awards at Indian Sports Honours 2017|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/pv-sindhu-r-ashwin-kidambi-srikanth-mithali-raj-bag-awards-at-indian-sports-honours-2017-4957239/|access-date=25 September 2022|work=[[Times of India]]|date=27 November 2017}}</ref>
* [[Forbes 30 Under 30|Forbes 30 Under 30: Entertainment & Sports]] 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-asia/2018/entertainment-sports/#8414c63551dc|title=Forbes 30 under 30: Entertainment & Sports|editor=Carla Thomas|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>
* TV9 Nava Nakshatra Sanmanam 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXT9tl_tt7w |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/CXT9tl_tt7w |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=PV Sindhu on TV9 Nava Nakshatra Sanmanam|website=[[YouTube]]|date=27 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Times of India Sports Awards (TOISA) Sportsperson of the Year 2019<ref>{{cite news|title=PV Sindhu wins TOISA Sportsperson of Year award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pv-sindhu-wins-toisa-sportsperson-of-year-award/articleshow/74505558.cms|access-date=6 March 2020|work=[[Times of India]]|date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[BBC Indian Sportswoman of the Year Award|BBC Indian Sportswoman of the Year]] 2020<ref name="PV Sindhu wins BBC award - TOI">{{cite news |title=PV Sindhu wins 'BBC Indian Sportswoman of the Year' award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-wins-bbc-indian-sportswoman-of-the-year-award/articleshow/74544221.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=Times Internet |access-date=31 January 2021 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change (Telangana)]] 2021<ref>{{cite news|title=PV Sindhu honoured with 'Champions of Change' Telangana Award 2021|url=https://thebridge.in/badminton/pv-sindhu-champions-of-change-telangana-award-2021-29657|access-date=1 March 2022|work=The Bridge|date=1 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[NDTV]] True Legend: Future of Young India (Sports) 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/truelegend/ndtv-100-pipers-true-legend-2022-winners/ |title=True Legend: Future of Young India winners 2022|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[Forbes India]] W-Power 2025<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet India's Top Self-Made Women of 2025|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/w-power-2025|access-date=4 December 2025|work=Forbes India|date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

'''Rewards for winning the silver medal at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics'''
* {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2016}}, and a [[land grant]] from the [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.sakshi.com/telangana/2016/08/20/telangana-govt-announces-rs-5-cr-to-pv-sindhu-rs-1-cr-to-gopichand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205122838/http://english.sakshi.com/telangana/2016/08/20/telangana-govt-announces-rs-5-cr-to-pv-sindhu-rs-1-cr-to-gopichand|title=Telangana Govt Announces Rs 5 cr to PV Sindhu, Rs 1 cr to Gopichand|website=Sakshipost|date=20 August 2016|archive-date=5 February 2017|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|3|c|year=2016}}, a Group A cadre job (Deputy Collector of Andhra Pradesh)<ref>{{cite news |title=P V Sindhu appointed dy collector in AP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/625014/p-v-sindhu-appointed-dy.html |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=27 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> and 1000 yd2 land grant from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/rio-olympics-2016/andhra-pradesh-government-to-reward-sindhu-with-rs-3-cr-cash-prize-and-government-job_1920794.html|title=Andhra Pradesh government to reward Sindhu with Rs 3 cr cash prize and government job|date=20 August 2016|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2016}} from the [[Government of Delhi]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news |title=PV Sindhu lauded with gifts: From BMW to Rs 2.05 crore and land |url=https://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/from-bmw-to-rs-1-60-crore-and-land-its-raining-gifts-for-rio-star-pv-sindhu-2985893/ |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|75|l|year=2016}} from her employer, [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation]], with promotion from assistant to deputy sports manager.<ref name="BPCL"/>
* {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016}} from the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref name="rivalry">{{cite news |last1=Ananthanarayanan |first1=N |title=How Andhra-Telangana rivalry has enriched PV Sindhu by crores |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/olympics/how-rivalry-between-andhra-and-telangana-has-enriched-pv-sindhu-by-crores/story-TQhA4fA7Wj2XaUaeA1HPdJ.html |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016}} from the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rio Olympics: Madhya Pradesh government announces reward for PV Sindhu silver medal |url=https://www.abplive.in/sports/rio-olympics-madhya-pradesh-government-announces-reward-for-pv-sindhu-silver-medal-401636 |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=[[ABP Live]] |date=19 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016}} from the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]].<ref name="rivalry"/>
* {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016}} from [[Badminton Association of India]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
* {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016}} from NRI businessman, Mukkattu Sebastian.<ref name="nricafe">{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/news/rio-2016-dubai-based-indian-businessman-announces-cash-prize-sindhu-sakshi-1004515/|title=Rio 2016: Dubai based indian man announces cash prize|date=21 August 2016|access-date=21 August 2016|work=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2016}} from the [[Indian Olympic Association]].<ref name="rivalry"/>
* {{INRConvert|5|l|year=2016}} from [[All India Football Federation]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
* {{INRConvert|1|l|year=2016}} from actor [[Salman Khan]], for qualifying as an Olympic participant.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Salman Khan to present Rs 1 lakh cheque to each Indian athelete [sic] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rio-olympics-2016-salman-khan-to-present-rs-1-lakh-cheque-to-each-indian-athelete-2981351/|access-date=18 August 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 August 2016}}</ref>
* [[BMW]] car from the Hyderabad District Badminton Association and Indian cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
* [[Mahindra Thar]] from [[Mahindra Group]] chairman [[Anand Mahindra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/uv/mahindra-felicitates-olympic-winners-pv-sindhu-sakshi-malik-with-thar/54231151|title=Mahindra felicitates Olympic winners PV Sindhu, Sakshi Malik with Thar|website=Economictimes.in|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=9 September 2016}}</ref>
* Two-acre land from actor [[Vijayachander]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.gulte.com/news/51340/Actor-Politician-Gifts-2-Acre-Land-to-Sindhu|title=Actor-Politician Gifts 2 Acre Land to Sindhu|website=Gulte.com|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=Gulte|date=21 August 2016}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=March 2026}}
* Diamond necklace worth {{INRConvert|6|l|year=2016}} from NAC Jewellers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Desikan |first=Aparna |date=23 August 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nac-jewellers-to-gift-diamond-necklaces-to-pv-sindhu-sakshi-and-dipa-karmakar/articleshow/53830946.cms |title=NAC Jewellers to gift diamond necklaces to PV Sindhu, Sakshi and Dipa Karmakar|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref>
* Miniature gold and diamond badminton racquet memento from [[Kirtilals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/kirtilals-honour-sindhu-with-miniature-gold-diamond-racket/articleshow/53983813.cms|title=Kirtilals honour PV Sindhu honoured with miniature gold, diamond racket|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2016}}</ref>

'''Rewards for winning the gold medal at the 2019 BWF World Championships'''
* {{INRConvert|20|l}} from the [[Badminton Association of India]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Badminton Association of India announces cash reward for PV Sindhu, Sai Praneeth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/badminton-association-of-india-announces-cash-reward-for-pv-sindhu-sai-praneeth-1591538-2019-08-26l |work=[[India Today]] |location= |date=26 August 2019 |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|10|l}} from the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=World Champion PV Sindhu meets PM Modi, receives Rs 10 lakh cheque from Kiren Rijiju |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-rs-10-lakh-kiren-rijiju-meets-pm-narendra-modi-bwf-world-championships-5941343/ |work=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location= |date=27 August 2019 |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|10|l}} from the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Kerala government felicitates ace shuttler PV Sindhu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/091019/kerala-government-felicitates-ace-shuttler-pv-sindhu.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |location= |date=9 October 2019 |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Land grant]] from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=AP CM promises land for PV Sindhu to set up badminton academy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/ap-cm-promises-land-for-pv-sindhu-to-set-up-badminton-academy/articleshow/71116877.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |location= |date=13 September 2019 |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[BMW]] car from actor [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]] and businessman [[V. Chamundeswaranath]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170919/nagarjuna-akkineni-gifts-brand-new-car-to-badminton-champion-pv-sindhu.html|title=Nagarjuna Akkineni gifts BMW to badminton champion PV Sindhu|website=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=19 August 2022|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=17 September 2019}}</ref>

'''Rewards for winning the bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics'''
* {{INRConvert|1|c}} from the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|author= |date=13 August 2021 |title=Uttar Pradesh govt will honour Tokyo Olympic medallists on August 19: Yogi Adityanath|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-govt-will-honour-tokyo-olympic-medallists-on-august-19-yogi-adityanath-101628875374983.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location= |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|1|c}} from [[BYJU'S]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Tyagi |first=Harshita |date=8 August 2021 |title=BYJU'S announces Rs 2 crore reward for Neeraj Chopra, Rs 1 crore for other medalists|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/byjus-announces-rs-2-crore-reward-for-neeraj-chopra-rs-1-crore-for-other-medalists/796311 |work=[[Times Now]] |location= |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|50|l}} from the [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|author= |date=7 July 2021 |title=Telangana sports minister felicitates Tokyo-bound players, officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/telangana-sports-minister-felicitates-tokyo-bound-players-officials/articleshow/84206205.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |location= |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|30|l}} from the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nitin |date=12 July 2021 |title=Rs 6 crore or Rs 25 lakh for Olympics gold? Home state key to cash prize |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/rs-6-crore-or-rs-25-lakh-for-olympics-gold-home-state-key-to-cash-prize-7400117/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location= |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|30|l}} from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|author= |date=7 August 2021 |title=CM asks Sindhu to roll out badminton academy work|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/aug/07/cm-asks-sindhu-to-roll-out-badminton-academy-work-2341460.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|location= |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|25|l}} from the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]<ref name="raining">{{cite news|author= |date=7 August 2021 |title=Raining rewards for Olympic gold medallist Neeraj Chopra! Haryana, Punjab, BCCI announce cash awards for star javelin thrower|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/raining-rewards-for-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra-haryana-punjab-bcci-announce-cash-awards-for-star-javelin-thrower/2306502/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |location= |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>
*{{INRConvert|25|l}} from the [[Indian Olympic Association]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Tokyo Olympics: Coaches of gold winners to get ₹12.5 lakh from IOA, Chanu coach to get ₹10 lakh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/tokyo-olympics-coaches-of-gold-winners-to-get-rs-12-5-lakh-from-ioa-chanu-coach-to-get-rs-10-lakh-101627125333727.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location= |date=24 July 2021 |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>
*{{INRConvert|15|l}} from the [[JSW Group]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=JSW Group announces cash rewards for Tokyo Olympic medallists |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/jsw-cash-awards-tokyo-olympics-indian-medallists-neeraj-chopra-mirabai-chanu-men-hockey-team-sindhu-lovlina-bajrang-punia-ravi-dahiya/article35882739.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] |location= |date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== Olympic Games ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2016]]
| align="left" | [[Riocentro|Riocentro – Pavilion 4]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 12–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Silver medal.svg|16px]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="og16silver"/>
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2020]]
| align="left" | [[Musashino Forest Sport Plaza]], [[Tokyo]], Japan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Bingjiao]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Bronze medal.svg|16px]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="og20bronze"/>
|}

=== World Championships ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2013 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|2013]]
| align="left" | [[Tianhe Stadium]], [[Guangzhou]], China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon]]
| align="left" | 10–21, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="wc13"/>
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2014 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|2014]]
| align="left" | [[Ballerup Super Arena]], [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="wc14"/>
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2017 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|2017]]
| align="left" | [[Commonwealth Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome|Emirates Arena]], [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 22–20, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="wc17"/>
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2018 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park]], [[Nanjing]], China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="wc18"/>
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2019 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|2019]]
| align="left" | [[St. Jakobshalle]], [[Basel]], Switzerland
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara]]
| align="left" | 21–7, 21–7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="wc19"/>
|}

=== Commonwealth Games ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|2014]]
| align="left" | [[Emirates Arena]], [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Jing Yi]]
| align="left" | 23–21, 21–9
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="cg14"/>
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–23
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="cg18"/>
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|2022]]
| align="left" | [[National Exhibition Centre]], [[Birmingham]], England
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Michelle Li]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="cg22"/>
|}

=== Asian Games ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's singles|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Istora Gelora Bung Karno]], [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tai Tzu-ying]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="ag18"/>
|}

=== Asian Championships ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#ECF2FF"
| align="center" | [[2014 Badminton Asia Championships|2014]]
| align="left" | Gimcheon Indoor Stadium, [[Gimcheon]], South Korea
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Shixian]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 20–22, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="ac14"/>
|- style="background:#ECF2FF"
| align="center" | [[2022 Badminton Asia Championships#Finals 2|2022]]
| align="left" | Muntinlupa Sports Complex, [[Metro Manila]], Philippines
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 19–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="ac22"/>
|}

=== South Asian Games ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#FFAAAA"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
| align="left" | Multipurpose Hall SAI–SAG Centre, [[Shillong]], India
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani]]
| align="left" | 11–21, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref>{{cite web |last=Keerthivasan |first=K. |title=SAG: Ruthvika stuns Sindhu for badminton gold |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/sag/sag-ruthvika-stuns-sindhu-for-badminton-gold/article8218725.ece|work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2016 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Commonwealth Youth Games ===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#C6AEFF"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games|2011]]
| align="left" | [[National Sports Centre (Isle of Man)|National Sports Centre]], [[Douglas, Isle of Man]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soniia Cheah Su Ya]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 21–8
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="cyg11"/>
|}

=== Asian Junior Championships ===
''Girls' Singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#AABBCC"
| align="center" | [[2011 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2011]]
| align="left" | Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium, [[Lucknow]], India
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Yu (badminton)|Sun Yu]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 12–21, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"|
|- style="background:#AABBCC"
| align="center" | [[2012 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2012]]
| align="left" | Gimcheon Indoor Stadium, [[Gimcheon]], South Korea
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–17, 22–20
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="ajc12"/>
|}

=== BWF World Tour (5 titles, 7 runners-up) ===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|-
| align="center" | [[2018 India Open (badminton)#Finals 2|2018]]
| align="left" | [[India Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–11, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="ind18"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2018 Thailand Open (badminton)#Finals 2|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="thao18"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2018 BWF World Tour Finals#Finals 2|2018]]
| align="left" | [[BWF World Tour Finals]]
| align="left" | World Tour Finals
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} Nozomi Okuhara
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="wtf18"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2019 Indonesia Open (badminton)#Finals 2|2019]]
| align="left" | [[Indonesia Open (badminton)|Indonesia Open]]
| align="left" | Super 1000
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="inao19"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2021 Swiss Open (badminton)#Finals 2|2021]]
| align="left" | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 5–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="sui21"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2021 BWF World Tour Finals#Finals 2|2021]]
| align="left" | BWF World Tour Finals
| align="left" | World Tour Finals
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="wtf21"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Syed Modi International#Finals 2|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="sm22"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Swiss Open (badminton)#Finals 2|2022]]
| align="left" | Swiss Open
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Busanan Ongbamrungphan]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–8
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="sui22"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Singapore Open (badminton)#Finals 2|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi]]
| align="left" | 21–9, 11–21, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="sgp22"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Spain Masters#Finals 2|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Spain Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung]]
| align="left" | 8–21, 8–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="esp23"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Malaysia Masters#Finals 2|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Malaysia Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} Wang Zhiyi
| align="left" | 21–16, 5–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="masm24"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Syed Modi International#Finals 2|2024]]
| align="left" | Syed Modi International
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wu Luoyu]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background: white"| <ref name="modi24"/>
|}

=== BWF Superseries (3 titles, 4 runners-up) ===
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=BWF Launches Super Series |url=http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5 |website=[[Badminton Australia]] |date=15 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref> was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were [[BWF Superseries|Superseries and Superseries Premier]]. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event |url=http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx |website=IBadmintonstore |access-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#DAA520"
| align="center" | [[2015 Denmark Super Series Premier#Finals 2|2015]]
| align="left" | [[Denmark Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Xuerui]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="den15"/>
|- style="background:#DAA520"
| align="center" | [[2016 China Open Super Series Premier#Finals 2|2016]]
| align="left" | [[China Open (badminton)|China Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Yu (badminton)|Sun Yu]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 17–21, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="chno16"/>
|- style="background:#FFFFCC"
| align="center" | [[2016 Hong Kong Super Series#Finals 2|2016]]
| align="left" | [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tai Tzu-ying]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="hk16"/>
|- style="background:#FFFFCC"
| align="center" | [[2017 India Super Series#Finals 2|2017]]
| align="left" | [[India Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="indo17"/>
|- style="background:#FFFFCC;"
| align="center" | [[2017 Korea Open Super Series#Finals 2|2017]]
| align="left" | [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 11–21, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="kor17"/>
|- style="background:#FFFFCC"
| align="center" | [[2017 Hong Kong Super Series#Finals 2|2017]]
| align="left" | Hong Kong Open
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} Tai Tzu-ying
| align="left" | 18–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="hk17"/>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
| align="center" | [[2017 BWF Super Series Finals#Finals 2|2017]]
| align="left" | [[BWF Super Series Finals|Dubai World Superseries Finals]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 12–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="ssf17"/>
|}
: {{Color box|#B0C4DE|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Superseries Finals]] tournament
: {{Color box|#DAA520|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Superseries|BWF Superseries Premier]] tournament
: {{Color box|#FFFFCC|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Superseries]] tournament

=== BWF Grand Prix (6 titles, 3 runners-up) ===
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the [[BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold|Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold]]. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regulations for Grand Prix|url=http://www.bwfbadminton.org/file.aspx?id=524497&dl=1|work=Badminton World Federation|publisher=Bwfbadminton.org|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214022830/http://bwfbadminton.org/file.aspx?id=524497&dl=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | [[2011 Dutch Open Grand Prix#Finals 2|2011]]
| align="left" | [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|NED}} [[Yao Jie]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="ned11"/>
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2012 India Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals 2|2012]]
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|India Grand Prix Gold]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Lindaweni Fanetri]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 21–18, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="sm12"/>
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2013 Malaysia Grand Prix Gold#Finals 2|2013]]
| align="left" | [[Malaysia Masters|Malaysia Grand Prix Gold]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Gu Juan]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 17–21, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="masgpg13"/>
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2013 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals 2|2013]]
| align="left" | [[Macau Open Badminton Championships|Macau Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Michelle Li]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="mac13"/>
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2014 India Open Grand Prix Gold|2014]]
| align="left" | India Grand Prix Gold
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="indgpg14"/>
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2014 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold|2014]]
| align="left" | Macau Open
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hyo-min]]
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="mac14"/>
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2015 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold|2015]]
| align="left" | Macau Open
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Minatsu Mitani]]
| align="left" | 21–9, 21–23, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="mac15"/>
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2016 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold|2016]]
| align="left" | Malaysia Masters
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Kirsty Gilmour]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–9
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="masm16"/>
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold#Finals 2|2017]]
| align="left" | Syed Modi International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="sm17"/>
|}
: {{Color box|#D4F1C5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF Grand Prix]] tournament
: {{Color box|#FFFF67|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF Grand Prix Gold]] tournament

=== BWF International Challenge/Series (4 titles, 1 runner-up) ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2010
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rie Eto (badminton)|Rie Eto]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 24–26
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="iran10"/>
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2011
| align="left" | [[Maldives International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[P. C. Thulasi]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="mdv11"/>
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2011
| align="left" | [[Indonesia International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fransisca Ratnasari]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="inaic11"/>
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2011
| align="left" | [[Swiss International (badminton)|Swiss International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Carola Bott]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="suiic11"/>
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2011
| align="left" | [[Tata Open India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sayali Gokhale]]
| align="left" | 21–10, 20–22, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"| <ref name="indic11"/>
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament

=== Invitational tournament ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#F5F5F5"
| align="center" | [[2015 Copenhagen Masters|2015]]
| align="left" | [[Copenhagen Masters]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Kjærsfeldt]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white"|
|}

== Career overview ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Singles
! Played
! Wins
! Losses
! Balance
|-
| align=left | '''Total'''
| 631
| 440
| 191
| '''+249'''
|-
| align=left | '''Current year''' (2024)
| 0
| 0
| 0
| '''0'''
|}

{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Doubles
! Played
! Wins
! Losses
! Balance
|-
| align=left | '''Total'''
| 24
| 14
| 10
| '''+4'''
|-
| align=left | '''Current year''' (2024)
| 0
| 0
| 0
| '''0'''
|}

{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Mixed
! Played
! Wins
! Losses
! Balance
|-
| align=left | '''Total'''
| 1
| 1
| 0
| '''+1'''
|-
| align=left | '''Current year''' (2024)
| 0
| 0
| 0
| '''0'''
|}
{{col-end}}

:''<nowiki>*</nowiki> Statistics were last updated on 6 January 2024.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Pusarla V. Sindhu – Career overview|url=http://bwfbadminton.com/player/73173/pusarla-v-sindhu|website=[[Badminton World Federation|bwfbadminton.com]]|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

==Performance timeline==
{{Performance key (badminton)}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
|-
! Tournament !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013 !! 2014 !! 2015 !! 2016 !! 2017 !! [[2018 BWF World Tour|2018]] !! [[2019 BWF World Tour|2019]] !! [[2020 BWF World Tour|2020]] !! [[2021 BWF World Tour|2021]] !! [[2022 BWF World Tour|2022]] !! [[2023 BWF World Tour|2023]] !! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]] !! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]] !! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]
!! width="40" |{{Tooltip| SR | Strike rate}} !! Best !! Ref
|-
! colspan="21" style="text-align:center;" |[[Badminton World Federation|BWF Events]]
|-
|align=left|[[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2009; |[[2009 BWF World Junior Championships|2R]]
| bgcolor="#ffebcd" 2010; |[[2010 BWF World Junior Championships|'''QF''']]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2011; |[[2011 BWF World Junior Championships|3R]]
|2012; colspan="3" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
| colspan="12" style="colour:#ccc" 2009; |{{Tooltip| N/A |Not Applicable}}
|SR;| '''0/3'''
| bgcolor="#ffebcd" Best; |'''QF''' ('10)
| <ref name="wjc10"/><ref name="wjc11"/>
|-
|align=left|[[BWF World Championships|World Championships]]
|2009 colspan=3 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012 style=color:#ccc |{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2013 bgcolor="#cd7f32" |[[2013 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|B]]
|2014 bgcolor="#cd7f32" |[[2014 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|B]]
|2015 bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2015 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|QF]]
|2016 style=color:#ccc |{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2017 bgcolor="silver" |[[2017 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|S]]
|2018 bgcolor="silver" |[[2018 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|S]]
|2019 bgcolor="gold" |[[2019 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|'''G''']]
|2020 style=color:#ccc |{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2021 bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2021 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|QF]]
|2022 |[[2022 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
|2023 bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2023 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|2R]]
|2024 style=color:#ccc |{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2025 bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2025 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|QF]]
|
| SR; | '''1/9'''
| bgcolor="gold" Best; |'''G''' ('19)
| <ref name="wc13"/><ref name="wc14"/><ref name="wc15"/><ref name="wc17"/><ref name="wc18"/><ref name="wc19"/><ref name="wc21"/><ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left|[[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|Olympics]]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2012; |{{Tooltip| DNQ |Did not qualify}}
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2016; bgcolor="silver" |[[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|'''S''']]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2020; bgcolor="#cd7f32" | [[Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|B]]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|bgcolor="#afeeee" 2024; | [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2R]]
|colspan="2" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|SR;| '''0/3'''
|Best; bgcolor="silver"|'''S''' ('16)
| <ref name="og16silver"/><ref name="og20bronze"/><ref name="og24"/>
|-
! colspan="21" style="text-align:center;" |Other Events
|-
|align=left|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|colspan="1" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2010; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2014; bgcolor="#cd7f32" |[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|B]]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2018; bgcolor="silver" | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|S]]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor="gold" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|'''G''']]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|
|SR;| '''1/3'''
|Best; bgcolor="gold"|'''G''' ('22)
| <ref name="cg14"/><ref name="cg18"/><ref name="cg22"/>
|-
|align=left|[[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|colspan="1" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2010; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2014; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[Badminton at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's singles|2R]]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2018; bgcolor="silver" | [[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's singles|'''S''']]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor="#ffebcd" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's singles|QF]]
|colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|
|SR;| '''0/3'''
|Best; bgcolor="silver"|'''S''' ('18)
| <ref name="ag18"/><ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
| align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]]
|2009 colspan=4 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2013 Badminton Asia Championships|QF]]
|bgcolor="#cd7f32" |'''[[2014 Badminton Asia Championships|B]]'''
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2015 Badminton Asia Championships|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2016 Badminton Asia Championships|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2017 Badminton Asia Championships|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2018 Badminton Asia Championships|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2019 Badminton Asia Championships|QF]]
|colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|bgcolor="#cd7f32" |'''[[2022 Badminton Asia Championships|B]]'''
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2023 Badminton Asia Championships|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2024 Badminton Asia Championships|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2025 Badminton Asia Championships|2R]]
|
|SR;| '''0/11'''
|Best; bgcolor="#cd7f32" |'''B''' ('14, '22)
| <ref name="ac13"/><ref name="ac14"/><ref name="ac15"/><ref name="ac16"/><ref name="ac22"/>
|-
! colspan="10" | [[BWF Super Series|BWF Superseries]] / [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|Grand Prix]] || colspan="12" | [[BWF World Tour]]
|-
|align=left| [[Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]]
|2009; colspan=3 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012; | Q1
|2013; bgcolor="#afeeee"| [[2013 Malaysia Super Series|1R]]
|2014; bgcolor="#afeeee"| [[2014 Malaysia Super Series Premier|2R]]
|2015; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2016; bgcolor="#ffebcd" | [[2016 Malaysia Super Series Premier|QF]]
|2017; bgcolor="#afeeee"| [[2017 Malaysia Super Series Premier|1R]]
|2018; bgcolor="#ffff00" |'''[[2018 Malaysia Open|SF]]'''
|2019; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2019 Malaysia Open|2R]]
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2022 Malaysia Open (badminton)|QF]]
|2023; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2023 Malaysia Open (badminton)|1R]]
|2024; colspan="2" | {{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2026; bgcolor="#ffff00" |'''[[2026 Malaysia Open (badminton)|SF]]'''
| SR; | '''0/10'''
|Best; bgcolor="ffff00" |'''SF''' ('18, '26)
| <ref name="sindhu23"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Maybank Malaysia Open Presented by Proton: Draws: WS – Qualification|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=15C0786F-0C76-474B-845E-15D5FD591223&draw=3|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214123723/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=15C0786F-0C76-474B-845E-15D5FD591223&draw=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[India Open]]
| 2009; |Q2
|bgcolor="#afeeee" 2010; |[[2010 India Open Grand Prix Gold|2R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2011; |[[2011 India Super Series|1R]]
| bgcolor="#ffebcd" 2012; |[[2012 India Super Series|QF]]
| bgcolor="ffff00" 2013; |[[2013 India Super Series|SF]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2014; |[[2014 India Super Series|1R]]
| 2015; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2016; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2016 India Super Series|QF]]
|2017; bgcolor="00FF00" |[[2017 India Super Series|'''W''']]
|2018; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |[[2018 India Open|F]]
|2019; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2019 India Open|SF]]
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2022 India Open|SF]]
|2023; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2023 India Open|1R]]
|2024; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2025; bgcolor="ffebcd" |[[2025 India Open|QF]]
|2026; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2026 India Open|1R]]
| SR; | '''1/14'''
| bgcolor="00FF00" Best; |'''W''' ('17)
| <ref name="indo17"/><ref name="ind18"/><ref name="sindhu23"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Yonex Sunrise India Open 2009: Draws: WS – Qualification|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=72F1F101-544B-4C1F-B8BE-11BB3296ADE8&draw=4|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214122232/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=72F1F101-544B-4C1F-B8BE-11BB3296ADE8&draw=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Grand Prix Gold 2010: Draws: WS|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=CD5E57C3-91F4-402A-9434-E2ABFB0CBC91&draw=3|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121647/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=CD5E57C3-91F4-402A-9434-E2ABFB0CBC91&draw=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[Indonesia Masters]]
|2009; colspan=6|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2015; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2015 Indonesian Masters Grand Prix Gold|QF]]
|2016; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2017; style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| N/A |Not Applicable}}
|2018; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2018 Indonesia Masters|QF]]
|2019; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2019 Indonesia Masters|QF]]
|2020; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2020 Indonesia Masters|2R]]
|2021; bgcolor="#ffff00" |'''[[2021 Indonesia Masters|SF]]'''
|2022; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2022 Indonesia Masters|QF]]
|2023; colspan="2"|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2025; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2025 Indonesia Masters|1R]]
|2026; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2026 Indonesia Masters|QF]]
|SR;| '''0/8'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffff00"| '''SF''' ('21)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=PV Sindhu exits Indonesia Masters with defeat in semifinal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/Nov/20/pv-sindhu-exits-indonesia-masters-with-defeat-in-semifinal-2385986.html |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=20 November 2021 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]
|2009; colspan=3|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2012; |1R
|2013; colspan=3|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2016; bgcolor="ffebcd" |[[2016 German Open Grand Prix Gold|'''QF''']]
|2017; bgcolor="" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2018; colspan=2|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2022 German Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2023; colspan="4" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|SR;| '''0/3'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffebcd" | '''QF''' ('16)
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Yonex German Open GPG 2012: Draws: WS|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=596D798E-F45C-45AA-9A03-305480068147&draw=4|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214133627/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=596D798E-F45C-45AA-9A03-305480068147&draw=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PV Sindhu loses German Open quarterfinals to Wang Shixian of China |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-pv-sindhu-loses-german-open-quarterfinals-to-wang-shixian-of-china-2185694 |work=DNA |date=30 September 2017 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[All England Open Badminton Championships|All England Open]]
|2009; colspan=3|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2012; |[[2012 All England Super Series Premier|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2013; |[[2013 All England Super Series Premier|2R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2014; |[[2014 All England Super Series Premier|1R]]
|2015; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2016; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2016 All England Super Series Premier|1R]]
|2017; bgcolor="ffebcd" |[[2017 All England Super Series Premier|QF]]
|2018; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2018 All England Open|'''SF''']]
|2019; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2019 All England Open|1R]]
|2020; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2020 All England Open|QF]]
|2021; bgcolor="#ffff00" |[[2021 All England Open|'''SF''']]
|2022; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2022 All England Open|2R]]
|2023; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2023 All England Open|1R]]
|2024; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2024 All England Open|2R]]
|2025; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2025 All England Open|1R]]
|2026; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
| SR; | '''0/13'''
| bgcolor="ffff00" Best; |'''SF''' ('18, '21)
| <ref name="ae18"/><ref name="ae21"/><ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
|2009; colspan=3 |{{Tooltip |A| Absent}}
|2012; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2012 Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold|1R]]
|2013; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold|2R]]
|2014; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2014 Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold|SF]]
|2015; |{{Tooltip |A| Absent}}
|2016; bgcolor="ffebcd" |[[2016 Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold|QF]]
|2017; colspan=3|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2021; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |[[2021 Swiss Open (badminton)|F]]
|2022; bgcolor="00FF00" |'''[[2022 Swiss Open (badminton)|W]]'''
|2023; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2023 Swiss Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2024; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2024 Swiss Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2025; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2025 Swiss Open (badminton)|1R]]
|2026; |[[2025 Swiss Open (badminton)|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
|SR;| '''1/9'''
|Best; bgcolor="00FF00" | '''W''' ('22)
| <ref name="sui21"/><ref name="sui22"/><ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Chinese Taipei Open (badminton)|Taipei Open]]
|2009; colspan=6|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
| bgcolor="#afeeee" 2015; |[[2015 Chinese Taipei Open Grand Prix Gold|'''2R''']]
|2016; colspan=4|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; colspan=2|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2024; |[[2024 Taipei Open|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
|2025; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''0/1'''
|Best; bgcolor="#afeeee"| '''2R''' ('15)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian challenge ends at Chinese Taipei Open as Sindhu, Srikanth crash out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/pv-sindhu-kidambi-srikanth-lose-2nd-round-at-chinese-taipei-open-282826-2015-07-16 |work=India Today |date=16 July 2015 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 align=left| [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]
|2009; rowspan=2 colspan=3|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012; rowspan=2 bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2012 Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold|2R]]
|2013; rowspan=2 colspan=5|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2018; rowspan=2 bgcolor="d8bfd8"|[[2018 Thailand Open (badminton)|'''F''']]
|2019; rowspan=2 bgcolor="" |[[2019 Thailand Open (badminton)|{{Tooltip| w/d | Withdrew}}]]
|2020; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2020 Yonex Thailand Open|1R]]
|2021; rowspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; rowspan=2 bgcolor="#ffff00" |[[2022 Thailand Open (badminton)|SF]]
|2023; rowspan=2 bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2023 Thailand Open (badminton)|1R]]
|2024-25; rowspan=2 colspan=2|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2026; rowspan=2|
|SR; rowspan=2 | '''0/6'''
|Best; rowspan=2 bgcolor="d8bfd8"| '''F''' ('18)
|Ref; rowspan=2| <ref name="thao18"/><ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|2020; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2020 Toyota Thailand Open|QF]]
|-
|align=left| [[Malaysia Masters]]
|2009; colspan=3|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2012 Malaysia Open Grand Prix Gold|SF]]
|2013; bgcolor=00FF00 |[[2013 Malaysia Grand Prix Gold|'''W''']]
|2014; bgcolor="" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2015; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2015 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold|SF]]
|2016; bgcolor=00FF00 |[[2016 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold|'''W''']]
|2017; bgcolor="" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2018; bgcolor="" |[[2018 Malaysia Masters|{{Tooltip|w/d| Withdrew}}]]
|2019; bgcolor="" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2020 Malaysia Masters|QF]]
|2021; style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2022 Malaysia Masters|QF]]
|2023; bgcolor="#ffff00" |[[2023 Malaysia Masters|SF]]
|2024; bgcolor="#d8bfd8" |[[2024 Malaysia Masters|F]]
|2025; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2025 Malaysia Masters|1R]]
|
|SR;| '''2/9'''
|Best; bgcolor=00FF00 |'''W''' ('13, '16)
| <ref name="masgpg13"/><ref name="masm16"/><ref name="sindhu23"/><ref name="masm24"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]]
|2009; colspan=3 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012; bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2012 Singapore Super Series|1R]]
|2013; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2014; bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2014 Singapore Super Series|QF]]
|2015;|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2016; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2016 Singapore Super Series|2R]]
|2017; bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2017 Singapore Super Series|QF]]
|2018; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2019 Singapore Open (badminton)|SF]]
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor=00FF00 |[[2022 Singapore Open (badminton)|'''W''']]
|2023; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2023 Singapore Open (badminton)|1R]]
|2024; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2024 Singapore Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2025; bgcolor="afeeee" |[[2025 Singapore Open (badminton)|2R]]
|
|SR;| '''1/9'''
|bgcolor="00FF00" |'''W''' ('22)
| <ref name="sgp22"/><ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Indonesia Open (badminton)|Indonesia Open]]
|2009; colspan=3 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012; bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2012 Indonesia Super Series Premier|2R]]
|2013; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2014; bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2014 Indonesia Super Series Premier|1R]]
|2015; bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2015 Indonesia Super Series Premier|1R]]
|2016; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2017; bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2017 Indonesia Super Series Premier|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2018 Indonesia Open (badminton)|QF]]
|bgcolor="#d8bfd8" |[[2019 Indonesia Open (badminton)|'''F''']]
|style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2021; bgcolor="#ffff00" |[[2021 Indonesia Open|SF]]
|2022; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2022 Indonesia Open|1R]]
|2023; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2023 Indonesia Open|2R]]
|2024; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2024 Indonesia Open|1R]]
|2025; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2025 Indonesia Open|2R]]
|
|SR;| '''0/11'''
|Best; bgcolor="d8bfd8"|'''F''' ('19)
| <ref name="inao19"/><ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| 2009; colspan=11|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; colspan=3 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2023; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |'''[[2023 U.S. Open (badminton)|QF]]'''
|2024; colspan="2" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''0/1'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |'''QF''' ('23)
| <ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Canada Open (badminton)|Canada Open]]
|2009; style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
| 2010; colspan=10|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; | {{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2023; bgcolor="#ffff00" |[[2023 Canada Open|'''SF''']]
|2024; colspan="2" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''0/1'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffff00"| '''SF''' ('23)
| <ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Japan Open (badminton)|Japan Open]]
|colspan=3 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2012 Japan Super Series|2R]]
|2013; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 Japan Super Series|2R]]
|2014; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2015; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2015 Japan Super Series|1R]]
|2016; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2017; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2017 Japan Super Series|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2018 Japan Open (badminton)|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2019 Japan Open (badminton)|'''QF''']]
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not held}}
|2022; |[[2022 Japan Open|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
|2023; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2023 Japan Open|1R]]
|2024; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2025; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2025 Japan Open|1R]]
|
|SR;| '''0/8'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |'''QF''' ('19)
| <ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[China Open (badminton)|China Open]]
|2009; colspan=2 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2011; |Q2
|2012; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2012 China Open Super Series Premier|1R]]
|2013; colspan=2 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2015; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2015 China Open Super Series Premier|2R]]
|2016; bgcolor="00FF00" |'''[[2016 China Open Super Series Premier|W]]'''
|2017; QF bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2017 China Open Super Series Premier|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2018 China Open (badminton)|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2019 China Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2020; colspan=3 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2023; colspan="2" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2025 China Open (badminton)|2R]]
|
|SR;| '''1/8'''
|Best; bgcolor="00FF00" |'''W''' ('16)
| <ref name="chno16"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Li Ning China Open 2011: Draws: WS – Qualification|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=91BC911B-E50D-4FFA-9211-33938FCD4A19&draw=3|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214122119/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=91BC911B-E50D-4FFA-9211-33938FCD4A19&draw=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[Macau Open Badminton Championships|Macau Open]]
|2009; colspan=4|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2013; bgcolor=00FF00 |[[2013 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold|'''W''']]
|2014; bgcolor=00FF00 |[[2014 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold|'''W''']]
|2015; bgcolor=00FF00 |[[2015 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold|'''W''']]
|2016; colspan=4|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; colspan="3" style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2023; style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| N/A |Not Applicable}}
|2024; colspan="2" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''3/3'''
|Best; bgcolor=00FF00 |'''W''' ('13, '14, '15)
| <ref name="mac13"/><ref name="mac14"/><ref name="mac15"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Vietnam Open (badminton)|Vietnam Open]]
|2009; colspan=2|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|bgcolor="#ffebcd" 2011; | '''QF'''
|2012; colspan=8|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; colspan="4" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''0/1'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffebcd" | '''QF''' ('11)
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Yonex Sunrise Vietnam Grand Prix Open 2011: Draws: WS|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=4B7F4E4E-4EB6-4A33-8655-78FC3FC91D5E&draw=4|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121131/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=4B7F4E4E-4EB6-4A33-8655-78FC3FC91D5E&draw=4|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open]]
|2009; colspan=2 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2011; | Q2
|2012; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2012 Hong Kong Super Series|1R]]
|2013; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 Hong Kong Super Series|1R]]
|2014; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 Hong Kong Super Series|2R]]
|2015; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2015 Hong Kong Super Series|1R]]
|2016; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |[[2016 Hong Kong Super Series|'''F''']]
|2017; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |[[2017 Hong Kong Super Series|'''F''']]
|2018; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2018 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2019; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2019 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2020; colspan=3 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2023; colspan="2" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2025; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2025 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|1R]]
|
|SR;| '''0/10'''
|Best; bgcolor="d8bfd8" | '''F''' ('16, '17)
| <ref name="hk16"/><ref name="hk17"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Yonex Sunrise Hong Kong Open 2011: Draws: WS – Qualification|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=6ADDD331-4C98-4B84-A2ED-3F0B93881018&draw=3|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214122306/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=6ADDD331-4C98-4B84-A2ED-3F0B93881018&draw=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[China Masters]]
|2009; colspan=3 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2012 China Masters Super Series|'''SF''']]
|2013; colspan=3|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2016; bgcolor="ffebcd" |[[2016 China Masters Grand Prix Gold|QF]]
|2017; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2018; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2018 Fuzhou China Open|QF]]
|2019; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2019 Fuzhou China Open|1R]]
|2020; colspan=3 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2023; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2024; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2024 China Masters|2R]]
|2025; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2025 China Masters|QF]]
|
|SR;| '''0/6'''
|Best; bgcolor="ffff00" |'''SF''' ('12)
| <ref name="chnm12"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]
|2009; colspan=3 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2012; |Q2
|2013; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 Korea Open Super Series Premier|2R]]
|2014; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2013; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2015 Korea Open Super Series|2R]]
|2016; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2017; bgcolor="00FF00" |[[2017 Korea Open Super Series|'''W''']]
|2018; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2019; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2019 Korea Open (badminton)|1R]]
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor="ffff00" | [[2022 Korea Open (badminton)|SF]]
|2023; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2023 Korea Open (badminton)|1R]]
|2024; colspan=2 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''1/7'''
|Best; bgcolor="00FF00" |'''W''' ('17)
| <ref name="kor17"/><ref name="sindhu23"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Victor Korea Open 2012: Draws: WS – Qualification|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=3677C337-B11D-4E8A-B0D9-F7181D73A7EF&draw=3|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214122122/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=3677C337-B11D-4E8A-B0D9-F7181D73A7EF&draw=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[Arctic Open]]
| 2009; colspan=2|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2011; colspan=1 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
| 2012; colspan=8|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; colspan=3 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2023; bgcolor="#ffff00" |'''[[2023 Arctic Open|SF]]'''
|2024; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2024 Arctic Open|1R]]
|2025; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''0/2'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffff00" |'''SF''' ('23)
| <ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Denmark Open]]
|2009; colspan=4 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2013; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 Denmark Super Series Premier|1R]]
|2014; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2014 Denmark Super Series Premier|QF]]
|2015; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |[[2015 Denmark Super Series Premier|'''F''']]
|2016; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2016 Denmark Super Series Premier|2R]]
|2017; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2017 Denmark Super Series Premier|1R]]
|2018; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2018 Denmark Open|1R]]
|2019; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2019 Denmark Open|2R]]
|2020; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2021; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2021 Denmark Open|QF]]
|2022; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2023; bgcolor="#ffff00" |[[2023 Denmark Open|SF]]
|2024; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2024 Denmark Open|QF]]
|2025; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR; | '''0/10'''
|Best; bgcolor="d8bfd8" | '''F''' ('15)
| <ref name="den15"/><ref name="sindhu23"/><ref name="den24">{{cite web |last=Naik |first=Shivani |title=Denmark Open badminton: PV Sindhu shows familiar failings as she loses to Indonesian Gregoria Mariska Tunjung in quarters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/denmark-open-badminton-pv-sindhu-gregoria-mariskatunjung-quarters-9627519/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[French Open (badminton)|French Open]]
|2009; colspan=4 |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2013; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 French Super Series|2R]]
|2014; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 French Super Series|1R]]
|2015; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2015 French Super Series|1R]]
|2016; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2016 French Super Series|2R]]
|2017; bgcolor="#ffff00" |[[2017 French Super Series|'''SF''']]
|2018; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2018 French Open (badminton)|QF]]
|2019; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2019 French Open (badminton)|QF]]
|style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2021; bgcolor="#ffff00" | '''[[2021 French Open (badminton)|SF]]'''
|2022; | {{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2023; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2023 French Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2024; bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2024 French Open (badminton)|QF]]
|2025; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''0/10'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffff00" |'''SF''' ('17, '21)
| <ref name="fra23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Japan Masters (badminton)|Japan Masters]]
|2009; colspan=14 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2023; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2024; bgcolor="#afeeee" |'''[[2024 Japan Masters|2R]]'''
|2025; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''0/1'''
|Best; bgcolor="afeeee" |'''2R''' ('24)
|
|-
|align=left| [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]
|2009; colspan=5|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2014; bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2014 Australian Super Series|'''QF''']]
|2015; bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2015 Australian Super Series|1R]]
|2016; bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2016 Australian Super Series|1R]]
|2017; bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2017 Australian Super Series|'''QF''']]
|2018; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2019 Australian Open (badminton)|2R]]
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2023; bgcolor="#ffebcd"|'''[[2023 Australian Open (badminton)|QF]]'''
|2024; colspan=2|{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''0/6'''
|Best; bgcolor="#ffebcd"|'''QF''' ('14, '17, '23)
| <ref name="sindhu23"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
|2009; bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2009 India Open Grand Prix|QF]]
|2010; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2010 India Grand Prix|SF]]
|2011; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2011 India Open Grand Prix Gold|2R]]
|2012; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |[[2012 India Open Grand Prix Gold|F]]
|2013; style=color:#ccc |{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2014; bgcolor="d8bfd8"|[[2014 India Open Grand Prix Gold|F]]
|2015; bgcolor="ffff00" |[[2015 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|SF]]
|2016; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2016 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|2R]]
|2017; bgcolor="00FF00" |[[2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|'''W''']]
|2018; bgcolor="" |[[2018 Syed Modi International|{{Tooltip| w/d | Withdrew}}]]
|2019; bgcolor="" |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2020; colspan=2 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2022; bgcolor="00FF00"|[[2022 Syed Modi International|'''W''']]
|2023; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|2024; bgcolor="00FF00"|[[2024 Syed Modi International|'''W''']]
|2025; |{{Tooltip| A | Absent}}
|
|SR;| '''3/10'''
|Best; bgcolor="00FF00" |'''W''' ('17, '22, '24)
| <ref name="sm12"/><ref name="indgpg14"/><ref name="sm17"/><ref name="sm22"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Jaypee Cup Syed Modi Memorial India Grand Prix 2009: Draws: WS|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=F7BADB96-E905-4E8B-8B9D-A89A779D4790&draw=2|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121820/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=F7BADB96-E905-4E8B-8B9D-A89A779D4790&draw=2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Grand Prix 2010: Draws: WS|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=244B9415-DA84-43A2-8550-ED8B0A1267C6&draw=3|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214122332/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=244B9415-DA84-43A2-8550-ED8B0A1267C6&draw=3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yonex – Sunrise Syed Modi Memorial India Open Grand Prix Gold: Draws: WS|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=B958ADE2-68D5-422F-BBFB-7248E8752124&draw=4|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214132914/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=B958ADE2-68D5-422F-BBFB-7248E8752124&draw=4|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[BWF Super Series Finals|Superseries]] / [[BWF World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]]
|2009; colspan="7" |{{Tooltip| DNQ |Did not qualify}}
|2016; bgcolor="ffff00" | [[2016 BWF Super Series Finals|SF]]
|2017; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |[[2017 BWF Super Series Finals|F]]
|2018; bgcolor="00FF00" |[[2018 BWF World Tour Finals|'''W''']]
|2019; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2019 BWF World Tour Finals|RR]]
|2020; bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2020 BWF World Tour Finals|RR]]
|2021; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |[[2021 BWF World Tour Finals|F]]
|2022; |[[2022 BWF World Tour Finals|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
|2023; colspan="3" |{{Tooltip| DNQ |Did not qualify}}
|
|SR;| '''1/6'''
|Best; bgcolor="00FF00" |'''W''' ('18)
| <ref name="ssf16"/><ref name="ssf17"/><ref name="wtf18"/><ref name="wtf19"/><ref name="wtf21"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Spain Masters]]
|colspan=9 style=color:#ccc|{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|colspan=4 |{{Tooltip |A| Absent}}
|2022; style=color:#ccc |{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|2023; bgcolor="d8bfd8" |'''[[2023 Spain Masters|F]]'''
|2024; bgcolor="ffebcd" |[[2024 Spain Masters|QF]]
|2025-26; colspan="2" style=color:#ccc |{{Tooltip| NH |Not Held}}
|SR;| '''0/2'''
|Best; bgcolor="d8bfd8" | '''F''' ('23)
| <ref name="esp23"/>
|- style="background:#fffaaa;"
|align=left|'''Year-end ranking'''
|2009; |255
|2010; |151
|2011; |31
|2012; |19
|2013; |11
|2014; |11
|2015; |12
|2016; |6
|2017; |3
|2018; |3
|2019; |6
|2020; |7
|2021; |7
|2022; |7
|2023; |11
|2024; |15
|2025; |18
|2026; |
|Best; | '''2'''
| <ref name="rank2"/><ref name="top20"/><ref name="rank15"/>
|-
! Tournament !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013 !! 2014 !! 2015 !! 2016 !! 2017 !! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020 !! 2021 !! 2022 !! 2023 !! 2024 !! 2025 !! 2026 !! SR !! Best !! Ref
|}

== Record against selected opponents ==
Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 2 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/head-2-head?OrganizationCode=209B123F-AA87-41A2-BC3E-CB57133E64CC&T1P1MemberID=73173 |title=Pusarla V. Sindhu Head To Head |website=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030163243/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/head-2-head?OrganizationCode=209B123F-AA87-41A2-BC3E-CB57133E64CC&T1P1MemberID=73173 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Players
! rowspan="2" | Matches
! colspan="2" | Results
! rowspan="2" | Difference
|-
! Won
! Lost
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei]]
| 14 || 6 || 8 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue]]
| 8 || 7 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +6
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Bingjiao]]
| 21 || 9 || 12 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Xuerui]]
| 7 || 4 || 3 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Lin (badminton)|Wang Lin]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Shixian]]
| 10 || 4 || 6 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yihan]]
| 7 || 3 || 4 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi]]
| 6 || 3 || 3 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Yiman]]
| 5 || 2 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tai Tzu-ying]]
| 24 || 5 || 19 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –14
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Tine Baun]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Juliane Schenk]]
| 2 || 0 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yip Pui Yin]]
| 4 || 4 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +4
|-
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
! rowspan="2" | Players
! rowspan="2" | Matches
! colspan="2" | Results
! rowspan="2" | Difference
|-
! Won
! Lost
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Lindaweni Fanetri]]
| 10 || 8 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +6
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung]]
| 14 || 10 || 4 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +6
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Putri Kusuma Wardani]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Minatsu Mitani]]
| 4 || 3 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara]]
| 20 || 11 || 9 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi]]
| 27 || 15 || 12 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Aya Ohori]]
| 14 || 13 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +12
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]]
| 8 || 0 || 8 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –8
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Bae Yeon-ju]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Sung Ji-hyun]]
| 17 || 9 || 8 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín]]
| 18 || 6 || 12 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –6
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Porntip Buranaprasertsuk]]
| 10 || 6 || 4 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon]]
| 13 || 4 || 9 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –5
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
*[[Badminton in India]]
*[[India national badminton team]]
*[[List of Indian sportswomen]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{sports links}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101025135109/http://www.olympicgoldquest.in/ogq/athletes/PVsindhu.htm P. V. Sindhu] at [[Olympic Gold Quest]] (archived)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100805072833/http://www.pgba.in/sindhu_pro.html P. V. Sindhu] at [[Gopichand Badminton Academy]] (archived)

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports|oly}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Mary Kom]] [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]
| title = [[List of flag bearers for India at the Olympics|Flagbearer]] for {{IND}}
| years = (with [[Sharath Kamal]]) [[2024 Summer Olympics|París 2024]]
| after = '''''Incumbent'''''
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Footer World Champions Badminton Singles Women}}
{{Footer BWF World Tour Finals Champions Badminton Singles Women}}
{{Footer Asian Champions Badminton Team Women}}
{{Olympic medalists for India}}
{{Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}
{{Badminton in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:P. V. Sindhu}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu sportspeople]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in badminton]]

Arunodhayam

2026-03-04T04:53:36Z

LolitaErurf: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arunodhayam
| image = Arunodhayam.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| producer = [[Muktha Ramaswamy|Muktha V. Ramaswamy]]
| writer = 'Madurai' Thirumaran
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[R. Muthuraman]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| cinematography = N. S. Varma
| editing = E. V. Shanmugam
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Muktha Films
| released = {{Film date|1971|03|05|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Arunodhayam''''' ({{translation|Sunrise}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]] and produced by V. Ramasamy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=எம்ஜிஆர், சிவாஜி இரண்டாம் இடம்; ஆதிபராசக்திதான் முதலிடம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/525353-mgr-sivaji.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116093509/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/525353-mgr-sivaji.html |archive-date=16 November 2019 }}</ref> The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[R. Muthuraman]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=141-150 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp15.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2014-09-11 |website=nadigarthilagam.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808164517/http://www.nadigarthilagam.com:80/filmographyp15.htm |archive-date=8 August 2008 }}</ref> It was released on 5 March 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=February 2022}}
Prabhu and Nirmala are siblings. Nirmala falls in love with Arun. One day she tells her brother about her love. Prabhu is surprised and decide to meet Arun, but finds out that Arun is a drunkard. The story continues with how Prabhu faces this problem and marries off Nirmala to Arun.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Prabhu
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Shanthi
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Arun
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Nirmala
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Prabhu and Nirmala's mother<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2016 |title=அஞ்சலி தேவி: 4. நடிகர் திலகத்தின் பாஸ் ! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/feb/27/4.-நடிகர்-திலகத்தின்-பாஸ்--1285257.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213055003/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/feb/27/4.-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D--1285257.html |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Viswanathan
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Antony Morasis
*[[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] as Dr. Siranjeevi
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Radha
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Nithyanandan
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Information Bureau (I.B) officer
*[[Jayakumari]] as Dancer
*[[Kanakadurga]] as Club Dancer
*[[Neelu]] as Rowdy Ranga
*[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]] as Mani
*S. Rama Rao as Rama
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Jambu
*K. Kannan as Prakash as Car Racer
*Comedy Shanmugam as Shanmugam
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunodhayam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by K V Mahadevan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/arunodhayam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-k-v-mahadevan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409135207/https://mossymart.com/product/arunodhayam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-k-v-mahadevan/ |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunodayam |url=https://gaana.com/album/arunodayam |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512023209/http://gaana.com/album/arunodayam |archive-date=12 May 2015 }}</ref> 

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Enga Veettu Thanga Theril" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]] || 03:24
|-
| "Muthu Pavalam Mukkani" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela || 03:48
|-
| "Etharkkum Thayar" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:16
|-
| "Ulagam Aayiram Sollattum" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:38
|-
| "Yemmadi Neenga" || [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || 03:21
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=5583446}}
{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dosti (1964 film)

2026-03-04T03:56:34Z

LolitaErurf: creating a info basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dosti
| image = Dosti film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Satyen Bose]]
| producer = [[Tarachand Barjatya]]
| writer = Ban Bhatt (story) Govind Moonis (screenplay & dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|Sudhir Kumar Sawant|Sushil Kumar Somaya|[[Sanjay Khan]]}}
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Marshall Braganza
| editing =
| distributor = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1964|11|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}2 [[crore]]<ref name=Boxoffice>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA== |title=Box office 1964 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=21 Jan 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212160433/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA== |archive-date=12 February 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
'''''Dosti''''' ({{Translation|Friendship}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Satyen Bose]], produced by [[Tarachand Barjatya]], and distributed by [[Rajshri Productions]]. The film focuses on the friendship between two boys: one blind (Sudhir Kumar Sawant) and the other physically disabled (Sushil Kumar Somaya ). The film also features [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Farida Dadi]], [[Nana Palsikar]] and [[Leela Mishra]] in supporting roles.

''Dosti'' was amongst the top ten highest-grossing films of 1964, declared a "Super Hit" at the box office,<ref name="Boxoffice" /> and entered into the [[4th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1965 |title=4th Moscow International Film Festival (1965) |access-date=2012-12-02 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116145645/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1965 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> In 1977, the film was remade in [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as [[Sneham (1977 film)|''Sneham'']].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} ''Dosti'' won six [[Filmfare Awards]] out of seven nominated categories.

==Plot==
Ramnath "Ramu" Gupta's father, a factory worker, dies in an accident. When the factory refuses to pay compensation that is due, his mother faints due to shock and falls down the stairs. Ramu is also injured in an accident and becomes crippled.

After being thrown out of his home, crippled, and penniless, he roams around the streets of [[Mumbai]]. He meets Mohan (Sawant), a blind boy who has a similar background: Mohan has a sister, Meena, who left for Mumbai to find work as a nurse to pay for her brother's treatment. Mohan eventually left the village after his caretaker died.

Ramu is good at playing the [[harmonica]] while Mohan is good at singing. They collaborate and sing songs on the road to earn money from pedestrians. Ramu wants to finish his studies, and they both befriend a small girl, Manjula, who is the sister of a rich man, Ashok. Manjula has rheumatic heart disease and both the boys hope she would help them out.

Ramu and Mohan visit Manjula and ask for a loan of sixty rupees, the amount exactly required for Ramu's admission in school. Manjula's brother rebuffs them and gives them only five rupees. Feeling insulted, Mohan successfully raises the money by singing. Ramu is admitted to the school after performing very well on the entrance test. They move to a new house in a slum after someone tries to steal their hard-earned money while they slept on the footpath. Their new neighbor is Mausi, who lives with her teenage daughter and son, and treats Ramu and Mohan as her own sons.

In school, Ramu excels in studies despite being a regular target of ridicule by richer students who do not consider him their equal and often degrade him for being a "street beggar". The headmaster and teacher look after Ramu before the teacher Sharma Ji declares himself as Ramu's guardian. During a visit to Ramu's house, Sharma Ji notices that the neighborhood is unfit for his studies and suggests that Ramu move in with him, but Ramu does not want to leave Mohan. One day, while singing, Mohan hears Ashok calling out to Meena and rushes to embrace his long lost sister, but she is ashamed that Mohan has become a beggar and refuses to recognize him. Meena is looking after Manjula and there is a budding romance between her and Ashok. Meena confesses to him, and he consoles her that she would be with her brother soon.

Mohan senses Manjula while sleeping and tells Ramu about it. Both decide to go and meet her, but she dies. Ashok brings Mohan home one day and gives him Manjula's chime as her remembrance. When he tries to tell Mohan about Meena, Mohan lashes out in rage and says that he considers himself to be alone in the world, save for his friend Ramu.

Soon after, Ramu gets in trouble with some ruffians and is mistakenly arrested by police during a burglary. Sharma Ji goes to the police station and bails out Ramu, on the condition that he will live with Sharma Ji and cut off contact with Mohan. Mohan is heartbroken and decides to visit him. But Sharma Ji doesn't allow him to talk to Mohan. Sad, Mohan roams the streets singing sad songs.

Sharma Ji suddenly dies, leaving Ramu devastated. Ramu decides not to take the final exam as he is unable to pay the fees. Mohan hears about it and decides to raise the money by singing in the streets in spite of his ill health. He successfully earns the money and pays the fees without Ramu's knowledge before falling ill and being admitted to the hospital. Without telling him, Meena cares for Mohan as he recuperates.

Ramu places first in the exams and learns of Mohan's sacrifice. He rushes to Mohan in the hospital to ask for forgiveness where Mohan says that he was never angry with him. The doctor tells Mohan about Meena and he forgives her. The movie ends with all of them in a loving embrace.

==Cast==
* [[Sushil Kumar Somaya]] as Ramnath "Ramu" Gupta
* [[Sudhir Kumar Sawant]] as Mohan
* [[Baby Farida]] as Manjula "Manju"
* [[Sanjay Khan]] as Ashok
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Mausi
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Ramu's mother, Mrs Gupta
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Headmaster
* Uma Rajoo as Nurse Meena (Mohan's sister)
* [[Nana Palshikar]] as School Teacher Sharma Ji
* Moolchand as Ashok's employee

==Soundtrack==
The lyrics of the film were written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] and composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]. Music director [[R. D. Burman]] played the harmonica on film scores and soundtracks. ''Dosti'' is a notable point in the musical duo's career as it won them their first [[Filmfare Award]] and made them popular in the film industry. [[Mohammed Rafi]] is the main vocalist for the songs.
{|class="wikitable"
! # !! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| 1
| "Chaahunga Main Tujhe Sanjh Savere"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|Pahadi
|-
| 2
| "Mera To Jo Bhi Kadam Hai"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| 3
| "Koi Jab Raah Na Paaye"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| 4
| "Raahi Manwa Dukh Ki Chinta"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| 5
| "Jaanewalon Zara Mudke Dekho Mujhe"
| Mohammed Rafi
|Pahadi
|-
| 6
| "Gudiya Humse Roothi Rahogi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|Pahadi
|-
|}

==[[12th Filmfare Awards]]==
The film won six awards from the seven nominations that it received. ''Dosti'' won the most awards of any film at that ceremony.

===Won===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Movie|Best Film]] - Tarachand Barjatya
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - Laxmikant Pyarelal
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] - Ban Bhatt
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] - Govind Moonis
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer]] - Mohammad Rafi for the song "Chahoonga Main Tujhe Saanj Savere"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] - Majrooh Sultanpuri for the song "Chahoonga Main Tujhe Saanj Savere"

===Nominated===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - Satyen Bose

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0146645|Dosti}}
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08949460903368911 Review Essay in Visual Anthropology: Virtue Ethics of ''Boot Polish'' and ''Dosti'', as Compared with ''Slumdog Millionaire'']

{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1954–1970}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satyen Bose]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Indian children's drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]

Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta

2026-03-03T22:20:39Z

LolitaErurf: expand formatting further and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. L. Swamy]] (Ravi)
| producer =
| writer = [[Valampuri Somanathan]]
| screenplay = Valampuri Somanathan
| starring = [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] [[B. V. Radha]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = R. N. K. Prasad
| editing = Bal G. Yadav
| studio = Raghunandan Movies
| distributor = Raghunandan Movies
| released = {{Film date|1971|09|16|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಲೇ ಅದೃಷ್ಟವೋ ಅದೃಷ್ಟ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1971|1971]] Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by [[K. S. L. Swamy]]. The film stars [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]], [[B. V. Radha]], [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] and [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/bhale-adrushtavo-adrushta-1971|title=Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta|accessdate=2015-01-12|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Bhale-Adrushtavo-Adrushta-1971/9219800750|title=Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta|accessdate=2015-01-12|publisher=nthwall.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112201020/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Bhale-Adrushtavo-Adrushta-1971/9219800750|archivedate=12 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This film is known to be the first film in South India to be shot and released in [[ORWO|ORWO Color]].

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]
*[[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]]
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[B. V. Radha]]
*Ramesh in Special Appearance
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[Sampath (Kannada actor)]]
*[[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
*[[Dwarakish]]
*[[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
*[[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
*[[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]
*[[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
*[[B. Jayashree]]
*[[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
*[[Shivaram]]
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Vijaya Bhaskar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Bhale-Adrushtavo-Adrushta-K0000701|title=Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta Songs|accessdate=2015-01-12|publisher=raaga.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ee Maithri Apoorva Maithri" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || [[R. N. Jayagopal]] || 03:20
|-
| 2 || "Navu Haaduvude" || P. B. Sreenivas, A. L. Ragavan || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] || 03:33
|-
| 3 || "Balegaara Chenniaiah" || P. B. Sreenivas || R. N. Jayagopal || 03:05
|-
| 4 || "Daaha Daaha" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || R. N. Jayagopal || 03:36
|-
| 5 || "Kalpana Roopa Rasi" || P. B. Sreenivas || K. S. L. Swamy || 03:27
|-
| 6 || "Kandu Kandu Nee Enna" || [[S. Janaki]] || Purandaradasa || 03:51
|-
| 7 || "Kannadathi O Gelathi" || P. B. Sreenivas, [[L. R. Eswari]] || K. S. L. Swamy || 03:23
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1404596}}
* {{YouTube|id=f817panNfHg|title=Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta}}

{{K. S. L. Swamy}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. L. Swamy]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Ee Nadu Innale Vare

2026-03-03T21:39:08Z

LolitaErurf: creating new article with sources

{{short description|2001 film by I. V. Sasi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ee Nadu Innale Vaare
| image = Ee Nadu Innale Vare.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer =
| writer = K. S. Noushad
| screenplay = K. S. Noushad
| starring =[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] [[Vani Viswanath]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[Siva (director)|J. Sivakumar]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2001|08|3}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ee Nadu Innale Vaare''''' is a 2001 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[I. V. Sasi]], written by K. S. Noushad, starring [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Vani Viswanath]] and [[Kalabhavan Mani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3348|title=Ee Nadu Innale Vaare|accessdate=2014-11-03|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103203013/http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3348|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?2269|title=Ee Nadu Innale Vaare|accessdate=2014-11-03|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183050/http://en.msidb.org/m.php?2269|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Plappalli Sreedharan
*[[Vani Viswanath]] as Beena Benachamin IPS
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Seythu
*[[Sindhu Menon]] as T. K. Sreeja
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Ambalakkadan Gowridas
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Ambalakkadan Vishwambharan
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Chief Minister
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Aana Kasim
*[[Babu Namboothiri]] as Trikottor Vaidair
*[[Spadikam George]] as CI Edappally Surendran
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Chandrakumaran
*[[Madhupal]] as T. K. Vijayan
*[[Subair]] as Kuriakose
* Kaviyoor Renuka as Savitri
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Divakaran
*[[Jose Pellissery]] as Parameswaran
*[[Salim Kumar]]
*[[Kollam Ajith]] as Pappy
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]
*[[Pradeep Kottayam]]
*C. T. Ismail
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the debut of [[Pradeep Kottayam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/02/17/remembering-actor-kottayam-pradeep.html|title=A dialogue that changed his life: Remembering Kottayam Pradeep|website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/170222/malayalam-actor-kottayam-pradeep-passes-away.html|title=Malayalam actor Kottayam Pradeep passes away | Malayalam actor Kottayam Pradeep passes away|date=17 February 2022|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|access-date=21 February 2025|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211062215/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/170222/malayalam-actor-kottayam-pradeep-passes-away.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/malayalam-actor-pradeep-kr-passes-away-aged-61-prithviraj-sukumaran-others-pay-tribute-10381941.html|title=Malayalam actor Pradeep KR passes away aged 61; Prithviraj Sukumaran, others pay tribute|date=17 February 2022|website=Firstpost|access-date=21 February 2025|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217070148/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/malayalam-actor-pradeep-kr-passes-away-aged-61-prithviraj-sukumaran-others-pay-tribute-10381941.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Sasi's latest film after a long break ''Ee Nadu Ennale Vare'' is another film in the same genre with new crop of actors" and concluded that the film was "[o]ld wine in [a] new bottle".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=6009443&ctid=5&cid=2428|title=Review: Ee Nadu Ennale Vare|author=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040307001123/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=6009443&ctid=5&cid=2428|archive-date=7 March 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0322135}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu

2026-03-03T21:32:06Z

LolitaErurf: improved article

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu
| image =
| caption =
| director = Krishnakumar
| producer = Ravi Chalissery
| writer = Brijesh Balakrishnan
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| starring = Master Ganapathy Sai Kumar Lekshmy Sharma
| music = Dr Muhammed Shakkel
| cinematography = Kannan
| editing = K Sreenivas
| distributor = Seven Power release
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2008|9|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu''''' ({{langx|en|The house of butterflies|link=yes}}) is a 2008 [[Malayalam]] language film for children, directed by Krishnakumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/41827.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926061258/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/41827.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2008| title=Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu' from tomorrow|work= IndiaGlitz|accessdate=25 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/|publisher=Malayalam Movie Database|accessdate=11 March 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217033756/http://malayalasangeetham.info/|archivedate=17 December 2010|df=dmy-all|title=MalayalaSangeetham.Info (MSI) Malayalam Songs from Movies, Audios, Videos - Comprehensive Malalayalam Music}}</ref><ref name="Chithrashalabhangalude Veedu’ no kid’s stuff: Krishnakumar">{{cite web|title=Chithrashalabhangalude Veedu' no kid's stuff: Krishnakumar|url=http://www.filmysouth.com/malayalam_movie_interviews/krishnakumar/september-24-2008/chithrashalabhangaludeveedu.html|publisher=filmysouth.com|accessdate=24 September 2008}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu'' tells the story of a boy named Muthu, studying in tenth standard. Muthu is one of the naughtiest boys in the school. He has a gang of friends also. One day he gets arrested for bringing arrack to school. It was the circumstances which moulded the nature of Muthu, but people never bother for those factors and Muthu is always victimized.<ref name="Chithra Salabhangalude Veedu Malayalam Movie">{{cite web|title=Chithra Salabhangalude Veedu Malayalam Movie|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movies/index.php?FilmID=1450-Chithra%20Salabhangalude%20Veedu#Synopsis|publisher=Metromatinee|access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054122/http://www.metromatinee.com/movies/index.php?FilmID=1450-Chithra%20Salabhangalude%20Veedu#Synopsis|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="‘Chithrashalabhangalude Veedu’">{{cite web|title=Chithrashalabhangalude Veedu|url=http://www.filmysouth.com/malayalam_movie_reviews/%E2%80%98chithrashalabhangalude/september-26-2008/%E2%80%98chithrashalabhangalude.html|publisher=filmysouth.com|accessdate=26 September 2008}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ganapathi S Poduval]]
* [[Lakshmi Sharma]]
* Sivaji Guruvayoor
* Manraj
* [[Gayathri (Malayalam actress) |Gayathri]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
* [[Mala Aravindan]]
* [[Ambika Mohan]]
* Manikandan
* T.S.Raju
* [[Chali Pala]]
* Shyam Sunder
* Sreenath Ullanat

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{child-film-stub}}

Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station

2026-02-28T06:00:57Z

LolitaErurf: Place

{{Short description|Metro station in Gurgaon, Haryana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Millennium City Centre Gurugram
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = HUDA City Center station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Sector 29, Gurugram, Haryana 122007
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → Train Terminates Here|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Parking_Details.aspx|title=Parking_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|6|21|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 42,989/day 1,332,644/ Month average <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/867/RidershipDetails.pdf|title=Ridership_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Yellow|left=IFFCO Chowk}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Millennium City Centre Gurugram''', formerly and widely known as '''HUDA City Centre''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Huda City Centre Metro stn is now Millennium City Centre Gurugram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/delhi-metro-renames-huda-city-centre-station-to-millennium-city-centre-gurugram-to-reflect-city-s-ethos-101688409584009.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> is a terminal station on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Delhi Metro]]. It is an elevated station and is located in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Haryana]] in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of [[India]]. The station was inaugurated on 21 June 2010 as part of the [[Qutab Minar metro station|Qutab Minar]]—HUDA City Centre corridor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|title=Station Information|access-date=3 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → Train Terminates Here
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|IFFCO Chowk}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

===Facilities===
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station are HDFC Bank, Yes Bank, State Bank of India, IndusInd Bank
<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx| title=ATM Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="50%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="4" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Yellow}};"| Millennium City Centre metro station - Entry/Exits<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/station/HCC |title= Millennium City Centre, Gurugram |website= delhimetrorail.com |publisher= Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date= 20 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-4 {{access icon}}
|-
| [[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis Hospital]] || Fortis Hospital || Unitech Business Park || [[Max Healthcare|Max Hospital]]
|-
|}

== Nearby Colleges and University ==
{| class="wikitable"
!College and University
!Location
|-
|The Northcap University, Gurugram
|Huda, Sector 23A, Near Rotary Public School, Gurugram, 122017
|-
|DPG Institute of Technology & Management
|Sector - 34, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001
|-
|Gurugram University, Gurugram
|Campus Rao Tula Ram College of Commerce and Science. Mayfield Garden, Sector 51, Gurugram, Haryana 122003
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="220" heights="220">
File:HUDA City Center station in Gurgaon.jpg
File:HUDA City Center station (Delhi Metro).jpg|Station entrance
File:HUDA City Center (Delhi Metro).jpg|Metro train entering the station
File:HUDA City Centre metro station - Platform board.jpg|Platform board
File:HUDA City Centre metro station - Entrance.jpg|Entrance
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Gurgaon]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[South East Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Shalimar+Huda+City+Center/@28.4594438,77.0707884,343m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390d18ef422839d5:0xe526473ff1bc7055!8m2!3d28.4592694!4d77.0724191|title= HUDA City Centre metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}
{{Gurgaon district topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Transport in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gurgaon district]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}

Air India Flight 245

2026-02-19T23:11:56Z

LolitaErurf: put up...

{{Short description|1950 aviation accident in France}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Air India Flight 245
| occurrence_type = Accident
| image = Air India Lockheed L-749A Constellation VT-CQP.jpg
| image_upright = 1.05
| alt =
| caption = VT-CQP, the aircraft involved in the accident, in 1949
| date = {{start date|1950|11|03|df=y}}
| summary = [[Controlled flight into terrain]] in poor weather
| site = [[Mont Blanc]], France
| coordinates = 
| plane1_alt = Air India Lockheed L-749A Constellation VT-CQP.jpg
| aircraft_type = [[Lockheed L-749 Constellation|Lockheed L-749A Constellation]]
| aircraft_name = ''Malabar Princess''
| operator = [[Air India]]
| plane1_IATA = AI245
| plane1_ICAO = AIC245
| plane1_callsign = AIRINDIA 245
| tail_number = VT-CQP
| origin = [[Sahar International Airport]], [[Bombay]], India
| stopover0 = [[Cairo International Airport]], [[Cairo]], Egypt
| stopover1 = [[Cointrin Airport]], [[Geneva]], Switzerland
| destination = London [[Heathrow Airport]], [[London]], United Kingdom
| occupants = 48
| passengers = 40
| crew = 8
| fatalities = 48
| survivors = 0
}}

'''Air India Flight 245''' was a scheduled [[Air India]] [[passenger flight]] from Bombay to London via Cairo and Geneva. On the morning of 3 November 1950, the [[Lockheed L-749 Constellation|Lockheed L-749A Constellation]] serving the flight crashed into [[Mont Blanc]], France, while approaching Geneva. All 48 aboard were killed.

The plane operating the flight was named ''Malabar Princess'', [[Aircraft registration|registered]] as VT-CQP. It was [[Pilot (aviation)|piloted]] by [[captain (aviation)|Captain]] Alan R. Saint, 34, and [[First officer (aviation)|co-pilot]] V. Y. Korgaokar and was carrying 40 passengers and 8 crew. The flight navigator was Raghuram Iyengar, a resident of Matunga, Mumbai. While over France, descending towards [[Geneva Airport]], the flight crashed into the [[French Alps]] in stormy weather, killing all on board.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghmorel.free.fr/malpag/synus.html |title=MALABAR PRINCESS |accessdate=17 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="montblanc">{{cite web|url=http://www.montblanc.to/uk/glacier/texte4.html |title=The "Malabar Princess" Catastrophe |accessdate=17 June 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620064252/http://www.montblanc.to/uk/glacier/texte4.html |archivedate=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AS">{{cite news |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19501103-0 |title=Accident description |accessdate=17 June 2009 |publisher=Aviation Safety}}</ref>

==Accident==
[[File:Flight Air India 245 route.png|thumb|AI 245 flight route]]
The airplane hit the face of the [[Rocher de la Tournette]] at a height of {{convert|4677|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, on the French side of Mont Blanc.<ref name="montblanc"/> Stormy weather prevented immediate rescue efforts; debris was located by a Swiss plane on 5 November, and rescue parties reached the site two days later.<ref name="montblanc"/> There were no survivors. The last transmission from the aircraft, received by [[air traffic control|controllers]] at [[Grenoble]] and Geneva, was "I am vertical with [[Voiron]], at 4700 meters altitude." at 10:43 a.m.

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Monument Malabar Princess Kanchenjunga Refuge du Nid d'Aigle English text.jpg|thumb|left|English text of the monument at {{ill|refuge du Nid d'Aigle|fr}} in [[Mont-Blanc Massif]]]]Some mail on board the flight was recovered after the accident and was annotated with "Retardé par suite d'accident aérien" ("delayed due to aviation accident"); further items of mail were found in 1951 and 1952.

On 8 June 1978, a patrol of the French mountain police found letters and a sack at the foot of the [[Bossons Glacier]]. Recovered were 57 envelopes and 55 letters (without envelopes) and all but eight letters were forwarded to their original addressees.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Muir |first=Douglas N. |title=Letters Freed from a Glacier after 28 Years |magazine=[[Stamp Collecting (magazine)|Stamp Collecting]] |volume=131 |number=10 |date=26 October 1978 |page=1051}}</ref> Sixteen years after the accident, [[Air India Flight 101]] crashed in almost exactly the same spot under similar circumstances.<ref name="airwhiners">{{cite news |last=Mendis |first=Sean |date=26 July 2004 |url=http://www.airwhiners.net/whine_cheez/20040726.htm |title=Air India: The story of the aircraft fleet|website=Airwhiners.net |accessdate=24 January 2026}}</ref>

In 2008 one of the engines from the crashed flight was discovered. In September 2013, a climber discovered a cache of jewelry that is believed to have been aboard one of these two flights.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mysterious cache of jewels turns up atop French glacier |first1=Michael |last1=Pearson |first2=Saskya |last2=Vandoorne |publisher=CNN|date=26 September 2013 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/world/europe/france-mountain-jewels/index.html?hpt=hp_t2}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* ''Malabar Princess'', the name of the aircraft involved in the incident, served as the inspiration for the title of the 2025 album of the same name by Swiss singer [[Vendredi sur Mer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='J'avais juste besoin de rentrer chez moi' : Vendredi sur Mer évoque son mal du pays, à l'origine de son nouvel album - RTBF Actus |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/j-avais-juste-besoin-de-rentrer-chez-moi-vendredi-sur-mer-evoque-son-mal-du-pays-a-l-origine-de-son-nouvel-album-11539855 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref>
{{clr|left}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lockheed Constellation family}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in France between 1950 and 1999}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1950}}
{{Air India}}

{{coord|45|49|59|N|6|51|35|E|type:airport_source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in France]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1950]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Constellation]]
[[Category:Mont Blanc]]
[[Category:Air India accidents and incidents|245]]
[[Category:1950 in France]]
[[Category:November 1950 in Europe]]

Devanagari conjuncts

2026-02-18T10:24:33Z

LolitaErurf: creating a details v1...

{{Short description|Aspect of Indian writing system}}
[[Conjunct consonant]]s are a form of [[orthographic ligature]] characteristic of the [[Brahmic scripts]]. They are constructed of more than two consonant letters. Biconsonantal conjuncts are common, but longer conjuncts are increasingly constrained by the languages' phonologies and the actual number of conjuncts observed drops sharply. Ulrich Stiehl includes a five-letter [[Devanagari]] conjunct '''र्त्स्न्य (rtsny)'''<ref>As in [[Sanskrit]] word कार्त्स्न्य (In [[Bengali Script]] কার্ৎস্ন্য), meaning "the whole, entirety"</ref> among the top 360 most frequent conjuncts found in [[Classical Sanskrit]];<ref name="stiehl_devanagari_writing">{{cite web |last1=Stiehl |first1=Ulrich |title=Devanagari-Schreibübungen |url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/devanagari.pdf |accessdate=24 July 2017 |website=www.sanskritweb.net}}</ref> the complete list appears below. Another five-letter conjunct, '''ङ्क्ष्ण्व (ṅkṣṇv)''' is possible.<ref>When the "mordaceous" meaning adjective दङ्क्ष्णु (daṅkṣṇu) becomes दङ्क्ष्ण्वोः (daṅkṣṇvoḥ) if inflected through ''Dual Masculine/Feminine Genitive & Locative'' cases. A close example is found in śloka 15, chapter 15 of Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā, from Śukla [[Yajurveda]]. पुञ्जिकस्थला च क्रतुस्थला चाप्सरसौ '''दङ्क्ष्णवः''' पशवो हेतिः पौरुषेयो वधः प्रहेतिस्तेभ्यो नमो अस्तु ते नोऽवन्तु ते नो मृडयन्तु ते यं द्विष्मो यश्च नो द्वेष्टि तमेषां जम्भे दध्मः ''puñjikasthalā ca kratusthalā cāpsarasau '''daṅkṣṇavaḥ''' paśavo hetiḥ pauruṣeyo vadhaḥ prahetistebhyo namo astu te no'vantu te no mṛḍayantu te yaṃ dviṣmo yaśca no dveṣṭi tameṣāṃ jambhe dadhmaḥ''</ref> Conjuncts often span a syllable boundary, and many of the conjuncts below occur only in the middle of words, where the coda consonants of one syllable are conjoined with the onset consonants of the following syllable.

==Biconsonantal conjuncts==
The table below shows all 1296 combinations of two Sanskrit letters. The table is formed by collating the 36 consonants of Sanskrit plus {{lang|und-Deva|ळ}} (which is not used in Sanskrit), as listed in {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=161–162}}. Not all of these form conjuncts (these are represented by blank cells in the table), and the number that do will vary with the Devanagari font installed. There is variation in the conjuncts that are in use for any given language. Some of the combinations below that do not form conjuncts may not be viable combinations in any language.

The romanization (in [[ISO 15919]]<ref>The romanization shown is identical to [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]], except that {{lang|und-Deva|ळ}} has the ISO value ḷ, whereas IAST duplicates l for it.</ref>) and IPA of each conjunct will appear with mouseover. Conjuncts are in bold where they contradict the pattern of their row (taking letter notes into account), and are therefore irregular.

<div lang="und-Deva">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:15px"
|-
! Letter!!{{tooltip|2=ka (IPA:kə)|क|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=kha (IPA:kʰə)|ख|dotted=no}} !!|{{tooltip|2=ga (IPA:ɡə)|ग|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=gha (IPA:ɡʱə)|घ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ṅa (IPA:ŋə)|ङ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ca (IPA:cɕə)|च|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=cha (IPA:cɕʰə)|छ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ja (IPA:ɟʝə)|ज|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=jha (IPA:ɟʝʱə)|झ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ña (IPA:ɲə)|ञ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ṭa (IPA:ʈə)|ट|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ṭha (IPA:ʈʰə)|ठ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ḍa (IPA:ɖə)|ड|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ḍha (IPA:ɖʱə)|ढ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ṇa (IPA:ɳə)|ण|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ta (IPA:t̪ə)|त|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=tha (IPA:t̪ʰə)|थ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=da (IPA:d̪ə)|द|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=dha (IPA:d̪ʱə)|ध|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=na (IPA:n̪ə)|न|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|This letter typically acts like a diacritic when it is second in a conjunct.|name=diacritic-2}}!!{{tooltip|2=pa (IPA:pə)|प|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=pha (IPA:pʰə)|फ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ba (IPA:bə)|ब|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=bha (IPA:bʱə)|भ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ma (IPA:mə)|म|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ya (IPA:jə)|य|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ra (IPA:rə)|र|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|name=diacritic-2}}!!{{tooltip|2=la (IPA:lə)|ल|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=va (IPA:və)|व|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=śa (IPA:ʃə)|श|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ṣa (IPA:ʂə)|ष|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=sa (IPA:sə)|स|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ha (IPA:hə)|ह|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=ḷa (IPA:ɭə)|ळ|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=kṣa (IPA:kʂə)|क्ष|dotted=no}} !!{{tooltip|2=jña (IPA:ɟʝɲə)|ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=k (IPA:k)|क|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=kka (IPA:kkə)|क्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kkha (IPA:kkʰə)|क्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kga (IPA:kɡə)|क्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kgha (IPA:kɡʱə)|क्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kṅa (IPA:kŋə)|क्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kca (IPA:kcɕə)|क्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kcha (IPA:kcɕʰə)|क्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kja (IPA:kɟʝə)|क्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kjha (IPA:kɟʝʱə)|क्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kña (IPA:kɲə)|क्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kṭa (IPA:kʈə)|क्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kṭha (IPA:kʈʰə)|क्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kḍa (IPA:kɖə)|क्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kḍha (IPA:kɖʱə)|क्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kṇa (IPA:kɳə)|क्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kta (IPA:kt̪ə)|क्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ktha (IPA:kt̪ʰə)|क्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kda (IPA:kd̪ə)|क्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kdha (IPA:kd̪ʱə)|क्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kna (IPA:kn̪ə)|क्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kpa (IPA:kpə)|क्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kpha (IPA:kpʰə)|क्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kba (IPA:kbə)|क्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kbha (IPA:kbʱə)|क्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kma (IPA:kmə)|क्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kya (IPA:kjə)|क्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kra (IPA:krə)|क्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kla (IPA:klə)|क्ल|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=kva (IPA:kvə)|क्व|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=kśa (IPA:kʃə)|क्श|dotted=no}}
|[[wikt:क्ष|'''{{tooltip|2=kṣa (IPA:kʂə)|क्ष|dotted=no}}''']]
|{{tooltip|2=ksa (IPA:ksə)|क्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kha (IPA:khə)|क्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kḷa (IPA:kɭə)|क्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kkṣa (IPA:kkʂə)|क्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=kjña (IPA:kɟʝɲə)|क्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=kh (IPA:kʰ)|ख|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=khka (IPA:kʰkə)|ख्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khkha (IPA:kʰkʰə)|ख्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khga (IPA:kʰɡə)|ख्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khgha (IPA:kʰɡʱə)|ख्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khṅa (IPA:kʰŋə)|ख्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khca (IPA:kʰcɕə)|ख्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khcha (IPA:kʰcɕʰə)|ख्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khja (IPA:kʰɟʝə)|ख्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khjha (IPA:kʰɟʝʱə)|ख्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khña (IPA:kʰɲə)|ख्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khṭa (IPA:kʰʈə)|ख्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khṭha (IPA:kʰʈʰə)|ख्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khḍa (IPA:kʰɖə)|ख्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khḍha (IPA:kʰɖʱə)|ख्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khṇa (IPA:kʰɳə)|ख्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khta (IPA:kʰt̪ə)|ख्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khtha (IPA:kʰt̪ʰə)|ख्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khda (IPA:kʰd̪ə)|ख्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khdha (IPA:kʰd̪ʱə)|ख्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=khna (IPA:kʰn̪ə)|ख्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=khpa (IPA:kʰpə)|ख्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khpha (IPA:kʰpʰə)|ख्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khba (IPA:kʰbə)|ख्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khbha (IPA:kʰbʱə)|ख्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khma (IPA:kʰmə)|ख्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khya (IPA:kʰjə)|ख्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khra (IPA:kʰrə)|ख्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khla (IPA:kʰlə)|ख्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khva (IPA:kʰvə)|ख्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khśa (IPA:kʰʃə)|ख्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khṣa (IPA:kʰʂə)|ख्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khsa (IPA:kʰsə)|ख्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khha (IPA:kʰhə)|ख्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khḷa (IPA:kʰɭə)|ख्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khkṣa (IPA:kʰkʂə)|ख्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=khjña (IPA:kʰɟʝɲə)|ख्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=g (IPA:ɡ)|ग|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=gka (IPA:ɡkə)|ग्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gkha (IPA:ɡkʰə)|ग्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gga (IPA:ɡɡə)|ग्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ggha (IPA:ɡɡʱə)|ग्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gṅa (IPA:ɡŋə)|ग्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gca (IPA:ɡcɕə)|ग्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gcha (IPA:ɡcɕʰə)|ग्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gja (IPA:ɡɟʝə)|ग्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gjha (IPA:ɡɟʝʱə)|ग्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gña (IPA:ɡɲə)|ग्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gṭa (IPA:ɡʈə)|ग्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gṭha (IPA:ɡʈʰə)|ग्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gḍa (IPA:ɡɖə)|ग्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gḍha (IPA:ɡɖʱə)|ग्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gṇa (IPA:ɡɳə)|ग्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gta (IPA:ɡt̪ə)|ग्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gtha (IPA:ɡt̪ʰə)|ग्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gda (IPA:ɡd̪ə)|ग्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gdha (IPA:ɡd̪ʱə)|ग्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=gna (IPA:ɡn̪ə)|ग्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=gpa (IPA:ɡpə)|ग्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gpha (IPA:ɡpʰə)|ग्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gba (IPA:ɡbə)|ग्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gbha (IPA:ɡbʱə)|ग्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gma (IPA:ɡmə)|ग्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gya (IPA:ɡjə)|ग्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gra (IPA:ɡrə)|ग्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gla (IPA:ɡlə)|ग्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gva (IPA:ɡvə)|ग्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gśa (IPA:ɡʃə)|ग्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gṣa (IPA:ɡʂə)|ग्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gsa (IPA:ɡsə)|ग्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gha (IPA:ɡhə)|ग्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gḷa (IPA:ɡɭə)|ग्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gkṣa (IPA:ɡkʂə)|ग्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=gjña (IPA:ɡɟʝɲə)|ग्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=gh (IPA:ɡʱ)|घ|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=ghka (IPA:ɡʱkə)|घ्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghkha (IPA:ɡʱkʰə)|घ्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghga (IPA:ɡʱɡə)|घ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghgha (IPA:ɡʱɡʱə)|घ्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghṅa (IPA:ɡʱŋə)|घ्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghca (IPA:ɡʱcɕə)|घ्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghcha (IPA:ɡʱcɕʰə)|घ्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghja (IPA:ɡʱɟʝə)|घ्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghjha (IPA:ɡʱɟʝʱə)|घ्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghña (IPA:ɡʱɲə)|घ्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghṭa (IPA:ɡʱʈə)|घ्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghṭha (IPA:ɡʱʈʰə)|घ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghḍa (IPA:ɡʱɖə)|घ्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghḍha (IPA:ɡʱɖʱə)|घ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghṇa (IPA:ɡʱɳə)|घ्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghta (IPA:ɡʱt̪ə)|घ्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghtha (IPA:ɡʱt̪ʰə)|घ्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghda (IPA:ɡʱd̪ə)|घ्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghdha (IPA:ɡʱd̪ʱə)|घ्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=ghna (IPA:ɡʱn̪ə)|घ्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ghpa (IPA:ɡʱpə)|घ्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghpha (IPA:ɡʱpʰə)|घ्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghba (IPA:ɡʱbə)|घ्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghbha (IPA:ɡʱbʱə)|घ्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghma (IPA:ɡʱmə)|घ्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghya (IPA:ɡʱjə)|घ्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghra (IPA:ɡʱrə)|घ्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghla (IPA:ɡʱlə)|घ्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghva (IPA:ɡʱvə)|घ्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghśa (IPA:ɡʱʃə)|घ्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghṣa (IPA:ɡʱʂə)|घ्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghsa (IPA:ɡʱsə)|घ्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghha (IPA:ɡʱhə)|घ्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghḷa (IPA:ɡʱɭə)|घ्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghkṣa (IPA:ɡʱkʂə)|घ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ghjña (IPA:ɡʱɟʝɲə)|घ्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=ṅ (IPA:ŋ)|ङ|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|This letter's conjuncts are typically arranged vertically rather than horizontally.|name=vertical}}

|{{tooltip|2=ṅka (IPA:ŋkə)|ङ्क|dotted=no}}
|
|{{tooltip|2=ṅga (IPA:ŋɡə)|ङ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṅgha (IPA:ŋɡʱə)|ङ्घ|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|2=ṅma (IPA:ŋmə)|ङ्म|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=ṅya (IPA:ŋjə)|ङ्य|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ṅra (IPA:ŋrə)|ङ्र|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|2=ṅkṣa (IPA:ŋkʂə)|ङ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
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|-
!{{tooltip|2=c (IPA:cɕ)|च|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=cka (IPA:cɕkə)|च्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ckha (IPA:cɕkʰə)|च्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cga (IPA:cɕɡə)|च्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cgha (IPA:cɕɡʱə)|च्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cṅa (IPA:cɕŋə)|च्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cca (IPA:cɕcɕə)|च्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ccha (IPA:cɕcɕʰə)|च्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cja (IPA:cɕɟʝə)|च्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cjha (IPA:cɕɟʝʱə)|च्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cña (IPA:cɕɲə)|च्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cṭa (IPA:cɕʈə)|च्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cṭha (IPA:cɕʈʰə)|च्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cḍa (IPA:cɕɖə)|च्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cḍha (IPA:cɕɖʱə)|च्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cṇa (IPA:cɕɳə)|च्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cta (IPA:cɕt̪ə)|च्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ctha (IPA:cɕt̪ʰə)|च्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cda (IPA:cɕd̪ə)|च्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cdha (IPA:cɕd̪ʱə)|च्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=cna (IPA:cɕn̪ə)|च्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=cpa (IPA:cɕpə)|च्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cpha (IPA:cɕpʰə)|च्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cba (IPA:cɕbə)|च्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cbha (IPA:cɕbʱə)|च्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cma (IPA:cɕmə)|च्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cya (IPA:cɕjə)|च्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cra (IPA:cɕrə)|च्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cla (IPA:cɕlə)|च्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cva (IPA:cɕvə)|च्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cśa (IPA:cɕʃə)|च्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cṣa (IPA:cɕʂə)|च्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=csa (IPA:cɕsə)|च्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cha (IPA:cɕhə)|च्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cḷa (IPA:cɕɭə)|च्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ckṣa (IPA:cɕkʂə)|च्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=cjña (IPA:cɕɟʝɲə)|च्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=ch (IPA:cɕʰ)|छ|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=chka (IPA:cɕʰkə)|छ्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chkha (IPA:cɕʰkʰə)|छ्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chga (IPA:cɕʰɡə)|छ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chgha (IPA:cɕʰɡʱə)|छ्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chṅa (IPA:cɕʰŋə)|छ्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chca (IPA:cɕʰcɕə)|छ्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chcha (IPA:cɕʰcɕʰə)|छ्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chja (IPA:cɕʰɟʝə)|छ्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chjha (IPA:cɕʰɟʝʱə)|छ्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chña (IPA:cɕʰɲə)|छ्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chṭa (IPA:cɕʰʈə)|छ्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chṭha (IPA:cɕʰʈʰə)|छ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chḍa (IPA:cɕʰɖə)|छ्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chḍha (IPA:cɕʰɖʱə)|छ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chṇa (IPA:cɕʰɳə)|छ्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chta (IPA:cɕʰt̪ə)|छ्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chtha (IPA:cɕʰt̪ʰə)|छ्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chda (IPA:cɕʰd̪ə)|छ्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chdha (IPA:cɕʰd̪ʱə)|छ्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chna (IPA:cɕʰn̪ə)|छ्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chpa (IPA:cɕʰpə)|छ्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chpha (IPA:cɕʰpʰə)|छ्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chba (IPA:cɕʰbə)|छ्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chbha (IPA:cɕʰbʱə)|छ्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chma (IPA:cɕʰmə)|छ्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chya (IPA:cɕʰjə)|छ्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chra (IPA:cɕʰrə)|छ्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chla (IPA:cɕʰlə)|छ्ल|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=chva (IPA:cɕʰvə)|छ्व|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=chśa (IPA:cɕʰʃə)|छ्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chṣa (IPA:cɕʰʂə)|छ्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chsa (IPA:cɕʰsə)|छ्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chha (IPA:cɕʰhə)|छ्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chḷa (IPA:cɕʰɭə)|छ्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chkṣa (IPA:cɕʰkʂə)|छ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=chjña (IPA:cɕʰɟʝɲə)|छ्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=j (IPA:ɟʝ)|ज|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=jka (IPA:ɟʝkə)|ज्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jkha (IPA:ɟʝkʰə)|ज्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jga (IPA:ɟʝɡə)|ज्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jgha (IPA:ɟʝɡʱə)|ज्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jṅa (IPA:ɟʝŋə)|ज्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jca (IPA:ɟʝcɕə)|ज्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jcha (IPA:ɟʝcɕʰə)|ज्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jja (IPA:ɟʝɟʝə)|ज्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jjha (IPA:ɟʝɟʝʱə)|ज्झ|dotted=no}}
|[[wikt:ज्ञ|'''{{tooltip|2=jña (IPA:ɟʝɲə)|ज्ञ|dotted=no}}''']]
|{{tooltip|2=jṭa (IPA:ɟʝʈə)|ज्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jṭha (IPA:ɟʝʈʰə)|ज्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jḍa (IPA:ɟʝɖə)|ज्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jḍha (IPA:ɟʝɖʱə)|ज्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jṇa (IPA:ɟʝɳə)|ज्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jta (IPA:ɟʝt̪ə)|ज्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jtha (IPA:ɟʝt̪ʰə)|ज्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jda (IPA:ɟʝd̪ə)|ज्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jdha (IPA:ɟʝd̪ʱə)|ज्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=jna (IPA:ɟʝn̪ə)|ज्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=jpa (IPA:ɟʝpə)|ज्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jpha (IPA:ɟʝpʰə)|ज्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jba (IPA:ɟʝbə)|ज्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jbha (IPA:ɟʝbʱə)|ज्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jma (IPA:ɟʝmə)|ज्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jya (IPA:ɟʝjə)|ज्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jra (IPA:ɟʝrə)|ज्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jla (IPA:ɟʝlə)|ज्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jva (IPA:ɟʝvə)|ज्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jśa (IPA:ɟʝʃə)|ज्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jṣa (IPA:ɟʝʂə)|ज्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jsa (IPA:ɟʝsə)|ज्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jha (IPA:ɟʝhə)|ज्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jḷa (IPA:ɟʝɭə)|ज्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jkṣa (IPA:ɟʝkʂə)|ज्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jjña (IPA:ɟʝɟʝɲə)|ज्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=jh (IPA:ɟʝʱ)|झ|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=jhka (IPA:ɟʝʱkə)|झ्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhkha (IPA:ɟʝʱkʰə)|झ्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhga (IPA:ɟʝʱɡə)|झ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhgha (IPA:ɟʝʱɡʱə)|झ्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhṅa (IPA:ɟʝʱŋə)|झ्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhca (IPA:ɟʝʱcɕə)|झ्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhcha (IPA:ɟʝʱcɕʰə)|झ्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhja (IPA:ɟʝʱɟʝə)|झ्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhjha (IPA:ɟʝʱɟʝʱə)|झ्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhña (IPA:ɟʝʱɲə)|झ्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhṭa (IPA:ɟʝʱʈə)|झ्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhṭha (IPA:ɟʝʱʈʰə)|झ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhḍa (IPA:ɟʝʱɖə)|झ्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhḍha (IPA:ɟʝʱɖʱə)|झ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhṇa (IPA:ɟʝʱɳə)|झ्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhta (IPA:ɟʝʱt̪ə)|झ्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhtha (IPA:ɟʝʱt̪ʰə)|झ्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhda (IPA:ɟʝʱd̪ə)|झ्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhdha (IPA:ɟʝʱd̪ʱə)|झ्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=jhna (IPA:ɟʝʱn̪ə)|झ्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=jhpa (IPA:ɟʝʱpə)|झ्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhpha (IPA:ɟʝʱpʰə)|झ्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhba (IPA:ɟʝʱbə)|झ्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhbha (IPA:ɟʝʱbʱə)|झ्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhma (IPA:ɟʝʱmə)|झ्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhya (IPA:ɟʝʱjə)|झ्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhra (IPA:ɟʝʱrə)|झ्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhla (IPA:ɟʝʱlə)|झ्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhva (IPA:ɟʝʱvə)|झ्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhśa (IPA:ɟʝʱʃə)|झ्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhṣa (IPA:ɟʝʱʂə)|झ्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhsa (IPA:ɟʝʱsə)|झ्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhha (IPA:ɟʝʱhə)|झ्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhḷa (IPA:ɟʝʱɭə)|झ्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhkṣa (IPA:ɟʝʱkʂə)|झ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=jhjña (IPA:ɟʝʱɟʝɲə)|झ्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=ñ (IPA:ɲ)|ञ|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=ñka (IPA:ɲkə)|ञ्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñkha (IPA:ɲkʰə)|ञ्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñga (IPA:ɲɡə)|ञ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñgha (IPA:ɲɡʱə)|ञ्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñṅa (IPA:ɲŋə)|ञ्ङ|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=ñca (IPA:ɲcɕə)|ञ्च|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ñcha (IPA:ɲcɕʰə)|ञ्छ|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=ñja (IPA:ɲɟʝə)|ञ्ज|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ñjha (IPA:ɲɟʝʱə)|ञ्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñña (IPA:ɲɲə)|ञ्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñṭa (IPA:ɲʈə)|ञ्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñṭha (IPA:ɲʈʰə)|ञ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñḍa (IPA:ɲɖə)|ञ्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñḍha (IPA:ɲɖʱə)|ञ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñṇa (IPA:ɲɳə)|ञ्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñta (IPA:ɲt̪ə)|ञ्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñtha (IPA:ɲt̪ʰə)|ञ्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñda (IPA:ɲd̪ə)|ञ्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñdha (IPA:ɲd̪ʱə)|ञ्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñna (IPA:ɲn̪ə)|ञ्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñpa (IPA:ɲpə)|ञ्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñpha (IPA:ɲpʰə)|ञ्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñba (IPA:ɲbə)|ञ्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñbha (IPA:ɲbʱə)|ञ्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñma (IPA:ɲmə)|ञ्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñya (IPA:ɲjə)|ञ्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñra (IPA:ɲrə)|ञ्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñla (IPA:ɲlə)|ञ्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñva (IPA:ɲvə)|ञ्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñśa (IPA:ɲʃə)|ञ्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñṣa (IPA:ɲʂə)|ञ्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñsa (IPA:ɲsə)|ञ्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñha (IPA:ɲhə)|ञ्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñḷa (IPA:ɲɭə)|ञ्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñkṣa (IPA:ɲkʂə)|ञ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ñjña (IPA:ɲɟʝɲə)|ञ्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=ṭ (IPA:ʈ)|ट|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|name=vertical}}

|
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|
|{{tooltip|2=ṭṭa (IPA:ʈʈə)|ट्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṭṭha (IPA:ʈʈʰə)|ट्ठ|dotted=no}}
|
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|
|'''{{tooltip|2=ṭya (IPA:ʈjə)|ट्य|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ṭra (IPA:ʈrə)|ट्र|dotted=no}}
|
|{{tooltip|2=ṭva (IPA:ʈvə)|ट्व|dotted=no}}
|
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|-
!{{tooltip|2=ṭh (IPA:ʈʰ)|ठ|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|name=vertical}}

|
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|{{tooltip|2=ṭhṭha (IPA:ʈʰʈʰə)|ठ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|
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|
|'''{{tooltip|2=ṭhya (IPA:ʈʰjə)|ठ्य|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ṭhra (IPA:ʈʰrə)|ठ्र|dotted=no}}
|
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|-
!{{tooltip|2=ḍ (IPA:ɖ)|ड|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|name=vertical}}

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|{{tooltip|2=ḍḍa (IPA:ɖɖə)|ड्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḍḍha (IPA:ɖɖʱə)|ड्ढ|dotted=no}}
|
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|
|'''{{tooltip|2=ḍya (IPA:ɖjə)|ड्य|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ḍra (IPA:ɖrə)|ड्र|dotted=no}}
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|-
!{{tooltip|2=ḍh (IPA:ɖʱ)|ढ|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|name=vertical}}

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|{{tooltip|2=ḍhḍha (IPA:ɖʱɖʱə)|ढ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|
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|
|'''{{tooltip|2=ḍhya (IPA:ɖʱjə)|ढ्य|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ḍhra (IPA:ɖʱrə)|ढ्र|dotted=no}}
|
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|-
!{{tooltip|2=ṇ (IPA:ɳ)|ण|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=ṇka (IPA:ɳkə)|ण्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇkha (IPA:ɳkʰə)|ण्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇga (IPA:ɳɡə)|ण्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇgha (IPA:ɳɡʱə)|ण्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇṅa (IPA:ɳŋə)|ण्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇca (IPA:ɳcɕə)|ण्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇcha (IPA:ɳcɕʰə)|ण्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇja (IPA:ɳɟʝə)|ण्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇjha (IPA:ɳɟʝʱə)|ण्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇña (IPA:ɳɲə)|ण्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇṭa (IPA:ɳʈə)|ण्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇṭha (IPA:ɳʈʰə)|ण्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇḍa (IPA:ɳɖə)|ण्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇḍha (IPA:ɳɖʱə)|ण्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇṇa (IPA:ɳɳə)|ण्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇta (IPA:ɳt̪ə)|ण्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇtha (IPA:ɳt̪ʰə)|ण्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇda (IPA:ɳd̪ə)|ण्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇdha (IPA:ɳd̪ʱə)|ण्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇna (IPA:ɳn̪ə)|ण्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇpa (IPA:ɳpə)|ण्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇpha (IPA:ɳpʰə)|ण्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇba (IPA:ɳbə)|ण्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇbha (IPA:ɳbʱə)|ण्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇma (IPA:ɳmə)|ण्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇya (IPA:ɳjə)|ण्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇra (IPA:ɳrə)|ण्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇla (IPA:ɳlə)|ण्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇva (IPA:ɳvə)|ण्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇśa (IPA:ɳʃə)|ण्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇṣa (IPA:ɳʂə)|ण्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇsa (IPA:ɳsə)|ण्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇha (IPA:ɳhə)|ण्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇḷa (IPA:ɳɭə)|ण्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇkṣa (IPA:ɳkʂə)|ण्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṇjña (IPA:ɳɟʝɲə)|ण्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=t (IPA:t̪)|त|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=tka (IPA:t̪kə)|त्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tkha (IPA:t̪kʰə)|त्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tga (IPA:t̪ɡə)|त्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tgha (IPA:t̪ɡʱə)|त्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tṅa (IPA:t̪ŋə)|त्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tca (IPA:t̪cɕə)|त्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tcha (IPA:t̪cɕʰə)|त्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tja (IPA:t̪ɟʝə)|त्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tjha (IPA:t̪ɟʝʱə)|त्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tña (IPA:t̪ɲə)|त्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tṭa (IPA:t̪ʈə)|त्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tṭha (IPA:t̪ʈʰə)|त्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tḍa (IPA:t̪ɖə)|त्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tḍha (IPA:t̪ɖʱə)|त्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tṇa (IPA:t̪ɳə)|त्ण|dotted=no}}
|[[wikt:त्त|'''{{tooltip|2=tta (IPA:t̪t̪ə)|त्त|dotted=no}}''']]
|{{tooltip|2=ttha (IPA:t̪t̪ʰə)|त्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tda (IPA:t̪d̪ə)|त्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tdha (IPA:t̪d̪ʱə)|त्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=tna (IPA:t̪n̪ə)|त्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=tpa (IPA:t̪pə)|त्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tpha (IPA:t̪pʰə)|त्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tba (IPA:t̪bə)|त्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tbha (IPA:t̪bʱə)|त्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tma (IPA:t̪mə)|त्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tya (IPA:t̪jə)|त्य|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=tra (IPA:t̪rə)|त्र|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=tla (IPA:t̪lə)|त्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tva (IPA:t̪və)|त्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tśa (IPA:t̪ʃə)|त्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tṣa (IPA:t̪ʂə)|त्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tsa (IPA:t̪sə)|त्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tha (IPA:t̪hə)|त्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tḷa (IPA:t̪ɭə)|त्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tkṣa (IPA:t̪kʂə)|त्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=tjña (IPA:t̪ɟʝɲə)|त्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=th (IPA:t̪ʰ)|थ|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=thka (IPA:t̪ʰkə)|थ्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thkha (IPA:t̪ʰkʰə)|थ्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thga (IPA:t̪ʰɡə)|थ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thgha (IPA:t̪ʰɡʱə)|थ्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thṅa (IPA:t̪ʰŋə)|थ्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thca (IPA:t̪ʰcɕə)|थ्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thcha (IPA:t̪ʰcɕʰə)|थ्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thja (IPA:t̪ʰɟʝə)|थ्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thjha (IPA:t̪ʰɟʝʱə)|थ्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thña (IPA:t̪ʰɲə)|थ्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thṭa (IPA:t̪ʰʈə)|थ्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thṭha (IPA:t̪ʰʈʰə)|थ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thḍa (IPA:t̪ʰɖə)|थ्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thḍha (IPA:t̪ʰɖʱə)|थ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thṇa (IPA:t̪ʰɳə)|थ्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thta (IPA:t̪ʰt̪ə)|थ्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ththa (IPA:t̪ʰt̪ʰə)|थ्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thda (IPA:t̪ʰd̪ə)|थ्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thdha (IPA:t̪ʰd̪ʱə)|थ्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thna (IPA:t̪ʰn̪ə)|थ्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thpa (IPA:t̪ʰpə)|थ्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thpha (IPA:t̪ʰpʰə)|थ्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thba (IPA:t̪ʰbə)|थ्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thbha (IPA:t̪ʰbʱə)|थ्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thma (IPA:t̪ʰmə)|थ्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thya (IPA:t̪ʰjə)|थ्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thra (IPA:t̪ʰrə)|थ्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thla (IPA:t̪ʰlə)|थ्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thva (IPA:t̪ʰvə)|थ्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thśa (IPA:t̪ʰʃə)|थ्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thṣa (IPA:t̪ʰʂə)|थ्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thsa (IPA:t̪ʰsə)|थ्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thha (IPA:t̪ʰhə)|थ्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thḷa (IPA:t̪ʰɭə)|थ्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thkṣa (IPA:t̪ʰkʂə)|थ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=thjña (IPA:t̪ʰɟʝɲə)|थ्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=d (IPA:d̪)|द|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|name=vertical}}

|
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|{{tooltip|2=dga (IPA:d̪ɡə)|द्ग|dotted=no}}
|
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|
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|
|[[wikt:द्द|'''{{tooltip|2=dda (IPA:d̪d̪ə)|द्द|dotted=no}}''']]
|[[wikt:द्ध|'''{{tooltip|2=ddha (IPA:d̪d̪ʱə)|द्ध|dotted=no}}''']]
|{{tooltip|2=dna (IPA:d̪n̪ə)|द्न|dotted=no}}
|
|
|[[wikt:द्ब|{{tooltip|2=dba (IPA:d̪bə)|द्ब|dotted=no}}]]
|[[wikt:द्भ|{{tooltip|2=dbha (IPA:d̪bʱə)|द्भ|dotted=no}}]]
|[[wikt:द्म|{{tooltip|2=dma (IPA:d̪mə)|द्म|dotted=no}}]]
|[[wikt:द्य|'''{{tooltip|2=dya (IPA:d̪jə)|द्य|dotted=no}}''']]
|{{tooltip|2=dra (IPA:d̪rə)|द्र|dotted=no}}
|
|[[wikt:द्व|'''{{tooltip|2=dva (IPA:d̪və)|द्व|dotted=no}}''']]
|
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|-
!{{tooltip|2=dh (IPA:d̪ʱ)|ध|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=dhka (IPA:d̪ʱkə)|ध्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhkha (IPA:d̪ʱkʰə)|ध्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhga (IPA:d̪ʱɡə)|ध्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhgha (IPA:d̪ʱɡʱə)|ध्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhṅa (IPA:d̪ʱŋə)|ध्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhca (IPA:d̪ʱcɕə)|ध्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhcha (IPA:d̪ʱcɕʰə)|ध्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhja (IPA:d̪ʱɟʝə)|ध्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhjha (IPA:d̪ʱɟʝʱə)|ध्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhña (IPA:d̪ʱɲə)|ध्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhṭa (IPA:d̪ʱʈə)|ध्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhṭha (IPA:d̪ʱʈʰə)|ध्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhḍa (IPA:d̪ʱɖə)|ध्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhḍha (IPA:d̪ʱɖʱə)|ध्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhṇa (IPA:d̪ʱɳə)|ध्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhta (IPA:d̪ʱt̪ə)|ध्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhtha (IPA:d̪ʱt̪ʰə)|ध्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhda (IPA:d̪ʱd̪ə)|ध्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhdha (IPA:d̪ʱd̪ʱə)|ध्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=dhna (IPA:d̪ʱn̪ə)|ध्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=dhpa (IPA:d̪ʱpə)|ध्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhpha (IPA:d̪ʱpʰə)|ध्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhba (IPA:d̪ʱbə)|ध्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhbha (IPA:d̪ʱbʱə)|ध्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhma (IPA:d̪ʱmə)|ध्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhya (IPA:d̪ʱjə)|ध्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhra (IPA:d̪ʱrə)|ध्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhla (IPA:d̪ʱlə)|ध्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhva (IPA:d̪ʱvə)|ध्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhśa (IPA:d̪ʱʃə)|ध्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhṣa (IPA:d̪ʱʂə)|ध्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhsa (IPA:d̪ʱsə)|ध्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhha (IPA:d̪ʱhə)|ध्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhḷa (IPA:d̪ʱɭə)|ध्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhkṣa (IPA:d̪ʱkʂə)|ध्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=dhjña (IPA:d̪ʱɟʝɲə)|ध्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=n (IPA:n̪)|न|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=nka (IPA:n̪kə)|न्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nkha (IPA:n̪kʰə)|न्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nga (IPA:n̪ɡə)|न्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ngha (IPA:n̪ɡʱə)|न्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nṅa (IPA:n̪ŋə)|न्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nca (IPA:n̪cɕə)|न्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ncha (IPA:n̪cɕʰə)|न्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nja (IPA:n̪ɟʝə)|न्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=njha (IPA:n̪ɟʝʱə)|न्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nña (IPA:n̪ɲə)|न्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nṭa (IPA:n̪ʈə)|न्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nṭha (IPA:n̪ʈʰə)|न्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nḍa (IPA:n̪ɖə)|न्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nḍha (IPA:n̪ɖʱə)|न्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nṇa (IPA:n̪ɳə)|न्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nta (IPA:n̪t̪ə)|न्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ntha (IPA:n̪t̪ʰə)|न्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nda (IPA:n̪d̪ə)|न्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ndha (IPA:n̪d̪ʱə)|न्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=nna (IPA:n̪n̪ə)|न्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=npa (IPA:n̪pə)|न्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=npha (IPA:n̪pʰə)|न्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nba (IPA:n̪bə)|न्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nbha (IPA:n̪bʱə)|न्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nma (IPA:n̪mə)|न्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nya (IPA:n̪jə)|न्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nra (IPA:n̪rə)|न्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nla (IPA:n̪lə)|न्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nva (IPA:n̪və)|न्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nśa (IPA:n̪ʃə)|न्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nṣa (IPA:n̪ʂə)|न्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nsa (IPA:n̪sə)|न्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nha (IPA:n̪hə)|न्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nḷa (IPA:n̪ɭə)|न्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=nkṣa (IPA:n̪kʂə)|न्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=njña (IPA:n̪ɟʝɲə)|न्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=p (IPA:p)|प|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=pka (IPA:pkə)|प्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pkha (IPA:pkʰə)|प्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pga (IPA:pɡə)|प्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pgha (IPA:pɡʱə)|प्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pṅa (IPA:pŋə)|प्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pca (IPA:pcɕə)|प्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pcha (IPA:pcɕʰə)|प्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pja (IPA:pɟʝə)|प्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pjha (IPA:pɟʝʱə)|प्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pña (IPA:pɲə)|प्ञ|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=pṭa (IPA:pʈə)|प्ट|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=pṭha (IPA:pʈʰə)|प्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pḍa (IPA:pɖə)|प्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pḍha (IPA:pɖʱə)|प्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pṇa (IPA:pɳə)|प्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pta (IPA:pt̪ə)|प्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ptha (IPA:pt̪ʰə)|प्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pda (IPA:pd̪ə)|प्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pdha (IPA:pd̪ʱə)|प्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=pna (IPA:pn̪ə)|प्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ppa (IPA:ppə)|प्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ppha (IPA:ppʰə)|प्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pba (IPA:pbə)|प्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pbha (IPA:pbʱə)|प्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pma (IPA:pmə)|प्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pya (IPA:pjə)|प्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pra (IPA:prə)|प्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pla (IPA:plə)|प्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pva (IPA:pvə)|प्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pśa (IPA:pʃə)|प्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pṣa (IPA:pʂə)|प्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=psa (IPA:psə)|प्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pha (IPA:phə)|प्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pḷa (IPA:pɭə)|प्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pkṣa (IPA:pkʂə)|प्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=pjña (IPA:pɟʝɲə)|प्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=ph (IPA:pʰ)|फ|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=phka (IPA:pʰkə)|फ्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phkha (IPA:pʰkʰə)|फ्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phga (IPA:pʰɡə)|फ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phgha (IPA:pʰɡʱə)|फ्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phṅa (IPA:pʰŋə)|फ्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phca (IPA:pʰcɕə)|फ्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phcha (IPA:pʰcɕʰə)|फ्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phja (IPA:pʰɟʝə)|फ्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phjha (IPA:pʰɟʝʱə)|फ्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phña (IPA:pʰɲə)|फ्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phṭa (IPA:pʰʈə)|फ्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phṭha (IPA:pʰʈʰə)|फ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phḍa (IPA:pʰɖə)|फ्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phḍha (IPA:pʰɖʱə)|फ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phṇa (IPA:pʰɳə)|फ्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phta (IPA:pʰt̪ə)|फ्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phtha (IPA:pʰt̪ʰə)|फ्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phda (IPA:pʰd̪ə)|फ्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phdha (IPA:pʰd̪ʱə)|फ्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phna (IPA:pʰn̪ə)|फ्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phpa (IPA:pʰpə)|फ्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phpha (IPA:pʰpʰə)|फ्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phba (IPA:pʰbə)|फ्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phbha (IPA:pʰbʱə)|फ्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phma (IPA:pʰmə)|फ्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phya (IPA:pʰjə)|फ्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phra (IPA:pʰrə)|फ्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phla (IPA:pʰlə)|फ्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phva (IPA:pʰvə)|फ्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phśa (IPA:pʰʃə)|फ्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phṣa (IPA:pʰʂə)|फ्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phsa (IPA:pʰsə)|फ्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phha (IPA:pʰhə)|फ्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phḷa (IPA:pʰɭə)|फ्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phkṣa (IPA:pʰkʂə)|फ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=phjña (IPA:pʰɟʝɲə)|फ्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=b (IPA:b)|ब|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=bka (IPA:bkə)|ब्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bkha (IPA:bkʰə)|ब्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bga (IPA:bɡə)|ब्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bgha (IPA:bɡʱə)|ब्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bṅa (IPA:bŋə)|ब्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bca (IPA:bcɕə)|ब्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bcha (IPA:bcɕʰə)|ब्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bja (IPA:bɟʝə)|ब्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bjha (IPA:bɟʝʱə)|ब्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bña (IPA:bɲə)|ब्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bṭa (IPA:bʈə)|ब्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bṭha (IPA:bʈʰə)|ब्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bḍa (IPA:bɖə)|ब्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bḍha (IPA:bɖʱə)|ब्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bṇa (IPA:bɳə)|ब्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bta (IPA:bt̪ə)|ब्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=btha (IPA:bt̪ʰə)|ब्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bda (IPA:bd̪ə)|ब्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bdha (IPA:bd̪ʱə)|ब्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=bna (IPA:bn̪ə)|ब्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=bpa (IPA:bpə)|ब्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bpha (IPA:bpʰə)|ब्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bba (IPA:bbə)|ब्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bbha (IPA:bbʱə)|ब्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bma (IPA:bmə)|ब्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bya (IPA:bjə)|ब्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bra (IPA:brə)|ब्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bla (IPA:blə)|ब्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bva (IPA:bvə)|ब्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bśa (IPA:bʃə)|ब्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bṣa (IPA:bʂə)|ब्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bsa (IPA:bsə)|ब्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bha (IPA:bhə)|ब्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bḷa (IPA:bɭə)|ब्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bkṣa (IPA:bkʂə)|ब्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bjña (IPA:bɟʝɲə)|ब्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=bh (IPA:bʱ)|भ|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=bhka (IPA:bʱkə)|भ्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhkha (IPA:bʱkʰə)|भ्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhga (IPA:bʱɡə)|भ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhgha (IPA:bʱɡʱə)|भ्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhṅa (IPA:bʱŋə)|भ्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhca (IPA:bʱcɕə)|भ्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhcha (IPA:bʱcɕʰə)|भ्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhja (IPA:bʱɟʝə)|भ्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhjha (IPA:bʱɟʝʱə)|भ्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhña (IPA:bʱɲə)|भ्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhṭa (IPA:bʱʈə)|भ्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhṭha (IPA:bʱʈʰə)|भ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhḍa (IPA:bʱɖə)|भ्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhḍha (IPA:bʱɖʱə)|भ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhṇa (IPA:bʱɳə)|भ्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhta (IPA:bʱt̪ə)|भ्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhtha (IPA:bʱt̪ʰə)|भ्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhda (IPA:bʱd̪ə)|भ्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhdha (IPA:bʱd̪ʱə)|भ्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhna (IPA:bʱn̪ə)|भ्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhpa (IPA:bʱpə)|भ्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhpha (IPA:bʱpʰə)|भ्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhba (IPA:bʱbə)|भ्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhbha (IPA:bʱbʱə)|भ्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhma (IPA:bʱmə)|भ्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhya (IPA:bʱjə)|भ्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhra (IPA:bʱrə)|भ्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhla (IPA:bʱlə)|भ्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhva (IPA:bʱvə)|भ्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhśa (IPA:bʱʃə)|भ्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhṣa (IPA:bʱʂə)|भ्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhsa (IPA:bʱsə)|भ्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhha (IPA:bʱhə)|भ्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhḷa (IPA:bʱɭə)|भ्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhkṣa (IPA:bʱkʂə)|भ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=bhjña (IPA:bʱɟʝɲə)|भ्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=m (IPA:m)|म|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=mka (IPA:mkə)|म्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mkha (IPA:mkʰə)|म्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mga (IPA:mɡə)|म्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mgha (IPA:mɡʱə)|म्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mṅa (IPA:mŋə)|म्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mca (IPA:mcɕə)|म्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mcha (IPA:mcɕʰə)|म्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mja (IPA:mɟʝə)|म्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mjha (IPA:mɟʝʱə)|म्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mña (IPA:mɲə)|म्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mṭa (IPA:mʈə)|म्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mṭha (IPA:mʈʰə)|म्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mḍa (IPA:mɖə)|म्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mḍha (IPA:mɖʱə)|म्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mṇa (IPA:mɳə)|म्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mta (IPA:mt̪ə)|म्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mtha (IPA:mt̪ʰə)|म्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mda (IPA:md̪ə)|म्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mdha (IPA:md̪ʱə)|म्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=mna (IPA:mn̪ə)|म्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=mpa (IPA:mpə)|म्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mpha (IPA:mpʰə)|म्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mba (IPA:mbə)|म्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mbha (IPA:mbʱə)|म्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mma (IPA:mmə)|म्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mya (IPA:mjə)|म्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mra (IPA:mrə)|म्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mla (IPA:mlə)|म्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mva (IPA:mvə)|म्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mśa (IPA:mʃə)|म्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mṣa (IPA:mʂə)|म्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=msa (IPA:msə)|म्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mha (IPA:mhə)|म्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mḷa (IPA:mɭə)|म्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mkṣa (IPA:mkʂə)|म्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=mjña (IPA:mɟʝɲə)|म्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=y (IPA:j)|य|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=yka (IPA:jkə)|य्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ykha (IPA:jkʰə)|य्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yga (IPA:jɡə)|य्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ygha (IPA:jɡʱə)|य्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yṅa (IPA:jŋə)|य्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yca (IPA:jcɕə)|य्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ycha (IPA:jcɕʰə)|य्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yja (IPA:jɟʝə)|य्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yjha (IPA:jɟʝʱə)|य्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yña (IPA:jɲə)|य्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yṭa (IPA:jʈə)|य्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yṭha (IPA:jʈʰə)|य्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yḍa (IPA:jɖə)|य्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yḍha (IPA:jɖʱə)|य्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yṇa (IPA:jɳə)|य्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yta (IPA:jt̪ə)|य्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ytha (IPA:jt̪ʰə)|य्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yda (IPA:jd̪ə)|य्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ydha (IPA:jd̪ʱə)|य्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yna (IPA:jn̪ə)|य्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ypa (IPA:jpə)|य्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ypha (IPA:jpʰə)|य्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yba (IPA:jbə)|य्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ybha (IPA:jbʱə)|य्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yma (IPA:jmə)|य्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yya (IPA:jjə)|य्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yra (IPA:jrə)|य्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yla (IPA:jlə)|य्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yva (IPA:jvə)|य्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yśa (IPA:jʃə)|य्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yṣa (IPA:jʂə)|य्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ysa (IPA:jsə)|य्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yha (IPA:jhə)|य्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yḷa (IPA:jɭə)|य्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ykṣa (IPA:jkʂə)|य्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=yjña (IPA:jɟʝɲə)|य्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=r (IPA:r)|र|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|This letter acts like a diacritic when it is first in a conjunct.|name=diacritic-1}}

|{{tooltip|2=rka (IPA:rkə)|र्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rkha (IPA:rkʰə)|र्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rga (IPA:rɡə)|र्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rgha (IPA:rɡʱə)|र्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rṅa (IPA:rŋə)|र्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rca (IPA:rcɕə)|र्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rcha (IPA:rcɕʰə)|र्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rja (IPA:rɟʝə)|र्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rjha (IPA:rɟʝʱə)|र्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rña (IPA:rɲə)|र्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rṭa (IPA:rʈə)|र्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rṭha (IPA:rʈʰə)|र्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rḍa (IPA:rɖə)|र्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rḍha (IPA:rɖʱə)|र्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rṇa (IPA:rɳə)|र्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rta (IPA:rt̪ə)|र्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rtha (IPA:rt̪ʰə)|र्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rda (IPA:rd̪ə)|र्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rdha (IPA:rd̪ʱə)|र्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rna (IPA:rn̪ə)|र्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rpa (IPA:rpə)|र्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rpha (IPA:rpʰə)|र्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rba (IPA:rbə)|र्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rbha (IPA:rbʱə)|र्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rma (IPA:rmə)|र्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rya (IPA:rjə)|र्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rra (IPA:rrə)|र्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rla (IPA:rlə)|र्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rva (IPA:rvə)|र्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rśa (IPA:rʃə)|र्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rṣa (IPA:rʂə)|र्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rsa (IPA:rsə)|र्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rha (IPA:rhə)|र्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rḷa (IPA:rɭə)|र्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rkṣa (IPA:rkʂə)|र्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=rjña (IPA:rɟʝɲə)|र्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=l (IPA:l)|ल|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=lka (IPA:lkə)|ल्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lkha (IPA:lkʰə)|ल्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lga (IPA:lɡə)|ल्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lgha (IPA:lɡʱə)|ल्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lṅa (IPA:lŋə)|ल्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lca (IPA:lcɕə)|ल्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lcha (IPA:lcɕʰə)|ल्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lja (IPA:lɟʝə)|ल्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ljha (IPA:lɟʝʱə)|ल्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lña (IPA:lɲə)|ल्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lṭa (IPA:lʈə)|ल्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lṭha (IPA:lʈʰə)|ल्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lḍa (IPA:lɖə)|ल्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lḍha (IPA:lɖʱə)|ल्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lṇa (IPA:lɳə)|ल्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lta (IPA:lt̪ə)|ल्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ltha (IPA:lt̪ʰə)|ल्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lda (IPA:ld̪ə)|ल्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ldha (IPA:ld̪ʱə)|ल्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lna (IPA:ln̪ə)|ल्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lpa (IPA:lpə)|ल्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lpha (IPA:lpʰə)|ल्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lba (IPA:lbə)|ल्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lbha (IPA:lbʱə)|ल्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lma (IPA:lmə)|ल्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lya (IPA:ljə)|ल्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lra (IPA:lrə)|ल्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lla (IPA:llə)|ल्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lva (IPA:lvə)|ल्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lśa (IPA:lʃə)|ल्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lṣa (IPA:lʂə)|ल्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lsa (IPA:lsə)|ल्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lha (IPA:lhə)|ल्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lḷa (IPA:lɭə)|ल्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=lkṣa (IPA:lkʂə)|ल्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ljña (IPA:lɟʝɲə)|ल्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=v (IPA:v)|व|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=vka (IPA:vkə)|व्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vkha (IPA:vkʰə)|व्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vga (IPA:vɡə)|व्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vgha (IPA:vɡʱə)|व्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vṅa (IPA:vŋə)|व्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vca (IPA:vcɕə)|व्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vcha (IPA:vcɕʰə)|व्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vja (IPA:vɟʝə)|व्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vjha (IPA:vɟʝʱə)|व्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vña (IPA:vɲə)|व्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vṭa (IPA:vʈə)|व्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vṭha (IPA:vʈʰə)|व्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vḍa (IPA:vɖə)|व्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vḍha (IPA:vɖʱə)|व्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vṇa (IPA:vɳə)|व्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vta (IPA:vt̪ə)|व्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vtha (IPA:vt̪ʰə)|व्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vda (IPA:vd̪ə)|व्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vdha (IPA:vd̪ʱə)|व्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vna (IPA:vn̪ə)|व्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vpa (IPA:vpə)|व्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vpha (IPA:vpʰə)|व्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vba (IPA:vbə)|व्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vbha (IPA:vbʱə)|व्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vma (IPA:vmə)|व्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vya (IPA:vjə)|व्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vra (IPA:vrə)|व्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vla (IPA:vlə)|व्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vva (IPA:vvə)|व्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vśa (IPA:vʃə)|व्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vṣa (IPA:vʂə)|व्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vsa (IPA:vsə)|व्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vha (IPA:vhə)|व्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vḷa (IPA:vɭə)|व्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vkṣa (IPA:vkʂə)|व्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=vjña (IPA:vɟʝɲə)|व्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=ś (IPA:ʃ)|श|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=śka (IPA:ʃkə)|श्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śkha (IPA:ʃkʰə)|श्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śga (IPA:ʃɡə)|श्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śgha (IPA:ʃɡʱə)|श्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śṅa (IPA:ʃŋə)|श्ङ|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=śca (IPA:ʃcɕə)|श्च|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ścha (IPA:ʃcɕʰə)|श्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śja (IPA:ʃɟʝə)|श्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śjha (IPA:ʃɟʝʱə)|श्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śña (IPA:ʃɲə)|श्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śṭa (IPA:ʃʈə)|श्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śṭha (IPA:ʃʈʰə)|श्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śḍa (IPA:ʃɖə)|श्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śḍha (IPA:ʃɖʱə)|श्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śṇa (IPA:ʃɳə)|श्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śta (IPA:ʃt̪ə)|श्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śtha (IPA:ʃt̪ʰə)|श्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śda (IPA:ʃd̪ə)|श्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śdha (IPA:ʃd̪ʱə)|श्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=śna (IPA:ʃn̪ə)|श्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=śpa (IPA:ʃpə)|श्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śpha (IPA:ʃpʰə)|श्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śba (IPA:ʃbə)|श्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śbha (IPA:ʃbʱə)|श्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śma (IPA:ʃmə)|श्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śya (IPA:ʃjə)|श्य|dotted=no}}
|[[wikt:श्र|'''{{tooltip|2=śra (IPA:ʃrə)|श्र|dotted=no}}''']]
|{{tooltip|2=śla (IPA:ʃlə)|श्ल|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=śva (IPA:ʃvə)|श्व|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=śśa (IPA:ʃʃə)|श्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śṣa (IPA:ʃʂə)|श्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śsa (IPA:ʃsə)|श्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śha (IPA:ʃhə)|श्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śḷa (IPA:ʃɭə)|श्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śkṣa (IPA:ʃkʂə)|श्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=śjña (IPA:ʃɟʝɲə)|श्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=ṣ (IPA:ʂ)|ष|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=ṣka (IPA:ʂkə)|ष्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣkha (IPA:ʂkʰə)|ष्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣga (IPA:ʂɡə)|ष्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣgha (IPA:ʂɡʱə)|ष्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣṅa (IPA:ʂŋə)|ष्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣca (IPA:ʂcɕə)|ष्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣcha (IPA:ʂcɕʰə)|ष्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣja (IPA:ʂɟʝə)|ष्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣjha (IPA:ʂɟʝʱə)|ष्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣña (IPA:ʂɲə)|ष्ञ|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=ṣṭa (IPA:ʂʈə)|ष्ट|dotted=no}}'''
|'''{{tooltip|2=ṣṭha (IPA:ʂʈʰə)|ष्ठ|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=ṣḍa (IPA:ʂɖə)|ष्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣḍha (IPA:ʂɖʱə)|ष्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣṇa (IPA:ʂɳə)|ष्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣta (IPA:ʂt̪ə)|ष्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣtha (IPA:ʂt̪ʰə)|ष्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣda (IPA:ʂd̪ə)|ष्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣdha (IPA:ʂd̪ʱə)|ष्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣna (IPA:ʂn̪ə)|ष्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣpa (IPA:ʂpə)|ष्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣpha (IPA:ʂpʰə)|ष्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣba (IPA:ʂbə)|ष्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣbha (IPA:ʂbʱə)|ष्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣma (IPA:ʂmə)|ष्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣya (IPA:ʂjə)|ष्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣra (IPA:ʂrə)|ष्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣla (IPA:ʂlə)|ष्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣva (IPA:ʂvə)|ष्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣśa (IPA:ʂʃə)|ष्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣṣa (IPA:ʂʂə)|ष्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣsa (IPA:ʂsə)|ष्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣha (IPA:ʂhə)|ष्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣḷa (IPA:ʂɭə)|ष्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣkṣa (IPA:ʂkʂə)|ष्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ṣjña (IPA:ʂɟʝɲə)|ष्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=s (IPA:s)|स|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=ska (IPA:skə)|स्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=skha (IPA:skʰə)|स्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sga (IPA:sɡə)|स्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sgha (IPA:sɡʱə)|स्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sṅa (IPA:sŋə)|स्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sca (IPA:scɕə)|स्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=scha (IPA:scɕʰə)|स्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sja (IPA:sɟʝə)|स्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sjha (IPA:sɟʝʱə)|स्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sña (IPA:sɲə)|स्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sṭa (IPA:sʈə)|स्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sṭha (IPA:sʈʰə)|स्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sḍa (IPA:sɖə)|स्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sḍha (IPA:sɖʱə)|स्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sṇa (IPA:sɳə)|स्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sta (IPA:st̪ə)|स्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=stha (IPA:st̪ʰə)|स्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sda (IPA:sd̪ə)|स्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sdha (IPA:sd̪ʱə)|स्ध|dotted=no}}
|'''{{tooltip|2=sna (IPA:sn̪ə)|स्न|dotted=no}}'''
|{{tooltip|2=spa (IPA:spə)|स्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=spha (IPA:spʰə)|स्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sba (IPA:sbə)|स्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sbha (IPA:sbʱə)|स्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sma (IPA:smə)|स्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sya (IPA:sjə)|स्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sra (IPA:srə)|स्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sla (IPA:slə)|स्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sva (IPA:svə)|स्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sśa (IPA:sʃə)|स्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sṣa (IPA:sʂə)|स्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ssa (IPA:ssə)|स्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sha (IPA:shə)|स्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sḷa (IPA:sɭə)|स्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=skṣa (IPA:skʂə)|स्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=sjña (IPA:sɟʝɲə)|स्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|-
!{{tooltip|2=h (IPA:h)|ह|dotted=no}}{{Efn-lr|name=vertical}}

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|{{tooltip|2=hṇa (IPA:hɳə)|ह्ण|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|2=hna (IPA:hn̪ə)|ह्न|dotted=no}}
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|[[wikt:ह्म|'''{{tooltip|2=hma (IPA:hmə)|ह्म|dotted=no}}''']]
|[[wikt:ह्य|{{tooltip|2=hya (IPA:hjə)|ह्य|dotted=no}}]]
|{{tooltip|2=hra (IPA:hrə)|ह्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=hla (IPA:hlə)|ह्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=hva (IPA:hvə)|ह्व|dotted=no}}
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!{{tooltip|2=ḷ (IPA:ɭ)|ळ|dotted=no}}

|{{tooltip|2=ḷka (IPA:ɭkə)|ळ्क|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷkha (IPA:ɭkʰə)|ळ्ख|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷga (IPA:ɭɡə)|ळ्ग|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷgha (IPA:ɭɡʱə)|ळ्घ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷṅa (IPA:ɭŋə)|ळ्ङ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷca (IPA:ɭcɕə)|ळ्च|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷcha (IPA:ɭcɕʰə)|ळ्छ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷja (IPA:ɭɟʝə)|ळ्ज|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷjha (IPA:ɭɟʝʱə)|ळ्झ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷña (IPA:ɭɲə)|ळ्ञ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷṭa (IPA:ɭʈə)|ळ्ट|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷṭha (IPA:ɭʈʰə)|ळ्ठ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷḍa (IPA:ɭɖə)|ळ्ड|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷḍha (IPA:ɭɖʱə)|ळ्ढ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷṇa (IPA:ɭɳə)|ळ्ण|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷta (IPA:ɭt̪ə)|ळ्त|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷtha (IPA:ɭt̪ʰə)|ळ्थ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷda (IPA:ɭd̪ə)|ळ्द|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷdha (IPA:ɭd̪ʱə)|ळ्ध|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷna (IPA:ɭn̪ə)|ळ्न|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷpa (IPA:ɭpə)|ळ्प|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷpha (IPA:ɭpʰə)|ळ्फ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷba (IPA:ɭbə)|ळ्ब|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷbha (IPA:ɭbʱə)|ळ्भ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷma (IPA:ɭmə)|ळ्म|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷya (IPA:ɭjə)|ळ्य|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷra (IPA:ɭrə)|ळ्र|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷla (IPA:ɭlə)|ळ्ल|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷva (IPA:ɭvə)|ळ्व|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷśa (IPA:ɭʃə)|ळ्श|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷṣa (IPA:ɭʂə)|ळ्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷsa (IPA:ɭsə)|ळ्स|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷha (IPA:ɭhə)|ळ्ह|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷḷa (IPA:ɭɭə)|ळ्ळ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷkṣa (IPA:ɭkʂə)|ळ्क्ष|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|2=ḷjña (IPA:ɭɟʝɲə)|ळ्ज्ञ|dotted=no}}
|}
{{Notelist-lr}}</div>

==Tri-, tetra- and penta-consonantal conjuncts==
{|class="wikitable"
! Head letter !! Triconsonantal conjuncts !! Tetra-consonantal conjuncts !! Penta-consonantal conjuncts
|-
! क
| क्त्र ktr क्त्व ktv क्ष्ण kṣṇ क्ष्म kṣm क्ष्य kṣy || क्ष्ण्य kṣṇy ||
|-
! ग
| ग्ध्र gdhr ग्न्य gny ग्र्य gry ||||
|-
! ङ
| ङ्क्त ṅkt ङ्क्र ṅkr ङ्क्ष ṅkṣ || ङ्क्ष्य ṅkṣy || ङ्क्ष्ण्व ṅkṣṇv
|-
! च
| च्छ्य cchy च्छ्र cchr ||||
|-
! ज
| ज्ज्य jjy ज्ज्व jjv ||||
|-
! ण
| ण्ड्य ṇḍy ण्ड्र ṇḍr ण्ड्व ṇḍv ||||
|-
! त
| त्क्र tkr त्क्व tkv त्क्ष tkṣ त्त्न ttn त्त्र ttr त्त्व ttv त्प्र tpr त्प्ल tpl त्र्य try त्स्न tsn त्स्य tsy त्स्व tsv ||||
|-
! द
| द्ग्र dgr द्द्य ddy द्द्र ddr द्ध्म ddhm द्ध्व ddhv द्ब्र dbr द्व्य dvy ||||
|-
! न
| न्त्य nty न्त्र ntr न्द्ध nddh न्द्र ndr न्ध्य ndhy न्ध्र ndhr ||||
|-
! प
| प्त्र ptr प्स्य psy ||||
|-
! म
| म्प्र mpr ||||
|-
! र
| र्ग्य rgy र्ग्र rgr र्घ्य rghy र्ङ्ग rṅg र्ज्य rjy र्ढ्य rḍhy र्ण्य rṇy र्त्त rtt र्त्म rtm र्त्य rty र्त्र rtr र्त्स rts र्द्ध rddh र्द्र rdr र्द्व rdv र्ध्म rdhm र्ध्र rdhr र्ध्व rdhv र्म्य rmy र्स्व rsv र्ष्ण rṣṇ र्ष्म rṣm र्ष्य rṣy || र्त्त्र rttr र्ष्ट्र rṣṭr || र्त्स्न्य rtsny
|-
! ष
| ष्क्र ṣkr ष्क्व ṣkv ष्ट्व ṣṭv ष्ठ्य ṣṭhy ष्प्य ṣpy ष्म्य ṣmy ||||
|-
! स
| स्त्य sty स्त्र str ||||
|}

==Notable irregular conjuncts==
Several of the ligatures for biconsonantal conjuncts are irregular; their construction is not obvious based on how Devanagari ligatures are usually formed.<ref>{{cite web | last=Templin | first=David | title=The Devanagari Script | website=Omniglot | url=https://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/devanagari.htm | access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> In [[Hindi]], they are not especially widespread, but क्ष, त्र and ज्ञ appear frequently enough in common terms of Sanskrit origin that they are sometimes included in [[InScript keyboard|keyboard layouts]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mahesh |first=R. |last2=Sinha |first2=K. |date=12 February 2009 |title=A Journey from Indian Scripts Processing to Indian Language Processing |url=https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~pb/papers/IEEE-annals--sinha-jan2009.pdf |journal=Indian Institute of Technology |quote=Because space was available to add more symbols, some of the frequent conjuncts were also assigned a place for efficiency. |ref=see also [[InScript keyboard]]}}</ref> or appended to the alphabet in learning materials.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} Four other conjuncts which occur in common words or religiously significant names are also listed here.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Notable Irregular Devanagari Conjuncts
|-
! First letter !! Second letter !! Conjunct ligature
!Example
|-
| क् (k) || ष (ṣa) || क्ष (kṣa)
|[[wiktionary:क्षत्रिय|क्षत्रिय]] ({{IAST|kṣatriya}}, warrior)
|-
| त् (t) || र (ra) || त्र (tra)
|[[wiktionary:त्रिकोण|त्रिकोण]] ({{IAST|trikoṇa}}, triangle)
|-
| ज् (j) || ञ (ña) || ज्ञ (jña){{refn|group=note|Pronounced "gya" (IPA: [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[ɡjə]]]) in Hindi}}
|[[wiktionary:ज्ञान|ज्ञान]] ({{IAST|jñāna}}, knowledge)
|-
|द् (d)
|व (va)
|द्व (dva)
|[[wiktionary:द्वार|द्वार]] ({{IAST|dvāra}}, door)
|-
|द् (d)
|ध (dha)
|द्ध (ddha)
|[[wiktionary:बुद्ध|बुद्ध]] ([[The Buddha|Buddha]])
|-
| श् (ś) || र (ra) || श्र (śra)
|[[wiktionary:श्री|श्री राम]] ([[Rama|Śrī Rāma]])
|-
|ह् (h)
|म (ma)
|ह्म (hma)
|[[wiktionary:ब्रह्मा|ब्रह्मा]] ([[Brahma|Brahmā]])
|}

==Conjuncts by frequency==
These are all the conjuncts in Sanskrit which have a frequency greater than or equal to 0.010%.<ref name="stiehl_devanagari_writing" /> Of the 360, the seven [[Devanagari conjuncts#Irregular ligatures|notable irregulars]] are in green.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
!class="unsortable" |Head letter
!class="unsortable" |Parts
!class="unsortable" |Conjunct
!Frequency (% of conjuncts)
|-
! rowspan="23" |क
|क + क
|क्क
|0.07
|-
|क + च
|क्च
|0.064
|-
|क + त
|क्त
|4.85
|-
|क + त + य
|क्त्य
|0.162
|-
|क + त + र
|क्त्र
|0.118
|-
|क + त + व
|क्त्व
|0.687
|-
|क + थ
|क्थ
|0.013
|-
|क + न
|क्न
|0.102
|-
|क + प
|क्प
|0.088
|-
|क + प + र
|क्प्र
|0.037
|-
|क + म
|क्म
|0.14
|-
|क + य
|क्य
|1.308
|-
|क + र
|क्र
|5.207
|-
|क + ल
|क्ल
|0.391
|-
|क + व
|क्व
|0.3
|-
|क + श
|क्श
|0.043
|-
|{{yes|क + ष}}
|{{yes|क्ष}}
|{{yes|9.976}}
|-
|क + ष + ण
|क्ष्ण
|0.305
|-
|क + ष + म
|क्ष्म
|0.247
|-
|क + ष + म + य
|क्ष्म्य
|0.026
|-
|क + ष + य
|क्ष्य
|1.476
|-
|क + ष + व
|क्ष्व
|0.176
|-
|क + स
|क्स
|0.069
|-
!ख
|ख + य
|ख्य
|1.307
|-
! rowspan="18" |ग
|ग + ग
|ग्ग
|0.025
|-
|ग + ज
|ग्ज
|0.025
|-
|ग + ज + य
|ग्ज्य
|0.03
|-
|ग + ण
|ग्ण
|0.02
|-
|ग + द
|ग्द
|0.034
|-
|ग + ध
|ग्ध
|0.249
|-
|ग + ध + व
|ग्ध्व
|0.018
|-
|ग + न
|ग्न
|1.29
|-
|ग + न + य
|ग्न्य
|0.081
|-
|ग + ब
|ग्ब
|0.023
|-
|ग + भ
|ग्भ
|0.101
|-
|ग + भ + य
|ग्भ्य
|0.018
|-
|ग + म
|ग्म
|0.364
|-
|ग + य
|ग्य
|0.191
|-
|ग + र
|ग्र
|2.453
|-
|ग + र + य
|ग्र्य
|0.15
|-
|ग + ल
|ग्ल
|0.052
|-
|ग + व
|ग्व
|0.126
|-
! rowspan="3" |घ
|घ + न
|घ्न
|0.545
|-
|घ + र
|घ्र
|0.743
|-
|घ + व
|घ्व
|0.016
|-
! rowspan="13" |ङ
|ङ + क
|ङ्क
|0.505
|-
|ङ + क + त
|ङ्क्त
|0.091
|-
|ङ + क + ष
|ङ्क्ष
|0.195
|-
|ङ + क + ष + व
|ङ्क्ष्व
|0.025
|-
|ङ + ख
|ङ्ख
|0.33
|-
|ङ + ख + य
|ङ्ख्य
|0.052
|-
|ङ + ग
|ङ्ग
|2.091
|-
|ङ + ग + य
|ङ्ग्य
|0.018
|-
|ङ + ग + र
|ङ्ग्र
|0.019
|-
|ङ + घ
|ङ्घ
|0.038
|-
|ङ + घ + र
|ङ्घ्र
|0.109
|-
|ङ + न
|ङ्न
|0.03
|-
|ङ + म
|ङ्म
|0.137
|-
! rowspan="6" |च
|च + च
|च्च
|1.716
|-
|च + च + य
|च्च्य
|0.022
|-
|च + छ
|च्छ
|4.297
|-
|च + छ + र
|च्छ्र
|0.535
|-
|च + छ + व
|च्छ्व
|0.033
|-
|च + य
|च्य
|1.111
|-
! rowspan="9" |ज
|ज + ज
|ज्ज
|0.584
|-
|ज + ज + ञ
|ज्ज्ञ
|0.061
|-
|ज + ज + य
|ज्ज्य
|0.017
|-
|ज + ज + व
|ज्ज्व
|0.033
|-
|{{yes|ज + ञ}}
|{{yes|ज्ञ}}
|{{yes|4.64}}
|-
|ज + म
|ज्म
|0.061
|-
|ज + य
|ज्य
|1.937
|-
|ज + र
|ज्र
|0.329
|-
|ज + व
|ज्व
|0.435
|-
! rowspan="7" |ञ
|ञ + च
|ञ्च
|1.779
|-
|ञ + छ
|ञ्छ
|0.044
|-
|ञ + ज
|ञ्ज
|1.057
|-
|ञ + ज + ञ
|ञ्ज्ञ
|0.021
|-
|ञ + श
|ञ्श
|0.528
|-
|ञ + श + र
|ञ्श्र
|0.073
|-
|ञ + श + व
|ञ्श्व
|0.018
|-
! rowspan="6" |ट
|ट + क
|ट्क
|0.03
|-
|ट + ट
|ट्ट
|0.091
|-
|ट + प
|ट्प
|0.015
|-
|ट + य
|ट्य
|0.037
|-
|ट + श
|ट्श
|0.014
|-
|ट + स
|ट्स
|0.032
|-
!ठ
|ठ + य
|ठ्य
|0.013
|-
! rowspan="5" |ड
|ड + ग
|ड्ग
|0.167
|-
|ड + भ
|ड्भ
|0.049
|-
|ड + य
|ड्य
|0.097
|-
|ड + र
|ड्र
|0.018
|-
|ड + व
|ड्व
|0.037
|-
!ढ
|ढ + य
|ढ्य
|0.043
|-
! rowspan="9" |ण
|ण + ट
|ण्ट
|0.068
|-
|ण + ठ
|ण्ठ
|0.095
|-
|ण + ड
|ण्ड
|4.57
|-
|ण + ड + य
|ण्ड्य
|0.045
|-
|ण + ड + र
|ण्ड्र
|0.018
|-
|ण + ण
|ण्ण
|0.077
|-
|ण + म
|ण्म
|0.05
|-
|ण + य
|ण्य
|1.523
|-
|ण + व
|ण्व
|0.137
|-
! rowspan="31" |त
|त + क
|त्क
|1.883
|-
|त + क + र
|त्क्र
|0.135
|-
|त + क + व
|त्क्व
|0.018
|-
|त + क + ष
|त्क्ष
|0.166
|-
|त + ख
|त्ख
|0.025
|-
|त + त
|त्त
|7.464
|-
|त + त + य
|त्त्य
|0.081
|-
|त + त + र
|त्त्र
|0.099
|-
|त + त + व
|त्त्व
|1.339
|-
|त + थ
|त्थ
|0.536
|-
|त + न
|त्न
|0.625
|-
|त + न + य
|त्न्य
|0.038
|-
|त + प
|त्प
|1.918
|-
|त + प + र
|त्प्र
|0.91
|-
|त + फ
|त्फ
|0.071
|-
|त + म
|त्म
|4.163
|-
|त + म + य
|त्म्य
|0.052
|-
|त + य
|त्य
|9.763
|-
|{{yes|त + र}}
|{{yes|त्र}}
|{{yes|14.06}}
|-
|त + र + य
|त्र्य
|0.158
|-
|त + व
|त्व
|8.125
|-
|त + व + य
|त्व्य
|0.015
|-
|त + स
|त्स
|3.35
|-
|त + स + त
|त्स्त
|0.017
|-
|त + स + त + र
|त्स्त्र
|0.016
|-
|त + स + थ
|त्स्थ
|0.072
|-
|त + स + न
|त्स्न
|0.217
|-
|त + स + म
|त्स्म
|0.033
|-
|त + स + य
|त्स्य
|0.529
|-
|त + स + र
|त्स्र
|0.016
|-
|त + स + व
|त्स्व
|0.191
|-
! rowspan="2" |थ
|थ + य
|थ्य
|0.363
|-
|थ + व
|थ्व
|0.018
|-
! rowspan="23" |द
|द + ग
|द्ग
|0.483
|-
|द + ग + र
|द्ग्र
|0.018
|-
|द + द
|द्द
|0.868
|-
|द + द + य
|द्द्य
|0.025
|-
|द + द + र
|द्द्र
|0.109
|-
|द + द + व
|द्द्व
|0.119
|-
|{{yes|द + ध}}
|{{yes|द्ध}}
|{{yes|6.155}}
|-
|द + ध + य
|द्ध्य
|0.217
|-
|द + ध + र
|द्ध्र
|0.017
|-
|द + ध + व
|द्ध्व
|0.215
|-
|द + न
|द्न
|0.037
|-
|द + ब
|द्ब
|0.418
|-
|द + ब + र
|द्ब्र
|0.277
|-
|द + भ
|द्भ
|1.687
|-
|द + भ + य
|द्भ्य
|0.071
|-
|द + भ + र
|द्भ्र
|0.057
|-
|द + म
|द्म
|0.263
|-
|द + य
|द्य
|5.591
|-
|द + र
|द्र
|5.763
|-
|द + र + य
|द्र्य
|0.016
|-
|{{yes|द + व}}
|{{yes|द्व}}
|{{yes|5.162}}
|-
|द + व + य
|द्व्य
|0.115
|-
|द + व + र
|द्व्र
|0.02
|-
! rowspan="6" |ध
|ध + न
|ध्न
|0.033
|-
|ध + म
|ध्म
|0.066
|-
|ध + य
|ध्य
|2.68
|-
|ध + र
|ध्र
|0.335
|-
|ध + व
|ध्व
|0.897
|-
|ध + ह
|ध्ह
|0.061
|-
! rowspan="41" |न
|न + क
|न्क
|0.806
|-
|न + क + र
|न्क्र
|0.066
|-
|न + क + ल
|न्क्ल
|0.013
|-
|न + क + ष
|न्क्ष
|0.112
|-
|न + ख
|न्ख
|0.025
|-
|न + ग
|न्ग
|0.304
|-
|न + घ
|न्घ
|0.043
|-
|न + त
|न्त
|12.919
|-
|न + त + य
|न्त्य
|0.82
|-
|न + त + र
|न्त्र
|0.536
|-
|न + त + र + य
|न्त्र्य
|0.088
|-
|न + त + व
|न्त्व
|0.144
|-
|न + त + स + य
|न्त्स्य
|0.023
|-
|न + थ
|न्थ
|0.133
|-
|न + द
|न्द
|2.632
|-
|न + द + य
|न्द्य
|0.095
|-
|न + द + र
|न्द्र
|2.427
|-
|न + द + व
|न्द्व
|0.085
|-
|न + ध
|न्ध
|2.396
|-
|न + ध + य
|न्ध्य
|0.067
|-
|न + ध + र
|न्ध्र
|0.046
|-
|न + न
|न्न
|5.086
|-
|न + न + य
|न्न्य
|0.027
|-
|न + न + व
|न्न्व
|0.025
|-
|न + प
|न्प
|1.195
|-
|न + प + र
|न्प्र
|0.714
|-
|न + फ
|न्फ
|0.014
|-
|न + ब
|न्ब
|0.319
|-
|न + ब + र
|न्ब्र
|0.12
|-
|न + भ
|न्भ
|0.493
|-
|न + भ + र
|न्भ्र
|0.054
|-
|न + म
|न्म
|2.803
|-
|न + य
|न्य
|7.223
|-
|न + र
|न्र
|0.539
|-
|न + व
|न्व
|2.65
|-
|न + व + य
|न्व्य
|0.089
|-
|न + स
|न्स
|1.767
|-
|न + स + थ
|न्स्थ
|0.038
|-
|न + स + म
|न्स्म
|0.017
|-
|न + स + व
|न्स्व
|0.103
|-
|न + ह
|न्ह
|0.345
|-
! rowspan="9" |प
|प + त
|प्त
|2.664
|-
|प + त + व
|प्त्व
|0.035
|-
|प + न
|प्न
|0.608
|-
|प + म
|प्म
|0.055
|-
|प + य
|प्य
|2.285
|-
|प + र
|प्र
|21.172
|-
|प + ल
|प्ल
|0.3
|-
|प + स
|प्स
|0.523
|-
|प + स + य
|प्स्य
|0.235
|-
! rowspan="7" |ब
|ब + ज
|ब्ज
|0.014
|-
|ब + द
|ब्द
|0.46
|-
|ब + ध
|ब्ध
|0.464
|-
|ब + ध + व
|ब्ध्व
|0.095
|-
|ब + य
|ब्य
|0.03
|-
|ब + र
|ब्र
|4.583
|-
|ब + व
|ब्व
|0.031
|-
! rowspan="13" |म
|भ + ण
|भ्ण
|0.017
|-
|भ + य
|भ्य
|3.24
|-
|भ + र
|भ्र
|1.242
|-
|भ + व
|भ्व
|0.055
|-
|म + ण
|म्ण
|0.021
|-
|म + न
|म्न
|0.542
|-
|म + प
|म्प
|0.245
|-
|म + ब
|म्ब
|0.755
|-
|म + ब + य
|म्ब्य
|0.014
|-
|म + भ
|म्भ
|0.483
|-
|म + य
|म्य
|2.118
|-
|म + र
|म्र
|0.129
|-
|म + ल
|म्ल
|0.059
|-
! rowspan="2" |य
|य + य
|य्य
|0.2
|-
|य + व
|य्व
|0.017
|-
! rowspan="63" |र
|र + क
|र्क
|0.321
|-
|र + क + ष + य
|र्क्ष्य
|0.024
|-
|र + ख
|र्ख
|0.02
|-
|र + ग
|र्ग
|1.698
|-
|र + ग + य
|र्ग्य
|0.023
|-
|र + ग + र
|र्ग्र
|0.03
|-
|र + घ
|र्घ
|0.379
|-
|र + घ + य
|र्घ्य
|0.035
|-
|र + ङ + ग
|र्ङ्ग
|0.03
|-
|र + च
|र्च
|0.365
|-
|र + च + छ
|र्च्छ
|0.026
|-
|र + च + य
|र्च्य
|0.038
|-
|र + छ
|र्छ
|0.081
|-
|र + ज
|र्ज
|2.24
|-
|र + ज + ञ
|र्ज्ञ
|0.028
|-
|र + ज + य
|र्ज्य
|0.05
|-
|र + ज + व
|र्ज्व
|0.02
|-
|र + ण
|र्ण
|3.357
|-
|र + ण + य
|र्ण्य
|0.047
|-
|र + त
|र्त
|4.314
|-
|र + त + त
|र्त्त
|0.033
|-
|र + त + म
|र्त्म
|0.04
|-
|र + त + य
|र्त्य
|0.182
|-
|र + त + र
|र्त्र
|0.021
|-
|र + त + व
|र्त्व
|0.023
|-
|र + त + स
|र्त्स
|0.017
|-
|र + त + स + न + य
|र्त्स्न्य
|0.032
|-
|र + थ
|र्थ
|4.883
|-
|र + थ + य
|र्थ्य
|0.032
|-
|र + द
|र्द
|1.873
|-
|र + द + ध
|र्द्ध
|0.017
|-
|र + द + य
|र्द्य
|0.035
|-
|र + द + र
|र्द्र
|0.132
|-
|र + द + व
|र्द्व
|0.142
|-
|र + ध
|र्ध
|1.434
|-
|र + ध + न
|र्ध्न
|0.062
|-
|र + ध + म
|र्ध्म
|0.015
|-
|र + ध + य
|र्ध्य
|0.021
|-
|र + ध + र
|र्ध्र
|0.031
|-
|र + ध + व
|र्ध्व
|0.185
|-
|र + न
|र्न
|1.118
|-
|र + न + य
|र्न्य
|0.023
|-
|र + प
|र्प
|0.532
|-
|र + ब
|र्ब
|0.731
|-
|र + ब + र
|र्ब्र
|0.112
|-
|र + भ
|र्भ
|1.285
|-
|र + भ + य
|र्भ्य
|0.033
|-
|र + भ + र
|र्भ्र
|0.042
|-
|र + म
|र्म
|9.114
|-
|र + म + य
|र्म्य
|0.08
|-
|र + य
|र्य
|6.633
|-
|र + ल
|र्ल
|0.225
|-
|र + व
|र्व
|11.898
|-
|र + व + य
|र्व्य
|0.146
|-
|र + श
|र्श
|1.443
|-
|र + श + व
|र्श्व
|0.103
|-
|र + ष
|र्ष
|4.117
|-
|र + ष + ट
|र्ष्ट
|0.025
|-
|र + ष + ण
|र्ष्ण
|0.174
|-
|र + ष + य
|र्ष्य
|0.026
|-
|र + ह
|र्ह
|1.688
|-
|र + ह + य
|र्ह्य
|0.018
|-
|र + ह + र
|र्ह्र
|0.019
|-
! rowspan="9" |ल
|ल + क
|ल्क
|0.117
|-
|ल + क + य
|ल्क्य
|0.097
|-
|ल + ग
|ल्ग
|0.232
|-
|ल + प
|ल्प
|0.754
|-
|ल + ब
|ल्ब
|0.095
|-
|ल + म
|ल्म
|0.145
|-
|ल + य
|ल्य
|1.178
|-
|ल + ल
|ल्ल
|0.563
|-
|ल + व
|ल्व
|0.145
|-
! rowspan="2" |व
|व + य
|व्य
|6.095
|-
|व + र
|व्र
|1.172
|-
! rowspan="11" |श
|श + च
|श्च
|12.999
|-
|श + च + य
|श्च्य
|0.044
|-
|श + छ
|श्छ
|0.187
|-
|श + न
|श्न
|0.297
|-
|श + प
|श्प
|0.026
|-
|श + म
|श्म
|0.38
|-
|श + य
|श्य
|3.276
|-
|{{yes|श + र}}
|{{yes|श्र}}
|{{yes|5.604}}
|-
|श + ल
|श्ल
|0.204
|-
|श + व
|श्व
|3.454
|-
|श + व + य
|श्व्य
|0.032
|-
! rowspan="15" |ष
|ष + क
|ष्क
|0.576
|-
|ष + क + र
|ष्क्र
|0.06
|-
|ष + ट
|ष्ट
|4.855
|-
|ष + ट + य
|ष्ट्य
|0.237
|-
|ष + ट + र
|ष्ट्र
|1.252
|-
|ष + ट + व
|ष्ट्व
|1.405
|-
|ष + ठ
|ष्ठ
|4.521
|-
|ष + ठ + य
|ष्ठ्य
|0.015
|-
|ष + ण
|ष्ण
|1.793
|-
|ष + ण + य
|ष्ण्य
|0.047
|-
|ष + प
|ष्प
|0.451
|-
|ष + प + र
|ष्प्र
|0.073
|-
|ष + म
|ष्म
|1.504
|-
|ष + य
|ष्य
|3.44
|-
|ष + व
|ष्व
|1.145
|-
! rowspan="17" |स
|स + क
|स्क
|0.713
|-
|स + त
|स्त
|13.762
|-
|स + त + य
|स्त्य
|0.332
|-
|स + त + र
|स्त्र
|2.764
|-
|स + त + र + य
|स्त्र्य
|0.02
|-
|स + त + व
|स्त्व
|1.339
|-
|स + थ
|स्थ
|3.492
|-
|स + थ + य
|स्थ्य
|0.03
|-
|स + न
|स्न
|0.432
|-
|स + प
|स्प
|1.003
|-
|स + फ
|स्फ
|0.145
|-
|स + म
|स्म
|4.964
|-
|स + म + य
|स्म्य
|0.055
|-
|स + य
|स्य
|13.483
|-
|स + र
|स्र
|1.481
|-
|स + व
|स्व
|4.801
|-
|स + स + व
|स्स्व
|0.016
|-
! rowspan="7" |ह
|ह + ण
|ह्ण
|0.273
|-
|ह + न
|ह्न
|0.201
|-
|{{yes|ह + म}}
|{{yes|ह्म}}
|{{yes|2.98}}
|-
|ह + य
|ह्य
|2.118
|-
|ह + र
|ह्र
|0.341
|-
|ह + ल
|ह्ल
|0.134
|-
|ह + व
|ह्व
|0.420
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note|1}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Masica |first= Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |year=1991 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-29944-6}}

{{Devanagari abugida}}

[[Category:Conjunct consonant]]
[[Category:Devanagari]]

Baiga people

2026-02-14T16:09:11Z

LolitaErurf: creating stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{for|the town in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China whose Pinyin spelling is Báigā|Paingar}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Baiga
| image = Young Baiga women, India.jpg
| caption = Baiga women in traditional dress
| population = 552,495
| total_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical profile of scheduled tribes in India 2013 |url=http://www.tribal.nic.in/ST/StatisticalProfileofSTs2013.pdf |website=tribal.nic.in |publisher=Minister of tribal affairs: statistics division, Govt of India}}</ref><ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref>
| total_source = census
| total_year = 2011
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| region1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pop1 = 414,526
| region2 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| pop2 = 89,744
| region3 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| pop3 = 47,393 
| region4 = [[West Bengal]]
| pop4 = 13,423 {{notetag|The Baiga population in West Bengal was almost negligible during the colonial era but has experienced substantial growth since independence, especially after removal of area restrictions by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976. As [[Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal#Demographics|census data]] indicates, there were 4 individuals in 1961,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta |first=J. Datta |title=Tables on Scheduled Tribes, Part V-A (ii), Vol-XVI, West Bengal & Sikkim - Census 1961 |year=1967 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32455/download/35636/21541_1961_ST.pdf}} Note: The Baigas were Scheduled only in the Purulia district and the territories transferred from the Purnea district
of Bihar as per The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and their population was only 4.</ref> 0 in 1971,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4guAQAAIAAJ |title=Bulletin of the Cultural Research Institute |series=Special series (22–24)|year=1978 |publisher=Tribal Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal |pages=28 |language=en |quote=In this connection it may be mentioned that as Birjia and Chik Baraik had no population in 1961 and Birhor and Baiga in 1971, ..}}</ref> 1,606 in 1981,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FL0MMQAACAAJ |title=The Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Oxford University Press in collaboration with the Anthropological Survey of India |volume=III|year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-563255-2 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Census1981>{{cite web |title=Census of India 1981, Series-23, West Bengal |series=Special Tables For Scheduled Tribes, Part IX- (iii) |year=1981 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |url=https://new.census.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32123/download/35304/28963_1981_SPE.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 7,624 in 1991,<ref name=Census1991>{{cite book| title=Census of India 1991, Series – 26, West Bengal |series=Part– VII(II), Special tables on Scheduled Tribes |volume= V |year=1901
|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal
|url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5349/1/39762_1991_SBE.pdf
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615024803/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5349/1/39762_1991_SBE.pdf |archive-date=June 15, 2023 }}</ref> 11,681 in 2001,<ref name=Census2001>{{cite web|
title=PCA-IND (ST): Primary Census Abstract (PCA) - Individual Scheduled Tribe [2001] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21381/download/24513/PC01_PCA_IND_ST_19.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> and 13,423 in 2011.<ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix) [2011] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43018/download/46686/ST-19-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in }}</ref> According to the 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 district-specific census breakdown shows that the Baigas are predominantly concentrated in the undivided [[Paschim Medinipur district]], with 987,<ref name=Census1981/> 6000,<ref name=Census1991/> 11205<ref name=Census2001/> and 12845<ref name=Census2011/> individuals respectively. This notable population increase is attributed to members of the [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]] community, who have been identifying themselves as Baiga in order to avail constitutional benefits as a [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Stratification, hierarchy, and ethnicity in North-east India|date=1991|publisher=Daya Pub. House|isbn=978-81-7035-086-6|editor-last=Bhadra|editor-first=Ranjit K|location=Delhi|pages=19|language=English|chapter=Ethnicity, Ethnic groups and Survival Strategy|oclc=26858289|editor-last2=Mondal|editor-first2=S. R |quote= In West Bengal, there is a group of people who are popularly known as [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]], which means 'cattle herding'.{{nbsp}}[...]{{nbsp}}this group have greater tribal attributes in them. But they do not belong to Scheduled Caste or tribe. As a result, they are trying to rename themselves as 'Baiga', because the Baigas are Scheduled tribe and are getting all Constitutional benefits.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Administrative Report 2011–12 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/428388118/annual-report-bcw-2011-2012-pdf |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Scribd |language=en |pages=66 |publisher=Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal}}</ref><ref>Cultural Research Institute Meeting report - 2019. Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal</ref>}}
| region5 = [[Jharkhand]]
| pop5 = 3,583
| region6 = [[Bihar]]
| pop6 = 544
| region7 = [[Odisha]]
| pop7 = 338
| region8 = [[Maharashtra]]
| pop8 = 333
| languages = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]{{*}}[[Hindi]]{{*}}Regional languages
| religions = [[Hinduism]]{{*}}[[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Abida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEXFxCK-ulUC&dq=global+encyclopaedic+ethnography+of+indian+muslim+by+abida+samiuddin%2C+r.+khanam+volume+0&pg=RA1-PA361 |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |language=en}}</ref> {{*}}[[Tribal religions in India| Tribal religion]]
| related =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Short description|Ethnic group of India}}
The '''Baiga''' are an ethnic group found in central [[India]] primarily in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and in smaller numbers in the surrounding states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]]. The largest number of Baiga is found in Baiga-chuk in [[Mandla district]] and [[Balaghat district]] of Madhya Pradesh. They have sub-castes: Bijhwar, Narotia, Bharotiya, Nahar, Rai maina and Kath maina. The name Baiga means "'''sorcerer-medicine man'''".

== Demographics ==

[[File:Baiga distribution.svg|thumb|Distribution of Baiga tribe in India]]
The Baiga tribe is officially recognized among [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in eight states: Madhya Pradesh (414,526), Chhattisgarh (89,744), Uttar Pradesh (30,006), West Bengal (13,423), Jharkhand (3,583), Bihar (544), Odisha (338), and Maharashtra (333). In Uttar Pradesh, the Baiga population totals 47,393. Among them, the Baigas of [[Sonbhadra district]] are recognized as a [[Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]], numbering 30,006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201212010356439267578File1068.pdf|title=State wise Scheduled Tribes — Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041643/http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201212010356439267578File1068.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-23|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref> while in other districts of Uttar Pradesh, they are categorized as [[Scheduled Caste]], with a population of 17,387.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42890/download/46558/SC-09-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx|title=A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>

== Livelihood ==
The Baiga do not plow the land, because they say it would be a sin to scratch the breast of their Mother, and they could never ask their Mother to produce food from the same patch of earth time and time again: she would have become weakened. The Baiga tribes practice [[shifting cultivation]], called "bewar" or "dahiya."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/baiga-tribals-become-india-s-first-community-to-get-habitat-rights-52452|title=Baiga tribals become India's first community to get habitat rights|access-date=2018-03-12|language=en}}</ref>

Live-in relationships are common among the Baiga. If marriage does take place, the man compensates the woman's family for the loss of a working member. This reverse [[dowry]] either involves footing the bill of the marriage celebration or offering the woman's family mahua liquor. If the bride is divorced, the new husband must compensate the old one for the dowry amount. If the divorced couple have children, the wife has the first right to take custody, followed by the husband. If neither wants to raise the child, the community will allot a guardian to the child until age 15.
[[File:BaigaTribe using Household Insecticide(GoodKnight FastCard) forMalaria Prevention Dindori MP INDIA Mar20,2 2016 Submitted by Family Health India GodrejIndustries Photo by EhtishamHusain (26549652776).jpg|thumb|
Baiga tribe woman with tattoos]]

The Baigas in Chhattisgarh are classified as a [[particularly vulnerable tribal group]] (PVTG) by the government of India due to their declining population and low level of literacy. The government of India has noted 75 PVTG which reside in 18 states and in one [[Union Territory|UT]], which are classified on the basis of five criteria. In Chhattisgarh, Baigas, Abhujmaria, Kamar, Pahadi Korwa, and Birhor are included in this group. The women of these tribes were previously not provided reproductive rights, but in 2018, a [[Public Interest Litigation]] at the Chhattisgarh High Court allowed them to have access to contraceptives. The Baigas were found to be highly focused on family planning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/law/pvtg-chhattisgarh-contraception-high-court|title=Tribal Women in Chhattisgarh Win Right to Access Contraception|first=Anoo|last=Bhuyan|website=The wire|access-date=2020-09-01}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Language===
[[File:Art of Tattooing.jpg|thumb|
Baiga tribe women in India is known for their art of tattooing or ''[[Godna]]'']]

[[File:Baiga tattoos, India.jpg|thumb|Baiga leg tattoos]]
It is believed that the ancestors of the Baigas spoke an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]], however no trace of it is left now.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Some Baigas (specifically those from the [[Mandla district]]) have mentioned "Baigani" as their mother tongue in the past: Baigani is now recognised as a variety of [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] influenced by [[Gondi language|Gondi]].<ref>Linguistic survey of India, Volume 6 by [[George Abraham Grierson]]. Page 241.</ref> Most Baigas speak [[Hindi]], and some of them also know a few local languages such as Gondi and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] depending on the region where they live.<ref name="The Tribune: Sunday, April 25, 1999">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr25/sunday/head2.htm|title=The Tribune...Sunday Reading|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref>
[[File:Baiga tribe's Karam dance 001.webm|thumb|Baiga tribe's Karam dance]]

===Cuisine===
[[File:Kodo Millet in Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumb|Kodo millet, a primary food of the Baiga|alt=]]Baiga cuisine primarily consists of coarse grains, such as kodo millet and [[Picrorhiza kurroa|kutki]], and involves very little flour. Another staple food of the baiga is ''pej'', a drink that can be made from ground macca or from the water left from boiling rice. They supplement this diet with food from the forest, including many fruits and vegetables. They hunt, primarily fish and small mammals.

=== Religion and mythology ===
The Baiga believe their mythical ancestors were Nanga Baiga, the male ancestor, and Nanga Baigin, the female ancestor.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Philip |title=The Mythology Book |last2=Carroll |first2=Georgie |last3=Faulkner |first3=Mark |last4=Field |first4=Jacob F. |last5=Haywood |first5=John |last6=Kerrigan |first6=Michael |last7=Philip |first7=Neil |last8=Pumphrey |first8=Nicholaus |last9=Tocino-Smith |first9=Juliette |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4654-7337-0 |edition=First American |location=New York |chapter=The Origins of the Baiga |author-link1=Philip Wilkinson (author) |author-link4=Jacob F. Field}}</ref> They were born from the goddess Dharti Mata, and Nanga Baiga had "great" magic power.<ref name=":3" />

They helped [[Bhagavan]] create the world and serve as its guardians.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Baiga tribe man in his traditional wear 02.jpg|thumb|Baiga tribe man in their traditional wear]]

==Forced evictions==
Since the 1960s, the Baiga have been the victims of forced evictions at the hands of the Indian authorities.<ref>http://www.galli.in/2011/08/out-of-junglethe-baigas-sayantan-bera.html, 'the village Bhanpur Khera was relocated from inside the Khana National Park (a critical tiger habitat) way back in 1968.'</ref> These are often carried out in the name of [[conservation (ethic)|conservation]], in an attempt to protect the tiger populations,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org//about/tigers|title=Tiger Reserves, India|last=International|first=Survival|website=www.survivalinternational.org|language=en|access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref> but have disastrous consequences for the displaced communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/relocation-plan-to-nowhere-land/article3709718.ece|title=Relocation plan to nowhere land|first1=Meena|last1=Menon|newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 August 2012|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Jodhaiya Bai Baiga]], tribal artist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baiga tribal labourer debuts as international painter in Milan, Paris |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2019/oct/04/baiga-tribal-labourer-debuts-as-international-painter-in-milan-paris-2042860.html |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |date=5 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Journals===
* {{Cite journal |date=2015-06-05 |first=Devendra Prasad |last=Pandey|title=An Empirical Study of the Socio-economic Status of Baiga Tribe of Central India |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2022/31/commentary/empirical-study-socio-economic-status-baiga-tribe.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=57 |issue=31 |pages=7–8 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802121635/https://www.epw.in/journal/2022/31/commentary/empirical-study-socio-economic-status-baiga-tribe.html |archive-date=2 August 2022 |issn=0012-9976 |eissn=2349-8846}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=P. H. |last2=Modell |first2=B. |year=1997 |title=The Baigas of Madhya Pradesh: a demographic study |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=19–31 |doi=10.1017/s0021932097000199 |issn=0021-9320 |pmid=9881117|s2cid=32432904 }}
*{{cite journal |title=The Baiga: Survival strategies and local economy in the Central Provinces |first=Archana |last=Prasad |journal=Studies in History |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=325–348 |year=1998 |doi=10.1177/025764309801400209|s2cid=154166992 }}

===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book |last=Elwin |first=Verrier |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/baiga-0 |title=The Baiga |publisher=Great Britain |year=1938 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204150512/https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/baiga-0 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 December 2022 |location=London |access-date=24 April 2022 |ol=OL19663593M}}
*{{Cite thesis |title=Colonial Administration and Social Developments in Middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921 |chapter=The threatened tribal : The Baigas |year=1980 |publisher=University of Virginia |doi=10.18130/v3b04x |first=Philip F. |last=McEldowney|doi-access=free }}

==Further reading==

*{{Cite book |last1=Minz |first1=Diwakar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand |last2=Hansda |first2=Delo Mai |chapter= Baiga |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7835-121-6 |pages=17–26 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |editor-last1= Ota |editor-first1=A. B. |editor-last2= Mohanty |editor-first2=S. C. |editor-last3= Turk |editor-first3=Khirod Kumar |editor-last4= Nayak |editor-first4=Moushumi |editor-last5=Pattnaik |editor-first5=Kabita |title=Baiga (a little known tribe of Odisha) |others=Photo handbook|publisher=[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute|Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI)]]
|publication-place=Bhubaneswar |year=2021
|isbn=9789380705767 |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/75245/1/SCST_2021_handbook_0490.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509140123/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/75245/1/SCST_2021_handbook_0490.pdf |archive-date=May 9, 2023}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Baiga people}}
*[http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/ch09baiga.html THE THREATENED TRIBAL:THE BAIGAS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124224005/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/ch09baiga.html |date=24 January 2011 }}
*http://www.tribalphoto.com/pages/tribes/india,madhya_pradesh_baiga.html
*[http://www.galli.in/2011/08/out-of-junglethe-baigas-sayantan-bera.html Photo essay on the Baiga tribe, Galli Magazine]
*[https://the-shooting-star.com/tribes-of-chhattisgarh/ Ideas of Life and Love from the Tribes of Chhattisgarh]

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Tribes of Jharkhand}}
{{Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Tribes of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tribes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tribes of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

Digambar Mitra

2026-02-13T13:41:18Z

LolitaErurf: formatting fix

{{Short description|First Bengali Sheriff of Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2010}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Raja Digambar Mitra রাজা দিগম্বর মিত্র
| image = Digambar Mitra.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1817
| birth_place = [[Konnagar]], [[Hooghly district]], [[Bengal Presidency]],<ref name="samsad199">''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical dictionary)'', (in Bengali), Subodh Chandra Sengupta and Anjali Bose (Editors), Sahitya Samsad, Calcutta, 1976, p. 199</ref> [[British India]]
| death_date = 20 April 1879 (aged 62)
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Teacher, financier, evangelist
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[Raja]] '''Digambar Mitra''' (1817–1879) was an Indian businessman. He as one of the leading [[Young Bengal|Derozians]] and first [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[Sheriff of Kolkata]].<ref name=Samsad>Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan by Anjali Bose, p. 204, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref>

==Birth and Ancestry==

Babu Digambar Mitra, later known as '''Raja Digambar Mitra''', was born in 1817 at [[Konnagar]] in the district of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] of present-day [[West Bengal]] into a [[Bengali Kayastha|Kulin Kayastha]] family.<ref name="samsad199"/><ref name="mitra">{{cite book|last=Chunder|first=Bholanauth|title=Raja Digambar Mitra, C.S.I.: His Life and Career|date=1893|publisher=Hare Press|location=Calcutta|page=2 & 3}}</ref>

This wealthy and respectable family of [[Konnagar]] was locally known as the ''Mandir-Bati-Mitra'' family. Raja Digambar Mitra's grandfather ''Ram Chandra Mitra'' was a cashier in a [[Calcutta]] based mercantile firm. He had three sons namely ''Shib Chandra Mitra'', ''Shambhu Chandra Mitra'' and ''Raj Krishna Mitra'', ''Shib Chandra'' being the eldest among all of the three. All of them were employed in the same firm as their father. ''Shib Chandra Mitra'' had two sons. His eldest son was ''Raja Digambar Mitra''. In the later years, ''Shib Chandra'' bought a house in [[Sovabazar]], [[North Kolkata|North Calcutta]]. ''Raja Digambar Mitra'' spend his childhood at [[Calcutta]].<ref name="chunder">{{cite book|last=Chunder|first=Bholanauth|title=Raja Digambar Mitra, C.S.I.: His Life and Career|date=1893|publisher=Hare Press|location=Calcutta|pages=3–6}}</ref>

==Life==
The son of Shib Chandra Mitra of [[Konnagar]] in [[Hooghly district]] of present-day [[West Bengal]],<ref name="samsad199"/> he was educated at [[Hare School]] and [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Hindu College]] and was one of the leading disciples of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]].<ref name=Samsad/>

After finishing his education in 1834, he shifted to [[Murshidabad]] to work as a teacher. After leaving that job, he worked as head clerk under the District Magistrate and Collector of [[Rajshahi]]. Unhappy with his job, he returned to Murshidabad and worked as a tehsildar for the [[East India Company]]. In 1838, he was appointed as the estate manager of [[Cossimbazar]] Raj. As manager of the Cossimbazar Raj, he was awarded one lakh rupees for his innovative efforts by Raja Krishnanath of Cossimbazar. He invested the money in cotton, indigo business, and share market which made him rich and he became a zamindar.<ref name=Samsad/>

An orthodox person he opposed the introduction of widow remarriage.<ref name=Samsad/>

He was awarded [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|CSI]] in 1876 and made Raja in 1877.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|page=292}}</ref>

One of his grandsons was the illustrious Kumar Manmatha Nath Mitra Rai Bahadur of [[Shyampukur]], well known for his extensive knowledge of European fine art and precious gemstones, and the trading in these items. Shyampukur Rajbati once housed the largest Bohemian crystal chandelier in Calcutta.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Digambar}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Manjuguni

2026-01-22T03:14:50Z

LolitaErurf: Done

{{short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Manjuguni''' is a village near [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi town]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]] state, India. It is known for the [[Sirsi, Karnataka#Manjuguni Venkataramana Temple|Venkataramana Temple]] and is considered as the [[Tirupati]] of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kamat.com/database/content/temple_records/3251.htm|title=Temple of Manjuguni|author=Kamat|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/uttara-kannada/karnataka-tirupati-manjuguni-temple-sirsi-devotees-participated-in-prasad-bhojan-in-forest-lc18-882930.html|title=Manjuguni Temple: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ತಿರುಪತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವನಭೋಜನ! ಇಲ್ಲಿ ವೆಂಕಟೇಶ್ವರ ನೆಲೆಸಿದ್ದೇ ರೋಚಕ ಕಥೆ|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> This temple has received donations from the kings of [[Vijayanagara]] Kingdom. The Venkataramana temple at Manjuguni has been mentioned in [[Tirtha Prabandha]] written by sixteenth century Madhva tradition saint Shri [[Vadiraja Tirtha]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Uttara Kannada district}}

{{coord|14|34|16|N|74|40|05|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Uttara Kannada district]]

{{Uttara Kannada-geo-stub}}

Section 228A of the Indian Penal Code

2025-12-17T07:09:02Z

LolitaErurf: correct details also and updated info

{{short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Section 228A of the Indian Penal Code
| legislature =
| image =
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt = Emblem of India
| long_title = An Act to prevent social victimization or ostracism of the victim of a sexual offence.
| citation = Act No 43 of 1983
| territorial_extent = [[Republic of India]]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_passed =
| date_passed2 =
| date_assented =
| date_signed =
| date_commenced =
| bill = Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1983
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amended_by = The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018 (No. 22 of 2018) <ref name="TCLA201801"/>
| repeals =
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = In force

}}
The '''Section 228A of the Indian Penal Code''' was inserted into the [[Indian Penal Code]] 1860 by the Criminal Law amendment Act 1983 by the [[Parliament of India]] to prevent social victimization or ostracism of the victim of a [[sexual offence]].<ref name="ILJ01">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Shreya |last2=Pandey |first2=Apoorv |title=The Identity Dilemma |journal=India Law Journal |url=https://www.indialawjournal.org/the-identity-dilemma.php |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> The law provides for up to two years imprisonment with or without fine for those who reveal the identity of victims of sexual abuse in public. The law has been amended subsequently to add more sections of the Indian Penal Code under its purview.<ref name="TCLA201801"/>

==History and Background==
The criminal Law Amendment, 1983 was enacted by the Parliament of India as a consequence of [[Mathura rape case]] which happened in 1972.<ref name="LSIEJ01">{{cite journal |title=Major Criminal Law Amendments relating to rape laws in India |journal=Legal Service India - E Journal |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1731-major-criminal-law-amendments-relating-to-rape-laws-in-india.html |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>

==Text of the Law==
'''228A. Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences etc.'''<ref name="IK01">{{cite web |title=Section 228A in The Indian Penal Code |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1696350/ |website=Indian Kanoon |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
# Whoever prints or publishes the name or any matter which may make known the identity of any person against whom an offence under section [[Rape in India#Definition in Indian Penal Code|376]], section 376A, section 376AB, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376DA and section 376DB<ref name="TCLA201801">{{cite web |title=THE CRIMINAL LAW (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2018 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSdivTheCriminalLawAct_14082018_0.pdf |website= mha.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> is alleged or found to have been committed (hereafter in this section referred to as the victim) shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to fine.
# Nothing in sub-section (1) extends to any printing or publication of the name or any matter which may make known the identity of the victim if such printing or publication is— (a) by or under the order in writing of the officer-in-charge of the police station or the police officer making the investigation into such offence acting in good faith for the purposes of such investigation; or (b) by, or with the authorisation in writing of, the victim; or (c) where the victim is dead or minor or of unsound mind, by, or with the authorisation in writing of, the next of kin of the victim: Provided that no such authorisation shall be given by the next of kin to anybody other than the chairman or the secretary, by whatever name called, of any recognised welfare institution or organisation. '''Explanation''' For the purposes of this sub-section, “recognized welfare institution or organisation” means a social welfare institution or organisation recognized in this behalf by the Central or State Government.
# Whoever prints or publishes any matter in relation to any proceeding before a court with respect to an offence referred to in sub-section (1) without the previous permission of such Court shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to fine. '''Explanation''' The printing or publication of the judgment of any High Court or the Supreme Court does not amount to an offence within the meaning of this section.

== Comparable section in BNS==
Provision related to anonymity of victims of sexual crime has been retained in the updated criminal code. The relevant provisions can be found u/s 72(1) of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]]. <ref name="BNS72">{{cite web |title=Section 72(1) of The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 |url=https://www.bnsbareact.org/bns-act/section-72-1-bns-bare-act |website=BNS bare act |publisher=BNS bare act |access-date=16 September 2024 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916093855/https://www.bnsbareact.org/bns-act/section-72-1-bns-bare-act |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sections of the Indian Penal Code]]

INS Prahar

2025-12-12T23:47:45Z

LolitaErurf: Starting Stub...

{{Short description|Veer-class corvette of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval-2004}}
| name = INS ''Prahar''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder = [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| laid_down =
| launched = 26 August 1995
| acquired =
| commissioned = 1 March 1997
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: K98
| honours =
| fate = Sunk in collision, in 2006
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Veer|corvette}}
| displacement = 455 tons (full load)
| length = {{convert|56|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|10.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| propulsion = [[COGAG]]
| speed = {{convert|32|kn|km/h|0}}
| range = {{convert|1650|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| complement = 41 (incl 5 officers)
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Prahar''''' (''Assault'')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0 | title=प्रहार - Wiktionary, the free dictionary }}</ref> was a {{sclass|Veer|corvette}} of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-veer>{{Cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/corvettes_veer.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |access-date=6 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084849/http://indiannavy.nic.in/corvettes_veer.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Operations==
In October 1999, she assisted the [[Indian Coast Guard|ICGS]] ''Tarabai'' to chase and capture a [[Panama]]nian-registered [[Japan]]ese cargo ship carrying aluminum ingots, ''MV Alondra Rainbow'', that had been hijacked by pirates off [[Indonesia]]. The operation took place off the coast of [[Kochi]].<ref name=saa-alondra>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers14%5Cpaper1379.html |title=Alondra Rainbow revisited, A Study of related issues in the light of the recent judgment of Mumbai High Court |access-date=2012-05-03 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128110221/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers14/paper1379.html |archive-date=28 November 2010 }}</ref>

==Collision==
On 21 April 2006 INS ''Prahar'' collided with the container ship MV ''Rajiv Gandhi'', and sank off the coast of [[Goa]]. No one was injured in the accident. The commanding officer of the ship, [[Lieutenant Commander]] Yogesh Tripathi was found guilty of negligence by an Indian Navy [[court-martial]], and dismissed from service.<ref name=ie-courtmartial>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ins-prahar-mishap-captain-found-guilty-of-navigational-error-sacked/13873/0|title=INS Prahar mishap: Captain found guilty of navigational error, sacked |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>
{{Corvettes_of_the_Indian_Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prahar (K98)}}
[[Category:Veer-class corvettes]]
[[Category:Corvettes of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships sunk in collisions]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in India]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2006]]
[[Category:1995 ships]]

List of Odia films of the 1990s

2025-11-30T21:06:27Z

LolitaErurf: Starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

{{Short description|none}}
{{Ollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]] in the 1990s. Ollywood celebrated its 70 years of existence in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=The saga of Ollywood over 75 distinctive years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2011/Jan/02/the-saga-of-ollywood-over-75-distinctive-years-215930.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:21%;"| Title
! style="width:16%;"| Director
! style="width:22%;"| Cast
! style="width:13%;"| Genre
! style="width:28%;"| Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1990 in film|1990]]'''
|-
|[[Agnee Beena]] || [[Manmohan Mahapatra]] ||[[Hemanta Das]], [[Bijay Samal]], [[Pushpa Panda]] || ||
|-
|[[Kandhei]]|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Shriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||
|-
|[[Ama Ghara]] || [[Ravi Kinnagi]] || || ||
|-
|[[Hasa Luha Bhara Dunia]]||[[Pranaba Das]] ||, || ||
|-
|[[Prem Bandhan (Odia film)|Prem Bandhan]]||[[Gopal Krishna (director)|Gopal Krishna]] ||[[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Kalia Bharasa]]|| [[Sidhartha (director)|Sidhartha]] || || ||
|-
|[[Maa Mangala]]|| || [[Naina Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Chakadola Karuchi Leela]]''|| [[Para Patnaik]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|[[Maa Mate Shakti De]] || [[Samsan Lima]] ||, || ||
|-
|[[Daiba Daudi]]|| [[Hara Patnaik]]|| || ||
|-
|''[[Paradeshi Chadhei]]''||[[Ravi Kinnagi]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Aarminta]] || ||
|-
|[[Thakura Achanti Chau Bahaku]] || [[Bijay Bhaskar]] || || ||
|-
|[[Aee Sangharsa]] || [[Rajani Kant]] || [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Dipti Naval]]
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1991 in film|1991]]'''
|-
| [[Adi Mimansa]] || [[A. K. Bir]]|| [[Mohan Gokhale]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Lalatendu Ratha]]|| ||[[A. K. Bir]] got best Cinematography award in National Film award 1991
|-
|[[Doora Diganta]]|| [[Kumar Misra]] || || ||
|-
|[[Kapala Likhana]]||[[Hara Patnaik]] || || ||
|-
|[[Kotia Manish Gotiye Jaga]] || [[Bijaya Bhaskar]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Bhabantaran]] || [[Kumar Sahani]] ||[[Kelucharan Mohapatra]] || ||
|-
|[[Bastra Haran]] || [[Sisir Misra]] ||[[Sriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]]|| ||
|-
|[[Ki Heba Sua Posile]] || [[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Arura]] || ||
|-
|[[Loot Taraj]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], || ||
|-
|[[Para Jhia Ghara Bhangena]] || || || ||
|-
|[[Aam Ghara Aam Sansara]] || || [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[To Binu Anya Gati Nahin]]''|| [[Mahmad Mahsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1992 in film|1992]]'''
|-
|[[Badshah (1992 film)|Badshah]] || [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]] || || ||
|-
|[[Ghara Mora Swarga]] || [[Aruna Mohanty]] ||[[Sriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Paradesi Chadhei]] || [[Rabi Kinnagi]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Angelaa Chriss]]|| ||
|-
|[[Maa Jhara Saha]] || [[Kanhu Mohanty]] ||, || ||
|-
|[[Hisaba kariba Kalia]] || [[Sumanta Dey]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Dadagiri (1992 film)|Dadagiri]]''|| [[Rakesh Mohanty]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|[[Agni Sankat]] || [[Santunu Misra]] || || ||
|-
|[[Anti Churi Tanti Kate]] || [[Basant Sahu]] || || ||
|-
|[[Mukti Tirtha]] || [[Himanshu Das]] || || ||
|-
|[[Maa (1992 Bengali film)|Maa]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Shrikant (actor)|Shrikant]], [[Ritu Das]], [[Rakhi Guljar]] || ||
|-
|[[Naga Panchami (1992 film)|Naga Panchami]] || [[Bijay Bhaskar]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Prasanjeet]], [[Rutupurna Ghosh]], [[Debashree Roy]]|| ||
|-
|[[Panjur Bhitare Sari]] || [[Avtar Singh (director)|Avtar Singh]] || || ||
|-
|[[Preeti Ra Iti]] || [[Raghu Misra]] || || ||
|-
|[[Sukha Sansara]]|| [[Biresh Chatterji]] || || ||
|-
|[[Tara (1992 film)|Tara]]|| [[Bijaya Jena]] || [[Bijaya Jena]], [[Sunil Chourasia]], [[Ajit Das]]|| || National Award for Best Odia Film(92)
|-
|[[Udandi Sita]]|| [[Avatar Singh]]{{dn|date=October 2025}} || || ||
|-
|[[Bhinna Samaya]]|| [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1993 in film|1993]]'''
|-
| [[Indradhanura Chhai]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=INDRADHANURA CHHAI |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3393/year/1995.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216121504/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3393/year/1995.html |archive-date=2013-12-16 |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=Festival de Cannes |language=en}}</ref>||[[Sushant Misra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susant Misra - Filmography |url=http://members.fortunecity.com/dharini/page0005.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524052341/http://members.fortunecity.com/dharini/page0005.htm |archive-date=2011-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=members.fortunecity.com}}</ref>||[[Surya Mohanty]], [[Sonia Mahapatra]], Robin Das||Drama||Susanta Mishra won Grand Prix in the year 1995for the film.
|-
|[[Asha (film)|Asha]] || [[Shantunu Misra]] || [[Asrumochan Mohanty]]Aparajita Mohanty|| ||
|-
|[[Shardhanjali]] || [[Pankaja Pani]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Lekha Nanda]]|| ||
|-
|[[Bhagya Hate Doro]] || [[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Rekha Jain]] || ||
|-
|[[Ghara Sansara]] || [[Prashant Nanda]] ||[[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]] || ||
|-
|| ||
|-
|[[Aranya Rodan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palit |first=Ashok |date=2013-10-19 |title=Odia entries in Indian Panorama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/Oct/19/odia-entries-in-indian-panorama-527933.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>|| [[Biplaba Roy Choudhary]] ||[[Priyambda Roy]], [[Sarat Pujari]], [[Raicharan]] || ||
|-
|[[Pathara Khasuchi Bada Deulu]] || [[Raju Misra]] ||[[Sirkant Gautam]], [[Shrishtee]] || ||
|-
|[[Byabhichara]] ||[[Raghu Misra]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Nari (actor)|Nari]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1994 in film|1994]]'''
|-
|''[[Akuha Katha]]''||[[Tarun Majumdar]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahashweta roy]] || ||
|-
|[[Lubeidak]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Film Awards |url=http://www.odiamoviedatabase.com/p/state-film-awards.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422124331/http://www.odiamoviedatabase.com/p/state-film-awards.html |archive-date=2016-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.odiamoviedatabase.com}}</ref>|| [[P. L. Das]] ||[[Hanu Dulari]], [[Satya Mishra]], [[Premalata Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Mahua (film)|Mahua]]|| [[Haish Mohanty]] ||[[Sriram Panda]], [[Singdha Mohanty]]|| ||
|-
|[[Bhai Hela Bhagari]] || [[Ravi Kinnagi]] ||[[Sidhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachna Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|''[[Gadhi Janile Ghara Sundara]]''|| [[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, || ||
|-
|[[Mukti Mashal]] || [[Shantunu Misra]] ||[[Mihir Das]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|[[Naga Jyoti]] || [[Ram Narayan (director)|Ram Narayan]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Anushree Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Nirbachana]] || [[Biplab Roy Choudhary]] ||Bhim Singh, [[Bidyut Prava Patnaik]], [[Sangeeta Dutta]] || ||
|-
|[[Pacheri Uthila Majhi Duaru]] || [[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Anita Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Rakhile Siba Mariba Kie]] || [[Binoda Nanda]] ||[[Upasana Singh]], [[Uttam Mohanty]] || ||

|-
|[[Suna Bhauja]]|| [[Sisir Misra]] || Aparajita Mohanty, [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|[[Lavanya Preeti]]||[[A K Bir]] || [[Tara Shankar Misra]]|| ||Tara Shankar Misra got best child artist award in National Film award 1994
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1995 in film|1995]]'''
|-
||[[Mo Bhai Jaga]] || [[P. V. Sarathi]], || [[Nihar Samal]], [[Puja Mishra]] || ||
|-
|[[Subhadra]]|| [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Rachna Banerji]] || ||
|-
|[[Kula Nandan]]|| [[Himanshu Parija]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachna Banerji]] || ||
|-
|[[Mo Mana Khali Tumari Pain]]|| [[Shantunu Misra]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Bijay Mohanty]]|| ||
|-
|Suna Panjuri|| [[Ravi Kinnagi]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Indira Krishnan || ||
|-
|''[[Rana Bhumi]]''||[[Pranab Das]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Roopa Gangooly]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Mani Nageswari]]''||[[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1996 in film|1996]]'''
|-
|''[[Jhili (film)|Jhili]]''||[[Sabyasachi Mahapatra]] ||[[Soumen Pujari]], [[Swati Ray]] || ||
|-
|''[[Manara Murchana]]''||[[Shantunu Misra]] ||[[Swati Ray]] || ||
|-
|''[[Jashoda]]''||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|''[[Shunya Swaroopa]]''||[[Himanshu Khatua]] || [[Ch. Bikash Das]], [[Surya Mohanty]] [[Ch. Jaya prakash Das]] Aparajita Mohanty|| || The film won National Award in 1997. 5 State Film Awards including Best Feature Film, Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Music, Best Art Direction, participated in Rotterdam International Film Festival(Netherlands) 1997, Goteberg International Film Festival 1997 (Sweden), Sochi International Film Festival (Russia), Cinemajove International Film Festival (Spain)...
|-
|''[[Nila Masterani]]''||[[Chakradhara Sahu]] ||[[Minaketan]], [[Priyanka]] || ||In the year 1997, Nila Masterani had received State Film awards, in five categories. Those are for Special jury, best editing, best sound recording, best story, and best actor.
|-
|[[Mokshya]] || [[Malati Roy]], [[Gauri Shankar Das]] || [[Pushpa Panda]]|| ||
|-
|[[Pua Moro Bhola Shankara]] || [[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Priyanka]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Sakal Tirtha]]''||[[Sangrama Biswal]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|''[[Sindura Nuhe Khela Ghara]]''||[[Rabi Kinagi]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|''[[Laxman Rekha]]''||[[Mohamadd Mohsin]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|''[[Sakhi Rakhiba Mo Shankha Sindura]]''||[[Arun Mohanty]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], || ||
|-
|[[Suna Pua]]|| [[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Tapas Paul]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|''[[Mo Kola To Jhulana]]''||[[Himanshu Parija]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]'[[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|[[Vasudha]]|| [[Avatar Singh]]{{dn|date=October 2025}} || Aparajita Mohanty, [[Mihir Das]]|| ||
|-
|[[Suhaga Sindura]]|| [[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1997 in film|1997]]'''
|-
|[[Shesha Drushti]]||[[A. K. Bir]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Narendra Mohanty]], [[Neelam Mukherjee]]|| ||National Award for Best Film in Oriya language
|-
|[[Sahara Jaluchi]]|| [[Sudhansu Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Uttam Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Ganga Jamuna]]|| [[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Asuchi Mo Kalia Raja]]||[[Surya Misra]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] [[Mohini Shilapi]] || ||
|-
|[[Ram Laxman (1997 film)|Ram Laxman]]|| [[Sangam Biswal]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Tandra Roy]] ||||
|-
|[[Savitree]]|| [[Jitendra Mohapatra]] ||Sritam Das || ||
|-
|[[Pua Mora Jagata Jita]]|| [[Sanak Devata]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]][[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Lakhe Siba Puji Paichi Pua]]||[[Mohamadd Mohsin]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|[[Nari Bi Pindhipare Rakta Sindura]]||[[Hara Patnaik]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1998 in film|1998]]'''
|-
|''[[Suna Palinki]]''||[[Surya Misra]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Gayatri Jariwala]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Sagar Misra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Nandan (film)|Nandan]]''||[[A. K. Bir]] ||[[Soubhagya Chandan Satapathy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Stree (1998 film)|Stree]]''||[[Rabi Kinnagi]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Archana Joglekar]] || ||
|-
|''[[Eei Sangharsha]]''||[[Arun Mohanty]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Deepti Naval]] || ||
|-
|''[[Santana (1998 film)|Santana]]''||[[Mohamadd Mohsin]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]]|| ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1999 in film|1999]]'''
|-
|[[Biswaprakash]]||[[Susant Misra]]||[[Sanjeev Samal]], [[Nandita Das]]||Social ||Participated in Shanghai International Film Festival(1999) and Cairo International Film festival(1999).
|-
|''[[Maa Goja Bayani]]''||[[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Priyambada Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Krushna Kaberi]]''||[[Prashant Nanda]]||[[Rubi Nanda]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Hara Patnaik]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Jai Sriram (1999 film)|Jai Sriram]]''||[[Trupti Biswal]] ||[[Antara Biswas]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Katha Kahiba Mo Matha Sindur]]''||[[Arun Mohanty]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Aparajita Mohanty, Nikita || ||
|-
|''[[Nari Akhire Nian]]''||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Deepa Sahu]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Pua Bhangi Dela Suna Sansara]]''||[[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Moumita Gupta]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-

|''[[Ei Akhi Ama Sakhi]]''||[[Arabinda Pandey]] ||[[Sirkant Gautam]], [[Sasmita Pradhan]] || ||
|-
|[[Paradesi Babu]]|| [[Hara Patnaik]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachna Banerji]], [[Sathi (actress)|Sathi]] || ||
|-
|[[Tulasi (1999 film)|Tulasi]]|| [[Pankaj Pani]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by decade|1990s]]
[[Category:Lists of 1990s films|Odia]]
[[Category:1990s in Indian cinema|Films, Odia]]

Vellayani Lake

2025-10-08T12:53:50Z

LolitaErurf: General improvements and edits

{{Short description|Lake in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Vellayani Lake
| image = File:Punjakkari lake, Thiruvananthapuram 00 07 24 559000.jpeg
| alt = View of Vellayani lake
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Vellayani lake within Kerala
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], [[Kerala]]
| coords = {{Coord|8|25|57.45|N|76|59|37.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}

'''Vellayani Lake''', or '''Vellayani Kayal''', is the second largest freshwater lake in the state of [[Kerala]] and is situated in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. In ancient times, boats laden with goods used to navigate the Vellayani backwaters up to Chala.

==Location==
It is around 9&nbsp;km away from the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Central Bus Station in [[Thampanoor]]. Buses ply to Vellayani Lake from City Depot at [[East Fort]] as well. It is at a distance of 7&nbsp;km from [[Kovalam]] via the Poonkulam Junction.

==Attractions==

[[File:Punjakkari lake, Thiruvananthapuram.jpeg|thumb|Evening view from Vellayani lake]]

Vellayani is best known for its magnificent lotus blooms and is a little eco-haven.

[[College of Agriculture, Vellayani]], popularly known as Lalindloch Palace, is a noteworthy attraction on the western shores of Vellayani Lake.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Queen, The Palace and The College: Sagas Untold - History of Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, the Lalindloch Palace and the College of Agriculture, Vellayani. |doi=10.5281/zenodo.8098563}}</ref>

The Kaliyut Maholsavam, a grand celebration held once every three years for a duration of 50 days, is a cultural event held at the place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How about an Onam bash at Vellayani - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/aug/18/how-about-an-onam-bash-at-vellayani-2606253.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

The Ayyankali boat race is held every year at the Vellayani lake in the remembrance of social reformer [[Ayyankali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-15 |title=Ayyankali Jayanthi celebrated |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-21 |title=Ayyankali boat race on August 29 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ayyankali-boat-race-on-august-29/article7568366.ece |access-date=2023-09-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reduction in the area of lake ==
A geospatial study by GIS expert Vinod P. G., S. Nalinakumar, S. R. Sreeraj, Adarsh Pratap, and Mohan Pillai found that there has been a considerable reduction in the area of Vellayani Lake from 1979 to 2019. In 1973, it was 558.93 hectares; it was reduced to 267.89 hectares in 1992, and then to 267.14 hectares in 2011. Currently, the situation has worsened to only 222 hectares in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-12-05 |title=Study finds reduction in area of Vellayani Lake |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/study-finds-reduction-in-area-of-vellayani-lake/article30199552.ece |access-date=2023-09-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Threats to the lake and biodiversity ==
The Vellayani-Punchakkari wetlands have always been a paradise for birdwatchers with various species of migratory birds that includes Glossy ibis, spot-billed pelican, painted stork and Pacific swallow flocking to the region but, over the years, their number has dwindled. The number of migratory birds arriving every year has decreased in recent years as a result of [[plastic pollution]] and habitat loss.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migratory visitors skipping city stop |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2019/oct/12/migratory-visitors-skipping-city-stop-2046193.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

There was a move to drain the lake and use the reclaimed area for agriculture. It was resisted by locals and environmentalists and has been shelved.<ref>[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/206517 Move to drain the lake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127142148/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/206517/ |date=27 November 2021 }}. Indiaenvironmentportal.org.in (2011-05-22). Retrieved on 2011-05-27.</ref><ref>[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/206148 State Human Rights Commission directive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127144147/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/206148/ |date=27 November 2021 }}. Indiaenvironmentportal.org.in (2011-05-22). Retrieved on 2011-05-27.</ref> [[Sand theft|Illegal sand mining]], pollution and land reclamation is affecting the condition of the lake.
[[File:Harverting_lotus_leafs.jpg|center|thumb|1000x1000px|Harvesting lotus leaves]]
[[File:Vavvamoola Lake road.jpg|thumb|188x188px|alt=Vavvamoola Lake road|Vavvamoola Lake road]]
[[File:Vavvamoola Lake road before tarring.jpeg|thumb|Vavvamoola Lake road before tarring with concrete benches in the background|191x191px]]

== Vavvamoola-Kadavinmoola Bund Road ==
The bund road on the northern side of Kakkamoola-Thiruvananthapuram Road connects Vavvamoola and Kadavinmoola. The drinking water supply for the Vizhinjam International Seaport is operated from Vellayani Lake. The pump house is situated in Kadavinmoola, beside the bund road. The road was renovated in December 2015. It also has concrete benches on the roadside to attract tourists.

== Popular culture ==
A bridge on Vellayani Lake, which was featured in the film [[Kireedam (1989 film)|''Kireedam'']] (1989) became known as Kireedam Paalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കിരീടം സിനിമയിലെ പാലവും താമരപ്പൂക്കളും; കാശു ചെലവില്ലാതെ പിക്നിക് പോകാന്‍ അടിപൊളി സ്ഥലം! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2023/02/23/vellayani-lakes-in-thiruvananthapuram.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Vellayani Lake}}
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=8.4115409&lon=76.9940597&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2 Vellayani Lake at Wikimapia]
* [https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g311295-d4151733-Reviews-Vellayani_Lake-Kovalam_Thiruvananthapuram_District_Kerala.html Vellayani Lake at Tripadvisor]

{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lakes of Kerala]]

William Thomas Thornton

2025-10-06T00:06:58Z

LolitaErurf: put up first post basic info

{{Short description|English economist, civil servant and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = William Thomas Thornton.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = [[Lithograph]] of William Thomas Thornton, circa 1870-1880
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1813|02|14}}
| birth_place = [[Burnham, Buckinghamshire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1880|06|17|1813|02|14}}
| death_place = [[Cadogan Place]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Economist, civil servant, author
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| father = [[Thomas Thornton (merchant)|Thomas Thornton]]
}}
'''William Thomas Thornton''', [[Order of the Bath|CB]] (14 February 1813–17 June 1880) was an English economist,<ref>"The early economic writings of William Thomas Thornton" Donoghue,M [[Fremantle]], [[University of Notre Dame Australia]], 2007 (''History of Political Economy'', 39(2), 209-252. doi: 10.1215/00182702-2007-002)</ref> civil servant<ref>G. Le G. Norgate, 'Thornton, William Thomas (1813–1880)’, rev. John Vint, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27367, accessed 6 Dec 2012]</ref> and author.<ref>Amongst others he wrote ''Overpopulation and its Remedy'', 1845; ''A Plea for Peasant Proprietors'', 1848; ''Modern Manichaeism, Labour's Utopia'', 1857; "On Labour, its Wrongful Claims and Rightful Dues: its Actual Present and Possible Future", 1869; "Old-Fashioned Ethics and Common-Sense Metaphysics", 1873; and "Word for Word from Horace", 1878. [[British Library]] web site accessed 17:17 [[GMT]] 6 December 2012</ref>

==Life==
Thornton was born at [[Burnham, Buckinghamshire]] on 14 February 1813, the son of the merchant [[Thomas Thornton (merchant)|Thomas Thornton]] and Sophie Zohrab; she was the daughter of a Persian merchant, Paul Zohrab, who had settled in Turkey.<ref name = "Zohrab">[https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=bus_article#:~:text=He%20married%20his%20fianc%C3%A9e%20Sophie,Thornton%201807%2C%20vii Donoghue, M. (2008). William Thomas Thornton’s family, ancestry, and early years: Some findings from recently discovered manuscripts and letters. History of Political Economy, 40 (3), 511-550. ]).</ref> Thornton's father was heavily involved in international commerce from a young age. He had lived in [[Constantinople]] and its surrounding region for many years in pursuit of British mercantile interests. His father was also well known for his book, titled ''Turkey Past and Present'' (1807), a work that described in great detail the social, political, and military institutions of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

Thornton was educated at the [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] settlement at [[Ockbrook]] in [[Derbyshire]] and spent three years in [[Malta]] with his cousin, Sir William Henry Thornton, an auditor general for Malta. From 1830 to 1835, Thornton lived abroad in Constantinople with Consul-General Cartwright.

He was the youngest of eight children, with his father dying in 1814. He was subsequently raised by his father's family, predominantly by his aunt Elizabeth Moore.<ref name = "Zohrab"/>

===Career===

====Clerkship====
In August 1836, after having work experience abroad with relatives, Thornton obtained a clerkship in the [[East India House]] at its [[Leadenhall Street]] headquarters, London. According to his own account, Thornton was swayed towards the [[East India Company]] by a personal encounter with the then-chairman of the company, [[James Rivett-Carnac|Sir James Carnac]].

In December 1837, he was transferred to the marine branch of the secretary's office. This allowed him to have more time to focus on his other pursuits, particularly his economic studies and work. The position had reportedly become vacant due to the untimely death of [[John Stuart Mill]]'s father, [[James Mill]].

According to Thornton's obituary of Mill, Mill was largely responsible for Thornton's appointment to his father's old position:

<blockquote>The death of Mr. Mill senior, in 1836, had occasioned a vacancy at the bottom of the examiner's office, to which I was appointed through the kindness of Sir James Carnac, then chairman of the company, in whose gift it was. Within a few months, however, I was transferred to a newly created [marine] branch of the secretary office.<ref name="ReferenceA">The official record of Thornton’s appointment is as follows: "Resolved with reference to the Courts' Resolution of the 27 ulto, that Mr William Thomas Thornton be appointed Junior Clerk in the Established branch of the Examiner’s Office on probation for one year, under the Regulations of 9 March 1831" (Oriental and India Office Collections, L/AG/30/12)</ref></blockquote>

Thornton continued to elaborate about his position as a clerk in the examiner's office and compared it with that of Mill's experiences at the East India Company:

<blockquote>According to the ordinary course of things in those days, the newly-appointed junior would have had nothing to do, except a little abstracting, indexing, and researching, or pretending to search, into records; but young Mill was almost immediately set to indite despatches to the governments of the three Indian Presidencies, on what, in India House phraseology, were distinguished as "political" subjects—subjects, that is, for the most part growing out of the relations of the said governments with 'native' states of foreign potentates. This continued to be his business almost to the last.<ref name="ReferenceA"/></blockquote>

Records show that Thornton did not draft any dispatches in his early career, or if did, he did not sign off or initial any at the office. It's probable that his early work at the examiner's office consisted of the more menial tasks, mostly administrative and clerical work, like retrieving correspondence, writing précis and filing documents.<ref name="Donoghue – Notre Dame">{{cite journal|last=Donoghue|first=Mark|title=William Thomas Thornton's career at East India House: 1836 – 1880: History of Political Economy, 36 (2)|journal=University of Notre Dame Australia: Business Papers and Journal Articles|date=2004|pages=295–322|url=http://researchonline.nd.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=bus_article|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref>

====Senior administrator at examiner's office====
In 1838, after moving to the marine branch of the examiner's office, Thornton went from an un-salaried probationary period with an 80-pound-a-year stipend to earning an annual income of 500 pounds a year. By 1839, Thornton was doing well enough financially that the East India Company had him contribute into the Widows' Fund, a pension plan set up by the company to financially help widows of employees whom had died, through a compulsory contribution that was required for higher-up employees. In 1842, he began to pay income taxes. In 1856, he was appointed the assistant examiner in the Examiner's Office. In 1858, he attained the position of senior administrator of the secretary of the India House's Department of Public Works. He received a raise in salary for both promotions. As assistant examiner, he had received a raise from 600 pounds per year to 900 pounds per year, and as the senior administrator at the Department of Public Works, he received a raise to 1200 pounds per year. He would continue receiving modest raises every few years throughout his career. Eventually, with his career as a mandarin at the East India Company, he was able to purchase a property of upper-middle class means in London, where he would live out the rest of his days.<ref name="Donoghue – Notre Dame"/>

From 1848 to 1856, the Governor General of India was [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]]. His term marked a time where Thornton was able to claim multiple professional exploits in his work at India House Department of Public Works. Dalhousie greatly believed in governmental infrastructure development, and believed that it was an immensely important tool of economic progress for society. The jobs that Dalhousie commissioned and Thornton had a hand in were mainly projects for infrastructure development, including postal improvements, telegraph and cable services, and the introduction of scientific education programs. The latter was believed to be helpful for people to appreciate and use other technological advances from around the world.<ref>H. J. Habakkuk (1940, 788–89) notes that before 1850 expenditures on public works in India amounted to a paltry £250,000, but by 1854 they had grown to an impressive £4,000,000, largely due to the public works schemes initiated under Dalhousie's administration.</ref>

Thornton's duty as the assistant examiner was mostly to prepare draft dispatches and any policy documents that regarded the East India Company's public works activities. The documents dealt with the construction of railways and roads, canals, bridges, and irrigation apparatuses in [[Burma]], India, and the Straits Settlement. The documents were first circulated throughout the India Office, then sent to the central administration in India. However, before the dispatches could be sent to India they had to be approved by both the court of directors for the company and then by the board of control, the representative of the authority of parliament. The chief examiner and his senior assistants had a large influence on the content of the dispatches.<ref>For a detailed account of the procedure by which drafts prepared in the examiner's office were submitted at various points to the company chairman, the appropriate committee of the Court of Directors, the Board of Control, and the Court of Directors as a whole, see Moir 1986, 140–50.</ref>

Dispatches and minute papers that Thornton had to draft were composed on average 10 times per year. However, in the years 1856-1861 and 1870–1872, Thornton authored a significantly higher than average number of dispatches; most notably, in the years 1860 and 1861, Thornton composed eighty-eight and seventy, respectively.<ref>Dispatches prepared by Thornton are easily identifiable by his signature appearing on the inside page of an original dispatch, and by his handwriting in the case of minute papers, which replaced the dispatches in 1860 as policy documents.</ref> Since 1856, it is evident – due to the large increase of Thornton signatures and handwriting in the minute papers and dispatches – that his responsibilities had increased at the Department of Public Works. The content in dispatches and then later minute papers ranged from one- or two-page documents of confirmations of store deliveries, and extensions for public service appointments, and a letter of acknowledgment, to hefty fifty-page documents concerned with serious policy issues such as trade, defence and public infrastructure.<ref name="Donoghue – Notre Dame"/>

Thornton wrote dispatches for the construction of the Rangoon-Prome trunk road, which still exists today. He composed a dispatch for [[Singapore]]'s southern defenses in order to protect the British garrison in the imperative water lanes of [[Indochina|Indo-China]]. Thornton also composed dispatches that concerned public works for the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] presidencies.<ref name="Donoghue – Notre Dame"/>

==Published works==

===''Over-population and its Remedy''===
In 1845, Thornton published his first economic work, ''Over-population and its Remedy'', which focused on the colonization of Irish wastes, and the Irish peasantry. Thornton downplayed the importance of emigration and disapproved of state interference, but encouraged subdivision of the land. In this work, Thornton refers to and praises Mill's work ''[[Principles of Political Economy]]'', and contests the views of [[John Ramsay McCulloch]],<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary">{{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Leslie|title=Dictionary of National Biography Volume 56|date=1898|publisher=Smith, Elder and Company|location=London|page=311}}</ref> most notably, the validity of comparisons of prosperity between the medieval and modern laboring classes.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/> In a January 1847 issue of the ''[[Edinburgh Review]]'', Thornton's arguments against that comparison were largely criticized.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/>

The work is generally seen as anti-[[Malthusian]]. Thornton argued that [[Robert Malthus]] had "overlooked and undervalued the tendency which the possession of property has to engender prudence, and seems, indeed, to have thought that the quality is rarely to be found among members of the laboring class, except under the pressure of misery."<ref name="Thornton – Over-population">{{cite book|last=Thornton|first=William Thomas|title=Over-population, and Its Remedy: Or, An Inquiry into the Extent and Causes of the Distress Prevailing Among the Labouring Classes of the British Islands, and into the Means of Remedying it|url=https://archive.org/details/overpopulationa00thorgoog|date=1846|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|location=Great Britain|page=[https://archive.org/details/overpopulationa00thorgoog/page/n288 270]}}</ref> He posited that there was a "low-level trap" for the laboring class in the economical development of society: that the realities of life for the impoverished were too much to allow them to focus on any real prospect of prosperity. Thornton also cited competition; workers "are too numerous to earn a competent subsistence for themselves and their families, competition takes place amongst them: each, in his anxiety to obtain employment, offers to accept lower wages than he requires for his comfortable maintenance... Neither has this state any tendency to correct itself. Whatever point populations that may attain, it can with equal ease at least maintain itself there."<ref name="Thornton – Over-population"/>

Thornton elaborated on his explanation:

<blockquote>"A labourer, offering his services for hire is simply offering labour for sale. No one is bound to accept the offer. No one is under any obligation to buy nor a fortiori to buy at any particular price. There is, therefore, no particular price to which the labourer has a right, or by not obtaining which he can be wronged. No price can be proposed either to him or by him, which can be one whit more fair or just than any other price. Any price is just which he agrees to take, and another to give, and this, and not one tittle more than this, constitutes his due."<ref name="Thornton – Westminster">{{cite book|last=Thornton|first=William Thomas|title=The Westminster Review: vol. 91|date=January–April 1869|publisher=Leonard Scott Publishing Company|location=New York|page=246}}</ref></blockquote>

Thornton argued against the reasoning that if the poor were lifted out of poverty they would just become lazy and feckless, with the belief that sudden lifting out of poverty would foster the behaviour necessary to maintain prosperity.<ref name="Thornton – On Labour">{{cite book|last=Thornton|first=William Thomas|title=On labour, its wrongful claims and rightful dues, its actual present and possible future|url=https://archive.org/details/onlabouritswron02thorgoog|date=1869|publisher=The MacMillan Company|location=London}}</ref> He believed that simply owning property and holding other responsibilities would encourage prudence and sound-mindedness.<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless">{{cite book|last=Mirowski|first=Philip|title=The Effortless Economy of Science|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham, North Carolina|pages=301–316}}</ref> During a period when economic discussion was focused on the [[wages fund doctrine]], Thornton saw that wages were determined by the ratio between the "fund" and the population of laborers in the market, but he contested the stance that the denominator complied with the simple stories of "immiseration" (economical impoverishment).<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

===On the Poor Laws===
By 1846, Thornton naturally had strong opinions about the [[English Poor Laws|Poor Laws]] of England, and had published his comments on them:

<blockquote>"It cannot be denied that in this instance the rate of wages was in part determined by the price of provisions, but this can only happen where the circumstance which naturally regulate the price of labour are arbitrarily interfered with. When the money price of labour is suffered to adjust itself according to the proportions the supply and the demand, it will remain unaffected by any variations in the price of provision or of other commodities."</blockquote>

===''A Plea for Peasant Proprietors, with the Outlines of a Plan for their Establishment in Ireland''===
Thornton displayed his more developed economic and political views in his next work, ''A Plea for Peasant Proprietors, with the Outlines of a Plan for their Establishment in Ireland'', published in 1848.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/> Mill was given proofs of Thornton's latest work as a courtesy to a friend and it was released a few weeks before his own ''Political Economy'', which contained influences from Thornton's latest work.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/> By 1874, the work had long been out of print, however, due to the new passing of the Irish Land Act of 1870, Thornton's work resurfaced as newly relevant and was reprinted. It was published with two additional chapters, the "Social and Moral Effects of Peasant Proprietorship", and "Ireland: a Forecast from 1873".<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/> Thornton believed that, ideally, the nationalism of the Irish lands would have been most profitable and that slowing down private proprietorship would be a necessary evil.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/>

===''On Labour''===
In 1869, Thornton released his first work in the field of economics since he had left the Political Economic Club. ''On Labour, its Wrongful Claims and Rightful Dues; its Actual Present and Possible Future'' was considered his comeback work. The book was reviewed twice in ''[[The Fortnightly Review]]'' by John Stuart Mill. He considered it in a sympathetic manner, considering that the views expressed in the book were largely at odds with Mill's own. It is believed that Thornton's personal relationship with Mill, and Mill's desire to encourage his friend to re-enter into the fray of the economic field, are what made him write two reviews on Thornton's book.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/>

Mill's review of ''On Labour'' was itself reviewed by an editor from the Macmillan Company, and this second-order review asserted that Mill was fully aware the book would stir controversy:

<blockquote>"I have thought about the Thornton book. The following considerations sum to the point.
Mill's testimonial could not very well be made known on the surface of the book. Even if It could, just now it would not be so very effective, though it might become so. Thornton's book is not of the size or caliber to be a standard work or text-book. It has already been published in the Fortnightly Review, and the students of economic questions who would otherwise have bought it are now familiar with it.
On the other hand is the very weighty fact that the subject will shortly be ''the'' subject of the day – and will probably continue so for considerable time to come; and everything bearing on it will be brought. And Thornton is an authority in economics, as the author of the "Plea for Peasant Proprietors." It will be a ''risk'', decidedly, I think – though the book is one which would look well in your list."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/></blockquote>

Other reviews and receptions of "On Labour" were made public in the months to come. Cairnes said he believed that ''On Labour'' is the kind of "earth-shattering fissure that rocks the world of political economy."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

''On Labour'' was poorly reviewed as an inaccurate piece by the famed German economist and intellectual [[Lujo Brentano]]. Brentano testified in his essay "On Gilds and Trades Unions" that Thornton's chapter on the origins of trade unions was "unhistorical".<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/>

Thornton's second edition of ''On Labour'' included a new, supplementary chapter in which he describes cooperation as "destined to beget, at however remote a date, a healthy socialism as superior to itself in all its best attributes as itself is to its parent." Thornton also continued with a forewarning that the period of gestation "must not be violently shortened".<ref name="Thornton – Labour p.479">{{cite book|last=Thornton|first=William Thomas|title=On Labour, its wrongful claims and Rightful Dues; its Actual Present and Possible Future: 2nd Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/onlabouritswron02thorgoog|date=1869|publisher=Macmillan and Company|location=London|page=479}}</ref>

In 1870, ''On Labour'' was translated into German and published by Heinrich Schramm. In 1894, Richard Burdinski translated and released ''Die Produktiv-Genossenschaft als Regenerationsmittel des Arbeiterstandes. Eine Kritik der Thornton-Lassalleschen Wirtschaftsreform''.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/>

===''Indian Public Works''===
In 1875, Thornton would return to his first and favourite love – in the realm of economics – with land tenure systems heading the fray of his arguments. Accompanying his newest arguments were irrigation and multiple "artifacts" of "bureaucratic levers of control and economic development".<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/> The final work was a book titled ''Indian Public Works and Cognate Indian Topics''.<ref name="Thornton – Indian">{{cite book|last=Thornton|first=William Thomas|title=Indian Public Works and Cognate Indian Topics|url=https://archive.org/details/indianpublicwor00thorgoog|date=1875|publisher=Macmillan and Company|location=London}}</ref> The book also covered India's controversies over the railway development across the country, the ship canals, and telegraph wires that ranged from cities to cities. It was also a huge endorsement and call for a public educational establishment that would be the foundation of a prosperous Indian commercial market and in turn would provide the "infrastructure in which markets operate."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/> In addition to these then contemporary Indian issues, Thornton explained his own experiences and problems at India House, and provided solutions. His explanation for publicly funded projects to develop India's infrastructure, versus a private investor's solution, was that "among its virtues, it surveys the late classical case for the legitimate undertaking of public works, suggesting that market rates of return may be inadequate guide for choice of projects in poorer or less developed countries: there, the second-round of effects of drawing out 'idle capital' might more than offset the costs of what initially appear to be unpromising projects."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

In ''Indian Public Works'', Thornton continued his argument against an idea that was in debate during the time: the call for private investment to aid the Indian government to develop its railroad infrastructure, and the idea that the investors' return would be guaranteed. This called the "Dalhousie Plan", and Thornton claimed that it would generate a "cost per-mile far above that experienced in direct government construction."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/> In ''Indian Public Works'', Thornton recommended that the Indian government should weigh their options of multiple and varying "cooperative schemes to deal with problems of motivating and supervising labor".<ref>{{cite book|last=Mirowski|first=Philip|author-link = Philip Mirowski | title=The Effortless Economy of Science|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham, North Carolina|page=316}}</ref>

==="Irrigations regarded as a Preventive of Indian Famines"===
On 22 February 1878 Thornton delivered a speech of his last publication, a paper titled "Irrigations regarded as a Preventive of Indian Famines". Thornton read his paper before the Society of Arts.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/>

===Non-economics works===

====''Old-fashioned Ethics and Common-sense Metaphysics''====
In 1873, Thornton's ''Old-fashioned Ethics and Common-sense Metaphysics'' was published. This work pursued intellectual topics other than economics. The volume consisted of a number of essays that harshly criticized the views and opinions of multiple respected philosophers and intellectuals. [[David Hume]] was exhorted, along with [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] and the [[Utilitarian]] movement as a whole.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/>

====Literature and poems====
In 1854, Thornton wrote a poem titled "The Siege of Silistria" and it was published within the year. He continued to write poetry and conceived a volume of verse titled ''Modern Manichaeism, Labour's Utopia, and other Poems'', published in 1857. In 1878, Thornton's translation of "Word for Word From Horace" was published, which was a literal verse translation of Horace's ''[[Odes (Horace)|Odes]]''.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/>

==Relationship with Mill==
Thornton's relationship with John Stuart Mill is considered to be a truly unique one, considering that they were so often at odds in most arguments. However, their common workplace and passions for economics and philosophy – and the incessant discussions of these, sometimes, intertwining topics – made them great friends. According to Thornton's memoir, although he could recognize Mill by sight around the India House, he had no real occasion to converse with Mill until, in 1846, he sent him a copy of his ''Over-population'':

"A day or two after he came into my room to thank me for it; and during the half-hour's conversation that thereupon ensued, sprang up, full grown at birth, an intimate friendship, of which I feel that I am not unduly boasting in declaring it to have been equally sincere and fervent on both sides. From that time for the next ten to twelve years, a day seldom passed without, if I did not go into his room, his coming into mine, often telling me as he entered that he had nothing particular to say; but that, having a few minutes to spare, he thought he might as well have a little talk."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

Their relationship was of high mutual respect. The relationship not only profited them on a personal level but also in their careers as intellectuals; Thornton's eulogy to Mill said their "working relationship developed into a close friendship that was enriched by discussions of many philosophical, intellectual, and economic issues."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

It believed that Thornton owed his intellectual standing in society in part to his friendship with Mill. For instance, in 1850, Mill wrote a published letter to the editor of the ''[[Westminster Review]]'', naming Thornton as a contributor to the work and arguments as a whole. Mill extolled Thornton's virtues as both a man and an intellectual to multiple sources, including in a letter sent to [[John Elliott Cairnes]], referencing Thornton as "a person that I particularly like and respect".<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

In 1867, Mill wrote a letter to Thornton about Thornton's newest work:

"I have just finished your chapter in the Fortnightly and I put down my observations while my mind is full of its contents. In execution I think it excellent and of good augury for the success of the book... I expect that the subsequent chapters will be equally well executed and that I shall come to agree with all or most of your practical conclusions. But in its principles the chapter does not carry me with it. I find in it what I always find where a standard is assumed of so-called justice distinct from general utility... not only do I not admit of any standard of right which does not derive its sole authority from utility, but I remark that in such cases an adversary could always find some other maxim of justice equal in authority but leading to opposite conclusions... I have stated strongly the fault I find with your chapter. It would take me a considerable space to set out all the good I find in it. To mention only one thing, the will be very serviceable in carrying on what may be called the emancipation of political economy--its liberation from the kind of doctrines of the old school (now taken up by well to do people) which treat what they call economical laws, supply and demand for instance, as if they were laws of inanimate matter, not amendable to the will of the human beings from whose feelings, interests, and principles of action they proceed. This is one of the queer mental confusions which will be wondered at by and by and you are helping very much in the good work of cleaning it up."<ref name="Mineka – Collected">{{cite book|last = Mill | first = John Stuart | editor1-last=Mineka | editor1-first = Francis E. | editor2-last = Lindley|editor2-first=Dwight N. |title=The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill Volume XVI: The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849 – 1873|date=2006|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto, Canada}}</ref>

This shows that even though they were at odds in economic and political opinions and philosophy, Mills still found a way to be supportive of Thornton's work, not only in an encouraging manner but also on a fundamental economic fundamental level as well. Mill was able to deliver both a public and personally endorsement for Thornton's ''On Labour'' without compromising his own beliefs; Mill believed that "the political objectives were fundamentally sound", and that "the need for synoptic text treating the theory of unionism was imminent."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

==Unpopularity among contemporaries==
Thornton, throughout his career, struggled to gain respect and recognition for his arguments. Much of the economic community of the time condemned his positions in the field. Comments have been gathered from the Political Economic Club to support this conclusion, including one notable excerpt from [[Leslie Stephen]]:

"I am suffering the torments of the damned from that God-forgotten Thornton, who is boring on about supply and demand...
He is not a bad fellow, but just now I hate him like poison."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

Another notable criticism of Thornton came in a letter from [[Leonard Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith|L.H. Courtney]] addressed to [[Louis Mallet|Sir Louis Mallet]]:

<blockquote>"Dear Mallet,
I share your regrets at the apparent decline in decorum at the Political Economic Club. Last Friday the breaches of manners were sadly conspicuous. One officer must not find fault with another, but the truth is that our treasurer is habitually too contemptuous of view other than his own--not infrequently wider than his own--and this characteristic does not abate as the years pass. With his rough disdain and Thornton's tendency to querulous irritability there must be occasional splutterings, and the only way of keeping them down is for you and other members to attend as often as convenient discountenance them by quietly maintaining the rules of debate."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/></blockquote>

Sir J. Macdonnel labelled Thornton a "disruptive revolutionary influence" but a "useful solvent [who] had the art of putting questions disconcerting to the Dogmatic Spirit, and he had a vision, temperate of a world that was to come – more questions than he himself could answer."<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

Thornton took an eight-year hiatus from the [[Political Economy Club]]; it is easy to presume that this club was due to his being disliked. During this time, Thornton wrote a poem, addressed to John Stuart Mill, that expresses his disaffection with political economy:

<poem>"Dear Mill, whose friendship kindly emphasis
Approved my first work, and encouraged this.
Scarce will you ask, why, from old studies turned,
My name unknown, a pension yet unearned.
Problems abstruse and tough, no more I try,
Of dark Political Economy.
Digging no more in serious dissertation
To trace the source of 'Over-population,'
Nor publishing what hidden treasure lies
Deep in the soil of 'Peasant Properties.'"<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/></poem>

Poetry was universally regarded as not Thornton's forte; however, this particular poem gives some insight into the intellectual turmoil that he was enduring. Thornton was callously criticized for a work of translation he had published on poems written by [[Horace]]; the critic, Professor [[Robinson Ellis]], harshly commented that Thornton had a "deficient ear and a wanting for metrical grasp." The critic continued with a backhanded compliment, saying that Thornton had a "seventeenth-century quaintness" to his style.<ref name="Stephen – Dictionary"/> It was apparent that Thornton would not leave an intellectual impact on the world through his poetry.<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

==Later life and death==
Thornton lived out the last years of his life in [[Cadogan Place]] near [[Sloane Street]]. With pleasure he received the respect and company of his old colleagues from India House. In 1878, he translated a classical piece of [[Latin literature|Roman literature]] that was published, a volume titled ''Word for Word from Horace''. Based on Thornton's personal estate of eight thousand pounds, accounted for after his death, he lived the comfortable middle-class life of a bureaucrat at mid-rank.<ref name="Mirowski – Effortless"/>

Thornton died at his home in Cadogan Place on 17 June 1880.<ref>Obituary, ''[[The Times]]'' (London, England), 18 June 1880; pg. 9; Issue 29911.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Thornton, William Thomas |short=x}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=5964}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Thomas Thornton |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3277}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thornton, William Thomas}}
[[Category:1813 births]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:English economists]]
[[Category:Civil servants in the India Office]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Burnham, Buckinghamshire]]

Shri Katyayani Baneshwar Temple, Aversa

2025-10-03T16:27:19Z

LolitaErurf: corrected references based on references

{{more citations needed|date = September 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Katyayani Baneshwar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Temple Entrance
| map_type = India Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|14|43|24|N|74|16|47|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = {{flag|Karnataka}}
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Ankola]]
| locale = [[Aversa]]
| deity = Shri [[Katyayani]]
| architecture = upturned boat
| year_completed = Around 1600 AD
| website = http://www.shreekatyayani.org
}}
'''Shri Katyayani Baneshwar Temple''' ([[Kannada language|Kannada]]:ಶ್ರೀ ಕಾತ್ಯಾಯಿನಿ ಬಾಣೇಶ್ವರ ದೇವಸ್ತಾನ), ([[Devanagri language|Sanskrit]]:श्री क़ात्यायनी बाणेश्व् र मन्दिर), or the Aversa Hindu Narayani is a Hindu temple in the coastal town of Aversa near [[Ankola]], in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka.

Shri Katyayani is the Kuladevi ([[Kuladevata]]) (family deity) to many Konkani Gaud Saraswat Brahmins, Saraswat Brahmins, Daivajnya Brahmins and Konkani [[Kharvi]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shreekatyayani.org/ |title=Home |website=shreekatyayani.org}}</ref>

The temple is managed by Shri Katyayani Baneshwar Temple Trust. The temple complex is run on solar energy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shreekatyayani.org/ |title=Home |website=shreekatyayani.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.shreekatyayani.org

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttara Kannada district]]

Indian Triathlon Federation

2025-09-23T05:08:01Z

LolitaErurf:

{{Short description|National governing body of triathlon in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox sports governing body
|name = Indian Triathlon Federation
|logo =
|logosize = 250px
|abbrev = '''ITP'''
|caption = Official Logo of the '''ITP'''
|sport = [[Triathlon]]
|jurisdiction = [[India]]
|founded = 8 May 1990
|aff = [[World Triathlon]]
|region = [[Asian Triathlon]]
|headquarters = [[Chennai]], India
|president = T.S. Krishnaswamy
|url = https://triathlonindia.com
|countryflag = India
}}

The '''Indian Triathlon Federation (ITF)''' is the [[Sports governing body|governing and controlling body]] of [[triathlon]] in [[India]]. It was registered on 8 May 1990, under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act, 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=registrar-of-societies |url=https://www.triathlonindia.com/triathlon/uploads/2020/04/Registration-of-socity.pdf |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=Indian Triathlon Federation}}</ref> It is affiliated to [[World Triathlon]] and [[Asian Triathlon]]. T.S. Krishnaswamy serves as the president of ITF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Bearers |url=https://triathlonindia.com/office-bearers/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Indian Triathlon Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> The first [[paratriathlon]] national championship was held in May 2023 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Triathlon Federation |url=https://www.triathlonindia.com/app/members/itf_event_description.php?id=30 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Indian Triathlon Federation |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National members of World Triathlon}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1990]]
[[Category:National members of the Asian Triathlon Confederation]]

{{india-sport-stub}}

Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-09-18T16:28:13Z

LolitaErurf: put up...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tiruchendur
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1957
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| latest_election_year = 2004
| electors= 16,95,239
| reservation = None
| mp =
| party =
| preceded_by =
}}
'''[[Tiruchendur]]''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]] until 2008 constituency realignment.

==Assembly segments==
Before constituencies realignment of 2008, Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010951/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-04 |accessdate=2008-10-13 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
*[[Cheranmadevi (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheranmadevi]] (defunct)
* [[Nanguneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Nanguneri]] (moved to [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli Constituency]])
* [[Radhapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Radhapuram]] (moved to [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli Constituency]])
* [[Sathankulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sathankulam]] (defunct)
* [[Tiruchendur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchendur]] (moved to [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi Constituency]])
*[[Kanyakumari (State Assembly Constituency)|Kanyakumari]] (moved to [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari Constituency]])

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[T. Ganapathy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[T. T. Krishnamachari]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Santhosam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|M. S. Sivasamy
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|[[K. T. Kosalram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|1985^
|rowspan="4"|[[R. Dhanuskodi Athithan]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Ramarajan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|A. D. K. Jayaseelan
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[V. Radhika Selvi]]
|}

* After 2008 constituency realignment, this seat ceased to exist.

== Electorate ==
In 2004, it had 10,31,362 of electorate, 4,95,753 men and 5,35,609 women.<ref>{{cite news|title= Where the caste colour is pronounced|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/05/08/stories/2004050803580400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518052909/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/05/08/stories/2004050803580400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 May 2007|work=The Hindu|date=8 May 2004}}</ref>

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.6}}
{{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|53.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|71.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1985|1985]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.9}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.2}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.6}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|45.8}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|N/A}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|N/A}}
}}
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Tiruchendur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[V. Radhika Selvi]]
|votes = 394,484
|percentage = 62.50
|change = +18.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = T. Thamodaran
|votes = 212,803
|percentage = 33.72
|change = +1.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 181,681
|percentage = 28.79
|change = +17.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 631,124
|percentage = 61.18
|change = +8.83
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +18.89
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|'''A.D.K.Jayaseelan'''
|'''237,630'''
|'''43.6%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|Dr.P.B.Rajan
|177,964
|32.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
|[[R. Dhanuskodi Athithan|Dhanushkodi Aadhithan]]
|109,035
|20.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|S.Selvin Nadar
|8,323
|1.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|59,666
|11.0%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|544,782
|52.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]'''gain''' from [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1998===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''[[Ramarajan|Ramaraajan]]'''
|'''264,290'''
|'''48.3%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
|[[R. Dhanuskodi Athithan|Dhanushkodi Aadhithan]]
|217,435
|39.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Kumari Ananthan]]
|38,291
|7.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|A.Backiyaraj
|11,408
|2.1%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|46,855
|8.6%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|547,234
|54.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''gain''' from [[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1996===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]]
|'''Dhanushkodi Aadhithan'''
|'''317,943'''
|'''53.3%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S.Justin
|114,232
|19.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[N.S.Chandra Bose]]
|79,051
|13.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|Anton Gomez
|48,066
|8.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|R.Sundaram
|3,274
|0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|S.Arullappa Nadar
|2,995
|0.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|203,711
|34.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|596,500
|60.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]] '''gain''' from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1991===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''Dhanushkodi Aadhithan'''
|'''381,521'''
|'''71.4%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|G.Anton Gomez
|122,745
|23.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|B.Samson Daniel
|5,181
|1.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|R.Christ Doss
|2,855
|0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}"|
|Tharasu Makkal Mandram
|I.Ilavarasan
|1,740
|0.3%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|258,776
|48.4%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|534,586
|56.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}
===General Election 1989===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''Dhanushkodi Aadhithan'''
|'''385,656'''
|'''67.0%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|A.Karthikeyan
|173,585
|30.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}"|
|Tharasu Makkal Mandram
|I.Ilavarasan
|1,602
|0.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|Leshmana Perumal
|1,535
|0.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|C.Papanasam
|1,500
|0.3%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|212,071
|36.8%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|575,556
|60.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===By-election 1985===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''Dhanushkodi Aadhithan'''
|'''169,710'''
|'''62.0%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|P.Vijayaraghavan
|93,831
|34.3%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|75,819
|
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|273,776
|
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1984===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''K.T.Kosalram'''
|'''345,381'''
|'''67.9%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|Jawaharlal
|121,954
|24.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|A.Dhanushkodi Ramalinga Pandian
|11,573
|2.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|K.Kesavam
|5,671
|1.1%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|223,427
|43.9%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|508,487
|67.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}
===General Election 1980===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress (R)|INC(I)]]
|'''K.T.Kosalram'''
|227,395
|51.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|N.Soundara Pandian
|113,576
|25.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|Ananthan
|75,020
|16.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party (Secular)|JP(S)]]
|Pillai
|14,106
|3.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|113,819
|25.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|445,880
|63.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1977===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''K.T.Kosalram'''
|'''272,338'''
|'''60.2%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organization)}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress (Organization)|INC(O)]]
|Devadasan Edwin
|152,148
|33.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|Arumugam Pandian
|11,336
|2.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|120,190
|26.6%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|452,540
|63.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''gain''' from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1971===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|'''M.S.Sivasamy'''
|'''202,783'''
|'''47.6%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|N.Parthasarathy
|202,757
|47.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|A.Ponnaih
|5,845
|1.4%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|26
|0.0%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|411,385
|69.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] '''gain''' from [[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1967===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|'''Santhosham'''
|'''183,053'''
|'''45.8%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|K.T.Kosalram
|182,659
|45.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|394
|0.1%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|390,339
|71.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]] '''gain''' from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1962===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''T.T.Krishnamachari'''
|'''Unopposed'''
|}

===General Election 1957===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''T.Ganapathy'''
|'''RU'''
|'''N/A'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|N.Duraipandi
|0
|0.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Win (New Seat)'''
!
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Thiruchendur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]

{{Thoothukudi district}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|8.5|78.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Poovachal Khader

2025-09-03T16:53:04Z

LolitaErurf: put up some details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian lyricist (1948–2021)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Poovachal Khader
| image = Poovachal-Khader.jpg.image.845.440.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Poet, lyricist
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|12|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|06|22|1948|12|25}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayalam-lyricist-poovachal-khader-no-more/article34897912.ece|title = Malayalam lyricist Poovachal Khader no more|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 22 June 2021|last1 = Kumar|first1 = P. k Ajith}}</ref>
| death_place = Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| education = B.Tech.
| years_active =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Poovachal Khader''' (25 December 1948 – 22 June 2021) was a [[Malayalam]] lyricist from Kerala who worked mainly in Malayalam film industry. His first movie as a lyricist was ''Kaattuvithachavan'' (1973) but his first released movie was ''[[Chuzhi]]'' (1973). His last movie was ''[[Mothathi Kozhappa]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web |title='മൊത്തത്തി കൊഴപ്പാ'..! ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ട്രെയിലർ റിലീസായി |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/moththil-kozhapa-movie-trailer-released-712705-2023-11-17 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=29 December 2023 |date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

==Biography==
Khader was born on [[Christmas]] day in 1948, in a village named [[Poovachal]] in the present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram district]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=Poet and lyricist Poovachal Khader passes away|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=576892&u=|access-date=22 June 2021|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref> His original name is Muhammed Abdul Khader. His parents are Aboobacker Pillai and Rabiyathul Adabiya Beevi. Chuzhi released in 1973 under the musical direction of M. S. Baburaj was the first movie released after Poovachal Khader entered the industry as a lyricist and was proud of having written lyrics for more than 900 songs in the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=lyricist&artist=Poovachal%20Khader|title=പൂവച്ചല്‍ ഖാദര്‍|access-date=22 April 2023|website=msidb.org|language=ms}}</ref> He, along with [[Bichu Thirumala]], dominated the Malayalam film industry for more than a decade. Peter Reuben, [[A. T. Ummer]], [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[G. Devarajan]], [[K. Raghavan]], [[M. K. Arjunan]], [[Raveendran]], [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]], [[M. G. Radhakrishnan|MG Radhakrishnan]], [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Raghu Kumar]], [[Jerry Amaldev]], [[Ilayaraja]] and [[Shankar–Ganesh]] have set tunes to his lyrics whereby his works have been musically voiced by vocal maestros like [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]], [[S. Janaki]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[P. Susheela]], [[P. Madhuri]], [[Unni Menon]] and Lathika.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_lyricists.php?conid=1154&Lyricists=Poovachal%20Khader |title=Poovachal Khader {{!}} Lyricists {{!}} Indian Lyricists {{!}} Lyricists Biography |website=www.planetradiocity.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131044353/http://planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_lyricists.php?conid=1154&Lyricists=Poovachal%20Khader |archive-date=2010-01-31}}</ref> In 2006, Khader received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Light Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

Khader died from a [[heart attack]] on 22 June 2021, at the age of 72. He also had tested positive for [[COVID-19]] and was undergoing treatment for it at the time of death. He also suffered from numerous comorbidities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ലേഖകൻ|first=മാധ്യമം|date=2021-06-22|title=പൂവച്ചൽ ഖാദർ വിടവാങ്ങി {{!}} Madhyamam|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/poet-and-lyricist-poovachal-khader-passed-away-813597|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.madhyamam.com}}</ref> He was buried with full state honours at the Juma Masjid in his birthplace. He is survived by his wife and two daughters.
[[File:Poovachal Khader Memorial Meeting 2022.jpg|thumb|300px|Poovachal Khader Memorial Meeting 2022]]

==Complete Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Musician
|-
|1973|| [[Kattuvithachavan]] ||Peter Rueben
|-
|1973|| [[Chuzhi]] || [[Baburaj|M. S. Baburaj]]
|-
| 1973 || Kavitha || K Raghavan
|-
| 1975 || [[Criminals (film)|Criminals]] (Kayangal) || [[Baburaj|M. S. Baburaj]]
|-
| 1975 || [[Utsavam (film)|Utsavam]] || [[A. T. Ummer]]
|-
| 1977 || Sooryakanthi || Jaya Vijaya
|-
| 1978 || Iniyaval Urangatte || MK Arjunan
|-
| 1978 || Kadalkkaakkakal || [[A. T. Ummer]]
|-
| 1979 || [[Aadipaapam]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1979 || Choola || Raveendran
|-
| 1979 || Iniyaathra || Shyam
|-
| 1979 || Kaayalum Kayarum || KV Mahadevan
|-
| 1979 || Lillyppookkal || Kottayam Joy
|-
| 1979 || Maanavadharmam || G Devarajan
|-
| 1979 || Ottapettavar || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1979 || Pathinaalam Raavu || K Raghavan
|-
| 1979 || Thakara || MG Radhakrishnan
|-
| 1979 || Thuramukham || MK Arjunan
|-
| 1980 || Aarohanam || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1980 || Chaamaram || MG Radhakrishnan, Raveendran
|-
| 1980 || [[Lorry (film)|Lorry]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
| 1980 || Malankaattu || K Raghavan
|-
| 1980 || Oru Varsham Oru Maasam || Raveendran
|-
| 1980 || Prakadanam || G Devarajan
|-
| 1980 || Sishirathil Oru Vasantham || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1981 || Agniyudham || [[A. T. Ummer]]
|-
| 1981 || Attimari || KJ Joy
|-
| 1981 || Greeshmajwaala || [[A. T. Ummer]]
|-
| 1981 || Ithaa Oru Dhikkaari || [[A. T. Ummer]]
|-
| 1981 || Kalopaasana || K Raghavan
|-
| 1981 || Karimpoocha || KJ Joy
|-
| 1981 || Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla || G Devarajan
|-
| 1981 || Oothikkaachiya Ponnu || MK Arjunan
|-
| 1981 || Pinneyum Pookkunna Kaadu || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1981 || Poochasanyaasi || KJ Yesudas
|-
| 1981 || Swapnaraagam || Raveendran
|-
| 1981 || Thira || K Raghavan
|-
| 1981 || Urukku Mushtikal || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1981 || Veliyettam || MK Arjunan
|-
| 1981 || Veshangal || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1981 || Visham || Raghu Kumar
|-
| 1982 || Aa Raathri || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1982 || Aarambham || Shankar–Ganesh, AT Ummer, Shyam, KJ Joy
|-
| 1982 || Aattakkalam || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1982 || Anuraagakkodathi || [[A. T. Ummer]]
|-
| 1982 || Beedikkunjamma || [[A. T. Ummer]]
|-
| 1982 || Chilanthivala || Guna Singh
|-
| 1982 || Deepa || Raghu Kumar
|-
| 1982 || [[Ente Sathrukkal]] (Porattam) || [[M. K. Arjunan]]
|-
| 1982 || Enthino Pookkunna Pookkal || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1982 || Football || Johnson
|-
| 1982 || Ivan Oru Simham || AT Ummer
|-
| 1982 || Jambulingam || [[M. K. Arjunan]]
|-
| 1982 || Kaaliyamarddanam || KJ Joy
|-
| 1982 || Kaliman Prathimakal || [[M. K. Arjunan]]
|-
| 1982 || Kallimullu || Mohammed Subair
|-
| 1982 || Kanmanikkorumma (Ushnabhoomi) || Shyam
|-
| 1982 || Kayam || [[M. K. Arjunan]]
|-
| 1982 || Maruppacha || AT Ummer
|-
| 1982 || Mazhu || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1982 || Naagamadathu Thampuraatti || [[M. K. Arjunan]]
|-
| 1982 || Naalathe Sandhya (Malayorangalil Chuvappu) || [[M. K. Arjunan]]
|-
| 1982 || Novemberinte Nashtam || MG Radhakrishnan, KC Varghese
|-
| 1982 || Paalangal || Johnson
|-
| 1982 || Pooviriyum Pulari || Jerry Amaldev
|-
| 1982 || Postmortem || KJ Joy
|-
| 1982 || [[Vazhvey Maayam|Premaabhishekam]] || [[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| 1982 || Raagadeepam || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1982 || Saravarsham || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1982 || Sree Ayyappanum Vaavarum || AT Ummer
|-
| 1982 || Thadaakam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1982 || Theeraatha Bandhangal || K Raghavan
|-
| 1982 || Thuranna Jail || Johnson
|-
| 1982 || Vidhichathum Kothichathum (Kasthoori) || Raveendran
|-
| 1983 || Aashrayam || MB Sreenivasan
|-
| 1983 || Aattakkalaasham || Raveendran
|-
| 1983 || Arabikkadal || [[M. K. Arjunan]]
|-
| 1983 || Asthi || G Devarajan
|-
| 1983 || Asthram || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| 1983 || Belt Mathai || Raveendran
|-
| 1983 || Deepaaradhana || AT Ummer
|-
| 1983 || Ee Yugam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1983 || Eettappuli || G Devarajan
|-
| 1983 || Ente Kadha || AT Ummer
|-
| 1983 || Gurudakshina || KJ Joy
|-
| 1983 || Hello Madras Girl || [[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| 1983 || Himavaahini || G Devarajan
|-
| 1983 || Justice Raja || [[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| 1983 || Kaathirunna Divasam || PS Divakar
|-
| 1983 || Kaikeyi || MS Viswanathan
|-
| 1983 || Kodunkaattu || KJ Joy
|-
| 1983 || Mazhakkaalamegham || Rangan
|-
| 1983 || Mazhanilaavu || Raveendran
|-
| 1983 || Mortuary || KJ Joy
|-
| 1983 || Onnu Chirikkoo || Johnson
|-
| 1983 || Oru Mukham Pala Mukham || AT Ummer
|-
| 1983 || Paalam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1983 || Passport || KJ Joy
|-
| 1983 || Ponthooval || Raghu Kumar
|-
| 1983 || Prathijnja || Ben Surendran
|-
| 1983 || Rathilayam || AT Ummer, MG Radhakrishnan
|-
| 1983 || Samrambham || KJ Joy
|-
| 1983 || [[Sattam|Snehabandham]] || [[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| 1983 || Thaavalam || Johnson
|-
| 1983 || Yudham || Shankar–Ganesh
|-
| 1984 || Aagraham || AT Ummer
|-
| 1984 || Alakadalinnakkare || [[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| 1984 || Amme Naaraayana || AT Ummer
|-
| 1984 || Anthichuvappu || AT Ummer
|-
| 1984 || Ariyaatha Veedhikal || MS Viswanathan
|-
| 1984 || Attahaasam (Tharunyam) || MG Radhakrishnan
|-
| 1984 || Bullet || Guna Singh
|-
| 1984 || Chakkarayumma || Shyam
|-
| 1984 || Chandragirikkotta || Sathyam
|-
| 1984 || Ente Upaasana || Johnson
|-
| 1984 || Idavelaykku Shesham || Raveendran
|-
| 1984 || Inakkili || Shyam
|-
| 1984 || Ivide Ingane || Shyam
|-
| 1984 || Ivide Thudangunnu || Johnson
|-
| 1984 || Jeevitham || [[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| 1984 || Kadamattathachan || AT Ummer
|-
| 1984 || Karimbu || Shyam
|-
| 1984 || Kodathi || Shyam
|-
| 1984 || Kooduthedunna Parava || AT Ummer
|-
| 1984 || Krishna Guruvaayoorappa || V Dakshinamoorthy
|-
| 1984 || Kurishuyudham || KJ Joy
|-
| 1984 || Makale Maappu Tharoo || MK Arjunan
|-
| 1984 || Manassariyaathe || Raghu Kumar
|-
| 1984 || Manasse Ninakku Mangalam || Raveendran
|-
| 1984 || Minimol Vathikkaanil || MS Viswanathan
|-
| 1984 || Mynaakam || Raveendran
|-
| 1984 || NH 47 || Shyam
|-
| 1984 || Niraparaadhi || Shankar–Ganesh
|-
| 1984 || Oru Thettinte Kadha || AT Ummer
|-
| 1984 || Paavam Krooran || AT Ummer
|-
| 1984 || Piriyilla Naam || KV Mahadevan
|-
| 1984 || Sandarbham || Johnson
|-
| 1984 || Swanthamevide Bandhamevide || Johnson
|-
| 1984 || Theere Pratheekshikkathe || AT Ummer
|-
| 1984 || Thirakal || Shankar–Ganesh
|-
| 1984 || Umaanilayam || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Aa Neram Alpa Dooram || Johnson
|-
| 1985 || Akkacheede Kunjuvava || Johnson
|-
| 1985 || Ambada Njaane || MK Arjunan
|-
| 1985 || Aram+Aram=Kinnaram || Raghu Kumar
|-
| 1985 || Archana Aaradhana || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Chillukottaram || AT Ummer
|-
| 1985 || Choodaatha Pookkal || KJ Joy
|-
| 1985 || Chorakku Chora || Guna Singh
|-
| 1985 || Ee Shabdam Innathe Shabdam || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Ee Thalamura Ingana || G Devarajan
|-
| 1985 || Ee Thanalil Ithiri Neram || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Ente Ponnumol || Shankar–Ganesh
|-
| 1985 || Ezhumuthal Onpathuvare || KJ Joy
|-
| 1985 || Iniyum Kadha Thudarum || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Jeevante Jeevan || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Kaattuthee || G Devarajan
|-
| 1985 || Kadha Ithuvare || Johnson
|-
| 1985 || Kanakachilanka Kilungikilungi || KJ Yesudas
|-
| 1985 || Maanyamahaajanangale || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Madhuvidhu Theerum Munpe || KJ Joy
|-
| 1985 || Makan Ente Makan || Johnson
|-
| 1985 || Mounanombaram || Johnson
|-
| 1985 || Muhoortham 11:30 || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Nirakoottu || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Njaan Piranna Naattil || AT Ummer
|-
| 1985 || Nullinovikkaathe || Rajamani
|-
| 1985 || Onathumbikkoroonjal || AT Ummer
|-
| 1985 || Onningu Vannenkil || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Orikkal Oridathu || Raveendran
|-
| 1985 || Ormikkaan Omanikkaan || Raveendran
|-
| 1985 || Oru Kudakkeezhil || Johnson
|-
| 1985 || Parannuyaraan || Jerry Amaldev
|-
| 1985 || Prathikaarajwaala || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1985 || Priye Priyadarshini || KV Mahadevan
|-
| 1985 || Puzhayozhukum Vazhi || Raveendran
|-
| 1985 || Randum Randum Anchu || Shankar–Ganesh
|-
| 1985 || Shaantham Bheekaram || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Shathru || AT Ummer
|-
| 1985 || Soundaryappinakkam || Rajasenan
|-
| 1985 || Telephonil Thodaruthu || Raveendran
|-
| 1985 || Thammil Thammil || Raveendran
|-
| 1985 || Ushasse Unaroo || Kannur Rajan
|-
| 1985 || Uyarthezhunelpu || AT Ummer
|-
| 1985 || Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki || Shyam
|-
| 1985 || Vasanthasena || Shyam
|-
| 1986 || Aalorungi Arangorungi || Jerry Amaldev
|-
| 1986 || Aarundivide Chodikkaan || AT Ummer
|-
| 1986 || Ariyaatha Bandham || MS Viswanathan
|-
| 1986 || Atham Chithira Chothi || Shyam
|-
| 1986 || Aval Kaathirunnu Avanum || Shyam
|-
| 1986 || Bhagavaan || MS Viswanathan
|-
| 1986 || Chila Nimishangalil || Rajasenan
|-
| 1986 || Ente Shabdam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1986 || Ice Cream || Johnson
|-
| 1986 || Karinaagam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1986 || Kshamichu Ennoru Vaakku || Shyam
|-
| 1986 || Love Birds (Oru Vettayude Kadha) || G Devarajan
|-
| 1986 || Moonnu maasangalku Munpu || Shyam
|-
| 1986 || Onnu Randu Moonnu || Rajasenan
|-
| 1986 || Padayani || AT Ummer
|-
| 1986 || Pournami Raathriyil || Raveendran
|-
| 1986 || Priyamvadakkoru Pranayageetham || MS Viswanathan
|-
| 1986 || Railway Cross || AT Ummer
|-
| 1986 || Shyaama || Raghu Kumar
|-
| 1986 || Somayaagam || Shyam
|-
| 1986 || Thaalavattam || Raghu Kumar, Rajamani
|-
| 1987 || Aadyaraathrikkumumbu (Irupatham Noottandu) ||G Devarajan
|-
| 1987 || Aankiliyude Thaarattu || Shyam
|-
| 1987 || Athinumappuram || Johnson
|-
| 1987 || Avalude Kadha || AT Ummer
|-
| 1987 || Cheppu || Raghu Kumar
|-
| 1987 || Dheeran || AT Ummer
|-
| 1987 || Four Plus Four || Guna Singh
|-
| 1987 || Ithente Neethi || Johnson
|-
| 1987 || Ivare Sookshikkuka || Guna Singh
|-
| 1987 || Jaithrayaathra || Shyam
|-
| 1987 || Jungle Boy || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1987 || Kaalaraathri || AT Ummer
|-
| 1987 || Kalathinte Shabdam || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1987 || Kurukkan Raajaavaayi || AT Ummer
|-
| 1987 || Mangalyachaarthu (Thennale Ninneyum Thedi) ||KV Mahadevan
|-
| 1987 || Nee Allengil Njan || AT Ummer
|-
| 1987 || Oru Sindoorapottinte Ormakku || Shyam
|-
| 1987 || Samarppanam || Vijay Anand
|-
| 1987 || Swaralayam || KV Mahadevan
|-
| 1987 || Veendum Lisa || Raghu Kumar
|-
| 1987 || Verukal Thedi || Sathyam
|-
| 1988 || Abkaari || Shyam
|-
| 1988 || Agnichirakulla Thumpi || Shyam
|-
| 1988 || Bheekaran || G Devarajan
|-
| 1988 || Chaaravalayam || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1988 || Inquilabinte Puthri || AT Ummer
|-
| 1988 || Ithaa Oru Penkutti || AT Ummer
|-
| 1988 || Janmaantharam || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1988 || Karate Girls || Shankar–Ganesh
|-
| 1988 || Maanasaputhri || Guna Singh
|-
| 1988 || Mrigashaalayil || Rajan Nagendra
|-
| 1988 || Mrithyunjayam || Ouseppachan
|-
| 1988 || Onninu Purake Mattonnu || Kannur Rajan
|-
| 1988 || Oru Swapnam Pole || Raveendran
|-
| 1988 || Prathikaaram || Chakravarthy
|-
| 1988 || Production No 1 || Rajamani
|-
| 1988 || Rahasyam Paramarahasyam || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1988 || Samhaaram || Chakravarthy
|-
| 1988 || Vida Parayaan Maathram || MK Arjunan
|-
| 1989 || Ancharakkulla Vandi || Navas
|-
| 1989 || Aval Oru Sindhu || Rajamani
|-
| 1989 || Chakkikkotha Chankaran || Shankar–Ganesh
|-
| 1989 || Dasaratham || Johnson
|-
| 1989 || Jeevitham Oru Raagam || Rajamani
|-
| 1989 || Kalpana House || Anu Malik
|-
| 1989 || Lal Americayil || Johnson
|-
| 1989 || Lillyppookkal Chuvannappol || Cochin Alex
|-
| 1989 || Mizhiyorangalil || Gangai Amaran
|-
| 1989 || Monchulla raavu (Samhara Thaandavam) || AT Ummer
|-
| 1989 || My Dear Rosy || Rajamani
|-
| 1989 || New Year || Shyam
|-
| 1989 || Praayapoorthiyaayavarku Maathram || AT Ummer
|-
| 1989 || Prabhaatham Chuvanna Theruvil || AT Ummer
|-
| 1989 || Puthiya Karukkal || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1989 || Rathi || Navas
|-
| 1989 || Suprabhaatham || AT Ummer
|-
| 1989 || Varnatheru (Radham) || Johnson
|-
| 1990 || 101 Raavukal || Jerry Amaldev
|-
| 1990 || Aadithaalam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1990 || Aalasyam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1990 || Avalkkoru janmam koodi || AT Ummer
|-
| 1990 || Avasaanathe Raathri || Rathnasoori
|-
| 1990 || Beauty Palace || MK Arjunan
|-
| 1990 || Chuvanna Kannukal || Jerry Amaldev
|-
| 1990 || Chuvappunaada || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1990 || Eenam Thettaatha Kaattaaru (Kaattile Pennu) || Navas
|-
| 1990 || Enquiry || Rajamani
|-
| 1990 || Guest House || AT Ummer
|-
| 1990 || Iyer The Great || MS Viswanathan
|-
| 1990 || Judgement || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1990 || Kadannalkkoodu || Kannur Rajan
|-
| 1990 || Mindaapoochakku Kalyanam (Ellaam Angayude Ishtam)||Raveendran
|-
| 1990 || Mouna Daham || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1990 || Niyamam Enthucheyyum || Johnson
|-
| 1990 || Paadatha Veenayum Paadum || Raveendran
|-
| 1990 || Raagaveena || Kannur Rajan
|-
| 1990 || Raajavaazhcha || Johnson
|-
| 1990 || Shesham Screenil || Jeevan Prakash
|-
| 1990 || Sthreekku Vendi Sthree || MS Viswanathan
|-
| 1990 || Sunday 7 PM || Johnson
|-
| 1990 || Veena Meettiya Vilangukal || Shyam
|-
| 1990 || Wait a minute || Krishnathej
|-
| 1991 || Inapraavukal || Ram Lakshman
|-
| 1991 || Kaadambari || Manoharan
|-
| 1991 || Kadhaanaayika || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1991 || Miss Stella || Raveendran
|-
| 1991 || Mookkilla Raajyathu || Ouseppachan
|-
| 1991 || Naagam || Raghu Kumar, SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1991 || Nagarathil Kallanmar || Manoharan
|-
| 1991 || Orutharam Randutharam Moonnutharam || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1991 || Poonthenaruvi Chuvannu || Guna Singh
|-
| 1991 || Premolhsavam || Raveendran
|-
| 1991 || Teenage Love || Vasudevan
|-
| 1991 || Vashyam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1991 || Veendum Oru Aadyaraathri || Navas
|-
| 1992 || Annu Good Friday || Sivan
|-
| 1992 || Annu Muthal Innu Vare || Ravi Yogendran
|-
| 1992 || Ente Tuition Teacher || Raveendran
|-
| 1992 || Maanthrikacheppu || Johnson
|-
| 1992 || Mayangunna Manassukal || Krishnathej
|-
| 1992 || Omanikkaanoru Shishiram || TK Moorthi
|-
| 1992 || Pramaanikal || AT Ummer
|-
| 1992 || Rishi || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 1992 || Start Immediately || Krishnathej
|-
| 1993 || Neelachithrangalkethire (Thiraseelakku Pinnil) || MG Radhakrishnan
|-
| 1994 || Avalude Janmam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1994 || Gandheevam || AT Ummer
|-
| 1995 || Pushpamangala || Manoharan
|-
| 1995 || Sundarimaare Sookshikkuka || AT Ummer
|-
| 1996 || Elam || G Devarajan
|-
| 1996 || Sangamasandhya || Chandrabose
|-
| 1999 || Devi I.P.S || Kumar Ganesh
|-
| 2000 || Indulekha || Samji Aaraattupuzha
|-
| 2000 || Monisha Ente Monalisa || T Rajendar
|-
| 2000 || Neelathadaakatthile Nizhalppakshikal || Aji Sharas
|-
| 2001 || Aayilyam Naalil || Raveendran, Kaithapram
|-
| 2001 || Ee Raavil || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 2001 || Malaramban || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 2001 || Swargavaathil || Darsan Raman
|-
| 2002 || Jagapoga || MG Radhakrishnan
|-
| 2002 || Level Cross || SP Venkitesh
|-
| 2002 || Naarmadippudava || M Jayachandran
|-
| 2005 || Mounam Sammatham (1990) || Ilayaraja
|-
| 2006 || [[Pathaaka]]|| Thej Mervin
|-
| 2009 || Parayaan Marannathu || Arun Siddharth
|-
| 2010 || Naaleyaanu Thaalimangalam || Jayesh Stephen, Nawas Rahman
|-
| 2011 || Meghamalhar (Album) || Damodar Narayanan
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khader, Poovachal}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Vertex (company)

2025-08-02T01:11:19Z

LolitaErurf: added first details from scratch!

{{for|other companies called "Vertex"|Vertex (disambiguation)#Businesses}}
{{Infobox company
| name = VERTEX
| logo = VertexWiki.JPG
| type = Limited Company
| industry = Utilities, call centers
| foundation = 1996
| location = London, UK
| products = Business Process Outsourcing, Customer Management Outsourcing
| website =
| key_people = Andrew Jornod, CEO, Vertex North America (Utilities)
}}

'''Vertex''' is a call centre operator that also offers a variety of other [[Business process outsourcing|business process outsourcing (BPO)]] and customer management outsourcing services.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dey|first=Iain|title=Liberata joins £400m contest for Vertex|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2947478/Liberata-joins-400m-contest-for-Vertex.html|access-date=1 April 2012|date=17 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="Hoover's business entry">{{cite web|title=Vertex Group Limited|url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Vertex_Group_Limited/rjthhri-1.html?CM_ITE=Factsheet&CM_PLA=Free&CM_VEN=Biz_Dev&CM_CAT=Google|work=Hoover's|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

Originally the back office service function inside UK utility company United Utilities, Vertex was spun out as a separate company in 1996.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://corporate.unitedutilities.com/united-utilities-history.aspx | title=United Utilities - Our recent history | archive-date=2012-05-17 | access-date=2015-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517040654/http://corporate.unitedutilities.com/united-utilities-history.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2007, United Utilities sold Vertex to a consortium of investors (Oak Hill Capital,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oak Hill Capital, GenNx360 and Knox Lawrence to Acquire Vertex from United Utilities – Oak Hill |url=https://oakhill.com/2007/01/15/oak-hill-capital-gennx360-and-knox-lawrence-to-acquire-vertex-from-united-utilities/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> GenNx360, Knox Lawrence International) for £217m.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://corporate.unitedutilities.com/2032.aspx | title=United Utilities announces the sale of Vertex to Oak Hill Capital, GenNx360 and Knox Lawrence International}}</ref>

Vertex services include:

*[[Business process outsourcing]]
*[[Customer]] [[Management]]
*[[Finance]] & [[Accounting]]
*[[Human resources|HR]] [[Outsourcing]]
*[[Software]]
*[[Offshoring]]
*[[Debt]] [[Management]]
*[[telecommunications service provider|Telecom]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vertex (Company)}}
[[Category:Outsourcing companies]]
[[Category:Business process outsourcing companies of the United Kingdom]]

Kavita Mahajan

2025-05-09T02:58:11Z

LolitaErurf: Starting Info...

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
'''Kavita Mahajan''' (5 September 1967 – 27 September 2018) was an Indian author and translator who wrote in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. She is noted for her critically acclaimed novels ''Brr'' (2005), ''Bhinna'' (2007) and ''Kuhoo'' (2011), as well as a non-fiction work ''Graffiti Wall'' (2009). She was the winner of the 2011 translation award conferred by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref name="Pune Mirror">{{cite news |work=Pune Mirror |access-date=2 February 2017 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_MIRRORNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=PMIR/2012/02/15&ID=Ar00401 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214183702/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_MIRRORNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=PMIR/2012/02/15&ID=Ar00401 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2017 |title=Sahitya Akademi award for Kavita Mahajan}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mahajan was born in the city of [[Nanded]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=Marathi litterateur Kavita Mahajan passes away in Pune |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/marathi-litterateur-kavita-mahajan-passes-away-in-pune/article25062776.ece |access-date=28 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She was the daughter of S.D. Mahajan, the ex-secretary of [[Marathi Vishwakosh]] and the granddaughter of the painter [[Tryambak Vasekar]].<ref name=hindu/>

==Literary career==
Mahajan wrote on themes of social emancipation and against discrimination.<ref name=kon/> Mahajan's book ''Brr'' is a collection of stories about women's [[sarpanch]] and their experience after the [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati Raj]] system was implemented whilst she wrote ''Bhinna'' to describe the lives of those affected by [[HIV/AIDS]]. Both books bring out the politics of representation at three levels – one of the institutions like the Panchayats, the corruption in the non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and the intricacies of human relationships. Mahajan's work focuses on political, social, and economic matters rather than maternal or romantic considerations.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://footnotes.tiss.edu/the-fight-of-the-fiery-tongue-the-new-voices-of-marathi-women-writers-poets/ |title=The Fight of the Fiery Tongue: New Women's Voices in Marathi |magazine=Footnotes |access-date=2 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203163639/http://footnotes.tiss.edu/the-fight-of-the-fiery-tongue-the-new-voices-of-marathi-women-writers-poets/ |last=Patil |first= Mukta |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mahajan's 2011 novel, ''Kuhoo'' ({{langx|mr|कुहू}}) dealt with the relationship between human and nature, and was marketed as a 'multimedia novel'. It came with a DVD containing sights and sounds from nature, including a few animations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/8324939.cms?null|title=कुहूचि अद्भुत दुनिया|work=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2 February 2017|language=mr-IN|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928202258/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/8324939.cms?null|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is also renowned for her poetry, including a collection entitled ''Dhulicha Awaz''.<ref name=hindu/> She was awarded [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2011)<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |title=Marathi litterateur Kavita Mahajan passes away in Pune |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/marathi-litterateur-kavita-mahajan-passes-away-in-pune/article25062776.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 September 2018 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Pune Mirror"/> for her translation ''Rajai'', a collection of 17 short stories by [[Ismat Chughtai]] which she translated from [[Urdu]] into Marathi.

Mahajan also authored children's literature and published a collection of short stories ''Joyanache Ranga'' ({{langx|mr|जोयानाचे रंग}}) in 2011. This collection won her the Shashikalatai Agashe Award for Children's Literature in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |work=Divya Marathi |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-VID-NAG-shashikal-aagashe-award-gose-to-author-kavita-mahajan-4144262-NOR.html |title=कविता महाजन, स्वाती काटे, पृथ्वीराज तौर यांना आगाशे पुरस्कार |access-date=2 February 2017|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

Speaking in April 2016 at a programme organised by [[T. M. A. Pai]] Chair for Indian Literature at [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]] (now {{abbr|MAHE|Manipal Academy of Higher Education}}), she said: "I am a woman and before that I am a human being. If all are human beings, why is there discrimination? That is a question, which has haunted me from my childhood."<ref name=kon>{{cite news |url=http://konkanconnect.com/home/udupi-marathi-novelist-kavita-mahajan-speaks-about-discrimination-in-society |title=Marathi novelist Kavita Mahajan speaks about discrimination in society |work=KonkanConnect |access-date=2 February 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003253/http://konkanconnect.com/home/udupi-marathi-novelist-kavita-mahajan-speaks-about-discrimination-in-society |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Death ==
Mahajan died on 27 September 2018 of pneumonia at the [[Chellaram Diabetes Hospital]].<ref name=hindu/> She was survived by her daughter.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Marathi writer Kavita Mahajan passes away |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/marathi-writer-kavita-mahajan-passes-away-118092701284_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=27 September 2018}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* {{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Kavita |title=Bhinna |date=2020 |orig-date=First published 2007 |publisher=Rajhans Prakashan |location=Pune, India |isbn=978-81-7434-383-3 |language=mr|author-mask=0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Kavita |title=Thhaki Ani Maryadit Purushottam |date=2011 |language=mr |author-mask=0}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahajan, Kavita}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]
[[Category:People from Nanded]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]

Kalyanji Virji Shah

2025-03-28T16:46:15Z

LolitaErurf: small cleaned up intro as per guidelines and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kalyanji Virji Shah
| image =
| caption =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1928|6|30}}
| birth_place = [[Kundrodi]], [[Cutch State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|8|24|1928|6|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| occupation = [[music director]], [[orchestrator]], [[Conducting|conductor]]
| years_active = 1954–2000
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] [[Saregama]] [[Universal Music]]
| past_member_of = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| website =
}}
'''Kalyanji Virji Shah''' (30 June 1928 – 24 August 2000) was the ''Kalyanji'' of the [[Kalyanji-Anandji]] duo. He and his brother [[Anandji Virji Shah]] have been famous Indian film musicians, and won the 1975 [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]], for ''[[Kora Kagaz]]''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006285/awards Awards]</ref><ref name="ki">{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=8946|title=Viju Shah On Kalyanjibhai|date=27 August 2004|publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> He is a recipient of the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] (1992),<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> India's fourth-highest civilian honour.

==Birth and early life==
Kalyanji was born to Virji Shah, a [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] businessman in Kundrodi, Kutch, Gujarat, who migrated from Kutch to [[Mumbai]] to start a ''Kirana'' (provision store). His younger brother and his wife are the husband and wife duo [[Babla & Kanchan]].

He and his brothers began to learn music from a music teacher, who actually knew no music but taught them in lieu of paying his bills to their father. One of their four grand parents was a folk musician of some eminence. They spent most of their formative years in the hamlet of [[Girgaum]] (a district in Mumbai) amidst [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] environs — some eminent musical talent resided in the vicinity.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Kalyanji's breakthrough was with the theme entitled ''Been music'' from the film ''[[Nagin (1954 film)|Nagin]]'' (1954).<ref>[http://arpjournal.com/858/the-cultural-economy-of-sound-reinventing-technology-in-indian-popular-cinema/ Carlo Nardi (July 2011). "The Cultural Economy of Sound: Reinventing Technology in Indian Popular Cinema". ''Journal on the Art of Record Production'', Issue 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615074412/http://arpjournal.com/858/the-cultural-economy-of-sound-reinventing-technology-in-indian-popular-cinema/ |date=15 June 2013 }}, {{ISSN|1754-9892}}.</ref>

==Career==
{{Main|Kalyanji–Anandji}}

===Solo Filmography===

* Samrat Chandragupt (1958)
* Post Box No.999 (1958)
* Bedard Zamana Kya Jaane (1959)
* Oh Tera Kya Kehna (1959)

==Family==
Kalyanji's son, [[Viju Shah]], is also a music director based in [[India]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0006285}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Kalyanji Virji}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Kutchi people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Fardunjee Marzban

2025-03-25T01:43:23Z

LolitaErurf: basic correct formatting after review further and updated info

{{Short description|Printer and newspaper editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Fardunjee Marzaban''' or '''Fardoonjee Marazban''' (22 August 1787– 17 March 1847)<ref name="Buckland_278">CE Buckland, ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'', (New Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1999), p. 278</ref> was, among other things, a printer and a newspaper editor. He established the first vernacular printing press in [[Bombay]], India.<ref name="Priolkar_78">AK Priolkar, ''The Printing Press in India: Its Beginnings and Early Development'', (Mumbai: Marathi Samsodhana Mandala, 1958), p. 78</ref> He also started India’s oldest running periodical called the ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', which was printed primarily in Gujarati. He pioneered vernacular journalism in India,<ref>see endnote: Arun Chaudhuri, ''Indian Advertising: 1750 to 1950 A.D.'', (New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill, 2007), p. 256; see also: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bombay-times/Culture-talk/articleshow/1809179847.cms (retrieved: 31 August 2010)</ref> as also the production of Gujarati types.<ref>These types were not, however, very elegant, but it must be remembered that these resulted from a pioneering enterprise. Gujarati types would be improved by Ganpat Kishanji and Javji Dadaji. See Priolkar, ''The Printing Press in India'', pp. 78, 101-2.</ref>

==Life and work==
Fardunjee Marzban was born at [[Surat]]<ref name="Naregal_178">Veena Naregal, ''Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere'', (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2001), p. 178</ref> in 1787 into a family of [[Parsi]]-[[Zoroastrian]] priests in [[Gujarat]], and initially trained for the priesthood. His father and grandfather had been scholars of Zoroastrian religious literature (i.e. Middle Persian and Avestan texts), and Marzban followed their example.

In 1805, Fardunji went to Bombay<ref name="Buckland_278"/> and learnt Persian and Arabic languages under Mulla Feroze. In 1808, Fardunji opened a book-bindery.<ref name="Priolkar_78"/>

It was while working as a book binder that he met the printer Jijibhai Chhapghar. Perhaps it was his interaction with Jijibhai Chhapghar that inspired Fardunji to open an Indian printing press.<ref>paraphrase of a quotation in Priolkar, ''The Printing Press in India'', p. 73</ref> [[File:A Page from the Gujarati translation of 'Dabistān-i Mazāhibm' prepared and printed by Fardunji Marzban (1815).jpg|thumb|A Page from Fardunji's ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb|Dabistān-i Mazāhibm]]'' (1815)]]

The press was set up in 1812, but the first book would not be printed until 1814. This book would be an Almanac for the Hindu [[Samvat]] Year 1871.<ref name="Priolkar_78"/> No copy of the work survives.<ref name="Priolkar_78"/>

Between 1814 and 1822 he printed several other works. In 1815 he printed a Gujarati translation of the Persian book ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb|Dabistān-i Mazāhibm]]'',<ref name="Buckland_278"/> which he had himself prepared. The work was priced at Rs 15 per copy.<ref name="Priolkar_78"/> In 1817 he published a Gujarati translation of the [[Khordeh Avesta]].

Later, he would also publish translations of the ''[[Shahnameh]]'' in 1833, the ''[[Gulistan of Sa'di|Gulistan]]'' in 1838, the ''[[Bostan (book)|Bostan]]'' (posthumously in 1849). He even published a Persian dictionary in 1833.<ref name="Buckland_278"/>

Fardunji’s ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', which started off as a weekly paper, priced at Rs 2 per month,<ref name="Naregal_178"/> was turned into a daily in 1832.<ref name="Priolkar_78"/> It would serve as a template for the foundation of several other Parsi-run newspapers, including the Indian Spectator (later the Voice of India) and the Bombay Times (now a supplement of the Times of India).

1832 was not a fortuitous year for Fardunji Marzban. He had to withdraw from the Bombay Samachar that year. It appears that his printing Gujarati translations of Parsi scriptures caused great controversy. In addition to this, he also lost his trading ship (which traded with China) that he owned. The ship was called ''Hindustan''. Perhaps because of these double losses in his journalistic enterprise and trade, he had to leave Bombay.<ref>In a footnote, Naregal, ''Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere'', p. 178</ref>

He went to Daman, then a Portuguese settlement, where he practiced medicine.<ref>The Portuguese settlement would then have been the joint territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. See Buckland, ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'', p. 278; and Naregal’s footnote, ''Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere'', p. 178. Also, Buckland qualifies that it was an ‘oriental’ medicine that Fardunji practiced.</ref> He died on 23 March 1847.<ref name="Buckland_278"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Darukhanawala|first=Hormusji Dhunjishaw|title=Parsi Lustre on Indian Soil|volume=1|year=1939|publisher=G. Claridge|location=Bombay}}
{{refend}}

==See also==
*[[Bhimjee Parikh]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marzban, Fardunjee}}
[[Category:1787 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]

[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper founders]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]

Kalpeshbhai Ashabhai Parmar

2025-02-20T14:13:23Z

LolitaErurf: Starting Stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalpeshbhai Ashabhai Parmar
| office = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Matar Assembly constituency|Matar]]
| predecessor = Kesarisinh Jesangbhai Solanki
| term_start = 8 December 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Kalpeshbhai Ashabhai Parmar''' is an Indian politician from Gujarat. He has been a [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Matar Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Matar Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Kalpeshbhai Ashabhai Parmar Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/elections/matar-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6560059.html |website=News18 |access-date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Live |first1=A. B. P. |title=Matar Election Result 2022LIVE: BJP के KALPESHBHAI ASHABHAI PARMAR की हुई जीत, INC के SANJAYBHAI HARIBHAI PATEL रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/matar-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-2276855/amp |website=www.abplive.com |access-date=8 December 2022 |language=hi |date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gujarati |first1=TV9 |title=Gujarat Elections 2022 માતર Assembly Election 2022: માતર Vidhan Sabha Election 2022 Latest News |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/constituencies/matar-election-result-06115 |website=TV9 Gujarati |access-date=8 December 2022 |language=gu}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Kalpeshbhai}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

The Maratha rebellion

2024-10-12T08:28:30Z

LolitaErurf: put up...

#Redirect [[Shivaji#Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate]]

{{Rcat shell|1=
{{R to section}}
{{R from related topic}}
{{R with possiblities}}
}}

Charbagh Kangri

2024-08-06T02:05:03Z

LolitaErurf: creating basic entry basic info...

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{One source|date=October 2021}}
}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Charbagh Kangri
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6698
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1349
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Aksai Chin]]/[[Ladakh]]
| map = India#Ladakh
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|34|31|33.852|N|78|17|14.017|E|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent = No Records
| easiest_route =
}}
'''Charbagh Kangri''' is a mountain peak located at 6,698m (21 975 ft) above sea level in the easternmost subrange of the [[Karakoram range]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charbagh Kangri|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/charbagh-kangri.html|access-date=2021-10-30|website=PeakVisor|language=en}}</ref>

==Location==
The peak is located near the vicinity of [[Line of Actual Control]] which exists between Aksai Chin ([[China]]) and the [[Union territory of Ladakh]] ([[India]]). The prominence is 1,349m/4,426 ft. It can be reached from Rongdu village, [[Diskit]]-[[Nubra Valley]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}