https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LoganConger6625 2026-08-03T08:48:14Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alangudi_Assembly_constituency&diff=485426 2026-05-05T12:10:19Z

<p>LoganConger6625: New some data w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Alangudi<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 182<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Alangudi.svg<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | district = [[Pudukottai district|Pudukottai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = [[Meyyanathan Siva V]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | electors = 212,078 <br /> }}<br /> '''Alangudi''' is a [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly constituency]] in [[Pudukkottai district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It includes the city of [[Alangudi, Pudukkottai|Alangudi]] and is a part of [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency]]. The constituency has been in existence since the 1957 election. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Assembly<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras State legislative assembly election|Second]]<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[Chinniah]] and [[Arunachala Thevar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras State legislative assembly election|Third]]<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[P. Murugaiyan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras State legislative assembly election|Fourth]]<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[K. V. Subbiah]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Assembly<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]<br /> | 1971-1977<br /> | [[K. V. Subbiah]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]<br /> | 1977-1980<br /> | [[T. Pushparaju]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]<br /> | 1980-1984<br /> | [[P. Thirumaran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]<br /> | 1984-1989<br /> | [[A. Venkatachalam]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]<br /> | 1989-1991<br /> | [[K. B. V. Sc. Chandrasekaran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]<br /> | 1991-1996<br /> | [[S. Shanmuganathan (Indian politician)|S. Shanmuganathan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]<br /> | 1996-2001<br /> |rowspan=2|A. Venkatachalam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]<br /> | 2001-2006<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]<br /> | 2006-2011<br /> | [[S. Rajasekaran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]<br /> | 2011-2016<br /> | [[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fifteenth]]<br /> | 2016-2021<br /> |rowspan=2| [[Meyyanathan Siva V]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth]]<br /> | 2021-Incumbent<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.17}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.17}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|39.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|25.58}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.83}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|29.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.86}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.22}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.99}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|20.27}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Siva V. Meyyanathan<br /> |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=64929<br /> |percentage=36.23<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Kandasamy<br /> |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |votes=51952<br /> |percentage=29.02<br /> |change=New}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Dhana Vimal<br /> |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=50063<br /> |percentage=27.95<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=R. Rajaram<br /> |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |votes=10652<br /> |percentage=5.95<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=NOTA<br /> |party=None of the above<br /> |votes=673<br /> |percentage=0.38<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> |votes=12977<br /> |percentage=7.21<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes=179283<br /> |percentage=80.43<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors=222911<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |swing=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=alangudi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a182|access-date= 3 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Meyyanathan Siva V]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,935 |percentage=51.17% |change=+5 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharma Thangavel |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,088 |percentage=36.13% |change=-3.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Thiruchelvam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=15,477 |percentage=9.01% |change=+8.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Vidangar |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,924 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vairavan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,230 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,847 |percentage=15.04% |change= 8.75% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=171,842 |percentage=79.09% |change= -0.36% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=26|percentage=0.02% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,280 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.00% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Meyyanathan Siva V]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,992 |percentage=46.17% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gnana Kalaiselvan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,051 |percentage=39.88% |change=-1.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chandrasekaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,387 |percentage=7.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arulmani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,514 |percentage=3.49% |change=-34.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kala Durai |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,495 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,068 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,941 |percentage=6.29% |change= 2.58% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=158,096 |percentage=79.45% |change= -2.48% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,988 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.74% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,250 |percentage=41.42% |change=+8.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arulmani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=52,123 |percentage=37.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Rajapandiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=21,717 |percentage=15.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Saravanan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=3,666 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jeganathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,033 |percentage=1.47% |change=-3.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nagamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,414 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,127 |percentage=3.71% |change= -2.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=138,203 |percentage=81.93% |change= 4.56% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,687 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 2.13% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Rajasekaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=60,122 |percentage=39.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Venkatachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,971 |percentage=33.32% |change=-9.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvinraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=16,739 |percentage=10.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajaparamasivam |party=Independent politician |votes=14,939 |percentage=9.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jeevanandham |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,634 |percentage=4.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karuppaiah |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,400 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai. Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,181 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,151 |percentage=5.98% |change= -5.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=152,986 |percentage=77.37% |change= 8.77% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,744 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Venkatachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,631 |percentage=42.67% |change=+23.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Soosairaj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,900 |percentage=30.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Pushparaj |party=Independent politician |votes=18,052 |percentage=12.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. K. Chandrasekaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,578 |percentage=8.29% |change=-3.22 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Yoganantham |party=Independent politician |votes=5,332 |percentage=3.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramaiahthondaiman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,242 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,731 |percentage=11.97% |change= 11.50% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=139,735 |percentage=68.60% |change= -7.09% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,850 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 17.09% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Venkatachalam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=35,345 |percentage=25.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Erasasekaran |party=Communist Party of India |votes=34,693 |percentage=25.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Raman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,623 |percentage=19.27% |change=-49.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chandrasekaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,904 |percentage=11.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. C. Ganesan |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=15,625 |percentage=11.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gurumoorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,712 |percentage=4.13% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vetriselvan |party=Independent politician |votes=999 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajappu Trirumatri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=865 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=652 |percentage=0.47% |change= -38.10% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=138,176 |percentage=75.69% |change= 1.28% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,721 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -43.25% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Shanmuganathan (Indian politician)|S. Shanmuganathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,684 |percentage=68.83% |change=+48.38 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chirtrarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,983 |percentage=30.26% |change=+1.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. M. Singaravelu Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=651 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=49,701 |percentage=38.58% |change= 35.28% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=128,837 |percentage=74.41% |change= -7.45% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,995 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 39.66% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. B. V. Sc. Chandrasekaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,361 |percentage=29.18% |change=-3.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Purhparaju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,141 |percentage=25.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijaya Regunatha Pallavaraya Durai |party=Independent politician |votes=29,649 |percentage=23.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Valaramathy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,192 |percentage=20.45% |change=-45.41 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,220 |percentage=3.30% |change= -29.57% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=128,050 |percentage=81.86% |change= -2.24% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,817 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -36.68% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Venkatachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,202 |percentage=65.86% |change=+10.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Periyannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,173 |percentage=32.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mathinirai Selvan |party=Independent politician |votes=994 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,029 |percentage=32.87% |change= 19.22% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=112,667 |percentage=84.10% |change= 2.61% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,144 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.53% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Thirumaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,206 |percentage=55.33% |change=+27.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Pushparaju]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,605 |percentage=41.68% |change=+2.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Bala Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,296 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,601 |percentage=13.64% |change= 2.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=107,011 |percentage=81.49% |change= 2.67% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,592 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 16.39% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Pushparaju]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,634 |percentage=38.94% |change=-5.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Thirumaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,059 |percentage=28.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Periannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,244 |percentage=20.95% |change=-33.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramachandran |party=Janata Party |votes=10,788 |percentage=11.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sathyanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=927 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,575 |percentage=10.94% |change= 1.07% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=96,652 |percentage=78.82% |change= -8.10% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,846 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.28% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. Subbiah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,279 |percentage=54.22% |change=+3.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. A. S. Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,397 |percentage=44.34% |change=-5.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Soorianarayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,150 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,882 |percentage=9.87% |change= 8.59% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=79,826 |percentage=86.92% |change= 2.34% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,080 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.57% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. Subbiah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,984 |percentage=50.64% |change=-10.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. A. S. Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,148 |percentage=49.36% |change=+13.52 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=836 |percentage=1.28% |change= -23.87% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,132 |percentage=84.59% |change= 18.39% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,163 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.35% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Murugaiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,438 |percentage=60.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Mangappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,472 |percentage=35.84% |change=+15.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. U. Velan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,636 |percentage=3.17% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,966 |percentage=25.15% |change= 20.77% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=51,546 |percentage=66.19% |change= -24.86% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,983 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 40.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Alangudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arunachala Thevar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,599 |percentage=20.27% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Chinniah]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,405 |percentage=15.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subbiah |party=Independent politician |votes=18,692 |percentage=13.25% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balakrishan |party=Independent politician |votes=18,337 |percentage=12.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppiah (Sc) |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=14,538 |percentage=10.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arumugam (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=10,983 |percentage=7.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sengol Udayar |party=Independent politician |votes=9,482 |percentage=6.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangavelu (Sc) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,209 |percentage=6.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sheik Dawwod |party=Independent politician |votes=3,037 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Periathambi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,299 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Miras Theethappan Kandiyar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,774 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,194 |percentage=4.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=141,120 |percentage=91.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,984 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|10.26|78.81|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Pudukkottai district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_educational_institutions_in_Prayagraj&diff=512946 2026-05-02T14:20:30Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Added stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> [[Prayagraj]] is a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.<br /> <br /> ==Universities and colleges of Prayagraj==<br /> <br /> ===Universities===<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a university to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> ''Central University''<br /> * [[University of Allahabad]]<br /> [[File:Au science faculty.jpg|thumb|right|Muir Tower of [[Allahabad University]]]]<br /> <br /> ''Institutes of National Importance''<br /> [[File:MNNIT Academic building new.jpg|thumb|right|Academic Block of [[MNNIT]]]]<br /> [[File:Computer Centre, Indian Institute of Information Technology (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh).jpg|thumb|right|Computer Centre of [[IIIT-A]]]]<br /> * [[IIIT-A|Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad]]<br /> * [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology]]<br /> <br /> ''Deemed Universities''<br /> * [[Nehru Gram Bharati University]], [[Prayagraj]]<br /> <br /> ''State Universities''<br /> [[File:Jacob School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering AJ.jpg|thumb|right|Bioengineering school of [[SHUATS]]]]<br /> * [[Allahabad State University]], [[Prayagraj]]<br /> * [[Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences]]<br /> * [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad National Law University]]<br /> <br /> ===Autonomous college===<br /> * [[Ewing Christian College]]<br /> <br /> ===Degree college===<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> *[[Shiv Ganga Degree College]]<br /> <br /> ===Research institutes===<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add an institute to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> * [[Botanical Survey of India]] (Central Regional Centre), [[Prayagraj]]<br /> * [[Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation]] (a centre of ICFRE)<br /> * [[Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute]]<br /> * [[Harish Chandra Research Institute]]<br /> * [[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]] (Regional Center)<br /> * [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br /> <br /> ===Medical institutes and colleges===<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> * [[Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital]]<br /> * [[Motilal Nehru Medical College]]<br /> <br /> ===Campuses of other universities===<br /> * [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]] (BIT Mesra, Prayagraj Campus)- closed<br /> * [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]] (Wardha, Prayagraj campus)<br /> * [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]] (Ganganath Jha Prayagraj Campus)<br /> <br /> ===Engineering and other colleges===<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> * [[Institute of Engineering and Rural Technology, Prayagraj]]<br /> * [[Devprayag Institute of Technical Studies]]<br /> * [[HMFA Memorial Institute of Engineering and Technology]]<br /> * [[J.K. Institute of Applied Physics and Technology]]<br /> * [[SP Memorial Institute of Technology]]<br /> <br /> ==Schools==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a school to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> * [[Boys' High School &amp; College (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)|Boys' High School and College]]<br /> * [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]]<br /> * [[Girls' High School and College, Allahabad]]<br /> * [[Government Intermediate College]]<br /> * [[Boys' High School &amp; College (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)#Holy Trinity School|Holy Trinity School]]<br /> * [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Mejakhas, Prayagraj <br /> * [[Laurels International School]]<br /> * [[Shiv Ganga Vidya Mandir]], Phaphamau, Allahabad<br /> * [[St Joseph's College, Prayagraj |St. Joseph's College]]<br /> * [[St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Prayagraj|St. Mary's Convent Inter College]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Prayagraj district]]<br /> [[Category:Education in Prayagraj|Educational Institutions]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh|Prayagraj]]<br /> [[Category:Prayagraj-related lists|Educational Institutions]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukkapatna_Chinkara_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=492504 2026-05-01T09:37:36Z

<p>LoganConger6625: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox Protected area<br /> | name = Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | image = Chinkara - Shreeram M V - Bikaner.jpg<br /> | image_caption = A chinkara<br /> | image_alt = A chinkara pranaya<br /> <br /> | mapframe-zoom = 10<br /> | location = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | area = {{convert|148|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.6497129|N|76.7466378|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | map = India Karnataka#India<br /> | relief = yes<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | established = 2019<br /> | visitation_num = <br /> | visitation_year = <br /> | governing_body = Department of forests, [[Government of Karnataka]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] in [[Karnataka]] India, which was founded to protect [[chinkara]]s (''Indian Gazelle''). Established in 2019, it is the second chinkara sanctuary in Karnataka after [[Yadahalli Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Established in 2019 pranaya gmmb<br /> , it is the second chinkara sanctuary in Karnataka.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=B. R. |first1=Rohith |title=chinkara sanctuary: Karnataka: Chinkara sanctuary at Tumakuru notified {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-chinkara-sanctuary-at-tumakuru-notified/articleshow/69379884.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> The sanctuary is located in [[Sira Taluk]] of [[Tumakuru district]] in Karnataka, India and covers an area of {{convert|148|sqkm|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;/&gt; The sanctuary got its name from the village [[Bukkapatna]] in Sira Taluk.<br /> <br /> ==Flora and fauna==<br /> In the state of Karnataka, apart from the Bukkapatna Sanctuary, [[Chinkara|chinkaras]] are recorded only in Yadahalli Wildlife Sanctuary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Small leap for chinkaras at Bagalkot sanctuary |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/small-leap-for-chinkaras-at-bagalkot-sanctuary-1081180.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=13 February 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, there are about 80 [[Chinkara|chinkaras]] in Bukkapatna area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Asianet&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary in Tumakuru gets notified by Karnataka government |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/news/bukkapatna-chinkara-wildlife-sanctuary-in-tumakuru-gets-notified-by-karnataka-government-prp3bb |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other than [[Chinkara|chinkaras]], [[Four-horned antelope|four-horned]] and [[blackbuck]] antelopes are also found here.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bukkapatna Declared as Chinkara sanctuary |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other than [[antelope]]s, more than 20 mammal species including [[Leopard]], [[Dhole]] and [[Sloth bear]], 12 [[amphibian]] species, 20 [[reptile]] species and more than 160 [[bird]] species are also seen in the sanctuary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu&quot;/&gt; The [[Indian egg-eating snake]], which is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and declared as a Schedule-1 protected species by [[government of India]] under the Wildlife Protection Act, is also seen here.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green Minute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A VERY RARE SNAKE SPECIES DISCOVERED IN KARNATAKA |url=https://greenminute.in/2019/08/04/a-very-rare-snake-species-discovered-in-karnataka/ |website=Green Minute |date=4 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Threats and precautionary measures==<br /> The threat of poachers was a major problem for the forest here. It is hoped that the status of the wildlife sanctuary given to the forest ensured an end to the [[poaching]], habitat loss and other threats to the forest.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan Herald&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Chinkara sanctuary notified in Tumakuru district |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/chinkara-sanctuary-notified-in-tumakuru-district-734454.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 May 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:2019 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 2019]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Rotluanga&diff=537628 2026-04-25T17:44:25Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Starting initial pg nd citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Catholic bishop of Aizawl in Mizoram, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Christian leader<br /> | honorific-prefix = Most Reverend<br /> | name = Stephen Rotluanga<br /> | honorific-suffix = <br /> | title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aizawl|Bishop of Aizawl]]<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Shillong]]<br /> | diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aizawl|Aizawl]]<br /> | appointed = 2 October 2001<br /> | enthroned = <br /> | ended = <br /> | predecessor = [[Denzil Reginald D’Souza]]<br /> | successor = ''Incumbent''<br /> | other_post = Chairman of the North East Regional Laity Commission<br /> | ordination = 13 December 1981<br /> | ordained_by = [[Denzil Reginald D'Souza]]<br /> | consecration = 2 February 2002<br /> | consecrated_by = [[Charles Asa Schleck]]<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|6|8|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Sakawrtuichhun, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | buried = <br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | religion = [[Roman Catholic]]<br /> | residence = Bishop's House, Ramthar, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]<br /> | parents = Luke Robula and Lucy Darhmingliani<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | occupation = [[Bishop of Aizawl]]<br /> | previous_post = <br /> | profession = [[Catholic]] [[bishop]], artist, sculptor, cartoonist<br /> | alma_mater = [[St Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph's College]], [[Bangalore]]<br /> [[Jnana Deepa, Institute of Philosophy and Theology]], [[Pune]]<br /> [[Ontario College of Art and Design]], [[Toronto]], [[Canada]]<br /> | signature = <br /> | coat_of_arms = <br /> | motto = TO SERVE IN UNITY<br /> }}<br /> '''Stephen Rotluanga'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.christiantoday.co.in/article/mizo.bishop.paints.nude.figures.says.honoring.gods.creation/4317.htm|title=Mizo Bishop paints nude figures, says honoring 'God's creation'|last=Today|first=Christian|work=Christian Today|access-date=2017-07-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mumbailaity.wordpress.com/2013/05/17/aizawl-bishop-stephen-rotluanga-with-his-nude-paintings/|title=Aizawl bishop Stephen Rotluanga with his nude paintings|last=Laity|first=The Voice Of Bombay's Catholic|date=2013-05-17|website=THE LAITYTUDE|access-date=2017-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] [[Catholic]] [[prelate]], [[dramatist]], [[painter]], [[sculptor]], [[cartoonist]], and [[caricaturist]] who is serving as the second and current [[Bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aizawl]]. He was consecrated in 2002, becoming the first ever [[Mizo people|Mizo]] to be ordained a [[bishop]].<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Born on 8 June 1952 at Sakawrtuichhun, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], he is the fourth child of Luke Robula and Lucy Darhmingliani and has 7 siblings. He is a part of the Khiangte clan. He finished his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] from [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]] and his [[B.Phil]] and [[Bachelor of Theology]] from [[Jnana Deepa, Institute of Philosophy and Theology]], [[Pune]]. During the course of his clerical studies, he finished academic training on Mass Media and Communication from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] and [[Social Communication]] from NITIKA, [[Kolkata]], with distinction grades. [[Bishop]] Stephen also completed courses in Pastoral Psychology Counselling and Youth, Liturgical and Prayer Experience Course from the NBCLC, [[Bangalore]]<br /> <br /> He holds a distinction grade in [[Fine Arts]] specialization from the [[Ontario College of Art and Design]], [[Toronto, Canada]] and has undergone professional artistic training in [[Florence, Italy]].<br /> <br /> He also holds the degrees of [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor]] and [[Doctor of Divinity]].<br /> <br /> Apart from his native [[Mizo language|Mizo]], he speaks fluent English and has an adequate working knowledge of [[Hindi]]. He has good command of [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Latin]].<br /> <br /> == Priesthood ==<br /> He was ordained as a priest in the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]] on 3 December 1981 by the then Bishop of Silchar, Most. Rev. [[Denzil Reginald D'Souza]] who was also incharge of the [[Mizoram]] region at Christ the King Cathedral, Kulikawn, [[Aizawl]]. <br /> He was first officially assigned the post of Assistant Parish Priest at [[Champhai]] from 1982 to 1985. He was elevated to [[Parish Priest]] in 1985 after the incumbent was transferred. He served as [[Parish Priest]] till 1994 and also served as the Youth Director of the Mizoram Catholic Thalai Pawl (Mizo Catholic Youth Association) from 1985 to 1992.<br /> Father Stephen was then known as &quot;The Singing Priest&quot; having the most melodious voice among all the priest of the region.<br /> Rotluanga served as the Head of the Holy Cross Students Home in [[Bangalore]] from 1994 to 1995 and then served as Rector for the Holy Cross Seminarians in [[Agartala]] from 2000 to 2001. He also simultaneously served as the Head of the Department of Art and Communication in [[Holy Cross School, Agartala|Holy Cross School]] in [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]].<br /> <br /> == Episcopate ==<br /> On 2 October 2001, he was appointed [[Bishop of Aizawl]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] and ordained on 2 February 2002 in AR Lammual by [[Archbishop]] [[Charles Asa Schleck]], setting record for the most number of people attending mass in [[Aizawl]] diocese history. He succeeded Most. Rev. [[Denzil Reginald D'Souza]], who had ordained him in 1981. He is the first ever person from the [[Zo people]] community to be ordained a [[bishop]]. As [[bishop]], he also has episcopal jurisdiction over the [[Barak Valley]] in [[Assam]]. He also currently serves as chairman of the North East Regional Laity Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucanindia.in/diocesan-directory/indian/bishop/stephen-rotluanga/173|title=Stephen Rotluanga {{!}} Bishop {{!}} Diocesan Directory {{!}} UCAN India|website=www.ucanindia.in|access-date=2017-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-rotluanga/37|title=Bishop Stephen Rotluanga {{!}} Bishop of Aizawl Diocese Stephen Rotluanga {{!}} Ucanews|website=directory.ucanews.com|access-date=2017-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brotl.html|title=Bishop Stephen Rotluanga [Catholic-Hierarchy]|last=Cheney|first=David M.|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2017-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Art ==<br /> Rotluanga is a [[painter]], [[sketcher]], [[caricaturist]] and [[cartoonist]] with specializations in [[Renaissance]] Art. He has held various national and international art exhibitions but has never sold a single artwork. He still maintains a [[studio]] in the official [[Official residence|Bishop House]] in [[Aizawl]] and most of his paintings are still with him. He said that [[Michelangelo]] and [[Leonardo da Vinci]] are his greatest influences. He is famous for his nude paintings, what he calls as &quot;human figures created by God.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Nude-figures-Mizo-bishops-tribute-to-God/articleshow/4834560.cms?referral=PM|title=Nude figures, Mizo bishop's tribute to God - Times of India|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Catholic Church in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{wikiquote}}<br /> <br /> {{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rotluanga, Stephen}}<br /> [[Category:1952 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Congregation of Holy Cross bishops]]<br /> [[Category:People from Aizawl]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Mizo people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruslaan&diff=531138 2026-04-24T14:36:50Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Created A Pg...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Ruslaan<br /> | image = Ruslaan poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name =<br /> | director = Karan Lalit Butani<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Yunus Sajawal&lt;br/&gt;Mohit Srivastava&lt;br/&gt;Kavin Dave<br /> | story = Shiva<br /> | based_on = <br /> | producer = K. K. Radhamohan&lt;br&gt;Rudrapati Ramana Rao<br /> | starring = [[Aayush Sharma]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Jagapathi Babu]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Vidya Malvade]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = G. Srinivas Reddy<br /> | editing = Rajendra Bhaat<br /> | music = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] &lt;br /&gt; Rajat Nagpal &lt;br /&gt;[[JAM8 |Akashdeep Sengupta]]<br /> | studio = [[Sri Sathya Sai Arts]]<br /> | distributor = NH Studioz<br /> | released = {{Film date|2024|04|26|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 139 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|25}} crore&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Ruslaan director Karan Butani speaks on making Aayush Sharma starrer on Rs 25 crores budget: &quot;It's essential to strike a balance between ambition and pragmatism&quot; 25 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ruslaan-director-karan-luthia-speaks-making-aayush-sharma-starrer-rs-25-crores-budget-essential-strike-balance-ambition-pragmatism/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 April 2024 |language=en |date=25 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|2.70 crore}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Ruslaan Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ruslaan-2/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=en |date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Ruslaan''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by Karan Lalit Butani and produced by K. K. Radhamohan and Rudrapati Ramana Rao. It stars [[Aayush Sharma]], alongside [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]], [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Vidya Malvade]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=RUSLAAN |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ruslaan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwnjez |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Ruslaan Cast List {{!}} Ruslaan Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ruslaan-2/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |language=en |date=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The music was composed by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Rajat Nagpal and [[JAM8|Akashdeep Sengupta]], while cinematography and editing were handled by G. Srinivas Reddy and Rajendra Bhaat.<br /> <br /> ''Ruslaan'' was released on 26 April 2024 and received mixed reviews from critics, where the film [[box office bomb|underperformed at the box office]].<br /> <br /> == Premise ==<br /> Ruslaan, the son of a terrorist, is adopted by [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]] officer Sameer Singh. Ruslaan, in order to clear his stigma of being a terrorist's son, joins [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] without Sameer's knowledge. Ruslaan's intense urge to do the right thing often leads him into complex and dangerous situations. <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Aayush Sharma]] as Ruslaan<br /> * [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]] as Vaani<br /> * [[Jagapathi Babu]] as [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]] officer Sameer Singh<br /> * [[Vidya Malvade]] as Mantra<br /> * [[Beena Banerjee]] as Aabha Paatil<br /> * [[Sal Yusuf]] as Ozan<br /> * [[Sangay Tsheltrim]] as Lee<br /> * Aruna Beniwal as Saba<br /> * Jaswinder Gardner as Manju<br /> * [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Abdul Rashid<br /> * [[Suniel Shetty]] as Shinoy(Cameo)<br /> * [[Zaheer Iqbal]] as Raheel<br /> * Aman Kanojia as Cab Driver}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Casting ===<br /> <br /> The film was initially titled as ''AS04'' and stars [[Aayush Sharma]] in the titular role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Hymavati |first=Ravali |title=Aayush Sharma's Fourth Movie Is Titled 'Ruslaan' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/aayush-sharmas-fourth-movie-is-titled-ruslaan-793607 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=19 April 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aayush Sharma's masala action entertainer now titled 'Ruslaan' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/aayush-sharmas-masala-action-entertainer-now-titled-ruslaan/1528220/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=19 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Aayush Sharma starrer AS04 gets titled as Ruslaan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aayush-sharma-starrer-as04-gets-titled-ruslaan/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en |date=19 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]] plays the female lead, while [[Jagapathi Babu]] plays a pivotial role in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rajni |title=Ruslaan: Rohit Shetty unveils teaser of Aayush Sharma's power-packed action-drama |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ruslaan-rohit-shetty-unveils-teaser-of-aayush-sharmas-power-packed-action-drama-1285688 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=12 March 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aayush Sharma Unveils Intense Ruslaan Poster, Teaser Date Revealed |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/aayush-sharma-unveils-intense-ruslaan-poster-teaser-date-revealed-article-108355909 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=9 March 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by Vishal Mishra, while the lyrics were written by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ahead Of 1st 'Ruslaan' Song Drop, Makers Unveil Sizzling Aayush Sharma-Sushrii Mishra Poster |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ahead-of-1st-ruslaan-song-drop-makers-unveil-sizzling-aayush-sharma-sushrii-mishra-poster |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=17 March 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aayush-Sushrii sizzle in first Ruslaan song 'Taade'; Vishal Mishra's melody spells magic |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/aayush-sushrii-sizzle-first-ruslaan-song-taade-vishal-mishras-melody-spells-magic-283050 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=19 March 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Ruslaan Movie Music {{!}} Ruslaan Movie Songs {{!}} Download Latest Bollywood Songs Music - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ruslaan-2/songs/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |date=26 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ruslaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Various Artists on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/ruslaan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1742166148 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=[[Apple Music]] |date=22 April 2024 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | total_length = 15.55<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Roar of Ruslaan<br /> | extra1 = Mellow D<br /> | music1 = Rajat Nagpal<br /> | lyrics1 = Mellow D <br /> | length1 = 3.02<br /> | title2 = Taade<br /> | extra2 = Vishal Mishra<br /> | music2 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]<br /> | length2 = 2.58<br /> | title3 = Dil Phisal Gaya<br /> | extra3 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]<br /> | music3 = Rajat Nagpal <br /> | lyrics3 = Rana Sotal <br /> | length3 = 2.21<br /> | title4 = Pehla Ishq<br /> | extra4 = Rito Riba<br /> | music4 = Rajat Nagpal <br /> | lyrics4 = Rana Sotal <br /> | length4 = 2.48<br /> | title5 = Dua-e-Khair<br /> | extra5 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]<br /> | music5 = Rajat Nagpal <br /> | lyrics5 = Bipin Das <br /> | length5 = 5.26<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> ''Ruslaan'' was scheduled to release on 12 January 2024, but was postponed. The film was released on 26 April 2024. The theatrical rights of the film were acquired by NH Studioz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Salman Khan shares an adorable moment with niece Ayat at Ruslaan premiere; poses for clicks with Aayush Sharma, Arpita |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-niece-ayat-ruslaan-premiere-aayush-sharma-arpita-khan-101714096152542.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 April 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aayush Sharma-led 'Ruslaan' to hit screens in January |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aayush-sharma-led-ruslaan-to-hit-screens-in-january/article67461272.ece |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=26 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> The digital rights of the film were acquired by [[JioCinema]]. The film streamed in JioCinema on 21 September 2024.{{cn|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Titas Chowdhary of ''[[News18]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Despite its idiosyncrasies, ''Ruslaan'' entertains because it is unapologetic in its appeal. Aayush Sharma manages to carry the film comfortably on his shoulders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ruslaan-review-aayush-sharma-puts-up-one-man-show-and-gives-his-all-to-an-otherwise-messy-screenplay-8867510.html |title=Ruslaan Review: Aayush Sharma Puts Up One-Man Show and Gives His All To An Otherwise Messy Screenplay |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Riya Sharma of ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Aayush Sharma impresses with his top-notch action sequences in Karan Butani's Ruslaan. It is a film that has all the essential ingredients of an action entertainer.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ruslaan-review-aayush-sharma-shines-in-karan-butani-thrilling-action-entertainer-3086998 |title=Ruslaan review: Aayush Sharma shines in Karan Butani's thrilling action entertainer |website=DNA India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Arushi Jain of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote &quot;While Ruslaan had the potential to be an engaging drama like ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' or a cat-and-mouse chase like [[Tiger (franchise)|''Tiger'']] and [[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']], it missed the mark.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ruslaan-movie-review-aayush-sharma-rating-2532131-2024-04-26 |title='Ruslaan' Review: Aayush Sharma shines in a wafer-thin script |website=India Today|date=26 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Ruslaan focuses heavily on pandering to the masses with a relentless dose of action and thrill but not much logic. It’s a formulaic actioner that is entertaining in parts if you prefer adrenaline over intricate plots.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ruslaan/movie-review/109613192.cms |title=Ruslaan Movie Review: This formulaic actioner relies heavily on style over substance |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and termed that the film is forgettable, but not without its guilty pleasures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ruslaan-movie-review-aayush-sharmas-action-film-is-forgettable-but-not-without-its-guilty-pleasures-13764006.html |title='Ruslaan' movie review: Aayush Sharma's action film is forgettable but not without its guilty pleasures |website=Firstpost|date=26 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Rishil Jogani of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Ruslaan has good, watchable action and few scenes succeed to grab the attention of the viewers. Apart from that, there's nothing much that goes in favour of the film.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/ruslaan-review-aayush-sharma-led-espionage-thriller-has-honesty-but-is-lousy-routine-and-cliched-1299558 |title=Ruslaan Review: Aayush Sharma led espionage-thriller has honesty but is lousy, routine and clichéd |website=Pinkvilla|date=26 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote &quot;Ruslaan suffers because it uses a formula that is used by many others and there is only a certain way it can be redone now without feeling mundane. Aayush Sharma indeed has a lot of potential, but these are not the projects that will bring that out.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ruslaan-review-a-formulaic-hero-worshipping-affair-where-aayush-sharma-dodges-bullets-like-petals/8bd6524f51978 |title=Ruslaan Review - A formulaic hero-worshipping affair where Aayush Sharma dodges bullets like petals |website=OTTplay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote &quot;Ruslaan is a showreel of Aayush Sharma’s talent and nothing beyond that&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/ruslaan-review-aayush-sharmas-top-notch-action-saves-the-nation-but-not-the-film |title=Ruslaan Review: Aayush Sharma's Top Notch Action Saves The Nation But Not The Film |website=The Free Press Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;It has action, music, emotions and a whole lot of hollow rhetoric and bravado, all crammed into two hours of relentless overdrive.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ruslaan-review-aayush-sharma-goes-all-out-in-painfully-bloated-concoction-1-5-stars-5528241 |title=Ruslaan Review: Aayush Sharma Goes All Out In Painfully Bloated Concoction |publisher=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote &quot;Aayush Sharma film takes you back to the era when Bollywood flicks didn’t really bother about coherent plots as long as there were enough formulaic set-pieces.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ruslaan-movie-review-aayush-sharma-cliched-dated-film-formulaic-set-pieces-9292156/ |title=Ruslaan movie review: Aayush Sharma's cliched, dated film chooses formulaic set-pieces over coherent plot |website=The Indian Express|date=26 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=tt24245466}}<br /> * ''[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ruslaan-2/ Ruslaan]'' at [[Bollywood Hungama]]<br /> * ''[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ruslaan Ruslaan]'' at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language action films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian chase films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian spy action films]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thai_Pirandhal_Vazhi_Pirakkum&diff=540161 2026-04-23T05:22:49Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Starting the details initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1958 film by A. K. Velan}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = A. K. Velan<br /> | writer = A. K. Velan<br /> | producer = A. K. Velan<br /> | starring = [[S. S. Rajendran]] &lt;br /&gt; [[M. N. Rajam]]<br /> | cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy<br /> | editing = V. B. Nadarajan<br /> | music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br /> | studio = Arunachalam Pictures<br /> | distributor = [[AVM Productions]]<br /> | released = {{film date|1958|1|14|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Thai Piranthal Vazhi Pirakkum''''' ({{translation|The birth of Thai will pave the way for new opportunities}}){{efn|Thai is a month in the [[Tamil calendar]], and typically falls around January–February of the [[Gregorian calendar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 January 2008 |title=Meaning of 'Thai Pongal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Meaning-of-lsquoThai-Pongalrsquo/article15143399.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723141625/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Meaning-of-lsquoThai-Pongalrsquo/article15143399.ece |archive-date=23 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} is a 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[satirical drama film]], written directed and produced by A. K. Velan in his directorial debut. The film stars [[S. S. Rajendran]] and [[M. N. Rajam]], with [[Prem Nazir]], [[Rajasulochana]] and [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] in supporting roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt; Released on 14 January 1958, it emerged a major commercial success, and was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu]]'' (1958), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Barkha (film)|Barkha]]'' (1959), and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Rowdy Ranganna]]'' (1968).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{more plot|date=October 2021}}<br /> Chokkanathan is a greedy and money obsessed man. He dislikes Rangan as he supports farmers. Marudhi is Rangan's sister. Her marriage gets stopped and Rangan goes to jail because of Chokkanathan. The rest of the story is how Rangan achieves his revenge against Chokkanathan.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[S. S. Rajendran]] as Rangan&lt;ref name=&quot;dinamalarnellai&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=30 July 2018 |title=கலைமாமணி வாமனனின் 'நிழலல்ல நிஜம்' – 138 {{!}} பிரேம் நசீர் தமிழில் சம்சாரித்தபோது ! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/53854/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-138 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190416051929/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/53854/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-138 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[M. N. Rajam]] as Saradha&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.ThaiPirandhalVazhiPirakkum_1958/58.%20ThaiPirandhalVazhiPirakkum_1958.pdf |title=தை பிறந்தால் வழி பிறக்கும் |publisher=Arunachalam Pictures |year=1958 |language=ta |trans-title=The birth of the month of Thai will pave the way for new opportunities |type=[[song book]] |access-date=30 September 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Prem Nazir]] as Varadhan&lt;ref name=&quot;dinamalarnellai&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Rajasulochana]] as Marudhi&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Chokkanathan&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> * K. N. Kamalam as Meenakshi&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> * P. S. Venkatachalam as Ekambaram&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Thai Piranthal Vazhi Pirakkum'' was the directorial debut for the Tamil scholar A. K. Velan, who also produced and wrote it.&lt;ref name=&quot;ManchiManasuku&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=9 July 2015 |title=Manchi manasuku manchi rojulu (1958) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-manchi-manasuku-manchi-rojulu/article7403694.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315065216/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-manchi-manasuku-manchi-rojulu/article7403694.ece |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;queen of the screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 March 2013 |title=The queen of the screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-queen-of-the-screen/article4478600.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123215956/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-queen-of-the-screen/article4478600.ece |archive-date=23 November 2013 |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] actor [[Prem Nazir]]'s debut film in [[Tamil language]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PremNazir&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=16 January 2014 |title=Neighbour's pride |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/neighbours-pride/article5582193.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161107213937/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/neighbours-pride/article5582193.ece |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cinematography was handled by V. Ramamoorthy, and the editing by V. B. Nadarajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum |url=http://saregama.com/album/thai-piranthal-vazhi-pirakkum_15565 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804101809/http://www.saregama.com/album/thai-piranthal-vazhi-pirakkum_15565 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |access-date=13 June 2016 |website=[[Saregama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&amp;nbsp;– Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=146 |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; The slow-paced [[lullaby]] &quot;Mannukku Maram Baarama&quot; attained popularity,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P V |date=29 May 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples&amp;nbsp;– Fifty Shades of Lullaby |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/05/29/filmy-ripples-fifty-shades-of-lullaby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315065052/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/05/29/filmy-ripples-fifty-shades-of-lullaby/ |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt; as did the song &quot;Amudhum Thaenum&quot; (Raga: [[Mohanakalyani]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;queen of the screen&quot; /&gt; The title track, written by Maruthakasi, is frequently played on Tamil television and radio channels on every [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] occasion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 February 2018 |title=மருதகாசியின் பாடல்கள் அரசுடைமை: வாரிசுகளுக்கு ரூ.5 லட்சம் வழங்கினார் கருணாநிதி |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2018/02/19230534/1146726/cinima-history-maruthakasi.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180818055233/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2018/02/19230534/1146726/cinima-history-maruthakasi.vpf |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Aasaiyae Alaipolae&quot; was recreated by [[Thaman S]] for ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]'' (2013), with modified lyrics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=13 December 2012 |title=Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya (Music review), Tamil – Thaman S |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/12/13/kanna-laddu-thinna-aasaiya-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111002323/https://milliblog.com/2012/12/13/kanna-laddu-thinna-aasaiya-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thai Pirantha Vazhi Pirakkum&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Leela, S. V. Ponnusamy &amp; L. R. Eswari || rowspan=4|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 04:08<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sollattuma Sollattuma&quot; || Seerkazhi Govindarajan &amp; K. Jamuna Rani || 03:18<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Nerangketta Nerathile...Nenachathu Onnu&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:45<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pollaathor Soozhchi&quot; || Seerkazhi Govindarajan ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Eliyorai Thazhthi&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan &amp; R. Balasaraswathi Devi || Ku. Sa. Krishnamoorthi || 02:47<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Amudhum Thaenum&quot; || Seerkazhi Govindarajan || [[Suratha]]|| 03:57<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aasaiyae Alaipolae&quot; || Thiruchi Loganathan || rowspan=2|[[Kannadasan]]|| 03:49<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kalam Sirithu&quot; || K. Jamuna Rani || 03:04<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mannukku Maram Baarama&quot; || M. S. Rajeswari || K. Muthuswamy || 02:59<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> &lt;!-- https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-02-02/page/n57/mode/2up --&gt;&lt;!-- https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-9-14-17 --&gt;<br /> ''Thai Piranthal Vazhi Pirakkum'' was released on 14 January 1958, Pongal day.&lt;ref name=&quot;ManchiManasuku&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt; It was distributed in Madras by [[AVM Productions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 January 1958 |title=தை பிறந்தால் வழி பிறக்கும் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_13/21.jp2/full/2973,/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223165903/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_13/21.jp2/full/2973,/0/default.jpg |archive-date=23 February 2025 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=Janasakthi |pages=21 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Munuswamy and Manickam jointly reviewed the film for ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''. Munuswamy praised the film for its music and Velan's direction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=முனுசாமி |last2=மாணிக்கம் |date=26 January 1958 |title=தை பிறந்தால் வழி பிறக்கும் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39249--2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214111035/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39249--2#bypass-sw |archive-date=14 December 2021 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film became a commercial success,&lt;ref name=&quot;PremNazir&quot; /&gt; and was also successful upon rerelease after its first run.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/prem-nazir-malayalam-stars-tamil-cinema-journey-explored/articleshow/128570813.cms|title=Prem Nazir: Malayalam Star's Tamil Journey Explored|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2026|author=Vamanan|access-date=21 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Velan built Arunachalam Studio from the profits earned in this film.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1958 – தைபிறந்தால் வழி பிறக்கும் – அர்ச்சனா பிக்சர்ஸ. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails18.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403003606/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails18.asp |archive-date=3 April 2017 |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManchiManasuku&quot; /&gt; It also propelled Rajasulochana to stardom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Sandhya |date=5 March 2013 |title=Veteran actress Rajasulochana passes away in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Veteran-actress-Rajasulochana-passes-away-in-Chennai/articleshow/18810103.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180818055114/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Veteran-actress-Rajasulochana-passes-away-in-Chennai/articleshow/18810103.cms |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu]]'' (1958) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Barkha (film)|Barkha]]'' (1959).&lt;ref name=&quot;ManchiManasuku&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |pages=61 |language=Tamil |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1958 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1950s satirical films]]<br /> [[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1958 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:1958 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1958 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Indian satirical films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanchanjungha_Express&diff=508106 2026-04-20T04:05:37Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Kanchanjungha Express<br /> | image = Kanchanjungha_Express.jpg<br /> | caption = Kanchanjungha Express train board.<br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]]<br /> | operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}<br /> | stops = 35/41<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Silchar}}&lt;br&gt;{{stnlnk|Sabroom}}<br /> | distance = {{cvt|1360|-|1552|km}}<br /> | journeytime = 21&amp;nbsp;h 25&amp;nbsp;m<br /> | frequency = 13175-76Three days a week/13173-74 Four days a week.<br /> | class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, Chair Car, Unreserved (2S in Covid Period)<br /> | seating = Available<br /> | sleeping = Available<br /> | catering = Available<br /> | baggage = Available<br /> | stock = both [[LHB coach]] and [[ICF coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}<br /> | trainnumber = 13175/13176<br /> |url=<br /> |title=<br /> |accessdate=<br /> | speed = Average 53 km/h<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kanchanjungha Express''''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train of [[Indian Railways]] linking the states of [[West Bengal]] with [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]]. There are two Kanchanjungha Express they are 13175/76 [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchanjungha Express]] and 13173/74 [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express]]<br /> <br /> The train runs between [[Sealdah]], [[Silchar]] and [[Sabroom]].<br /> <br /> 13175/76 runs triweekly from [[Silchar]], 13173/74 runs four times a week from [[Sabroom]]. [[Tatkal scheme]] is available in it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=1043&amp;did=14757543881916719F7BBA9E9399CA506DDCBF6FFF789.web107 Agartala the capital of Tripura gets direct train to Kolkat]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=959&amp;did=14758426980916DD1C714C49DF24F637D9575FC31CE18.web107 KANCHANJUNGA EXPRESS EXTENDED UPTO AGARTALA ON 2 DAYS A WEEK]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is named after the [[Kangchenjunga]] peak of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan Mountains]] of [[Sikkim]].<br /> <br /> == Route and halts ==<br /> <br /> The important halts of the train are:<br /> <br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Sealdah}}'''<br /> * {{stnlnk|Dakshineswar}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}<br /> * [[Ahmadpur Junction railway station]]<br /> * {{stnlnk|Sainthia Junction}}<br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''<br /> * Murarai<br /> * Pakur<br /> * [[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka Junction]]<br /> * {{stnlnk|Malda Town}}<br /> * Samsi<br /> * Azamnagar Road<br /> * [[Barsoi Junction railway station|Barsoi Junction]]<br /> * Dalkhola<br /> * [[Kishanganj|Kishanganj railway station]]<br /> * Aluabari Road Junction<br /> * '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''<br /> * [[Jalpaiguri Road railway station|Jalpaiguri Road]]<br /> * [[New Maynaguri railway station|New Maynaguri]] (Halts for [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjungha Express]])<br /> * Dhupguri<br /> * Falakata<br /> * {{stnlnk|New Cooch Behar}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}}<br /> * [[Kamakhyaguri Railway Station]]<br /> * {{stnlnk|Gossaigaon Hat}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Fakiragram Junction }}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kokrajhar}}<br /> * Basugaon (Halts for Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjungha Express)<br /> * {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Barpeta Road}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}<br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Guwahati}}'''<br /> * [[Hojai railway station|Hojai]] (Halts for [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjungha Express]])<br /> * Lanka (Halts for [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjungha Express]])<br /> *{{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}} (Loco Reversal)<br /> *{{stnlnk|New Haflong}}<br /> *Bihara<br /> *{{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}} (Loco Reversal for [[Sealdah-Silchar Kanchanjunga Express|Sealdah -Silchar Kanchanjunga Express]])<br /> *New Karimganj <br /> *Dharmanagar<br /> *Kumarghat<br /> *Ambassa<br /> *Agartala<br /> *Udaipur <br /> *Belonia<br /> *Jolaibari<br /> *'''{{stnlnk|Silchar}}'''/'''{{stnlnk|Sabroom}}'''<br /> <br /> == Traction==<br /> <br /> It is hauled by a Sealdah-based WAP-7, Howrah based WAP-7 or Howrah based WAP-4 from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] to [[Lumding]] and vice-versa. From Lumding to [[Silchar railway station|Silchar]]/[[Sabroom railway station|Sabroom]] it is hauled by twin [[WDP-4D]] or [[WDG-4D]] diesel locomotives of [[Siliguri]] shed. Also due to ghat section, banker locomotive are attached to it.<br /> <br /> ==Rake sharing==<br /> [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchenjunga Express]] shares its rake with [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express]].<br /> <br /> == Accidents ==<br /> On 17 June 2024, [[2024 West Bengal train collision|Kanchanjungha Express was involved in an accident near New Jalpaiguri station in West Bengal]]. It was reported that the train was hit behind by Freight train resulting of derailed 3 rear carriages, 15 death and 30 injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kanchanjunga Express accident toll rises to 15: A list of deadly train crashes|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/kanchanjunga-express-accident-toll-rises-to-15-a-list-of-deadly-train-crashes-19429486.htm|date=17 June 2024|access-date=17 June 2024|website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per the Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety (CCRS), the accident was because of multiple lapses in train operations management in automatic signal zones and &quot;inadequate counselling&quot; of loco pilots and station masters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-07-16 |title=Kanchanjunga Express accident was 'waiting to happen': Railway safety report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kanchanjunga-express-accident-was-waiting-to-happen-railway-safety-report/articleshow/111776833.cms |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Vijay |date=2024-07-16 |title=Kanchanjunga train crash: probe fixes responsibility at multiple levels |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kanchanjunga-express-train-accident-probe-finds-lapses-at-multiple-levels/article68409474.ece |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Guwahati railway station]]<br /> * [[Sealdah railway station]]<br /> * [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchenjunga Express]]<br /> * [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express]]<br /> <br /> ==Other trains on the Kolkata – New Jalpaiguri sector==<br /> * 22301/02 [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> * 12041/42 [[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]<br /> * 22309/40 [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri AC Express]]<br /> * 12377/78 [[Padatik Express]]<br /> * 12344/45 [[Darjeeling Mail]]<br /> * 15959/60 [[Kamrup Express]]<br /> * 13175/76 Kanchanjunga Express/[[Sealdah–Agartala Kanchanjunga Express]]<br /> * 12345/46 [[Saraighat Express]]<br /> * 15722/23 [[Paharia Express|New Jalpaiguri–Digha Express]]<br /> * 12517/18 [[Kolkata – Guwahati Garib Rath Express]]<br /> * 12501/02 [[Kolkata – Agartala Garib Rath Express]]<br /> * 12526/27 [[Dibrugarh–Kolkata Superfast Express]]<br /> * 13141/42 [[Teesta Torsha Express]]<br /> * 13147/58 [[Uttar Banga Express]]<br /> * 12503/04 [[Bangalore Cantonment–Agartala Humsafar Express]]<br /> * 13182/83 Silghat Town- Kolkata Express<br /> * 22511/12 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express]]<br /> * 12526/27 [[Dibrugarh–Kolkata Superfast Express]]<br /> * 15644/45 [[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Howrah)]]<br /> * 12364/65 [[Kolkata–Haldibari Intercity Express]]<br /> * 12509/10 [[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express]]<br /> * 12507/08 [[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express]]<br /> * 12514/15 [[Guwahati–Secunderabad Express]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links == <br /> <br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/911 13173/Kanchanjungha Express] <br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/912 13174/Kanchanjungha Express]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Railways}}<br /> {{Railways in Eastern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kanchenjunga Express}}<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunil_Shroff&diff=538362 2026-04-17T05:07:07Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Starting a details first draft!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian urologist}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sunil Shroff<br /> | image =Sunilshroff.jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Birth-date and age|Month DD, YYYY}} --&gt;<br /> | birth_place =<br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place =<br /> | other_names =<br /> | occupation = [[Urology|Urologist]]<br /> | known_for = [[Kidney transplant]]ation<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sunil Shroff''' is an Indian urologist. He is the managing trustee of a non-government and non-profit organisation called [[MOHAN Foundation]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sheila-dikshit-signs-organ-donation-pledge/article3284438.ece Sheila Dikshit signs organ donation pledge.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mohan-foundation-launches-organ-donation-programme-in-coimbatore/article1455348.ece MOHAN Foundation launches organ donation programme in Coimbatore.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052005/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-31/news/40917276_1_brain-death-organ-donation-rate-mohan-foundation] 'One consent saves 9 lives'&lt;/ref&gt; and is well known for his work in the field of deceased donation transplantation in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/sharing-organs-saving-lives/article2825957.ece#im-image-5 |title=Sharing organs, saving lives |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/making-organ-donation-a-movement/article568285.ece#im-image-1 |title=Making organ donation a movement |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 August 2010 |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has worked towards improving the deceased organ donation rate in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Doctors-split-over-revealing-organ-donors-details/articleshow/24003265.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015125530/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-12/chennai/42968008_1_mohan-foundation-brain-dead-patients-organ-sharing |url-status=live |archive-date=15 October 2013 |title=Doctors split over revealing organ donor's details |date=12 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tts.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1062:improvements-in-deceased-organ-donation-in-india&amp;catid=98:newsletter-2011-volume-8-issue-3&amp;Itemid=669 |title=Improvements in Deceased Organ Donation in India |publisher=Tts.org |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Snehlata Shrivastav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Doc-donating-new-mindset-on-organ-donation/articleshow/11395442.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104104601/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-07/nagpur/30601561_1_ztcc-organ-donation-mohan-foundation |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2013 |title=Doc donating new mindset on organ donation |date=7 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.f2155 |title=Has Tamil Nadu turned the tide on the transplant trade? |year=2013 |last1=Srinivasan |first1=S. |journal=BMJ |volume=346 |article-number=f2155 |pmid=23585066|s2cid=31085086 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> He was born in [[Sahibganj]], [[Bihar]] and did his schooling from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Gill Nagar]], Chennai. He did his under-graduate and post [[graduate medical education]] from Prince of Wales Medical College now called [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]] in 1982 and FRCS in 1986 from [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]]. He joined as a lecturer first at the Institute of Urology and then at the [[Royal London Hospital]] in London from 1991 to 1995. He decided to return to India in 1995 and became Professor and Head of Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation at the [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute]] (SRMC &amp; RI). Currently he is Senior Consultant, Urology and Renal Transplantation at [[Madras Medical Mission]] Hospital in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.medindia.net/dr/drsunilshroff|title=Dr. Sunil Shroff - Urologist &amp; Transplant Surgeon in Chennai, Tamil Nadu - Book an Appointment Online &amp;#124; Medindia|website=medindia.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Sunil Shroff is a [[urologist]] and [[transplant surgeon]] from India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-06/hyderabad/40406688_1_brain-deaths-jeevandan-cadaver-organ-donation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052153/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-06/hyderabad/40406688_1_brain-deaths-jeevandan-cadaver-organ-donation | archive-date=2013-12-03 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Thanks to Jeevandan, cadaver transplants go up in state}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was one of the first to publish his experience with the application of the holmium laser in urology from the Institute of Urology, London UK in collaboration with his mentor Graham Watson.&lt;ref&gt;http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=951152 Holmium laser for multifunctional use in urology&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.00105.x | pmid=9014705 | volume=78 | issue=6 | title=The holmium:YAG laser for ureteric stones | journal=BJU International | pages=836–839 | last1 = Shroff | first1 = S.| year=1996 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is currently Senior Consultant, Urology and Renal Transplantation at Madras Medical Mission Hospital, Chennai.<br /> <br /> He started the [[kidney transplantation]] programme at SRMC in 1995 and in 1996 implemented the deceased donation transplantation programme. SRMC &amp; RI was one of the first few hospitals in India to have established such a programme.<br /> <br /> SRMC &amp; RI was a 1540 bedded hospital, running both undergraduate and post-graduate Medical, Dental, Nursing and Allied Health Science Courses. The Urology Department obtained ISO 9000 2002 certificate for the department in the year 2003 and was the only departments in the country that had obtained this certification at that time. During this tenure he started two courses in urology and transplantation and trained over 20 M. Ch post-graduates in urology and about 100 Allied Health science graduates in Urology. He performed the first kidney transplant on an HIV positive patient in India and transplant of kidneys from cobra-bitten [[brain death]] victims.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Renal transplantation in a HIV positive patient |year=2009 |last1=Mann |first1=A |last2=Soundararajan |first2=P |last3=Shroff |first3=S |journal=Indian Journal of Nephrology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=119–21 |pmid=20436733 |pmc=2859478 |doi=10.4103/0971-4065.57110 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/TP.0b013e3181ebc0b4 |title=Long-Term Outcomes Using Deceased Donor Kidneys from Cobra Bite Brain Dead Victims |year=2010 |last1=Abraham |first1=Georgi |last2=Shroff |first2=Sunil |last3=s |first3=Mallikesan |last4=Reddy |first4=Yuvaram N.V. |last5=Mathew |first5=Milly |last6=Sundaram |first6=Varun |last7=Reddy |first7=Yogesh N.V. |journal=Transplantation |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=689–91 |pmid=20847633|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Social entrepreneur==<br /> [[File:Sunilshorff 3.jpg|thumb|right|Advanced Transplant Coordinators Workshop]]<br /> As a founder trustee of [[MOHAN Foundation]] he has been actively promoting the concept of deceased donation after brain death since 1997.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110623190654/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/20/stories/2011062060700300.htm] Promoting cadaveric organ donation programmes across the country&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/brain-death-certification-key-to-organ-transplant/article3730464.ece Brain death certification key to organ transplant&lt;/ref&gt; Through the foundation he has worked for policy improvements and amendment of the law to ease deceased donation in India.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111230033405/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-27/india/28258350_1_organ-donation-organ-donors-kidney-transplant] Drive to right India's organ donation record&lt;/ref&gt; He has campaigned against organ commerce and believes that such activities which are reported widely by the media adversely affect public perception and acceptance of the deceased donation programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Robinson |first=Simon |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1709006,00.html |title=India's Black Market Organ Scandal – TIME |magazine=Time |date=1 February 2008 |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://modernmedicare.co.in/articles/organ-trafficking-and-transplant-tourism-the-legal-way-forward/ Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: The legal way forward&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Dr. Shroff at Kaun Banega Crorepati.jpg|thumb|The Karamveer special episode of the game show Kaun Banega Crorepati featuring Dr. Sunil Shroff, Managing Trustee of MOHAN Foundation]]<br /> On the 9th of October 2020 Dr.Shroff was invited as a Karmveer by [[Sony Television]] to the popular national program - [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]] (KBC) anchored by Amitabh Bachchan, along with actor [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as the champion of the cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-10|title=KBC 12: Riteish Deshmukh, Dr Sunil Shroff raise awareness on organ donation; all you need to know|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/kbc-12-riteish-deshmukh-dr-sunil-shroff-raise-awareness-organ-donation-tips-6719498/|access-date=2021-04-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Watch Dr Sunil Shroff on the hotseat tonight with our champion Ritesh Deshmukh on KBCKaramveer at 9PM|url=https://kbcliv.in/watch-dr-sunil-shroff-on-the-hotseat-tonight-with-our-champion-ritesh-deshmukh-on-kbckaramveer-at-9pm/|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Kaun Banega Crorepati Registration Information|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show was selected as a special event on the eve of [[Amitabh Bachchan]] birthday that falls on 11th Oct.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati to Promote Organ Donation Through MOHAN Foundation This Friday|date=8 October 2020 |url=https://www.medindia.net/news/healthinfocus/kaun-banega-crorepati-to-promote-organ-donation-through-mohan-foundation-this-friday-197954-1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both Riteish and his wife [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]] had recently pledged to donate their organs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-02|title=Riteish Deshmukh, Genelia Deshmukh pledge to donate organs on Doctor's Day, say 'no better gift than the gift of life'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-pledge-to-donate-organs-on-doctor-s-day-say-no-better-gift-than-the-gift-of-life/story-RvrE1NE3JyGsDofVg6FdFO.html|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show helped create awareness about organ donation and at the same time won MOHAN Foundation prize money to promote the cause.  On the request of Dr. Shroff, both Amitabh Bachchan and actor Riteish Deshmukh wore the [[Green ribbon]] and the KBC set was turned green in support of organ donation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Karamveer' Dr. Sunil Shroff bats for organ donation on the 'Kaun Banega Crorepati' show|url=https://www.itnnews.co.in/indian-transplant-newsletter/issue60/Karamveer-Dr-Sunil-Shroff-bats-for-organ-donation-on-the-Kaun-Banega-Crorepati-show-1055.htm|access-date=2021-04-01|website=www.itnnews.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2002 he has also promoted the use of computer and information technology among doctors in India to make healthcare delivery more efficient, easily accessible and affordable. To achieve these objectives he has been instrumental in conducting conferences under the banner of 'The Medical [[Computer Society of India]]' called MEDITEL.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050305050904/http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/03/03/stories/2005030301821500.htm] Medical Computer Society of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/information-system-in-more-hospitals/article1399060.ece Information system in more hospitals&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203043550/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/02/16/stories/2009021650240300.htm] Meditel 2008 on The Hindu&lt;/ref&gt; He is the chief editor of a health website called [[Medindia|medindia.net]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/02/17/stories/0417401z.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030503211804/http://www.hindu.com/2001/02/17/stories/0417401z.htm |archive-date=3 May 2003 |title=Hale, hearty and wired |date=17 February 2001 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thinkdigit.com/General/Medindianet_1521.html Medindia.net – Digit, November 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=281582 | title=&quot;Instead of looking clues, stay clued in&quot; &amp;#124; Outlook Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Medindia - Editorial Board|url=https://www.medindia.net/medical-review-team.asp|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.medindia.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; that networks doctors and provides the public with health related information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/11/Dr_Sunil_Shroff.html |title=Expert Talk – Dr Sunil Shroff &quot; DoctorNDTV for the better health of Indians |publisher=Doctor.ndtv.com |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408145106/http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/11/Dr_Sunil_Shroff.html |archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Currently he serves as the chief editor of the monthly e-newsletter on [[telehealth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=e-Newsletter Sep 2020 – Telemedicine Society of India|date=12 September 2020 |url=https://tsitn.org/tsi-e-newsletter-sep2020/|access-date=2021-04-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the co-chair for 'Telemedicine training for doctors' for the TSI body and has been involved in training of almost 3,500 doctors in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Telemedicine Course {{!}} Telemedicine Society of India|url=https://tsi.org.in/learn/|access-date=2021-04-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The experience with training of doctors in India has been  published by him and his training team.<br /> <br /> He was the organizing secretary for Telemedicon 2020 - The 16th International Annual Conference of 'Telemedicine Society of India' from 18 December to 20 December 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ISFTeH - International Society for Telemedicine and eHealth|url=https://www.isfteh.org/events/archive/2020|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.isfteh.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first international-level tele-health conference after the notification of 'Telemedicine Practice Guidelines' by the Govt. of India and its theme was 'Telehealth - From the Fringes to the Mainstream'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-06|title=Telemedicon 2020: 16th International Conference of the Telemedicine Society of India|url=https://www.medindia.net/news/telemedicon-2020-16th-international-conference-of-the-telemedicine-society-of-india-198767-1.htm|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Medindia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A report on the rise of tele-consultation during the Covid pandemic was released jointly by Telemedicine Society of India and PRACTO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Telemedicine Society of India and Practo launch 'Rise of Telemedicine - 2020' report|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2020/12/21/pwr30-practo.html|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The Week|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Telemedicine Society of India and Practo launch 'Rise of Telemedicine - 2020' report|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/telemedicine-society-of-india-and-practo-launch-rise-of-telemedicine--2020-report/1996962}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also hosted a panel discussion on challenges of tele-consultations with various stakeholders in the field in India during the conference.<br /> <br /> ==Academic achievements==<br /> Shroff is president of INDIAN SOCIETY OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://isot.co.in/isot_council_members|title=ISOT Council Members|website=isot.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; president of [[Tamil Nadu]] chapter of Telemedicine Society of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tsitn.org/executive-committee/|title=Executive committee – Telemedicine Society of India|website=tsitn.org |date=5 July 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is immediate past president of The [[Nephrology]], Urology and Transplantation Society of SAARC region for the years 2013 – 2015. He is also the convener of the Indian Transplantation Registry under the agesis of the Indian Society of Organ Transplantation. He is the National Editorial Advisory Board member of ''Indian Journal of Transplantation'' (IJT) and this is official journal of Indian Society of Organ Transplantation, a society with almost 1500 members.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ijtonline.in/editorialboard.asp|title=Indian Journal of Transplantation: About us|website=ijtonline.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://isot.co.in/|title=Indian Society of Organ Transplantation|website=isot.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is Advisory Board Member for Tamil Nadu Cadaver Transplant committee in association with Department of Health, Govt. of Tamil  Nadu. The Board consist of 7 members with Principal Health Secretary of Tamil   Nadu as chairman. He is the editor of ''Indian Transplant Newsletter'', a publication that is published quarterly and keeps track of deceased donation activities in India since 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nsl.niscair.res.in/RecentlyAssignedISSN.xls|title=ISSN Report|publisher=Nsl.niscair.res.in|access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mohanfoundation.org/news-letter-sample.asp |title=:: Welcome to Mohan Foundation |publisher=Mohanfoundation.org |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=10&amp;q=Indian+transplant+newsletter&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5|title=Google Scholar|publisher=Google Scholar}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has over 40 publications in peer reviewed journals, has edited four books for paramedical staff and has written six chapters in medical books.<br /> <br /> ==Other achievements==<br /> Shroff is the Asia coordinator for Tribute to Life&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambition and progress |url=https://www.odt.nhs.uk/odt-structures-and-standards/clinical-leadership/commonwealth-tribute-to-life-project/ambition-and-progress/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=ODT Clinical - NHS Blood and Transplant |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commonwealth project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International supporters |url=https://www.odt.nhs.uk/odt-structures-and-standards/clinical-leadership/commonwealth-tribute-to-life-project/international-supporters/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=ODT Clinical - NHS Blood and Transplant |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also was elected as Councilor from Asia for the International Society of Organ Donation and Procurement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ISODP Election 2021 |url=https://www.tts.org/29-isodp/1011-isodp-election-2021 |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=www.tts.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has been invited to international kidney forums, delivered orations in medical conference and has received awards for his work related to deceased donation transplantation in India. He was a member at the Amsterdam forum in 2004 on the Care of the Live Kidney Donor. The forum participants from more than 40 countries representing all continents formulated guidelines on living kidney donor and the meeting was hosted by the Transplanatation.&lt;ref name=&quot;sriramachandra&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sriramachandra.edu.in/university/pdf/colleges/medical_college/mci/awards_faulty_students.pdf |title=Awards/Recognitions/Honours received by Faculty Members of Sri Ramachandra University during last five years – 2006 to March 2013 |publisher=Sriramachandra.edu.in |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He delivered a speech in connection with Post-Centenary Platinum Jubilee Celebration of [[Madras Medical College]] in November 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;sriramachandra&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He was recognised by the Indian Society of Organ Transplantation in Hyderabad in 2010 for his contribution to the Indian transplant national registry.&lt;ref name=&quot;sriramachandra_a&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sriramachandra.edu.in/university/pdf/colleges/medical_college/mci/awards_faulty_students_16Nov2012.pdf |title=Awards/Recognitions/Honours received by Faculty Members and Students of Sri Ramachandra University during last 5 years – 2006 to 2011 |publisher=Sriramachandra.edu.in |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was awarded the 2010 – Social Entrepreneur of the Year award from the TIE- The Indus Entrepreneur at Chennai.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}<br /> <br /> He along with his colleagues from the transplant field organised a National Workshop of Transplant Coordinators in 2013 where a consensus document to implement the deceased donation programme in India was submitted to the Director General of Health Services of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tts.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1307%3Aa-global-presence-national-workshop-of-transplant-coordinators&amp;catid=113%3Anewsletter-2013-volume-10-issue-1&amp;Itemid=657 |title=A Global Presence – National Workshop of Transplant Coordinators |publisher=Tts.org |date=2 March 2013 |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.medindia.net/news/national-workshop-of-transplant-coordinators-provides-guidelines-to-promote-deceased-donation-in-india-115334-1.htm |title=National Workshop of Transplant Coordinators Provides Guidelines to Promote Deceased Donation in India |publisher=Medindia |date=6 March 2013 |access-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://isot.co.in/isot_council_members |title=ISOT Council Members |website=Indian Society of Organ Transplantation}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> {{Refbegin|2}}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=22963299 |year=2012 |last1=Looze |first1=KD |last2=Shroff |first2=S |title=Can presumed consent overcome organ shortage in India? Lessons from the Belgian experience |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=168–71 |journal=National Medical Journal of India}}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=22245870 |year=2012 |last1=Abraham |first1=G |last2=Reddy |first2=YN |last3=Amalorpavanathan |first3=J |last4=Daniel |first4=D |last5=Roy-Chaudhury |first5=P |last6=Shroff |first6=S |last7=Reddy |first7=Y |title=How deceased donor transplantation is impacting a decline in commercial transplantation-the Tamil Nadu experience |volume=93 |issue=8 |pages=757–60 |doi=10.1097/TP.0b013e3182469b91 |journal=Transplantation|s2cid=28901719 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.04.015|title=Comparative characterization of renal calculi from patients with clinical disorders |year=2012 |last1=Nandakumar |first1=Venkatesan |last2=Krishnasamy |first2=Karthik |last3=Dhavamani |first3=Jeyakumar |last4=Shroff |first4=Sunil |last5=Doble |first5=Mukesh |journal=Clinical Biochemistry |volume=45 |issue=13–14 |pages=1097–8 |pmid=22561082}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00240-010-0280-7 |title=Effect of uropathogens on in vitro encrustation of polyurethane double J ureteral stents |year=2010 |last1=Venkatesan |first1=Nandakumar |last2=Shroff |first2=Sunil |last3=Jeyachandran |first3=Karthik |last4=Doble |first4=Mukesh |journal=Urological Research |volume=39 |pages=29–37 |pmid=20517602 |issue=1|s2cid=25110560 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=20847633 |year=2010 |last1=Abraham |first1=G |last2=Shroff |first2=S |last3=s |first3=M |last4=Reddy |first4=YN |last5=Mathew |first5=M |last6=Sundaram |first6=V |last7=Reddy |first7=YN |title=Long-term outcomes using deceased donor kidneys from cobra bite brain dead victims |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=689–91 |doi=10.1097/TP.0b013e3181ebc0b4 |journal=Transplantation|doi-access=free }}<br /> *[http://www.tts.org/index.php?option=com_tts&amp;view=presentation&amp;id=1749 Long term renal allograft outcomes using deceased donor kidneys from cobra bite brain dead donors – A Case Series Presentation.]<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.494 |title=Deceased-donor renal transplantation program in India |year=2010 |last1=Abraham |first1=Georgi |last2=Shroff |first2=Sunil |last3=Nayak |first3=Karopadi |last4=Matcha |first4=Jayakumar |last5=Rajapurkar |first5=Mohan |last6=Reddy |first6=Yuvaram N V |last7=Sundaram |first7=Varun |last8=Reddy |first8=Yogesh N V |journal=Kidney International |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=378–80 |pmid=20150935|doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1089/end.2009.0516 |title=Polymers as Ureteral Stents |year=2010 |last1=Venkatesan |first1=Nandakumar |last2=Shroff |first2=Sunil |last3=Jayachandran |first3=Karthik |last4=Doble |first4=Mukesh |journal=Journal of Endourology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=191–8 |pmid=20073560}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.56203 |title=Legal and ethical aspects of organ donation and transplantation |year=2009 |last1=Shroff |first1=Sunil |journal=Indian Journal of Urology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=348–55 |pmid=19881131 |pmc=2779960 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0971-4065.57110 |title=Renal transplantation in a HIV positive patient |year=2009 |last1=Mann |first1=A |last2=Soundararajan |first2=P |last3=Shroff |first3=S |journal=Indian Journal of Nephrology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=119–21 |pmid=20436733 |pmc=2859478 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=19548368 |url=http://www.apocpcontrol.org/page/apjcp_issues_view.php?sid=Entrez:PubMed&amp;id=pmid:19548368&amp;key=2009.10.2.295|year=2009 |last1=Mohan |first1=S |last2=Paul |first2=SF |last3=Shroff |first3=S |last4=Venkatesan |first4=V |title=Interleukin-4-receptor alpha gene polymorphism and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in a South Indian population |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=295–8 |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.2164/jandrol.108.007377 |title=Longer (TA)n Repeat but Not A49T and V89L Polymorphisms in SRD5A2 Gene May Confer Prostate Cancer Risk in South Indian Men |year=2009 |last1=Rajender |first1=S. |last2=Vijayalakshmi |first2=K. |last3=Pooja |first3=S. |last4=Madhavi |first4=S. |last5=Paul |first5=S. F. D. |last6=Vettriselvi |first6=V. |last7=Shroff |first7=S. |last8=Singh |first8=L. |last9=Thangaraj |first9=K. |journal=Journal of Andrology |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=703–10 |pmid=19443907 |doi-access= }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.42616|title=Histological reclassification, histochemical characterization and c-kit immunoexpression in renal cell carcinoma |year=2008 |last1=Prathiba |first1=D |last2=Rajendiran |first2=PR |last3=Rao |first3=S |last4=Shroff |first4=Shalinee |last5=Joseph |first5=Sunil |last6=Prathiba |first6=Leenad |journal=Indian Journal of Urology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=343–7 |pmid=19468465 |pmc=2684363 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.33724|title=Indian transplant registry |year=2007 |last1=Shroff |first1=Sunil |journal=Indian Journal of Urology |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=272–7 |pmid=19718330 |pmc=2721606 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112102146/http://www.ijme.in/152co68.html Working towards ethical organ transplants.]<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.01.051|title=Indian Transplant Registry—www.transplantindia.com |year=2007 |last1=Shroff |first1=S. |journal=Transplantation Proceedings |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=711–3 |pmid=17445578}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.03.024 |title=Organ Donation and Transplantation—The Chennai Experience in India |year=2007 |last1=Shroff |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=S. |last3=Kurian |first3=G. |last4=Suresh |first4=S. |journal=Transplantation Proceedings |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=714–8 |pmid=17445579}}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=16800353 |year=2006 |last1=Jaik |first1=NP |last2=Sajuitha |first2=K |last3=Mathew |first3=M |last4=Sekar |first4=U |last5=Kuruvilla |first5=S |last6=Abraham |first6=G |last7=Shroff |first7=S |title=Renal abscess |volume=54 |pages=241–3 |journal=Journal of the Association of Physicians of India}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0346-5|title=South Indian men with reduced CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene have an increased risk of prostate cancer |year=2006 |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=Vijayalakshmi |last2=Kumarasamy |first2=Thangaraj |last3=Venkatesan |first3=Vettriselvi |last4=Shroff |first4=Sunil |last5=Jayanth |first5=Vikram R. |last6=Paul |first6=Solomon F. D. |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=254–7 |pmid=16437189|doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10038-006-0051-z |title=GGN repeat length and GGN/CAG haplotype variations in the androgen receptor gene and prostate cancer risk in south Indian men |year=2006 |last1=Vijayalakshmi |first1=Krishnaswamy |last2=Thangaraj |first2=Kumarasamy |last3=Rajender |first3=Singh |last4=Vettriselvi |first4=Venkatesan |last5=Venkatesan |first5=Perumal |last6=Shroff |first6=Sunil |last7=Vishwanathan |first7=K. N. |last8=Paul |first8=Solomon F. D. |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=998–1005 |pmid=16969583|doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=16235991 |url=http://www.apocpcontrol.org/page/apjcp_issues_view.php?sid=Entrez:PubMed&amp;id=pmid:16235991&amp;key=2005.6.3.309 |year=2005 |last1=Vijayalakshmi |first1=K |last2=Vettriselvi |first2=V |last3=Krishnan |first3=M |last4=Shroff |first4=S |last5=Vishwanathan |first5=KN |last6=Jayanth |first6=VR |last7=Paul |first7=SF |title=Polymorphisms at GSTM1 and GSTP1 gene loci and risk of prostate cancer in a South Indian population |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=309–14 |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=17192049 |url=http://iospress.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&amp;issn=1574-0153&amp;volume=1&amp;issue=4&amp;spage=251 |year=2005 |last1=Vijayalakshmi |first1=K |last2=Vettriselvi |first2=V |last3=Krishnan |first3=M |last4=Shroff |first4=S |last5=Jayanth |first5=VR |last6=Paul |first6=SF |title=Cytochrome p4501A1 gene variants as susceptibility marker for prostate cancer |volume=1 |issue=4–5 |pages=251–8 |journal=Cancer Biomarkers |doi=10.3233/cbm-2005-14-508|url-access=subscription }}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=17986556 |url=http://www.pdiconnect.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17986556 |title=Are Three Exchanges Suitable for Asian Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis? |date=1 December 2003 |author1=Georgi Abraham |journal=Peritoneal Dialysis International |volume=23 |issue=Supplement 2 |pages=S45–7 |last2=Mathew |first2=M |last3=Gopalakrishnan |first3=P |last4=Sankarasubbaiyan |first4=S |last5=Shroff |first5=S}}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=14710985 |year=2003 |last1=Thanka |first1=J |last2=Kuruvilla |first2=S |last3=Abraham |first3=G |last4=Shroff |first4=S |last5=Kumar |first5=BA |last6=Ranjitham |first6=M |title=Bilateral renal papillary necrosis due to Candida infection in a diabetic patient presenting as anuria |volume=51 |pages=919–20 |journal=Journal of the Association of Physicians of India}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0041-1345(02)03907-6 |title=Cadaver organ donation and transplantation—an Indian perspective |year=2003 |last1=Shroff |first1=S |last2=Navin |first2=S |last3=Abraham |first3=G |last4=Rajan |first4=P.S |last5=Suresh |first5=S |last6=Rao |first6=S |last7=Thomas |first7=P |journal=Transplantation Proceedings |volume=35 |pages=15–7 |pmid=12591286 |issue=1}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0041-1345(00)01489-5 |title=Spontaneous renal allograft rupture in a cohort of renal transplant recipients: A tertiary care experience |year=2000 |last1=Millwala |first1=F.N |last2=Abraham |first2=G |last3=Shroff |first3=S |last4=Soundarajan |first4=P |last5=Rao |first5=R |last6=Kuruvilla |first6=S |journal=Transplantation Proceedings |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1912–3 |pmid=11119997}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0041-1345(00)01394-4 |title=An early experience with Simulect (basiliximab): An IL-2 receptor antibody |year=2000 |last1=Hinduja |first1=A |last2=Abraham |first2=G |last3=Eapen |first3=G |last4=Shroff |first4=S |last5=Rao |first5=R |last6=Kuruvilla |first6=S |journal=Transplantation Proceedings |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1739–40 |pmid=11119913}}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=10406516 |url=http://www.pdiconnect.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10406516 |title=How to set up a peritoneal dialysis program: Indian experience |date=1 January 1999 |author1=G Abraham |journal=Peritoneal Dialysis International |volume=19 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S184–6 |last2=Padma |first2=G |last3=Mathew |first3=M |last4=Shroff |first4=S|doi = 10.1177/089686089901902S30|s2cid = 34468309|url-access=subscription }}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=10383032 |title=Nocardial endophthalmitis leading to blindness in a renal transplant recipient |date=1 June 1999 |author1=R Suppiah |journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1576–7 |last2=Abraham |first2=G |last3=Sekhar |first3=U |last4=Mathew |first4=M |last5=Shroff |first5=S |last6=Soundararajan |first6=P |doi=10.1093/ndt/14.6.1576|doi-access= }}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=10221171 |year=1998 |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=R |last2=Aparajitha |first2=C |last3=Abraham |first3=G |last4=Shroff |first4=S |last5=Sekar |first5=U |last6=Kuruvilla |first6=S |title=Renal aspergillosis giving rise to obstructive uropathy and recurrent anuric renal failure |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=137–9 |journal=Geriatric Nephrology and Urology|doi=10.1023/A:1008343315440 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/ndt/13.10.2665 |pmid=9794585 |title=Klebsiella endocarditis in the early post-operative period after renal transplantation |year=1998 |last1=Anantharaman |first1=P |journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=2665–6 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112100418/http://www.srmcurology.com/publication.asp?page=2&amp;startpage=1 Ramachandra Protocol For Organ Donation – &quot;Indian Medical Tribune&quot; Sunil Shroff – Feb 1997.]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112100338/http://www.srmcurology.com/publications_page5.html Ramachandra Protocol For Organ Donation – &quot;The Antiseptic' – Sunil Shroff – March 1997.]<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.00105.x |pmid=9014705 |title=The holmium:YAG laser for ureteric stones |year=1996 |last1=Shroff |first1=S. |last2=Watson |first2=G.M. |last3=Parikh |first3=A. |last4=Thomas |first4=R. |last5=Soonawalla |first5=P.F. |last6=Pope |first6=A. |journal=BJU International |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=836–839 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |pmid=7613852 |year=1995 |last1=Shroff |first1=S |title=Treatment of ureteric stones. Comparison of laser and pneumatic lithotripsy and intracorporeal lithotripsy with the Swiss lithoclast |volume=75 |issue=6 |page=810 |journal=British Journal of Urology}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07367.x |title=Ureteroscopy through vesicostomy |year=1995 |last1=Shroff |first1=S. |last2=Rushton |first2=M.A. |last3=Watson |first3=G.M. |last4=Coppinger |first4=S.V. |last5=Duffy |first5=P.G. |journal=British Journal of Urology |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=420–1 |pmid=7735819}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07356.x |title=Experience with ureteroscopy in children |year=1995 |last1=Shroff |first1=S. |last2=Watson |first2=G.M. |journal=British Journal of Urology |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=395–400 |pmid=7735808}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000282603 |title=Spontaneous Rupture of Bladder in Pregnancy |year=1994 |last1=Shroff |first1=Sunil |last2=Lee |first2=John O. |last3=Townsend |first3=A.R. |journal=Urologia Internationalis |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=179–80 |pmid=8203061}}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1117/12.175026 |title=Holmium-laser endopyelotomy |journal=Lasers in Urology |year=1994 |editor1-last=Watson |editor1-first=Graham M |last1=Watson |first1=Graham M. |last2=Shroff |first2=Sunil |last3=Thomas |first3=Robert |last4=Kellett |first4=Michael |editor2-last=Steiner |editor2-first=Rudolf W |editor3-last=Johnson |editor3-first=Douglas E |volume=2129 |page=106|bibcode=1994SPIE.2129..106W |s2cid=71669986 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1117/12.175028 |title=Holmium laser for multifunctional use in urology |journal=Lasers in Urology |year=1994 |editor1-last=Watson |editor1-first=Graham M |last1=Watson |first1=Graham M. |last2=Shroff |first2=Sunil |last3=Thomas |first3=Robert |last4=Kellett |first4=Michael |editor2-last=Steiner |editor2-first=Rudolf W |editor3-last=Johnson |editor3-first=Douglas E |volume=2129 |page=115|bibcode=1994SPIE.2129..115W |s2cid=136507783 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/ijot.ijot_32_19 |title=Twenty-five years of transplantation law in India – Progress and the way forward |journal=Indian Journal of Transplantation |year=2019 |last1=Shroff |first1=S |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=151–153 |s2cid=202670045 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |title=The Daunting Task of Handling a Foreign National's Organ Donation in India |journal=Indian Transplant Newsletter |year=2019 |last1=Shroff S |first1=Navin S |volume=18 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.20529/IJME.2018.070 |title=Brain death&quot; and &quot;Circulatory Death&quot;: Need for a uniform definition of death in India |journal=[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]] |year=2018 |first1=Sunil |last1=Shroff |first2=Sumana |last2=Navin |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=321–323 |s2cid=81627702 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.185092 |title=Current trends in kidney transplantation in India |journal=Indian Journal of Transplantation |year=2016 |last1=Sunil |first1=Shroff |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=348–355 |pmid=27555672 |pmc=4970385 |s2cid=5500917 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |title=Organ Donation and Transplantation in India–Legal Aspects &amp; Solutions to Help With Shortage of Organs |journal=Journal of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation JNRT |year=2009 |first=Sunil |last=Shroff |volume=2 |issue=1 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |title=Deceased organ donation of foreign nationals in India |journal=Indian Journal of Transplantation |year=2019 |last1=Kumar |first1=Pallavi |last2=Shroff |first2=Sunil1 |last3= Navin |first3=Sumana |last4=Sahi |first4=Muneet Kaur |last5=Jairam |first5=Jaya |last6=Mathur |first6=Surendra Kumar |last7=Kumar |first7=Anant |last8=Mirza |first8=Darius |last9=Rao |first9=Subba B.5 |last10=Padhi |first10=Gunadhar |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=277–281 |doi=10.4103/ijot.ijot_28_19 |s2cid=209891844 |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |title=Has the Deceased Donation Programme Slowed Down in India |journal=Indian Transplant Newsletter |year=2019 |last1=Shroff S |first1=Navin S |volume=18 |issue=57 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/ijot.ijot_68_18 |title=Did an increase in knowledge and awareness about organ donation improve organ donation rate in India over the past two decades? |journal=Indian Journal of Transplantation |year=2019 |last1=Alex |first1=Ann |last2=Shroff |first2=Sunil |last3=Paul |first3=V. Britzer1 |last4=Navin |first4=Sumana |last5=Ramesh |first5=Pavithra |last6=Michael |first6=John |last7=Menon |first7=Susmitha|volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=173–178 |s2cid=202669870 |doi-access=free }}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> {{Portal|India|Medicine}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.sriramachandra.edu.in/university/team.php?did=61 Sriramachandra.edu.in]<br /> *[http://www.medindia.net/content-editors.asp Medindia.net]<br /> *[http://www.mohanfoundation.org/who.asp Mohanfoundation.org]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408145106/http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/11/Dr_Sunil_Shroff.html Doctor.ndtv.com]<br /> *{{YouTube|id=XrRcn8swkJs|title=NDTV – We Connect Part 1}}<br /> *{{YouTube|id=nE8Co8XJC3U|title=NDTV – We Connect Part 2}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shroff, Sunil}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Medical doctors from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical academics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian urologists]]<br /> [[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resubelpara_Assembly_constituency&diff=530372 2026-04-16T04:35:28Z

<p>LoganConger6625: redirect created</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Resubelpara<br /> | type=SLA<br /> | map_image = Resubelpara Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | constituency_no = 39<br /> | state = [[Meghalaya]]<br /> | district = [[North Garo Hills district|North Garo Hills]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]<br /> | established = 1972<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[Timothy Shira]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:30411}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|05}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Resubelpara''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=ceomap&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[North Garo Hills district|North Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |- <br /> | [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=6 | [[Salseng C. Marak]] || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | [[Timothy Shira]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Salseng C. Marak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Timothy Shira]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2023===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends &amp; Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Timothy Shira]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=10,948 |percentage=41.55% |change={{increase}}12.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinaldo K. Sangma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,483 |percentage=28.40% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tweel K. Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,064 |percentage=19.22% |change={{decrease}}2.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukharam K. Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,957 |percentage=7.43% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Starline Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=602 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taposh D. Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=292 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=164 |percentage=0.62% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,465 |percentage=13.15% |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=26,346 |percentage=86.63% |change= {{decrease}}1.05 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,411 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.11 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}12.04 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2018===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Timothy Shira]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,720 |percentage=29.52% |change={{decrease}}14.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,957 |percentage=21.77% |change={{decrease}}29.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Braze Adoneza G Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=3,224 |percentage=14.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tengrak R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=3,059 |percentage=13.44% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tweel K. Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,512 |percentage=6.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Starline Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=1,221 |percentage=5.36% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manosh M Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,118 |percentage=4.91% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=155 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,763 |percentage=7.74% |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=22,768 |percentage=87.68% |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,967 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.20 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.57 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2013===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,070 |percentage=51.09% |change={{increase}}7.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Timothy Shira]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,741 |percentage=43.60% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waran Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=942 |percentage=5.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,329 |percentage=7.49% |change= {{increase}}5.80 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,753 |percentage=85.59% |change= {{decrease}}4.45 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,741 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.64 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2008===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Timothy Shira]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,884 |percentage=45.44% |change={{decrease}}7.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,592 |percentage=43.76% |change={{decrease}}2.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charansigh Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,874 |percentage=10.80% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=292 |percentage=1.68% |change= {{decrease}}4.98 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,350 |percentage=90.05% |change= {{increase}}16.97 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,268 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.62 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2003===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Timothy Shira]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,957 |percentage=53.33% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,963 |percentage=46.67% |change={{decrease}}2.84 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=994 |percentage=6.66% |change= {{increase}}4.52 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=14,920 |percentage=73.08% |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.75 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1998===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,526 |percentage=49.51% |change={{decrease}}15.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Timothy Shira]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,244 |percentage=47.37% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=412 |percentage=3.13% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=282 |percentage=2.14% |change= {{decrease}}28.38 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=13,182 |percentage=76.16% |change= {{decrease}}2.24 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,108 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.63 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1993===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,538 |percentage=65.26% |change={{increase}}6.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nablune G. Momin |party=Hill People's Union |votes=4,013 |percentage=34.74% |change={{decrease}}6.35 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,525 |percentage=30.52% |change= {{increase}}12.70 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,551 |percentage=77.47% |change= {{decrease}}4.22 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,394 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.66 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1988===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,812 |percentage=58.91% |change={{decrease}}2.50 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Timothy Shira]] |party=Hill People's Union |votes=4,054 |percentage=41.09% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,758 |percentage=17.82% |change= {{decrease}}5.00 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,866 |percentage=82.07% |change= {{increase}}9.04 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,449 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.23 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1983===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,252 |percentage=61.41% |change={{increase}}0.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nablune G. Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,672 |percentage=38.59% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,580 |percentage=22.82% |change= {{increase}}1.69 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,924 |percentage=74.82% |change= {{increase}}13.43 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,862 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.90 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1978===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,591 |percentage=60.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Timothy Shira]] |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,687 |percentage=39.43% |change={{decrease}}42.38 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=904 |percentage=21.13% |change= {{decrease}}42.49 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,278 |percentage=62.42% |change= {{increase}}32.16 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,534 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.08 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}21.25 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1972===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Resubelpara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salseng C. Marak]] |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,354 |percentage=81.81% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Polycarp James Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=301 |percentage=18.19% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,053 |percentage=63.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,655 |percentage=26.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,722 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[North Garo Hills district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|25.9|90.61|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:North Garo Hills district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br /> [[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassangarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=502362 2026-04-15T23:40:35Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency <br /> | name = Hassangarh Assembly constituency<br /> |type= SLA <br /> |state = [[Haryana]]<br /> |established = 1967<br /> |abolished = 2005<br /> |electors = 1,10,742<br /> |mla = Naresh Kumar<br /> |party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | constituency_no = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> | district = <br /> | loksabha_cons = <br /> | reservation = <br /> }} <br /> '''Hassangarh Assembly constituency '''was an [[assembly constituency]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |- <br /> | [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || rowspan=2 | Maru Singh <br /> |- <br /> | [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Sant Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Bananti Devi || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Om Parkahs Bhardwaj <br /> |- <br /> | [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || rowspan=3 | Balwant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Naresh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2005 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,328 |percentage=45.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chakrvrty Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,230 |percentage=33.04% |change={{increase}}3.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=14,288 |percentage=18.00% |change={{decrease}}16.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=370 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=358 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhvir |party=Independent politician |votes=354 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,098 |percentage=12.72% |change= {{increase}}9.74 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=79,385 |percentage=71.68% |change= {{increase}}1.28 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,742 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.64 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}11.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2000 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=22,943 |percentage=34.62% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar Malik |party=Independent politician |votes=20,967 |percentage=31.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,512 |percentage=29.44% |change={{increase}}15.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=999 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh |party=Independent politician |votes=663 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroj |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=522 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimla Devi |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=349 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}16.80 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,976 |percentage=2.98% |change= {{decrease}}6.10 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,271 |percentage=70.43% |change= {{increase}}8.55 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,135 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.07 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1996 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=20,454 |percentage=34.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veerendra Kumar |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=15,108 |percentage=25.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basanti Devi |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=10,200 |percentage=17.33% |change={{increase}}11.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rambhaj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,129 |percentage=13.81% |change={{decrease}}26.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra |party=Independent politician |votes=2,097 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir |party=Independent politician |votes=974 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satlok |party=Independent politician |votes=871 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagphool |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,346 |percentage=9.08% |change= {{increase}}0.60 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=58,852 |percentage=64.73% |change= {{increase}}1.41 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,152 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.06 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1991 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=27,929 |percentage=49.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,100 |percentage=40.59% |change={{increase}}17.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Kumar |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=3,346 |percentage=5.88% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Bhagwan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,028 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Chand Sindhu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=481 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,829 |percentage=8.49% |change= {{decrease}}33.53 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=56,909 |percentage=62.39% |change= {{decrease}}4.75 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,154 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.57 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}15.85 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1987 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkahs Bhardwaj |party=Lokdal |votes=36,041 |percentage=64.92% |change={{increase}}4.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kiran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,716 |percentage=22.91% |change={{decrease}}10.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,557 |percentage=4.61% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basanti Devi |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,417 |percentage=4.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhale Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Singh Kataria |party=Independent politician |votes=362 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Khanakwal |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,325 |percentage=42.02% |change= {{increase}}14.65 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,514 |percentage=66.97% |change= {{decrease}}2.23 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,154 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.00 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}4.15 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bananti Devi |party=Lokdal |votes=30,344 |percentage=60.78% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,683 |percentage=33.41% |change={{increase}}19.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=821 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish |party=Independent politician |votes=697 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir |party=Independent politician |votes=535 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=510 |percentage=1.02% |change={{decrease}}49.67 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,661 |percentage=27.36% |change= {{increase}}6.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=49,927 |percentage=68.57% |change= {{increase}}7.70 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,048 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.83 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.08 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=19,191 |percentage=50.69% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheonath |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=11,429 |percentage=30.19% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maru Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,323 |percentage=14.06% |change={{decrease}}19.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapur Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,221 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jugti Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=693 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,762 |percentage=20.50% |change= {{increase}}14.76 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=37,857 |percentage=60.26% |change= {{decrease}}5.56 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,383 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.37 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates &amp; Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis &amp; Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maru Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,185 |percentage=33.09% |change={{decrease}}19.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,069 |percentage=27.34% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=7,608 |percentage=20.66% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harnarain Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,093 |percentage=11.11% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,872 |percentage=7.80% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,116 |percentage=5.75% |change= {{decrease}}27.70 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,827 |percentage=66.55% |change= {{increase}}13.53 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,404 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.97 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.58 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1968 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968<br /> |archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maru Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,372 |percentage=52.66% |change={{increase}}21.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,244 |percentage=19.22% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,754 |percentage=13.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,857 |percentage=10.47% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duli Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=491 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siri Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sada Ram |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=255 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,128 |percentage=33.45% |change= {{increase}}27.52 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=27,290 |percentage=52.67% |change= {{decrease}}18.32 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,727 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.90 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.26 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassangarh}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,167 |percentage=31.40% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,058 |percentage=25.47% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,041 |percentage=22.61% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Singh |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=5,123 |percentage=14.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,547 |percentage=4.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=627 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,109 |percentage=5.93% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=35,563 |percentage=72.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,746 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}<br /> {{coords|28.84|76.85|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Haryana-geo-stub}}</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_ministership_of_Narendra_Modi&diff=494106 2026-04-15T13:30:21Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started first info added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{lead too short|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Short description|Government of Gujarat (2001–2014)}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=December 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox administration<br /> | image = File:Narendra_Modi_(cropped).jpg<br /> | name = Chief ministership of Narendra Modi<br /> | premier = [[Narendra Modi]]<br /> | premier_link = List of chief ministers of Gujarat<br /> | term_start = 7 October 2001<br /> | term_end = 22 May 2014<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Keshubhai Patel]] <br /> | successor = [[Anandiben Patel]]<br /> | seal = File:Seal_of_Gujarat.svg <br /> | seal_caption = <br /> | official_url = https://narendramodi.in/<br /> | seat1 = [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot II]]<br /> | seat2 = [[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]<br /> | seat3 = [[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]<br /> | seat4 = [[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]<br /> | term_start1 = 7 October 2001<br /> | term_end1 = 22 December 2002<br /> | term_start2 = 22 December 2002<br /> | term_end2 = 22 December 2007<br /> | term_start3 = 23 December 2007<br /> | term_end3 = 20 December 2012<br /> | term_start4 = 20 December 2012<br /> | term_end4 = 22 May 2014<br /> | election1 = [[2002 elections in India|2002]] {{small|([[by-election]])}}<br /> | election2 = [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> | election3 = [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> | election4 = [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> | appointer1 = [[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor]] [[Sunder Singh Bhandari]]<br /> | appointer2 = [[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor]] [[Sunder Singh Bhandari]]<br /> | appointer3 = [[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor]] [[Nawal Kishore Sharma]]<br /> | appointer4 = [[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor]] [[Kamla Beniwal]]<br /> | cabinet1 = [[First Modi ministry (Gujarat)|First]]<br /> | cabinet2 = [[Second Modi ministry (Gujarat)|Second]]<br /> | cabinet3 = [[Third Modi ministry (Gujarat)|Third]]<br /> | cabinet4 = [[Fourth Modi ministry (Gujarat)|Fourth]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Narendra Modi series}}<br /> <br /> The '''chief ministership of Narendra Modi''' began 7{{nbsp}}October 2001 with his oath as the chief minister of Gujarat at the [[Raj Bhavan, Gandhinagar]]. He became the 14th chief minister of Gujarat, succeeding [[Keshubhai Patel]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<br /> <br /> == First term (2001–2002) ==<br /> In 2001, [[Keshubhai Patel]]'s health was failing and the BJP lost a few state assembly seats in [[by-election]]s. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake in Bhuj in 2001]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Venkatesan Frontline&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|author-link=V. Venkatram|date=26 October 2001|volume=18 – Issue 21|title=A pracharak as Chief Minister|website=frontlineonnet.com|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|location=New Delhi|type=magazine|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210310.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081524/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210310.htm|archive-date=5 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Phadnis BS&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&amp;pg=PA116 |year=2009 |publisher=Business Standard Books |isbn=978-81-905735-4-2 |pages=116–21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103043003/http://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=3 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210300.htm |title=A new oarsman |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=26 October 2001|volume=18 – Issue 21 |access-date=11 April 2013 |last=Bunsha |first=Dionne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828024053/http://www.frontline.in/fl1821/18210300.htm|archive-date=28 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BJP national leadership sought a new candidate for the chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jose Caravan&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned?page=1,1|title=The Emperor Uncrowned: The Rise of Narendra Modi|last=Jose|first=Vinod K.|date=1 March 2012|work=[[The Caravan]]|pages=2–4|author-link=Vinod Jose|access-date=11 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111220259/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned?page=1,1|archive-date=11 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack of experience in government. Modi declined an offer to become Patel's [[List of deputy chief ministers of Gujarat|deputy chief minister]], telling Advani and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] he was &quot;going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all&quot;. On 3{{nbsp}}October 2001, Modi replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Gujarat with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for the upcoming December{{nbsp}}2002 election.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Ritesh K.|last=Srivastava|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/pm-candidates/narendra-modi-%E2%80%93-leading-the-race-to-7-rcr_921104.html|title=Narendra Modi – Leading the race to 7 RCR|work=[[Zee News]]|date=8 April 2014|access-date=25 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824042517/http://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/pm-candidates/narendra-modi-%E2%80%93-leading-the-race-to-7-rcr_921104.html|archive-date=24 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7{{nbsp}}October, Modi was sworn in&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = 'My gratitude to people of India': PM Narendra Modi recalls his 2001 Gujarat CM oath in nostalgic post on X| work = [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]| access-date = 2026-04-09| date = 2025-10-07| url = https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/my-gratitude-to-people-of-india-pm-narendra-modi-recalls-his-2001-gujarat-cm-oath-in-nostalgic-post-on-x-11759815208224.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = Mehrotra| first = Vani| title = 'Countless Blessings': PM Modi Marks 25 Years As Head Of Govt With Gujarat Oath Throwback Photos| work = News18| access-date = 2026-04-09| date = 2025-10-07| url = https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-remembers-his-oath-gujarat-chief-minister-2001-expresses-gratitude-to-people-of-india-9618790.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he entered the Gujarat state legislature on 24{{nbsp}}February 2002 after winning a by-election in [[Rajkot West|Rajkot II]] constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|title=A victory and many pointers|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30244123.ece|volume=19 – Issue 05|date=15 March 2002|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1905/19050240.htm|archive-date=6 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2002 Gujarat riots ===<br /> {{Main|2002 Gujarat riots}}<br /> <br /> On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers [[Godhra train burning|burned near Godhra]], killing approximately 60 people.{{efn|The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For example, the [[BBC]] says it was 59,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 |title=Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624025021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 |archive-date=24 June 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; while ''[[The Guardian]]'' put the figure at 60.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/22/godhra-train-fire-verdict |title=Godhra train fire verdict prompts tight security measures |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065143/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/22/godhra-train-fire-verdict |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders_failed_2021_11_15_dhaka_tribune&quot;&gt;Ghosh, Partha S. ([[Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi]]; formerly, [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|ICSSR]] National Fellow, and Professor of South Asian Studies at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]): [https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/longform/2021/11/15/south-asia-s-leaders-have-failed-their-region OP-ED: South Asia's leaders have failed their region,&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407154951/https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/longform/2021/11/15/south-asia-s-leaders-have-failed-their-region |date=7 April 2022 }} opinion and historical analysis, 15 November 2021, ''[[Dhaka Tribune]],'' retrieved 15 November 2021&lt;/ref&gt; The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims who were returning from [[Ayodhya]] after a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished [[Babri Masjid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Communal Riots&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=July 2003|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|url=http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/4127|url-status=live|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|volume=|pages=|doi=10.11588/heidok.00004127|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607062723/http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/4127/|archive-date=7 June 2007|access-date=17 February 2017|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC1&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|work=[[BBC News]]|date=11 May 2005|access-date=17 February 2017|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html|archive-date=26 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a public statement, Modi said local Muslims were responsible for the incident.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shani&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Shani|first1=Orrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAB7o63B9IC|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|date=2007|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-68369-2|location=|pages=168–173|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218154155/https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAB7o63B9IC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Communal Riots&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Murphy 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=Murphy|first=Eamon|editor-first1=Richard|editor-last1=Jackson|editor-first2=Eamon Murphy|editor-last2=Murphy|editor-first3=Scott|editor-last3=Poynting|encyclopedia=Contemporary State Terrorism|title='We have no orders to save you': state terrorism, politics and communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat, 2002|year=2010|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New York, New York, US|isbn=978-0-415-49801-2|pages=84–103}}&lt;/ref&gt; The next day, the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] called for a ''[[bandh]]'' (general strike) across the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Economic Times&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Bharat|last1=Desai|first2=Anil|last2=Pathak|date=1 March 2002|title=Mobs rule Ahmedabad streets|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-01/news/27355597_1_mobs-death-toll-ahmedabad|url-status=live|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301065122/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-01/news/27355597_1_mobs-death-toll-ahmedabad|archive-date=1 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Curfew imposed in 26 cities&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Manas|last=Dasgupta|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/03/01/stories/2002030103030100.htm |title=140 killed as Gujarat bandh turns violent |date=1 March 2002 |access-date=17 April 2014 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303163112/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/03/01/stories/2002030103030100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=3 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Riots began during the ''bandh'' and [[Anti-Muslim violence in India|anti-Muslim violence]] spread through Gujarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Communal Riots&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Economic Times&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Curfew imposed in 26 cities&quot; /&gt; The government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Communal Riots&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/decision-to-bring-godhra-victims-bodies-taken-at-top-level/article2876244.ece |title=Decision to bring Godhra victims' bodies taken at top level |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 February 2012 |access-date=12 April 2013 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212181131/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/decision-to-bring-godhra-victims-bodies-taken-at-top-level/article2876244.ece |archive-date=12 February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The state government later stated 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed during the riots;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC1&quot; /&gt; independent sources put the death toll at over 2,000,&lt;ref name=&quot;Communal Riots&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders_failed_2021_11_15_dhaka_tribune&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|editor1-last=Campbell |editor1-first=John |editor2-first=Chris |editor2-last=Seiple |editor3-first=Dennis R. |editor3-last=Hoover |editor4-first=Pauletta |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Otis|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=233}}&lt;/ref&gt; the vast majority of them Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders_failed_2021_11_15_dhaka_tribune&quot; /&gt; Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brass&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|author-link=Paul Brass|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|isbn=978-0-295-98506-0|page=388|date=15 July 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilation of women.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Clash Within&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|author-link=Martha Nussbaum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLMQh4oc38gC|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6|location=|pages=17–28, 50–51|jstor=27639120}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india|title=Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi's India|last=Filkins|first=Dexter|author-link=Dexter Filkins|date=2 December 2019|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|language=en|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422170919/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Scholars consider the [[Government of Gujarat]] to have been complicit in the riots,&lt;ref name=&quot;Shani&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Santhosh |first=R. |title=Muslims in Contemporary India |date=11 August 2015 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317403586/chapters/10.4324/9781315682570-31 |work=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India |pages=393 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315682570-31 |isbn=978-1-315-68257-0 |access-date=22 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; and it has received much criticism for its handling of the situation;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/world/asia/29india.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120830124248/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/world/asia/29india.html |title=Shadows of Violence Cling to Indian Politician |last=Sengupta|first=Somini|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 April 2009|archive-date=30 August 2012|access-date=12 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; some scholars explicitly blame Modi.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Clash Within&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Nielsen |first1=Kenneth Bo |title=Hindu nationalist statecraft and Modi's authoritarian populism |date=30 December 2021 |work=Routledge Handbook of Autocratization in South Asia |pages=92–100 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003042211-10 |isbn=978-1-00-304221-1 |last2=Nilsen |first2=Alf Gunvald|s2cid=245165294 |doi-access=free |url=https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/oa-edit/download?identifierName=doi&amp;identifierValue=10.4324/9781003042211-10&amp;type=chapterpdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Republic |date=2016 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315628806-8/republic-hermann-kulke-dietmar-rothermund |work=A History of India |pages=287 |edition=6 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315628806-8 |isbn=978-1-315-62880-6 |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222200233/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315628806-8/republic-hermann-kulke-dietmar-rothermund |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the army to patrol the streets; these measures failed to prevent the violence from escalating.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Economic Times&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Curfew imposed in 26 cities&quot; /&gt; The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the ''bandh'' despite such actions being illegal at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shani&quot; /&gt; State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, which were often unable to meet the needs of those living there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hampton 2002&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Hampton |first=Janie |title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey |year=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-85383-952-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/internallydispla0000unse_b0v3/page/116 116] |url=https://archive.org/details/internallydispla0000unse_b0v3/page/116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim victims of the riots were subjected to further discrimination when the state government announced their compensation would be half that offered to Hindu victims; this decision was later reversed after the issue was taken to court.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Model&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|year=2015|title=What 'Gujarat Model'?—Growth without Development— and with Socio-Political Polarisation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2015.1087456|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=38|issue=4|pages=820–838|doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1087456|issn=0085-6401|via=|s2cid=146854210|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185815/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2015.1087456|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the riots, police officers often did not intervene in situations where they were able.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Clash Within&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Murphy 2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat 2002&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=25 February 2012|title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/08/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html|journal=[[Economic &amp; Political Weekly]]|volume=47|issue=8|pages=|via=|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123141200/https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/08/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several scholars have described the violence as a [[pogrom]] and others have called it an example of [[state terrorism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|first=Chris|last=Ogden|s2cid=54615047|year=2012|title=A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and India's Politics|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary Asia]]|volume=42|issue=1|doi=10.1080/00472336.2012.634639|pages=22–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandey 2005&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|date=2006|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187 187–188]|url=https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baruah 2012&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Baruah|first=Bipasha|url=https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/9339/1/9780774819275.pdf|title=Women and Property in Urban India|year=2012|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|isbn=978-0-7748-1928-2|page=41|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908152739/https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/9339/1/9780774819275.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Martha Nussbaum]], &quot;There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Clash Within&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, he said, &quot;What is happening is a chain of action and reaction&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Clash Within&quot; /&gt; Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was his only regret regarding the episode.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/world/asia/wish-for-change-animates-voters-in-india-election.html|title=Wish for Change Animates Voters in India Election |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=30 May 2014 |author=Barry, Ellen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527224752/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/world/asia/wish-for-change-animates-voters-in-india-election.html?_r=0 |archive-date=27 May 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In March{{nbsp}}2008, the [[Supreme Court of India]] reopened several cases related to the riots, including that of the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]], and established a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) to look into the issue.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ZakiavsModi-timeline&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHRCvsGujarat-2009-judgment&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|title=National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Gujarat &amp; Ors. – Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 109/2003|url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/10920034152009p.txt|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=23 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523113740/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/10920034152009p.txt|archive-date=23 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri, the widow of [[Ehsan Jafri]], who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre, in April{{nbsp}}2009, the court also asked the SIT to investigate Modi's complicity in the killings.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZakiavsModi-timeline&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Timeline: Zakia Jafri vs Modi in 2002 Gujarat riots case|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/timeline-zakia-jafri-vs-modi-in-2002-gujarat-riots-case/article1-1166448.aspx|access-date=23 May 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319001910/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/timeline-zakia-jafri-vs-modi-in-2002-gujarat-riots-case/article1-1166448.aspx|archive-date=19 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The SIT questioned Modi in March{{nbsp}}2010; in May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZakiavsModi-timeline&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-clears-Narendra-Modi-of-wilfully-allowing-post-Godhra-riots/articleshow/7031569.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |first=Dhananjay |last=Mahapatra |title=SIT clears Narendra Modi of wilfully allowing post-Godhra riots |date=3 December 2010 |access-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708044253/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-clears-Narendra-Modi-of-wilfully-allowing-post-Godhra-riots/articleshow/7031569.cms |archive-date=8 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In July{{nbsp}}2011, the court-appointed ''[[amicus curiae]]'' [[Raju Ramachandran]] submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the SIT's position, Ramachandran said Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu-raju-report&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3393808.ece?homepage=true |title=Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 May 2012 |access-date=17 April 2014 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705174724/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3393808.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=5 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3401728.ece?homepage=true |title=SIT rejects amicus curiae's observations against Modi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=17 April 2014 |location=Chennai, India |first=Manas |last=Dasgupta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705173155/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3401728.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=5 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court sent the matter to the magistrate's court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March{{nbsp}}2012 submitted its final report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jafri filed a protest petition in response. In December 2013, the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding there was no evidence against Modi.&lt;ref name=&quot;2013 Clean chit&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Khan|first1=Saeed |last2=Kaushik|first2=Himanshu |title=2002 Gujarat riots: Clean chit to Modi, court rejects Zakia Jafri's plea |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2002-Gujarat-riots-Clean-chit-to-Modi-court-rejects-Zakia-Jafris-plea/articleshow/27968858.cms |access-date=4 June 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004001413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2002-Gujarat-riots-Clean-chit-to-Modi-court-rejects-Zakia-Jafris-plea/articleshow/27968858.cms |archive-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed a petition by Zakia Jafri in which she challenged the clean chit given to Modi in the riots by the SIT, and upheld previous rulings that no evidence against him was found.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |date=24 June 2022 |title='Appeal devoid of merit': SC junks Zakia Jafri plea, upholds clean chit given to Narendra Modi in Gujarat riots case |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/appeal-devoid-of-merit-sc-junks-zakia-jafri-plea-upholds-clean-chit-given-to-narendra-modi-in-gujarat-riots-case-1120913.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625104718/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/appeal-devoid-of-merit-sc-junks-zakia-jafri-plea-upholds-clean-chit-given-to-narendra-modi-in-gujarat-riots-case-1120913.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Darpan |title=Gujarat riots clean chit to PM: Two decades of legal battle and what's next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-riots-clean-chit-pm-modi-sc-two-decades-legal-battle-1966358-2022-06-24 |access-date=25 June 2022 |magazine=India Today |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624223801/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-riots-clean-chit-pm-modi-sc-two-decades-legal-battle-1966358-2022-06-24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=24 June 2022 |title=2002 Gujarat riots: Supreme Court rejects Zakia Jafri's charges against Narendra Modi, 60 officials |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-supreme-court-rejects-zakia-jafris-charges-against-narendra-modi-60-officials/article65560012.ece |access-date=25 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625012541/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-supreme-court-rejects-zakia-jafris-charges-against-narendra-modi-60-officials/article65560012.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Second term (2002–2007) ==<br /> {{Main|2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election}}<br /> <br /> Following the violence, calls for Modi to resign as chief minister were made from politicians within and outside the state, including leaders of [[Janata Dal (United)]] and the [[Telugu Desam Party]]—partners in the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] coalition—and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/03godhra.htm |title=Congress demands Modi's resignation over Bannerjee report |date=3 March 2006 |access-date=17 November 2007 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106060953/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/03godhra.htm |archive-date=6 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Modi submitted his resignation at the April{{nbsp}}2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa but it was not accepted.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/apr/12train.htm|title=BJP national exec rejects Modi's resignation|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=12 April 2002|access-date=22 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303153818/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/apr/12train.htm|archive-date=3 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaffrelot T&amp;NM&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|s2cid=145758627|title=Narendra Modi and the Power of Television in Gujarat|journal=Television &amp; New Media|year=2015|doi=10.1177/1527476415575499|volume=16|issue=4|pages=346–353}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the election, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2002/StatReport_GUJ2002.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 April 2013 |page=228 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117040227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatReport_GUJ2002.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Modi made significant use of [[anti-Muslim rhetoric]] during his campaign,&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brasted&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Brasted|first=Howard V.|title=Islam in World Politics|year=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-32411-3|page=119|editor1-first=Nelly |editor1-last=Lahoud |editor2-first=A. H. |editor2-last=Johns}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Corbridge|first=Stuart|title=India Today: Economy, Politics and Society|year=2012|publisher=[[Polity Press]] |isbn=978-0-7456-6112-4|page=185|author2=John Harriss, Craig Jeffrey}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|pages=210–211 |title=Prospects For Peace in South Asia |editor1-first=Rafiq |editor1-last=Dossani |editor2-first=Henry S. |editor2-last=Rowen |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1 |chapter=Hindu Nationalism and the BJP: Transforming Religion and Politics in India | first=Robert L. Jr. | last=Hardgrave}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the BJP profited from religious polarisation among voters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaffrelot T&amp;NM&quot; /&gt; Modi framed the criticism of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobbio&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Bobbio |first=Tommaso |date=1 May 2012 |title=Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=657–672 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657423 |s2cid=154422056 |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301151004/https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot; /&gt; a strategy that led to the BJP winning 127 of the 182&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; seats—a two-thirds majority—in the state assembly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot; /&gt; He won Maninagar constituency, defeating Congress candidate Yatin Oza.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi wins Maninagar seat by 75,333 votes|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-wins-Maninagar-seat-by-75333-votes/articleshow/31344603.cms|access-date=16 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=15 December 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023123523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-wins-Maninagar-seat-by-75333-votes/articleshow/31344603.cms|archive-date=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 December 2002, Modi was sworn in for a second term.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi sworn in as Gujarat CM|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2002/dec/22guj.htm|access-date=16 October 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=22 December 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123214/http://www.rediff.com/election/2002/dec/22guj.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During Modi's second term, the government's rhetoric shifted from [[Hindutva]] to Gujarat's economic development.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phadnis BS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=9 May 2016|title=Narendra Modi Between Hindutva and Subnationalism: The Gujarati Asmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/05/09/narendra-modi-between-hindutva-and-subnationalism-gujarati-asmita-of-hindu-hriday-samrat-pub-66446|journal=India Review|volume=15|issue=2|pages=196–217|doi=10.1080/14736489.2016.1165557|via=|s2cid=156137272|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217075505/https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/05/09/narendra-modi-between-hindutva-and-subnationalism-gujarati-asmita-of-hindu-hriday-samrat-pub-66446|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He curtailed the influence of [[Sangh Parivar]] organisations such as [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]] (BKS) and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP).&lt;ref name=&quot;Umat TNN&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Umat|first=Ajay|date=9 February 2013|title=Once Hindutva twins, Narendra Modi and Pravin Togadia no longer conjoined|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Once-Hindutva-twins-Narendra-Modi-and-PravinTogadia-no-longer-conjoined/articleshow/18410549.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023123500/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Once-Hindutva-twins-Narendra-Modi-and-PravinTogadia-no-longer-conjoined/articleshow/18410549.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the BKS staged a farmers' demonstration, Modi ordered the BKS's eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in [[Gandhinagar]] deepened the rift with the VHP.&lt;ref name=&quot;Umat TNN&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-religious-leaders-demand-rebuilding-of-temples-1209291 |title=Religious leaders demand rebuilding of temples |work=[[DNA India]] |date=25 November 2008 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111232520/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-religious-leaders-demand-rebuilding-of-temples-1209291 |archive-date=11 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Modi retained connections with some Hindu nationalists. He wrote a foreword to a 2014 textbook by [[Dinanath Batra]], which made the unscientific claim that ancient India possessed technologies including [[test-tube babies]].&lt;ref name=testtubes&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Anuradha|last=Raman|title=Test-Tubes in Hastinapur |newspaper=[[Outlook India]] |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/TestTubes-In-Hastinapur/291554 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003180314/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/TestTubes-In-Hastinapur/291554 |archive-date=3 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manor&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Manor |first1=James |s2cid=155472230 |title=A Precarious Enterprise? Multiple Antagonisms during Year One of the Modi Government |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2015 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=736–754 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1083644}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] distanced himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the [[2004 Indian general election]], following which, Vajpayee called the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had been a mistake to leave Modi in office after the riots.&lt;ref name=&quot;TellisWills&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Tellis|first1=Ashley J.|last2=Wills|first2=Michael|title=Domestic political change and grand strategy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNvb4RBmZQUC&amp;pg=PA193|date=September 2007|publisher=[[National Bureau of Asian Research]]|isbn=978-0-9713938-8-2|pages=193–4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/https://books.google.com/books?id=oNvb4RBmZQUC&amp;pg=PA193|archive-date=6 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Yogendra|first=Kanwar|date=13 June 2004|title=Not removing Modi was a mistake, says Vajpayee|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/14/stories/2004061411630100.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/14/stories/2004061411630100.htm|archive-date=6 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Western nations also raised questions about Modi's relationship with Muslims: the US [[United States Department of State|State Department]] barred him from entering the United States in accordance with the recommendations of that country's [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom|Commission on International Religious Freedom]],&lt;ref name=&quot;2005 ban&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;visa denied&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|date=18 March 2005|title=No entry for Modi into US: visa denied|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-entry-for-Modi-into-US-visa-denied/articleshow/1055543.cms|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913024227/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-entry-for-Modi-into-US-visa-denied/articleshow/1055543.cms|archive-date=13 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; the only person to be [[List of people banned from entering the United States|denied a US visa]] under this law.&lt;ref name=&quot;2005 ban&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mann|first1=James|title=Why Narendra Modi Was Banned From the U.S.|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303380004579520041301275638|date=2 May 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=3 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215181710/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303380004579520041301275638|archive-date=15 December 2014|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UK and the [[European Union]] (EU) refused to admit Modi because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Burke|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Burke|date=22 October 2012|title=UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914031502/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi|archive-date=14 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the EU&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|date=6 March 2013|title=Germany delinks Narendra Modi's image from human rights issues|work=|publisher=[[NDTV]]|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/germany-delinks-narendra-modi-s-image-from-human-rights-issues-338646|url-status=live|access-date=6 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308142057/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/germany-delinks-narendra-modi-s-image-from-human-rights-issues-338646|archive-date=8 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; lifted their bans in October{{nbsp}}2012 and March{{nbsp}}2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister in 2014, the US lifted its ban and invited him to Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india|title=Readout of the President's Call with Prime Ministerial Candidate Narendra Modi of India|date=16 May 2014|access-date=14 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216153654/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|archive-date=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorker-may14&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cassidy|first=John|title=What Does Modi's Victory Mean for the World?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/what-does-modis-victory-mean-for-the-world|newspaper=[[The New Yorker]]|date=16 May 2014|access-date=21 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070852/http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/what-does-modis-victory-mean-for-the-world|archive-date=24 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:The Chief Minister of Gujarat Shri Narendra Modi calls on the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in New Delhi on June 30, 2004.jpg|thumb|Modi meeting with then-[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2004]]<br /> <br /> == Third term (2007–2012) ==<br /> <br /> During the run-up to the [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] and the [[2009 Indian general election]], the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Naqvi|first=Saba|date=22 December 2008|title=When fear didn't enter the booth|pages=26–28|work=[[Outlook India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDEEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA32|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042837/http://books.google.com/books?id=TDEEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA32|archive-date=3 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modi criticised Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] &quot;for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation&quot; such as the 2002 [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph India&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060719/asp/nation/story_6496620.asp |title=Mahatma on lips, Modi fights Centre |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolkata, India |date=19 July 2006 |access-date=9 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611064943/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060719/asp/nation/story_6496620.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, Modi wrote ''Karmayog'', a 101-page booklet discussing manual scavenging. In it, he said scavenging is a &quot;spiritual experience&quot; for Valmiks, a sub-caste of [[Dalit]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Shah|first=Rajiv|author-link=Rajiv Shah|date=24 November 2007|title='Karmayogi' swears by caste order 'Scavenging A Spiritual Experience For Valmiks'|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDA3LzExLzI0I0FyMDA3MDA%3D|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208073404/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDA3LzExLzI0I0FyMDA3MDA%3D|archive-date=8 February 2017|access-date=17 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|date=23 April 2014|title=Narendra Modi is 'anti-Dalit': Congress|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-is-anti-dalit-congress-1981434|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215205905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-is-anti-dalit-congress-1981434|archive-date=15 February 2017|access-date=17 February 2017|website=[[Zee News|DNA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book was not circulated at that time because of the [[Model Code of Conduct|election code of conduct]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gupta|first=Smita|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/modi-biased-against-dalits/article5913200.ece|title=Modi against dalits|date=15 April 2014|access-date=17 February 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607013306/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/modi-biased-against-dalits/article5913200.ece|archive-date=7 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the November [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the Gujarat government authorised the deployment of 30 high-speed boats for coastal surveillance.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|date=28 November 2008|title=Modi wants 3-layer ring to secure coast|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Modi_wants_3-layer_ring_to_secure_coast/articleshow/3766781.cms|url-status=live|access-date=17 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723235701/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Modi_wants_3-layer_ring_to_secure_coast/articleshow/3766781.cms|archive-date=23 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July{{nbsp}}2007, Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|date=20 December 2012|title=Narendra Modi wins Maninagar by 70,000 votes|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Coverage/Gujarat-Assembly-Elections-2012/Chunk-HT-UI-GujaratAssemblyElections2012-TopStories/Narendra-Modi-wins-Maninagar-by-70-000-votes/SP-Article10-976853.aspx|url-status=dead|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207150752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/gujarat-assembly-elections-2012/chunk-ht-ui-gujaratassemblyelections2012-topstories/narendra-modi-wins-maninagar-by-70-000-votes/sp-article10-976853.aspx|archive-date=7 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|date=14 September 2009|title=BJP adds 5 seats in Gujarat Assembly by-polls|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/25090/banner-300x250.swf|url-status=live|access-date=17 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516141234/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/25090/banner-300x250.swf|archive-date=16 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Fourth term (2012–2014) ==<br /> <br /> Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's campaigns in [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] and [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections contained elements of Hindu nationalism. He attended only Hindu religious ceremonies and had prominent associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign, Modi twice refused to wear [[Taqiyah (cap)|skullcap]] gifted by Muslim leaders.&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot; /&gt; He did, however, maintain relations with [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot; /&gt; Modi's 2012 campaign included references to issues known to cause religious polarisation, including [[Afzal Guru]] and the [[death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh]]. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim candidates for the 2012 assembly election.&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot; /&gt; During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by [[Indira Gandhi]] during [[the Emergency (India)|the Emergency]], and projected himself as protecting Gujarat against persecution by the rest of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot; /&gt; While campaigning for the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, Modi made extensive use of holograms and other technologies, allowing him to reach a large number of people,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaffrelot T&amp;NM&quot; /&gt; something he repeated in the 2014 general election. Modi won the constituency of Maninagar, defeating Shweta Bhatt of the INC.&lt;ref name=&quot;big win&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|publisher=[[NDTV]] |title=Big win for Narendra Modi, defeats Shweta Bhatt by huge margin |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=5 September 2021 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/assembly-polls/big-win-for-narendra-modi-defeats-shweta-bhatt-by-huge-margin-307772anan}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|page=198 |title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India |first=Parvis |last=Ghassem-Fachandi |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15177-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5s8hooZfekC&amp;pg=PA198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5s8hooZfekC&amp;pg=PA198 |archive-date=6 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After his election as Prime Minister of India, Modi resigned as the Gujarat chief minister and as MLA for Maninagar. [[Anandiben Patel]] succeeded Modi as chief minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-farewell-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patel/1/362827.html|title=Anandiben Patel named new Gujarat chief minister|work=[[India Today]]|date=21 May 2014|access-date=1 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112948/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-farewell-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patel/1/362827.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> [[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 2006, India.jpg|thumb |The [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] during a 2006 height increase]]<br /> <br /> As chief minister, Modi favoured privatisation and [[small government]]. Modi's policies during his second term have been credited with reducing corruption in Gujarat. He established financial and technology parks in the state and during the 2007 [[Vibrant Gujarat]] summit, real-estate investment deals worth {{INRConvert |6.6 |t |year=2007}} were signed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phadnis BS&quot; /&gt; Gujarat under Narendra Modi's leadership earned a reputation for rapid growth combined with inclusive development a blueprint that influenced national policies and governance models.&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/green-clean-keen-gujarat-chief-minister-sets-stage-for-development-marathon/articleshow/123068069.cms&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of groundwater-conservation projects. By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been built, of which 113,738 were [[check dam]]s, which helped recharge the aquifers beneath them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shah BS&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Shah |first=Tushaar |title=Business Standard India 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba0XAU9Q-A0C&amp;pg=PA197 |year=2011 |publisher=Business Standard Books |isbn=978-93-80740-04-1 |pages=195–199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba0XAU9Q-A0C&amp;pg=PA197 |archive-date=6 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sixty of the 112 [[tehsil]]s which had depleted the [[water table]] in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/a-green-rising/1/100211.html |title=A green rising |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=12 April 2013 |last=Mahurkar |first=Uday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411085152/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/a-green-rising/1/100211.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the state's production of [[Bt cotton|genetically modified cotton]] increased to become the largest in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shah BS&quot; /&gt; The boom in cotton production and its semi-arid land use&lt;ref name=&quot;Farm growth Hindu&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/gujarat-maharashtra-record-highest-growth-in-farm-sector/article2221709.ece |title=Gujarat, Maharashtra record highest growth in farm sector |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801034125/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/gujarat-maharashtra-record-highest-growth-in-farm-sector/article2221709.ece |archive-date=1 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; led to Gujarat's agricultural sector growing at an average rate of 9.6 per cent from 2001 to 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Shah |first1=Tushaar |last2=Gulati |first2=Ashok |last3=Hemant |first3=P. |last4=Shreedhar |first4=Ganga |last5=Jain |first5=R. C. |jstor=25663939 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/52/review-agriculture-review-issues-specials/secret-gujarats-agrarian-miracle-after |title=Secret of Gujarat's Agrarian Miracle after 2000 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=26 December 2009 |volume=44 |issue=52 |pages=45–55 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905144959/https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/52/review-agriculture-review-issues-specials/secret-gujarats-agrarian-miracle-after |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]], were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project irrigated only 4–6% of the area intended.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shah BS&quot; /&gt; In 2008, Modi offered land in Gujarat to [[Tata Motors]] to set up a plant manufacturing the [[Nano (car)|Nano]] car after popular agitation had forced the [[Tata Nano Singur controversy|company to move out of West Bengal]]. Following Tata, several other companies relocated to Gujarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modi-nomics&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Modi government finished the process of taking electricity to every village in Gujarat its predecessor had almost completed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Standard Vibrant Gujarat&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Mishra |first=Mayank |title=Did Narendra Modi make Gujarat Vibrant? |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/did-narendra-modi-make-gujarat-vibrant-113072000740_1.html |access-date=29 April 2014 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=20 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420180153/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/did-narendra-modi-make-gujarat-vibrant-113072000740_1.html |archive-date=20 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modi significantly changed the state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the [[Jyotigram Yojana]] scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Early protests by farmers ended when those who benefitted found their electricity supply had stabilised&lt;ref name=&quot;Shah BS&quot; /&gt; but, according to an assessment study, corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the expense of small farmers and labourers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shah 2008&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Shah |first1=Tushaar |last2=Verma |first2=Shilp |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2008/07/special-articles/co-management-electricity-and-groundwater-assessment-gujarats |title=Co-Management of Electricity and Groundwater: An Assessment of Gujarat's Jyotirgram Scheme |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=16 February 2008 |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=59–66 |jstor=40277613 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905150356/https://www.epw.in/journal/2008/07/special-articles/co-management-electricity-and-groundwater-assessment-gujarats |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Development debate ==<br /> [[File:Modi at GNLU.jpg|thumb |upright=0.8 |alt=Modi speaking at flower-decked podium |Modi addressing graduates of the [[Gujarat National Law University]] in 2012 |left]]<br /> <br /> A contentious debate surrounds the assessment of Gujarat's economic development during Modi's tenure as chief minister.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basu 2014&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Basu |first1=Dipankar |last2=Misra |first2=Kartik |date=June 2014 |title=BJP's Demographic Dividend in the 2014 General Elections: An Empirical Analysis |url=https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/105783 |journal=Economics Department Working Paper Series Via EconStor |volume= |pages= |via= |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016155141/https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/105783 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The state's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth rate averaged 10% during his tenure, a rate similar to those of other highly industrialised states, and above that of India as a whole.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modi-nomics&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Schöttli |first1=Jivanta |last2=Pauli |first2=Markus |s2cid=155579981 |title=Modi-nomics and the politics of institutional change in the Indian economy |journal=Journal of Asian Public Policy |year=2016 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=154–169 |doi=10.1080/17516234.2016.1165332 |url=http://doras.dcu.ie/24337/ |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225204014/http://doras.dcu.ie/24337/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gujarat also had a high rate of economic growth in the 1990s, before Modi took office; some scholars have stated growth did not much accelerate during his tenure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghatak&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Ghatak |first1=Maitreesh |last2=Roy |first2=Sanchari |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/15/commentary/did-gujarats-growth-rate-accelerate-under-modi.html |title=Did Gujarat's Growth Rate Accelerate under Modi? |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=12 April 2014 |volume=49 |issue=15 |pages=12–15 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905150102/https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/15/commentary/did-gujarats-growth-rate-accelerate-under-modi.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Modi, Gujarat topped the [[World Bank]]'s &quot;ease of doing business&quot; rankings among Indian states for two consecutive years.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Gujarat tops ease of doing business ranking among states – The Economic Times on Mobile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/gujarat-tops-ease-of-doing-business-ranking-among-states/articleshow/48964454.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405025858/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/gujarat-tops-ease-of-doing-business-ranking-among-states/articleshow/48964454.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live |date=15 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, a report measuring governance, growth, citizens' rights, and labour and business regulation among the country's 20 largest states, ranked Gujarat first among Indian states for &quot;economic freedom&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modi-nomics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Gujarat tops list of economically-free states |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarat-top-ranked-state-in-terms-of-economic-freedom-study/article1-1196878.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319072718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarat-top-ranked-state-in-terms-of-economic-freedom-study/article1-1196878.aspx |website=[[hindustantimes.com]] |date=19 March 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |access-date=16 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the later years of Modi's government, Gujarat's economic growth was frequently used as an argument to counter allegations of communalism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobbio&quot; /&gt; Tax breaks and land for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states. Modi's policies of making Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of [[Special Economic Zones]] in which labour laws were greatly weakened.&lt;ref name=&quot;India Review&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development, poverty relief, nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013, Gujarat ranked 13th in India with respect to rates of poverty, and 21st in education. Nearly 45 per cent of children under five were underweight and 23 per cent were undernourished, putting the state in the &quot;alarming&quot; category on the [[India State Hunger Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |s2cid=155022285 |title=Politics of Governance: A Study of Gujarat |journal=[[Studies in Indian Politics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=June 2013 |pages=65–77 |doi=10.1177/2321023013482788}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hariss 2015&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Harriss |first1=John |s2cid=147615034 |title=Hindu Nationalism in Action: The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2015 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=711–718 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1089826 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230188 |doi-access=free |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173823/https://zenodo.org/records/1230188 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A study by [[UNICEF]] and the Indian government found Gujarat under Modi had a poor record in [[immunisation]] of children.&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist 2015&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Sparing Mr Modi's blushes |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21656239-missing-data-should-embarrass-prime-minister-sparing-mr-modis-blushes |access-date=9 November 2016 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130055250/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21656239-missing-data-should-embarrass-prime-minister-sparing-mr-modis-blushes |archive-date=30 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the rest of the country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the median of the 29 Indian states.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Model&quot; /&gt; It showed a marginal improvement in rates of infant mortality and its position with respect to individual consumption declined.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Model&quot; /&gt; The quality of education in government schools in Gujarat ranked below that of many Indian states.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Model&quot; /&gt; The state government's social policies generally did not benefit Muslims, [[Dalit]]s and [[Adivasi]]s, and generally increased social inequalities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Model&quot; /&gt; Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and citizens in rural areas and those from lower castes were increasingly marginalised. In 2013, the state ranked 10th of 21 Indian states in the [[Human Development Index]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaffrelot2013&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |s2cid=154404089 |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class' |journal=[[Studies in Indian Politics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=June 2013 |pages=79–95 |doi= 10.1177/2321023013482789 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270671263 |access-date=29 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Modi, the state government spent less than the national average on education and healthcare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Model&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Allegations of bribery ==<br /> Narendra Modi has by far maintained an image of corruption free and bribery free governance, no major corruption charges has sustained against him during his entire political career, but of the notable attempts include the Sahara-Birla diaries case and the Rafale case (later during prime ministership). <br /> <br /> During its raids in 2013 and 2014, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] seized some diaries from two big Indian companies, [[Sahara Group]] and [[Aditya Birla Group]]. These diaries contained references of alleged payments made to leaders belonging to as many as 18 political parties including BJP, Congress, JDU, BJD etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;diary&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Details in the Birla, Sahara Papers Reveal Why the Government Is Avoiding Inquiry|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/birla-sahara-papers-modi|date=23 December 2016|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;laundry&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=All You Need To Know About The Sahara-Birla Papers|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/12/23/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-sahara-birla-papers|date=23 December 2016|website=Newslaundry}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among these were some entries mentioning &quot;Gujarat CM&quot; and &quot;Ahmadabad Modiji&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;epw&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|date=4 March 2017|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/9/web-exclusives/zero-case-deadly-implications-birla%E2%80%93sahara-judgment.html|title=The Zero Case: Deadly Implications of the Birla-Sahara Judgment|agency=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|first=Vijay|last=Simha|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421112142/https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/9/web-exclusives/zero-case-deadly-implications-birla%E2%80%93sahara-judgment.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epw2&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Did Modi receive over ₹55 crore from the Sahara Group as the chief minister of Gujarat?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/47/web-exclusives/did-modi-receive-rs-55-crore-sahara-group-gujarat-cm.html|agency=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date=19 November 2016|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421112424/https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/47/web-exclusives/did-modi-receive-rs-55-crore-sahara-group-gujarat-cm.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;laundry&quot; /&gt; Citing these entries, on 21 December 2016, the opposition leader Rahul Gandhi alleged that Modi received cash bribes worth {{INRConvert|65|c}} from Sahara Group and Aditya Birla Group when he was the chief minister of Gujarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rahbr&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi took bribes from Sahara, Birla: Rahul|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Modi-took-bribes-from-Sahara-Birla-Rahul/article16918594.ece|date=21 December 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719175020/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Modi-took-bribes-from-Sahara-Birla-Rahul/article16918594.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-sahara-birla-rahul-gandhi-accuses-narendra-modi-of-taking-cash-payments-9500|agency=Zee Business|title=Sahara-Birla: Rahul Gandhi accuses Narendra Modi of taking cash payments|date=21 December 2016|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720170337/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-sahara-birla-rahul-gandhi-accuses-narendra-modi-of-taking-cash-payments-9500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November{{nbsp}}2016, advocate [[Prashant Bhushan]] had filed a plea in the [[Supreme Court of India]] asking for investigation of the alleged bribe payments made to some senior public servants including Modi.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sahara-birla-diaries-supreme-court-to-hear-prashant-bhushans-plea-today-1647438|title=Sahara Birla Diaries: Supreme Court To Hear Prashant Bhushan's Plea Today|agency=NDTV|date=11 January 2017|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720164058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sahara-birla-diaries-supreme-court-to-hear-prashant-bhushans-plea-today-1647438|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|website=The Wire|title=Watch: Prashant Bhushan Explains the Sahara-Birla Diaries|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/economy/sahara-birla-diaries-prashant-bhushan|date=24 November 2016|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720164103/https://m.thewire.in/article/economy/sahara-birla-diaries-prashant-bhushan|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Supreme Court bench headed by Justice [[Arun Kumar Mishra]] dismissed the plea in January{{nbsp}}2017 stating that the evidence provided was insufficient.&lt;ref name=&quot;dis&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Supreme Court dismisses plea seeking probe against Narendra Modi, others|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/2BVnhXo1KeXkfs32ZSpM5I/SC-throws-out-case-alleging-Narendra-Modi-took-cash-payments.html|date=11 January 2017|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724113312/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/2BVnhXo1KeXkfs32ZSpM5I/SC-throws-out-case-alleging-Narendra-Modi-took-cash-payments.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Sahara-Birla Diaries Case: SC throws out case alleging Modi took cash payments|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/supreme-court-throws-out-case-alleging-modi-took-cash-payments-74257-2017-01-11|date=11 January 2017|website=Business Today|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720170656/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/supreme-court-throws-out-case-alleging-modi-took-cash-payments-74257-2017-01-11|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later on, Justice Mishra was criticised by a section of advocates and activists for siding with the Modi government in multiple judgements during his tenure at the Supreme Court.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/justice-arun-mishra-most-controversial-cases-in-supreme-court|title=Justice Arun Mishra's Six Most Controversial Cases in the SC|date=4 September 2020|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173752/https://www.thequint.com/news/law/justice-arun-mishra-most-controversial-cases-in-supreme-court|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Controversial judge who praised Modi appointed to lead Human Rights Commission in India|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/judge-arun-mishra-nhrc-head-b1858687.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=3 June 2021|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720142115/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/judge-arun-mishra-nhrc-head-b1858687.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' questioned the manner in which the Supreme Court buried the Sahara-Birla diaries' investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Five Questions We Have to Ask Before the Birla-Sahara Payoff Case is Buried Forever|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/modi-birla-sahara-khehar-kalikho-pul|date=11 April 2017|website=The Wire|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730051924/https://m.thewire.in/article/law/modi-birla-sahara-khehar-kalikho-pul|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> * [[First Modi ministry (Gujarat)]]<br /> * [[Fourth Modi ministry (Gujarat)]]<br /> * [[Government of Gujarat]]<br /> * [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]]<br /> * [[Second Modi ministry (Gujarat)]]<br /> * [[Third Modi ministry (Gujarat)]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Narendra Modi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Narendra Modi]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministership of Narendra Modi| ]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministerships of Indian states]]<br /> [[Category:2000s in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:2010s in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:History of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amreli_taluka&diff=486130 2026-04-10T09:00:17Z

<p>LoganConger6625: New a entry and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sub-district in Amreli, Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Amreli<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]]<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Amreli]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Gujarat--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Amreli Municipality<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 241279<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +91-079<br /> | registration_plate = GJ<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = <br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = Amreli Municipality<br /> | website = {{URL|www.amreli.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | population_blank1 = 963<br /> | population_blank1_title = Gender ratio<br /> | population_blank2 = 75.8%<br /> | population_blank2_title = Literacy<br /> }}<br /> '''Amreli Taluka''' is a [[Tehsil|local administrative division]] situated in the [[Amreli district]] of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].<br /> == Geography ==<br /> [[File:Amreli Gujarat map.svg|thumb|Map of [[Amreli district]]]]<br /> Geographically, Amreli Taluka is located in the southwestern part of Gujarat. The region's climatic conditions are influenced by the summer [[monsoon]] season (June to September), during which the vast majority of the region's rainfall occurs.<br /> === Climate ===<br /> {{Weather box<br /> | location = Amreli (1981–2010, extremes 1973–2012)<br /> | metric first = yes<br /> | single line = yes<br /> | width = auto<br /> | Jan record high C = 36.6<br /> | Feb record high C = 39.0<br /> | Mar record high C = 43.6<br /> | Apr record high C = 45.6<br /> | May record high C = 46.2<br /> | Jun record high C = 45.6<br /> | Jul record high C = 39.1<br /> | Aug record high C = 38.6<br /> | Sep record high C = 40.1<br /> | Oct record high C = 42.1<br /> | Nov record high C = 38.2<br /> | Dec record high C = 36.6<br /> | year record high C = 46.2<br /> | Jan high C = 29.6<br /> | Feb high C = 32.1<br /> | Mar high C = 36.5<br /> | Apr high C = 40.1<br /> | May high C = 40.6<br /> | Jun high C = 37.2<br /> | Jul high C = 32.6<br /> | Aug high C = 31.1<br /> | Sep high C = 33.0<br /> | Oct high C = 35.2<br /> | Nov high C = 33.1<br /> | Dec high C = 30.7<br /> | year high C = 34.3<br /> | Jan low C = 11.5<br /> | Feb low C = 14.0<br /> | Mar low C = 18.7<br /> | Apr low C = 22.6<br /> | May low C = 25.2<br /> | Jun low C = 26.3<br /> | Jul low C = 25.1<br /> | Aug low C = 24.2<br /> | Sep low C = 23.2<br /> | Oct low C = 21.0<br /> | Nov low C = 16.5<br /> | Dec low C = 12.7<br /> | year low C = 20.1<br /> | Jan record low C = 1.6<br /> | Feb record low C = 3.5<br /> | Mar record low C = 9.1<br /> | Apr record low C = 14.1<br /> | May record low C = 18.0<br /> | Jun record low C = 20.6<br /> | Jul record low C = 21.4<br /> | Aug record low C = 21.1<br /> | Sep record low C = 18.1<br /> | Oct record low C = 14.4<br /> | Nov record low C = 9.1<br /> | Dec record low C = 4.1<br /> | year record low C = 1.6<br /> | rain colour = green<br /> | Jan rain mm = 0.0<br /> | Feb rain mm = 0.0<br /> | Mar rain mm = 0.0<br /> | Apr rain mm = 1.5<br /> | May rain mm = 7.2<br /> | Jun rain mm = 98.0<br /> | Jul rain mm = 205.3<br /> | Aug rain mm = 128.5<br /> | Sep rain mm = 97.4<br /> | Oct rain mm = 17.5<br /> | Nov rain mm = 6.2<br /> | Dec rain mm = 0.0<br /> | year rain mm = 561.8<br /> | Jan rain days = 0.0<br /> | Feb rain days = 0.0<br /> | Mar rain days = 0.0<br /> | Apr rain days = 0.1<br /> | May rain days = 0.7<br /> | Jun rain days = 4.2<br /> | Jul rain days = 8.9<br /> | Aug rain days = 7.0<br /> | Sep rain days = 4.3<br /> | Oct rain days = 1.0<br /> | Nov rain days = 0.4<br /> | Dec rain days = 0.0<br /> | year rain days = 26.6<br /> | time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | Jan humidity = 27<br /> | Feb humidity = 21<br /> | Mar humidity = 20<br /> | Apr humidity = 19<br /> | May humidity = 27<br /> | Jun humidity = 52<br /> | Jul humidity = 68<br /> | Aug humidity = 72<br /> | Sep humidity = 62<br /> | Oct humidity = 39<br /> | Nov humidity = 32<br /> | Dec humidity = 29<br /> | year humidity = 39<br /> | source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]&lt;ref name=IMDnormals&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br /> | title = Station: Amreli Climatological Table 1981–2010<br /> | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = January 2015<br /> | pages = 43–44<br /> | access-date = 28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IMDextremes&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br /> | title = Extremes of Temperature &amp; Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = December 2016<br /> | page = M48<br /> | access-date = 28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Administrative divisions ==<br /> Amreli Taluka is subdivided into multiple villages and towns. As of the most recent national [[Census of India|census]] in 2011, there were 71 villages in the taluka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talukas in Amreli District, Gujarat |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/district/194-amreli-gujarat.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Villages &amp; Towns in Amreli Taluka of Amreli, Gujarat |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/3843-amreli-amreli-gujarat.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> Amreli Taluka's economy is concentrated in agriculture, with a focus on crops such as [[Peanut|groundnuts]], cotton, and cereals. The area's naturally occurring precipitation during the monsoon season, coupled with modern [[irrigation]] facilities, has enabled farmers to conduct both [[Rainfed agriculture|rainfed]] and irrigation agriculture. The taluka's economy also includes trade and several small-scale industries, such as the manufacturing of traditional cotton cloth (''[[khadi]]''), silverworks, tanning and cotton ginning.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Maren |date=2 April 2026 |title=Amreli |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Amreli |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> * {{OSM relation|9659208}}<br /> * {{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bagasara/data=!4m7!3m6!1s0x3be29d9d5ad43ea5:0x1149bd361ea61e2d!8m2!3d21.4867814!4d70.9533287!16zL20vMGYwOGc1!19sChIJpT7UWp2d4jsRLR6mHja9SRE?authuser=0&amp;hl=en&amp;rclk=1}}<br /> {{Amreli district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Amreli district]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghuspaithiya&diff=500481 2026-04-05T18:36:15Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started some info initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 film by Susi Ganesan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Ghuspaithiya film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Susi Ganesan]]<br /> | based_on = ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]'' (2017) by Susi Ganesan<br /> | producer = Ramesh Reddy&lt;br/&gt;Jyotika Shenoy&lt;br/&gt;Manjari Susi Ganesan<br /> | writer = Susi Ganesan<br /> | starring = [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Urvashi Rautela]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Akshay Oberoi]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Sethu Sriram]]<br /> | editing = Ram-Sathiesh<br /> | music = Akshay Menon&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh Singh Senger<br /> | studio = Suraj Production&lt;br/&gt;4V Entertainment&lt;br/&gt;JDS Enterprises<br /> | distributor = [[AA Films]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|9|12|[[Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2024|8|9|India}}<br /> | runtime = 132 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Ghuspaithiya''''' ({{Translation|The Intruder}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime drama]] film written and directed by [[Susi Ganesan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Urvashi Rautela says that Hindi remake of 'Thiruttu Payale 2' will be universally relatable |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/urvashi-rautela-says-that-hindi-remake-of-thiruttu-payale-2-will-be-universally-relatable/article31801498.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=11 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]'' (2017) and stars [[Vineet Kumar Singh]], [[Urvashi Rautela]] and [[Akshay Oberoi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; &gt;{{cite web |title=Vineet Kumar-Akshay Oberoi's Face-Off Anchors Ghuspaithiya |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vineet-kumar-akshay-oberois-face-off-anchors-ghuspaithiya-article-112410218 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=9 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was theatrically released on 9 August 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=OTT and theatre releases this week: Ghuspaithiya, Phir Aayi Hasseen Dillruba and more - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/entertainment/ott-and-theatre-releases-this-week-ghuspaithiya-phir-aayi-hasseen-dillruba-and-more-19457317.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |date=9 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Ravi Kumar <br /> * [[Urvashi Rautela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Abha<br /> * [[Akshay Oberoi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Anshuman<br /> * [[Govind Namdev]] as Santosh Tyagi<br /> * [[Umesh Shukla]] as Shamboonath<br /> * Prabhat Kumar Lahiri as Motabhai<br /> * [[Susi Ganesan|Susi Ganesh]] as DIG Ajay Yadav<br /> * Rangaraj Pandey as Detective<br /> * Mahesh Dubey as IG Vijay Singh<br /> * Honey Mohandas as Madhuri<br /> * Atishri Shikha Singh as Assistant of the detective<br /> * Firdous Khan as Assistant of the detective<br /> * Avnish Yadav as Constable Suraj<br /> * Arvind Tiwari as Mantri<br /> * Shiv Aryan as Aman<br /> * Viswa Karna as Raju<br /> * Rudra Nath Mishra as Ravi Rana’s father<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was announced in 2019, a remake of the 2017 Tamil film ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thiruttu Payale 2 to be remade in Hindi |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2019/06/20/thiruttu-payale-2-to-be-remade-in-hindi |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en |date=20 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[principal photography]] of the film started in November 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Viineet Kumar starts shooting for 'Thiruttu Payale 2' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2019/11/04/viineet-kumar-starts-shooting-for-thiruttu-payale-2 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en |date=4 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming took place in [[Lucknow]] and [[Varanasi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Akshay Oberoi plays villain in Thiruttu Payale 2's Hindi remake |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Akshay-Oberoi-steps-into-Prasannas-shoes-for-Thiruttu-Payale-2s-Hindi-remake-22076180 |website=Mid-day |language=en |date=12 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; before wrapping up in December 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Urvashi Rautela finishes shooting for Hindi remake of 'Thiruttu Payale 2 ' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/urvashi-rautela-finishes-shooting-for-hindi-remake-of-thiruttu-payale-2/article30443382.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=31 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Marketing and release ==<br /> The title of the film was announced on 15 October 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Actor Urvashi Rautela Announces Her Next Titled 'Dil Hai Gray' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-urvashi-rautela-announces-her-next-titled-dil-hai-gray-4342622.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=20 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first look poster of the film was released on 15 April 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dil Hai Gray first look posters add an intrigue around Vineet, Akshay and Urvashi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dil-hai-gray-first-look-posters-add-an-intrigue-around-vineet-akshay-and-urvashi-10560031.html |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |date=15 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dil Hai Gray'' ({{Translation|The heart is gray}}) premiered at the [[2023 Toronto International Film Festival|48th annual Toronto International Film Festival]] on 12 September 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=India's first audio teaser of Dil Hai Gray premieres at TIFF 2023 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Sep/13/indias-first-audio-teaser-of-dil-hai-gray-premieres-at-tiff-2023-47591.html |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=13 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was screened at the [[54th International Film Festival of India]] on 27 November 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=11 November 2023 |title=Urvashi Rautela's Movie 'Dil Hai Grey' To Premiere At International Film Festival Goa 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/after-toronto-international-film-festival-urvashi-rautela-movie-dil-hai-grey-to-premiere-at-international-film-festival-goa-2023-1642033 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2024, the film was re-titled as ''Ghuspaithiya''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=New motion poster of Vineet Kumar Singh, Urvashi Rautela and Akshay Oberoi starrer Ghuspaithiya out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Jul/23/new-motion-poster-of-vineet-kumar-singh-urvashi-rautela-and-akshay-oberoi-starrer-ghuspaithiya-out |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=23 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trailer of Urvashi Rautela, Akshay Oberoi's 'Ghuspaithiya' out now, check out |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/trailer-of-urvashi-rautela-akshay-oberois-ghuspaithiya-out-now-check-out-796904 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en |date=27 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Ghuspaithiya<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = Akshay Menon and Sourabh Singh Senger<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = {{Start date|2024|8|8}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ghuspaithiya (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) [feat. Saurabh Singh Sengar] - EP by Akshay Menon on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ghuspaithiya-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-feat/1761788163 |date=8 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=18|s=27}}<br /> | label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br /> | language = Hindi&lt;!--Do not link per WP:OL--&gt;<br /> | producer = <br /> | misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br /> |{{YouTube|-VlcHZFsLdg|Ghuspaithiya - Full Album}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | total_length = 18:27<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Tere Bina Ab Toh<br /> | extra1 = [[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddharth Menon]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Taranginee Menon<br /> | length1 = 05:15<br /> | title2 = Run Run<br /> | extra2 = Saurabh Singh and Parry G<br /> | lyrics2 = Parry G<br /> | length2 = 04:32<br /> | title3 = Selfie Teri Meri<br /> | extra3 = [[Neeti Mohan]]<br /> | lyrics3 = Saaveri Verma<br /> | length3 = 02:54<br /> | title4 = Tere Bina Ab Toh - Female Version<br /> | extra4 = Gul Saxena<br /> | lyrics4 = Shubhashish Upadhyay<br /> | length4 = 05:46<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' awarded the film 2.5 stars out of five.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ghuspaithiya Movie Review : An earnest thriller that falters in execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ghuspaithiya/movie-review/112393845.cms |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic for ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ghuspaithiya Movie Review: Urvashi Rautela, Vineet Kumar, Akshay Oberoi Film Is A Chilling Dive Into Cybercrime's Dark Side |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/ghuspaithiya-movie-review-urvashi-rautela-vineet-kumar-akshay-oberoi-film-is-a-chilling-dive-into-cybercrimes-dark-side-review-112391974 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=9 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ghuspaithiya movie review: Vineet Kumar Singh, Urvashi Rautela &amp; Akshay Oberoi starrer is a gripping cyber crime thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ghuspaithiya-movie-review-vineet-kumar-singh-urvashi-rautela-akshay-oberoi-starrer-is-a-gripping-cyber-crime-thriller-13802172.html |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |date=7 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Mahpara Kabir of ''[[ABP News]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, &quot;The film from director Susi Ganeshan, has generated significant buzz ahead of its release. Featuring a powerhouse cast including Vineet Kumar Singh, Urvashi Rautela, Akshay Oberoi, and Govind Namdev, this film promises not just entertainment but also a deep dive into the perils of cybercrime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kabir |first1=Mahpara |title=Ghuspaithiya Review: Urvashi Rautela And Vineet Kumar Singh Film Brings Cyber Crime To Light |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/ghuspaithiya-movie-review-urvashi-rautela-vineet-kumar-singh-akshay-oberoi-starrer-susi-ganeshan-film-brings-cyber-crime-to-light-1708594 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |date=7 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt33040269}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Film}}<br /> {{Susi Ganesan}}<br /> [[Category:2024 crime drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Susi Ganesan]]<br /> [[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]] <br /> [[Category:Indian crime drama films]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Thengummoottil&diff=500268 2026-04-01T05:53:03Z

<p>LoganConger6625: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Wild Tamil Nadu Memento.jpg<br /> | caption = George Thengummoottil receiving memento from Arvind Swamy during the launch of Wild Tamil Nadu at Chennai India<br /> | name = George Thengummoottil&lt;br /&gt;&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ജോര്‍ജ് തെങ്ങുംമൂട്ടില്‍}}&lt;/big&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|1|10}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Writer, documentary film maker, photographer<br /> | employer = <br /> | alma_mater = Marian College, [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[PSG College of Arts and Science]], [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]]<br /> | website = https://moundain.com/<br /> }}<br /> '''George Thengummoottil''' (born 10 January 1985) is an Indian filmmaker and editor.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/A-street-that-takes-you-to-the-past/articleshow/9281580.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911010300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/coimbatore/29790247_1_shops-spares-market-palakkad|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-09-11|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=News: India News, Latest Bollywood News, Sports News, Business &amp; Political News, National &amp; International News|date=19 July 2011 |access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lalithkala.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalithkala.org/sites/default/files/Photography+Selection+List+(Website).pdf|title=Lalithakala Akademi|website=Lalithakala Akademi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Coimbatoreans-take-a-plunge-into-adventure/articleshow/35990669.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Coimbatoreans take a plunge into adventure|date=3 June 2014 |access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mathrubhumi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/features/510143/|publisher=mathrubhumi.com|title=Nilampoor - നിലമ്പൂരിലെ കോളേജ് ഓഫീസ് മാനവേദന് സ്‌കൂളില്ത്തന്നെ തുടരുമെന്ന് നഗരസഭ - Features - Youth|access-date=2017-01-29|archive-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103085633/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/features/510143/}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also DIT for the [[95th Academy Awards|2022 Academy award]] winning documentary [[The Elephant Whisperers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Elephant Whisperers (2022) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt23628262/fullcredits |access-date=2023-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch The Elephant Whisperers {{!}} Netflix Official Site |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81312835 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.netflix.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His films have been nominated for several film festivals like International Documentary and short-film festival of Kerala and CMS Vatavaran film festival.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Festival Directory 2019 |url=http://cmsvatavaran.org/VAT-Directory-2019_low-resolution.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023 he founded Moundain Films, a visual arts company based in Bangalore, India which specializes in making documentaries&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About – Moundain Films |url=https://moundain.com/about/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> George was born in the town of [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]] on 10 January 1985.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} George Thengummoottil did his primary school education at Marthoma Senior Secondary School. He did his graduation in Computer Science at Marian College Kuttikkanam, [[Peermade]]. During when he wrote his first book ''The Story of Peermade'', a book about the history of [[Peermade]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Story of Peermade |author=Thengummoottil, G.|date=2014|publisher=George Thengummoottil|isbn=978-81-928886-0-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWCiAgAAQBAJ|access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; He obtained Masters in Computer Science from [[Dr G R Damodaran College of Science]], [[Coimbatore]] and later another Masters in Communication and Journalism from [[PSG College of Arts and Science]], [[Coimbatore]]. He has also completed short course on Application of Sound in Film and Television from [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Satyajit ray Film &amp; Television Institute|url=http://srfti.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/4TH-LIST.pdf|access-date=2022-01-19|website=srfti.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Keratoconus ==<br /> During his teenage, he was affected by [[Keratoconus]], a degenerative disorder of the eye and was blind by the age of 13&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=December 6, 2016 |author=Sowmya Rajaram |title=High on sight |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/you/high-on-sight/articleshow/55820408.cms |access-date=2026-01-04 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. He had to stop his studies and activities. Later he did [[Corneal transplantation]] and could partially recover vision in one of his eyes.&lt;ref name=&quot;factordaily&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factordaily.com/solar-charger-high-altitude-video/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004344/http://factordaily.com/solar-charger-high-altitude-video/|archive-date=3 January 2017|publisher=factordaily.com|title=This filmmaker designed a solar charger to shoot in the Himalayas|date=2 January 2017|access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> George was campus placed in Machine Vision and Robotics at Lucid Imaging, [[Bangalore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lucidimaging.in/about-us/people/|title = People &amp;#124; Lucid Imaging}}&lt;/ref&gt; after his post graduation. Even though the company offered cover of his treatments he could not continue for a long time due to [[Keratoconus]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} George was invited to work as a lecturer at [[Sherubtse College]] in [[Bhutan]], where he served for several Years.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/you/High-on-sight/articleshow/55820408.cms|publisher=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com|title=High on sight - Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later he worked as a journalist with [[Times of India]], Coimbatore and later worked with filmmaker [[Sandesh Kadur]] at [[Felis Creations|Felis]] Creations before starting as an independent wildlife filmmaker.<br /> <br /> ===Film making===<br /> After his Masters in Journalism, he started making short edits, while working at [[Felis Creations]] and started as a documentary editor. In 2022, he founded Moundain Private Limited, which specializes on production and post-production of documentaries.<br /> <br /> George was also motivational speaker and has been involved in many technical and art projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/Eye-and-my-vision/article17035858.ece|work=The Hindu|title=Eye and my vision|date=13 January 2017|access-date=2017-02-04|last1=R|first1=Shilpa Sebastian}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was instrumental to popularize the use of solar panels for filming in remote places.&lt;ref name=&quot;nofilmschool&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nofilmschool.com/2016/11/how-to-build-cheap-solar-camera-charger-for-adventure-filmmaking|publisher=nofilmschool.com|title=This Filmmaker Shot 14 Days Without Power in the Himalayas—Here's How|date=December 2016|access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Community initiatives===<br /> George is the founder of Keratoconus Foundation India,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://theindia.info/KFI/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Keratoconus-Foundation-India-Deed.pdf | title=Deed of Declaration Trust | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306121327/http://theindia.info/KFI/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Keratoconus-Foundation-India-Deed.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; a charitable trust registered under [[Indian Trusts Act, 1882]] which guides [[Keratoconus]] patients in India to lead a better life and support them economically.&lt;ref name=&quot;theindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theindia.info/blog/george.htm|author=George Thengummoottil|publisher=theindia.info|title=George Thengummoottil &amp;#124; Me &amp;#124; My Travel &amp;#124; My Life|access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Credit<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |Guhanagari A Book on Urban Wildlife<br /> |Contributor<br /> |Author : Pradeep Hegde<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |Kaziranga National Park 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUpRMQAACAAJ | isbn=978-1-61584-512-5 | title=Himalaya: Mountains of Life | date=2013 | publisher=Ashoka Trust for Research in Education and the Environment }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Illustrator<br /> |Photography: [[Sandesh Kadur|Sanesh Kadur]], Author Priya Singh<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |[[Himalaya: Mountains of Life]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxdNAgAAQBAJ|title=Kaziranga National Park: World Heritage Site|access-date=2015-01-05|last1=Kadur|first1=Sandesh|last2=Thengummoottil|first2=George|last3=Kakati|first3=Niraj|last4=Singh|first4=Priya}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Illustrator<br /> |[[Kamaljit S. Bawa]], [[Sandesh Kadur]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.felis.in/himalaya_mountains_of_life_book|title=Himalaya: Mountains of Life &amp;#124; Felis Creations|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134407/http://www.felis.in/himalaya_mountains_of_life_book}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |The Story of Peermade&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWCiAgAAQBAJ | isbn=978-81-928886-0-6 | title=The Story of Peermade | date=10 January 2014 | publisher=George Thengummoottil }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Author / Photographer<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Genre<br /> !Credit<br /> !Film Festivals<br /> !Awards<br /> !Production company<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2025<br /> |[[The Dooars World]]<br /> |Feature Documentary<br /> |Editor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Doc Film Bazaar Official Project Catalogue |website=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |date=June 2024 |url=https://miff.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Doc-Film-Bazaar-Project-Catalogue.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |ALT EFF Film Festival, 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Dooars World {{!}} ALT EFF 2025 |url=https://watch.eventive.org/alteff-2025/play/68e378995644dab4a50257ae |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=watch.eventive.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |Lens and Stories<br /> Warner Bros<br /> |-<br /> |Bread of Hope<br /> |Short Documentary<br /> |Editor / Assistant Director<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Q Pearl, Qatar<br /> |-<br /> |[[Wild Tamil Nadu|Wild Tamil nadu]]<br /> |Feature Documentary<br /> |Additional Editor<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Land of the Blackbucks<br /> |Short Documentary <br /> |Editor<br /> |International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala, 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IDSFFK |url=https://idsffk.in/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=idsffk.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |Trailing Wild Productions, India<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024<br /> |The Artist and his Bengaluru&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=S.Shantharaju |title=The Artist and his Bengaluru |type=Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt32826974/?ref_=nm_flmg_unrel_1_edt |access-date=2024-08-19 |publisher=Aarnavi Films, Moundain Films}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Documentary / Biography<br /> |Editor<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> * Aarnavi Films<br /> * Moundain<br /> |-<br /> |[[The Fable (film)|The Fable]]<br /> |Feature Film<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023<br /> |KODAGU – Where Rivers Set The Rhythm<br /> |Short Documentary<br /> |Editor<br /> |International Documentary and Shortfilm festival of Kerala<br /> Cambodia International Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://cambodiaiff.com//wp-content/uploads/2024/06/13thCIFF_Film_Catalogue-web.pdf |title=13th Cambodia International Film Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |Felis Creations<br /> |-<br /> |Dandeli Mosale<br /> |Short Documentary<br /> |Editor<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |[[Karnataka Forest Department]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Shankar |first=Gowri |title=Dandeli Mosale |date=2023-05-10 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27916459/?ref_=nm_flmg_t_1_edt |type=Short |access-date=2023-06-03 |publisher=Kalinga Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalinga Foundation<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[The Elephant Whisperers|Elephant Whisperers]]<br /> |Documentary<br /> |DIT&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=George Thengummoottil |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5189031/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |[[95th Academy Awards|95th Academy Awards for best short documentary]]<br /> |Netflix<br /> [[Kartiki Gonsalves|Kartiki Gonsalvus]]<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |The Secret life of Bhopal Tigers<br /> |Documentary<br /> |Editor<br /> |Wildlife Film Festival of Rotterdam<br /> |<br /> |Nature Candid LLP<br /> Madhya Pradesh Forest Department<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2020<br /> |Wild Cats of India<br /> |TV Series<br /> |Animation<br /> |CMS Vatavaran Film Festival, New Delhi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomination National {{!}} CMS VATAVARAN|url=http://cmsvatavaran.org/nominated-national-2021.php|access-date=2021-12-09|website=cmsvatavaran.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Nominated, Wildlife Conservation<br /> |National Geographic <br /> |-<br /> |The Ridge Story<br /> |Short Documentary<br /> |Editing<br /> |Indian Mountaineering Film Festival<br /> |<br /> |[[Arpita Roy (Mountaineer)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IMF Mountain Film Festival 2020 |url=https://www.indmount.org/IMF/download?filePath=/imffs01/imfdocs/2020/newsSection/76/supportDoc.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Communities and Sustainability<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Documentary<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Editor<br /> |International Science Film Festival of India,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE FILM FESTIVAL OF INDIA 2020|url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/Programme-Schedule-IISFI-2020.pdf|website=vigyanprasar.gov.in | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409102321/https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/Programme-Schedule-IISFI-2020.pdf | archive-date=2023-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India<br /> |<br /> |Ashoka Trust<br /> Trailing Wild <br /> |-<br /> |CMS Vatavaran Film Festival, New Delhi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |Nominated, Livelihoods &amp; Sustainable Technologies<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2018<br /> |Sarala Virala<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |Documentary<br /> |Design<br /> |[[66th National Film Awards]] for best Educational Film<br /> |Won<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[The Naga Pride]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Editor / Sound Design<br /> |[[CMS Vatavaran]] Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cmsvatavaran.org/VAT-Directory-2019_low-resolution.pdf|title=Festival Book}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Quotes from the earth&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/naga-pride|title=The Naga Pride|website=www.indiawaterportal.org|date=17 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |11th [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala]], [[Kerala]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://idsffk.in/films-selected-for-idsffk-2018|title=Films Selected for IDSFFK 2018 – DOCU SCAPE Online|website=idsffk.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |International Ecological Film Festival Russia<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[:fr:Festival international du film ornithologique de Ménigoute|Festival international du film ornithologique de Ménigoute]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.menigoute-festival.org/lecteur-evenement/the-naga-pride.html|title=The naga pride - Séance de 21h - Festival International du Film Ornithologique de Ménigoute|website=www.menigoute-festival.org|language=fr|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235740/https://www.menigoute-festival.org/lecteur-evenement/the-naga-pride.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ménigoute]], [[France]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[VIVA Film Festival]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vivaba.com/?p=7276&amp;lang=en|title=OFFICIAL SELECTION – VIVA FILM FESTIVAL 2018 – Viva Film Festival|website=vivaba.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Green Earth Film Festival, [[California]]<br /> |Semi Finalist<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Nagaon International Short &amp; Documentary Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemalay.com/official-selection/|title=Official Selection {{!}} Cinemalay|website=www.cinemalay.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-24|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825003051/http://www.cinemalay.com/official-selection/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{won|place=1st|Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2017<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |The Return of Sangai&lt;ref name=&quot;thesangaiexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Forest Dept makes first documentary on Sangai - The Sangai Express |url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/forest-dept-makes-first-documentary-sangai/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503042004/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/forest-dept-makes-first-documentary-sangai/ |archive-date=2018-05-03 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Short Documentary<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Director<br /> |Kirloskar Vasundhara International Film Festival,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kirloskarvasundharafest.in/schedule/|title=Schedule – Kirloskar Vasundhara International Film Festival (KVIFF)|website=kirloskarvasundharafest.in|access-date=2018-12-27|archive-date=27 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227182952/http://kirloskarvasundharafest.in/schedule/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pune]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |India Heritage Walk Festival<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Kadakam Forest and Environmental; Film Festival, [[Silent Valley National Park]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Smaragdni Eco Film Festival, [[Croatia]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sangai festival|Sangai Festival]], [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]], [[India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=GENERAL / LATEST NEWS: ENVIS Centre, Ministry of Environment, Forest &amp; Climate Change, Govt. of India|url=http://manenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?Id=3977|access-date=2020-09-13|website=manenvis.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Singalila in the Himalaya&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Thengummoottil|first=George|title=Singali La: In the Himalaya|date=2016-05-19|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5933784/|others=Alexa Hone Blanchet, Surya Girish, Blanchet Richard|access-date=2018-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Documentary<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Director<br /> |[[CMS Vatavaran]] Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cmsvatavaran.org/vat2019/nominated-2019.php|title=Nominations {{!}} CMS VATAVARAN|website=cmsvatavaran.org|access-date=2019-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Nominated&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Kadakam Forest and Environmental; Film Festival, [[Silent Valley National Park]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |IMF Mountain Film Festival 2017, [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> |{{won|place=1st|Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |10th [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala]], [[Kerala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://idsffkmedia2016.blogspot.in/2016/06/|work=IDSFFK Online|access-date=2018-04-06|language=en-US|title=9th IDSFFK MEDIA CELL }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |16th Girimitra Sammelan, [[Mumbai]]<br /> |{{won|place=3rd|Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Pokhara International Mountain Film Festival]], [[Pokhara]], [[Nepal]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Kalia : The Lost Gibbon''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.felis.in/KaliaTheLostGibbon|title=Kalia {{!}} The Lost Gibbon {{!}} Felis Creations|website=www.felis.in|access-date=2018-05-01|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502064418/http://www.felis.in/KaliaTheLostGibbon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nikhilvirdi.com/wildlife|title=Wildlife {{!}} Nikhil Virdi's Cinematography|last=Cinematography|first=Nikhil Virdi's|website=Nikhil Virdi|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-05-01|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502064526/https://nikhilvirdi.com/wildlife}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Short Documentary<br /> |Graphics<br /> |9th [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala]], [[Kerala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2015<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Eastern Himalaya'' - Ancient Risks Future Threats<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Short Documentary<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Graphics<br /> |CMS Vatavaran 2015<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |IMF Mountain Film Festival 2017, [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.outdoorjournal.com/in/news-2/imf-mountain-film-festival/|title=Stunning Visuals, Character Driven Stories Rule IMF Mountain Film Festival|last=Vohra|first=Supriya|date=2017-02-16|work=TOJ India Edition|access-date=2018-05-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502141514/https://www.outdoorjournal.com/in/news-2/imf-mountain-film-festival/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |10th Festival Gorniskega Filma&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://gorniski.si/2016/en/|title=Home|work=10. festival gorniškega filma|access-date=2018-05-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''In To the Darkroom Shortfilm''<br /> |Short Film<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |''Goecha La In Search of Kangchenjunga''<br /> |Documentary<br /> |Director<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://moundain.com Personal Website]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Thengummoottil, George}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Palakkad]]<br /> [[Category:1985 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film editors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Film editors from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:People from Palakkad]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_marshal_(India)&diff=475221 2026-03-26T10:26:26Z

<p>LoganConger6625: add section to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Highest Military rank of the Indian Army}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox military rank<br /> | name = Field Marshal<br /> | native_name =<br /> | image = Flag of Field Marshal.jpg<br /> | image_size = 150<br /> | caption = [[Flag officer|Rank flag]] of the Field Marshal<br /> | image2 = Field Marshal of the Indian Army.svg<br /> | image_size2 = 50<br /> | caption2 = [[Epaulette|Shoulder epaulette]]<br /> | image3 = Vehicle star plate of Field marshal (Indian Army).svg<br /> | image_size3 = 200<br /> | caption3 = Star insignia of the Field Marshal<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | service branch = {{army|India}}<br /> | abbreviation = FM<br /> | rank = [[Five-star rank|Five star]]<br /> | NATO rank =OF-10 <br /> | Non-NATO rank =<br /> | formation = 3 January 1973{{sfn|Singh|2005|p=193}}<br /> | abolished =<br /> | higher rank = None<br /> | lower rank = [[General (India)|General]]<br /> | equivalents = *[[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] ([[Indian Air Force|IAF]])<br /> * Admiral of the fleet ([[Indian Navy]])<br /> | history =<br /> |rank group=}}<br /> <br /> '''Field Marshal''' ({{langx|hi|फ़ील्ड मार्शल|pheeld maarshal}}) is a [[Five-star rank|five–star]] [[Military rank|officer rank]] and the highest attainable in the [[Indian Army]]. Created in 1973, it exists as a ceremonial recognition, awarded exclusively to officers deemed to have rendered exceptional service during wartime.&lt;ref name=&quot;FM1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-field-marshal-10018167/|title=This Word Means: Field Marshal|website=indianexpress.com|date=20 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Modeled after [[British Army officer rank insignia|British military ranking system]], the rank is the Army's equivalent to the [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] (MIAF) {{Ndash}}the only other five-star rank in the [[Indian Armed Forces]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FM1&quot;/&gt; It presently exists solely for honorary purposes and does not encompass any operational obligations, consequently, it sits outside the Army's operational hierarchy, nevertheless, its rank-holders customarily retain it for life i.e., are considered to be serving officers unto death.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/07/archives/india-names-chief-of-staff-to-take-army-command.html|title=India Names Chief of Staff To Take Army Command|website=www.nytimes.com|date=7 January 1986<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since its inception, the rank has been awarded only twice, to [[Sam Manekshaw|S. H. F. J. Manekshaw]] in January 1973 and second, to [[K. M. Cariappa]] in April 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/15/field-marshal-cariappa-army-day.html|website=www.theweek.in|date=15 January 2019 |title=Remembering Field Marshal Cariappa, the 'reason' for Army Day }}&lt;/ref&gt; Outside the Army, the only other officer in the armed forces to have ever held a five-star rank was [[Arjan Singh]], who was promoted as Marshal of the Indian Air Force in January 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020126/main5.htm|title=Arjan Singh made IAF Marshal|website=www.tribuneindia.com|date= January 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Preceding era===<br /> During the [[British Raj]], the rank structure of the erstwhile [[British Indian Army]] (BIA) was modeled after the British ranking system, and upon [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India's attainment independence in 1947]], the Indian Army, which succeeded the BIA, retained the rank structure with several modifications to its insignia; however, given that no officer in the BIA had ever been promoted to the rank of field marshal, the rank was also omitted from the Indian Army's rank structure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mountbatten&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chhina |first=Man Aman Singh |date=2 September 2022 |title=Explained: How India adopted its military flags and badges based on Lord Mountbatten's suggestions |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-adopted-military-flags-badges-lord-mountbattens-suggestions-8125477/ |access-date=2 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, the four-star rank of general existed as the highest attainable rank, and remained so until 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazette_1949&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Gazette of India (Extraordinary): Ministry of Defence |page=41 |date=15 January 1949|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1949/E-2348-1949-0000-108857.pdf|publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===S. H. F. J. Maneskhaw (1973)===<br /> [[File:FM Manekshaw - Rashtrapathi Bhavan.jpg|thumb|President [[V. V. Giri]] presenting the rank of Field Marshal to S. H. F. J. Manekshaw in January 1973]]<br /> The idea to introduce the rank of field marshal was first proposed by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] in early-1972, just a few months after India's military victory in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani war]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=15}} At the time, the Army's successes came to be strongly identified with General [[Sam Manekshaw|S. H. F. J. Manekshaw]], who for his part, had been a principal commander during the conflict vis-à-vis his leadership as the then-[[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) and [[Chiefs of Staff Committee (India)|Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=15}} Thus, it was conceived that Manekshaw's wartime leadership merited a promotion to the rank of field marshal, a notion which was then strongly supported by then-[[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.rattibha.com/thread/1700810752502980703|title=STAVKA - Manekshaw|website=en.rattibha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the measure was reportedly opposed by then-[[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]] [[Jagjivan Ram]] and the civilian bureaucracy, which feared an unbalanced tilt in civil-military relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;/&gt; Consequently, the question regarding the rank's creation remained in limbo until 31 December 1972, when the government decided in favor of Manekshaw's promotion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;/&gt; Manekshaw thus became the first officer in the history of the armed forces to be promoted to a five-star rank, and was formally accorded the honor in a special investiture ceremony at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 3 January 1973, where [[President of India|President]] [[V. V. Giri]] - the supreme commander of the armed forces, presented him with a baton and a special set of rank epaulettes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===K. M. Cariappa (1986)===<br /> [[File:President Giani Zail Singh presenting the Rank of Field Marshal to K.M. Cariappa.jpg|thumb|President [[Zail Singh]] presenting the rank of Field Marshal to K. M. Cariappa in April 1986.]]<br /> Subsequently, Manekshaw remained the only officer to hold the distinction until 1986, when the Union Government of India under prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] decided to promote retired general [[K. M. Cariappa]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=47}} Similar to Manekshaw's service, Cariappa had also been a wartime officer: he had participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|1947-1948 Indo-Pakistani war]], and had risen to become the first-ever Indian officer to lead the Army as its Commander-in-Chief (the predecessor office to COAS) at the four-star rank of general.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=47}} Notably, unlike Manekshaw - who had been promoted while in service, Cariappa was a retired officer - having superannuated in 1953.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=47}} Subsequently, Cariappa was accorded the honor of an ''honorary'' field marshal by President [[Zail Singh]] at a special investiture ceremony at the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 28 April 1986.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=47}} However, at the time of Cariappa's promotion, the [[Ministry of Defence]] had categorized his accordance as an ''honorary'' field marshal, which created confusion as to the difference between an ''honorary'' and a ''substantive'' field marshal.&lt;ref name=&quot;WOP_1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/military-digest-declassified-files-reveal-discussions-over-field-marshals-manekshaw-cariappa-9193093/|title=Military Digest: Declassified files reveal discussions over Field Marshals Manekshaw, Cariappa and their position in Warrant of Precedence|website=indianexpress.co|date=3 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The confusion was resolved in 1987 when the title ''honorary'' was dropped, allowing Cariappa to retain his rank substantively.&lt;ref name=&quot;WOP_1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> ===Decorations===<br /> Since the Indian Army's ranking system was modeled after the British Army, the rank insignia of field marshal for both services draw visual similarities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;/&gt; The shoulder epaulette insignia for the Indian Army consists of two crossed batons surrounded by an [[Oak leaf cluster|oak wreath]], with the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka|Ashoka Lion]] placed above the wreath.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoraster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Sinha, SK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314235249/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&amp;page=article-details&amp;code_title=121318|title=The Making of a Field Marshal |url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&amp;page=article-details&amp;code_title=121318|archive-date=March 14, 2015 |website=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|date=14 March 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although it is usually prepared in metal gold furnishing, Manekshaw personally requested his rank insignia to be prepared in black metal, as he belonged to the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkhas]], whose officers customarily wore their insignia in black.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;/&gt; Cariappa, on the other hand, received his insignia in gold.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to the shoulder epaulette, a field marshal is also accorded a ceremonial baton.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;/&gt; Initially, Manekshaw was accorded a simple black cane adorned with an elaborate silver chain with the Ashoka Lion mounted atop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rattibha&quot;/&gt; Later, both he and Cariappa were provided with one of standard design, consisting of a thick red-velvet handle studded with gold furnishings of the [[Ashoka Chakra]] and the Ashoka Lion perched atop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoraster&quot;/&gt; Field marshals customarily salute by raising their batons in their right hand, instead of providing the [[Salute|open-palm salute]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoraster&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of field marshals==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:5%;&quot; | No.<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:20%;&quot; | Portrait<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:15%;&quot; | Name<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:15%;&quot; | [[List of regiments and corps of the Indian Army|Regiment]]<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:12%;&quot; | Date of promotion<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:17%;&quot; | Offices held<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:50%;&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || [[File:Field marshal SHFJ Manekshaw.jpg|150x150px|center]] || [[Sam Manekshaw|Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]]&lt;br /&gt;{{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|MC}}|| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]|| 03 January 1973&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/07/archives/india-names-chief-of-staff-to-take-army-command.html|title=India Names Chief of Staff To Take Army Command|website=New York Times|date=7 January 1973}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]&lt;br/&gt;(1969–1973) ||Awarded in service for exceptional wartime leadership during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || [[File:General K. M. Cariappa.jpg|150x150px|center]]|| [[K. M. Cariappa|Kodandera Madappa Cariappa]]&lt;br /&gt;{{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|OBE}}|| [[Rajput Regiment|7th Rajput Regiment]]|| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|28 April 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;WOP_1&quot;/&gt;|| [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Commander-in-Chief]]&lt;br/&gt;(1949–1953) ||Awarded in retirement as honorary recognition for services rendered during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|1947-1948 Indo-Pakistani War]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WOP_1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> ===Similar===<br /> * [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]]<br /> * [[Five-star rank]]<br /> <br /> ===Related to the armed forces===<br /> * [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{citation|first1=Depinder|last1=Singh|title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, M.C.: Soldiering with Dignity|year=2002|isbn=978-81-85019-02-4|publisher=Natraj}}<br /> * {{citation|first1=Vijay Kumar|last1=Singh|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|author-link = V. K. Singh|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9|publisher=Sage}}<br /> * {{citation|first1=Satinder|last1=Sharma|title=Services Chiefs of India|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7211-162-5|publisher=Northern Book Centre}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book|author1=K. C. Cariappa|author-link1=K. C. Cariappa|editor1-last=Chaudhuri|editor1-first=Dipa|title=Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa|date=2007|publisher=Niyogi Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-89738-26-6|edition=2nd}}<br /> * {{cite book|author1=Edel Weis|title=Field Marshal Cariappa: The Man who Touched the Sky|date=2002|publisher=Roopa &amp; Co|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7167-944-7}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=+pFZjV8mz9fc6cOfg7px1g==&amp;ParentID=rLdGLIGh/NUCC0Neg3IFSQ== Profile on Sam Manekshaw Indian Army official website]<br /> * [http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=Qofq8o630PNbNPgw+7GS3A==&amp;ParentID=Cj9ARBsMxPEkqMd1Q03cgw== Profile on K. M. Cariappa Indian Army official website]<br /> <br /> {{Military ranks by country}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Army}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Field marshals of India| ]]<br /> [[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]<br /> [[Category:Military insignia|India Army]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_culture&diff=465745 2026-03-24T20:04:05Z

<p>LoganConger6625: add structure based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Arts, cuisine, dress, etc. of Punjab}}<br /> {{Punjabis}}<br /> '''Punjabi culture''' grew out of the settlements along the five rivers (the name ''[[Punjab]]'', is derived from two [[Persian language|Persian]] words, ''Panj'' meaning &quot;Five&quot; and ''Âb'' meaning &quot;Water&quot;) which served as an important route to the [[Near East]] as early as the ancient [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley civilization]], dating back to [[30th century BC|3000 BCE]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&amp;pg=PA7 |title=The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism |date=2012 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Agriculture]] has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the [[Green Revolution]] during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, has been described as the &quot;breadbasket of both India and Pakistan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Besides being known for agriculture and trade, the Punjab is also a region that over the centuries has experienced many foreign invasions and consequently has a long-standing history of warfare, as the Punjab is situated on the principal route of invasions through the [[Northwestern South Asia|northwestern frontier of the Indian subcontinent]], which promoted to adopt a lifestyle that entailed engaging in warfare to protect the land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Warrior culture typically elevates the value of the community's honour ([[Izzat (honour)|izzat]]), which is highly esteemed by Punjabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> ==Music==<br /> {{Main articles|Music of Punjab}}<br /> <br /> [[Bhangra (music)|''Bhangra'']] is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that are increasingly listened to in the West and becoming a mainstream favourite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moreno |first=Jacqueline |title=Bhangra conquering one dance move at a time |url=https://observer.case.edu/bhangra-conquering-one-dance-move-at-a-time/ |access-date=2019-12-26 |website=The Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing with other compositions to produce award-winning music. [[Sufi music]] and [[Qawali]], commonly practiced in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]]; are other important genres in the Punjab region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pande|first=Alka|title=Folk music &amp; musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights|year=1999|publisher=Mapin Pub.|location=Ahmedabad [India]|isbn=978-18-902-0615-4|url=https://archive.org/details/folkmusicmusical00pand}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Thinda|first=Karanaila Siṅgha|title=Pañjāba dā loka wirasā|year=1996|publisher=Pabalikeshana Biūro, Pañjābī Yūniwarasiṭī|location=Paṭiālā|isbn=978-81-7380-223-2|edition=New rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''History of Modern Music''' <br /> <br /> Punjabi music started to develop and alter in the 20th century as it was impacted by Western musical genres including pop, rock, and hip-hop. As a result, a brand-new genre of Punjabi music emerged, fusing contemporary beats and production methods with traditional instruments and melodies. Gurdas Maan was a trailblazer of the new Punjabi music scene, becoming well known in the 1980s with singles like &quot;Challa&quot; and &quot;Mamla Gadbad Hai.&quot; Traditional Punjabi folk tunes were blended with contemporary production methods in Maan's music, while societal themes including drug misuse, poverty, and governmental corruption were frequently touched upon in his lyrics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=songs |first=Punjabi |date=2023-05-04 |title=Top 100 The Evolution of Punjabi Music: From Folk Traditions to Modern Pop Hits |url=https://medium.com/@butagill1169/top-100-the-evolution-of-punjabi-music-from-folk-traditions-to-modern-pop-hits-5d951b9af946 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dance==<br /> {{See also|Punjabi dance}}<br /> [[File:Kikli_and_salwar_suits.jpg|thumb|Traditional [[Punjabi dance]], [[Kikkli]].]]<br /> Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with [[Folk instruments of Punjab|Punjabi traditional musical instruments]]. Bhangra is one of the most famous dances originating in the Punjab by farmers during the harvesting season. It was mainly performed while farmers did agricultural chores. As they did each farming activity they would perform bhangra moves on the spot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pandher |first1=Gurdeep |title=Bhangra History |url=https://gurdeep.ca/bhangra/bhangra-history/ |access-date=28 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; This allowed them to finish their job in a pleasurable way. For many years, farmers performed bhangra to showcase a sense of accomplishment and to welcome the new harvesting season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_nmZjCerzi4C&amp;q=bhangra+gurdaspur&amp;pg=PA85|title=Land of Five Rivers|first=Khushwant|last=Singh|date=23 May 2017 |publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=9788122201079}}&lt;/ref&gt; Traditional bhangra is performed in a circle&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bedell |first=J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRNTUme_a-4C&amp;q=bhangra+pakistan+harvest&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Teens in Pakistan |date=23 May 2017 |publisher=Capstone |isbn=9780756540432 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is performed using traditional dance steps. Traditional bhangra is now also performed on occasions other than during the harvest season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Black |first=Carolyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3adRL3lQwMC&amp;q=bhangra+festivals++pakistan&amp;pg=PA26 |title=Pakistan: The culture |date=2003 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=9780778793489}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title=Pakistan Almanac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRYZAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=bhangra+pakistan+harvest |publisher=Royal Book Company |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Giddha]] is also a famous dance from Punjab. This dance is for women and originates thousands of years ago, it resembles femininity and beauty.{{Cn|date=May 2023}} <br /> <br /> == Art ==<br /> Painting in the Punjab developed during the reign of [[Iltutmish]] of the [[Khalji dynasty|Khilji dynasty]], who had patronized that.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kaur |first1=Sukhandeep |last2=Viranjan |first2=Ram |date=24 April 2023 |title=A Historical Overview of Emergence and Development of Sikh Art in Punjab |url=https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/download/293/408/3680 |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=389–402 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i1.2023.293 |eissn=2582-7472|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A historical reference to this was made in the ''Tarikh-I-Ferozeshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;'' [[Sikh art]], including [[Sikh painting]], is mostly derived from Punjab's art traditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; B.N. Goswamy argues that painting in the Punjab goes back to the 16th century and became influenced by the Mughal school in the early half of the 18th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Goswamy, B. N. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1195745832 |title=Piety and splendour : Sikh heritage in art : National Museum, New Delhi, 2000 |date=2000 |publisher=National Museum |oclc=1195745832}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Punjabi Sikhs|Punjabi Sikh]] forays into painting were mostly limited to wall paintings decorating the walls of religious sites up until the early 19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hardgrave, R. L. (1996). An Early Portrayal of the Sikhs: Two 18th Century Etchings by Baltazard Solvyns. ''International Journal of Punjab Studies'', ''3''(2), 213-27. Accessed via: https://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/sikhs.html&lt;/ref&gt; Miniature painting depicting Hindu religious scenes and themes was popular in the [[Hill States of India|Punjab Hills]] amongst the various Pahari [[Rajput]] states.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Between 1810–1830, the Sikhs began to commission these Pahari artists to paint Sikh subjects and settings, mostly Sikh royalty and nobility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; After Sikhs began to progressively come into more and more contact with Europeans after 1830, the main influence on Punjabi Sikh art shifted from Pahari styles and methods to European ones.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; The Punjabi form and localization of [[Company style|Company paintings]] would be born out of this increased interaction between European and Punjabi artists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Thus, Pahari-influenced traditional miniature paintings began to be surmounted by European-influenced Company school paintings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Lahori and Amritsari artists increasingly abandoned using the traditional Indic medium of [[gouache]] for [[Watercolor painting|watercolour]] techniques.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1838–39, a British visitor hired local Punjabi artists to produce pictures covering the various kinds of inhabitants of northern India using British-supplied paper and bound into an album.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Images of the Sikh royals and military were documented in these British-patronized local paintings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Many Europeans were employed by the Lahore Durbar, such as the Frenchman [[Jean-François Allard]], and were sponsors of the local arts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; A few European artists who visited the Sikh court of Lahore and left a deep impact on the local art were: [[Godfrey Vigne|G. T. Vigne]] (visited in 1837), William G. Osborne (visited in 1838), [[Emily Eden]] (visited in 1838 alongside her brother), and [[August Schoefft]] (arrived in 1841).&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Eden had a large impact, as her published work ''Portraits of the Princes and People of India'' (which included lithographic depictions of Sikhs and Punjabis) was a big success and many copies of the work made their way to Punjab where they ended up giving further shape to the emerging Punjabi Company School.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Schoefft spent over a year in Punjab painting various local scenes and subjects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; During the Anglo-Sikh Wars, many of the British officials and soldiers who made their way to Punjab were artists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; An example is Henry Lawrence, who painted local residents of various walks of life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Many Indian artists who followed the Company school were hired to paint Punjabi subjects and settings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; When the Sikh Empire was annexed in 1849, local Punjabi artists working in the Company style created works based upon stock sets for the purpose of selling them to European tourists in the local bazaars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; These Punjabi paintings geared towards a European audience depicted &quot;Sikh rulers, heroes, occupations, and costumes&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Wall paintings ===<br /> [[Mural|Murals]] (including [[Fresco|frescoes]]) feature prominently in Punjab and showcase various themes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |title=Punjab Art and Culture |publisher=Atma Ram &amp; Sons |year=1988 |isbn=9788170430964 |pages=44–47 |chapter=10. Murals - Social Documents}}&lt;/ref&gt; Punjabi murals differ from Punjabi miniature paintings in that the wall paintings were far more readily accessible and viewable by the general masses rather than being mostly an affair restricted to the privileged classes of the society, as in the case of miniatures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Since murals could be seen by all walks of society, the things depicted in them were commonly understood subjects that required no specialized knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Punjabi murals can depict religious or secular settings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> ==== Religious themes ====<br /> [[File:Mural depicting a scene from Indic mythology, located within the Samadh of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore, ca.1840's.jpg|thumb|Mural depicting a scene from Indic mythology, located within the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh|Samadh of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] in [[Lahore]], ca.1840's. The mythological scene depicted is likely a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavist]] scene from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' or ''[[Ramayana]]'' epics.]]<br /> Religious-themed murals are often found at religious shrines, such as Hindu and Sikh temples.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Scenes from [[Hindu mythology|Indic mythology]], such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', are commonly found, an example being the unveiling of ''[[Draupadi]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Religious murals depicting female figuratives were often [[Shaktism|Shaktist]] in-nature.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; A prevailing theme of the divine (the ''[[Shakti]]'') incarnating in feminine form (these unique forms are given various names, such as [[Kali]]) to [[Hindu mythological wars|battle with negative forces]] (that are hostile to the deities and mankind), including [[Rakshasa|demons]] (such as ''[[Mahishasura]]'') and giants (such as [[Shumbha and Nishumbha|''Shumbha'' and ''Nishumbha'']]), is a commonly witnessed scene of Punjabi murals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; The scenes depicted by this category of wall paintings are seemingly drawn from the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'', which promotes the reverence of Shakti as the divine-mother figure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Other scenes found in Punjabi wall paintings seem to stem from the stories of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; An example of a type of mural scene derived from it is [[Radha]] being surrounded by youthful ''[[Gopi|gopis]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Krishna is also commonly depicted alongside gopis in this sort of mural.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Krishna is sometimes shown playing his flute whilst the gopis perform the ''[[Raslila|ras-lila]]'' around him or he is shown stealing clothes from the gopis, an episode known as ''[[Gopala-Krishna|chira-harana]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Aside from Hindu themes, there are also depictions based upon [[History of Sikhism|Sikh history]] and [[Sikh culture|themes]], such as [[Sikh gurus]], [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyrs]] (''[[Shaheed|shaheeds]]''), and religious figures (an example being ''[[Bhagat|bhagats]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Secular themes ====<br /> [[File:Fresco depicting a hunting scene from a Punjabi Muslim khangah (Khangah Dargani Shah at Dhun Dhaewal) located on the right bank of the Beas River near Chola Sahib, Tarn Taran district.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting a hunting scene from a Punjabi Muslim khangah (Khangah Dargani Shah at Dhun Dhaewal) located on the right bank of the Beas River near Chola Sahib, Tarn Taran district]]<br /> Amid the murals based on profane subjects, depictions of scenes from traditional [[Punjabi folklore]] are commonplace, such as ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'', ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'', ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'', ''[[Sassui Punnhun|Sassi Pannu]]'', ''[[Layla and Majnun|Laila Majnun]]'', ''Raja Rasalu'', and more.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; A lot of the depicted stories are ultimately based upon [[Punjabi literature|bardic literature]], such as the legends of ''Shah Behram'' and ''Husan Banu''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; There are also paintings based upon traditional [[Vaar|folk ballads]], such as ''[[Puran Bhagat]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Additionally, there are paintings of various ''[[Ashta Nayika|Nayika]]'' themes, including the ''Ashta-nayika'' (eight heroines).&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; There also exists wall paintings based upon the [[Satasai|''Sat Sai'' of Bihari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; There are further depictions of various royal figures, such as [[Jind Kaur|Rani Jindan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Many Punjabi wall paintings depict women and girls in the process of a variety of actions, such as feeding parrots, peacocks, or bucks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Women are also depicted fondling pets or writing love letters in these wall paintings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Fresco depicting a dalliance scene from Jandwal temple in Hoshiarpur district.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting a dalliance scene from Jandwal temple in Hoshiarpur district]]<br /> Usually displayed less conspicuously, there were also wall painting depicting sexual or erotic themes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; It was a common practice to decorate the walls of Islamic and Hindu palaces with erotic scenes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; The Sikh royalty and nobality during the reign of the [[Sikh Empire]] had their residences embellished with these erotic wall paintings. General [[Paolo Avitabile]] had his private residence quarters decorated with figures of scantily clad dancing girls and Indic deities in the act of making love.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; At the ''Rani Mahal'' of erstwhile [[Nabha State]], there are wall paintings of couples having sex in various positions, settings, and emotions based upon the ''[[Ratirahasya|Koka Shastra]]'' treatise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; However, it is important to note that these erotic-based murals were limited mostly to the areas frequented by the upper-classes of the Punjabi society at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Weddings==<br /> {{See also|Punjabi wedding traditions}}<br /> Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among [[Muslims]], [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] and [[Christians]] may be conducted in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]] or [[Pali]] by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times and itself have evolved in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]].<br /> <br /> ==Cuisine==<br /> {{See also|Punjabi cuisine}}<br /> [[File:Tandoorimumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Tandoori chicken]] is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine.]]<br /> The local cuisine of Punjab is heavily influenced by the [[agriculture]] and [[farming]] lifestyle prevalent from the times of the ancient [[Indus Valley civilization]]. Dishes similar to [[tandoori chicken]] may have existed during the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan]] civilization during the [[Bronze Age]] of [[History of India#Indus Valley Civilisation|India]]. According to the archeologist Professor Vasant Shinde, the earliest evidence for a dish similar to tandoori chicken can be found in the Harappan civilization and dates back to 3000 BC. His team has found ancient ovens at Harappan sites which are similar to the tandoors that are used in the state of Punjab. Physical remains of chicken bones with char marks have also been unearthed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=Andrew |date=30 January 2013 |title=The Mystery of Curry |journal=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2013/01/indus_civilization_food_how_scientists_are_figuring_out_what_curry_was_like.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritu |first=Grishm |title=Virasat |url=http://www.intach.org/pdf/virasat-april-june2017-eng.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eco&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhuyan |first=Avantika |date=9 April 2017 |title=How archaeologists across the country are unearthing the food of ancestors to shed light on the evolution of eating |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-archaeologists-across-the-country-are-unearthing-the-food-of-ancestors-to-shed-light-on-the-evolution-of-eating/articleshow/58085366.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harappan houses had keyhole ovens with central pillars which was used for roasting meats and baking breads.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 Kenoyer 2015 Indus Civilization.pdf: ANTHRO100: General Anthropology (002) |url=https://canvas.wisc.edu/courses/48978/files/2427913?module_item_id=697603 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=canvas.wisc.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sushruta Samhita]] records meat being cooked in an oven (kandu) after marinating it in spices like black mustard (rai) powder and fragrant spices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full text of &quot;Indian Food Tradition A Historical Companion Achaya K. T.&quot; |url=https://archive.org/stream/IndianFoodTraditionAHistoricalCompanionAchayaK.T./Indian%20Food%20Tradition%20A%20Historical%20Companion%20Achaya%20K.T._djvu.txt |access-date=2019-02-06 |website=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Ahmed (2014), Harappan oven structures may have operated in a similar manner to the modern tandoors of the Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Mukhtar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbLVBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA211 |title=Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History |publisher=Foursome Group |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4960-8208-4 |volume=IV |pages=211–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Basmati]] rice is the indigenous variety of Punjab, and various meat- and vegetable-based rice dishes have been developed using it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianfoodforever.com/punjabi/jeera-rice.html |title=Jeera Rice Recipe |website=Indianfoodforever |date=2 September 2019 |publisher=Indian food forever}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.indianfoodforever.com/punjabi/kadhi-chawal.html|title = KADHI CHAWAL RECIPE|website = Indianfoodforever| date=2 September 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.khanapakana.com/cooking-video/b3d080b5-19b6-4e02-9335-848541c061bb/punjabi-pulao-biryani|title = Punjabi Pulao Biryani|website = Khanapakana|access-date = 26 August 2015|archive-date = 28 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201128122925/http://www.khanapakana.com/cooking-video/b3d080b5-19b6-4e02-9335-848541c061bb/punjabi-pulao-biryani|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Physical culture ==<br /> {{See also|Sports in Punjab}}<br /> <br /> ==Language and literature==<br /> {{Main articles|Punjabi language|Punjabi literature}}<br /> [[File:Detail_of_Baba_Farid_from_a_Guler_painting_showing_an_imaginary_meeting_of_Sufi_saints.jpg|thumb|[[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Baba Farid]], considered the first major Punjabi poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' (Vol. 2), Sahitya Akademi, p. 1263&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> The Punjabi language is written with the [[Gurmukhi alphabet]] in India and with the [[Shahmukhi alphabet]] in Pakistan. Approximately 130 million people speak the Punjabi language.&lt;ref name=Omniglot&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm |title=Punjabi language and the Gurmukhi and Shahmuhi scripts and pronunciation |website=Omniglot.com |date= |accessdate=2017-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to [[Nath|Nath Yogi]] era from 9th to 14th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoiberg 20002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hoiberg |first=Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&amp;q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&amp;pg=PA214 |title=Students' Britannica India |date=2000 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155537/https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&amp;q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&amp;pg=PA214 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They referred to God with various names such as &quot;Alakh Nirajan&quot; which are still prevalent in Punjabi vernacular.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoiberg 20002&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Punjabi literary tradition is popularly seen to commence with [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]] (1173–1266).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century, Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under [[Shah Hussain]] (1538–1599), [[Sultan Bahu]] (1628–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), [[Bulleh Shah]] (1680–1757), [[Saleh Muhammad Safoori]] (1747–1826), [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh|Mian Muhammad Baksh]] (1830–1907) and [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid]] (1845–1901). In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred the ''[[ghazal]]'' for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the ''[[Kafi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Articles on Bulleh Shah's Poetry |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/poetry/bullahn/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Punjabi Sufi poetry also influenced other Punjabi literary traditions particularly the [[Punjabi Qissa]], a genre of romantic tragedy which also derived inspiration from Indic, Persian and Quranic sources. The Qissa of ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' by [[Waris Shah]] (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qisse. Other popular stories include ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'' by Fazal Shah, ''[[Mirza Sahiba]]'' by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), ''[[Sassi Punnun]]'' by [[Hashim Shah]] (1735–1843), and ''Qissa [[Puran Bhagat]]'' by [[Qadaryar]] (1802–1892).<br /> <br /> ==Dress==<br /> {{see also|Punjabi clothing| Clothing in India| Pakistani clothing| Indian wedding clothes| Mughal clothing| History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent}}<br /> ;Dastar<br /> {{Main|Dastar}}<br /> <br /> A [[Dastar]] is an proud of headgear associated with [[Sikhism]] and is an important part of the Punjabi and Sikh culture. Among the Sikhs, the ''dastār'' is an article of faith that represents equality, honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The [[Khalsa]] Sikh men and women, who keep the [[The Five Ks|Five Ks]], wear the turban to cover their long, uncut hair (''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]''). The Sikhs regard the ''dastār'' as an important part of the unique Sikh identity. After the ninth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Tegh Bahadur]], was sentenced to death by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Sikh Guru created the [[Khalsa]] and gave five articles of faith, one of which is unshorn hair, which the ''dastār'' covers.&lt;ref name=&quot;turban&quot;&gt;[http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=233794 “Importance of turban in Sikhism”], earlytimes.in. 2018-05-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to [[Sikhism|Sikhi]], only kings, royalty, and those of high stature wore turbans, but Sikh Gurus adopted the practice to assert equality and sovereignty among people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Turban&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sikh Theology Why Sikhs Wear A Turban|url=http://www.sikhcoalition.org/sikh-theology-why-sikhs-wear-a-turban|website=The Sikh Coalition|access-date=13 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ;Punjabi suit<br /> {{Main|Shalwar kameez}}<br /> [[File:Apr 21 ontario place punjabi virsa miss brampton.JPG|thumb|Punjabi traditional dress]]<br /> [[File:1st Punjabi Wikipedia Workshop-9.jpg|thumb|Punjabi Shalwar kameez]]<br /> A Punjabi suit that features two items - a ''qameez'' (top), ''salwar'' (bottom) is the traditional attire of the Punjabi people.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSOF&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Dominique|first1=Grele|last2=Raimbault|first2=Lydie|title=Discover Singapore on Foot|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Select Publishing|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-4022-33-0|page=35|edition=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BlanesMapril2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Fraile |first=Sandra Santos |title=Sites and Politics of Religious Diversity in Southern Europe: The Best of All Gods |date=11 July 2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25524-1 |editor=Blanes, Ruy |page=263 |chapter=Sikhs in Barcelona |quote=The shalwar kamiz was worn traditionally by Muslim women and gradually adopted by many Hindu women following the Muslim conquest of northern India. Eventually, it became the regional style for parts of northern India, as in Punjab where it has been worn for centuries. |mode=cs2 |editor2=Mapril, José |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8accAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA263}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khandelwal2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Khandelwal |first=Madhulika Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZsZKj0FrBgC&amp;pg=PA43 |title=Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-8014-8807-9 |page=43 |quote=Even highly educated women pursuing careers continue to wear traditional dress in urban India, although men of similar status long ago adopted Western attire. The forms of dress most popular with urban Indian women are the sari, the long wrapped and draped dress-like garment, worn throughout India, and the salwar-kameez or kurta-pyjama, a two-piece suit garment, sometimes also called Punjabi because of its region of origin. Whereas the sari can be considered the national dress of Indian women, the salwar-kameez, though originally from the north, has been adopted all over India as more comfortable attire than the sari. |mode=cs2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Shalwars'' are [[trousers]] which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt, which causes them to become pleated around the waist.&lt;ref name=&quot;StevensonWaite2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Stevenson |first1=Angus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1272 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book &amp; CD-ROM Set |last2=Waite |first2=Maurice |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |page=1272 |quote=Salwar/Shalwar: A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers, usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez (the two together being a salwar kameez). Origin From Persian and Urdu šalwār. |mode=cs2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trousers can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the [[Grain (textile)#Bias|bias]]. The ''kameez'' is a long shirt or tunic.&lt;ref name=&quot;StevensonWaite2011-b&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Stevenson |first1=Angus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA774 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book &amp; CD-ROM Set |last2=Waite |first2=Maurice |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |page=774 |quote=Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise). |mode=cs2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The side seams are left open below the waist-line (the opening known as the ''chaak''{{refn|''A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English'': ''chāk'' derives from the Persian &quot;چاک ćāk, Fissure, cleft, rent, slit, a narrow opening (intentionally left in clothes).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418|last=Platts |first=John Thompson|title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English|location=London|page=418|publisher=W. H. Allen &amp; Co.|orig-year= 1884|edition=online|date=February 2015|mode=cs2}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note}}), which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. The kameez is usually cut straight and flat; older kameez use traditional cuts; modern kameez are more likely to have European-inspired [[Sleeve#Types of sleeves|set-in sleeves]]. The combination garment is sometimes called ''salwar kurta'', ''salwar suit'', or ''Punjabi suit''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla2015-sawar-kurta&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Pravina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA75 |title=The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-253-02121-2 |page=75 |quote=You can buy an entire three-piece ''salwar suit'', or a two-piece suit that consists of either a readymade ''kurta'' or a ''kurta'' cloth piece, each with a matching ''dupatta''. For these, you must have the salwar pants stitched from cloth you buy separately. A third option would be to buy a two-piece ensemble, consisting of the top and pants, leaving you the task of buying an appropriate ''dupatta'', or using one you already own, or buying a strip of cloth and having it dyed to your desire. The end result will always be a three-piece ensemble, but a customer may start with one piece (only the ''kurta'') or two pieces (''kurta'' and pants, or ''kurta'' and ''dupatta''), and exercise her creativity and fashion sense to end up with the complete ''salwar kurta'' outfit.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooney2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mooney |first=Nicola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1B2vdLBizIC&amp;pg=PA260 |title=Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8020-9257-1 |page=260 |quote=The salwar-kameez is a form of dress that has been adopted widely in Punjab and is now known in English as the Punjabi suit; J. P. S. Uberoi suggests that the salwar-kameez is an Afghani import to Punjab (1998 personal communication). Punjabi forms of dress are therefore constructs or inventions of tradition rather than having historical veracity. |mode=cs2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn,&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsden2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Marsden |first=Magnus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9lLQ8QqM8C&amp;pg=PA37 |title=Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-139-44837-6 |page=37 |quote=The village's men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt (shalwar kameez) worn across Pakistan. Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps (pakol), waistcoats and long coats (chugha), made by Chitrali tailors (darzi) who skills are renowned across Pakistan.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haines2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Haines |first=Chad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueTGBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT162 |title=Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-44997-0 |page=162 |quote=the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan, including in all of Gilgit-Baltistan. |mode=cs2}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[national dress]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozyegin2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ozyegin |first=Gul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq21CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA222 |title=Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-13051-2 |page=222 |quote=What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar, kameez, and dupatta, the national dress of Pakistan.}}&lt;/ref&gt; of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a [[dupatta]] around the head or neck.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWIE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rait|first1=Satwant Kaur|title=Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs|date=14 April 2005|publisher=Trentham Book|location=Trent and Sterling|isbn=978-1-85856-353-4|page=68}}&lt;/ref&gt; The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the [[chador]] or [[burqa]] (see [[hijab]] and [[purdah]]); for Sikh and Hindu women, the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered, as in a temple or the presence of elders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Pravina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA72 |title=The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-253-02121-2 |page=72 |quote=Muslim and Punjabi women—whether Muslim, Sikh, or Hindu—often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color. When entering a temple, Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads. Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and does not actually cover the body, its presence implies modesty, like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer,&amp;nbsp;... |mode=cs2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Everywhere in South Asia, modern versions of the attire have evolved; the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with higher splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koerner2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Koerner |first=Stephanie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwioDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT405 |title=Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-351-87667-4 |page=405 |quote=The Pakistani National dress worn by women is Shalwar Kameez. This consists of a long tunic (Kameez) teamed with a wide legged trouser (Shalwar) that skims in at the bottom accompanied by a duppata, which is a less stringent alternative to the burqa. Modern versions of this National dress have evolved into less modest versions. Shalwar have become more low cut so that the hips are visible and are worn with a shorter length of Kameez which has high splits and may have a lowcut neckline and backline as well as being sleeveless or having cropped sleeves. |mode=cs2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Festivals ==<br /> {{See also|Punjabi festivals|Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)|List of Sikh festivals |List of Hindu festivals in Punjab|Festivals in Lahore}}The Punjabi Muslims typically observe the [[Islamic holidays|Islamic festivals]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Official Holidays 2016&quot;&gt;[http://www.schools.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Notification_2.pdf Official Holidays 2016], Government of Punjab – Pakistan (2016)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kmc.gos.pk&quot;&gt;[http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=48 Official Holidays 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901090935/http://kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=48|date=2018-09-01}}, Karachi Metropolitan, Sindh, Pakistan&lt;/ref&gt; The Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus typically do not observe these, and instead observe [[Lohri]], [[Basant (festival)|Basant]] and [[Vaisakhi]] as seasonal festivals.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated5&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=1O0eAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=makara Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manage of Publications]&lt;/ref&gt; The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to the lunar [[Islamic calendar]] (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Jacqueline Suthren Hirst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ |title=Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia |author2=John Zavos |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-62668-5 |page=274}};<br /> <br /> [https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/india/eid-ul-fitar Eid ul-Fitar], Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar in India, Festival Dates&lt;/ref&gt; The Hindu and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni-solar [[Bikrami calendar]] or [[Punjabi calendar]] and the date of the festival also typically varies in the [[Gregorian calendar]] but stays within the same two Gregorian months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Tej Bhatia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA209 |title=Punjabi |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-89460-2 |pages=209–212}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Punjabi Muslims participate in the traditional, seasonal festivals of the Punjab region: Baisakhi, Basant and to a minor scale Lohri, but this is controversial. Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation because of the religious basis of the Punjabi festivals,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/1315376 The ban on fun], IRFAN HUSAIN, Dawn, Feb 18, 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and they being declared [[haram]] (forbidden in Islam).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/columns/the-barricaded-muslim-mind/286436.html The barricaded Muslim mind], Saba Naqvi (August 28, 2016), Quote: &quot;Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Habitational culture ==<br /> Punjabi villages, known as ''pinds'', which function as social-units, can be traditionally divided in different ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bhatti |first=H. S. |title=Folk Religion: Change and Continuity |publisher=Rawat Publications |year=2000 |isbn=9788170336082 |pages=30–33}}&lt;/ref&gt; One method is to divide them into ''[[Patti (subdivision)|pattis]]'', which are further divided into ''thulas'' or ''als''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A patti can be described as being a residential sub-classification of a village unit, which usually exists as a group of houses (often clustered together in a group and demarcated roughly from others) around a street, with the street being known as a ''gali'' or ''bihi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A patti is commonly named after the clan or lineage of the founder or the predominant group that inhabit them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Another naming method is based on actual or perceived characteristics of its inhabitants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The sub-division of a patti, known as a thula, are named after minimal lineages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Small, compact pattis may have no further subdivisions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Whilst a ''thula'' is a localized descent unit, an ''al'' is a descent unit which may not be localized and can be found dispersed in different pattis or even villages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;V arious service-orientated castes inhabit different pattis, alongside the dominant Jats, Rajputs, and other castes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Pattis are also known as ''gali-mohalas''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In larger villages, a single patti may have its own [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Pattis can also be divided into ''gwand'', which usually consists of five-to-ten housing units which are adjacent to one another.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Neighbours of a gwand are known as ''gwandies'', and may belong to differing caste-backgrounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The housing unit is known as a ''ghar'', with Punjabi houses traditionally being further subdivided into three components: ''dlan'' (main-room), ''rasoi'' or ''chula chaunka'' (kitchen), and ''vchra'' (yard).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Another method of dividing the house-unit is: ''andrla'' (kitchen, bedroom, store) and ''bahrla'' (farm, animals, fodder, ) ghar, which separates the domestic domain of women from the external one.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; H. S. Bhatti believes the ''andrla'' and ''bahrla'' ghar division method is a later development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A second method of dividing a village is by divvying it up by ''vehra'' (also known in some areas as ''agwar'') or yards, which function as local-units but in some cases may be formed from a single-descent unit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; This method is tied with lower castes, as the yard that low-caste groups, such as Chamars, inhabit are known as ''chamahri'', which is isolated from the other yards inhabited by other groups of the village.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In some villages, the service-orientated castes have their own vehra, which may be known as ''Naeean da vehra'' (barber-caste yard) or ''Ghumaran da vehra'' (potter-caste yard).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> These habitational divisions interact with social groupings, lineages, and clans, such as ''kul/kandan'', ''sharika/bhaichar'', ''moohi'' (sub-clan), ''[[Gotra|got]]'' (clan), and ''[[Jāti|jaat]]'' (caste).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Preservation of Punjabi culture ==<br /> In recent years, efforts have been made to preserve and promote Punjabi culture and heritage. One notable example is the [[Panjab Digital Library]] (PDL), founded by Davinder Pal Singh. The library's mission is to digitize and preserve historical manuscripts, books, and other materials related to Punjabi language, history, and culture. This initiative has helped to safeguard and promote Punjabi culture for future generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |date=2023-04-23 |title=20 years of Panjab Digital Library: 6.5 crore manuscripts &amp; counting |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/20-years-of-panjab-digital-library-6-5-crore-manuscripts-counting-500128 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=The Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal bar|Punjab|Society}}<br /> *[[Punjabi Culture Day]]<br /> *[[Punjabi calendar]]<br /> *[[Punjabi festivals]]<br /> *[[Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)]]<br /> *[[Punjabi folklore]]<br /> *[[Punjabi folk music]]<br /> *[[Punjabi folk instruments]]<br /> *[[Punjabi literature]]<br /> *[[Folk practices in Punjab]]<br /> *[[Punjab]]<br /> *[[Punjabi people]]<br /> *[[British Punjabis]]<br /> *[[Punjabi Americans]]<br /> *[[Punjabi Australians]]<br /> *[[Punjabi Canadians]]<br /> *[[Punjabi diaspora]]<br /> *[[List of Punjabi language poets]]<br /> *[[Livestock show]]<br /> *[[Lohri]]<br /> *[[Vaisakhi]]<br /> *[[Punjabi Cultural Society of Chicago]]<br /> *[[Sikh culture]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Other sources==<br /> *''Wrestling in Punjab'', documentary film on the history of wrestling in Punjab by filmmaker Simran Kaler.<br /> *Quraishee 73, Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973.<br /> *Chopra 77, The Punjab as a sovereign state, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977.<br /> *Patwant Singh. 1999. ''The Sikhs''. New York: Doubleday. {{ISBN|0-385-50206-0}}.<br /> * Nanak, Punjabi Documentary Film by Navalpreet Rangi<br /> *The evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash.<br /> *Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash.<br /> *History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash.<br /> *History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi (Ed).<br /> *The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w8CDGj3560 Video about Punjab and Punjabi music] from the Horniman Museum<br /> <br /> {{Punjab, Pakistan|state=autocollapse}}<br /> {{Punjab, India}}<br /> {{PunjabGeography}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi culture}}<br /> [[Category:Punjabi culture| ]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of India by community]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Science_Centre,_Guwahati&diff=521142 2026-03-24T14:58:09Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Added new info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox museum<br /> | name = National Science Centre, Guwahati<br /> | logo = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_upright = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord| 26.1206|N|91.8160|E|region:IN-AS_type:landmark_museum|display=inline,title}}<br /> | former_name = Regional Science Centre, Guwahati&lt;ref name=&quot;toi2025space&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/city-celebrates-national-space-day-with-science-exhibits-talks/articleshow/123475685.cms |title=City celebrates National Space Day with science exhibits &amp; talks |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2025-08-23 |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1994|3|15|df=yes}}<br /> | location = Jawaharnagar, Khanapara, Guwahati - 781022, Assam, India<br /> | type = [[Science museum]]<br /> | collection = Interactive science exhibits<br /> | visitors = <br /> | director = <br /> | curator = <br /> | owner = [[National Council of Science Museums]]<br /> | publictransit = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.rscguwahati.gov.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''National Science Centre, Guwahati''' (formerly '''Regional Science Centre, Guwahati''') is a science museum located in [[Guwahati]], Assam, India. It is a unit of the [[National Council of Science Museums]] (NCSM), functioning under the [[Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rscguwahati.gov.in/about.htm |title=About National Science Centre, Guwahati |publisher=National Science Centre, Guwahati |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The centre serves as a major hub for science communication in Northeast India, offering interactive exhibits, educational programmes, and non-formal science learning opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pib2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138105 |title=Tradition Meets Science: National Science Centre, Guwahati Inaugurates New Facilities |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:The Union Minister for Science &amp; Technology and Earth Sciences, Dr. Harsh Vardhan visiting the Regional Science Centre, at Khanapara, in Guwahati, Assam on February 19, 2015.jpg|thumb|The [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Union Minister for Science &amp; Technology and Earth Sciences]], [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Dr. Harsh Vardhan]] visiting the Regional Science Centre, at Khanapara, in Guwahati, Assam on February 19, 2015]]<br /> <br /> The centre began its educational activities in 1990 and was formally inaugurated on 15 March 1994 by then [[Chief Minister of Assam]], [[Hiteswar Saikia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;about2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://rscguwahati.gov.in/menu-content/get-content/about-us/about-us |title=About Us |publisher=National Science Centre, Guwahati |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was the first science centre established in Northeast India and forms part of the nationwide network of science museums developed by the NCSM. In recognition of its expanding scope and regional importance, the institution was upgraded and renamed as the ''National Science Centre, Guwahati'' on 7 January 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;sentinel2025dome&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/guwahati-national-science-centre-opens-tilted-dome-theatre |title=National Science Centre opens Tilted Dome Theatre |newspaper=The Sentinel |date=2025-12-12 |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The centre is situated at Jawaharnagar in Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam. It lies approximately 11&amp;nbsp;km from [[Guwahati Railway Station]] and about 32&amp;nbsp;km from [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]].&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> The campus includes indoor galleries, outdoor science parks, and thematic learning spaces designed for interactive engagement.&lt;ref name=&quot;businessne2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.business-northeast.com/national-science-centre-guwahati-traditional-medicine-ai-launch |title=National Science Centre, Guwahati Unveils New Facilities Bridging Tradition and Innovation |newspaper=Business Northeast |date=2025-06-23 |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The science park and outdoor exhibits demonstrate principles of physics and natural sciences through hands-on installations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rscguwahati.gov.in/science_park.htm |title=Science Park |publisher=National Science Centre, Guwahati |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Galleries and exhibits==<br /> The centre houses several permanent galleries and participatory exhibits across scientific disciplines.&lt;ref name=&quot;sentinel2025drama&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/guwahati-national-science-centre-hosts-north-east-zone-science-drama-competition |title=National Science Centre hosts North East Zone Science Drama Competition |newspaper=The Sentinel |date=2025-11-23 |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Notable exhibits include:<br /> <br /> * Entrance lobby featuring Foucault's pendulum, energy ball, and Magdeburg hemispheres&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rscguwahati.gov.in/entrance_lobby.htm |title=Entrance Lobby |publisher=National Science Centre, Guwahati |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Mirror magic and fun science galleries<br /> * Children's corner and innovation-based exhibits<br /> * Aquarium and butterfly corner<br /> * Mock coal mine gallery<br /> <br /> These exhibits are designed to facilitate experiential learning and public engagement with science.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:MSE Bus - Regional Science Centre - Guwahati - MSE Golden Jubilee Celebration - Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama - Narendrapur - Kolkata 2015-11-20 6375.JPG|thumb|The bus of the Regional Science Centre, Guwahati arrives in Kolkata on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the Mobile Science Exhibition]]<br /> <br /> ==Facilities==<br /> The centre includes multiple educational and technological facilities:&lt;ref name=&quot;sentinel2025play&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/national-science-centre-guwahati-inaugurates-new-kids-play-zone |title=National Science Centre, Guwahati inaugurates new Kids' Play Zone |newspaper=The Sentinel |date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Planetarium and dome shows<br /> * 3D theatre and science shows<br /> * “Science on a Sphere” visualization system, inaugurated in 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rscguwahati.gov.in/science_sphere.html |title=Science on a Sphere |publisher=National Science Centre, Guwahati |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Auditorium (150+ seating capacity) and conference hall&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://webcomassam.com/nsc-cms/public/menu-content/get-content/about-us/facilities |title=Facilities |publisher=WebCom Assam |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Innovation Hub (established 2014) for student-led projects<br /> <br /> ==Programmes and outreach==<br /> The centre conducts a wide range of programmes including:<br /> <br /> * Science demonstrations and lectures<br /> * Workshops and teacher training programmes<br /> * Science fairs and student competitions<br /> * Outreach programmes for rural and underserved communities<br /> <br /> ==Visiting information==<br /> The centre is open daily from 9:30&amp;nbsp;AM to 6:00&amp;nbsp;PM, except on [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]]. It attracts students, educators, and tourists as a major educational destination in Assam.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[National Council of Science Museums]]<br /> * [[Science City, Guwahati]]<br /> * [[Science City, Kolkata]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Science museums in India]]<br /> [[Category:Museums in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Guwahati]]<br /> [[Category:Museums established in 1994]]<br /> [[Category:1994 establishments in Assam]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radha_Regent_Hotel,_Chennai&diff=527923 2026-03-21T16:11:15Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Created Info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hotel in Chennai, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox hotel<br /> | name = Hotel Radha Regent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Jawaharlal Nehru Salai]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | logo = Radha Regent Hotel logo.svg<br /> | caption = your smile makes our day<br /> | location = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br /> | address = 171, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Salai]], [[Arumbakkam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] 600 106<br /> | hotel_chain = Radha Hotels<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13|03|54.3528|N|80|12|38.1672|E|display=title,inline}}<br /> | opening_date = 1997<br /> | developer = Radha Regent Hotels Private Ltd.<br /> | architect = Ramanan J<br /> | owner = R. Srinivasan , KB Govindarajalu &amp; Family<br /> | number_of_rooms = 91<br /> | number_of_suites = 6<br /> | number_of_restaurants = 4<br /> | floor_area = <br /> | floor_count = 6<br /> | height = {{convert|50|ft|m}}<br /> | parking = 150 4-Wheelers<br /> | website = [http://www.radhahotels.com/radha-regent-chennai/index.asp][http://www.sarovarhotels.com/chennai-radha-regent.shtml]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Radha Regent Chennai''', earlier called as '''Radha Park Inn''', is a [[Hotel rating|four-star]] [[hotel]] located at [[Arumbakkam]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The hotel is the second hotel of the [[Sarovar Hotels &amp; Resorts]] in [[India]] and the first of star hotels to open on [[Inner Ring Road, Chennai]]. The hotel also opened '''[[Geoffrey's]]''', the first [[Pub]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Chennai gets its first pub Geoffrey’s | publisher=India Today | date=3 December 2001 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20011203-chennai-gets-its-first-pub-geoffreys-776407-2001-12-02 | first=Shuchi | last=Sinha | access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Chennai gets its first pub in Geoffrey's | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 November 2001 | url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/catalyst/2001/11/17/stories/1917l051.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=A tale of two pubs | date=19 November 2001 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/19/stories/1319046g.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629110648/http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/19/stories/1319046g.htm| url-status=dead| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=29 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; of Chennai in 2001.<br /> <br /> ==The hotel==<br /> Opened in 1997, the hotel has a total of 91 rooms, including 62 superior rooms, 23 executive rooms, and 6 suites. The restaurants at the hotel include The Lobby Cafe, a multi-cuisine restaurant (Originally as Cafe at the park in 1997), The Orient Blossom, an Oriental delicacies restaurant opened in 2004,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Oriental odyssey in Metro Plus | date=12 July 2004 | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/12/stories/2004071200140300.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114000455/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/12/stories/2004071200140300.htm| url-status=dead| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=14 January 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Taste of teppanyaki in Metro Plus Chennai | date=19 October 2006 | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/19/stories/2006101900910700.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102103445/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/19/stories/2006101900910700.htm| url-status=dead| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=2 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Geoffrey's Pub,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Just the place to chill out | date=8 August 2002 | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/08/stories/2002080800150300.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908031210/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/08/stories/2002080800150300.htm| url-status=dead| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=8 September 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=High spirits at Geoffrey's in Chennai | date=5 June 2008 | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-05/chennai/27750157_1_geoffrey-high-spirits-shakira| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-05/chennai/27750157_1_geoffrey-high-spirits-shakira| url-status=dead| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | archive-date=29 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Aura, the lounge bar which was added in 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Lounge in style in Metro Plus | date=3 February 2004 | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/03/stories/2004020300220400.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040501120730/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/03/stories/2004020300220400.htm| url-status=dead| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=1 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; replacing its earlier counterpart Pub at the park. There are six banquet halls with a total space of 6,500&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;ft. The hotel also has introduced in 2013 a Garden Banquet lawn of 20,000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;ft, Bougainville, which can accommodate 3,000 guests.<br /> <br /> The hotel interiors were designed by Ramanan J in 1997 &amp; in 2004 The Orient Blossom was designed by [[Mumbai]]-based Prakash Mankar &amp; Associates.<br /> <br /> The hotel developer Radha Regent Hotels have also opened two [[Hotel rating|three-star]] [[hotel]]s in [[Bangalore]]; [[Radha Hometel]] in [[Whitefield, Bangalore]] in 2005 and [[Radha Regent Hotel, Bangalore]] in [[Electronic City]] in 2008, the former being the first Hometel&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Sarovar plans 50 Hometel budget hotels in 5 years | newspaper=Economic Times | date=26 February 2006 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-02-26/news/27464253_1_sarovar-hotels-investment| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015033829/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-02-26/news/27464253_1_sarovar-hotels-investment| url-status=dead| archive-date=15 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Mid-2005 Bangalore Debut For Sarovar’s No-Frills Brand ‘Hometel’ | newspaper=Financial Express | date=23 August 2004 | url=http://hospitality.financialexpress.com/20040823/newstrack01.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; brand hotel of [[Sarovar Hotels &amp; Resorts]].<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> *Sarovar Park Plaza Hotel of the Year, Presented by [[Sarovar Hotels &amp; Resorts]] in 2004<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Hotels in Chennai]]<br /> * [[Sarovar Hotels &amp; Resorts]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *http://www.radhahotels.com/<br /> *http://www.sarovarhotels.com/chennai-radha-regent.shtml/<br /> <br /> {{Hotels in Chennai}}<br /> {{Chennai Topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hotels in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Hotels established in 1997]]<br /> [[Category:1997 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kochrab_Ashram&diff=463461 2026-03-20T13:29:44Z

<p>LoganConger6625: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox museum<br /> | name = Kochrab Ashram<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_upright = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = Kochrab ashram at night.jpg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Kochrab Ashram at night<br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_relief = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_dot_label = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|region:IN_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | former_name = <br /> | established = 1915 (ashram), 1953 (museum)<br /> | dissolved = <br /> | location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br /> | type = [[museum]]<br /> | accreditation = <br /> | key_holdings = <br /> | collections = Photographs, objects, belongings of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> | collection_size = <br /> | visitors = 19,500 (2015)<br /> | founder = <br /> | executive_director =<br /> | deputy_director =<br /> | leader_type =<br /> | leader = <br /> | director = <br /> | president = <br /> | ceo = <br /> | chairperson = <br /> | curator = <br /> | architect = <br /> | historian = <br /> | owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]<br /> | employees = <br /> | publictransit = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service|AMTS]]<br /> | parking = Yes<br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | network = <br /> | embedded = {{Infobox building<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | alternate_names = Satyagraha Ashram<br /> | building_type = House<br /> | architectural_style = European architecture<br /> | years_built = 19th century<br /> | renovation_date = 2024<br /> | floor_count = 2<br /> | floor_area = {{convert|5000|sqm}}<br /> | designations = <br /> | mapframe =no<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Kochrab Ashram''', also known as '''Satyagraha Ashram''',&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Debdutta |date=12 March 2024 |title=Modi inaugurates redeveloped Kochrab Ashram in Gujarat, Gandhi's first home after returning to India |url=https://theprint.in/india/modi-inaugurates-redeveloped-kochrab-ashram-in-gujarat-gandhis-first-home-after-returning-to-india/1998165/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813161014/https://theprint.in/india/modi-inaugurates-redeveloped-kochrab-ashram-in-gujarat-gandhis-first-home-after-returning-to-india/1998165/ |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[historic site]] and [[museum]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India. The [[ashram]] was the founded in May 1915 by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], leader of the [[Indian independence movement]]. For the next two years he lived in the ashram with several other members of the movement. Some of his [[Gandhism|Gandhian ideas]] were conceived during that time. In 1953 the [[Bombay State]] named the ashram a memorial and tendered it to the [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] a year later. Its renovation and redevelopment into a museum were completed in 2024.<br /> <br /> The site includes a European style two-storey bungalow, a large garden, separate kitchen, and activity buildings. <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] had requested Mahatma Gandhi return to India from [[South Africa]] to organise a community for the [[Swaraj|Swaraj movement]].&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024/&gt; When he did return In 1915, Gandhi planned to establish a shared living space to foster personal growth, self-reliance, and community service - an [[ashram]]. Many cities including Ahmedabad, [[Calcutta]], [[Rajkot]] and [[Haridwar]] invited him to build his ashram in their communities. During a visit in January 1915, [[Hariprasad Desai]] and others persuaded Gandhi to choose Ahmedabad. According to Gandhi, as a Gujarati, he could better serve using his native language. A large [[Ahmedabad textile industry|textile industry]] and history of [[Loom|loom weaving]] would also help to revive the [[cottage industry]] of [[hand spinning]]. He also hoped for financial support from Ahmedabad's wealthy citizens.&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kochrab Ashram |url=http://heritage.ahmedabadcity.gov.in/details/116/heritage_site/all_heritages/en |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=AMC Heritage City |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813173921/http://heritage.ahmedabadcity.gov.in/details/116/heritage_site/all_heritages/en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; On 11 May 1915, Gandhi gave a list of items required for the ashram to mill owner [[Mangaldas Girdhardas]], and estimated an annual expenditure of {{INR}}6000.&lt;ref name=Guha&gt;{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iyJJDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA44 |title=Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World|chapter=1. The returning hero|page=44 |date=2019 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-259-1 |language=en |access-date=13 August 2024 |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817130918/https://books.google.com/books?id=iyJJDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA44 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Ahmedabad, Gandhi resided with his friend, [[barrister]] Jivanlal Desai, with whom he had studied in London. Desai offered his &quot;vacation-home&quot;, a [[Bungalow|bunglow]] in Kochrab village, then on the outskirts of Ahmedabad, for an annual rent of {{INR}}1 while Gandhi was founding the ashram.&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Leena |last2=Sharma |first2=Ritu |date=2024-03-17 |title=History Headline: Kochrab Ashram, where Gandhi became the Mahatma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/history-headline-mahatma-gandhi-kochram-ashram-experiments-with-truth-9218623/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427011459/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/history-headline-mahatma-gandhi-kochram-ashram-experiments-with-truth-9218623/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gandhi named it the &quot;Satyagraha Ashram&quot; to highlight ''[[satyagraha]]'', the approach of nonviolent resistance he had successfully employed in South Africa, and his intention to bring it to India. The ashram is commonly called Kochrab Ashram to avoid confusion with [[Sabarmati Ashram]].&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Guha/&gt; Other suggested names included Tapovan and Sevashram.&lt;ref name=Guha/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 May 1915, Gandhi and his compatriots formally took over the bungalow and performed ''[[Grihapravesha|vastu puja]]''. They moved in on 22 May 1915, and formally established the ashram on 25 May 1915.&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-15 |title=ગાંધીજીના પ્રથમ સ્થાપિત કોચરબ આશ્રમને સરકારી વાર્ષિક સહાય માત્ર રૂ. ૧,૮૦,૦૦૦ |url=https://www.gujarat-samachar.com/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%AE-%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4-%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%B0 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Gujarat Samachar |language=gu-IN |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816213402/https://www.gujarat-samachar.com/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%AE-%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4-%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%B0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Guha/&gt; Initially it housed about 25 men and women, including 13 [[Tamils]] who had returned from South Africa.&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; [[Maganlal Gandhi]] was an initial member. Mahatma Gandhi created rules and observances for members of the ashram.&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt; Several Gandhian ideas, including the use of [[khadi]] and self-reliance, were implemented during his stay.&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt; He urged members to practice celibacy, engage in physical labour and wear [[Swadeshi movement|swadeshi]] clothes. The membership increased to about 100, including [[Vinoba Bhave]] and [[Kaka Kalelkar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Gandhi's admitting of a [[Dalit]] family in September 1915 caused a controversy among the members and the cessation of donations. Gandhi stood firm in his decision and was anonymously helped by [[Ambalal Sarabhai]] who donated {{INR}}13,000, saving the ashram from closing.&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt; During an [[Third plague pandemic|outbreak of plague]], Gandhi noted the risk to the ashram's children and had them moved to a new ashram a safe distance from the city. Gandhi and other members moved to the new Sabarmati Ashram on 17 June 1917.&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mahatma Gandhi Ashram at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, Gujarat |url=https://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org |language=en-gb |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602093811/https://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 4 October 1953, then [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Bombay State]] [[Morarji Desai]] declared the ashram a memorial. In 1954, the management was transferred to [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] where Desai was chancellor. The ashram is still owned by the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024/&gt; The [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] damaged the structure which was repaired with government funds. The damaged [[Kota Stone|Kota stone]] floor in Gandhi's room was replaced with new polished stone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Later, the ashram lost about 15-30 feet of land from its front side for expansion of the [[Ashram Road]] in exchange for the land granted at the back.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Architect Snehal Shah and Poonam Trambadia managed a renovation and redevelopment from 2019 to 2024. The redeveloped ashram was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 12 March 2024, the 94th anniversary of the [[Salt March|Dandi March]].&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture and features ==<br /> The ashram spreads over {{convert|5000|sqm}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; and has a European-style bungalow with a large garden. The two-storey structure, with a dozen rooms and a tile roof,&lt;ref name=&quot;Guha&quot; /&gt; has thick walls covered with limestone; the wooden ceiling is supported by wooden pillars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Gandhi, [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]], and other members used the ground floor rooms. There are bathrooms and a storeroom, surrounded by a [[veranda]]. The first floor features a low-seating conference room, a library and a large balcony where a brass bell was used to alert the members of the ashram of scheduled activities. The top floor is wooden and is reached by a wooden staircase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt;<br /> <br /> A writing desk, [[Charkha (spinning wheel)|charkha]], photographs and documents associated with Mahatma Gandhi are displayed. A series of wall panels featuring quotes from his autobiography, ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]'', narrate the history of the compound.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakraborty2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; There are also large portraits of Gandhi, Kasturba and some Gandhi influences, [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] and [[John Ruskin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> The kitchen is located in the building's rear and consists of a single floor with a tiled roof, a storeroom, toilets and bathrooms. ''Panch Ordio'', “five rooms,” is an elongated building which was utilized for a variety of activities, including weaving and carpentry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The modern Activities Centre was built in 2024 and has around 10 rooms (four air-conditioned) on the top floor. The rooms are named after various past members of the ashram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; There is a book and souvenir shop for visitors.&lt;ref name=Chakraborty2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In 2015, 19,500 people toured the ashram.&lt;ref name=GSamachar2024/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kaba Gandhi No Delo]]<br /> * [[Tolstoy Farm]]<br /> * [[Sevagram]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}<br /> {{Ahmedabad topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ashrams]]<br /> [[Category:1915 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:1953 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:Houses in India]]<br /> [[Category:Gandhi museums]]<br /> [[Category:Museums in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarat in Indian independence movement]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charulata&diff=493637 2026-03-20T10:26:51Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started a pg w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1964 film by Satyajit Ray}}<br /> {{for|the 2012 film|Chaarulatha}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Charulata<br /> | image = CharulataG.jpg<br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[Satyajit Ray]]<br /> | producer = R. D. Bansal<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''[[Nastanirh]]''|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}<br /> | screenplay = Satyajit Ray<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]|[[Madhabi Mukherjee]]|Shailen Mukherjee|[[Shyamal Ghoshal]]|Gitali Roy}}<br /> | music = Satyajit Ray<br /> | cinematography = [[Subrata Mitra]]<br /> | studio = R. D. Bansal &amp; Co.<br /> | distributor = Edward Harrison (US)<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1964|04|17}}<br /> | runtime = 117 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | budget = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Charulata''''' ({{Langx|bn|চারুলতা}}, {{IPA|bn|t͡ʃaɾulɔt̪a|audio=LL-Q9610 (ben)-Tahmid-চারুলতা.wav|}}; also known as ''The Lonely Wife'') is a 1964 Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Satyajit Ray]]. Based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s novella ''[[Nastanirh]]'', it stars [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], and Shailen Mukherjee. The film is widely regarded as one of Ray's finest works.<br /> <br /> Both the opening and closing scenes of the film have received critical acclaim. The first scene, with minimal dialogue, depicts Charu's loneliness as she observes the outside world through binoculars. In the final scene, as Charu and her husband are about to hold hands, the screen freezes—a technique praised as a masterful use of the [[Freeze-frame shot|freeze frame]] in cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Prabandha Sangraha|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5040-553-6|location=Kolkata|pages=43–48}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> In [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1879, at the height of the [[Bengali Renaissance]] under British rule, Charulata is the intelligent and artistic wife of Bhupati, an upper-class Bengali intellectual who edits and publishes a small political newspaper. Despite his love for Charu, Bhupati is preoccupied with politics and the freedom movement, leaving her isolated in their well-serviced home.<br /> <br /> Bhupati tells Charu that he has invited her brother Umapada, a failed lawyer, to come manage the newspaper's finances. When he notices Charu's boredom with embroidering handkerchiefs and slippers and watching the world go by out her window, Bhupati also invites Umapada's wife, Manda, to live with them and keep Charu company. However, Manda is more domestic and traditional than Charu and offers her little intellectual stimulation.<br /> <br /> When Amal, Bhupati's younger cousin, comes to visit after finishing college, he just wants to relax and write, but Bhupati enlists him to help proofread the newspaper, as well as investigate and nurture Charu's literary talents. Amal and Charu bond over conversations and debates about literature and poetry, and their relationship evolves into an intimate, teasing friendship. Charu makes Amal a beautiful notebook, but tells him that whatever he writes in it is only for their eyes, and not to be published.<br /> <br /> A good offer of marriage arrives for Amal from a wealthy family in [[Bardhaman]], and Bhupati encourages him to take it, especially since the bride's father has offered to send Amal to study law in England. Amal is momentarily tempted by the idea of seeing Europe, but then tells Bhupati that he does not want to leave India, and to ask the father to give him a month to consider the proposal. Bhupati is confused by Amal's reticence, but Charu tells him that she is sure Amal will ultimately accept.<br /> <br /> An essay that Amal wrote in his notebook gets accepted by a magazine, and Charu responds by secretly writing something of her own and getting it published by an even more selective periodical. She shows Amal the magazine with her story in it, and, while he is reading, tells Manda that she will take over making Amal's [[paan]] and gets a pair of beautiful slippers that she has made for Amal. He is very impressed by Charu's writing and urges her to continue, but she responds by crying on his shoulder and saying she will never write again, before composing herself and leaving the room.<br /> <br /> During a party that Bhupati throws to celebrate the victory of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]] in the English parliamentary elections, Umapada sneaks away. He takes money from Bhupati's safe and, telling Charu that Manda's father is sick, he and Manda flee. As the party is breaking up, Bhupati's friend Nishikanta makes an announcement to celebrate the publication of Charu's story, embarrassing and confusing Bhupati, as Charu never mentioned it to him.<br /> <br /> The company from which Bhupati gets his paper contacts him about an overdue payment that Umapada said he made months ago, and, after being shown documentation, Bhupati realizes Umapada stole from him. Shattered, he tells Amal that he plans to shut down the newspaper, not for financial reasons, but because he has lost faith in mankind. Guilty over his growing feelings for Charu, Amal packs his things and departs, leaving behind the slippers Charu made him and a note, in which he says he has heard of a job opportunity and encourages Charu to keep writing.<br /> <br /> Charu and Bhupati take a trip to the seashore, where she suggests he continue publishing his paper, but broaden its scope, with him and Nishikanta handling politics, and her handling cultural topics. Excited, they rush home, where they find a letter from Amal, who has been staying with a friend in [[Chennai|Madras]] and says he will accept the proposal. Bhupati leaves to talk to Nishikanta, but the weather changes when he is barely out the door, so he turns back. He is shocked to find Charu tearfully crying out Amal's name and he sneaks away, but Charu hears his footsteps. After wandering aimlessly in his carriage, Bhupati returns home, and Charu invites him in. They tentatively reach out to each other, but the image freezes mid-gesture, leaving their reconciliation unresolved.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Castlist|<br /> * [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Amal Chandra Basu, Bhupati's cousin<br /> * [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] as Charulata, Bhupati's wife<br /> * Shailen Mukherjee as Bhupati Dutta, Charulata's husband<br /> * [[Shyamal Ghoshal]] as Umapada, Charulata's brother<br /> * Gitali Roy as Manda (nicknamed &quot;Mandakini&quot;), Umapada's wife<br /> * Subrata Sensharma as Motilal<br /> * [[Bankim Ghosh]] as Jagannath, the paper merchant<br /> * Dilip Bose as Shashanka, a guest at the party<br /> * Nilotpal Dey as Joydeb, the singer at the party<br /> * Bholanath Koyal as Braja, the servant<br /> * [[Kamu Mukherjee]] as a guest at the party<br /> * Suku Mukherjee as Nishikanta, Bhupati's friend<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ''Charulata'' is based on the 1901 novella ''[[Nastanirh]]'' (''The Broken Nest'') by Bengali author [[Rabindranath Tagore]].&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, Arthur. ''Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye''. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1989. {{ISBN|0-520-06905-6}}. pp. 159.&lt;/ref&gt; Ray later said that he liked the novella because &quot;it has a western quality to it and the film obviously shares that quality. That's why I can speak of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] in connection with ''Charulata'' quite validly.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Robinson. pp. 160.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the occasion of the birth centenary of Ray, senior journalist B.M. Hanif of ''[[Prajavani]]'' newspaper reported that speculations were rife at the time of the film's release that the story was based on the lives of Rabindranath Tagore, his brother [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]] (who was 12 years older than Rabindranath), and his sister-in-law [[Kadambari Devi]] (who was two years older than Rabindranath), considering the fact that the story takes place in 1879–1880 (when Rabindranath was 19 years old), and that Devi committed suicide in April 1884, four months after Rabindranath was married (at the age of 23) to the 9- or 11-year-old [[Mrinalini Devi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Prajavani |url=http://epaper.prajavani.net/ |title=Prajavani e-Paper - Read Kannada Newspaper Online by Prajavani ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ ePaper - ಕನ್ನಡ ePaper ಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಓದಿರಿ |publisher=Epaper.prajavani.net |date=2018-12-17 |access-date=2021-05-18 |archive-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525054745/http://epaper.prajavani.net/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ray spent many months researching the film's historical setting, working for the first time in his career without a deadline for either pre-production or the shoot.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson. pp. 161.&lt;/ref&gt; None of the film's interior scenes were shot on location, and Ray worked closely with art director [[Bansi Chandragupta]] to build or remodel all of the sets to accurately portray India in the 1880s. Ray once called ''Charulata'' his favourite of his films.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson. pp. 157&quot;&gt;Robinson. pp. 157.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> The ''[[Rabindra Sangeet]]'' &quot;Aami Chini Go Chini Tomarey&quot; was sung for the film by [[Kishore Kumar]], this being the first Rabindra Sangeet sung by him. The recording was done in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], rather than in Calcutta. Kumar did not charge any money for his work on ''Charulata'', nor did he for his work on Ray's 1984 film ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 93% of 29 critics' reviews of the film are positive, with an average rating of 9.2/10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Charulata (1964) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/charulata |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en |access-date=14 February 2025 |archive-date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128013404/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/charulata |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been widely regarded as one of the great films of Indian cinema, both domestically and internationally.<br /> <br /> [[Penelope Houston (film critic)|Penelope Houston]] of ''[[Sight and Sound]]'' praised the film, stating that &quot;the interplay of sophistication and simplicity is extraordinary&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson. pp. 156.&lt;/ref&gt; A review in ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated the film &quot;moved like a majestic snail, as do all Ray films&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson. pp. 157&quot;/&gt; In 1965, ''[[The Times]]'' remarked that the film's depiction of values seemed influenced by the English, stating that &quot;this stratum of Indian life was more English than England&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson. pp. 157&quot;/&gt; [[Peter Bradshaw]] of [[The Guardian]] called the film &quot;extraordinarily vivid and fresh.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Bradshaw|first1=Peter|title=Charulata review-a vitamin boost for the mind and heart|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/21/charulata-review|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 August 2014|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112214051/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/21/charulata-review|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1992 Sight &amp; Sound critics' poll of the greatest films of all time, ''Charulata'' received 4 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Aaron and Mark Caldwell|title=Sight and Sound|publisher=Top 100 Movie Lists|year=2004|url=http://www.geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729180509/http://geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html|archive-date=29 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, the film ranked 6th in the [[British Film Institute]]'s critics' poll,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 10 Indian Films |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |year=2002 |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india |access-date=14 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515101729/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/ |archive-date=15 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 7th in its user poll,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html |title=User Poll: Indian Top 10 |date=2002 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530205427/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html|archive-date=30 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the &quot;Top 10 Indian Films&quot; of all time.<br /> <br /> ''Charulata'' was awarded the [[Silver Bear for Best Director]] at the [[15th Berlin International Film Festival]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Charulata|last=Malcolm|first=Derek|date=22 August 2014|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|page=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; but, much to Ray's dismay, it was rejected by the [[Cannes Film Festival]], a move protested by the likes of [[David Lean]] and [[Ingmar Bergman]];&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Ranjan Das | title=Ray at Cannes | website=The Hindu | date=2011-04-30 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Ray-at-Cannes/article14906744.ece | access-date=2021-05-18 | archive-date=25 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925040900/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Ray-at-Cannes/article14906744.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; reportedly, the film was also an all-time favourite of [[Jean-Luc Godard]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;/&gt; However, it was later shown as part of the Cannes Classics section of the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/cannes-classics-2013-line-up/5054402.article?blocktitle=Latest-News&amp;contentID=1846|title=Cannes Classics 2013 line-up unveiled|work=Screen Daily|access-date=2013-04-30|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007213722/https://www.screendaily.com/news/cannes-classics-2013-line-up/5054402.article?blocktitle=Latest-News&amp;contentID=1846|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Awards===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Recipient<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> |1964<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]<br /> |[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Films|Best Indian Films]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Satyajit Ray]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|1965<br /> |[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award|Best Director]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]<br /> |Shailen Mukherjee<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]<br /> |[[Madhabi Mukherjee]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[15th Berlin International Film Festival|1965]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html |title=Berlinale 1965: Prize Winners |access-date=2010-02-20 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319033406/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Berlin International Film Festival]]<br /> |[[Golden Bear]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Satyajit Ray<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Silver Bear for Best Director]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |OCIC Award<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[12th National Film Awards|1965]]<br /> |[[National Film Awards]]<br /> |[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]<br /> |R. D. Bansal and Satyajit Ray<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |1968<br /> |[[Valladolid International Film Festival]]<br /> |Golden Spike<br /> |Satyajit Ray<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Preservation==<br /> The [[Academy Film Archive]] preserved ''Charulata'' in 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Preserved Projects|url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&amp;filmmaker=satyajit+ray&amp;category=All&amp;collection=All|website=Academy Film Archive|access-date=11 August 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815062125/http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&amp;filmmaker=Satyajit+Ray&amp;category=All&amp;collection=All|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Home media==<br /> In 2013, The [[Criterion Collection]] released a restored high-definition digital transfer of the film with new subtitle translations on DVD and Blu-ray.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2872-charulata-calm-without-fire-within|title=Charulata: &quot;Calm Without, Fire Within&quot; – From the Current – The Criterion Collection|access-date=2015-03-19|archive-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317044952/http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2872-charulata-calm-without-fire-within|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the United Kingdom, ''Charulata'' was 2013's ninth most-watched foreign-language film on television, with 113,600 viewers on [[Channel 4]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-statistical-yearbook-2014.pdf |title=Statistical Yearbook 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] (BFI) |pages=141 |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501005443/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-statistical-yearbook-2014.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tribute==<br /> [[File:Charulata1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Reversal of the gaze: Charulata ([[Madhabi Mukherjee]]), sitting on her swing and looking at Amal]]<br /> The film contains a famous scene in which Charu ([[Madhabi Mukherjee]]) sings [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s song &quot;Fule Fule Dhole Dhole&quot; on a swing while looking at Amal ([[Soumitra Chatterjee]]). The scene is referenced in the 2005 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' during the &quot;Soona Man Ka Aangan&quot; song sequence. Indeed, ''Parineeta''{{'}}s Lalita ([[Vidya Balan]]) is dressed to resemble ''Nastanirh''/''Charulata''{{'}}s Charu. Furthermore, ''Parineeta'' is based upon the 1914 novel ''[[Parineeta (novel)|Parineeta]]'' by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], a contemporary of Tagore who also wrote novels concerned with social reform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050611/asp/nation/story_4854277.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616031700/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050611/asp/nation/story_4854277.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2005 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2005-06-11 |access-date=2011-05-31 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Pratim D. |last=Gupta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/08/07/stories/2005080700510500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060917133051/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/08/07/stories/2005080700510500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-09-17 |title=Magazine / Lifestyle : Something new, something old |date=2005-08-07 |access-date=2011-05-31 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Antani, Jay. &quot;[http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/film_review.asp?ID=1080 Charulata review].&quot; ''Slant Magazine'', April 2004.<br /> * Biswas, Moinak. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060523005503/http://www.ipv.pt/forumedia/5/9.htm Writing on the Screen: Satyajit Ray’s Adaptation of Tagore]&quot;<br /> * Chaudhuri, Neel. &quot;[http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2004/cteq/charulata/ Charulata: The Intimacies of a Broken Nest]&quot;<br /> * Cooper, Darius.''The Cinema of Satyajit Ray:Between Tradition and Modernity'' Cambridge University Press, 2000.<br /> * Nyce, Ben. ''Satyajit Ray : A Study of His Films''. New York: Praeger, 1988<br /> * Seely, Clinton B. &quot;[http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pClinton1.html Translating Between Media: Rabindranath Tagore and Satyajit Ray]&quot;<br /> * Sen, Kaustav &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060526170949/http://www.indiastar.com/KaustuvSen.html Our Culture, Their Culture:Indian-ness in Satyajit Ray and Rabindranath Tagore explored through their works Charulata and Nashtanir]&quot;<br /> Charulatha (ചാരുലത) Rabindranath Tagore, Translated into Malayalam by Leela Sarkar. Green Books, 2010.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130207/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/charu.htm Official website]<br /> * {{IMDb title|0057935}}<br /> * {{TCMDb title|id=70694}}<br /> * [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2872-charulata-calm-without-fire-within ''Charulata: “Calm Without, Fire Within”''] an essay by Philip Kemp at the [[Criterion Collection]]<br /> <br /> {{Satyajit Ray}}<br /> {{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1964 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br /> [[Category:1964 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about women in India]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]<br /> [[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the 1870s]]<br /> [[Category:Films about writers]]<br /> [[Category:1964 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Satyajit Ray]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=NTT_Data_Payment_Services&diff=519611 2026-03-19T15:47:53Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Added a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Financial Services Company}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}<br /> {{update|date=November 2014}}<br /> {{COI|date=November 2017}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = NTT DATA Payment Services India<br /> | logo = Nttdata_india.png<br /> | type = [[Subsidiary]]<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|2006}}<br /> | location = 11th Floor, B4/B5, Nirlon Knowledge Park, Off Western Express Highway, Cama Industrail Estate, Goregaon, [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, 400063, India<br /> | key_people = Takeo Ueno ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<br /> | parent = [[NTT Data]]<br /> | industry = Digital Payment Solutions<br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://in.nttdatapay.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''NTT DATA Payment Services India''' (formerly known as '''Atom Technologies''' '''Limited''') is a payment services provider company headquartered in [[Mumbai]], India.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Atom was started in 2006 as a [[subsidiary]] of the [[Financial Technologies Group]], founded by Jignesh Shah.&lt;ref name=&quot;business-standard.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/atom-technologies-signs-upsahayata/19/47/359326/ atom technologies signs up with Sahayata], Business Standard, 27 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The company has historically focused on the distribution of [[payment]] and [[banking]] services through the use of [[mobile technology]]. Atom Technologies has provided products and services for [[mobile payments]], [[interactive voice response]] (IVR)-based payments, and mobile-based service distribution frameworks.&lt;ref name=&quot;business-standard.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Acquisition ===<br /> NTT DATA Payment Services India, in November 2018 announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire a majority stake in Atom Technologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 November 2018|title=NTT DATA to acquire a majority stake in Atom Technologies owned by 63 moons|url=https://www.nttdata.com/global/en/Media/Press%20Release/2018/November/NTT%20DATA%20to%20acquire%20a%20majority%20stake%20in%20Atom%20Technologies%20owned%20by%2063%20moons|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-03|website=NTT DATA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103212857/https://www.nttdata.com/global/en/Media/Press%20Release/2018/November/NTT%20DATA%20to%20acquire%20a%20majority%20stake%20in%20Atom%20Technologies%20owned%20by%2063%20moons |archive-date=3 January 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Products==<br /> {{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}<br /> Atom Technologies' products include:<br /> <br /> *[[Online banking]] and [[payment gateway|internet payment gateway]] (IPG): An internet payments platform <br /> *[[Interactive voice response]] (IVR): helps organizations accept payments through credit and debit card over a phone call<br /> *Mobile computing app that enables payment services. The Atom mobile app allows payments through debit and [[credit cards]], [[Immediate Payment Service|IMPS]], [[cash card]]s, and net banking<br /> *[[Point of sale]] to provide payment services, Atom provides brick and mortar merchant, acquiring and transaction processing services, in addition to its services over the Internet, IVR and Mobile.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Security==<br /> <br /> The company's [[payment]] platforms have been [[accredited]] for [[PCIDSS]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mobile-financial.com/node/1071/atom-technologies atom Technologies company profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714105848/http://www.mobile-financial.com/node/1071/atom-technologies |date=14 July 2011 }}, Mobile-Financial.com&lt;/ref&gt; &amp; [[PA-DSS]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ecommerce-journal.com/news/visa_certification_granted_to_india_s_m_banking_provider Visa certification granted to India’s m-banking provider] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011115604/http://www.ecommerce-journal.com/news/visa_certification_granted_to_india_s_m_banking_provider |date=11 October 2009 }}, Ecommerce Journal, 29 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; [[certification]]s which are accepted by the [[banking industry]] and hence ascertain the security of its [[mobile payment]] transactions and the [[Data transmission|transmission]] of cardholder data.<br /> <br /> NTT DATA Payment Services India [[payment]] platform uses [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] 128 [[Bit]] [[Cipher Block Chaining|cipher block chaining]] for [[routing]] [[Financial transaction|transactions]] using secure [[VPN]] connectivity. Atom does not store any [[credit card]] details but acts as a pass-through to the bank's [[payment gateway]] for [[routing]] [[Financial transaction|transactions]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.astricon.net/topics/broadband-mobile/articles/38328-indias-atom-receives-visa-security-certification-m-payments.htm India's atom Receives VISA Security Certification for M-Payments], TMCnet.com, 28 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Partnerships==<br /> <br /> NTT DATA Payment Services India has tie-ups with major [[bank]]s&lt;ref&gt;[http://in.reuters.com/article/paidmediaAtoms/idIN37053525820090604?sp=true DTH players may help mobile payments gain currency]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Reuters, 4 June 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; apart from [[credit card]] companies like [[Visa Inc.]], [[MasterCard]], and [[American Express]]. The [[credit card]]s of these [[bank]]s and companies can be used to transact on the Atom platform. More than 1500 [[merchants]] have tied up with Atom to provide these [[payment]] services.&lt;ref name=&quot;IVR: making payments easier&quot;&gt;[http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20081215/management04.shtml IVR: making payments easier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307223616/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20081215/management04.shtml |date=7 March 2009 }}, Express Computer, 15 December 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.atomtech.in Official website]<br /> <br /> {{Digital payment providers|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{FinTech in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Software companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies established in 2006]]<br /> [[Category:Mobile payments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]<br /> [[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udaipur_City%E2%80%93Jaipur_Vande_Bharat_Express&diff=542286 2026-03-18T02:01:28Z

<p>LoganConger6625: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Italic title}}{{short description|Defunct Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}<br /> {{Distinguish|text=[[Udaipur City - Agra Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]], India's 2nd defunct semi high-speed Vande Bharat Express train}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | color = 28457D<br /> | name = Udaipur City - Jaipur Junction&lt;br/&gt;''Vande Bharat Express''<br /> | logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg<br /> | image =<br /> | image_width = 300px<br /> | type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | first = {{start date|2023|09|24|df=y}} (Inaugural run)&lt;br/&gt;{{start date and age|25 September 2023}} (Commercial run)<br /> | last = {{start date and age|df=yes|2026|02|11}} (Permanently cancelled)<br /> | operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways (NWR)]]<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} '''(UDZ)'''<br /> | stops = 7<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}} '''(JP)'''<br /> | distance = {{cvt|435|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 06 hrs 15 mins<br /> | frequency = Three days a week {{efn|Only Sundays, Wednesdays &amp; Fridays}}<br /> | trainnumber = 20979 / 20980<br /> | line_used = [[Mathura–Vadodara section|Mathura-Vadodara section (Udaipur-Chittaurgarh-Jaipur)]]<br /> | class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car<br /> | seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}<br /> | sleeping = No<br /> | catering = On-board Catering<br /> | observation = Large windows in all coaches<br /> | entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}<br /> | baggage = Overhead racks<br /> | otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]<br /> | stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation trainsets|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]<br /> | gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]]&lt;br/&gt;{{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br /> | speed = {{cvt|70|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)<br /> | trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)<br /> | owners = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | maintenance = [[North Western Railway zone|Udaipur City (UDZ)]]<br /> | sharing = [[Udaipur City - Agra Cantonment Vande Bharat Express|20981/20982 Udaipur City - Agra Cantonment - Udaipur City Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> | map = {{Udaipur City-Jaipur Jn. VB Express Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 20979/20980 '''Udaipur City - Jaipur ''Vande Bharat Express''''' was India's 26th and the 1st defunct [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, which ran across the state of [[Rajasthan]] by connecting the city of [[Udaipur]] and terminating at the Pink City of [[Jaipur]]. This train was inaugurated on 24 September 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[New Delhi]].<br /> <br /> Starting from 02 September 2024, this express train has reduced its frequency from '''6 days''' to '''3 days''' and had rake sharing with the formerly launched [[Udaipur City - Agra Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]] which also ran on '''3 days''' a week basis.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> This train was operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Udaipur City railway station|Udaipur City]], [[Rana Pratap Nagar railway station|Rana Pratap Nagar]], [[Mavli Junction railway station|Mavli Jn]], [[Chittaurgarh Junction railway station|Chittaurgarh Jn]], [[Bhilwara railway station|Bhilwara]], [[Bijainagar railway station|Bijainagar]], [[Ajmer Junction railway station|Ajmer Jn]], [[Kishangarh railway station|Kishangarh]] and [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Jn]]. It was formerly operated with train numbers 20979/20980 on 3 days a week basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Train राजस्थान को तीसरी वंदे भारत की सौगात उदयपुर से जयपुर के बीच दौड़ेगी एक्सप्रेस ट्रेन - Third Vande Bharat express train will run between Udaipur to Jaipur in to Rajasthan |url=https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/udaipur-third-vande-bharat-express-train-will-run-between-udaipur-to-jaipur-in-to-rajasthan-23498950.html |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rakes==<br /> It was the twenty-fourth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and twelfth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<br /> <br /> == Service ==<br /> <br /> The 20979/20980 Udaipur City - Jaipur Jn Vande Bharat Express operated on Sun, Wed, Fri, covering a distance of {{cvt|435|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|69|km/h}}. The service had 7 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed was {{cvt|130|km/h}}.<br /> <br /> == Incidents ==<br /> On 2 October 2023 around 9:55 a.m. the locomotive pilots of Udaipur-Jaipur Vande Bharat express spotted stones and other obstructions on the tracks of the train, then the locomotive pilots applied emergency breaks right on time. avoiding any possible mishap. After the train stopped, the locomotive pilots got off the train and saw stones were placed and there were two one-feet-long rods on the track, then the locomotive pilot removed those obstacles to clear the track, the locomotive pilots also recorded this incident in their smartphones for evidences. This incident is currently under investigation by the Railway Police and the local police and a case has been registered and action will be taken against anti-social elements who are found guilty after an investigation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roushan |first=Anurag |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2 October 2023 |title=Vande Bharat train driver spots stones on track, hits emergency brakes to avert major accident |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vande-bharat-train-driver-spots-stones-on-track-hits-emergency-brakes-to-avert-major-accident-watch-video-2023-10-02-895852 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=Rajasthan: Vande Bharat train drivers spot stones on track, hit emergency brakes; netizens say 'a close call' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/rajasthan-vande-bharat-train-drivers-spot-stones-on-track-hit-emergency-brakes-netizens-say-a-close-call-400395-2023-10-02 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat train operators spot stones, rods on track, hit emergency brakes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vande-bharat-express-emergency-stop-railway-track-stones-2443363-2023-10-02 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Train Driver Spots Stones, Rod On Tracks In Rajasthan, Hits Emergency Brakes |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vande-bharat-train-driver-spots-stones-rod-on-tracks-hits-emergency-brakes-4442857 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> * [[Tejas Express]]<br /> * [[Gatimaan Express]]<br /> * [[Udaipur City railway station]]<br /> * [[Jaipur Junction railway station]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vande Bharat Express}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Udaipur City-Jaipur Vande Bharat Express}}<br /> [[Category:Defunct Vande Bharat Express trains]]<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> [[Category:Higher-speed rail]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Udaipur]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulugu_Papayaradhya&diff=456849 2026-03-16T00:05:16Z

<p>LoganConger6625: update citations per sources</p> <hr /> <div>'''Mulugu Papayaradhya''', also known as '''Mulugu Papayya''' and '''Sangameswara Sastry''', (1756–1852) was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholar, preceptor, translator, and writer, known for his translation of the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavatam]] from Sanskrit into Telugu and for being the preceptor and court poet of the Raja of Amaravati, [[Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Śrīrāmamūrti|first=Pōcañcarla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GagPAAAAMAAJ|title=Contribution of Andhra to Sanskrit Literature|date=1972|publisher=Andhra University|pages=163|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ|title=History and Culture of the Andhras|date=1995|publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University|isbn=978-81-86073-07-0|pages=205|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mulugu Papayaradhya was born to Viranaradhya, a prominent Veera Shaiva ''acharya,'' and Akkamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mcFFSJeJrEC&amp;dq=Viranaradhya&amp;pg=PA46|title=A History of Indian Philosophy: Volume 5|date=1955-01-02|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-04782-1|pages=46|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He lived in [[Amaravati]], now in the [[Guntur district|Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is known to have written more than a hundred works in Telugu and Sanskrit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He was titled as Abhinava Kalidasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Umāmaheśvaraśāstri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dstHAAAAMAAJ|title=Śr̥ṅgāraśekharabhāṇaḥ|date=1969|publisher=Āndhrapradeśa Sāhitya Akāḍamī Saṃsthayā|pages=4|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a [[Veerashaiva|Veera Shaivite]] ''acharya'' (preceptor).<br /> <br /> == Work ==<br /> Mulugu Papayaradhya is regarded as the first poet to translate the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]] into Telugu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3JOAAAAYAAJ|title=Purāṇam|date=1962|publisher=All-India Kasiraja Trust.|pages=401|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This translation was done at the request of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu's son, and Papayaradhya dedicated it to [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi Vishwanatha]], a form of [[Shiva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; From the more than hundred works he wrote, ''Kalyanacampu'', ''Ekadasivratacampu'', ''Aryasati'', ''Sivastotra'', and ''Vedantasarasangraha'' are among the more prominent Sanskrit works.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Papayaradhya also wrote the ''Ahalya Sankrandana Vilasamu''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ|title=History and Culture of the Andhras|date=1995|publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University|isbn=978-81-86073-07-0|pages=306|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Papayaradhya, Mulugu}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu poets]]<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:1778 births]]<br /> [[Category:1852 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from British India]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Vasudeva_Iyengar&diff=507096 2026-03-15T20:51:22Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started new info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> '''Kodiyalam Vasudeva Iyengar''' was an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] who served as a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]] from 1903 to 1906.&lt;ref&gt;Markandan, K. C.. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Madras_Legislative_Council_Its_Constitut/vvYDAAAAMAAJ Madras Legislative Council: Its Constitution and Working Between 1861 and 1909: Being a Report, Submitted to the Madras University, as a Fellow in the Politics Department Between October 1952 and October 1953]''. S. Chand, 1964. pp. 94-95&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aiyangar, K. Vasudeva}}<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Gopala_Krishna_Iyer&diff=458442 2026-03-07T15:37:29Z

<p>LoganConger6625: adjusted intro and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tamil poet}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{fan POV|date=September 2015}}<br /> {{more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = M.Gopala Krishna Iyer &lt;!-- include middle initial, if not specified in birth_name --&gt;<br /> | honorific_suffix = Panditha<br /> | image = Profile picture of M. Gopala Krishna Iyer.jpg<br /> | alt = Profile picture of Ma.Ko.<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name above --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[BP:DOB]] --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | baptised = &lt;!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --&gt;<br /> | disappeared_date = &lt;!-- {{disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --&gt;<br /> | disappeared_place = <br /> | disappeared_status = <br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_cause = <br /> | body_discovered = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;<br /> | monuments = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | citizenship = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | era = <br /> | employer = <br /> | organization = <br /> | agent = &lt;!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --&gt;<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = &lt;!-- produces label &quot;Notable work&quot;; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label &quot;Notable credit(s)&quot;; or by |works=, which produces label &quot;Works&quot; --&gt;<br /> | style = <br /> | height = &lt;!-- &quot;X cm&quot;, &quot;X m&quot; or &quot;X ft Y in&quot; plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --&gt;<br /> | television = <br /> | title = <br /> | term = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | party = <br /> | movement = <br /> | opponents = <br /> | boards = <br /> | criminal_charge = &lt;!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --&gt;<br /> | criminal_penalty = <br /> | criminal_status = <br /> | spouse = &lt;!-- Use article title or common name --&gt;<br /> | partner = &lt;!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --&gt;<br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | callsign = <br /> | awards = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | module = <br /> | module2 = <br /> | module3 = <br /> | module4 = <br /> | module5 = <br /> | module6 = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_size = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> Panditha.'''M.Gopala Krishna Iyer''' (1878–1927), popularly known as Ma.Ko, served the cause of development of the [[Tamil language]] during the first quarter of the twentieth century. Ma.Ko. was a poet, translator, essayist, dramatist, editor of literary journals and above all a patriot. <br /> <br /> A student of the renowned Tamil scholar, Cholavandan Arasan Shanmuganar, he served in the Tamil department of Madura College for over a decade and later became Head, Dept. of Tamil, National College, Trichy. He founded the Madurai Manavar Sendhamizh Sangam on 5 May 1901&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Ma.Ko.Kalanjiyam|date=2014|publisher=Kaavya Publications|pages=25|language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; to promote interest in Tamil language among students. A friend of [[Pandithurai Thevar]], he also served as Member and Examiner in [[Madurai Tamil Sangam]].<br /> <br /> A close friend of [[Subramania Bharati|Bharathiyar]], he was the one who helped Bharati when he came from Ettayapuram to Madurai, first to join Sethupathi School and later to join Sudesamitran as sub-editor.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bharathi|first1=Suddanandha|title=Kavikkuyil Bharatiyar|date=1946|location=Ramachandrapuram}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A devotee of Swami Vivekananda, Ma. Ko. had accompanied King [[Bhaskara Sethupathi]] to Pamban in 1897 to receive Swamiji.<br /> <br /> When Gurudev [[Rabindranath Tagore]] visited Madurai, it was Ma.Ko. who presented a poem of felicitation to Rabindranath Tagore at a meeting of Tamil scholars in Madurai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Viveka Bodhini|date=1919}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A versatile writer and eloquent speaker, a translator par excellence, he has received accolades from celebrities like [[George Uglow Pope|Rev. G.U.Pope]], Dr.U.V. Saminatha Iyer, Mahakavi Bharathi, V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, Pandithamani Kadiresa Chettiyar and Va.Su. Chengalvaraya Pillai.<br /> <br /> Ma.Ko. was also secretary, Vivekananda Union, Madurai and Tamil professor at Native college, Madurai.<br /> <br /> The oriental and the occidental seem to have found a happy fusion in Ma.Ko. For instance, his work Filial Duty (புதல்வர் கடமை)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=புதல்வர் கடமை|publisher=Jananukoola Achiyandira Saalai|location=Trichy}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was prescribed by the textbook committee in 1920s contains the stories of 40 personalities who have been exemplary in observing filial duty. They include characters from Valmiki Ramayana like Sri Rama and Bharatha, from [[Vyasa]]'s Mahabharatha like Bhishma, Yudhishtira, Arjun and Nala, historical characters like Shankara, Pattinathaar, Pisiraandaiyar, ideal sons from Western culture like Alexander, Quintus Cicero, Casabianca, Samuel Johnson, Italian brothers Anabyas and Ambinomus, Spanish artist Murillo and his student Sebastian. He has drawn from a wide variety of sources and this can be attributed to his own scholarship and his erudite family. His passion and commitment to learn from all cultures is also evident in his work.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Ma.Ko. was born in the village of Lalgudi, Tiruchirapalli district in 1878 in a highly pious, disciplined and close-knit family. His father, Mahadeva Iyer, worked as shirastedar at Madurai sub-court. His mother Pravartha Srimathi was a highly pious lady and an embodiment of patience, from whom young Gopalakrishnan and his siblings learnt all the stories from Indian epics and [[puranas]]. He had two elder brothers, Jagadeesan and Paramasivam, a younger brother, Duraiswamy and two younger sisters Chellameenakshi and Parvatham.<br /> <br /> Ma.Ko. passed the FA examination and then learnt Tamil under the celebrated Tamil scholar, Cholavandan Arasan Shanmukanar. Ma.Ko's articles were published in various journals from 1896 when he was only eighteen years old.<br /> <br /> In 1897, when he was 19, he had accompanied King of Ramnad, Baskara Sethupathy, to Pamban to receive Swami Vivekananda when Swami was returning to India after his heroic historic trip to the U.S. Ma.Ko was highly inspired by the magnetic personality of Swami.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=பாரதியார்|first1=கவியோகி மகரிஷி சுத்தானந்த|title=சோதனையும் சாதனையும்|publisher=சுத்தானந்த நூலகம்|location=திருவான்மியூர், சென்னை|language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 1985 while in New York, Swami Vivekananda had composed 13 songs under the title Song of the Sannyasin. Ma.Ko. rendered a splendid translation of these 13 songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Viveka Chintamani|date=July 1904|pages=71–75|language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also served as secretary of Vivekananda Union, Madurai.<br /> <br /> On 5, May 1901, he founded the Madurai Manavar Senthamizh Sangam to promote learning of Tamil among the students. He was only 23 then and he has said that Madurai, the great centre for Tamil, did not have a Tamil Sangam then and that he founded it to fill this void. This was founded even before the founding of Madurai Tamil Sangam by [[Pandithurai Thevar]]. Ma.Ko., a close friend of Pandithurai Thevar, also served as examiner and governing member in Madurai Tamil Sangam.<br /> <br /> While carrying on these literary and academic activities, Ma.Ko. was also serving as lecturer in Tamil in the Madura College, then known as Native College of Madurai.<br /> <br /> He also founded a library and named it Nachinarkinian Memorial Library (after the celebrated Tamil scholar). Subramania Bharati used to visit this library and there developed a friendship between Ma.Ko. and Bharathi. Ma.Ko. was one of the few pundits who recognized the greatness of Bharathi.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; In 1904, after Bharathi quit his job in Ettayapuram, he met Ma.Ko. who helped him to get a job in Sethupathy High School.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=T|first1=Ramanujan|title=Varakavi Bharathi|date=1948|location=Madurai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> G.Subramania Iyer, the editor of Sudesamitran was another close friend of Ma.Ko. During one of his visits to Madurai, G.Subramania Iyer requested Ma.Ko. to suggest a young man to serve as sub editor. Ma.Ko. introduced and recommended Bharathi for that job. Subramania Iyer was delighted with Bharathi and asked him to come to Chennai to join Sudesamitran.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Viswanathan|first1=Seeni|title=Mahakavi Bharathi Varalaru|date=1996|language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1907, Ma.Ko attended the Surat Congress session and wrote a detailed article in the Madurai-based journal Vivekabhanu on the pandemonium that followed the split in Congress. This article, entitled, Congress Mahasabai is considered the first published report in Tamil on the Surat session. Like Bharathi and VOC, Ma.Ko. supported Lokmanya Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh.<br /> <br /> After scanning 400 years of English poetry from Shakespeare to Tennyson, he chose over 40 pieces with aesthetic and moral values and rendered them in Tamil for the benefit of Tamil students. Among the experts who hailed him as a great translator were Rev.G.U.Pope&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Arumporuttirattu|date=1915|publisher=Madurai Tamil Sangam}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Bharathi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India newspaper|date=1907-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1909, Ma.Ko. and Kandasami Kavirayar, a great Tamil poet, published a new journal Vidyabhanu. In 1915, he compiled all his published works including his Tamil poems, translations and essays and published them under the title, Arumporuttirattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; It was sponsored by the philanthropist Pethachi Chettiyar and published by Madurai Tamil Sangam. In 1916, under the auspices of his Madurai Manavar Senthamizh Sangam he started another journal by name Vivekodhayam. Many great Tamil scholars contributed articles to this journal. This journal was hailed by patriots like Subramania Siva and V.O. Chidambaram Pillai.<br /> <br /> He used his vocation as teacher and journalist to instil value education in the young. Two of his great concerns were to inspire feelings of patriotism and develop love of Tamil language among the student population.<br /> <br /> Ma.Ko. married Dharmambal, (daughter of Annasami Iyer) and the couple had four daughters (Perunthiru, Annapurani, Savitri and Gomathi) and two sons (Sidhamoorthy and Krishnamoorthy).<br /> <br /> == Later Years and death ==<br /> Ma.Ko. was invited to head the Dept. of Tamil at National College, Trichy in 1919 and he moved from Madurai to Trichy. At the request of his students at National college, Ma.Ko. started yet another journal, Nachinarkkiniyan. Ma.Ko. always considered teaching a labour of love and it is little wonder that his students bagged the gold medals by standing first in Madras Presidency. For the benefit of his students, he used to translate into Tamil the English poems that were prescribed as part of the syllabus and publish them in his journal. He also wrote editorials and poems celebrating patriots. After his mentor, Arasan Shanmukanar's demise, Ma.Ko. received the manuscript of his Valluvar Nerisai, wrote the commentary for it and published it in 1919.<br /> <br /> Two of his works Filial Duty (புதல்வர் கடமை) and Visvanathan (விஸ்வநாதன்) were prescribed for TLSC Public Examination from 1921 to 1926. In 1927, when Meenakshi College was getting ready to become [[Annamalai University]], he received an invitation to join the teaching fraternity of the University. He had accepted the invitation and was to join in June 1927, but he took ill and died in April 1927. When his health started failing, he realised that his days were numbered and as the editor of Nachinarkkiniyan, he was anxious that the subscribers who had paid the annual subscription in advance may lose their money if the journal ceased to come. So he made an announcement in March that in case of his demise the subscribers can take his books in lieu of the money already paid.<br /> <br /> He was admired by his contemporaries for his unceasing and indefatigable efforts towards the development of Tamil.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Amirthagunabodhini|date=October 1929}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also admired for his impartiality, courage of conviction, gurubhakthi, simplicity and hard work. An elegy written on him by Lakshmi Narasimha Iyer features in Tamil Pulavar Agara Varisai:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor1-last=Pulavar|editor1-first=Ramasamy|title=Tamil Pulavar Agaravarisai|publisher=Kazhagam Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> :எக்காலும் முயற்சியோடு மேதாவ <br /> ::தொன்றுரைத்தோ எழுதி யேயோ <br /> :தொக்கார்கண் டுவந்திடநின் னுடல்பொருளா <br /> ::வியாம்மூன்றும் சோர்வில் லாமல் <br /> :மிக்காரும் தமிழ்மொழிக்கே விழைந்துதவும் <br /> ::மேன்மையினை விதியி லாதேன் <br /> :எக்காலம் கண்டிடுவேன் கோபால <br /> ::கிருட்டிணனே எங்கு சென்றாய்?<br /> <br /> ==Ma.Ko.'s Works ==<br /> A prolific writer, his articles were published in several journals from 1896, when he was hardly nineteen. Many of them were compiled under the title Arumporuttirattu and published by the Madurai Tamil Sangam in 1915. He continued to write till his demise in 1927 and some of his works were prescribed as textbooks in Chennai and Ceylon from 1921 to 1926. His works can be classified under the following 8 heads:<br /> <br /> === Thanipadalgal (தனிப்பாடல்கள்) ===<br /> This includes his poems of felicitations as well as elegiac poems written in honour of great public figures like Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore, U. Ve. Saminatha Iyer. Parithimal Kalaigner, Pandithuraithevar. This volume also includes Poems on social themes like Women's education. Biographical sketches of Greek philosophers like Socrates and Plato also feature in this volume.<br /> <br /> === Anthology of Translations (மொழிப்பெயர்ப்புக் கவிதைகள்) ===<br /> A pioneer in the field of translations, Ma.Ko. has scanned 400 years of English poetry, selected poems that have great aesthetic and ethical value and has translated them for the benefit of Tamil reading public in general and the student community in particular. His translations have been admired by scholars like GU Pope and Mahakavi Bharathi.<br /> <br /> He had selected several passages from Shakespeare and rendered them in exquisite Tamil verse. For instance, he had translated The Seven Ages of Man from As You Like It.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Iyer|first1=M. Gopalakrishna|title=Arumporuttirattu: Ma Kovin Mozhipeyarpu Kavithaigal|publisher=Sandhya Publications|location=New No.77, 53rd Street, 9th Avenue, Ashok Nagar, Chennai 600083}}&lt;/ref&gt; Describing the schoolboy, Shakespeare writes:<br /> <br /> :Then the whining schoolboy with his satchel<br /> :And the shining morning face, Creeping like a snail<br /> :Unwillingly to school.<br /> <br /> Ma.Ko. translated it as:<br /> :தூண்டா நிற்ப, வேண்டா வெறுப்பொடு <br /> :புத்தகப் பையொடு நத்தைபோல் ஊர்ந்து <br /> :மினுங்கிய வதனம் சிணுங்கிச் சிணுங்கிக் <br /> :காலைப் பொழுதிற் கல்விக் கழகம் <br /> :மெள்ளச் செல்லும் பள்ளிப் பிள்ளை<br /> <br /> ===Essays ===<br /> He has written essays that have been collected under several themes like those on science, health, history, ethics, patriotism and education. Again, all of them have been written with a sense of commitment towards the younger generation and a deep concern for their betterment.<br /> <br /> ===Filial Duty===<br /> It describes the lives of 40 personalities drawn from oriental and occidental history and literature—personalities who have been exemplary in their execution of duty towards their parents. As pointed out by Dr. S.N. Kandasami, director, Centre for Higher Research – World Classical Languages, Tamil University, Tanjavur, this book will help younger generation cultivate higher values.<br /> <br /> ===Poetic play entitled Visvanathan===<br /> his play is also called Kadamai Muran. The story of Visvanatha Nayakkan who was caught between two conflicting duties is enacted in six acts. Highly poetic and dramatic the author has understood the pulse of this genre. This play has been staged during the anniversary celebrations of many Tamil sangams including the Madurai Tamil Sangam.<br /> <br /> ===Mouna Desikar===<br /> A roaring comedy entitled Mouna Desikar in 8 acts. The characters are named in a way that reveals their qualities very much like those of the 16th century English dramatist Ben Jonson. The Pandya King, Tharpughzh Maran is piqued when the Chola messenger complains that there is no sign language expert in the Pandya kingdom. He bluffs that there is a great expert called Mouna Desikar. How the Pandya experts manage this bluff without losing face is the rest of the hilarious plot.<br /> <br /> ===Vivekodayam===<br /> Vivekodayam was a literary Journal which he was editing and publishing from Madurai from 1916.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ma.|first1=Sambandhan|title=Idhazhiyal Kalanjiyam}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nachinarkiniyan was a literary journal he was editing and publishing from Trichy from 1919. Both journals carried Ma.Ko.’s editorials, contributions from academics in the field of Tamil, research articles in physics and chemistry, translations, poems and articles with patriotic fervor, biographical sketches on great personalities, policies by the government in connection with Tamil language, opinions of experts on these policies, to name a few.<br /> <br /> ===Commentary on Valluvar Nerisai===<br /> Ma.Ko’s mentor Arasan Shanmuganar had written ‘Valluvar Nerisai’ where each [[Kural (poetic form)|kural]] was preceded by a two-line story from Indian epics and puranas to elucidate the message of that particular kural. After his mentor's passing, Ma.Ko. got the manuscripts from Shanmuganar's family and wrote commentary and explanation for each of them and published it serially in his Vivekodayam. Later, he compiled the first hundred kurals and published it as a volume in 1919 with foreword from V.Muthusami Iyer, personal assistant to the Inspector of Schools. In 1923, he continued the commentary on Valluvar Nerisai in Nachinarkkinian where he said that he would be compiling and bringing out the next hundred after the serial publication. However, he did not live to complete it.<br /> <br /> As a prolific writer, Ma. Ko excelled in every literary form, demonstrating a total commitment to nurturing the right values in the younger generation.<br /> <br /> ==Ma.Ko. on Women’s Empowerment==<br /> Ma.Ko was a champion of women's empowerment and naturally advocated women's education. In 1916, when he started the journal Vivekodayam from Madurai, he announced a discount for women subscribers, and also made his cousin V. Balammal the assistant editor.<br /> <br /> When there was a Govt. notification that all the states should submit their recommendations on women's education by 12 September 1916, Ma.ko ‘s journal Vivekodayam carried this news. He further suggested that the state governments should organize women's forums and seek the opinions of women members and send the final recommendations only after including what the women had to say.<br /> <br /> He invited many women speakers like [[Asalambikai|Pandithai Asalambikai Ammayar]], Srimathi Krishnaveni, Srimathi Padmavathi to his Manavar Sangam to speak on various topics useful to students. He felicitated them in beautiful poetry and published them in the following issue of Vivekodayam. When there was a proposal to raise a memorial fund in the name of Sudesamitran Subramania Iyer, his journal suggested that 50% of the fund should be allocated for improving the status of women. Balammal recommended that there should be vocational centres for women to enable them to be economically independent.<br /> <br /> In some of his essays, he celebrates the educated women of ancient India. In one of them, மதனலீலையார்,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Ma.Ko.Kalanjiyam|date=2014|publisher=Kaavya Publications|pages=364|language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; he addresses all women as his sisters and tells them that timidity is no sign of virtue. He exhorts them to influence the family and educate themselves. His zeal for women's education is brought out in many of his works that feature in the 1915 collection (Arumporuttirattu). Special mention should be made of this delightful little poem, Pen kalvipperu (பெண் கல்விப்பேறு):<br /> <br /> :நாற்பொருளும் நாம்பெற்றேம்: நன்மக்கட் பேறுற்றேம்:<br /> :நாற்குணத்தேம் நாமகளின் நல்லருளால் – நாற்றிசையீர்!<br /> :மண்கல் விலங்காதி மானஇரேம்: பெற்றேமால் <br /> :பெண்கல்வி என்னுமொரு பேறு.<br /> <br /> Ma.Ko considered the girl child a hundred times more valuable than a boy child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Thandhayai izhandha thanayaiku|journal=Nachinarkiniyan|date=March 1927|language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; He celebrated the birth of his first daughter in times when orthodox Hindu families looked forward to a male as the first-born.<br /> <br /> He wrote an anti-dowry article in 1914, moved by the tragic episode of Snehalatha who ended her life unable to bear the travails her father had to go through. In that article, published by the Tamil journal Poorna Chandrodayam, he appeals to the young men to become aware of the evil consequences of dowry system and also spread this awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Ma.Ko. and Tamil Development==<br /> Ma.ko's love for Tamil and the zeal to ensure its rightful place is seen in many of his poems, essays, translations and speeches. He founded the Madurai Manavar Senthamizh sangam in 1901 to encourage the learning of Tamil. Students from Madurai and other Tamil speaking areas were taught, tested and certified by this sangam. Many great scholars and philanthropists have participated in this forum including U.Ve.Saminatha Iyer, Pethachi Chettiyar, Ragunatha Rajaliar, V. Krishnasamy Iyer and Pandithurai Thevar.<br /> <br /> ===Tamil as Medium of Instruction===<br /> Ma.Ko. also advocated Tamil as a medium of instruction and recalls a conversation with a Bengali scholar Pandavanatha Simham who told him that the percentage of postgraduates in Bengal is high because the students can learn Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics etc. without a knowledge of English. In a speech in a training school at Dindigul, Ma.Ko says that the physics and chemistry an English boy learns at 8 is learnt imperfectly at 16 by an Indian student as he has to spend 10 years to learn English. He appeals to the scholars to translate the books in Tamil so that a poor Tamil student can learn the facts of science without wasting 10 years of his student life in learning English before he can learn science. That will also pave the way, said Ma.Ko., for the country's progress.<br /> <br /> Ma.Ko. himself wrote a number of essays on science topics for Tamil students after reading articles on science from English journals and books. He also translated many English poems in a range of Tamil metres (சந்தம்). Mahakavi Bharathi admired him for that. The Golden Jubilee volume of National college, Trichy records:<br /> <br /> :&quot;M. Gopala Krishna Iyer was the first head of the Tamil dept. An adept in translating into Tamil, poems from English without missing their original beauty, he improved the standards of education in Tamil language and literature even at the time when prominence was given only to English. We remember him today for elevating the status of Tamil even then.&quot;<br /> <br /> In an essay on Tamil development, he lists the reasons for its low status and suggests the ways to elevate it and give it its rightful place. In his elegy on Parithimarkalaignar, he says that the Tamil Language will be given its status as a ‘Classical Language’ in future as envisioned by Parithimarkalaignar.<br /> <br /> He has expressed contempt for the Tamilians who take pride in saying they do not know their mother tongue. He comments that such Tamils presume that the world will admire them for their knowledge of English in proportion to their ignorance of Tamil and they ought to be ashamed of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Nachinarkkinian|date=September 1923}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though he condemned this infatuation for English, he did not condemn either the Englishman or the English language for it. He criticized vehemently the Tamils who failed to work for Tamil development though they had the right, the duty and the financial means to do so. He said there is no point in condemning the European who has no knowledge of Tamil, when our own kin whose mother tongue is Tamil do not realize its value.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> His two journals Vivekodayam and Nachinarkkinian carried reports on all the activities of the various Tamil sangams including the programmes at Madurai Tamil Sangam. In these journals he also published essays on physics and chemistry in Tamil, translations of poems from other languages in Tamil, the proposals made by the government and universities in connection with the Tamil language, the opinions and comments on these changes proposed by them.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]<br /> [[Category:Indian magazine editors]]<br /> [[Category:1878 births]]<br /> [[Category:1927 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian essayists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian educators]]<br /> [[Category:Indian academics]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br /> [[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Then_Kinnam&diff=458693 2026-03-04T04:55:21Z

<p>LoganConger6625: added page based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Then Kinnam.jpg<br /> | caption = VCD cover<br /> | director = K. Krishnamoorthy<br /> | screenplay = K. Krishnamoorthy<br /> | story = Ayyapillai<br /> | starring = [[Nagesh]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Vijaya Lalitha]] &lt;br /&gt; [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Suruli Rajan]] &lt;br /&gt; [[M. R. R. Vasu]]<br /> | cinematography = Chitti Babu<br /> | editing = B. S. Mani<br /> | music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]<br /> | studio = Sri Chitra Mahal Productions<br /> | released = {{film date|1971|12|11|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 131 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Then Kinnam''''' ({{IPAc-en|θ|eɪ|n}} {{translation|Bowl of Honey}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film, directed and produced by K. Krishnamoorthy. Music was by [[Shankar–Ganesh]]. It stars [[Nagesh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=புறக்கணிக்கப்பட்ட நாயகன் – செங்கதிர் |url=http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/actor-nagesh-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615043002/http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/actor-nagesh-.html |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=Andhimazhai |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vijaya Lalitha]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=குருவியார் கேள்வி-பதில்கள் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2020/01/26101253/Kuruviyar-Question-and-Answers.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927103922/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2020/01/26101253/Kuruviyar-Question-and-Answers.vpf |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] and [[M. R. R. Vasu]], with [[Suruli Rajan]], [[Sachu]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], and Vijayachandrika in supporting roles. It was released on 11 December 1971.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Then Kinnam (1971) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/then-kinnam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119080721/https://screen4screen.com/movies/then-kinnam |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Nagesh]] as Mohan<br /> * [[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Mala<br /> * [[Suruli Rajan]] as Manikkam<br /> * [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Kangasabai<br /> * [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Accountant<br /> * [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Meenakshi<br /> * [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Chithambaram<br /> * [[Sachu]] as Rama Sundari<br /> * Rama Rao as Jayaram<br /> * Vijaya Chandrika as Bhanu<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> For one song sequence, Nagesh sported tiger makeup and clothing. The makers were not initially satisfied with how the sequence initially panned out, until Nagesh asked to do as per his own wish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=28 January 1979 |title=திடீர் ஆசைகள்; படீர் சிரிப்புகள்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-01-28/page/n27/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230307013036/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-01-28/page/n27/mode/2up |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=17 August 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=26–27 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and lyrics were written by Kumara Devan.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} The songs &quot;Thenkinnam Thenkinnam&quot; and &quot;Utharavindri Ulley Vaa&quot; attained popularity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 September 2018 |title=படமும் வெற்றி... பாடலும் வெற்றி! – கவிஞர் முத்துலிங்கம் |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/sep/30/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-3010447.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328211247/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/sep/30/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-3010447.html |archive-date=28 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thenkinnam Thenkinnam&quot; || [[P. Suseela]] || 3:37<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Podanu Soappu Podanum&quot; || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 3:06<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kadhalo Kadhaal&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan, [[L. R. Eswari]] || 4:06<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Chinna Kutty Ponnu&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan, [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 6:27<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Akkam Pakkam&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari || 3:47<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Utharavindri Ulley Vaa&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan, [[L. R. Anjali]] || 5:59<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[Theekkathir]]'' said the &quot;kinnam&quot; (bowl) was beautiful but there was no &quot;then&quot; (honey) in it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 January 1972 |title=தேன் கிண்ணம் |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-8-10-8 |access-date=17 August 2024 |work=[[Theekkathir]] |pages=3 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1971 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1971 films]]<br /> [[Category:1971 romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirumalai_Deivam&diff=540921 2026-03-04T04:52:54Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Starting a post w/ infobox!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Thirumalai Deivam<br /> | image = Thirumalai Deivam poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]<br /> | writer = A. P. Nagarajan<br /> | starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] &lt;br /&gt; [[K. B. Sundarambal]] &lt;br /&gt; [[R. Muthuraman]] &lt;br /&gt; [[A. V. M. Rajan]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Sivakumar]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Srividya]] &lt;br /&gt; [[S. Varalakshmi]] &lt;br /&gt; [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]<br /> | cinematography = W. R. Subbha Rao &lt;br /&gt; Devuru<br /> | editing = T. Vijayarangam<br /> | music = [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]<br /> | studio = Shanthi Combines<br /> | released = {{Film date|1973|07|27|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 154 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Thirumalai Deivam''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], directed and written by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. The film stars [[Sivakumar]] in the title role, with [[K. B. Sundarambal]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[Srividya]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[A. V. M. Rajan]] in supporting roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=12 August 1973 |title=திருமலை தெய்வம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1973/aug/12-08-1973/p28.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727090942/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1973/aug/12-08-1973/p28.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=28 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Once upon a time, [[Bhrigu]] and other saints performed [[Yajna]] for the welfare of all living beings. After the completion of Yajna they should offer first respect to one among the [[Trimurti|Trimurties]] ([[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]]). They were confused, so [[Narada]] told him to test all three. When he reached Satya Loka, Brahma and Saraswathi were enjoying music played by Saraswathi so they didn't see and welcome Bhrigu. He was insulted and cursed them, so that they will not have any temple in earth. When he reached Kailasam, he saw Shiva and Parvati dancing, so they too didn't see and welcome Bhrigu. He cursed Shiva to be prayed to only in [[Lingam]] form and finally reached [[Vaikuntha|Vaikuntham]]. He saw Vishnu sleeping on his serpent Anantha-Shesha. Vishnu knew Bhrigu was waiting but kept his eyes closed. Upon Bhrigu seeing this, he became angry and kicked his chest, making Vishnu open his eyes. Then he said that don't be angry with me Bhrigu rishi and he served him with utmost devotion, so Bhrigu decide to offer first respect to him. After Bhrigu left, Lakshmi left Vishnu as Bhrigu kicked Vishnu's chest where she resided.<br /> <br /> After that, Vishnu lost all his wealth and left Vaikutham. He roamed Earth in the name of Srinivasan. He stayed in an [[ashram]] which was taken care by a woman called Yashoda, Krishna's adopted mother in a previous birth. Later, he falls in love with a princess named Padmavati (reincarnated as Lakshmi). They both agree to marry. Srinivasan took a loan from Kubera for the wedding expenses from the idea told by Narada. Srinivasan promised Kubera to pay only interest until the end of [[Kali Yuga]] and will then pay the original amount. After the marriage of Srinivasan and Padmavathi, they decide to stay on Earth till Kali Yuga ends to protect the people and became Gods. They are located at [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupathi]]. After some years, many kings constructed a temple for him and so many people offered their service and devotion to him. In return he helped all the people when they ask for help. People till now believe that Srinivasan along with Padmavathi Amman will protect mankind with whatever good wish they ask.<br /> <br /> Om Namo Narayanaya<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Col-begin|width=50%}}<br /> {{col-break|width=20%}}<br /> ;Actors<br /> * [[Sivakumar]] as [[Lord Vishnu]] / Srinivasan<br /> * [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Agasa Rajan<br /> * [[R. Muthuraman]] as [[Tondaiman|King Tondaiman]]<br /> * [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as [[Narada|Narathan]]<br /> * [[S. V. Ramadoss]] as [[Bhrigu|Birugu Munivar]]<br /> * [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Amudha's Husband<br /> * [[Suruli Rajan]] as Rangan, (in Tamil [[Pottery|Kuyavan]])<br /> * [[Master Sekhar]] as Venkatesan<br /> * [[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Punniyakodi<br /> * [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]<br /> * [[Ennatha Kannaiya]] as Anumanthu<br /> {{col-break|width=20%}}<br /> ;Actresses<br /> * [[K. B. Sundarambal]] as Saint Narayani&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 September 2019 |title=கே.பி. சுந்தராம்பாள் இறந்த தினம் - செப்.19- 1980 |trans-title=K. B. Sundarambal memorial day&amp;nbsp;– 19 September 1980 |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/timeline/kalasuvadugal/2019/09/19010721/1262199/kb-sundarampal-memorial-day.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202080255/https://www.maalaimalar.com/timeline/kalasuvadugal/2019/09/19010721/1262199/kb-sundarampal-memorial-day.vpf |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=24 September 2021 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Vagula malai<br /> * [[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Amutha<br /> * [[Srividya]] as [[Goddess Lakshmi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 March 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 11: சீனு -உஷா |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/641562-thiraippada-solai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305043618/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/641562-thiraippada-solai.html |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=24 September 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as [[Goddess Padmavati]]<br /> * [[Kumari Padmini]] as [[Goddess Parvathy]]<br /> * [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ramaayee<br /> * [[Sachu]] as Pankajavalli<br /> * [[Pushpalatha]] as Queen Anandhavalli<br /> * [[S. N. Parvathy]] as Dhankodi<br /> * [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as blind boy's mother<br /> * Pushpamala<br /> * [[Sukumari]] as Queen<br /> * Acho Chithra as Vellachi<br /> {{Col-end}}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was composed by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]], [[K. D. Santhanam]], [[Alangudi Somu]], Nellai Arulmani, Poovai Senguttuvan, and Ulundhurpettai Shanmugam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thirumalai Deivam |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Thirumalai%20Deivam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924061007/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Thirumalai%20Deivam |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=24 September 2021 |website=Tamil Songs Lyrics}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Ezhumalai Irukka&quot; is set in the raga [[Hamsanandi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=23 December 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey&amp;nbsp;— Heart-rending Hamsanandi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-heartrending-hamsanandi/article2741678.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701125327/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-heartrending-hamsanandi/article2741678.ece |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Song !! Singers !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Maaley Manivannaa Maayavaney&quot; || [[P. Suseela]] || 03:16<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Neela Nira Megam&quot; || [[S. Varalakshmi]] || 03:08<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vasantha Vizhaa&quot; || B. Vasantha || 03:14<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ezhumalai Naanga Vaazhum&quot; || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 02:52<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aanantha Nilaiyam ondru&quot; || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:30<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mannai Ellaam Uyirgalaakki&quot; || S. V. Ponnusamy, Sarala || 02:37<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ezhumalai Irukka&quot; || [[K. B. Sundarambal]] || 02:52<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thiruvarul Tharum Deivam&quot; || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] || 03:16<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Varum Naal Ellaam&quot; || [[K. B. Sundarambal]] || 03:57<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''Navamani'' praised acting, dialogues, music, cinematography and direction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 August 1973 |title=திருமலை தெய்வம் |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-1-60 |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0246983}}<br /> <br /> {{A. P. Nagarajan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1973 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1973 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about reincarnation]]<br /> [[Category:Films about royalty]]<br /> [[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by A. P. Nagarajan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu devotional films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu mythological films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musical films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian religious epic films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1973 musical films]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udhar_Ka_Sindur&diff=456602 2026-03-03T23:36:48Z

<p>LoganConger6625: refine content for consistency and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Udhar Ka Sindur<br /> | image = Udhar Ka Sindur.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = Chander Vohra<br /> | writer = Anand Kumar {{small|(dialogues)}}<br /> | screenplay = [[L. V. Prasad]]<br /> | story = Atluri Pundarikakshaiah<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''Manushulo Devudu''|B. V. Prasad|A. Pundarikakshaiah}}<br /> | producer = L. V. Prasad<br /> | starring = [[Jeetendra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Reena Roy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Asha Parekh]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Dwarka Divecha]]<br /> | editing = Shivaji Awdhoot<br /> | music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]<br /> | studio = Prasad Productions Pvt Ltd<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1976|10|15}}<br /> | runtime = 141 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Udhar Ka Sindur''''' ({{Translation|Vermilion of Debt}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by [[L. V. Prasad]] under the Prasad Productions Pvt. Ltd. banner, directed by Chander Vohra. The film stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Reena Roy]] and [[Asha Parekh]], with music composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]]. It film is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Manushullo Devudu]]'' (1974).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Malhotra |first=A.P.S. |date=18 May 2017 |title=Udhar Ka Sindur (1976) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/udhar-ka-sindur-1976/article18488624.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parekh received a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]], the only nomination for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and {{sic|nolink=1|Winner}} |url=https://archive.org/details/FilmfareAwards |access-date=21 December 2020 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The film begins with an altruistic Dr. Shivnath, detecting an orphan, Raja / Raj Kumar, who toils for his education and splits from his sibling Seeta. So, he adopts him, which is unwelcome by his wife, Janki &amp; son, Prem. Years roll by; Raja is meritorious, whereas Prem is iniquity, and the two proceed to higher education. Here, Raja crushes a peach, Rekha. Besides, Seeta is reared under the last love of rickshaw driver Butta Singh as an elder. Later, Shivnath fixes an alliance for his daughter Sudha with Manohar, the son of stingy Bhishimber Nath, by presenting {{INRConvert|50000}}. <br /> <br /> Forthwith, Prem's lavish expenses are bankrupt and paralyzed. Next, Raja backs when Janki accuses Prem, and he quits. Sudha's splice is called off when Raja sureties Bhishimber Nath to equip the amount. Fortuitously, he discerns a match with a blind girl, Shanta, the daughter of tycoon Durga Prasad, who is ready to bestow {{INRConvert|100000}}. Therein, Raja bedecks to it and receives the prerequisite, divulging the pathetic spot when Shanta reads his integrity. Now, Raja secretly delivers it to Bhishimber Nath and performs the nuptial. Following, Raja knits Shanta by forgoing his love. Suddenly, he is startled to witness Rekha Shanta's younger who charges for the betrayal. <br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Raja becomes a cop assigned to snatch a mob to which Prem is also allied. Parallelly, Murali lusts on Seeta when Butta Singh revolts on him. So, he incriminates him and is apprehended by Raja. However, perceiving the actuality, he acquits him, and against the time, Murali molests Seeta. Here, Raja recognizes Seeta and pledges to straighten out the plight. In the interim, Shanta is cognizant of Raja &amp; Rekha and adores her husband. Raja ceases the gang and reforms Murali when Bhishimber Nath charges Raja for free-handing counterfeit currency. Accordingly, Shanta arrives and affirms Raja's glory, to which Rekha listens. Startlingly, it is exposed that Bhishimber Nath is a chieftain crime wing and is seized. At last, Shanta breathes her last on Raja's lap. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Raja &amp; Rekha.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Jeetendra]] as Rajkumar / Raja<br /> *[[Reena Roy]] as Rekha<br /> *[[Asha Parekh]] as Shantha<br /> *[[Asrani]] as Buta Singh<br /> *[[Om Shivpuri]] as Dr. Shivnath<br /> *[[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Bishambernath<br /> *[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Sunder Prasad<br /> *[[Vikas Anand]] Inspector Chauhan<br /> *[[Kamal Kapoor]] as Superintendent of Police<br /> *[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Durga Prasad<br /> *[[Dheeraj Kumar]] as Premnath<br /> *[[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]]<br /> *[[Urmila Bhatt]] as Janki<br /> *[[Prema Narayan]] as Munni / Sita<br /> *[[Jayshree T.]]<br /> *[[Rita Bhaduri]] as Sudha<br /> *[[Manju Asrani]] as Julie Verma<br /> *[[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]<br /> *Shobha Desai<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | &quot;Pari Re Tu Kahan Ki Pari&quot;<br /> | [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | &quot;O Dil Jaani Bol Meri Raani&quot;<br /> | [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | &quot;Buddha Pyar Mangda&quot;<br /> | [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | &quot;Lijiye Woh Aa Gaye&quot;<br /> | Asha Bhosle<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | &quot;Maa Ab Toh Main Bhi&quot;<br /> | Lata Mangeshkar<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | &quot;Maa Kabhi Main Bhi Piya Ghar&quot;<br /> | Lata Mangeshkar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1976 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1976 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1976 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0298582}}<br /> {{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kali_(2016_film)&diff=472391 2026-03-03T20:36:46Z

<p>LoganConger6625: fix intro after review and corrected details per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{cleanup|reason=This appears to be a poor translation with many grammatical errors and indecipherable sentences|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kali<br /> | image = Kali Malayalam Movie First Look Poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name = <br /> | director = [[Sameer Thahir]]<br /> | producer = [[Ashiq Usman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Shyju Khalid]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sameer Thahir]]<br /> | writer = Rajesh Gopinadhan<br /> | starring = [[Dulquer Salmaan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sai Pallavi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chemban Vinod Jose]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vinayakan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Soubin Shahir]]<br /> | music = [[Gopi Sundar]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Gireesh Gangadharan]]<br /> | editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]<br /> | studio = Hand Made Films<br /> | distributor = Central Pictures<br /> | released = {{Film date|2016|03|26|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 115 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Kali |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kali-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zode4otu |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kali''''' ({{translation|Anger}}) is a 2016 [[India]]n [[Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action thriller film]] directed and co-produced by [[Sameer Thahir]]. It stars [[Dulquer Salmaan]] and [[Sai Pallavi]] in lead roles. It also stars [[Chemban Vinod Jose]],[[Vinayakan]] and [[Soubin Shahir]] in supporting roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Akhila Menon |title=Dulquer Salmaan-Sai Pallavi Starrer Titled 'Kali' |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/dulquer-salmaan-sai-pallavi-movie-kali-209454.html |date= 23 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.lehren.com/news/malayalam/latest-news/malayalam-movie-starring-dulquer-salmaanand-sai-pallavi-titled-kali |title=Malayalam movie starring Dulquer Salmaan and Sai Pallavi is titled as 'Kali' |access-date=3 February 2016 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531173214/http://www.lehren.com/news/malayalam/latest-news/malayalam-movie-starring-dulquer-salmaanand-sai-pallavi-titled-kali |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the second collaboration of [[Sameer Thahir|Sameer]] and Salmaan, after ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' (2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Anu James |title=Shooting of Dulquer Salmaan-Sai Pallavi's upcoming Sameer Thahir film begins |url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/shooting-dulquer-salmaan-sai-pallavis-upcoming-sameer-thahir-film-begins-655005 |date=16 November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was shot in [[Kochi]], [[Vagamon]], [[Athirappilly]], Masinagudi, and [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1= Sachin Jose |title=Sai Pallavi aka Malar to play lead opposite Dulquer Salmaan in Sameer Thahir film |url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/sai-pallavi-aka-malar-play-lead-opposite-dulquer-salmaan-sameer-thahir-film-651367 |date=21 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Kali'' was released on 26 March 2016 to critical and commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Anu James |title=Dulquer Salmaan-Sai Pallavi's 'Kali' to be released in March |url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/dulquer-salmaan-sai-pallavis-kali-be-released-march-664938 |date=29 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has since been remade in Kannada as ''[[Kidi (film)|Kidi]]'' and in Marathi as ''[[Circuitt]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kidi-kannada-remake-dulquer-s-kali-65957|title = 'Kidi' is the Kannada remake of Dulquer's 'Kali'|date = 29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was dubbed and released into Telugu as ''Hey Pillagada'' in November 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sekhar-kammula-releases-logo-of-dulquer-sai-pallavi-hey-pillagada-telugu-news-193594|title=Sekhar Kammula releases logo of Dulquer Sai Pallavi Hey Pillagada - Telugu Movie News - IndiaGlitz|work=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2017-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Siddharth suffers from severe [[anger management|anger management issues]] and finds it difficult to control himself for petty issues. He is in love with his classmate Anjali. The duo gets married after their graduation against the wishes of their parents. With the help of his friends, Siddharth gets a job at a bank in [[Kochi]]. Anjali tells Siddharth that he should control his anger for which anger management schools can be attended. Anjali's parents invite them for Anjali's brother's engagement where Anjali tells her mother to make her father call Siddharth. Siddharth concentrates on his work to bring down his anger and encounters foolish customers, much to his irritation.<br /> <br /> In one such instance, Anjali breaks up with Siddharth mentioning that she cannot lead a life with him. Siddharth offers to take her home at [[Masinagudi]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. On the way, a trucker named Chakkara overtakes their car without warning, which almost causes the couple to crash. Furious, Siddharth follows Chakkara and successfully overtakes him, but Anjali begs him to leave the matter. On the way, they stop at a [[restaurant]] for dinner, which is headed by a ruthless gangster named John. The couple learns that Chakkara is also one of John's henchmen. Siddharth gets into trouble due to his temper and learns that Chakkara have obsession on Anjali.<br /> <br /> Siddharth is about to get into a fight with Chakkara, but Anjali stops him. When both of them realize they don't have cash, the hotel staff suggests one of them to leave and bring the cash from the nearby [[Automatic Teller Machine|ATM]]. Anjali doesn't want to leave alone but leaves for the ATM though she lacks driving skills. After she leaves, Chakkara leaves the restaurant. Fearing the worst, Siddharth tries to contact Anjali, who is also unable to contact Siddharth due to lack of network. She also doesn't find any ATM. She notices Chakkara's truck following her and trying to scare her so that she cannot drive the car in the lonely road. She continues driving, but is unable to escape as it is a [[one-way road]].<br /> <br /> Fearing Anjali's safety, Siddharth tries to escape from the restaurant, but is captured by the henchmen and is locked in a room. Anjali keeps on driving where another trucker, who had noticed the couple in the restaurant, witnesses the chase. Siddharth tries to escape from the room where a young boy opens the locked room. Siddharth steps into the middle of a [[Gang#Gang violence|gang war]]. At the same time, Chakkara corners Anjali when her car gets stuck in the mud, but escapes when the other trucker arrives on the scene with police which enables Anjali to escape from Chakkara's cruel intentions. Anjali, along with the police, arrives back at the restaurant to find John injured and Siddharth with a knife.<br /> <br /> Siddharth is arrested, but John reports to the police that the restaurant's previous owner arrived with a gang to kill him. Siddharth and Anjali continue their journey where Siddharth apologizes to Anjali and promises to control his anger, though it cannot be done overnight and tells her that he is sure he can change with her by his side and Anjali agrees. On the way, they encounter Chakkara, whose truck has broken down. Siddharth decides to leave him, but Anjali, who is furious with Chakkara, refuses to forgive him for harassing her. Anjali stops the car as a sign to tell Siddharth that something must be done and so he steps out to vent his anger with Anjali's complete approval and charges towards Chakkara.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Dulquer Salmaan]] as Siddharth<br /> ** [[Nebish Benson]] as Teenage Siddharth<br /> *** Dev Prayag Hari as Young Siddharth<br /> * [[Sai Pallavi]] as Anjali<br /> * [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Chakkara Shaji<br /> * [[Vinayakan]] as John<br /> * [[Soubin Shahir]] as Prakashan<br /> * [[V. K. Prakash]] as Siddharth's father<br /> * Sandhya Ramesh as Siddharth's mother<br /> * [[Sidhartha Siva]] as Service Centre Manager<br /> * Sandeep Narayanan as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Senthil Kumar<br /> * [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Anjali's mother<br /> * [[Dinesh Panicker]] as Anjali's father<br /> * [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as House Owner<br /> * [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as FD Customer<br /> * [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as House owner's daughter<br /> * Master Ihman as House owner's grandson<br /> * [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Hamsa<br /> * Imthiyaz Khader as Bank Manager<br /> * [[Lukman Avaran]] as Bank Customer<br /> * Sini Abraham as Smitha<br /> * Thanseel P. S. as Alex, Sidharth's friend<br /> * [[Vijilesh Karayad]] as Moped Guy<br /> * Karthik Vishnu as Waiter Boy<br /> {{colend}}<br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music is composed by [[Gopi Sunder]] and the soundtrack was released on 11 March 2016 by [[Satyam Audios]].&lt;ref name=&quot;audio&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Anu|first1=James|title=Listen to songs of Dulquer Salmaan-Sai Pallavi's 'Kali' [AUDIO]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/listen-songs-dulquer-salmaan-sai-pallavis-kali-audio-670265|access-date=25 August 2016|work=[[IB Times]]|date=11 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;holly&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sanjith|first1=Sidhardhan|title=Kali trailer uses Hollywood flick's OST|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Kali-trailer-uses-Hollywood-flicks-OST/articleshow/51426492.cms|access-date=25 August 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;devil&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Gopi Sunder's devil may care attitude|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Gopi-Sunders-devil-may-care-attitude/articleshow/51455479.cms|access-date=25 August 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> |extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> |title1 = Chillu Ranthal|lyrics1 = B K Harinarayanan|extra1 = [[Job Kurian]]|length1 = 5:03<br /> |title2 = Vaarthinkalee|lyrics2 = B K Harinarayanan|extra2 = [[Divya S. Menon]]|length2 = 4:33<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> === Critical response ===<br /> Arathi Kannan of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Starting with smaller anger bytes, ''Kali'' grows in proportion and momentum to make for an extempore in 'what anger could lead to'. In a flash, one sees a change in situations, the ball has shifted court, anger has bared its fangs, and Kali has won it, fair and square.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/dulquer-salmaan-sai-pallavi-kali-movie-review.html|title='Kali' movie review: Hot and headed right!|website=[[Onmanorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goutham V.S. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Dulquer Salmaan looked possessed with ‘Kali’ as the actor yet again delivered his charisma on screen while expressing hysterical shades of anger, throughout the movie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kali-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-three-and-half-stars/|title='Kali' movie review: Dulquer Salmaan scorches as 'Kali' explores human anger psyche|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote &quot;Kali is brisk and concise; watch it for Dulquer Salman and Sai Pallavi's performances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kali/movie-review/51582920.cms|title=Kali Movie Review|website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Remake==<br /> ''Kali'' has been remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Kidi (film)|Kidi]]'' and also remade in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''[[Circuitt]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kidi-kannada-remake-dulquer-s-kali-65957|title = 'Kidi' is the Kannada remake of Dulquer's 'Kali'|date = 29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=वाण नाय पण गुण लागला, मराठीलाही रिमेकची लागण, हृता - वैभवचा Circuit या साऊथ सिनेमाचा रिमेक? |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/hruta-durgule-vaibhav-tatwawadi-circuit-remake-of-south-movie-drj96 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=2 March 2023 |language=mr-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Box office ==<br /> The total earnings of the movie in 27 days from the US box office is {{INR Convert|30.18|l}} from 3rd weekend from UK box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/fan-nears-10-million-mark-in-overseas/|title='Fan' nears 10 million mark in overseas|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=26 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is reported to have collected ₹16.4 crore at the Kerala box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/yearender-good-bad-retrospect-2016/highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-of-2016.html|title=Top 10 highest grossing Mollywood movies of 2016...|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=5 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=5335128}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2016 films]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Sameer Thahir]]<br /> [[Category:2016 action thriller films]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Mark%27s_Cathedral,_Bengaluru&diff=537388 2026-03-03T19:31:06Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Starting some article nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{other uses|Saint Mark's Cathedral (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox church<br /> | name = St Mark's Cathedral<br /> | fullname = Saint Mark's Cathedral<br /> | image = St. Marks Cathedral, Bangalore. (Old Postcard Re-print), India Post (2014).jpg<br /> | imagesize = 250px<br /> | landscape = <br /> | caption = St. Marks Cathedral, Bangalore<br /> | pushpin map = <br /> | pushpin label position =<br /> | pushpin map alt = <br /> | pushpin mapsize = <br /> | map caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.9760281|77.6001531|region:IND|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | osgraw = &lt;!-- TEXT --&gt;<br /> | osgridref = &lt;!-- {{gbmappingsmall|TEXT}} --&gt;<br /> | location = [[Bangalore]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | denomination = [[Church of South India]]<br /> | tradition = [[Anglicanism]]<br /> | membership = <br /> | website = [http://www.saintmarks.in/ www.saintmarks.in]<br /> | former name = <br /> | bull date = <br /> | consecrated date = 1816<br /> | people = <br /> | status = <br /> | functional status = <br /> | heritage designation = <br /> | designated date = <br /> | previous cathedrals = <br /> | architect = <br /> | architectural type = <br /> | style = [[English Baroque]]<br /> | years built = 1808-1812<br /> | groundbreaking = 1808<br /> | completed date = 1812<br /> | construction cost = <br /> | closed date = <br /> | demolished date = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | length = <br /> | length nave = <br /> | length choir = <br /> | width = <br /> | width nave = <br /> | width transepts = <br /> | height = <br /> | height nave = <br /> | height choir = <br /> | dome quantity = <br /> | dome height outer = <br /> | dome height inner = <br /> | dome dia outer = <br /> | dome dia inner = <br /> | tower quantity = <br /> | tower height = <br /> | spire quantity = <br /> | spire height = <br /> | archdiocese = <br /> | metropolis = <br /> | diocese = [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central Diocese]]<br /> | diocese start = <br /> | province = <br /> | archbishop = <br /> | bishop = <br /> | dean = <br /> | canonchancellor = <br /> | precentor = <br /> | canontreasurer = <br /> | canonpastor = <br /> | provost = <br /> | canon = <br /> | director = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logosize = <br /> | logolink = <br /> | logoalt = <br /> }}<br /> {{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}<br /> <br /> '''St. Mark's Cathedral''', dedicated to [[Mark the Evangelist|Saint Mark the Evangelist]], is the [[cathedral]] ([[mother church|Ecclesia Matar]]) of the [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Diocese of Central Karnataka]] of the [[Church of South India]]. The cathedral [[church (building)|church]], noted for its [[English Baroque]] architecture inspired by the 17th century [[St Paul's Cathedral]], is located at the west end of Mahatma Gandhi Road, [[Lavelle Road#MacIver Town|MacIver Town]], [[Bangalore]].<br /> <br /> Founded in 1808, the cathedral celebrated its 200 years bicentenary in 2007-8.&lt;ref name=St.Marks&gt;{{cite web|title=History of St.Marks Cathedral|url=http://www.saintmarks.in/our-history.html|website=St. Marks Cathedral|accessdate=27 January 2015|date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GardenCity&gt;{{cite web|title=St. Marks Cathedral Bangalore|url=http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/religious-places/st-marks-cathedral.html|website=Bangalore: The Garden City|accessdate=27 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Hindu-2014 /&gt; The cathedral is open for all people irrespective of religion or faith.&lt;ref name=HolidayIQ&gt;{{cite web|title=St. Mark's Cathedral|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/St-Marks-Cathedral-Bangalore-Sightseeing-293-18178.html|website=Holiday IQ|accessdate=27 January 2015|date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The foundation stone was laid in 1808, and construction was completed in 1812.&lt;ref name=Birthright&gt;{{cite book|last1=D'Souza|first1=Frank S|title=The Anonymous Birthright|date=25 November 2013|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1491884706|page=195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjxDAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=st+mark%27s+cathedral+bangalore+the+hindu&amp;pg=PA195|accessdate=27 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church was consecrated by the Bishop of Calcutta in 1816.&lt;ref name=St.Marks /&gt; The church was expanded in 1901, and went through reconstruction in 1927.&lt;ref name=GardenCity /&gt; The church had its beginnings as a [[garrison]] Anglican church. It became part of the [[Church of South India]] after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, going on to be the cathedral of the [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central Diocese]] in 1961.&lt;ref name=Raghuram-Hindu&gt;{{cite news|last1=Raghuram|first1=M|title=St. Mark's Cathedral gearing up for bicentennial bash|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/st-marks-cathedral-gearing-up-for-bicentennial-bash/article1914673.ece|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When it began as a garrison church in 1808 of the [[Madras Army]] of the [[East India Company]], it had a seating capacity of 400. As a result of the number of members growing to 2000, a new building was constructed in August 1902, with a seating capacity of 700. However, this new church building collapsed, and had to be rebuilt again in 1906. On 17 February 1923, the church building was ravaged by fire (caused by short circuit)&lt;ref name=Hindu-2014&gt;{{cite news|title=Marking past in the present|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/marking-past-in-the-present/article5926517.ece|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IndiaToday /&gt; and restoration had to take place. However, as the renovation works were about to be completed in February 1924, the church building again collapsed. Reconstruction of the church started in 1926 and was completed in 1927.&lt;ref name=Patrao-DH&gt;{{cite news|last1=Patrao|first1=Michael|title=Mark of a majestic cathedral|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec212004/spt5.asp|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=21 December 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-overlay&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Kenneth Anderson - 1923 Fire Damage, St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore 01.jpg|1923 Fire Damage, St. Mark's Cathedral - Kenneth Anderson<br /> File:Kenneth Anderson - 1923 Fire Damage, St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore 02.jpg|1923 Fire Damage, St. Mark's Cathedral - Kenneth Anderson<br /> File:Kenneth Anderson - 1923 Fire Damage, St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore 03.jpg|1923 Fire Damage, St. Mark's Cathedral - Kenneth Anderson<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> After the church was damaged in fire in 1923, the congregation temporarily worshipped at the [[St. Andrew's Church, Bangalore|St. Andrew's Kirk]], Cubbon Road, till St. Marks's was rebuilt in 1927.&lt;ref name=Church&gt;{{cite web|title=Brief Historical Sketch of the St. Andrew's Church over the Years from 1864|url=http://standrewschurch.org.in/brief_history.html|website=St. Andrew's Church|accessdate=28 January 2015|date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first Indian Presbyter of the cathedral was Rev H F J Daniel, who was installed as the Presbyter-in-charge in 1961.&lt;ref name=Patrao-DH /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military heritage==<br /> The military colours of the [[77th Moplah Rifles]] infantry Regiment, after disbandment (1907) are displayed on the west wall of St. Marks. There is also a memorial for those killed in the [[Malabar rebellion|Moplah revolt]]. There are also memorial plaques for several British officers who died in the [[Bangalore Cantonment]].&lt;ref name=IndiaToday /&gt;<br /> <br /> There is a memorial plaque for Lt.-Col Sir Walter Scott, 2nd Baronet, who died at sea in 1847, and was the nephew of Scottish writer [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]]&lt;ref name=Scot&gt;{{cite web|title=St. Mark's Church, Bangalore|url=http://www.tigerandthistle.net/india55.htm|website=The Tiger and the Thistle|publisher=The National Galleries of Scotland|accessdate=28 January 2015|date=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-overlay&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> File:77th Moplah Rifles Colours 01.jpg|The Colours of the [[77th Moplah Rifles]] with the Royal Mace<br /> File:77th Moplah Rifles Colours 02.jpg|The Colours of the [[77th Moplah Rifles]]<br /> File:Moplah Revolt Memorial.jpg|Memorial for the Officers and Men of the [[Dorset Regiment]] who died in the [[Malabar rebellion|Moplah Revolt]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> [[File:St. Mark's Cathedral built in 1808 by the then Bishop of Mysore.jpg|thumb|The cathedral in 2025]]<br /> The cathedral is a colonial style, modelled on the lines of the [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[London]], with a dome, semi-circular chancel and roman arches. The entrance of the cathedral has elaborate wood work with ornate carvings..&lt;ref name=St.Marks /&gt; The bell is the amongst the most well maintained church bells in India. The stained glasswork adds to the beauty of the cathedral.&lt;ref name=GardenCity /&gt;&lt;ref name=DH&gt;{{cite news|title=From the pages of history...|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Dec232008/spectrum20081222108248.asp|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=23 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Dutta&gt;{{cite news|last1=Dutta|first1=Ayandrali|title=The Glory of Churches This Christmas|url=http://timescity.com/blog/churches-in-india/|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=Times of India|date=18 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The church measures 100 * 53 * 20&amp;nbsp;ft&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, and was the only government (Government of the British [[Madras Presidency]]) church in Bangalore. The extension in 1901, was also funded by the Government of British India. The renovated church was dedicated on 26 August 1902 by Bishop Whitehead of Madras. The stained glass was created by M/s Sreenivasulu Naidu &amp; Sons, Madras. The stained glass on the west facing window was created by the architect of St. Dunstan's Society, England and cost INR 4500&lt;ref name=Calendar2013&gt;{{cite book|title=St. Mark's Celebrating Grace and Truth|date=2013|publisher=St. Mark's Cathedral|location=Bangalore|url=http://saintmarks.in/pew/Calendar-2013.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Interiors of St Marks, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|The interior of the cathedral]]<br /> The cathedral has a mixture of different architecture. Italian Marble from [[Genoa]] has been used in designing the pulpit and the font used for baptising babies.&lt;ref name=Patrao-DH /&gt; The marble pulpit was created out by M/s Snaize &amp; Co., and Bishop Tubbs of [[Palamcottah|Palayamkottai]] was the first to preach on the marble pulpit on 1 July 1928, delivering the sermon 'The reunion of Christendom'. The Brass lectern (eagle with spread wings on the globe) was presented by some planters of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] in 1903, in memory of Harry Alexander Campbell and Montague Beaden Follett of Lumsden's Horse Regiment who died in the [[Second Boer War|Boer Conflicts of South Africa]]. The bible on the lectern was presented by Mrs. Laura Amelia Amaller.&lt;ref name=Calendar2013 /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the late 1800s an Indian ecclesiastical historian described St. Marks church building as the ugliest ever constructed.&lt;ref name=IndiaToday&gt;{{cite magazine|last1=David|first1=Stephen|title=200 years of Bangalore's oldest Christian landmark|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/200-years-of-bangalores-oldest-christian-landmark-36864-2009-01-09|access-date=27 January 2015|magazine=India Today|date=9 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Coughlin&gt;{{cite book|last1=Coughlin|first1=Con|title=Churchill's First War|date=1 April 2013|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1743511893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxE-G2dGiGMC&amp;q=st+mark%27s+cathedral+bangalore+the+hindu&amp;pg=PP79|accessdate=27 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has some unique architectural features.&lt;ref name=Real-Estate&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Garima|title=St Marks Church, Bangalore|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHcSKApfRE4|accessdate=1 February 2015|publisher=Real Estate Television|date=13 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pipe organ==<br /> The pipe organ of the St. Mark's Cathedral was installed in 1929, as a gift by Avis F Cowdrey of the Cowdrey family (father of cricketer [[Colin Cowdrey|Michael Colin Cowdrey]]), in memory of his parents.&lt;ref name=Patrao-DH /&gt;&lt;ref name=Nina-DH /&gt;&lt;ref name=Organ-Hindu&gt;{{cite news|last1=Raghuram|first1=M|title=80-year-old organ comes alive|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/80yearold-organ-comes-alive/article1925854.ece|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The organ is designed by two British builders, with only the metal pipes being built in England. The other parts were made from teak, and built in Bangalore, supervised by Herbert Norman, agent of the British firm in India.&lt;ref name=Nina-DH /&gt; It fell into disrepair, and was not used for many years, till it was repaired by Swiss experts at a cost of INR 5 million. The repaired pipe organ is a major draw for the musicians, and has also inspired repair works at the [[St Andrew's Church, Chennai|St. Andrew's Kirk]] and [[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai|St. George's Cathedral]] in [[Chennai]].&lt;ref name=Raghuram-Hindu /&gt;<br /> <br /> In order to restore the organ, the then presbyter Vincent Rajkumar had coordinated a committee of experts.&lt;ref name=Organ-Hindu /&gt; The organ was restored by the Orgelbau Felsberg Corporation, Switzerland, with organ builder Richard Freytah, and his colleagues Stefan Riniker and Hans Sievi. The restoration involved replacement of all the bellows, pipes, small trumpet and the blower, and converting keyboard to electric. The restoration took 4 months.&lt;ref name=Nina-DH&gt;{{cite news|last1=George|first1=Nina C|title=New notes from the old pipe at St Mark's|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/nov62006/metromon1941322006115.asp|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=6 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==School of Church Music==<br /> The St Mark's Ecumenical Centre for church Music, located at the cathedral was established in 1990, with the intention of training musicians and music enthusiasts, on church music. It is open for all people, irrespective of affiliations of religion, denomination or church. The candidates prepare for the [[London College of Music Examinations|Trinity College of Music and Royal School of Music examinations]] in violin, piano, music theory and singing.&lt;ref name=Patrao-DH /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Community activities ==<br /> The cathedral has adopted several slums at Tilak Nagar, Ragigudda, Baglur Layout, Lazar layout and Lingarajpuram. The church also sends young people on study missions to [[Jaffna]] (Sri Lanka), [[Jharkhand]] and [[Haridwar|Hardwar]]. The church has also started a community college with a tailoring institute at the slums of [[Baiyyappanahalli]], a senior citizen home in the city and a resource mobilization centre also in the city.&lt;ref name=Raghuram-Hindu /&gt; The church also runs a rural medical health centre at Hunsanahalli in the Kanakapura taluk.&lt;ref name=Patrao-DH /&gt;<br /> <br /> The church also invites leaders of other religious faiths to speak on the theme of peace, in its annual Festival of Peace music festival.&lt;ref name=Patrao-DH /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other contributions==<br /> Rev. R Posnett, the assistant chaplain of St. Mark's church, was instrumental in establishing the [[St. John's Church, Bangalore|St. John's Church]], Clevaland Town, [[Bangalore Cantonment]] in the early 1850s.&lt;ref name=Achanta-DH&gt;{{cite news|last1=Achanta|first1=Pushpa|title=Testimony to a rich past|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/308227/archives.php|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The clergy (Rev. George Trevor&lt;ref name=CE&gt;{{cite journal|editor1-last=Burns|editor1-first=J|title=Colonial Church|journal=The Church of England Magazine|date=1840|volume=9|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRURAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=st+pauls+church+bangalore&amp;pg=PA7|accessdate=30 January 2015|publisher=Church Pastoral-aid Society, London|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;) of St. Marks Cathedral also helped establish the [[St. Paul's Church, Bangalore|St. Paul's Church]], on Old Poor House Road, [[Bangalore Cantonment|Bangalore Civil and Military Station]], for the Tamil speaking believers.&lt;ref name=Ecclesiastical&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Rev. Dr. Russell|title=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|journal=The Ecclesiastical Gazette - Monthly Register of the Affairs of the Church of England|date=June 1840|volume=1|page=246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5sOAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=st+pauls+bangalore+george+trevor&amp;pg=RA1-PA246|accessdate=9 February 2015|publisher=Charles Cox|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church was built in the premises of the St. Paul's Tamil medium primary school (established in 1835, continued to function till 1900).&lt;ref name=Pauls-Hindu&gt;{{cite news|title=St. Paul's church to celebrate 175 years|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/st-pauls-church-to-celebrate-175-years/article5963719.ece|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rev. WW Lutyens, established the Holy Trinity Church in 1850, at the other end of the South Parade. The house of Rev S.T. Pettigrew, chaplain of St. Marks was used to establish the Bishop Cottons's School.&lt;ref name=IndiaToday /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore}}<br /> [[Category:Church of South India cathedrals]]<br /> [[Category:Churches in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]<br /> [[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]<br /> [[Category:Cathedrals in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Religious organizations established in 1808]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_India&diff=474126 2026-02-21T19:00:30Z

<p>LoganConger6625: fix intro for accuracy and cleaned formatting as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{unreliable sources|date=June 2015}}&lt;!--www.everyculture.com and www.boloji.com/ are inadequate sources--&gt;<br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> | flag = {{flagicon|France}} {{flagicon|India}}<br /> | group = French people in India&lt;br&gt;''Indiens d’origine française''<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | population = 12,864 (1988)&lt;ref name=&quot;French of India&quot;&gt;[http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/French-of-India.html: Countries and Their Cultures – French of India]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | regions = {{flatlist|<br /> * [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]<br /> * [[Chennai]]<br /> * [[Mumbai]]<br /> * [[New Delhi]]<br /> * [[Mahé, India|Mahé]]<br /> * [[Chandernagore]]<br /> * [[Hyderabad]]<br /> }}<br /> | langs = {{flatlist|<br /> * [[French language|French]]<br /> * [[#Indian French|Indian French]]<br /> * [[English language|English]]<br /> * [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> * Other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]<br /> }}<br /> | rels = {{flatlist|<br /> Majority [[Christianity]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Minority [[Hinduism]]<br /> }}<br /> | related = [[French people]]<br /> }}<br /> {{French people}}<br /> The '''French community in India''' consists mainly of [[India]]n citizens of [[French people|French]] ancestry who are descended from former French settlers and colonists who settled in the [[Indian subcontinent]] since the 17th century, as well as recent expatriates from [[France]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{Main article|French India}}<br /> The French in India are an artifact of the French presence there, which began in 1673 with the establishment of the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] and continued until 1962 when the French territory was formally transferred to India. The French presence was always minor compared with the British presence, and the French in India were generally not a significant portion of the population.<br /> <br /> There were 9,950 French nationals residing in India in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/francais_inscrits_registre_31122013_cle025116.pdf Répartition par pays de la population française inscrite au registre au 31 décembre 2013], Ministère des affaires étrangères&lt;/ref&gt; Nearly all are in the [[Puducherry district]] in southeastern India (11,726 individuals in 1988), with much smaller numbers in [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]] (695 individuals), [[Mahe district|Mahé]] (50), [[Yanam district|Yanam]] (46), and 342 elsewhere in India. They form a small minority, accounting for less than 3 percent of the present population of Puducherry.<br /> <br /> ==Indian French==<br /> '''Indian French''' ({{langx|fr|Français Indien}}) is a [[dialect]] of [[French language|French]] spoken by [[India]]ns from the former colonies of [[French India]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Orsini |first1=Francesca |journal=Testo a Fronte: Per Una Letteratura Globalizzata |title=Decreed out of existence? Multilingual India and world literature |url=https://www.academia.edu/25858900 |access-date=11 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; namely [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] (''Pondichéry''), [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]], [[Yanam]] (''Yanaon''), [[Karaikal]] (''Karikal'') in the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (''Poudouchéry'') and the [[Chandannagar]] (''Chandernagor'') subdivision in the [[Indian state|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It has considerable influence from [[Indian English|English]] and the [[Languages of India|regional languages of India]], such as the [[Dravidian languages]] of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (Pondicherry Tamil dialect), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (Yanam Telugu dialect) and [[Malayalam]] (Mahé Malayalam dialect) and the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in Chandannagar.<br /> <br /> There are several varieties of Indian French, corresponding to the former French colonies, as follows:<br /> *Tamil people (nearly 60,000 in France, 10,000 people in Puducherry)<br /> *Telugu people (nearly 10,000 in France, 35,000 people in Yanam)<br /> *Malayali people (4,000–5,000 in France)<br /> <br /> ===Examples of Indian French===<br /> Indian French spoken in former [[French India]] vaguely varies from Standard French, in pronunciation and accent, with a few unique words, such as:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Indian French<br /> ! [[Metropolitan French]]<br /> ! Meaning in [[English language|English]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{lang|fr-IN|Mérci beauco}}<br /> | {{lang|fr-FR|Merci beaucoup}}<br /> | Thank you very much<br /> |-<br /> | {{lang|fr-IN|Mousé}}<br /> | {{lang|fr-FR|Monsieur}}<br /> | Mister/Sir<br /> |-<br /> | {{lang|fr-IN|Madam}}<br /> | {{lang|fr-FR|Madame}}<br /> | Madam/Ma'am<br /> |-<br /> | {{lang|fr-IN|Locaele}}<br /> | {{lang|fr-FR|Locale}}<br /> | Local<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|fr-IN|Perme}}<br /> |{{lang|fr-FR|Fermer}}<br /> |Close<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|fr-IN|Parlama}}<br /> |{{lang|fr-FR|Parlement}}<br /> |Parliament<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|fr-IN|Baccaloria}}<br /> |{{lang|fr-FR|Baccalauréat}}<br /> |Baccalauréat (''French secondary school diploma'')<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|fr-IN|Sulda}}<br /> |{{lang|fr-FR|Soldat}}<br /> |Colloquially: Indians with French citizenship&lt;br/&gt;Literally: Soldier<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|fr-IN|Coseiyya}}<br /> |{{lang|fr-FR|Conseiller}}<br /> |Councilor<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Current status==<br /> [[File:Puducherry EFEO.jpg|thumb|left| Building of the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]] in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]|221x221px]]<br /> Today, Pondicherry still has a community of French people living in the city. There are 6,500 French people registered in South India, and of these about 5,500 are in Pondicherry.<br /> <br /> French companies in India are present in various sectors such as energy, IT, environment, automobiles, traditional manufacturing industries like St Gobain, and engineering. They also have exporters of fish and other seafood, textiles, leather and luxury goods. [[L’Oréal]] has a presence in India, and [[Louis Vuitton]] has taken a stake in Hidesign in Pondicherry.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2007/06/29/stories/2007062950080300.htm The Hindu Business Line – French connection]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The French community in India is a consolidated group, brought together by a number of different organizations that aim to promote French culture in India. The French Club of Bombay is an organization that unites French speakers living in the city. The club meets at different locations in various parts of Mumbai so that meetings are conveniently located and have a good attendance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ifcci.org.in/information-about-india/general-information/french-community.html: Indo-French Chamber of Commerce and Industry – French community] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310130812/http://www.ifcci.org.in/information-about-india/general-information/french-community.html |date=March 10, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2015, the Indo French Senior Citizens Association staged street protests in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] to protest against denial of the French nationality and voting rights derived from the &quot;[[History of Puducherry|treaty of cession]]&quot; of French India territories, which guaranteed continued French citizenship to individuals whose birth and nativity certificate had been registered during the [[French India]] regime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/protest-for-french-nationality-voting-rights/article6931558.ece | title=Protest for French nationality, voting rights | date=25 February 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=16 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Matrimandir.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The [[Matrimandir]], initiated by [[Mirra Alfassa|The Mother]] of the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> * [[Abhishiktananda]] (born Henri Le Saux) – French [[Benedictine]] monk<br /> * [[Mirra Alfassa]] – also known as &quot;The Mother&quot;; spiritual collaborator of Sri Aurobindo<br /> * [[Yvonne Artaud]] – French educator, ethnologist, psychologist and artist<br /> * [[Andre Beteille]] (born 1934) – Indian sociologist<br /> * [[Pierre Ceyrac (Jesuit)|Pierre Ceyrac]] – French Jesuit priest, engaged in charitable work<br /> * [[Christabel Chamarette]] – Senator for Western Australia (born in India and is of French Huguenot descent)<br /> * [[Alain Daniélou]] – French historian, intellectual, musicologist and Indologist<br /> * [[François Gautier]] – writer and journalist based in India<br /> * [[Catherine Grand]] – wife of [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord]], the first [[Prime Minister of France]]<br /> * [[Maïna Kataki]] – founder of the charity Samarpan Ashram<br /> * [[Kalki Koechlin]] – French actress born in Pondicherry<br /> * [[Jules Monchanin]] (known as Swami Paramarubyananda) – French Catholic priest, monk and hermit<br /> * [[Pavitra (disciple)|Pavitra]] – early disciple of Sri Aurobindo and [[Mirra Alfassa|The Mother]]<br /> * [[Satprem]] – author<br /> * [[Cyril Desbruslais]] - Jesuit priest, playwright and author.<br /> * [[Andreanne Nouyrigat]] - French actress based in Pondicherry<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *[[Alexandra David-Néel|David-Néel, Alexandra]] (2002). L' Inde où j'ai vécu: Avant et après l'indépendance. Paris: Plon.<br /> *Elfi, Nicole (2008). Aux sources de l'Inde: L'initiation à la connaissance. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. <br /> *Gautier, François (2005). La caravane intérieure: Récit. Paris: Les Belles lettres.<br /> *Gautier, François (2008) Les Français en Inde – Pondichéry, Chandernagor, Mahé, Yanaon, Karikal. France Loisirs.<br /> *Sethna, K. D. (1987). The obscure and the mysterious: A research in Mallarmé's symbolic poetry. Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education.<br /> <br /> ==See also== <br /> {{Portal|France|India}}<br /> * [[Hinduism in Martinique]]<br /> * [[France–India relations]]<br /> * [[French India]]<br /> * [[Indians in France]]<br /> {{clear right}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{French dialects by continent}}<br /> {{Gallo-Romance languages and dialects}}<br /> {{Immigration to India}}<br /> {{French diaspora}}<br /> {{Portal bar|France|India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Europeans in India]]<br /> [[Category:French diaspora by country|India]]<br /> [[Category:French diaspora in Asia|India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of French descent| ]]<br /> [[Category:French expatriates in India| ]]<br /> [[Category:Diasporas in India|French]]<br /> [[Category:People from Puducherry]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamini_Singh_(Bhojpuri_actress)&diff=546029 2026-02-12T06:20:41Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Starting some bio basic info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Yamini Singh (Hindi actress)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Yamini Singh<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|05|17|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | height = 1.80 m&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/like-amitabh-bachchan-this-bhojpuri-actress-yamini-singh-also-saw-hard-days-during-their-struggle-days/1346357/lite/ |title=अमिताभ बच्चन जैसी है इस एक्ट्रेस की स्ट्रगल स्टोरी, आज भोजपुरी सिनेमा पर करती हैं राज |publisher=Jansatta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | years_active = 2018&amp;ndash;present<br /> | alma mater = <br /> }}<br /> '''Yamini Singh''' (born 17 May 1996) is an Indian actress and model, who appears mainly in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Yamini-Singh/ampdefault |title=Yamini Singh Bio |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her Bhojpuri debut with 2019 film [[Patthar Ke Sanam (Bhojpuri film)|Patthar Ke Sanam]] with Arvind Akela Kallu and [[Awdhesh Mishra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arvind Akela Kallu starrer 'Patthar Ke Sanam' trailer goes viral—Watch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/arvind-akela-kallu-starrer-patthar-ke-sanam-trailer-goes-viral-watch-2204712.html |date=20 May 2019 |website=Zee News |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri actress wants to play 'Yamini Singh' |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/i-am-ready-for-a-role-like-mardaani2-in-bhojpuri-says-bhojpuri-actress-yamini-singh-sc89-nu870-ta272-1092603-1.html |date=15 May 2020 |website=News Track |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Yamini Singh was born 17 May 1996 in [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to mother Sunita Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='यामिनी सिंह' के जन्मदिन के मौके पर बधाईयों की लगी कतार |url=https://www.newstracklive.com/news/yamini-singh-bhojpuri-actress-birthday-sc89-nu-1295757-1.html |date=19 May 2019 |website=News Track |language=hi |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929205904/https://www.newstracklive.com/news/yamini-singh-bhojpuri-actress-birthday-sc89-nu-1295757-1.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She received primary education from Rani Laxmi Bai Memorial Senior Secondary School. She attend [[Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune]] and attained Engineering degree. She is also a fashion designer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HBD Yamini Singh: भोजपुरी सिनेमा की 'लेडी अमिताभ', इंजिनियर से ऐक्ट्रेस बनीं यामिनी की कहानी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/bollywood-hollywood-photogalleries/movie-know-all-about-bhojpuri-actress-yamini-singh-on-her-birthday-called-lady-amitabh-bachchan/photoshow/75784172.cms |date=17 May 2020 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=इंजीनियरिंग कर भोजपुरी फिल्मों में आजमाई किस्मत, आज टॉप एक्ट्रेस में शुमार है नाम |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/bhojpuri-actress-yamini-singh-is-engineering-degree-holder-wants-to-work-with-karthik-aryan/1322116/ |date=18 February 2020 |website=Jansatta |language=hi |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Singh made her [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] debut with 2019 film [[Patthar Ke Sanam (Bhojpuri film)|Patthar Ke Sanam]] opposite Arvind Akela Kallu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arvind Akela Kallu and Yamini Singh's 'Patthar Ke Sanam' to release on June 29 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/arvind-akela-kallu-and-yamini-singhs-patthar-ke-sanam-to-release-on-june-29/articleshow/69958287.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also appeared in [[Lallu Ki Laila]] with [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nirahua, Aamrapali Dubey and Yamini Singh starrer 'Lallu Ki Laila' release date out! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-aamrapali-dubey-and-yamini-singh-starrer-lallu-ki-laila-release-date-out/articleshow/70277969.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Chhaliya with Arvind Akela Kallu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yamini Singh urges fans to watch her romantic film 'Chhaliya' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/yamini-singh-urges-fans-to-watch-her-romantic-film-chhaliya/articleshow/71614589.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Co-stars<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|2019<br /> |''[[Patthar Ke Sanam (Bhojpuri film)|Patthar Ke Sanam]]''<br /> |Madhuri<br /> |Arvind Akela Kallu<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Lallu Ki Laila]]''<br /> |Kajal<br /> |{{hlist|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]|[[Amrapali Dubey]]}}<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Chhaliya''<br /> |<br /> |Arvind Akela Kallu<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2021<br /> |''Premgeet''<br /> |<br /> |[[Pradeep Pandey|Pradeep Pandey (Chintu)]]<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Prem Geet' trailer: Pradeep Pandey Chintu and Yamini Singh look promising in this patriotic drama - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/prem-geet-trailer-pradeep-pandey-chintu-and-yamini-singh-look-promising-in-this-patriotic-drama/articleshow/71289272.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pyar To Hona Hi Tha''<br /> |<br /> |Arvind Akela Kallu<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Photo: Arvind Akela Kallu and Yamini Singh start shooting for their romantic film 'Pyar Toh Hona Hi Tha' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/photo-arvind-akela-kallu-and-yamini-singh-start-shooting-for-their-romantic-film-pyar-toh-hona-hi-tha/articleshow/73295446.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Sarfarosh''<br /> |<br /> |{{hlist|Pravesh Lal Yadav|Ritesh Pandey}}<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Sarfarosh': Yamini Singh unveils her character Suman from the film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/sarfarosh-yamini-singh-unveils-her-character-suman-from-the-film/articleshow/74170969.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Vijeta''<br /> |<br /> |Arvind Akela Kallu<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arvind Akela Kallu and Yamini Singh start shooting for 'Vijeta' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/arvind-akela-kallu-and-yamini-singh-start-shooting-for-vijeta/articleshow/71579802.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022<br /> |''Naya Vivah''<br /> |<br /> |Gaurav Jha<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title='Naya Vivah': Yamini Singh shares a romantic photo with co-star Gaurav Jha from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/naya-vivah-yamini-singh-shares-a-romantic-photo-with-co-star-gaurav-jha-from-the-set/articleshow/88004108.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Note Bandi''<br /> |Shikha<br /> |<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023<br /> |''Saraswati''<br /> |Saraswati<br /> |Anshuman Singh Rajput<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=Yamini Singh bags herself for the new film 'Saraswati' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/yamini-singh-bags-herself-for-the-new-film-saraswati/articleshow/102577975.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aghori (Bhojpuri Film)|Aghori]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri Entertainment: अघोरी साधु बन गया है भोजपुरी का ये चर्चित अभिनेता, देखकर पहचान भी नहीं पाएंगे आप - Bhojpuri Entertainment Actor Yash Kumar will seen as Aghori sadhu in his next film |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bhojpuri-entertainment-actor-yash-kumar-will-seen-as-aghori-sadhu-in-his-next-film-23000690.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2024<br /> |''Purvanchal''<br /> |<br /> |Ritesh Pandey<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Dulhan to Jayegi Dulhe Raja Ke Saath''<br /> |<br /> |Yash Kumarr<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=यामिनी के प्यार में पागल हुए Yash Kumar, 'दुल्हन तो जाएगी दूल्हे राजा के साथ' का ट्रेलर देख फैंस हुए एक्साइटेड |url=https://bharatexpress.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-film-yash-kumar-fell-madly-in-love-with-yamini-fans-got-excited-after-watching-the-trailer-of-dulhan-to-jayegi-dulhe-raja-ke-saath-87364 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Bharat Express Hindi |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Chintu Ki Dulhaniya''<br /> |<br /> |Pradeep Pandey Chintu<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhopjuri News: चिंटू की दुल्हनिया बनीं यामिनी सिंह! सरस्वती की तस्वीर की शेयर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-actress-yamini-singh-and-pradeep-pandey-chintu-new-film-chintu-ki-dulhaniya/1818355 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Avaidh''<br /> |SP Manjari<br /> |<br /> |Bhojpuri<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24 |title=Yamini Singh starts shooting for the new film 'Avaidh' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/yamini-singh-starts-shooting-for-the-new-film-avaidh/articleshow/98973545.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|10965592}}<br /> *{{Instagram|yaminisingh_official}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Yamini}}<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1996 births]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratap_Singh_(Shimla)&diff=526482 2026-02-10T02:31:50Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Created Bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1912–1975)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Pratap Shivram Singh<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | image = Pratap Shivram Singh.gif<br /> | caption = [[Sri]] Pratap Shivram Singh<br /> | native_name = प्रताप शिवराम सिंह<br /> | native_name_lang = hi<br /> | birth_name = Pratap Singh<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1912|12|27}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Nahan]], [[Sirmur State]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1975|01|24|1912|12|27}}<br /> | death_place = [[Port Blair]], India<br /> | citizenship = India<br /> | occupation = [[Agriculturist]]<br /> | organization = [[Akhil Bhartiya Kshatriya Koli Mahasabha]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Virbhadra Singh]]<br /> | successor = [[Balak Ram Kashyap]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | spouse = Smt. Sarojni Singh<br /> | father = Shivram Singh<br /> | awards = Awarded by five Army medals<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pratap Shivram Singh''' (27 December 1912 – 24 January 1975) was an Indian politician, social worker and [[British Indian Army]] soldier as [[Junior commissioned officer]]. He was elected as [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] of [[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]], [[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth loksabha]] and [[5th Lok Sabha]] from [[Shimla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimla]] [[Electoral district|constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1583.htm|access-date=2021-09-13|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shimla Lok Sabha was formerly known as [[Sirmaur district|Sirmur]] lok sabha and reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled castes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Broadcasting|first=India Ministry of Information and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5GpmoJ3BBIC&amp;q=Pratap+Singh+sirmaur&amp;pg=PR17|title=Himachal Pradesh|date=1956|publisher=Tourist Division, Ministry of Transport|isbn=978-81-7199-465-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also president of Koli Mahasabha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sabha|first=India Parliament Lok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncSNAAAAMAAJ|title=Who's who|publisher=Parliament Secretariat|year=1971|location=India|pages=448|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh died in [[Port Blair]] on 24 January 1975, at the age of 62.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1975 |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |pages=25–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1lPAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22Pratap+Singh%22+obituary+references&amp;pg=PA25 |access-date=26 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Pratap Shivram Singh was born to a agriculturist [[Koli people|Koli]] Shivram Singh on 27 December 1912 in Nahan town of [[Sirmur State]] during [[British rule]] in India. He joined [[British Indian Army]] in 1932 and retired as [[Junior commissioned officer]] in 1950 and was awarded by five Army medals.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Other minor posts ==<br /> === As president ===<br /> * 1932–1952, Akhil Bhartiya Kshatriya Koli Mahasabha<br /> * 1964, Paonta Labour Union, District Sirmur<br /> <br /> === As secretary ===<br /> * 1950, Ex-Soldiers Association, District Sirmur<br /> * 1952–1962, Ajeet Cooperative M.P. Society Ltd<br /> <br /> === As member ===<br /> * 1957–1962, Territorial Council, Himachal Pradesh<br /> <br /> == International travels ==<br /> Pratap Shivram Singh traveled to [[Pakistan]] and [[Burma]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1912 births]]<br /> [[Category:1975 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Sirmur State]]<br /> [[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandhurna_District&diff=524119 2026-02-09T18:40:37Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Created A Place</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Pandhurana district<br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | total_type = Total<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 230<br /> | image_style = <br /> | perrow = 2/1<br /> |image1 = Kukra khapa.jpg<br /> |image2 = Sri-jam-sawali-hanuman-mandir 1412842505.jpg<br /> |image3 = Sai Temple, Pandhurna - panoramio - Kailash Mohankar.jpg}}<br /> | image_caption = Jamsawli Hanuman, Sausar&lt;br&gt;Kukdikhapa Waterfall&lt;br&gt;Sai Mandir, Pandhurna <br /> | image_map = MP Pandhurna district map.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|21|59|N|78|52|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coor_pinpoint = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Division<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur Division]]<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = {{start date|2023|10|05|df=y}}<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Pandhurna]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | p1 = {{olist |Pandhurna | Sausar| Nandanwadi (Sub Tehsil)}}<br /> | area_total_km2 = 1522.22<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 3,74,310<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_urban = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = Demographics<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = <br /> | demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br /> | demographics1_info2 = <br /> | demographics_type2 = Languages<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | leader_title = [[District collector]]<br /> | leader_name = Ajay Dev Sharma ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name1 = 1. [[Chhindwara]] (shared with Chhindwara district)<br /> | leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name2 = 2 (Pandhurna and Sausar)<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = <br /> | blank_name_sec2 = <br /> | blank_info_sec2 = <br /> | website = [https://s342e77b63637ab381e8be5f8318cc28a2.s3waas.gov.in/ Pandurna.nic.in]<br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Pandhurna district''' ({{IPA|hi|pãːɖʱʊɾn̪aː}}) is the 54th district (according to the Madhya Pradesh Gazette) of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state and 9th district of [[Jabalpur division]], which came into existence in the year 2023 after separating from [[Chhindwara district]]. It is the least populous district of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/chhindwara-news/pandhurna-became-54th-district-of-madhya-pradesh-notification-issued-8453197|title=बड़ी खबर : मध्य प्रदेश का 54वाँ जिला बना पांढुरना, नोटिफिकेशन जारी &amp;#124; Pandhurna became 54th district of Madhya Pradesh notification issued|date=August 26, 2023|website=Patrika News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its administrative headquarter is in [[Pandhurna]] city.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The area of the district is 1522.22 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. It is bounded by the districts of [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]] in the southeast, [[Betul district|Betul]] and [[Amravati district|Amravati]] in the west, and [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] in the north. [[Jam River]] and [[Kanhan River]] is major river of the district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://s342e77b63637ab381e8be5f8318cc28a2.s3waas.gov.in/en/history/|title=History &amp;#124; District Pandhurna &amp;#124; India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Pandhurna district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#FCD116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.20}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|4.92}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.53}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other &lt;small&gt;(tribal religion)&lt;/small&gt;|chartreuse|2.93}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.42}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pandhurna district had a population of 374,310. Pandhurna has a sex ratio of 948 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 78.93%. 29.09% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 37,456 (10.01%) and 96,515 (25.78%) of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Chhindwara |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/692/download/2416/DH_2011_2338_PART_A_DCHB_CHHINDWARA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Pandhurna district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 49.70 |color1 = red<br /> |label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 20.37 |color2 = orange<br /> |label3 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value3 = 19.50 |color3 = darkturquoise<br /> |label4 = [[Pawari|Pawari (Bhoyari)]] |value4 = 7.65 |color4 = lightsalmon<br /> |label5 = [[Korku language|Korku]] |value5 = 1.88 |color5 = darkorchid<br /> |label6 = Others |value6 = 0.90 |color6 = grey<br /> |thumb=left}}<br /> <br /> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 49.70% of the population in present Pandhurna district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 20.37% [[Hindi]], 19.50% [[Gondi language|Gondi]], 7.65% [[Pawari|Pawari (Bhoyari)]] and 1.88% [[Korku language|Korku]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211/download/13323/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> There are two Vidhan Sabha constituencies in the district: Pandhurna and Sausar. Both are part of [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> The economy of the district is mainly dependent on agriculture. Oranges are produced in the district,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://s342e77b63637ab381e8be5f8318cc28a2.s3waas.gov.in/district-produce/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%a8/|title=संतरे का उत्पादन &amp;#124; जिला पांढुरना &amp;#124; India}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it is famous for its orange fields There are also some big industries in the district, and Pandhurna has a multinational company called DryTech situated at [[Nagpur]] road.<br /> <br /> Amongst other large scale industries are Super Pack (Bajaj) at Village Sawli near Sausar, district Pandhurna and Bhansali Engineering Polymers at village Satnur near Sausar, P.B.M. Polytex Ltd. at village Borgaon near Sausar and Suryawanshi Spinning Mills at village Rajna near Pandhurna.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> ===Places to visit===<br /> * Hazrat Guncha Shah Wali Dargah, Pandhurna <br /> * Hazrat Baba Farid Dargah, Badchicholi <br /> * Jam Sawli Hanuman Mandir <br /> * Ardhanarishwar Jyotirlinga, Mohgaon<br /> * Sai Tekri, Pandhurna <br /> * Shani Mandir <br /> * Juna Pandhurna <br /> * Ghoghra Waterfall, near Sausar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://s342e77b63637ab381e8be5f8318cc28a2.s3waas.gov.in/en/religious-place/|title=Religious Place &amp;#124; District Pandhurna &amp;#124; India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Gotmar Mela===<br /> Gotmar Fair of Pandhurna is celebrated every year on Bhadrapada ‘Amavasya’ on the second day of Pola festival in Pandhurna city. This fair is celebrated on the banks of the river Jam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://s342e77b63637ab381e8be5f8318cc28a2.s3waas.gov.in/en/culture-heritage/|title=Culture &amp; Heritage &amp;#124; District Pandhurna &amp;#124; India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> Pandhurna district is well connected by roads and railway.<br /> <br /> The nearest airport is [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur Airport]]. Many flights are available between Nagpur and other major airports in India. Pandhurna is also accessible via [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal]] and [[Jabalpur Airport|Jabalpur]], which is also connected by air with other major cities of India.<br /> <br /> [[Pandhurna railway station|Pandhurna]] railway station is located in the [[Central Railway zone]], on the Nagpur Itarsi railway route. The other major district station is [[Sausar]] (located on the [[South East Central Railway zone]] on Chhindwara Nagpur rail line).<br /> <br /> The city is situated on National Highway-47 ([[National Highway 47 (India)|NH-47]]). The nearest cities are Nagpur and Chhindwara. This is the simplest and easiest route to Pandhurna.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{Narmada basin}}<br /> {{Jabalpur Division}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{improve categories|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://s342e77b63637ab381e8be5f8318cc28a2.s3waas.gov.in/ Official Site]<br /> *[https://news.abplive.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/chhindwara/pandhurna-pincode-480334.html Pin Code]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apoorva_Arora&diff=446330 2026-02-06T05:46:25Z

<p>LoganConger6625: page updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress and model|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Apoorva Arora<br /> | image = Apoorva Arora snapped at Screenexx Awards (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Arora in 2023<br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- [[WP:BLP]] policy forbids including this without a strong [[WP:RS]] cite --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | occupation = {{comma separated entries|Actress|dancer|model}}<br /> | years_active = 2011{{ndash}}present<br /> | height = <br /> }}<br /> '''Apoorva Arora''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress and model who appears in [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Kannada]] films. She has also appeared in various web series and music videos.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> She stars in Hindi, [[Kannada]], Punjabi and Gujarati films.<br /> <br /> She entered Kannada films through the movie [[Siddhartha (2015 film)|''Siddhartha'']] which starred [[Vinay Rajkumar]] in a lead role, which was her debut movie. Many people who saw the movie mistook her to be daughter of famous Telugu actress [[Amala Akkineni]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}<br /> <br /> The first time she got a role in the film was at the age of 12 years. She went on to star in various ad campaigns and became a household face, especially after her Glam up and Cadbury perk ads. Currently, Apoorva is one of the most sought-after faces. In 2012, she assumed the role of explorer in [[Discovery Kids]]' documentary television series, named ''[[Mystery Hunters India]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-vinay-rajkumars-heroine-apoorva/articleshow/45750010.cms |title=Meet Vinay Rajkumar's heroine Apoorva |newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is also a part of YouTube channel ''FilterCopy''. Her video, ''Every School Romance'', starring alongside [[Rohan Shah]] had 7.5 million views in 5 days on YouTube. She also starred in a ''College Romance'' web series alongside Gagan Arora.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} She has also acted in YouTube web series titled ''Wrong Number'', with the character name of Khushi.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Year <br /> ! Title <br /> ! Role <br /> ! Language <br /> ! Notes <br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |''[[Bubble Gum (film)|Bubble Gum]]''<br /> |Jenny<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/apoorva-aroras-hair-scare/articleshow/9296935.cms |date=21 July 2011 |title=Apoorva Arora's hair scare |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703144905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/apoorva-aroras-hair-scare/articleshow/9296935.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''<br /> |Jigna Mehta<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=OMG Oh My God! Cast List {{!}} OMG Oh My God! Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/omg-oh-my-god/cast/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170151/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/omg-oh-my-god/cast/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |''[[Teenage (2013 Indian film)|Teenage]]''<br /> |Preethi<br /> |[[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/220317/tellyho-onto-the-silverscreen.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |title=Tellyho onto the silverscreen |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=20 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014<br /> |''[[Disco Singh]]''<br /> |Priya<br /> |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Disco Singh Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Disco Singh by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/disco-singh/movie-review/33900725.cms|access-date=15 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dekh Tamasha Dekh]]''<br /> |Shabbo<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hindi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140418/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-dekh-tamasha-dekh-it%E2%80%99s-riot |title=Movie Review Dekh Tamasha Dekh - It's a riot |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619003121/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140418/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-dekh-tamasha-dekh-it%E2%80%99s-riot |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty]]''<br /> |Pinkie Bakshi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Holiday – A Soldier Is Never Off Duty Cast List {{!}} Holiday – A Soldier Is Never Off Duty Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/holiday-a-soldier-is-never-off-duty/cast/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171655/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/holiday-a-soldier-is-never-off-duty/cast/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sathiyo Chalyo Khodaldham]]''<br /> |Ami Patel/ Bijli<br /> |[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sathiyo Chalyo Khodaldham Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/sathiyo-chalyo-khodaldham/movieshow/62526393.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104181445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/sathiyo-chalyo-khodaldham/movieshow/62526393.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015<br /> |''Sex Is Life''<br /> |Alexa<br /> |[[English language|English]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/disco-singh-fares-well-at-box-office-disco-singh-makes-money/articleshow/33786153.cms |title='Disco Singh' dances its way to the box-office |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823145940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Disco-Singh-fares-well-at-box-office-Disco-Singh-makes-money/articleshow/33786153.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]''<br /> |Khushi<br /> |Kannada<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/news/4924-apoorva-arora-is-vinay-s-pair-in-siddarth.html|title=Apoorva Arora is Vinay's Pair in Siddarth|publisher=Chitraloka|date=4 May 2014|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101100711/http://chitraloka.com/news/4924-apoorva-arora-is-vinay-s-pair-in-siddarth.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017<br /> |''[[Manjha]]''<br /> |Maaya<br /> |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch Manjha Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/manjha/0-0-413039 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mugulu Nage]]''<br /> |Charulatha<br /> |Kannada<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/mar/16/amulya-leaves-mugulu-nage-apoorva-steps-in-1581749.html |title=Amulya leaves Mugulu Nage, Apoorva steps in |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073102/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/mar/16/amulya-leaves-mugulu-nage-apoorva-steps-in-1581749.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''Turning Point''<br /> |{{unknown}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hindi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2019<br /> |''[[Pranaam]]''<br /> |Soha<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Behind The Trees''<br /> |Apoorva<br /> |English<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2020<br /> |''Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain''<br /> |Goldie<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Hindi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Home Stories''<br /> |Jia<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Home Stories' : Arjun Mathur and Apoorva Arora starrer 'Home Stories' Official Trailer {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/home-stories-trailer-video-arjun-mathur-and-apoorva-arora-starrer-home-stories-official-trailer-video/videoshow/76318181.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028162731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/home-stories-trailer-video-arjun-mathur-and-apoorva-arora-starrer-home-stories-official-trailer-video/videoshow/76318181.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2020 |title=Netflix's 'Home Stories' is an anthology of unique tales of lockdown made at home, for you to watch at home |url=https://www.businessupturn.com/entertainment/ott/netflixs-home-stories-is-an-anthology-of-unique-tales-of-lockdown-made-at-home-for-you-to-watch-at-home/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=Business Upturn |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''The Coldest Revenge''<br /> |Meera Kapadia<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Short film<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022<br /> |''Badboli Bhavna''<br /> |Bhavna<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Lost and Found in Singapore''<br /> | Sitara<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WATCH! Lost &amp; Found In Singapore - Official trailer starring Rithvik Dhanjani and Apoorva Arora |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kEJmfvCT4Xk |work=MX Player - Youtube|accessdate=22 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Rani Pink''<br /> |Ananya<br /> |Short film<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-13 |title=Siddharth Nigam and Apoorva Arora share their Diwali memories, their onscreen bond and more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-from-dangerous-crackers-experience-to-making-rangoli-every-year-siddharth-nigam-and-apoorva-arora-share-their-diwali-memories-their-onscreen-bond-and-more/articleshow/105191616.cms |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Siddharth Nigam &amp; Apoorva Arora on their short film Rani Pink |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nYY-thHikE |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220112859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nYY-thHikE |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |''[[Aachari Baa]]''<br /> |Dhanashree<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Web series===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Year <br /> ! Title <br /> ! Role <br /> ! Notes <br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2012-2014<br /> |''[[Mystery Hunters India]]''<br /> |Apoorva<br /> |Television series<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018<br /> |''[[Gangstars]]''<br /> |Keerthi<br /> |[[Telugu language|Telugu]] series<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=Amazon Prime's 'Gangstars' Review: A quirky comedy which never finds its groove |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amazon-prime-s-gangstars-review-quirky-comedy-which-never-finds-its-groove-82608 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174902/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amazon-prime-s-gangstars-review-quirky-comedy-which-never-finds-its-groove-82608 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''FilterCopy Talkies''<br /> |Aditi<br /> |Mini-series<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: FilterCopy Talkies - Season 1 |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/FilterCopy-Talkies/0SP3V6I1L6JWTLWE5L87N0BLAS |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=primevideo.com |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173733/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/FilterCopy-Talkies/0SP3V6I1L6JWTLWE5L87N0BLAS |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2018-2023<br /> |''[[College Romance]]''<br /> |Naira<br /> | 4 seasons<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College Romance Season 1 Review: A relatable college drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/college-romance/season-1/seasonreview/80496119.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=The Times Of India |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028195814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/college-romance/season-1/seasonreview/80496119.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2019-2020<br /> |''Wrong Number''<br /> |Khushi<br /> |2 seasons<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2020<br /> |''Firsts''<br /> |Apoorva<br /> |Mini-series<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Basement Company''<br /> |Simran Ahuja<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch Basement Company Serial All Episodes |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-basement-company-series-online-b92232429d110acccda9f6728c07ce3b |website=mxplayer.in |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025034917/https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-basement-company-series-online-b92232429d110acccda9f6728c07ce3b |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Butterflies''<br /> |Niki<br /> |Episode 2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''The Glitch''<br /> |Maya<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2021<br /> |''Dude''<br /> |Ritu Kapoor<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Khatta Meetha''<br /> |Urvi Sharma <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''Udan Patolas''<br /> | Puneet &quot;Punni&quot; Chandok<br /> |Mini-series<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[Family Aaj Kal]]<br /> |Meher<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Music videos===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Singer(s)<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''Ajnabee''<br /> |[[Bhuvan Bam]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Ajnabee' Sung By Bhuvan Bam {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-ajnabee-sung-by-bhuvan-bam/videoshow/72004260.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028192421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-ajnabee-sung-by-bhuvan-bam/videoshow/72004260.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021<br /> |''Sun Baliye''<br /> |[[Sonu Kakkar]], [[Gajendra Verma]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Trending Music Video - 'Sun Baliye' Sung By Sonu Kakkar, Gajendra Verma Starring Gajendra Verma And Apoorva Arora {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-sun-baliye-sung-by-sonu-kakkar-gajendra-verma-starring-gajendra-verma-and-apoorva-arora/videoshow/80387643.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328232027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-sun-baliye-sung-by-sonu-kakkar-gajendra-verma-starring-gajendra-verma-and-apoorva-arora/videoshow/80387643.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Dooriyan''<br /> |Raghav Chaitanya<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2021 |title=Shivin Narang-Apoorva Arora's song Dooriyan is about relationships and heartbreaks |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/video-shivin-narang-apoorva-arora-s-song-dooriyan-is-about-relationships-and-heartbreaks-689170 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170722/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/video-shivin-narang-apoorva-arora-s-song-dooriyan-is-about-relationships-and-heartbreaks-689170 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|4559606}}<br /> * [https://www.instagram.com/apooarora Apoorva Arora] on [[Instagram]]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Apoorva}}<br /> [[Category:Indian child actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Female models from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Dancers from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delhi%E2%80%93Dehradun_Expressway&diff=470544 2026-02-03T15:51:28Z

<p>LoganConger6625: further adjusted structure after review and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian six-lane expressway}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> {{infobox road<br /> | header_type = UC<br /> | country = IND<br /> | type = NH<br /> | route = 709B<br /> | alternate_name = Delhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expressway<br /> | map = <br /> | map_custom = yes<br /> | map_notes = <br /> | length_km = 210<br /> | direction_a = <br /> | direction_b = <br /> | terminus_a = [[Delhi]]<br /> | junction = <br /> | terminus_b = [[Dehradun]]<br /> | formed = January 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title = Now reach Delhi to Dehradun in just 2.5 hrs; expressway to be completed by January 2026; here's all you need to know |url = https://www.livemint.com/news/india/now-reach-delhi-to-dehradun-in-2-5-hrs-expressway-to-be-completed-by-next-year-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-11679874429989.html |work = [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date = 27 March 2023 |access-date = 27 March 2023 |language = en-IN }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Open = January 2025<br /> | states = [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]<br /> | maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]<br /> | cities = [[Delhi]], [[Baghpat]], [[Baraut]], [[Shamli]], [[Saharanpur]] and [[Dehradun]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Delhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expressway''', also known as [[Delhi-Dehradun Economic Corridor]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/central-govt-plans-expressway-between-delhi-and-dehradun/story-Du9THAyL8JqaydnYqO9S2H.html |title = Central govt plans expressway between Delhi and Dehradun |date = 25 February 2020 |website = Hindustan Times }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url = https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-good-news-elevated-highway-to-be-built-to-save-wildlife-in-saharanpur-jagran-special-20689665.html |title = Good News: सहारनपुर में वन्य जीवों को बचाने के लिए बनेगा एलिवेटेड हाईवे, मिली मंजूरी |date = 31 August 2020 |website = Dainik Jagran }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a {{convert|210|km}} long, 12/6 lane [[Controlled access highway|access-controlled expressway]], connecting [[Delhi]], the [[New Delhi|national capital]] of [[India]], with [[Dehradun]], the Winter capital of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. The highway includes multiple independent stretches of different highways including [[National Highway 709B (India)|National Highway 709B]] (NH-709B), [[National Highway 307 (India)|National Highway 307]] (NH-307) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Delhi Dehradun Expressway Route Map, Cost, Progress and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/delhi-dehradun-expressway/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a green field alignment between Eastern Peripheral Expressway and Saharanpur bypass denoted as [[National Highway 344G (India)|National Highway 344G]] (NH-344G) The highway passes through the states of Delhi, [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Uttarakhand, and through the cities of [[Baghpat]], [[Baraut]], [[Shamli]] and [[Saharanpur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url = https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/journey-between-doon-to-delhi-is-now-two-and-a-half-hours-economic-corridor-is-allowed-by-center |title = देहरादून से दिल्ली के बीच सफर अब ढाई घंटे में, इकोनामिक कॉरिडोर को केंद्र की अनुमति |website = Amar Ujala |language = hi }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url = https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-dehradun-to-new-delhi-road-distance-to-be-reduced-to-206-km-3048408.html |title = दून से सिर्फ 206 किमी दूर रह जाएगी दिल्ली |website = Live Hindustan }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/centre-gives-in-principle-nod-to-doon-delhi-elevated-expressway/articleshow/74282291.cms |title = Centre gives in-principle nod to Doon-Delhi elevated expressway |date = 24 February 2020 |newspaper = The Economic Times }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/now-reach-doon-from-delhi-in-just-a-couple-of-hours-via-elevated-road/articleshow/74290258.cms |title = Reach Dehradun from Delhi in just 2.5 hours via elevated road: CM Trivendra Singh Rawat &amp;#124; Dehradun News - Times of India |website = The Times of India |date = 25 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt;<br /> <br /> It has two spurs, or link roads, to ensure connectivity with cities lying nearby to its route: one {{convert|50.7|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, six-lane Saharanpur–[[Roorkee]]–[[Haridwar]] Expressway, and another {{convert|121|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, six-lane [[Ambala-Shamli Expressway]].&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia.indiatimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-chief-secy-directs-to-expedite-land-acquisition-for-6-lane-ambala-shamli-green-field-highway/articleshow/94992319.cms |title = Haryana chief secy directs to expedite land acquisition for 6-lane Ambala-Shamli Green Field Highway |date = 20 October 2022 |newspaper = Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt; It reduces both travel time and distance, from around 5–6 hours to only 2.5 hours, and from around {{convert|280|km}} to {{convert|210|km}}.&lt;ref name=built1&gt;{{cite news |title = Now reach Delhi to Dehradun in just 2.5 hrs; expressway to be completed by January 2024; here's all you need to know |url = https://www.livemint.com/news/india/now-reach-delhi-to-dehradun-in-2-5-hrs-expressway-to-be-completed-by-next-year-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-11679874429989.html |work = [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date = 27 March 2023 |access-date = 27 March 2023 |language = en-IN }}&lt;/ref&gt; It also connects to [[Char Dham Highway]] at Haridwar in Uttarakhand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Delhi Dehradun Expressway Route Map, Cost, Progress and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/delhi-dehradun-expressway/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History ==<br /> <br /> In February 2020, after the Central Government granted in-principle approval for the expressway.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1 = goyal |first1 = raghav |title = Centre Gives In-Principle Approval For Dehradun-Delhi Expressway |url = https://www.thequint.com/news/india/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-construction-of-dehradun-delhi-expressway |access-date = 9 March 2021 |work = TheQuint |date = 25 February 2020 |language = en }}&lt;/ref&gt; the tender was awarded in January 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title = गाजियाबाद जल्द शुरू होगा देहरादून एक्सप्रेसवे का काम, जारी हुआ पहले दो चरणों का टेंडर |url = https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/ghaziabad/construction-of-dehradun-expressway-to-start-in-ghaziabad-tender-alloted-for-first-two-phases |access-date = 9 March 2021 |work = Amar Ujala |language = hi }}&lt;/ref&gt; and budget was approved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last = Bhandari |first = Shashwat |date = 18 November 2021 |title = Development work of 6-lane access-controlled highway on THIS stretch sanctioned |url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/haridwar-spur-6-lane-expressway-approved-says-nitin-gadkari-745677 |access-date = 1 December 2021 |website = www.indiatvnews.com |language = en }}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2021 Dec, [[Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] laid the [[Foundation stone]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title = New Delhi-Dehradun highway to be built: Here're details - Foundation stone laid |url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/new-delhi-dehradun-highway-to-be-built-herere-details/environment-friendly/slideshow/88090271.cms |access-date = 4 December 2021 |website = The Economic Times }}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2021, tender for &quot;Roorkee-Haridwar Expressway&quot; spur was awarded to Krishna Constellation,&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt; and in January 2022, the tender for ''Shamli–Ambala Expressway'' was invited.&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt; The expressway was developed in three phases:&lt;ref name=ue3&gt;[https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-delhi-dehradun-expressway-information-route-map-status/ Delhi – Dehradun Expressway – Information &amp; Status Update], The Metro Guy, accessed 7 December 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Phase I - brownfield: {{convert|32|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, 6-lane stretch between [[Akshardham (Delhi)]] and proposed [[Eastern Peripheral expressway|EPE Junction]].&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt;<br /> * Phase II - greenfield: between proposed EPE Junction in Delhi and Ganeshpur near [[Saharanpur]] bypass.&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt; <br /> * Phase III - greenfield: Expressway Stretch between Ganeshpur near Saharanpur bypass and [[Dehradun]].&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Features==<br /> <br /> A {{convert|12|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} elevated corridor over the [[Rajaji National Park]] to protect wildlife is the second highway in India to have a wildlife protection corridor after [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]]. The [[Indian rupee|₹]]13,000 [[crore]]&lt;ref name=built1/&gt; expressway reduces the distance between the Delhi and Dehradun from {{convert|250|km|mi}} to {{convert|210|km|mi}}, while journey time is reduced from 5 hours to only 2.5 hours.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title = First highway with wildlife protection corridor! Delhi-Dehradun Expressway will cut travel time to 2.5 hours |url = https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/first-highway-with-wildlife-protection-corridor-delhi-dehradun-expressway-will-cut-travel-time-to-2-5-hours/2193513/ |access-date = 9 March 2021 |work = The Financial Express |date = 12 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Length: {{convert|210|km|mi|sigfig=3}}.&lt;ref name=etupn1/&gt;<br /> * Number of lanes: 6 (expandable to 8 lanes).&lt;ref name=etupn1/&gt;<br /> * Entry and exit points: 16.&lt;ref name=etupn1/&gt; <br /> * Railway overbridges: 5 .&lt;ref name=etupn1/&gt;<br /> * Road underpasses: 113.&lt;ref name=etupn1/&gt;<br /> * Wildlife corridor: 14 km long elevated one corridor through [[Rajaji National Park]] just south of Dehradun.&lt;ref name=etupn1/&gt;<br /> * Tunnel: 1 at Datkali (Daat Kali temple), 340 meter long at the south end of elevated wildlife corridor.&lt;ref name=etupn1&gt;[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/delhi-dehradun-expressway-faces-quality-concerns-after-first-rainfall/122180424?utm_source=most_read&amp;utm_medium=sectionListing Delhi-Dehradun Expressway faces quality concerns after first rainfall], infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com, 1 Jul 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Route==<br /> <br /> ===Existing main route===<br /> <br /> Main route Delhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expressway:<br /> <br /> {{anchor|EPE}}<br /> * Delhi-EPE (Eastern Peripheral Expressway): 12 lanes from [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Temple Delhi]] to {{convert|32|km|mi}} away intersection at Khekra with [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]] (EPE) near east of [[Baghpat]]. {{convert|6.4|km|mi}} from Geeta Colony to Khajoori Khas is elevated.&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{anchor|Saharanpur}}<br /> * EPE-Saharanpur: {{convert|118|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} route with six lanes, seven interchanges and 60 underpasses from EPE to Saharanpur east bypass via <br /> ** Mandola Vihar Yojna (Near [[Mandola Village|Mandola]] Village),<br /> ** [[Khekra]] ([[Baghpat]] eastern bypass), <br /> ** Lohadda ([[Baraut]] eastern bypass), <br /> ** [[Karaunda Mahajan]] &lt;!--NOTE: please retain the red link to encourage article creation.--&gt; (intersects [[National Highway 709A (India)|NH&amp;nbsp;709A]] [[Karnal]]-[[Meerut]]) Highway,<br /> ** [[Karoda Hathi]] - [[Babri]] (intersects [[National Highway 709AD (India)|NH&amp;nbsp;709AD]] [[Panipat]]-[[Nagina]]) Highway,<br /> ** [[Gogwan Jalalpur]]&lt;!--NOTE: please retain the red link to encourage article creation.--&gt; (just south east of [[Thanabhawan]], intersects [[National Highway 344GM (India)|NH&amp;nbsp;344GM]] [[Ambala-Shamli Expressway]].&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia.indiatimes.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> ** [[Halgoya]]&lt;!--NOTE: please retain the red link to encourage article creation.--&gt; at {{convert|108|km|adj=on}} milestone, intersects [[National Highway 344BG (India)|NH&amp;nbsp;344BG]] [[Saharanpur-Haridwar Expressway]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url = https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/six-lane-expressway-to-be-built-from-saharanpur-to-haridwar-saharanpur-news-mrt597154089 | title=सहारनपुर से हरिद्वार तक बनेगा एक्सप्रेस-वे }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[Latifpur Aht]]&lt;!--NOTE: please retain the red link to encourage article creation.--&gt; (next to [[Lakhnaur, Saharanpur|Lakhnaur]]&lt;!--NOTE: please retain the red link to encourage article creation.--&gt; on Saharanpur east bypass, at 119&amp;nbsp;km).<br /> <br /> {{anchor|Park}}<br /> * Saharanpur-Rajaji National Park: {{convert|40|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} route with six lanes from Saharanpur east bypass to Ganeshpur in [[National Highway 307 (India)|NH&amp;nbsp;307]] Latifpur Aht at southern entrance of Rajaji National Park.&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{anchor|Dehradun}}<br /> * Rajaji National Park–Dehradun: {{convert|19.5|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} route runs through a two-tube tunnel of total {{convert|2.322|km|mi}} length, then {{convert|4.82|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} four-lane elevated flyover of {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=on}} vertical clearance underneath for elephants and wildlife, then {{convert|2.12|km|mi|adj=on}} at-grade hill route, and {{convert|340|m|ft|adj=on}} single-tube tunnel.&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Existing spur===<br /> <br /> ====Haridwar spur====<br /> {{anchor | Haridwar | Roorke }}<br /> <br /> * '''Saharanpur-Roorkee-Haridwar Expressway''' ('''Saharanpur-Haridwar Expressway''' or '''Haridwar Expressway Spur''' ): {{convert|50.7|km||adj=on}} route begins at Sohanchida Mast from {{convert|108|km|mi|adj=on}} milestone of ''Delhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expressway'' southeast of Saharanpur, forms north bypass to Roorkee, and ends at [[Bahadarabad]] on [[Haridwar]] west ringroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;ue3&quot; /&gt; This will have direct connectivity with the proposed Haridwar International Airport in the south or Haridwar, which will come up by 2030.<br /> <br /> ===Proposed extension===<br /> {{anchor | Proposed | Extension }}<br /> <br /> ====Mussoorie extension====<br /> <br /> '''Dehradun-Mussoorie Elevated Expressway''' ('''Dehradun-Mussoorie Expressway'''): Delhi-Dehradun Expressway's Dehradun to [[Mussoorie]] 26 km elevated extension along the banks of [[Rispana River]] (Rispana Rao) and [[Bindal River]] (Bindal Rao) has the budgeted cost of 6,100 crore. In May 2025, in a 2 weeks exercise 2,614 houses were identified and marked for demolished for the construction of this extension.&lt;ref name=dmee1&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/18/mussoorie-to-get-direct-link-via-elevated-road-from-delhi-2614-houses-to-be-demolished-for-rs-6100-crore-project Mussoorie to get direct link via elevated road from Delhi; 2,614 houses to be demolished for Rs 6,100 crore project], The New Indian Express, 18 May 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Inter-connectivity==<br /> {{anchor | Inter }}<br /> <br /> This expressway connects with the following, listed from north to south:<br /> <br /> * [[Char Dham Highway]] via [[Delhi–Dehradun_Expressway#Haridwar|Haridwar spur of Delhi–Dehradun Expressway]], from southeast of Saharanpur.&lt;ref name=ue3/&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Ambala-Shamli Expressway]]&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia.indiatimes.com&quot;/&gt; (part of [[Ambala-Shamli_Expressway#Bareilly|Bareilly–Ludhiana Economic Corridor Expressway]]), which in turn connects to the [[Ambala-Shamli_Expressway#Bareilly|Bareilly-Gorakhpur Expressway]] and then to [[Siliguri–Gorakhpur Expressway]].&lt;ref name=ue5&gt;[https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-bareilly-ludhiana-economic-corridor-route-map-status-update/ Bareilly-Ludhiana Economic Corridor – Information &amp; Status], The Metro Guy, accessed 7 December 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway|Delhi Meerut Expressway]] <br /> <br /> * [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]] between [[Delhi]] and [[Baghpat]].<br /> <br /> ==Status updates==<br /> <br /> * '''2025 July:''' Delhi-Dehradun Expressway's some section are already operational since early 2025, and the rest will be completed and operationalised by mid 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/delhi-dehradun-expressway-to-open-with-14-km-wildlife-corridor-is-this-india-s-greenest-highway/ar-AA1HKkeh Delhi-Dehradun Expressway to open with 14 km wildlife corridor – is this India’s greenest highway?], MSN, 1 Jul 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''2025 December: ''' Akshardham to Bagpat strech (18 KM) already open for commuters. The entire strech of the Expressway is expected to open by mid January 2026. The current progress stands at '''''98%.'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NHAI project report |url=https://datalakeg.nhai.gov.in/nhai/MISC/ProjectDetailsAdvance?key=U2FsdGVkX18rqynRdVZp2dOlXsBa5wxHu0X1+JQ1fqTkGi19rmE2IQdsXQqk79ps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''2026 January''': Package 3 and 4 are partially open for commuters while the Saharanpur Strech is undergoing road signage and lane marking related works. Entire strech of the Expressway will be ready for inauguration by March 2026.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[National Highway 709B (India)]], spur of NH-9 from Akshardham to Saharanpur running parallel on the west side of Delhi-Dehradun Expressway<br /> <br /> * [[Industrial corridor#India|Industrial Corridors of India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://nhai.gov.in National Highways Authority of India]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi-Saharanpur-Dehradun Expressway}}<br /> [[Category:Proposed expressways in India]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Dehradun]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Saharanpur]]<br /> [[Category:Expressways in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Expressways in Uttarakhand]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpur_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481409 2026-02-03T12:39:59Z

<p>LoganConger6625: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Bharatpur Municipal Corporation<br /> | coa_pic = <br /> | coa_res = <br /> | coa_alt = <br /> | coa_caption = <br /> | house_type = <br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|6|13}}<br /> | budget = <br /> | leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]<br /> | leader1 = TBD<br /> | <br /> | election1 = <br /> | leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader2 = <br /> | leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> | leader3 = <br /> | seats1_title = Wards<br /> | seats1 = 65<br /> | structure1 = File:India Bharatpur Municipal Corporation 2019.svg<br /> | structure1_res = 250px<br /> |political_groups1 = '''Government (43)'''<br /> * {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|18}} <br /> * {{Party legend|Bahujan Samaj Party|3}}<br /> * {{Party legend|Independent politician|22|shortname=IND}}<br /> '''Opposition (22)'''<br /> * {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|22}}<br /> | term_length = 5 years<br /> | last_election1 = 2019<br /> | next_election1 = 2025<br /> | session_room = <br /> | session_res = <br /> | meeting_place = Mathura Gate, Near, Bharatpur, Rajasthan 321001.<br /> | website =[https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/nagar-nigam-bharatpur/en/home.html.html Official website]<br /> | motto = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bharatpur Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] governing [[India|Indian]] city of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.&lt;ref name=&quot;May ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharatpur Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].<br /> <br /> ==History and administration==<br /> <br /> Bharatpur Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;bh1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bharatpur to be a Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bharatpur-to-be-a-municipal-corporation-114021900035_1.html |access-date=7 June 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bh4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Cleanliness drive phase II launched in Rajasthan's Bharatpur district |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/cleanliness-drive-phase-ii-launched-in-rajasthan-s-bharatpur-district/story-H0IK0G62AY6jUiaD2sNQOJ.html |access-date=7 June 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=10 December 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharatpur Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.<br /> <br /> Bharatpur Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor Shiv Singh Bhont&lt;ref name=&quot;bh2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bharatpur mayor finally passes Class X |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/553452/bharatpur-mayor-finally-passes-class.html |access-date=7 June 2022 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=21 June 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and administered by Municipal Commissioner .<br /> <br /> == Functions ==<br /> Bharatpur Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .<br /> <br /> * Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.<br /> <br /> * Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.<br /> <br /> * Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.<br /> <br /> * Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.<br /> <br /> * Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.<br /> <br /> * Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.<br /> <br /> * Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.<br /> <br /> * Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.<br /> <br /> == Revenue sources ==<br /> <br /> The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes ===<br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Property tax.<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from Documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[List of municipal corporations in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/nagar-nigam-bharatpur/en/home.html.html Official Website]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Categories --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darbhanga%E2%80%93Anand_Vihar_Terminal_Amrit_Bharat_Express&diff=495591 2026-01-31T01:27:23Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started some entry from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Amrit Bharat train route in India}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{For|its sharing train and India's 5th Non-AC Amrit Bharat Superfast Express|Darbhanga–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow) Amrit Bharat Express}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | box_width = 300px<br /> | color = FF7220<br /> | name = Darbhanga - Anand Vihar Terminal&lt;br/&gt;''Amrit Bharat SF Express''<br /> | logo_width = <br /> | image = File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagging off Amrit Bharat Express.jpg<br /> | image_width = 300px<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] flagging off this first [[Amrit Bharat Express]] train, in the presence of [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]], [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], from Ayodhya's new station building, on 30 December 2023.<br /> | type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]<br /> | status = Operating (Active)<br /> | locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[New Delhi]]<br /> | first = {{start date|2023|12|30|df=yes}} (Inaugural)&lt;br/&gt;{{start date and age|01 January 2024}} (Commercial)<br /> | last = <br /> | operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways (ECR)]]<br /> | ridership = Average weekly<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Darbhanga Junction}} '''''(DBG)'''''<br /> | stops = 18<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} '''''(ANVT)'''''<br /> | distance = {{convert|1137|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 21 hrs 35 mins<br /> | frequency = Bi-Weekly services {{efn|''15557 - Mondays and Thursdays {{pipe}} 15558 - Tuesdays and Fridays''}}<br /> | trainnumber = 15557/15558<br /> | line_used = *[[Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines|Darbhanga–Sitamarhi line]]<br /> *[[Lucknow–Gorakhpur line|Raxaul–Narkatiaganj–Kaptanganj line]]<br /> *[[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway|Gorakhpur–Ayodhya Dham–Lucknow Charbagh line]]<br /> *[[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Kanpur–Anand Vihar Terminal line]]<br /> | class = Sleeper Class Coach '''(SL)''' General Unreserved Coach '''(GS)'''<br /> | seating = Yes (08 Coaches)<br /> | sleeping = Yes (12 Coaches)<br /> | autorack = Upper<br /> | catering = On-board Catering - Yes<br /> | observation = Saffron-Grey<br /> | entertainment = {{Hlist|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric Outlets]]|Reading lights|Bottle Holder}}<br /> | baggage = <br /> | otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|Bio-Vacuum Toilets]]|[[Tap water|Foot-Operated Water Taps]]|[[Passenger information system]]}}<br /> | stock = [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Modified LHB Coaches]]<br /> | gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]]&lt;br/&gt;{{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br /> | el = <br /> | speed = {{cvt|53|km|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)<br /> | trainlength = {{Cvt|23.54|m}} (each) and 22 coaches<br /> | owners = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | maintenance = [[East Central Railway zone|Darbhanga Jn (DBG)]]<br /> | sharing = [[Darbhanga–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow) Amrit Bharat Express]]<br /> | map = {{Darbhanga–Anand Vihar Terminal AB Express Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 15557/15558 '''Darbhanga - Anand Vihar Terminal ''Amrit Bharat Superfast Express''''' is [[India]]'s 1st Non-AC [[Amrit Bharat Express|Amrit Bharat Superfast Express train]], which runs across the states of [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[New Delhi]] connecting the cities of [[Darbhanga]] and [[New Delhi|New Delhi's]] [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]] via [[Raxaul]], [[Sitamarhi]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Lucknow]], and [[Kanpur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=N |first=TN |date=December 27, 2023 |title=PM May Flag Off Delhi-Darbhanga Amrit Bharat Express On December 30 |pages=1 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Smriti |date=December 27, 2023 |title=Amrit Bharat Express Fares Out! Check Ticket Price, How Much It Will Cost To Travel On New Indian Railways Train |pages=1 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This express train was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] from [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Dham Junction]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=PM Modi flags off 2 Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains in Ayodhya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-flags-off-2-amrit-bharat-6-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-ayodhya-101703918767779.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-30 |title=PM Modi flags off 2 new Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains during Ayodhya visit; check routes &amp; other details |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-narendra-modi-ayodhya-amrit-bharat-vande-bharat-trains-flag-off-full-list-of-new-routes-indian-railways/articleshow/106393567.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=PM Modi flags off new Vande Bharat, Amrit Bharat trains from Ayodhya Dham Junction: Routes, features and all you need to know |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-amrit-bharat-trains-from-ayodhya-junction-routes-features-and-all-you-need-to-know-2391037 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Darbhanga Junction railway station|Darbhanga Jn]] and [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 15557/15558 on Bi-Weekly services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=Darbhanga-Anand Vihar Amrit Bharat Express: Check Route, Schedule, Timings And Other Details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/darbhanga-ayodhya-anand-vihar-amrit-bharat-express-check-route-schedule-timings-ticket-price-stoppages-article-106397812 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rakes==<br /> It is the first [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Amrit Bharat Express train]] in which the locomotives were designed by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW)]] at [[Chittaranjan]], [[West Bengal]] and the coaches were designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<br /> <br /> == Service ==<br /> The 15557/15558 Darbhanga - Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express currently operates '''2 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{Cvt|1137|km}} in a travel time of 21 hrs 35 mins with an average speed of {{Cvt|53|km/h}}. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) is {{Cvt|130|km/h}}.<br /> <br /> == Train halts ==<br /> The halts for this 15557/15558 Darbhanga - Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express are as follows:-<br /> {{columns-list|# '''{{stnlnk|Darbhanga Junction}}'''<br /> # Kamtaul<br /> # {{stnlnk|Janakpur Road}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Sitamarhi Junction}}<br /> # Bairgania<br /> # Ghorasahan<br /> # {{stnlnk|Raxaul Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Narkatiaganj Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Bagaha}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Kaptanganj Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Basti}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Mankapur Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Etawah Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Aligarh Junction}}<br /> # '''{{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}'''|colwidth=15em}}<br /> <br /> ==Rake sharing==<br /> The train shares it's rakes with 15561/62 [[Darbhanga–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow) Amrit Bharat Express]].<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Amrit Bharat Express]]<br /> * [[Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> * [[Tejas Express]]<br /> * [[Gatimaan Express]]<br /> * [[Darbhanga Junction railway station]]<br /> * [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Amrit Bharat Express}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Amrit Bharat Express trains]]<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> [[Category:Higher-speed rail]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Darbhanga]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk_Institute_metro_station&diff=535897 2026-01-28T07:44:15Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Starting basic post w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Namma Metro's Green Line terminal metro station}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Silk Institute<br /> | other_name = VISL Layout, Anjanapura, Anjanapura Township<br /> | style = Namma Metro<br /> | type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Green}}<br /> | image = Silk Institute metro station, Bangalore (2025).jpg<br /> | caption = The station in 2025<br /> | address = Kanakapura Rd, VISL Layout, Talaghattapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560062<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.861858203224118|77.53000671267947|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br /> | operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br /> | architect = Nagarjuna Construction Company (NCC)<br /> | lines = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}<br /> | platforms = [[Side platform]]&lt;br&gt;Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}}&lt;br&gt;Platform-2 → Train terminates here<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|double track]]<br /> | levels = 2<br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | status = Staffed<br /> | code = APTS<br /> | opened = {{start date and age|2021|January|21|df=yes}}&lt;ref name=&quot;open1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]<br /> | services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Green |left=Thalaghattapura|to-left=Madavara|right=|type2=|notemid=}}<br /> | route_map = {{BMR Green Line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Silk Institute''' (formerly called Anjanapura or Anjanapura Township) is the elevated southern terminal metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;open1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-15|title=Bengaluru's Namma Metro stretch from Yelachenahalli to Silk Institute launched; open for public from today|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/bengalurus-namma-metro-stretch-from-yelachenahalli-to-silk-institute-launched-open-for-public-from-today/2171414/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Christin Mathew | last=Philip|date=16 Jan 2021|title=Bengaluru: 5,000 take Yelachenahalli- Silk Institute Metro line on Day 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-5000-take-yelachenahalli-silk-institute-metro-line-on-day-1/articleshow/80297392.cms|access-date=2022-11-28|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This station was opened on 21 January 2021 to the public. This station is named after Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/search?q=karnataka+state+sericulture+research+%26+development+institute&amp;oq=&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCQgBECMYJxjqAjIJCAAQIxgnGOoCMgkIARAjGCcY6gIyCQgCECMYJxjqAjIJCAMQIxgnGOoCMgkIBBAjGCcY6gIyCQgFECMYJxjqAjIJCAYQIxgnGOoCMgkIBxAjGCcY6gIyCQgIECMYJxjqAjIJCAkQIxgnGOoCMgkIChAjGCcY6gIyCQgLECMYJxjqAjIJCAwQIxgnGOoCMgkIDRAjGCcY6gIyCQgOECMYJxjqAtIBBi0xajBqN6gCD7ACAQ&amp;client=ms-android-vivo-rvo3&amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;ie=UTF-8#sbfbu=1&amp;pi=karnataka%20state%20sericulture%20research%20%26%20development%20institute Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute]&lt;/ref&gt; located at Kanakapura road. The station was inaugurated along with five other stations, as a part of the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] extension.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Namma Metro's 6 Km Yelachenahalli To Silk Institute Stretch Flagged-off|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/namma-metros-6-km-yelachenahalli-to-silk-institute-stretch-flagged-off-6347911.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Christin Mathew Philip|date=13 Jan 2021|title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro's Sankranti gift brings cheer to Kanakapura Road residents {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metros-sankranti-gift-brings-cheer-to-kanakapura-residents/articleshow/80247079.cms|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Station layout ==<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = Silk Institute track layout<br /> | title color = white<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = vCONTgfa<br /> cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Thalaghattapura}}<br /> *'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT\*'''P2'''<br /> cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here<br /> vENDEe<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and two side platforms&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/entrance<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''L1'''<br /> |valign=top|Mezzanine<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover&lt;br&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br&gt;'''Southbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|Towards → Train terminates here<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br&gt;'''Northbound'''&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Thalaghattapura}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; colspan=2 align=center|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Entry/exits==<br /> There are two entry/exit points – A and B. Commuters can use either for their travel.<br /> <br /> * Entry/exit point A: towards Judicial Layout (BDA) Side<br /> * Entry/exit point B: towards Jothi Farm Side<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Silk Institute metro station (as of Apr '22).jpg|thumb|left|A Green Line Namma Metro train at the southern terminus waiting for departure towards [[Nagasandra metro station|Nagasandra]] in 2022]]<br /> == See also ==<br /> [[File:Exits of Silk Institute Metro Station.jpg|thumb|Overhead sign showing the directions to the exits of the Silk Institute Metro Station.]]<br /> * [[Central Silk Board metro station]]<br /> * [[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br /> * [[Transport in Karnataka]]<br /> * [[List of metro systems]]<br /> * [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons|Namma Metro}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}<br /> * [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)] <br /> * [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br /> <br /> {{Namma Metro|green line=yes}}<br /> [[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]<br /> {{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Askari_Mirza&diff=464538 2026-01-18T22:38:40Z

<p>LoganConger6625: minor refine page for accuracy further and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mughal prince (1516–1558)}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = Askari<br /> | name = Askari Mirza<br /> | title = [[Prince|Shahzada]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mirza (name)|Mirza]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1516|2|5|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kabul]] (present-day [[Afghanistan]])<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1558|||1516|2|5|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Makkah]], [[Ottoman Empire]], now [[Saudi Arabia]]<br /> | succession = Ruler of [[Sambhal]]<br /> | reign = 1531 – 22 September 1554<br /> | spouse = Sultanum Begum&lt;ref name=&quot;j065&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Lal | first=Ruby | title=Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=September 22, 2005 | isbn=978-0-521-85022-3 | page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | issue = <br /> | house = [[Mughal dynasty]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]<br /> | mother = Gulrukh Begum<br /> | religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<br /> | father = [[Babur]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Muhammad Askari Mirza'''&lt;ref name=&quot;r746&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Elliot | first=H. | title=The History of India | publisher=BoD – Books on Demand | date=April 3, 2023 | isbn=978-3-382-16752-3 | page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Persian language|Persian]]: محمد عسکری میرزا), sometimes known simply as '''Askari Mirza''' (5 February 1516&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Babur, Emperor of Hindustan |date=1996 |title=The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor of India |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-509671-1|p=449}}&lt;/ref&gt; – 1558&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Khosla | first=Ram Prasad | title=Mughal Kingship and Nobility | publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli | date=1976 | page=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was a son of [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal dynasty]] and Gulrukh Begum. Askari was also a general of the [[Mughal Army]] known for his role in the early Mughal conquests of India. Babur appointed him as governor of [[Sambhal]] where he ruled from 1531 to 1554. He died in 1558 in Makkah where he had travelled for the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Askari Mirza}}<br /> [[Category:1518 births]]<br /> [[Category:1557 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Mughal princes]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atpadi_taluka&diff=488242 2026-01-17T12:29:02Z

<p>LoganConger6625: New the stub w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian taluka in the Sangli district}}<br /> Atpadi is a [[Tehsil|taluka]] in [[Sangli district]] of Maharashtra, in 2022 it is one of the talukas of the district, belonging to the Vita sub-division of the district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=District Profile {{!}} District Sangli, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://sangli.nic.in/district-profile/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bagchi |first=Kathakali S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDbtAAAAMAAJ |title=Drought-prone India: Problems and Perspectives |date=1991 |publisher=Agricole Pub. Academy |isbn=978-81-85005-71-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmA5AAAAIAAJ |title=The Maharashtra Co-operative Quarterly |date=1983 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012 the taluka suffered a severe drought, reportedly the worst in living memory,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two talukas in Maharashtra face worst drought in memory |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/two-talukas-in-maharashtra-face-worst-drought-in-memory-38264 |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; similar conditions were faced in 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Every drop counts in dry Atpadi, Jat |date=3 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/every-drop-counts-in-dry-atpadi-jat/articleshow/51665900.cms |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2019,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra: Sangli talukas in the grip of worst drought |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/maharashtra-sangli-talukas-in-the-grip-of-worst-drought |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2020 the taluka was hit by floods that caused losses to lives and properties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangli Atpadi: 'या' दुष्काळी तालुक्यात अचानक ढगफुटीसदृश्य पाऊस; २ सख्ख्या बहिणींचा मृत्यू |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/heavy-rain-lashes-atpadi-taluka-of-sangli/articleshow/78191665.cms |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; India's best quality pomegranates are grown in the taluka and the taluka is a pioneer amongst exporters of the fruit, though adverse climatic conditions and diseases have hit the growers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhosale |first=Jayashree |title=Farmers reap millions by raising pomegranate |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/farmers-reap-millions-by-raising-pomegranate/articleshow/5884409.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a proposal and demand that Sangli district be split to form a new Mandesh district,{{efn|Mandesh is the name given to the geographical region that lies on the banks of the river Man. It is drought prone. To it belong talukas of Satara, Sangli and Solapur districts. It is named after the Man river&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=मायबोलीचं समृद्ध माणदेशी लेणं |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/literature/mandesh-culture/articleshow/57451826.cms |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} with Atpadi taluka being one of the talukas to be included in this new district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;माणदेश' व्हावा जिल्हा अन्‌ &quot;हे' व्हावे केंद्र |url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra/mandesh-district-and-atpadi-central-place-258598 |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Atpadi taluka (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#FCD116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.19}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|3.09}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|2.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.54}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Atpadi taluka had a population of 138,455, entirely in rural areas. The sex ratio is 995 females per 1000 males and the literacy rate is 72.74%. 16,244 were under 6 years of age. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.41% and 0.56% of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Sangli |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/826/download/36173/DH_2011_2735_PART_A_DCHB_SANGLI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = right<br /> |caption = Languages of Atpadi taluk (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 97.37 |color1 = red<br /> |label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.52 |color2 = orange<br /> |label3 = Others |value3 = 1.11 |color3 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 97.37% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 1.52% [[Hindi]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Swatantrapur Vasahat==<br /> [[Swatantrapur|Swatantrapur Vasahat]] an open jail. It holds [[Life imprisonment|life term inmates]]. It is located in the taluka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-22 |title=Swatantrapur Vasahat: Life inside a prison without walls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/life-inside-a-prison-without-walls/story-5FMx060ftiIm5Duor1TCVL.html |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Sangli district topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br /> <br /> ==Notable person==<br /> Rhuturaj jadhav , a soldier honored with the &quot;Sainya Seva Medal.&quot;</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enduro3&diff=498500 2026-01-12T06:24:20Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started first info from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|India's first and only adventure race}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}<br /> <br /> '''Enduro3''' is [[India|India's]] first and only [[adventure race]]. It is organized by an NEF (National Education Foundation) an organization based in [[Pune]]. ''Enduro3'' is an adventure inspiring ascent of team spirit, creating youthfulness in every age and exposing the participants to the beauty of the [[Western Ghats]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dna&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=About Enduro|url=http://nefenduro.com/about-enduro/|website=NEF ENDURO - The Adventure Race}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> NECC-NEF Enduro3 has the distinction of being India's first and only adventure race. It has been attracting increasing participation across varied age groups since its inception in 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;dna&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=India's biggest adventure race will test your endurance {{!}} Latest News &amp; Updates at Daily News &amp; Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-india-s-biggest-adventure-race-will-test-your-endurance-2169530|work=dna|date=24 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; From an initial registration of 48 [[team]]s the participation has grown to 200 teams of adventure and [[nature]] lovers coming together from [[List of metropolitan areas in India|Metros]] and [[Classification of Indian cities|small towns]]. In just a decade of the event, NEF Enduro3 has left an indelible footprint and created an incomparable experience for adventure lovers.<br /> <br /> The team receives support from the National Egg Coordination Committee (NECC) and Vencobb. <br /> <br /> Each team must have at least one female member.<br /> <br /> ==Categories==<br /> The race is conducted once a year and is held in different categories. Some of the categories are&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=RACE 2017|url=http://nefenduro.com/race-2017/#categories-prizes-entry-fees|website=NEF ENDURO - The Adventure Race|access-date=2017-02-19|archive-date=2017-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013726/http://nefenduro.com/race-2017/#categories-prizes-entry-fees|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Open<br /> * IT ([[Information Technology]]) (All members need to be employed in the [[Information technology in India|IT industry]])<br /> * Corporate (All members need to be employed in the [[List of companies of India|corporate world]])<br /> * [[Amateur]]<br /> * Collegian (All members need to be [[College]] going)<br /> * Junior (All members need to be [[School]] going)<br /> * 40+ (All members need to be of the [[quadragenarian|age 40 and above]])<br /> * Doctors (All members need to be a [[Physician|doctor]])<br /> * Media (All members need to be working with the [[Media of India|media industry]])<br /> * Teachers (All members need to be a [[Teacher]])<br /> * Family (All members should belong to the same [[family]])<br /> <br /> Each of the above categories is further divided into the following two categories:<br /> * Mixed: team has [[Male]] and Female members<br /> * All female: team has only female members<br /> <br /> Each team has three members, of which one must be female.<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> The race comprises a mix of the following activities:&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Backpacking (wilderness)|Trekking]]: The distance and route varies as per the category.<br /> * [[Cycling]]: The distance and route varies as per the category.<br /> * [[Ford (river)|River crossing]]: This is usually done at night and at the end of it there are usually a few hours of resting time.<br /> * [[Rappelling]]: This activity is only for [[Open (sport)|OPEN]] and [[Amateur]] category.<br /> * [[Paddling]]: This activity should be done by all the three members of the team.<br /> * [[Navigation]]<br /> * [[Kayaking]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://nefenduro.com Official Website ]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Adventure racing]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81%E2%80%93Kamboja_route&diff=497946 2026-01-03T00:39:22Z

<p>LoganConger6625: started some article needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox Road<br /> | alternate_name = Kamboja–Dvārakā Trade Route<br /> | map = &lt;!-- Insert map image or link here --&gt;<br /> | length_mi = &lt;!-- Total length of the route in miles --&gt;<br /> | length_km = &lt;!-- Total length of the route in kilometers --&gt;<br /> | established = [[Ancient times]]<br /> | direction_a = [[Dvārakā]], [[Gujarat]], India<br /> | terminus_a = Seaport of [[Dvārakā]]<br /> | direction_b = [[Kambojas|Kamboja Tribes]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]<br /> | terminus_b = [[Silk Road]] to [[China]]<br /> | countries = [[India]], [[Tajikistan]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''Dvārakā–Kamboja route''' is an ancient land trade route that was an important branch of the [[Silk Road]] during antiquity and the early medieval era. It is referred to in Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain works. It connected the [[Kamboja Kingdom]] in today's [[Afghanistan]] and [[Tajikistan]] via [[Pakistan]] to [[Dvārakā]] (Dvaravati) and other major ports in [[Gujarat]], [[India]], permitting goods from [[Afghanistan]] and [[China]] to be exported by sea to southern India, [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]. <br /> The road was the second most important ancient [[camel train|caravan]] route linking India with the nations of the northwest.<br /> <br /> ==The route==<br /> [[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-04-02-18, Tibetexpedition, Landschaftsaufnahme mit Karawane.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|A horse caravan.]]<br /> The Kamboja–Dvārakā trade route began at the seaport of [[Dvārakā]]. It passed through the [[Anarta]] region to Madhyamika, a city near [[Chittor]]. South of [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]], the road reached the [[Indus River]], where it turned north. At Roruka (modern Rodi), the route split in two: one road turned east and followed the river Sarasvati to [[Hastinapura]] and [[Indraprastha]], while the second branch continued north to join the main east-west road (the [[Uttarapatha|Uttarapatha Route]] across northern India from [[Pataliputra]] to [[Bamyan, Afghanistan|Bamyan]]) at [[Pushkalavati]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1966conference&quot;&gt;Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1966, p 122, ''Oriental philology''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NationAgrawala&quot;&gt;''India, a Nation'', 1983, p 77, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India'', 1977, pp vii, 94 Dr Moti Chandra.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EncycIndica&quot;&gt;Trade routes; ''Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh''., 1999, p 537, Shyam Singh Shashi – History).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BCLaw&quot;&gt;''B.C. Law Volume'', 1945, p 218, Indian Research Institute, Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar, Indian Research Institute – Dr B. C. Law.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From Pushkalavati, the Kamboja-Dvārakā and Uttarapatha routes ran together to [[Bactria|Bahlika]] through [[Kabul]] and [[Bamyan, Afghanistan|Bamyan]]. At Bahlika, the road turned east to pass through the [[Pamir Mountains]] and [[Badakshan]], finally connecting with the [[Silk Road]] to [[China]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1966conference&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EncycIndica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BCLaw&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PuranasAgrawala&quot;&gt;''The Puranas'', Vol V, No 2, July 1963; India, a Nation, 1983, p 76, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Land trade==<br /> Both the historical record and archaeological evidence show that the ancient kingdoms in the northwest ([[Gandhāra]] and [[Kamboja Kingdom|Kamboja]]) had economic and political relations with the western Indian kingdoms ([[Anarta]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]) since Ancient times. This commercial intercourse appears to have led to the adoption of similar sociopolitical institutions by both the Kambojas and the Saurashtras.&lt;ref name=&quot;1966conference&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EncycIndica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BCLaw&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Historical records===<br /> References in both Hindu and Buddhist scriptures mention trading activities of the ancient Kambojas with other nations:<br /> <br /> * It is referred to in the [[Pali]] work called [[Petavatthu]], wherein it is said that traders went with caravans with wagons loaded with goods from Dvāravati to Kamboja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petavatthu p. 32&quot;&gt;Petavatthu, Pali Text Society edition p. 32: ''Yassa atthāya gacchāma, kambojaṃ dhanahārakā; ... Yānaṃ āropayitvāna, khippaṃ gacchāma dvārakan-ti''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' by [[Kautiliya]], a treatise on statecraft written between the 4th century BCE and the 4th century CE, classifies the Kamboja and Saurashtra kingdoms as one entity, since the same form of politico-economic institutions existed in both republics. The text makes particular mention of warfare, cattle-based agriculture and trade.&lt;ref&gt;:Kamboja. Sauraastra.ksatriya.shreny.adayo ''vartta.shastra.upajivinah'' || 11.1.04 || .&lt;/ref&gt; The description tallies with those in the ''[[Bṛhat Saṃhitā]]'', a 6th-century CE encyclopedia&lt;ref&gt;:Panchala Kalinga Shurasenah Kamboja Udra Kirata ''shastra varttah'' || 5.35ab ||.&lt;/ref&gt; and the major epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which makes particular reference to the wealth of the Kambojas.&lt;ref&gt;:Kambojah.................''yama vaishravan.opamah''...|| MBH 7.23.42 || i.e the Kambojas ferocious like [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the god of death (''in war''), and rich like [[Kubera]], the god of wealth, ''in material wealth''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Archaeological evidence===<br /> Numerous precious objects discovered in excavations in Afghanistan, at [[Bamyan]] and [[Begram]] and Pakistan at [[Taxila]], bear evidence to a close trade relationship between the region and ancient [[Phoenicia]] and [[Rome]] to the west and [[Sri Lanka]] to the south.<br /> <br /> Because [[Archaeological excavation|archaeological digs]] in Gujarat have also found ancient ports, the Kamboja–Dvārakā Route is viewed as the logical corridor for those trade items that reached the sea before traveling on east and west.&lt;ref name=&quot;PortsDasgupta&quot;&gt;''Ancient Ports of Gujarat'', A.R. Dasgupta, Deputy Director, SIIPA, SAC, Ahmedabad, M. H. Raval Ex. Director, Directorate of Archaeology, Ahmedabad.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The seaport and international trade==<br /> [[Image:Lapis.elephant.800pix.060203.jpg|thumb|Lapis lazuli.]]<br /> From the port of Dvārakā at the terminus of the Kamboja–Dvārakā Route, traders connected with sea trading routes to exchange goods as far west as [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] and as far east as [[History of Cambodia|Kampuchea]]. Goods shipped at Dvārakā also reached [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabian Peninsula]], [[History of Kerala|southern India]], [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[History of Myanmar|Myanmar]], the land of [[Suwannaphum]] (whose location has still not been determined) and the [[Indochinese peninsula]].<br /> <br /> Dvārakā was, however, not the only port at the route's terminus. Perhaps more important was Barygaza or Bharukaccha (modern [[Bharuch]], located on the mainland to the east of the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula on the [[river Narbada]].<br /> <br /> Horse dealers from north-west Kamboja traded as far as Sri Lanka, and there may have been a trading community of them living in [[Anuradhapura]], possibly along with some [[Yavanas|Greek traders]].&lt;ref&gt;Epigraphia Zeylanica, by Don Martino, Vol II, No 13, pp 75- 76.&lt;/ref&gt; This trade continued for centuries, long after the Kambhojans had converted to Islam in the 9th century CE.&lt;ref&gt;(Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, XV, p 171, E. Muller.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The chief export products from Kamboja were [[horse]]s, [[ponies]], [[blanket]]s embroidered with threads of [[gold]], Kambu/Kambuka [[silver]], [[zinc]], ''mashapurni'', [[asafoetida]], ''somvalak'' or ''punga'', [[walnuts]], [[almonds]], [[saffron]], [[raisins]] and precious stones including [[lapis lazuli]], green [[turquoise]] and [[emeralds]].<br /> <br /> ===Historical records: western sea trade===<br /> The sea trade from the southern end of the Kamboja–Dvārakā Route to the west is documented in Greek, Buddhist and [[Jain]] records:<br /> <br /> * The 1st-century CE Greek work [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} mentions several seaports on the west coast of India, from [[Barbarikon]] at the mouth of the Indus to Bharakuccha, [[Sopara]], [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] and [[Muziris]]. The Periplus also refers to Saurashtra as a seaboard of [[Arabia]].<br /> *A century later, [[Ptolemy]]'s ''The [[Geographia]]'' also refers to Bharakuccha port as a great commercial center situated on the Narbada [[estuary]].&lt;ref&gt;Ptolemy's Geography, p 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Ptolemy also refers to Saurashtra as ''Syrestrene''.<br /> * The 7th-century CE Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang|Yuan Chwang]] calls Saurashtra ''Sa-la-ch'a'' and refers to it as &quot;the highway to the sea where all the inhabitants were traders by profession&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Yuan Chwang, p 248&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Undated ancient Jain texts also refer to heavy trade activity in Saurashtran seaports, some of which had become the official residences of international traders.&lt;ref name=&quot;JainLife&quot;&gt;Life as depicted in Jain canons, p 273, Bombay, 1947, J. C. Jain; Geographical Data in Early Purana, 1972, p 321, Dr M. R. Singh.&lt;/ref&gt; Bharakuccha in particular is described as ''donamukha'', meaning where goods were exchanged freely.&lt;ref name=&quot;JainLife&quot;/&gt; The ''Brhatkalpa'' describes the port of Sopara as a great commercial center and a residence of numerous traders.&lt;ref&gt;Brhatkalpa Bhashya, I, 2506.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Other ports mentioned in texts include [[Vallabhi]] (modern Vala), a flourishing seaport during the [[Maitraka]] dynasty in the 5th through 8th centuries CE. The existence of a port at [[Kamboi]] is attested in 10th-century CE records&lt;ref&gt;G. Buhler, Indian Antiquary, VI, 1877, pp 191–92 as ''Kamboika''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The commerce of the western Indian coast was lucrative. Bharukacchan and Soparan traders who established settlements or trading posts in the [[Persian Gulf]] reaped enormous profits from the Indo-Roman trade and, according to the Vienna Papyrus, written in the mid-2nd century CE, paid high rates of interest.&lt;ref&gt;The Indian Ocean in Antiquity, p. 295, J. Reade; A Resurvey of Roman Contacts with the West, H. P. Ray, Ed. Baussac and Salles, p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Archaeological evidence: western sea trade===<br /> [[Image:Denario di A. Postumio Albinio con le statue dei dioscuri.jpg|thumb|upright|A Roman coin]]<br /> There is good archaeological evidence of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] trade goods in the first two centuries CE reaching Kamboja and Bactria through the Gujarati peninsula. Archaeologists have found frescoes, stucco decorations and statuary from ancient Phoenicia and Rome in Bamian, [[Begram]] and Taxila in Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;Peter T Blood, Lib of Congress, Federal Research Division, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Goods from Rome on the trade route included frankincense, coral of various colors (particularly red), figured linen from [[Egypt]], wines, decorated silver vessels, gum, stone, opaque glass and Greek or European slave?women. Roman gold coins were also traded and were usually melted into bullion in Afghanistan, although very little gold came from Rome after 70 CE. In exchange, ships bound for Rome and the west loaded up in Barbaricum/Bharukaccha with lapis lazuli from [[Badakshan]], green turquoise from the [[Hindu Kush]] and Chinese silk (mentioned as reaching Barbaricum via Bactria in ''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'').&lt;ref&gt;Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers, M. Wheeler, p. 156&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Historical records: eastern sea trade===<br /> The eastern and southern sea trade from the ports at the southern terminus of the Kamboja–Dvārakā Route is described in Buddhist, Jain and Sri Lankan documents.<br /> <br /> * Ancient [[Buddhist]] references attest that the nations from the northwest, including the Kamboja as well as the Gandhara, Kashmira, Sindhu and Sovira kingdoms were part of a trade loop with western Indian sea ports. Trade ships regularly plied between Bharukaccha, Sopara and other western Indian ports, and southern India, Sri Lanka, [[Myanmar]], Suvannabhumi and the Indochinese peninsula.&lt;ref&gt;cf: ''All Gratitude To Myanmar'', S. N. Goenka, [http://www.vri.dhamma.org/newsletters/nl9712.html Vipassana Newsletter] Vol. 7, No. 10 Dec 97.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jataka Fausboll, Vol II, p 188; Apadana. Vol II,.p 476; Manorathapurani, Anguttara Commentary, Vol I. p 156.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> The [[Pali]] work called [[Petavatthu]] says that traders went with caravans with wagons loaded with goods from Dvāravati to Kamboja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petavatthu p. 32&quot;/&gt;<br /> The Pali work [[Apadāna]] refers to a saint named Bāhiya Dārucīriya who was born in the port of Bharakuccha and according to a commentary who made several trade voyages. He sailed the length of the Indus seven times, and also travelled across the sea as far as Suvannabhumi and returned safely home.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pali Proper Names 1960&quot;&gt;''Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names'', Vol II, 1960, G. P. Malalasekera, sv. 'Bāhiya'&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Also, the 4th century CE [[Pali]] text [[Sihalavatthu]] refers to Kambojas being in the Province of Rohana on the island of Tambapanni, or Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;''Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean'', 2002, pp 108–109, David Parkin and Ruth Barnes.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * An undated Jain text mentions a merchant sailing from Bharukaccha and arriving in Sri Lanka in the court of a king named Chandragupta.&lt;ref&gt;''Early History of Education in Ceylon: from earliest times to Mahasena'', 1969, p. 33, U. D. Jayasekara&lt;/ref&gt;{{verification needed|date=November 2016}}.<br /> * There is also a tradition in Sri Lanka, (recorded in the [[Pujavaliya]]) that [[Trapusa and Bahalika|Tapassu and Bhalluka]], the two merchant brothers, natives of Pokkharavati (modern [[Pushkalavati]]) in what then was ancient Kamboja-Gandhara and now is the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan, &quot;visited the east coast of Ceylon and built a Cetiya there.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/b/bhallika.htm Bhallika, Bhalliya, Bhalluka Thera] in: ''Online Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names''.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, several ancient epigraphic inscriptions found in a cave in [[Anuradhapura]] refer to ''Kamboja corporations'' and a Grand Kamboja Sangha (''community'') in ancient Sinhala, as early as the 3rd century BC.&lt;ref&gt;Dr S. Parnavitana, Dr J. L. Kamboj and others; [[Talk:Kambojas/removed#KAMBOJA SRI-LANKA CONNECTIONS|see talk page for Kambojas]] and for Migration of Kambojas.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Several{{Quantify|date=April 2009}} [[Iran]]ian records{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} mention an embassy from a Sri Lankan king to the Iranian emperor Anusharwan (531–578). The Sri Lankan monarch is reported to have sent the [[Persian empire|Persian]] [[emperor]] ten elephants, two hundred thousand pieces of teakwood and seven pearl divers.<br /> <br /> ===Archaeological evidence: eastern sea trade===<br /> Archaeological digs in Sri Lanka have turned up coins, beads and [[Intaglio (jewellery)|intaglio]]s from [[Bactria]] and [[Afghanistan]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} A fragment of a [[Gandhara]] [[Buddharupa|Buddha statue]] in [[schist]] was recently{{Update after|2010|11}} unearthed from the excavations at [[Jetavanaramaya]] in Anuradhapura. Other finds in Sri Lanka, such as lapis lazuli of the Badakshan type, connect that island with Kamboja, ancient source of the material.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}<br /> <br /> ===Facts in the original Pali sources===<br /> According to Malalasekara, in the entry 'Kamboja' in ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names'': 'The country was evidently on one of the great caravan routes, and there was a road direct from Dvāraka to Kamboja (Pv.p.&amp;nbsp;23).'&lt;ref&gt;''Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names'', Vol I, 1960, G. P. Malalasekera, p 526&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pali]] work called [[Petavatthu]] that Malalasekera refers to (as Pv.p.&amp;nbsp;23) says that caravan wagons loaded with goods went from Dvāraka to Kamboja.&lt;ref&gt;Petavatthu, Pali Text Society edition p. 32: ''Yassa atthāya gacchāma, kambojaṃ dhanahārakā; ... Yānaṃ āropayitvāna, khippaṃ gacchāma dvārakan-ti''. The story and verses are translated in ''Stories of the Departed'', pp. 45-54.&lt;/ref&gt; The introductory story as given in the Petavatthu Commentary says that the thousand caravan carts that went from Dvāravatī to Kamboja passed through an arid desert where they got lost.&lt;ref&gt;Petavatthu-aṭṭhakathā, Pali Text Society edition p. 112. Burmese edition p. 105: .''.. sakaṭasahassena bhaṇḍaṃ ādāya marukantāramaggaṃ paṭipannā maggamūḷhā hutvā ...'' The story and verses are translated in ''Stories of the Departed'' tr. Henry S. Gehman, in ''Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon'', volume IV, 1942, Pali Text Society, Bristol, pp. 45-54.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With regards Bāhiya Dārucīriya, Malalasekara writes that he 'engaged himself in trade, voyaging in a ship. Seven times he sailed down the Indus and across the sea and returned safely home. On the eighth occasion, while on his way to Suvaṇṇabhūmi, his ship was wrecked, and he floated ashore on a plank, reaching land near Suppāraka.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Pali Proper Names 1960&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Apadāna verses of Bāhiya say that he was born in the town of Bhārukaccha ( modern [[Bharuch]]) and departed on a ship from there. After being on sea for a few days, he fell into the sea due to a frightful, horrible sea-monster (makara), but on a plank managed to reach the port of Suppāraka.&lt;ref&gt;Apadana, Pali Text Society edition, II 476. Burmese edition II 128: ''Tatohaṃ bāhiyo jāto, bhārukacche puruttame; Tato nāvāya pakkhando [pakkhanto (sī.), pakkanto (pī.)], sāgaraṃ appasiddhiyaṃ [atthasiddhiyaṃ (ka.)]. Tato nāvā abhijjittha, gantvāna katipāhakaṃ; Tadā bhīsanake ghore, patito makarākare. Tadāhaṃ vāyamitvāna, santaritvā mahodadhiṃ; Suppādapaṭṭanavaraṃ [suppārapaṭṭanavaraṃ (sī. pī.)], sampatto mandavedhito [mandamedhiko (sī.), mandavedito (syā.), maddaverataṃ (ka.)''].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The source for Malalasekera's statement that Bāhiya sailed down the Indus and went to Suvaṇṇabhūmi is the Udāna Commentary of [[Dhammapala|Dhammapāla]], which says that Bāhiya was born in the country of Bāhiya, and was a merchant. Masefield translates the commentary as follows: <br /> 'He filled a ship with abundant goods, ... , for the purposes of trade, entered upon the ocean and, in successively roaming about, on seven occasions approached his own city via an expedition up the Indus. But on the eighth occasion, he embarked into his ship with his goods loaded on board thinking he would go to Suvaṇṇabhūmi. Having ventured deep into the Great Ocean, the ship went off-course in the midst of the ocean, without reaching the desired destination, with the people (on board) becoming a meal for fish and turtles. But Bāhiya, being tossed about ever so slowly by the motion of the waves as he made his way (to safety) after grabbing hold of a ship’s plank, on the seventh day reached the shore in the locality of the port of Suppāraka.'&lt;ref&gt;Translation Peter Masefield in ''Udāna Commentary'', Volume 1, 1994, PTS, Oxford, p. 118. Pali text, PTS edition, p. 78: taṃ bāhiyaraṭṭhe jātattā bāhiyoti sañjāniṃsu. So vayappatto gharāvāsaṃ vasanto vaṇijjatthāya bahūnaṃ bhaṇḍānaṃ nāvaṃ pūretvā samuddaṃ pavisitvā aparāparaṃ sañcaranto sattavāre sindhuyātratāya (Be: saddhiṃ parisāya) attano nagaraṃ upagañchi. Aṭṭhame vāre pana suvaṇṇabhūmiṃ gamissāmī ti āropitabhaṇḍo nāvaṃ abhiruhi. Nāvā mahāsamuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā icchitadesaṃ apatvāva samuddamajjhe vipannā. Mahājano macchakacchapabhakkho ahosi. Bāhiyo pana ekaṃ nāvāphalakaṃ gahetvā taranto ūmivegena mandamandaṃ khippamāno suppārakapaṭṭanapadesatīre papuṇi.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The port of Suppāraka, is either modern [[Sopara]] near Bhārukaccha or modern [[Bharuch]], or [[Vasai]] near Mumbai, about 290 kilometers south of Bhārukaccha.&lt;ref&gt;See Peter Masefield ''Udāna Commentary'', Volume 1, 1994, PTS, Oxford, p. 240.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?p=3009&amp;%20-%2040k Lank Library Forum: International Relations in Ancient and Medieval Lanka]<br /> *[http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/periplus.html The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]<br /> *[http://www.panhwar.com/Article60.htm International Trade Of Sindh From Its Port Barbaricon (Banbhore) 200 BC to 200 AD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111211710/http://panhwar.com/Article60.htm |date=2016-11-11 }}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061030064706/http://education.vsnl.com/atreyi/early_trade.html Early Indian Trade and the Traders]<br /> *[http://www.parthia.com/parthian_stations.htm Parthian Stations by Isidore of Charax]<br /> {{Trade route 2}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dvaraka-Kamboja route}}<br /> [[Category:Silk Road|Dvaraka-Kamboja route]]<br /> [[Category:Dwarka]]<br /> [[Category:Kambojas]]<br /> [[Category:Trade routes]]<br /> [[Category:Afghanistan–India relations]]<br /> [[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]]<br /> [[Category:Economic history of Tajikistan]]<br /> [[Category:Economic history of Afghanistan]]<br /> [[Category:History of transport in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Historic trails and roads in India]]<br /> [[Category:History of Gujarat]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashmi_Thackeray&diff=474274 2026-01-02T08:35:56Z

<p>LoganConger6625: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian journalist}}{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rashmi Thackeray<br /> | image = Uddhav Thackeray, Rashmi Thackeray at Esha Deol's wedding reception 07 (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | birth_name = Rashmi Patankar<br /> | birth_date = 29.02.1963<br /> | birth_place = [[Dabhol]], [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | office = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Spouse of Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start = 28 November 2019<br /> | term_end = 29 June 2022<br /> | 1blankname = [[Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Amruta Fadnavis]]<br /> | successor = [[Eknath Shinde|Lata Shinde]]<br /> | office1 = Editor-in-chief of ''[[Saamana]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/rashmi-thackeray-takes-over-as-saamana-editor/articleshow/74431953.cms | title=Rashmi Thackeray takes over as Saamana editor | work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] | author=Chaitanya Marpakwar | date=2 March 2020 | accessdate=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Marmik]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-saamana-maharashtra-cms-wife-rashmi-thackeray-named-editor-of-marmik-too-2525843.html | title=After Saamana, Maharashtra CM's Wife Rashmi Thackeray Named Editor of Marmik Too | publisher=News18 | date=4 March 2020 | accessdate=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | term_start1 = 2020<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]|1989}}<br /> | children = 2, including [[Aaditya Thackeray]]<br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = ''See [[Thackeray Family]]''<br /> | alma_mater = Vinayak Ganesh Vaze Autonomous College of Arts, Science &amp; Commerce, [[Mulund|Mulund East]]<br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Commerce|B. Com.]]<br /> | occupation = [[Journalist]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rashmi Thackeray''' ([[née]] '''Patankar''') is an Indian journalist and the editor-in-chief of ''[[Saamana]]'' and ''[[Marmik]]''. She is the spouse of [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Former Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[Uddhav Thackeray]] and the mother of [[Aaditya Thackeray]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> The daughter of businessman Madhav Patankar of [[Dombivli]], she attended V G Vaze College in [[Mulund]] for her [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree. She joined the [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] as a contract employee in 1987. A friend of [[Raj Thackeray]]'s sister, Jaywanti, she met [[Uddhav Thackeray]]. The couple got married in 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/rashmi-thackeray-behind-uddhav-thackerays-success-a-woman-with-dignity/articleshow/72268497.cms | title=Rashmi Thackeray: Behind Uddhav Thackeray's success a woman | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 November 2019 | accessdate=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-rise-and-rise-of-rashmi-thackeray-1652561-2020-03-05 | title=The rise and rise of Rashmi Thackeray | work=India Today | author=Kiran Tare | date=5 March 2020 | accessdate=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rashmi-thackeray-shiv-sena-aaditya-thackeray-maharashtra-elections-uddhav-thackeray-6304384/ | title=Rashmi Thackeray: Mrs Surefire | work=The Indian Express | author=Vishwas Waghmode | date=8 March 2020 | accessdate=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple have two sons, [[Aditya Thackeray|Aditya]] (Former [[Cabinet Minister]] of [[Tourism]] and [[Natural environment|Environment]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]) and Tejas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Uddhav-May-Shift-to-New-House-After-LS-Elections/2014/04/09/article2157222.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202220/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Uddhav-May-Shift-to-New-House-After-LS-Elections/2014/04/09/article2157222.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2014 | title=Uddhav May Shift to New House After LS Elections | newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |place=Mumbai | date=9 April 2014 | accessdate=25 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Thackeray, Rashmi}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Spouses of Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Thackeray family]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women editors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&diff=452804 2025-12-30T05:08:10Z

<p>LoganConger6625: basic adjusted details and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;none&quot; is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[BP:SDNONE]] --&gt;<br /> {{See also|Indian Army during World War II|History_of_the_Indian_gay_Force#World_War_II_(1939%E2%80%931945)|l2=Indian Airforce in World War II|History_of_the_Indian_Navy#The_Royal_Indian_Navy_in_World_War_II|l3=Indian Navy during World War II|Propaganda and India in World War II}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> [[File:1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg|thumb|220px|Infantrymen of the 1/5 [[Maratha Light Infantry]] during training, Florence, Italy, 28 August 1944]]<br /> [[File:Indian_Airforce_Pilots_after_a_mission_in_Burma_during_WW2.jpg|thumb|Indian Airforce Pilots after a mission during the [[Burma Campaign]]]]<br /> [[File:Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg|thumb|Victory Week Parade in Delhi to celebrate the final defeat of the [[Axis powers]], March 1946.]]<br /> [[File:Indian women training for air raid precautions (ARP) duties in Bombay, 1942. IND1492.jpg|thumb|right|Indian women training for air raid precautions (ARP) duties in Bombay, 1942.]]<br /> [[File:NH Karanjia ARP Warden Service Bombay.jpg|thumb|alt=ARP Warden Service Efficiency Warrant issued to NH Karanjia, Bombay, June 1942 with Acknowledgement of Gratitude Card|ARP Warden Service Efficiency Warrant issued to NH Karanjia, Bombay, June 1942 with Acknowledgement of Gratitude Card]]<br /> <br /> During the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945), India was a part of the [[British Empire]]. [[British Raj|British India]] officially declared war on [[Nazi Germany]] in September 1939.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kux&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last = Kux<br /> |first = Dennis<br /> |title = India and the United States: estranged democracies, 1941–1991<br /> |year = 1992<br /> |publisher = DIANE Publishing, 1992<br /> |isbn = 978-1-4289-8189-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; India, as a part of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Nations]], sent over two and a half million soldiers to fight under British command against the [[Axis powers]]. India was also used as the base for American operations in support of China in the [[China Burma India Theater]].<br /> <br /> Indians fought throughout the world, including in the [[European theatre of World War II|European theatre against Germany]], [[North African Campaign]] against [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|fascist Italy]], and in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|southeast Asian theatre]]; while also defending the [[Indian subcontinent]] against the Japanese forces, including [[British Burma]] and the [[Crown colony of Ceylon]]. Indian troops were also redeployed in former colonies such as [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]], with the Japanese surrender in August 1945, after the [[end of World War II]]. Over 87,000 Indian troops, and 3 million [[civilians]] died in World War II.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104004037/http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx |date=4 November 2015 }}, page 44. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Diya|date=8 November 2019|title=Hunger, starvation and Indian soldiers in World War II|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/hunger-starvation-and-indian-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-11573191681653.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145753/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/hunger-starvation-and-indian-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-11573191681653.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Claude Auchinleck|Sir Claude Auchinleck]], former [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], stated that [[United Kingdom|Britain]] &quot;couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Indian Army in the Second World War |url=https://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php/ |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619233546/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php |archive-date=19 June 2016 |access-date=23 October 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print |title=Armed and ready |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524192004/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There was pushback throughout India to expending lives supporting the colonial British Empire in Africa and Europe amidst movements for Indian independence. Particularly, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] sought alliance with the [[Soviet Union]] and then ultimately with [[Nazi Germany]] as a tool for subverting the British empire. Many factions of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] did support [[Nazi Germany]] during the war, most notably the so-called [[Indian Legion]] which Bose was instrumental in creating and which was incorporated for some time as a division of the [[Waffen-SS]].&lt;ref name=Douds&gt;{{cite journal|last=Douds |first=G. J. |title=The men who never were: Indian POWs in the Second World War|journal=South Asia|year=2004|doi=10.1080/1479027042000236634|volume=27|issue=2 |pages=183–216|s2cid=144665659 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Marquess of Linlithgow]], [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], declared war on Germany on India's behalf in September 1939, an action for which he was criticised by elements of the Indian National Congress for not consulting the Indian people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Basanta Kumar |title=India's Response To The British Offer Of August 1940 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1979 |volume=40 |pages=717–719 |jstor=44142017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Political parties such as the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] supported the British war effort while the largest and most influential political party existing in India at the time, the [[Indian National Congress]], demanded independence before it would help Britain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Broad|first=Roger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIQlDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT202|title=Volunteers and Pressed Men: How Britain and its Empire Raised its Forces in Two World Wars|date=27 May 2017|publisher=Fonthill Media|isbn=978-1-78155-396-1|location=United Kingdom|pages=|language=en|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205525/https://books.google.com/books?id=PIQlDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT202|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Manu|first=Bhagavan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-Hn4rjCI8C&amp;pg=PT14|title=The Peacemakers: India And The Quest For One World|date=2 March 2012|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-469-7|location=India|pages=|language=en|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205526/https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-Hn4rjCI8C&amp;pg=PT14|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; London refused, and when Congress announced a &quot;Quit India&quot; campaign in August 1942, tens of thousands of its leaders were imprisoned by the British for the duration. Meanwhile, under the leadership of Indian leader [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], Japan set up an army of Indian [[Prisoner of war|POWs]] known as the [[Indian National Army]] which fought against the British. In 1943, a major [[Bengal famine of 1943|famine in Bengal]] led to between 0.8 and 3.8 million deaths due to starvation, and a highly controversial issue remains regarding [[Winston Churchill]]'s decision not to provide emergency food relief.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=16 June 2015|title=Has India's contribution to WW2 been ignored?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33105898|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173231/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33105898|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Vimal |last2=Tiwari |first2=Amar Deep |last3=Aadhar |first3=Saran |last4=Shah |first4=Reepal |last5=Xiao |first5=Mu |last6=Pai |first6=D. S. |author7-link=Dennis P. Lettenmaier |last7=Lettenmaier |first7=Dennis |title=Drought and Famine in India, 1870–2016 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=28 February 2019 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=2075–2083 |doi=10.1029/2018GL081477 |bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.2075M |s2cid=133752333 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018GL081477 |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205525/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018GL081477 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indian participation in the Allied campaign remained strong. The financial, industrial and military assistance of India formed a crucial component of the British campaign against Nazi Germany and [[Imperial Japan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-KPH1i56VAC|title=Churchill, Roosevelt and India: Propaganda During World War II|first=Auriol|last=Weigold|date=6 June 2008|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-0-203-89450-7|via=Google Books|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205525/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-KPH1i56VAC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; India's strategic location at the tip of the Indian Ocean, its large production of armaments, and its huge armed forces played a decisive role in halting the progress of Imperial Japan in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asian theatre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oa1IkbtVPnYC&amp;pg=PA772|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: F-L|first=Cathal J.|last=Nolan|date=21 April 2019|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30742-3|via=Google Books|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205525/https://books.google.com/books?id=oa1IkbtVPnYC&amp;pg=PA772|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Indian Army during World War II]] was one of the largest Allied forces contingents which took part in the [[North African Campaign|North]] and [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]], [[Western Desert Campaign]]. At the height of the second World War, more than 2.5 million Indian troops were fighting Axis forces around the globe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&amp;pg=PA361|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|first=Thomas M.|last=Leonard|date=21 April 2019|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-57958-388-0|via=Google Books|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228075350/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&amp;pg=PA361|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the end of the war, India emerged as the world's fourth largest industrial power and its increased political, economic and military influence paved the way for its independence from the United Kingdom in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po-8Pxqvy_cC&amp;dq=india+world+war+2&amp;pg=PA33 |title=India: Emerging Power - By Stephen P. Cohen |isbn=0-8157-9839-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515070555/https://books.google.com/books?id=Po-8Pxqvy_cC&amp;pg=PA33&amp;dq=india+world+war+2&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;client=firefox-a |url-status=live |last1=Cohen |first1=Stephen P. |date=13 May 2004 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian servicemen who served in the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, and the Indian Air Force during World War II and still had service period remaining at the time of [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence]] would go on to become serving members of the future armies, navies, and air forces of post-[[Partition of India|Partition]] India and Pakistan.<br /> <br /> ==Quit India movement==<br /> [[File:Gandhi, Patel and Maulana Azad Sept 1940.jpg|thumb|Prominent Indian leaders, including Gandhi, Patel and Maulana Azad, denounced Nazism as well as British imperialism.]]<br /> The [[Indian National Congress]], led by [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Maulana Azad]], denounced [[Nazi Germany]] but would not fight it or anyone else until India was independent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Frank Moraes|title=Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0us3TambWogC&amp;pg=PA266|year=2007|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|page=266|isbn=978-81-7992-695-6|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520042713/https://books.google.com/books?id=0us3TambWogC&amp;pg=PA266|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Congress launched the [[Quit India Movement]] in August 1942, refusing to co-operate in any way with the government until independence was granted. The government, not ready for this, immediately arrested over 60,000 national and local Congress leaders, and then moved to suppress the violent reaction of Congress supporters. Key leaders were kept in prison until June 1945, although Gandhi was released in May 1944 because of his health. Congress, with its leaders incommunicado, played little role on the home front. Unlike the predominately Hindu Congress, the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] rejected the Quit India movement and worked closely with the Raj authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Sankar Ghose|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&amp;pg=PA114|year=1993|publisher=Allied Publishers|pages=114–18|isbn=978-81-7023-343-5|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617045217/https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&amp;pg=PA114|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Supporters of the British Raj argued that decolonisation was impossible in the middle of a great war. So, in 1939, the British Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow declared India's entry into the War without consulting prominent Indian Congress leaders who were just elected in previous elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kux&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] (also called Netaji) had been a top Congress leader. He broke up with the Congress and tried to form a military alliance with Germany or Japan to gain independence. Bose, with the assistance of Germany, formed the [[Indian Legion]] from Indian students in [[Axis powers|Axis]] occupied Europe and Indian Army prisoners of war. With German reversals in 1942 and 1943, Bose and the Legion's officers were transported by U boat to Japanese territory to continue his plans. Upon arrival, Japan helped him set up the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) which fought under Japanese direction, mostly in the [[Burma Campaign]]. Bose also headed the [[Provisional Government of Free India]], a government-in-exile based in [[Singapore]]. It controlled no Indian territory and was used only to raise troops for Japan.&lt;ref&gt;Leonard A. Gordon, ''Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat &amp; Subhas Chandra Bose'' (2000)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==British Indian Army==<br /> {{main|British Indian Army}}<br /> {{See also|Indian Army during World War II|List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II}}<br /> [[File:Indian Army volunteers, 1943 (c).jpg|thumb|left|Recruits line up to enlist with the [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]], 1943.]]<br /> In 1939 the [[British Indian Army]] numbered 205,000 men. It took in volunteers and by 1945 was the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 3.35 million men.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=Compton McKenzie | title=Eastern Epic| publisher=Chatto &amp; Windus, London | year=1951 }}, p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; These forces included tank, artillery and airborne forces.<br /> <br /> Over World War II, officers and soldiers of the [[British Indian Army]] received 6,000 awards for gallantry. These included a total of 31 [[Victoria Cross]]es, the highest award in British and Commonwealth Forces for operational gallantry.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccww&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Sherwood |first=Marika |author-link=Marika Sherwood |title=Colonies, Colonials and World War Two |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702084539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml |archive-date=2 July 2012 |access-date=8 October 2009 |publisher=BBC History}}&lt;/ref&gt; British, Indian, Nepalese as well as future Pakistani soldiers and officers of the British Indian Army taken together account for these Victoria Crosses, as well for the other thousands of gallantry awards attributed to the British Indian Army. Indians were also awarded the [[George Cross]], the highest award for non-operational gallantry and equivalent to the Victoria Cross. Significantly, in World War II, several Indian officers also received the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO). The DSO was a level 2A order-cum-decoration, second only to the Victoria Cross, that could be bestowed only upon commissioned officers for operational gallantry and leadership under conditions of actual combat. The DSO became available to Indian officers largely following the gradual [[Indianisation (British India)|Indianisation]] of the officer ranks of the British Indian Army 1923 onwards. A rare exception was [[Hiraji Cursetji]], an Indian military surgeon who was awarded the DSO during World War I. Level 3A decorations awarded to Indian officers in World War II included the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (DSC), the [[Military Cross]] (MC), and the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC). Other high military recognitions included appointments as officers or members of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (shortened as OBE and MBE respectively), both of which ranked below the DSO but above the level 3A decorations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Awards and decorations of the British Armed Forces |date=29 April 2024 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awards_and_decorations_of_the_British_Armed_Forces&amp;oldid=1221408951 |access-date=19 May 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===South-East Asian theatre===<br /> [[File:The Far East- Singapore, Malaya and Hong Kong 1939-1945 A30522.jpg|thumb|An Indian prisoner of war from [[Hong Kong]] after liberation in 1945.]]<br /> The British Indian Army was the key British Empire fighting presence in the [[Burma Campaign]]. The Royal Indian Air force's first assault mission was carried out against Japanese troops stationed in Burma. The [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|British Indian Army]] was key to breaking the siege of [[Imphal]] when the westward advance of Imperial Japan came to a halt.<br /> <br /> The formations included the [[Indian III Corps]], [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]], the [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|Indian XXXIII Corps]] and the Fourteenth Army. As part of the new concept of Long Range Penetration (LRP), Gurkha troops of the Indian Army were trained in the present state of Madhya Pradesh under their commander (later Major General) Orde Charles Wingate.<br /> <br /> These troops, popularly known as ''[[Chindits]]'', played a crucial role in halting the Japanese advance into South Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Peter Liddle |url=https://archive.org/details/greatworldwar19100pete |title=The Great World War, 1914–45: Lightning strikes twice |author2=J. M. Bourne |author3=Ian R. Whitehead |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-00-472454-6 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Capture of Indian territory====<br /> {{Main|Invasion and occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II|Battle of Kohima|Battle of Imphal}}<br /> <br /> By 1942, neighbouring [[Burma]] was invaded by Japan, which by then had already captured the Indian territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Japan gave nominal control of the islands to the [[Provisional Government of Free India]] on 21 October 1943, and in the following March, the [[Indian National Army]] with the help of Japan crossed into India and advanced as far as [[Kohima]] in [[Nagaland]]. This advance on the mainland of South Asia reached its farthest point on Indian territory, with the Japanese finally retreating from the [[Battle of Kohima]] and near simultaneous [[Battle of Imphal]] in June 1944.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen638&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Louis |title=Burma: The Longest War |date=1998 |publisher=Phoenix Giant |isbn=978-0753802212 |page=638}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Recapture of Axis-occupied territory====<br /> In 1944–45, Japan was under heavy air bombardment at home and suffered massive naval defeats in the Pacific. As its Imphal offensive failed, harsh weather and disease and withdrawal of air cover (due to more pressing needs in the Pacific) also took its toll on the Japanese and remnants of the INA and the [[Burma National Army]]. In spring 1945, a resurgent British army recaptured the occupied lands.&lt;ref&gt;Edward M. Young and Howard Gerrard, ''Meiktila 1945: The Battle To Liberate Burma'' (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards ====<br /> For the highest gallantry in the South East Asian theatre, the Victoria Cross was awarded to [[Fazal Din]], [[Abdul Hafiz (VC)|Abdul Hafiz]], [[Karamjeet Judge]], [[Ganju Lama]], [[Bhandari Ram]], [[Sher Shah (VC)|Sher Shah]], [[Gian Singh (soldier)|Gian Singh]], [[Nand Singh]], [[Parkash Singh]], [[Prakash Singh Chib]], [[Ram Sarup Singh]], and [[Umrao Singh]]. In the same theatre, the George Cross was awarded to [[Mateen Ansari]], [[Islam-ud-Din]], [[Abdul Rahman (GC)|Abdul Rahman]], and [[Mahmood Khan Durrani]] (future Pakistan Army officer).<br /> <br /> For their gallant leadership and personal bravery in different battles during the Burma Campaign, the DSO was awarded to [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|Kondandera Subayya Thimayya]] (future [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]], Indian Army), [[Lionel Protip Sen]] (future [[Chief of the General Staff (India)|CGS]], Indian Army), [[S. P. P. Thorat|S.P.P. Thorat]] (future CGS, Indian Army), [[Harbans Singh Virk]], and [[Sarbjit Singh Kalha]]. [[Siri Kanth Korla]], a future division commander of the Indian Army during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistani War]], was awarded the DSO, the MC, and two Mentions in Dispatches for gallantry in different episodes of this Campaign. The Indian DSO winners in Burma also included [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]], future leader of Pakistani irregular forces in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48]] as well as a future [[Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)|CGS]], Pakistani Army.<br /> <br /> [[Gurbakhsh Singh]] was awarded the DSO and appointed as an OBE for leading a contingent the British Indian Army in Japanese captivity in Singapore, and for preventing defection of his men to the [[Indian National Army]] during this internment. [[Abrar Hussain (general)|Abrar Hussain]], a future divisional commander of the Pakistan Army in the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war, was appointed as an MBE for a similar feat with interned personnel of the 2/10 Baluch in Singapore.<br /> <br /> [[K. M. Cariappa|K.M. Cariappa]], the future second [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshall of the Indian Army]], was appointed as an OBE for non-combat service in this theatre.<br /> <br /> [[Mian Hayaud Din|Miyan Hayaud Din]], another future CGS, Pakistan Army, was appointed as MBE and awarded the MC for his actions in Burma.<br /> <br /> [[Sam Manekshaw]] (the future first Field Marshall of the Indian Army) and [[A. A. K. Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]], who would go on to lead the Indian and Pakistani armies respectively during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani War]], were both awarded the MC in the Burma Campaign. [[N. C. Rawlley|Naveen Chand Rawlley]], future [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|VCOAS]], Indian Army, was also awarded the MC in Burma.<br /> <br /> ===Middle East and African theatre===<br /> [[File:Indian troops in North Africa parade with a Boys anti-tank rifle and 'Molotov cocktail' petrol bombs, 6 October 1940. E699.jpg|thumb|left|Indian troops in North Africa, 6 October 1940.]]<br /> {{Main|Western Desert Campaign|Anglo-Iraqi War|Syria–Lebanon campaign|East African Campaign (World War II)|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran}}<br /> <br /> The British government meanwhile sent Indian troops to fight in [[West Asia]] and northern Africa against the Axis. India also geared up to produce essential goods such as food and uniforms. <br /> <br /> The [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th]], [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th]] and [[10th Indian Infantry Division|10th]] Indian Divisions took part in the [[Western Desert Campaign|North African theatre]] against Rommel's [[Afrika Korps]]. In addition, the [[18th Indian Infantry Brigade]] of the 8th Indian Division fought against the Afrika Korps at Deir el-Shein. Although they were overrun, they bought valuable time for the rest of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British 8th Army]] to prepare the defences for what was to be the [[First Battle of El Alamein]], halting the German advance in Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=18 Indian Infantry Brigade Group (1942) |url=http://bmh.uk.webeasy.slightlydifferent.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2018/05/18-Indian-Infantry-Brigade-1942.pdf |website=bmh.uk.webeasy.slightlydifferent.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, the 4th and 5th Indian Divisions took part in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] against the Italians in [[Somaliland]], [[Eritrea]] and [[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]] capturing the mountain fortress of Keren. In the [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]], Indian gunners played an important role by using guns in the anti tank role and destroying tanks of Rommel's panzer divisions.<br /> <br /> Indian units also took part in the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]], [[Syria-Lebanon campaign]], and [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]].<br /> <br /> ==== Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards ====<br /> [[Premindra Singh Bhagat]] (future co-author of the [[Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report|Henderson Brooks - Bhagat report]]), [[Richhpal Ram]], and [[Chhelu Ram]] were awarded the Victoria Cross in the Middle East and African Theatre.<br /> <br /> [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|PP Kumaramangalam]] and [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja|Rajendrasinjhi Jadeja]] (both future COAS, Indian Army), and [[Vidya Dhar Jayal]], a future brigade commander of the Indian Army during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|1947-48 Indo-Pakistani War]], were awarded the DSO in this theatre.<br /> <br /> [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri|Jayanto Nath Chaudhari]], future COAS, Indian Army, was appointed as an OBE for gallant service in the Middle East.<br /> <br /> [[Muhammad Musa (general)|Muhammad Musa]] (future head of the Pakistani Army during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistani war]]) was appointed as an MBE for his action in the Middle East.<br /> <br /> ===Invasion of Italy===<br /> [[File:German prisoners being escorted by Indian troops after the Battle of the Sangro 1943.jpg|thumb|German prisoners being escorted by Indian troops after the Battle of the Sangro, Italy, December 1943.]]<br /> Indian forces played a role in liberating Italy from Nazi control. India contributed the third largest Allied contingent in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] after US and British forces. The [[4th Indian Infantry Division|4th]], [[8th Indian Infantry Division|8th]] and [[10th Indian Infantry Division|10th]] Divisions and [[43rd Gurkha Infantry Brigade]] led the advance, notably at the gruelling [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]. They fought on the [[Gothic Line]] in 1944 and 1945.<br /> <br /> ==== Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards ====<br /> [[Yeshwant Ghadge|Yashwant Ghadge]], [[Namdeo Jadav|Namdeo Jadhav]], [[Kamal Ram]], and [[Ali Haidar (VC)|Ali Haider]] (future Pakistani Army officer) were awarded the Victoria Cross during the Invasion of Italy. [[Subramanian (GC)|Subramaniam]] and [[Ditto Ram]] were awarded the George Cross for actions in Italy.<br /> <br /> [[Thakur Mahadeo Singh]], future first native commandant of the [[Indian Military Academy]], was awarded the DSO for actions in Italy.<br /> <br /> [[Kashmir Singh Katoch]], future VCOAS, Indian Army, was awarded the MC in Italy. [[Bakhtiar Rana]], future corps commander of the Pakistan Army in West Pakistan during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, was also awarded the MC in this theatre.<br /> <br /> == Royal Indian Air Force ==<br /> {{main|Royal Indian Air Force}}<br /> [[File:Air Ministry Second World War Official Collection CI75.jpg|thumb|left|[[World War II]] photo: [[Arjan Singh]] (middle) as Flight Lieutenant. He went on to become [[Marshal of the Air Force]].]]<br /> During [[World War II]], the IAF played an instrumental role in halting the advance of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in [[Myanmar|Burma]], where the first IAF air strike was executed. The target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], after which IAF strike missions continued against the Japanese airbases at [[Mae Hong Son]], [[Chiang Mai]] and [[Chiang Rai]] in northern [[Thailand]].<br /> <br /> The IAF was mainly involved in [[Airstrike|strike]], [[close air support]], [[aerial reconnaissance]], [[bomber escort]] and pathfinding missions for RAF and [[China Burma India Theater#USAAF Order of Battle|USAAF]] heavy bombers. RAF and IAF pilots would train by flying with their non-native air wings to gain combat experience and communication proficiency. Besides operations in the [[Burma campaign|Burma Theatre]] IAF pilots participated in air operations in [[North African campaign|North Africa]] and [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]].&lt;ref name=rafmuseum&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/|title=Royal Indian Air Force|publisher=RAF Museum|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126223359/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Pilots of No.263 Squadron RAF.jpg|thumb|right|Pilots of [[No. 263 Squadron RAF|No. 263 Squadron]] pose in front of their Typhoon. Pilot Officer Thyagarajan, an Indian pilot is seated on the engine cowling]]<br /> [[File:Pilots of No. 83 Squadron RAF.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|83 Squadron aircrew in front of their [[List of surviving Avro Lancasters#Surviving aircraft 2|Lancaster R5868]], Squadron Leader Shailendra Eknath Sukthankar, an Indian Navigator stands in the middle.}}]]<br /> <br /> During the war, the IAF experienced a phase of steady expansion. Many Indian airmen in the Royal Air Force were seconded or transferred to the expanding IAF. New aircraft added to the fleet included the US-built [[Vultee A-31 Vengeance|Vultee Vengeance]], [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas Dakota]], the British [[Hawker Hurricane]], [[Supermarine Spitfire]], [[Bristol Blenheim]], and [[Westland Lysander]].<br /> <br /> [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] sent [[Indian National Army]] [[Tokyo Cadets|youth cadets]] to Japan to train as pilots. They went on to attend the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Academy]] in 1944.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Reviews/810-Burma-to-Japan.html Burma to Japan with Azad Hind: A War Memoir (1941–1945)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713173707/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Reviews/810-Burma-to-Japan.html |date=13 July 2022 }} Air Cmde R S Benegal MVC AVSM&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In recognition of the valiant service by the IAF, [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]] conferred the [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] &quot;Royal&quot; in 1945. Thereafter the IAF was referred to as the ''Royal Indian Air Force''. In 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force.&lt;ref name=Ahluwalia2012&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sabUQ7zKUvsC&amp;pg=PA41|title=Airborne to Chairborne: Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator-Lawyer of the Indian Air Force|last=Ahluwalia|first=A.|date=2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-9657-2|page=41|language=en|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427153944/https://books.google.com/books?id=sabUQ7zKUvsC&amp;pg=PA41|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Post war, [[No. 4 Squadron IAF]] was sent to Japan as part of the [[Occupation of Japan|Allied Occupation forces]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=No 4 Squadron (Oorials) |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=7 |website=[[Indian Air Force]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005819/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=7 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=17 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards ===<br /> In addition to the IAF, many native Indians and some 200 Indians resident in Britain volunteered to join the [[RAF]] and [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]] (WAAF). One such officer volunteer was Assistant Section Officer [[Noor Inayat Khan]], a pacifist of Indian origin who joined the WAAF, in November 1940, to fight against Nazism. Noor Khan served bravely as a secret agent with the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) in France, but was eventually betrayed, captured, and executed by the Nazis.&lt;ref name=&quot;rafmuseum&quot; /&gt; She was posthumously awarded the George Cross.<br /> <br /> [[Mehar Singh (IAF officer)|Mehar Singh]], Indian flying prodigy, was awarded the DSO for his actions in Burma.<br /> <br /> [[Karun Krishna Majumdar]], the first Indian to reach the rank of Wing Commander, was awarded the DFC &amp; bar. [[Arjan Singh]] (future [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]]), [[Pratap Chandra Lal]] (future chief of the IAF during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971), and [[Ramaswamy Rajaram]] (future [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|VCAS]], IAF) were awarded the DFC in Burma. The brothers [[Aspy Engineer]] and [[Minoo Merwan Engineer|Minoo Merwam Engineer]], who both later became Air Marshalls of the IAF, were also awarded the DFC.<br /> <br /> == Royal Indian Navy ==<br /> {{main|Royal Indian Navy}}<br /> <br /> [[File:HMIS Bombay (305827).jpg|thumb|[[HMIS Bombay (J249)|HMIS ''Bombay'']] in [[Sydney Harbour]], 1942.]]<br /> [[File:Commonwealth Forces in Burma IND4428.jpg|thumb|Royal Indian Naval personnel on board a landing craft during combined operations off [[Myebon]], [[Burma]], January 1945.]]<br /> [[File:The Allied Occupation of Japan IND5225.jpg|thumb|[[HMIS Sutlej]] leaves [[Hong Kong]] for Japan as part of the Allied forces of occupation.]]<br /> <br /> In 1934, the Royal Indian Marine changed its name, with the enactment of the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act of 1934. The Royal Indian Navy was formally inaugurated on 2 October 1934, at Bombay.&lt;ref name=bhatia28&gt;Bhatia (1977), p. 28&lt;/ref&gt; Its ships carried the prefix '''HMIS''', for His Majesty's Indian Ship.&lt;ref name=collins&gt;D. J. E. Collins, ''The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–45'', vol. 1 (Bombay, 1964)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the start of the [[World War II|Second World War]], the Royal Indian Navy was small, with only eight warships. The onset of the war led to an expansion in vessels and personnel described by one writer as &quot;phenomenal&quot;. By 1943 the strength of the RIN had reached twenty thousand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Mollo|page=144|title=Naval, Marine and Air Force uniforms of World War 2|year=1976|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-02-579391-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> During the War, the [[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]] was established, for the first time giving women a role in the navy, although they did not serve on board its ships.&lt;ref name=bhatia28/&gt;<br /> <br /> During the course of the war six anti-aircraft sloops and several fleet minesweepers were built in the United Kingdom for the R.I.N. After commissioning, many of these ships joined various escort groups operating in the northern approaches to the British Isles. {{HMIS|Sutlej|U95|6}} and {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}}, each armed with six-high angle 4&quot; guns, were present during the Clyde &quot;Blitz&quot; of 1941 and assisted the defence of this area by providing anti-aircraft cover. For the next six months these two ships joined the Clyde Escort Force, operating in the Atlantic and later the Irish Sea Escort Force where they acted as the senior ships of the groups. While engaged on these duties, numerous attacks against U-boats were carried out and attacks by hostile aircraft repelled. At the time of action in which the [[German battleship Bismarck|Bismarck]] was involved, the Sutlej left Scapa Flow, with all despatch as the senior member of a group, to take over a convoy from the destroyers which were finally engaged in the sinking of the Bismarck.&lt;ref name=Collins248&gt;The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, p. 248&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later {{HMIS|Cauvery|U10|6}}, {{HMIS|Kistna|U46|6}}, {{HMIS|Narbada|U40|6}}, {{HMIS|Godavari|U52|6}}, also antiaircraft sloops, completed similar periods in the U.K. waters escorting convoys in the Atlantic and dealing with attacks from hostile U-boats, aircraft and glider bombs. These six ships and the minesweepers all eventually proceeded to India carrying out various duties in the North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Cape stations en route. The fleet minesweepers were {{HMIS|Kathiawar|J155|6}}, {{HMIS|Kumaon|J164|6}}, {{HMIS|Baluchistan|J182|6}}, {{HMIS|Carnatic|J199|6}}, {{HMIS|Khyber|J190|6}}, {{HMIS|Konkan|J228|6}}, {{HMIS|Orissa|J200|6}}, {{HMIS|Rajputana|J197|6}}, {{HMIS|Rohilkhand|J180|6}}.&lt;ref name=Collins248 /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[HMIS Bengal (J243)|HMIS Bengal]] was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]] during World War II, and escorted numerous convoys between 1942 and 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last = Kindell |first = Don |url = http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm |title = Eastern Fleet – January to June 1943 |work = Admiralty War Diaries of World War 2 |access-date = 4 May 2021 |archive-date = 11 August 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210811105610/http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Sloop-of-war|sloops]] {{ship|HMIS|Sutlej|U95|6}} and {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} played a role in [[Operation Husky]], the Allied invasion of [[Sicily]] by providing air defence and anti-submarine screening to the invasion fleet.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wewerethere.mod.uk/wewerethere_old/inmed.html Inmed] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124112038/http://www.wewerethere.mod.uk/wewerethere_old/inmed.html |date=24 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Collins252&gt;The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 –Collins, p. 252&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Furthermore, the Royal Indian Navy participated in convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean and was heavily involved in combat operations as part of the [[Burma Campaign]], carrying out raids, shore bombardment, naval invasion support and other activities culminating in [[Operation Dracula]] and the mopping up operations during the final stages of the war.&lt;ref name=Collins255&gt;The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, pp. 255–316&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Royal Indian Naval combat losses ===<br /> The sloop [[P-class sloop|HMIS ''Pathan'']] sunk in June 1940 by the Italian Navy Submarine [[Brin-class submarine|''Galvani'']] during the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]]&lt;ref name=r&amp;h23&gt;Rohwer &amp; Hummelchen, p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rin3945&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html#contents |title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945, Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War |last=Collins |first=D.J.E. |section=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India &amp; Pakistan) |date=1964 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221150642/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html#contents |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1940-11-20a.1988.4|title=House of commons debate - Indian, Burman, and Colonial War Effort.|work=[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|date=20 November 1940|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504210446/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1940-11-20a.1988.4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/ships/indian.htm |title=Fighting the U-boats = Indian Naval forces |work=Uboat.net |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513155405/https://www.uboat.net/allies/ships/indian.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the days immediately following the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]], {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|6}} was patrolling the [[Laccadive Islands]] in search of Japanese ships and submarines. At midnight on 9 December 1941, [[HMS Glasgow]] sank the RIN patrol vessel [[HMIS Prabhavati]] with two lighters in tow en route to Karachi, with 6-inch shells at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). Prabhavati was alongside the lighters and was mistaken for a surfaced Japanese submarine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/22394.html|title=Allied Warships – HMIS Prabhavati|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516063510/https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/22394.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Collins96&gt;The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, p. 96&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maccart153&quot;&gt;Neil MacCart, ''Town Class Cruisers'', Maritime Books, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-904-45952-1}}, p. 153&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{HMIS|Indus|U67|6}} was sunk by Japanese aircraft during [[Burma Campaign]] on 6 April 1942.&lt;ref name=Collins&gt;{{cite book|last=Collins|first=J.T.E.|title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945|series=Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War|year=1964|publisher=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India and Pakistan)|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=21 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221150642/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Royal Indian Naval successes ===<br /> {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} was ordered in 1939, and built by [[William Denny and Brothers]]. She was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] in 1941,&lt;ref name=ub&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3915.html |title=HMIS Jumna (U 21) |website=uboat.net |access-date=6 April 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924172913/https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3915.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and with [[World War II]] underway, was immediately deployed as a convoy escort. ''Jumna'' served as an anti-aircraft escort during the [[Dutch East Indies campaign|Java Sea campaign]] in early 1942, and was involved in intensive anti-aircraft action against attacking Japanese twin-engined level bombers and dive bombers, claiming five aircraft downed from 24 to 28 February 1942.<br /> <br /> In June 1942 {{HMIS|Bombay|J249 |6}} was involved in the defence of Sydney Harbour during the [[attack on Sydney Harbour]].<br /> <br /> On 11 November 1942, ''Bengal'' was escorting the Dutch tanker [[MV Ondina|''Ondina'']]&lt;ref name=Visser&gt;{{cite web |last=Visser |first=Jan |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/ondina.html |title=The Ondina Story |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321233336/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/ondina.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; to the southwest of Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean. Two Japanese [[commerce raider]]s armed with six-inch guns attacked ''Ondina''. ''Bengal'' fired her single four-inch gun and ''Ondina'' fired her 102&amp;nbsp;mm and both scored hits on ''[[Hōkoku Maru]]'', which shortly blew up and sank.&lt;ref name=Visser/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first= Klemen |last= L |date= 2000 |title= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html |access-date= 4 May 2021 |archive-date= 26 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 February 1944, the [[Japanese submarine Ro-110|Japanese submarine RO-110]] was depth charged and sunk east-south-east off Visakhapatnam, India by the Indian sloop {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} and the Australian minesweepers [[HMAS Launceston (J179)|HMAS Launceston]] and [[HMAS Ipswich (J186)]]. RO-110 had attacked convoy JC-36 (Colombo-Calcutta) and torpedoed and damaged the British merchant Asphalion (6274 GRT).&lt;ref name=ub /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, p. 309&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 August 1944 the [[German submarine U-198|German submarine ''U-198'']] was sunk near the [[Seychelles]], in position 03º35'S, 52º49'E, by [[depth charge]]s from {{HMIS|Godavari|U52|6}} and the British frigate [[List of River-class frigates|HMS Findhorn]].&lt;ref name=uboat&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3922.html|title=HMIS ''Godavari'' (U 52) of the Royal Indian Navy – Indian Sloop of the Black Swan class – Allied Warships of WWII – uboat.net|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515114448/https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3922.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Collins/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards ====<br /> [[HMS Choudri]], the future first native Commander-in-Chief of the [[Pakistan Navy|Pakistani Navy]], was appointed as an MBE for his services in the Royal Indian Navy in 1945.<br /> <br /> [[Nilakanta Krishnan]], future commander of the Indian Navy in the Bay of Bengal during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, was awarded the DSC in 1941.<br /> <br /> ==Collaboration with the Axis powers==<br /> {{See also|Indian National Army|Indische Legion|Battaglione Azad Hindoustan}}<br /> Several leaders of the radical [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary Indian independence movement]] broke away from the main Congress and went to war against Britain. [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], once a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress, volunteered to help Nazi Germany and Japan; he claimed in speeches that Britain's opposition to Nazism and Fascism was &quot;hypocrisy&quot;, since Britain was itself denying individual liberties to Indians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bose&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last = Bose<br /> |first = Subash Chandra<br /> |title = Azad Hind: writings and speeches, 1941–43<br /> |publisher = Anthem Press<br /> |year = 2004<br /> |isbn = 978-1-84331-083-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, he argued that it was not Germany and Japan but the [[British Raj]] which was the enemy, since the British were over-exploiting Indian resources for the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bose&quot;/&gt; Bose suggested that there was little possibility of India being attacked by any of the Axis powers provided it did not fight the war on Britain's side.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bose&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Japanese atrocities imperial war museum K9923.jpg|thumb|Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army who refused to join the INA were executed by the Japanese.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Aldrich|first=Richard J.|title=Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC|access-date=6 November 2013|year=2000|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=371|isbn=978-0-521-64186-9|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022021951/https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> [[Nazi Germany]] was encouraging but gave little help. Bose then approached the [[Empire of Japan]] at Tokyo, which gave him control of Indian forces it had organised.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last = Horn<br /> |first = Steve<br /> |title = The second attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K and other Japanese attempts to bomb America in World War II<br /> |publisher = Naval Institute Press<br /> |year = 2005<br /> |isbn = 978-1-59114-388-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Indian National Army]] (INA), formed first by [[Mohan Singh Deb]], consisted initially of prisoners taken by the Japanese in Malaya and at [[Fall of Singapore|Singapore]] who were offered the choice of serving the INA by Japan or remaining in very poor conditions in POW camps. Later, after it was reorganised under Subhas Chandra Bose, it drew civilian volunteers from Malaya and Burma. Ultimately, a force of under 40,000 was formed, although only two divisions ever participated in battle. Intelligence and special services groups from the INA were instrumental in destabilising the British Indian Army in the early stages of the Arakan offensive. It was during this time that the British Military Intelligence began propaganda work to shield the true numbers who joined the INA,{{vn|date=June 2022}} and also described stories of [[Japanese war crimes|Japanese brutalities]] that indicated INA involvement. Further, the [[Indian press]] was [[sedition|prohibited from publishing]] any accounts whatsoever of the INA.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> As the Japanese offensive opened, the INA was sent into battle. Bose hoped to avoid set-piece battles for which it lacked arms, armament as well as man-power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=292, 298}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, he sought to obtain arms as well as increase its ranks from British Indian soldiers he hoped would defect to his cause. Once the Japanese forces were able to break the British defences at Imphal, he planned for the INA to cross the hills of [[North-East India]] into the [[Gangetic plain]], where it was to work as a guerrilla army and expected to live off the land, garner support, supplies, and ranks from amongst the local populace to ultimately touch off a revolution.<br /> <br /> Prem Kumar Sahgal, an officer of the INA once Military secretary to [[Subhas Bose]] and later tried in the first [[Red Fort trials]], explained that although the war itself hung in balance and nobody was sure if the Japanese would win, initiating a popular revolution with grass-root support within India would ensure that even if Japan lost the war ultimately, Britain would not be in a position to re-assert its colonial authority, which was ultimately the aim of the INA and [[Azad Hind]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-263-1580-05, Atlantikwall, Soldaten der Legion &quot;Freies Indien&quot;.jpg|thumb|Troops of the [[Indische Legion]] guarding the [[Atlantic Wall]] in France in March 1944. Subhas Chandra Bose initiated the legion's formation, intended to serve as a liberation force from the British occupation of India.]]<br /> <br /> As Japan opened its offensive towards India, the INA's first division, consisting of four Guerrilla regiments, participated in [[Second Arakan Offensive|Arakan offensive]] in 1944, with one battalion reaching as far as Mowdok in [[Chittagong]]. Other units were directed to Imphal and Kohima, as well as to protect Japanese flanks to the south of Arakan, a task it successfully carried out. However, the first division suffered the same fate as did Mutaguchi's Army when the siege of Imphal was broken. With little or no supplies and supply lines deluged by the Monsoon, harassed by Allied air dominance, the INA began withdrawing when the 15th Army and [[Burma Area Army]] began withdrawing, and suffered the same terrible fate as wounded, starved and diseased men succumbed during the hasty withdrawal into Burma. Later in the war however, the INA's second division, tasked with the defence of [[Irrawaddy Delta|Irrawaddy]] and the adjoining areas around Nangyu, was instrumental in opposing Messervy's [[7th Indian Infantry Division]] when it attempted to cross the river at Pagan and Nyangyu during the successful [[Burma Campaign#Central front 1944/45|Burma Campaign]] by the Allies the following year. The 2nd division was instrumental in denying the [[17th Indian Infantry Division]] the area around [[Mount Popa]] that would have exposed the flank of Kimura's forces attempting to retake Meiktila and Nyangyu. Ultimately however, the division was obliterated. Some of the surviving units of the INA surrendered as Rangoon fell, and helped keep order till the allied forces entered the city. The other remnants began a long march over land and on foot towards Singapore, along with Subhas Chandra Bose. As the Japanese situation became precarious, Bose left for Manchuria to attempt to contact the Russians, and was reported to have [[Death of Subhash Chandra Bose|died in an air crash near Taiwan]].<br /> <br /> The only Indian territory that the Azad Hind government controlled was nominally the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. However, they were bases for the Japanese Navy, and the navy never relinquished control. Enraged with the lack of administrative control, the Azad Hind Governor, Lt. Col. Loganathan, later relinquished his authority. After the War, a number of officers of the INA were tried for treason. However, faced with the possibility of a massive civil unrest and a mutiny in the Indian Army, the British officials decided to release the prisoners-of-war; in addition, the event became a turning point to expedite the process of transformation of power and independence of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date=October 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Bengal famine==<br /> {{main|Bengal Famine of 1943}}<br /> [[File:Bengal famine 1943 photo.jpg|thumb|Child who starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943.]]<br /> The region of Bengal in India suffered a devastating famine from 1943 to 1944. Some of the key reasons for this famine are:<br /> <br /> # Japanese invasion of Burma which cut off food and other essential supplies to the region;<br /> # British export of food and material for the war in Europe;<br /> # British denial orders destroying essential food transportation throughout the Eastern region;<br /> # British banned transfer of grain from other provinces, turning down offers of grain from Australia;<br /> # mismanagement by British Indian regional governments;<br /> # constructing 900 airfields (2000 acres each) taking that huge amount of land out of agriculture in a time of dire need;<br /> # price inflation caused by war production<br /> # increase in demand partially as a result of refugees from Burma and Bengal.<br /> <br /> The British government denied an urgent request from [[Leopold Amery]], the Indian secretary of state, and [[Archibald Wavell]], the Viceroy of India, to stop exports of food from Bengal in order that it might be used for famine relief. [[Winston Churchill]], then prime minister, dismissed these requests in a fashion that Amery regarded as &quot;[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]-like,&quot; by asking why, if the famine was so horrible, [[Gandhi]] had not yet died of starvation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/08/13/exit-wounds|title=Exit Wounds|first=Pankaj|last=Mishra|magazine=The New Yorker |date=6 August 2007|via=www.newyorker.com|access-date=21 April 2019|archive-date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706122849/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/08/13/070813crbo_books_mishra?currentPage=3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indian Economist [[Amartya Sen]] (1976) challenged this orthodoxy, reviving the claim that there was no shortage of food in Bengal and that the famine was caused by inflation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan|url-access=registration|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12078-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Princely states==<br /> [[File:Maharaja with kids and women from Poland.jpg|thumb|[[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji|Maharaja Jam Sahib]] celebrates Christmas with Polish children he rescued from Soviet camps, 1943]]<br /> During World War II, in 1941, the British presented a captured German BF 109 single-engined fighter to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], in return for the funding of 2 RAF fighter squadrons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-mystery-behind-the-history-plane--------/15988/ | title=A mystery behind the history plane | author=Manu Pubby | publisher=Indian Express | date=4 November 2006 | access-date=12 October 2015 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305203920/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-mystery-behind-the-history-plane--------/15988/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There was a campsite for Polish refugees at [[Memorial Pillar (Valivade)|Valivade]], in [[Kolhapur State]], it was the largest settlement of Polish refugees in India during the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Piotrowski&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Piotrowski|first=Tadeusz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kefzi0_vwIC&amp;q=%22Jamnagar%22+polish&amp;pg=PA126|title=The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World|year=2015 |publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5536-2|language=en|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713173708/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kefzi0_vwIC&amp;q=%22Jamnagar%22+polish&amp;pg=PA126|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Phadnis|first=Samrat|date=13 February 2014|title=Over 70 Polish refugees to visit city in March, relive WW-II memories|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202041706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms|archive-date=2 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Deshpande|first=Devidas|date=31 July 2011|title=The last Pole of Valivade|work=Pune Mirror|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020125307/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms|archive-date=20 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another such campsite for Polish refugee children was located in [[Balachadi]], it was built by [[K. S. Digvijaysinhji]], Jam Saheb Maharaja of [[Nawanagar State]] in 1942, near his summer resort. He gave refuge to hundreds of Polish children rescued from Soviet camps (Gulags).&lt;ref name=&quot;Piotrowski&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ol2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Little Warsaw Of Kathiawar | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | date=20 December 2010 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/little-warsaw-of-kathiawar/268578 | access-date=7 May 2016 | archive-date=21 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521142631/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/little-warsaw-of-kathiawar/268578 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;docv2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Good Maharaja saves Polish children – beautiful story of A Little Poland in India | website=newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl | date=10 November 2013 | url=http://newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/good_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi;jsessionid=A6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p | access-date=7 May 2016 | archive-date=16 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516221156/http://newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/good_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi;jsessionid=A6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The campsite is now part of the [[Sainik School, Balachadi|Sainik School]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ss2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Origin and History | website=Welcome to Sainik School Balachadi | date=27 April 2016 | url=http://www.ssbalachadi.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=51&amp;Itemid=73 | access-date=7 May 2016 | archive-date=25 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325224352/http://ssbalachadi.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=51&amp;Itemid=73 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == 1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan ==<br /> From 1944 to 1945, Daru Khan Badinzai led an insurgency against the authorities of the Raj. It began in the first half of 1944, when rebels of the Badinzai tribe began interfering with road construction on the British side of the Balochistan border.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjyQAAAAMAAJ|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs – reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Eastern Affairs, January 1944 – June 1944|last1=Preston|first1=Paul|last2=Partridge|first2=Michael|last3=Yapp|first3=Malcolm|date=1997|publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=978-1-55655-671-5|page=141|language=en|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814121922/https://books.google.nl/books?id=jjyQAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The insurgency had subsided by March 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs – reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Eastern affairs, July 1944 – March 1945|last1=Preston|first1=Paul|last2=Partridge|first2=Michael|last3=Yapp|first3=Malcolm|date=1997|publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=978-1-55655-671-5|page=348|language=en|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725002439/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Mazrak Zadran's invasion of India ==<br /> {{See also|Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947}}<br /> In 1944, the Southern and Eastern provinces of Afghanistan entered a state of turmoil, with the [[Zadran (Pashtun tribe)|Zadran]], [[Safi (Pashtun tribe)|Safi]] and [[Mangal tribe|Mangal]] tribes rising up against the Afghan government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite periodical |last=Giustozzi |first=Antonio |title=Afghanistan: transition without end |periodical=Crisis States Working Papers |date=November 2008 |page=13 |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp40.2-afghanistan-transition-without-end.pdf |s2cid=54592886}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the leaders of the revolt was the Zadran chieftain, [[Mazrak Zadran]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x000072|title=Coll 5/73 'Afghan Air Force: Reports on' [57r] (113/431)|date=21 December 2016|website=Qatar Digital Library|language=en|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226143235/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x000072|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; who opted to invade British India in late 1944. There he was joined by a Baloch chieftain, Sultan Ahmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHeQAAAAMAAJ|title=British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the foreign office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East 1947. Afghanistan, Persia and Turkey, January 1947 – December 1947|last=Yapp|first=Malcolm|date=2001|publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=978-1-55655-765-1|page=34|language=en|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725001329/https://books.google.com/books?id=cHeQAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mazrak was forced to retreat back into Afghanistan due to British aerial bombardment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs – reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Eastern affairs, July 1944 – March 1945|last1=Preston|first1=Paul|last2=Partridge|first2=Michael|last3=Yapp|first3=Malcolm|date=1997|publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=978-1-55655-671-5|page=348|language=en|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725002439/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Propaganda and India in World War II]]<br /> * [[Burma Campaign]]<br /> * [[U Go offensive]]<br /> * [[Bombing of Calcutta]]<br /> * [[Indian Army during World War II]]<br /> * [[List of Indian divisions in World War I]]<br /> * [[Military history of India]]<br /> * [[Military production during World War II]]<br /> * [[Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar. ''From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India'' (2004) {{ISBN?}}<br /> * Barkawi, Tarak. &quot;Culture and Combat In the Colonies: The Indian Army In the Second World War,&quot; ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (2006) 41#2 pp 325–355 {{doi|10.1177/0022009406062071}} [https://cambridge.academia.edu/TarakBarkawi/Papers/267472/Culture_and_Combat_In_the_Colonies_The_Indian_Army_In_the_Second_World_War online]<br /> * Bhatia, Harbans Singh, ''Military History of British India, 1607–1947'' (1977) {{ISBN?}}<br /> * Brown, Judith M. ''Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy'' (1994)<br /> * Brown, Judith M. ''Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope'' (1991) {{ISBN?}}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Fay<br /> | given1 = Peter W.<br /> | year = 1993<br /> | title = The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945.<br /> | publisher = Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.<br /> | isbn = 0-472-08342-2<br /> }}.<br /> * Collins, D.J.E. ''The Royal Indian Navy'' (1964 [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html online official history]<br /> * Gopal, Sarvepalli. ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography'' (1976)<br /> * Herman, Arthur. '' Gandhi &amp; Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age'' (2009), pp 443–539.<br /> * {{Cite book| title = India-Burma| first = David W.| last = Hogan| url = http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm| publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]| id = CMH Pub 72-5| series = World War II Campaign Brochures| location = Washington D.C.| access-date = 14 June 2010| archive-date = 19 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719212652/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm}}<br /> * Jalal, Ayesha. ''The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan'' (1993),<br /> * James, Lawrence. ''Raj: the making and remaking of British India'' (1997) pp 545–85, narrative history.<br /> * Joshi, Vandana. &quot;[https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/memory-and-memorialisation-interment-and-exhumation-propaganda-and-politics-during-wwii-through-the-lens-of-international-tracing-service-its-collections/ Memory and Memorialisation, Interment and Exhumation, Propaganda and Politics during WWII through the lens of International Tracing Service (ITS) Collections]&quot;, in ''[https://www.projekt-mida.de/rechercheportal/reflexicon/ MIDA Archival Reflexicon]'' (2019), pp.&amp;nbsp;1–12.<br /> * Judd, Dennis. ''The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947'' (2004)<br /> * Karnad, Raghu. ''Farthest Field – An Indian Story of the Second World War'' (Harper Collins India, 2015) {{ISBN|93-5177-203-9}}<br /> * Khan, Yasmin. ''India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War'' (2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/India-At-War-Subcontinent-Second/dp/0199753490/ excerpt]; also published as ''The Raj At War: A People's History Of India's Second World War'' (2015)' [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=45255 online review]<br /> * Marston, Daniel. ''The Indian Army and the end of the Raj'' (Cambridge UP, 2014).<br /> * Moore, Robin J. &quot;India in the 1940s&quot;, in Robin Winks, ed. ''Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography'' (2001), pp.&amp;nbsp;231–242<br /> * Mukerjee, Madhusree. ''Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II'' (2010).<br /> * Raghavan, Srinath. ''India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia'' (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/dp/046503022X/sr=1-1/qid=1466893522/ excerpt]<br /> * Read, Anthony, and David Fisher. ''The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence'' (1999) detailed scholarly history of 1940–47<br /> * Roy, Kaushik. &quot;Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II.&quot; ''Journal of Military History'' 73.2 (2009): 497–529.<br /> * Voigt, Johannes. ''India in The Second World War'' (1988).<br /> * Wolpert, Stanley A. ''Jinnah of Pakistan'' (2005). {{ISBN?}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|India in World War II|'''India in World War II'''}}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |list =<br /> {{World War II}}<br /> {{British Empire WWII battles}}<br /> {{WWII history by nation}}<br /> {{Azad Hind Fauj}}<br /> {{India topics}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:India In World War II}}<br /> [[Category:India in World War II| ]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of India during World War II|.01]]<br /> [[Category:British Empire in World War II| ]]<br /> [[Category:British India|World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving India|World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving British India|World War II]]<br /> [[Category:1940s in India|World War II]]<br /> [[Category:1940s in British India|World War II]]<br /> [[Category:History of the Indian Army|World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of World War II]]<br /> [[Category:World War II military history by country]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dying_to_Be_Me&diff=458526 2025-12-29T03:30:56Z

<p>LoganConger6625: rework details based on references and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Dying To Be Me<br /> | image = <br /> | writer = Deva Katta<br /> | starring = [[Smita]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]<br /> | director = [[Deva Katta]]<br /> | producer = I-Candy<br /> | released = {{Film date|2015|8|14|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 2 minutes 6 seconds<br /> | cinematography = Satish Mutyala<br /> | editing = S. R. Sekkhar<br /> | language = English<br /> | music = K. K. <br /> | budget =<br /> }}<br /> '''''Dying To Be Me''''' is a 2015 Indian English-language [[short film]] written and directed by [[Deva Katta]], starring [[Smita]] and [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]. The film highlights woman empowerment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/why-every-indian-woman-and-man-should-watch-this-short-film-1208966|title=Why Every Indian Woman, and Man, Should Watch This Short Film|author=Subuhi Parvez|date=19 August 2015|work=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/singer-smitas-short-film-tells-us-why-women-india-need-independence-too-33443|title=Singer Smita's short film tells us why women in India need independence too|first=T. N. M.|last=Staff|date=17 August 2015|website=The News Minute}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/today/dyingtobeme-shortfilm.html|title=Dying to be me short film - Telugu cinema news|website=idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/a-film-that-seeks-a-fair-deal-for-the-fair-sex/article7548908.ece|title=A film that seeks a fair deal for the fair sex|date=16 August 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> At dinner, former housewife Shipa tells her husband Varun that she got a job at Red Star Tech as a software developer, but Varun dissuades her from accepting it as it is a &quot;male&quot; job. Varun's image of a &quot;female&quot; job is taking care of his parents and their future kids. Shilpa then goes into deep thought and remembers her life doing all of the chores of the house including washing the dishes, making food, and doing laundry. She also reminisces on her free time watching serials and reading the book ''Dying To Be Me'' by [[Anita Moorjani]]. Shipa tells Varun that she is taking up the job as she has the liberty to do so.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Smita]] as Shilpa<br /> *[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Varun<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> [[Category:2015 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2015 films]]<br /> [[Category:2015 short films]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian short films]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAAC_rating_bribery_case&diff=519566 2025-12-14T13:34:35Z

<p>LoganConger6625: Added new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian bribery scandal}}<br /> '''NAAC rating bribery case''' is the investigation and arrests of the chairman and six members of a [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] Inspection Committee, who were accused of accepting bribes in return for favorable accreditation ratings for various Indian universities and higher education institutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-02-01 |title=CBI arrests 10 people including JNU professor in NAAC rating bribery case, raids 20 locations {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/cbi-arrests-10-people-including-jnu-professor-in-naac-rating-bribery-case-raids-20-locations-11738426195353.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201235546/https://www.livemint.com/news/cbi-arrests-10-people-including-jnu-professor-in-naac-rating-bribery-case-raids-20-locations-11738426195353.html |archive-date=2025-02-01 |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> On 1 February 2025, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] arrested the chairman and six members of a ''National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) Inspection Committee'', over allegations of bribery for a favorable NAAC rating.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-03 |title=NAAC Officials Demanded Bribes for A++ Rating: CBI |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/naac-officials-demanded-bribes-for-a-ratingcbi |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agency conducted raids across 20 locations in India, including Chennai, Bangalore, and New Delhi, recovering {{INRConvert|37|l}} in cash, gold, mobile phones, and laptops. The bribes were allegedly given by office bearers of a [[Guntur]]-based educational foundation which operates [[KL University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-01 |title=CBI Arrests NAAC Inspection Panel Chairman, JNU Professor Among 10 Over Bribe For Accreditation |url=https://news.abplive.com/cities/cbi-arrests-naac-inspection-panel-chairman-jnu-professor-among-10-over-bribe-for-accreditation-seizes-rs-37-lakh-1748479 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2025-02-02 |title=KLEF management charged with colluding with NAAC team to get good ranking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/klef-management-charged-with-colluding-with-naac-team-to-get-good-ranking/article69172877.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh Manral |first=Mahender |date=2025-02-03 |title=JNU prof demanded Rs 1.80 crore for favourable report by NAAC inspection team: CBI in FIR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/naac-inspection-team-head-took-rs-10-lakh-for-favourable-report-cbi-in-fir-9814017/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Investigation ==<br /> According to the [[first information report]] filed by the CBI, arrests were made involving academicians from [[KL University]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Jagran Lakecity University]], [[Davangere University]], and [[Sambalpur University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=JNU professor, NAAC inspection committee chairman among those held in corruption case by CBI |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/news-detail/jnu-professor-naac-inspection-committee-chairman-among-those-held-in-corruption-case-by-cbi |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite news |last=Deeksha |first=Johanna |date=2023-04-01 |title=How colleges in India bribe assessors to get higher grades |url=https://scroll.in/article/1082766/how-colleges-in-india-bribe-assessors-to-get-higher-grades |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{Corruption in India}}<br /> {{crime-stub}}<br /> [[Category:Corruption in India]]<br /> [[Category:Bribery scandals]]<br /> [[Category:2025 crimes in India]]<br /> [[Category:Scandals in India]]<br /> [[Category:Fraud in India]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role&diff=503588 2025-11-29T13:23:46Z

<p>LoganConger6625: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Television Academy award}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> |name=[[Indian Television Academy Award|ITA Award]] for Best Actor in a Negative Role<br /> |awarded_for=Best Performance by a male actor in a Negative Role on Television<br /> |image=<br /> |image_size=200<br /> |image_upright=<br /> |caption=<br /> |presenter=<br /> |country=[[India]]<br /> |year=[[Makrand Deshpande]] for [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]] (2005)<br /> |holder= [[Nikitin Dheer]] for [[Shrimad Ramayan]] (2024)<br /> |website=[http://indiantelevisionacademy.com Indian Television Academy Awards]}}<br /> '''ITA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role''' is an [[award]] given by [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] for TV serials, to recognize a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a negative role, that is in the role of an [[antagonist]].<br /> <br /> == Winners ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year <br /> !Actor <br /> !Character <br /> !Show <br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2005<br /> |[[Makarand Deshpande]]<br /> |Maneater<br /> |[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=324|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2005|last=|first=|date=|website=www.gr8mag.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2006<br /> |[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]]<br /> |Rishabh Lamba<br /> |[[Viraasat (2006 TV series)|Virasaat]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=325|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2006|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> |[[Rajesh Khattar]]<br /> |Kishan Katara<br /> |[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=326|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2007|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> |[[Mukul Dev]]<br /> |Pulkit<br /> |[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=327|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2008|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> |[[Sudesh Berry]]<br /> |Loha Singh<br /> |''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevisionacademy3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2009 |website=Indian Television Academy |access-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909212242/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009 |archive-date=9 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> |[[Anupam Shyam]]<br /> |Thakur Sajjan Singh<br /> |''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevisionacademy4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |archive-date=20 August 2010 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2010 |website=Indian Television Academy |access-date=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> |[[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]]<br /> |I.M. Virani<br /> |''[[Mukti Bandhan]]''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevisionacademy5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2011 |website=Indian Television Academy |access-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070936/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |archive-date=26 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> |[[Karanvir Bohra]]<br /> |Viraj Dobriyal<br /> |''[[Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava?]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2012 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards, 2012 |publisher=The Indian Television Academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021114031/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2012 |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> |[[Mohit Raina]]<br /> |[[Jalandhara]]<br /> |''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/photos-indian-television-academy-awards-2013-winners-list-123200.html|title=Photos: Indian Television Academy Awards 2013 Winners; Karan, Jennifer, Kapil, Comedy Nights...|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=24 October 2013|website=filmibeat.com|language=en|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223121013/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/photos-indian-television-academy-awards-2013-winners-list-123200.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> |[[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]]<br /> |Rajnath Goenka<br /> |''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Narayan |first1=Girija |title=14th Indian Television Awards 2014: Complete Winners List, Beintehaa, Comedy Nights With Kapil |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/14th-indian-television-awards-2014-complete-winner-list-beintehaa-comedy-nights-kapil-163188.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=22 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |[[Mohit Malik]]<br /> |Samrat Singh Rathore<br /> |''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ITA Awards 2015: Karan Patel bags Best Romantic Actor trophy; list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/ita-awards-2015-karan-patel-anita-hassanandani-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-radhika-madan-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-win-big-261571-2015-09-07 |website=India Today |access-date=22 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> |[[Vineet Kumar]]<br /> |Kailash Kashyap<br /> |''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Second season of '24' dominates Indian Television Academy Awards 2016|website=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Second-season-of-24-dominates-Indian-Television-Academy-Awards-2016/articleshow/55427626.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115055012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Second-season-of-24-dominates-Indian-Television-Academy-Awards-2016/articleshow/55427626.cms|archive-date=15 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> |[[Denzil Smith]]<br /> |Rashid Jamal<br /> |''[[P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-shabbir-ahluwalia-emerge-big-winners-see-pics-video-4374865/|title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Shabbir Ahluwalia emerge big winners, see pics, video|date=2016-11-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> |[[Aamir Dalvi]]<br /> |Zafar<br /> |''[[Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|title=ITA Awards 2018 winners list: Surbhi Chandna, Divyanka Tripathi, Harshad Chopda win big|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26|agency=Ist}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |[[Manish Wadhwa]]<br /> |[[Kans]]<br /> |[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=A |first1=Nagarathna |title=ITA Awards 2019 Winners Light: Helly Shah, Shivangi Joshi, Ashi-Randeep, Kapil And Others Win Big |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2019/ita-awards-2019-winners-list-helly-shah-shivangi-joshi-ashi-randeep-kapil-sharma-others-win-big-pics/articlecontent-pf303061-291645.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=22 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |colspan=4 |Not awarded<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[Vaibhav Mangle]]<br /> |Kulkarni Sarkar<br /> |[[Mere Sai]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 21st ITA Awards 2021 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-21st-ita-awards-2021/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[Shakti Anand]]<br /> |Amber Singh<br /> |[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 22nd ITA Awards 2022 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-22nd-ita-awards-2022/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |Rakesh Paul<br /> |Yogesh Mehra<br /> |[[Na Umra Ki Seema Ho]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 23rd ITA Awards 2023 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-23rd-ita-awards-2023/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[Nikitin Dheer]]<br /> | Ravan<br /> |''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards|best actor negative role]]<br /> [[Category:Television awards for Best Actor]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartik_Oraon&diff=461629 2025-10-31T04:39:57Z

<p>LoganConger6625: quick rework formatting per sources and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1924–1981)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Kartik Oraon<br /> | succeeded1 = [[Sumati Oraon]]<br /> | birth_place = Littatoli village, [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]] {{small|(modern-day [[Jharkhand]], [[India]])}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1981|12|08| 1924|10|12}}<br /> | birth_date = 29 October 1924<br /> | parents = Jaira Oraon (father)&lt;br/&gt;Birsi Oraon (mother)<br /> | caption = Portrait of Kartik Oraon<br /> | image = Karthik Oraon (cropped).jpg<br /> | preceded1 = [[Laloo Oraon]]<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Lok Sabha]], [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga constituency]]<br /> | termstart1 = 1980<br /> | termend1 = 1981<br /> | successor = [[Laloo Oraon]]<br /> | predecessor = [[David Munzni]]<br /> | termend = 1977<br /> | termstart = 1967<br /> | death_place = [[AIIMS]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Baba Kartik Oraon''' (29 October 1924{{Spaced en dash}}8 December 1981)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=झारखंड के आदिवासियों के मसीहा थे कार्तिक उरांव, जयंती आज |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/gumla/1218970 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=29 October 2015 |language=hi |trans-title=Karthik Oraon was the messiah of tribals of Jharkhand, birth anniversary today}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an [[Indian politician]] and an ''[[Adivasi]]'' leader&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2819.htm.|access-date=2020-08-20|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}{{dead link|date=July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; from the [[Indian National Congress]]. He also participated in the [[Indian freedom movement]] of 1947. Oraon founded the '''Akhil Bharatiya Adivasi Vikas Parishad''' organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uttar Bengal Adivasi Vikas Parisad|url=https://www.facebook.com/1580766338851071/photos/a.1586862521574786/1631289767132061/?type=3 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/1580766338851071/1631289767132061 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Facebook}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Oraon was born in a village named Karounda Littatoli in [[Gumla district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India, into the [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kartik Oraon|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159043/12/12_chapter%207.pdf|access-date=5 October 2020|website=Shodhganga|publisher=First Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; His was the fourth child of his father, Jaira Oraon, and mother, Birsi Oraon. He was named Kartik because he was born in the month of [[Kaartika|Kartik]] of the [[Hindu calendar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> After completing high school in [[Gumla]] in 1942, Oraon passed Intermediate examination from Science College, [[Patna]], and completed a bachelor of engineering degree from [[Bihar College of Engineering]], Patna. He continued his studies and acquired a number of qualifications from institutions in the United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-10-31 |title=महान जननायक थेे कार्तिक उरांव |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/JHA-RAN-MAT-latest-ranchi-news-025502-769899-NOR.html/ |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |trans-title=The great people's leader was Kartik Urav}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was considered one of the most educated men of the Kurukh community for his foreign education and his use of the [[Oraon Sadri]] and [[Kurukh language]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Borde |first=Radhika |date=October 2019 |title=New Roles for Indigenous Women in an Indian Eco-Religious Movement |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/10/554/pdf |journal=Religions |volume=10 |number=10 |publisher=MDPI |pages=554–|doi=10.3390/rel10100554 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Oraon held several official positions and represented Lohardaga constituency in the [[Parliament of India]] several times. He was minister for aviation and communication of the [[Government of India]]. He died in [[New Delhi]] on 8 December 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shri Kartik Oraon MP biodata Lohardaga-STShri Kartik Oraon Member of Parliament (MP) from Lohardaga-ST (Bihar) Biodata|website=Entrance India|date=26 December 2018|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-kartik-oraon-member-of-parliament-mp-from-lohardaga-st-bihar-biodata/|access-date=2020-08-20}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was three times a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament in the Lok Sabha]] from the [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]] constituency. He was also known by the name of ''Baba Kartik Saheb''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gautam |first=Shivaji |title=Kartik Oraon A National Leader of Jharkhand |publisher=Disha International Publishing House |year=2016 |isbn=9789384782610 |location=New Delhi |translator-last=Devi Ram |translator-first=Rajesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Electoral history<br /> ! Election<br /> ! House<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! %<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]]<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> | 129,038<br /> | 51.46<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> | 77,391<br /> | 30.97<br /> | {{lost}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> | 102,376<br /> | 53.77<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> | 62,260<br /> | 39.80<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> | 41,804<br /> | 31.74<br /> | {{Lost}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | [[Bishunpur Assembly constituency|Bishunpur]]<br /> | 25,701<br /> | 62.69<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Commons category|Kartik Oroan}}<br /> * [[List of people from Jharkhand]]<br /> * [[Kurukh people]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Modern Hindu writers|Kartik Oroan=Kartik Oran}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Oraon, Kartik}}<br /> [[Category:People from Lohardaga district]]<br /> [[Category:1981 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:1924 births]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gumla district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Adivasi politicians]]</div>

LoganConger6625 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_85_(India)&diff=456099 2025-10-09T14:25:45Z

<p>LoganConger6625: adjusted page for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National highway in India}}<br /> {{maplink|display=title|text=Route map|type=line}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox road<br /> | country = IND<br /> | type = NH<br /> | route = 85<br /> | length_km = 468<br /> | map_custom = yes<br /> | map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q25207402|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 85}}<br /> | map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red<br /> | direction_a = West<br /> | terminus_a = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]<br /> | direction_b = East<br /> | terminus_b = [[Thondi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | junction = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{jct|NH|185|country=IND}} in [[Adimali]]<br /> * {{jct|NH|183|country=IND}} in [[Theni]]<br /> * {{jct|NH|785|country=IND}} in [[Madurai]]<br /> * {{jct|NH|36|country=IND}} in [[Sivaganga]]<br /> }}<br /> | destinations = [[Ernakulam]] – [[Muvattupuzha]] – [[Kothamangalam]] – [[Adimali]] – [[Munnar]] – [[Devikulam]] – [[Bodinayakkanur]] – [[Theni]] – [[Usilampatti]] – [[Madurai]] – [[Sivaganga]] – [[Thondi]]<br /> | states = [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | previous_type = NH<br /> | previous_route= 66<br /> | next_type = NH<br /> | next_route = 32<br /> | ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|20}}&lt;br&gt;{{Jct|country=IND|AH|43}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''National Highway 85''' (Old name NH 49 or '''NH 85''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in southern India. It links [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]] with [[Thondi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Kochi–Theni Greenfield Highway]] has been proposed to decongest the traffic between the [[Kochi]] and [[Munnar]] stretch on the NH 85.<br /> <br /> == Route ==<br /> Starting from NH66 intersection in Kundanoor Junction at Maradu, Kochi, Ernakulam, Kolenchery, Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam, Neriamangalam, Adimali, Munnar, Devikulam, Poopara in Kerala. Bodi, Theni, Andippatti, Usilampatti, Madurai, Thiruppuvanam, Sivagangai, Kalayarkoil, and ending at Thondi&lt;ref name=&quot;New Numbers&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=Govt of India |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=21 Aug 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; at NH32 intersection in Tamil Nadu. <br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Munnar Gap road ksrtmun2k24 (53).jpg|In [[Kannan Devan Hills]], [[Idukki district]], Kerala<br /> Munnar Gap road ksrtmun2k24 (71).jpg|Gap Road in [[Chinnakanal]], Idukki district, Kerala<br /> File:Ziz jaz man made - panoramio.jpg|Winding road of NH 85 in [[Theni district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> {{wide image|Munnar Tea Plantations-IMG 20250321 093255.jpg|500px|Tea plantations viewed from NH85 in [[Munnar]], Idukki district, Kerala||none}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of national highways in India]]<br /> * [[Kochi–Theni Greenfield Highway]]<br /> * [[National Highways Development Project]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh49-driving-directions-map.html] NH 85 on MapsofIndia.com<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA0JOk6HQWtSpmukPQ1TNOGC7zGnQGKZh&amp;si=45rdfcuwCl5q58NT Playlist of the National Highway 85 (India)] - YouTube<br /> {{Indian Highways Network}}<br /> {{IND NH85 sr}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:National highways of India]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Roads in Ernakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:Roads in Idukki district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-NH-stub}}</div>

LoganConger6625