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List of Maratha rulers

2026-05-07T20:16:23Z

Locweld:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = [[Chhatrapati]]
| native_name = {{lang|mr|मराठा छत्रपती}} {{small|{{transliteration|mr|Marāṭhā Chatrapatī}}}}
| realm = [[Maratha Empire]]
| coatofarms = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Shivaji seal, reproduction.jpg|100px]]}}
| coatofarmssize = 100px
| coatofarmscaption = Imperial coat of arms (''Rajmudra'')
| image = Chhatrapati Pratapsingh.jpg
| caption = '''Last to reign''' [[Pratap Singh of Satara|Pratap Singh]] 3 May 1808 – 3 June 1818
| first_monarch = [[Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji I]]
| last_monarch = [[Pratap Singh of Satara|Pratap Singh]]
| style = [[Imperial Majesty|His Imperial Majesty]] (राजे) ''Kshatriyakulavanta'' (क्षत्रियकुलवंता) ''Sinhasanadhishwara'' (सिंहसनधीश्वर)
| residence = {{plainlist|
*[[Raigad Fort]] (1674–1708)
*[[Ajinkyatara|Ajinkyatara Fort]] (1708–1818)
*[[Gingee Fort]] (1708–1745; ''de jure'')}}
| appointer = Hereditary
| began = 6 June 1674
| ended = 3 June 1818
| border = imperial
| pretender = *[[Udayanraje Bhosale|Udayanraje Bhonsale of Satara]]
*[[Shahu II of Kolhapur]]
}}

The [[Chhatrapati]] was the [[Absolute monarchy|absolute monarch]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], from the late 17th century to the early 19th century, on the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly corresponding to the modern countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="XWiACEwPR8C p.16">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&q=Tukoji&pg=PR22|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|date=October 10, 2010|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3 |via=Google Books}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Many historians consider [[Peshawar]] to be the final frontier of the Maratha Empire<ref>Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bharatiya Itihasa Samiti, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar – ''[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]]: The Maratha supremacy''</ref>|group=note}} Starting in 1720s, the [[Bhat family|Peshwas]] were instrumental in expanding the Maratha Empire to cover large areas of the Indian subcontinent. Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chhatrapati, but later, they became the generals of the Maratha Army, and the Chhatrapati was reduced to a nominal ruler. Their power rapidly dwindled during the 19th century and later Peshwas also were reduced to nominal ruler under various Maratha nobles and later [[British East India Company]]. The last Peshwa was deposed in 1818.<ref name="pearson">{{Cite journal |first=M. N. |last=Pearson |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |date=February 1976 |pages=221–235 |jstor=2053980 |doi=10.2307/2053980|s2cid=162482005 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28|title=Delhi, the Capital of India|first=John|last=Capper|date=October 10, 1997|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120612822 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|date=October 10, 2010|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

== Chhatrapatis ==

=== Shivaji and his early descendants ===
This is the list of the initial Chhatrapatis.

{| class="wikitable"
! Image
! Name
! Birth
! Reign
! Death
! Notes
|-
| [[File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Shivaji]]''
| 19 February 1630<ref>{{Cite book | editor=Indu Ramchandani | title=Student's Britannica: India (Set of 7 Vols.) 39 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA8 | year=2000 | publisher=Popular Prakashan | isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 | page=8 }}</ref>
| 6 June 1674 – 3 April 1680
| 3 April 1680
| The founder of the Maratha Kingdom, which eventually grew into the [[Maratha Empire ]]. He defeated formidable enemies with a small, skilled army using [[guerrilla warfare]]. Known as the Father of the Indian Navy, he established a strong [[Maratha Navy]], securing coastal trade routes and defending against foreign invaders like the Portuguese and Siddis. His well-planned sea forts, warships, and strategic naval tactics helped the Marathas dominate the Arabian Sea. He appointed [[Kanhoji Angre]] as the Maratha naval chief. His spy network was highly efficient, well-organized, and deeply embedded within enemy territories. He appointed [[Bahirji Naik]] as the head of the intelligence department in the army. Backed by a strong spy network and precise intelligence, he strategically planned and executed the swift and successful [[Sack of Surat]]. His assassination of the Mughal general [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] in the [[Battle of Pratapgad]] during a parlay was achieved through deception.

|-
| [[File:Maharaja Sambhajiraje, late 17th century.png|80px]]
| ''[[Sambhaji]]''
| 14 May 1657
| 16 January 1681 – 11 March 1689
| 11 March 1689
|
|-
| [[File:Chhatrapati Rajaram.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Rajaram I|Rajaram]]''
| 24 February 1670
| 11 March 1689 – 3 March 1700
| 3 March 1700
|
|-
|
| ''[[Shivaji II]] (Regent Tarabai)''
| 9 June 1696
| March 1700 – 1707, 1710–2 August 1714 (Kolhapur State)
| 14 March 1726
|
|-
| [[File:Copy of Shahu (3).jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Shahu I|Shahu]]''
| 18 May 1682
| 12 January 1708 – 15 December 1749
| 15 December 1749
|
|-
|[[File:Chhatrapati Pratapsingh.jpg|80x80px]]
|''[[Pratap Singh of Satara|Pratap Singh]]''
|18 January 1793
|3 May 1808 – 3 June 1818
|14 October 1847
|
|}

=== Chhatrapatis of Satara ===
This is the list of the Chhatrapatis of [[Satara State|Satara]].<ref name="a">Maheshwari, K.K. & K.W. Wiggins (1989). ''Maratha Mints and Coinage'', Nashik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, pp.205–6</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Image
! Name
! Birth
! Reign
! Death
! Notes
|-
| [[File:Copy of Shahu (3).jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Shahu I]]''
| 18 May 1682
| 12 January 1708 – 15 December 1749
| 15 December 1749
|
|-
|
| ''[[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]''
| June 1726
| 15 December 1749 – 11 December 1777
| 11 December 1777
|
|-
|
| ''[[Shahu II of Satara|Shahu II]]''
| 1763
| 11 December 1777 – 3 May 1808
| 3 May 1808
|
|-
| [[File:Chhatrapati Pratapsingh.jpg|80px]]
| ''Pratapsingh''
| 18 January 1793
| 3 June 1818 – 5 September 1839
| 14 October 1847
|
|-
| [[File:Shahaji Appa Saheb Chhatrapati.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Raja Shahaji of Satara|Shahaji]]''
| 1802
| 5 September 1839 – 5 April 1848
| 5 April 1848
|
|}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_Modern_Marathas14.htm|title = The Marathas: Post Shahu Chatrapatis of Satara}}</ref>

=== Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur ===
This is the list of the Chhatrapatis of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]].<ref name="a" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Image
! Name
! Birth
! Reign
! Death
! Notes
|-
|
| ''[[Shivaji II]]''
| 9 June 1696
| 1700–1707, 1710–1714 (Kolhapur State)
| 14 March 1726
|
|-
| [[File:Idols of Sambhaji I of Kolhapur with Queen Jijabai (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Sambhaji II]]''
| 1698
| 1714–1760
| 18 December 1760
|
|-
| [[File:Idol of Shivaji II of Kolhapur.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Shivaji III]]''
| 1756
| 22 September 1762 – 24 April 1813
| 24 April 1813
|
|-
|
| ''[[Sambhaji III]]''
| 1801
| 24 April 1813 – 2 July 1821
| 2 July 1821
|
|-
|
| ''[[Shivaji IV]]''
| 1816
| July 2, 1821 – Jan 03 1822
| January 3, 1822
|
|-
|
| ''[[Shahaji of Kolhapur|Shahaji I]]''
| 22 January 1802
| 3 January 1822 – 29 November 1838
| 29 November 1838
|
|-
| [[File:Shivaji V.gif|80px]]
| ''[[Shivaji V]]''
| 26 December 1830
| 1838–1866
| 4 August 1866
|
|-
| [[File:Rajaram Chatrapati of Kolhapur 01.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Rajaram II of Kolhapur|Rajaram II]]''
| April 13, 1850
| August 18, 1866 – November 30, 1870
| November 30, 1870
|
|-
| [[File:Shivaji VI.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Shivaji VI]]''
| April 5, 1863
| 1871–1883
| December 25, 1883
|
|-
| [[File:Maharajah of Kolhapur 1912.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu IV (overall) Shahu I of Kolhapur]]''
| 26 June 1874
| 2 April 1894 – 6 May 1922
| 6 May 1922
|
|-
| [[File:Rajaram III.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Rajaram III]]''
| 31 July 1897
| 1922–1940
| 26 November 1940
|
|-
| [[File:Shivaji VII.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Shivaji VII]]''
| 22 November 1941
| 31 December 1941 – 28 September 1946
| 28 September 1946
|
|-
| [[File:Shahaji II.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Shahaji II]]''
| 4 April 1910
| 1947–1971
| 9 May 1983
|
|}
[[File:Genealogy of Kolhapur Maharajas.jpg|left|thumb|Genealogy of Kolhapur Chhatrapatis]]
{{clear}}

== Peshwas (Prime Minister) ==

=== Early Peshwas ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Birth
! Reign
! Death
! Notes
|-
|
|[[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]
|1620
|1674–1683
|1683
|
|-
|
|[[Moreshvar Pingale|Nilakanth Moreshvar Pingale]]
|
|1683–1689
|1689
|
|-
|[[File:Ramchandrapant Amatya.jpg|80px]]
|[[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
|1650
|1689–1708
|1716
|
|-jAI GAGADAMB
|1708–1711
|Bahirojipant Pingale
|
|-
|
|[[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi|Parshuram Trimbak Kulkarni]]
|1660
|1711–1713
|1718
|
|-
|}

=== Peshwas (Bhat family) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Birth
! Reign
! Death
! Notes
|-
| [[File:His Highness Balaji Vishwanath Peshwa.jpg|80px]]
| [[Balaji Vishwanath]] (Sixth appointed Peshwa)
| 1 January 1662
| 16 November 1713 – 12 April 1720
| 12 April 1720
| Assisted the [[Sayyid Brothers|Syed Brothers]] in deposing the Mughal Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] in 1719
|-
| [[File:Peshwa Baji Rao I riding horse.jpg|80px]]
| [[Bajirao|Baji Rao I]] (Seventh appointed Peshwa)
| 18 August 1700
| 17 April 1720 – 28 April 1740
| 28 April 1740
| Known as Thorle (elder) Bajirao and acknowledged as the most influential of the nine Peshwas. Said to have fought for the establishment of "Hindu Pad Padshahi"(Hindu Empire). Helped conquer Central India ([[Malwa]]) and [[Rajputana]] and extended his dominions into [[Gujarat]] in the northwest and Deccan in the south. Attacked Delhi in 1737. Fought in over 41 battles and is one of the few to have never lost a single battle. Died at the age of 40 of sudden fever in camp en route to Delhi; he has been commemorated in the form of an equestrian statue erected at [[Shaniwar Wada]] in Pune.
|-
| [[File:Painting at Prince of Wales museum.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nanasaheb Peshwa|Balaji Bajirao]] (Eighth appointed Peshwa)
| 8 December 1720
| August 1740 – 23 June 1761
| 23 June 1761
| Known as Nanasaheb Peshwa. Managed to extend the Maratha territories into most of North-West, East and Central India. Captured [[Attock]] on the banks of the [[Indus River]] and [[Peshawar]] in 1758 in the [[Battle of Attock, 1758]]. Under his leadership, the Maratha Empire reached its peak but his general and cousin lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] against Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761. Contributed to the development of the city of Pune which was the seat of the Peshwas. Built the famous [[Parvati Temple, Pune|Parvati Temple]], Lakdi Pool and established Nana Peth (area) in Pune. Built a water reservoir near [[Katraj]] to provide clean water to Pune city; this 250-year-old system is still functioning.
|-
| [[File:Madhavrao I Peshwa.png|80px]]
| [[Madhavrao I]] (First hereditary Peshwa)
| 15 February 1745
| 23 June 1761 – 18 November 1772
| 18 November 1772
| Fraught with internal dissensions and successful Wars with the [[Nizam]]. During his tenure, Maratha power recovered from the losses suffered during the Third Battle of Panipat, a phenomenon known as Maratha Resurrection. Repaired the recently weakened administration, treasury, and accounts of the Maratha Empire. He died of tuberculosis in 1772; a memorial commemorating his greatness stands at Peshwe Park in Pune. One of the theory says that he was assassinated by her aunt, Anandi Bai (wife of Raghunath Rao).
|-
|  [[File:Narayan Rao.jpg|80px]]
| [[Narayan Rao]]
| 10 August 1755
| 13 December 1772 – 30 August 1773
| 30 August 1773
| [[Assassination of Narayan Rao|Assassinated]] by Gardi guards. Raghunath Rao was in favor of just kidnapping him and accordingly he used the code "DHARA". But Anandi Bai (wife of Raghunath Rao) changed the code to "MAARA". Narayan Rao was assassinated in Shanivar Wada. Nowadays, it is considered one of the haunted place in Maharashtra.
|-
| [[File:Ragonath Row Ballajee.jpg|80px]]
| [[Raghunathrao]]
| 18 August 1734
| 5 December 1773 – 28 May 1774
| 11 December 1783
| Responsible for extending the Maratha empire to the zenith in the North as a General and also saw the decline of Maratha power in North India. Deposed by [[Nana Phadnis]] and 11 other administrators in what is now called "The Baarbhai Conspiracy"
|-
| [[File:Madhu Rao Narayan the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and attendants Poona 1792 by James Wales.jpg|80px]]
| [[Madhavrao II]]
| 18 April 1774
| 28 May 1774 – 27 October 1795
| 27 October 1795
| Appointed Peshwa as an infant with a council of Maratha Generals and ministers as regents. Era dominated by the political intrigues of [[Nana Phadnis]]. Saw the resurgence of Maratha power in North India.
|-
| [[File:Baji Rao II.jpg|80px]]
| [[Baji Rao II]]
| 10 January 1775
| 6 December 1796 – 25 October 1802
| 28 January 1851
| ''1st Reign'' – Was defeated by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]], ruler of [[Indore]], at the [[Battle of Poona]]. Fled to [[East India Company|British]] protection, and in December 1802, concluded the [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the [[British East India Company]], ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power. This provoked the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] that began the breakup of the [[Maratha confederacy]].
|-
|
| [[Amrut Rao]]<ref>Wg Cdr (Retd.) Dr. M. S. Narawane, Battles of the Honourable East India Company. pg 65</ref><ref>Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire:1789–1803. pg 179</ref> (Appointed as Peshwa by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]])
|{{circa|1770}}
| 25 October 1802 – 13 May 1803
| 6 September 1824
| Appointed Peshwa by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] after defeating [[Baji Rao II]] and [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]] in [[Battle of Poona]].
|-
| [[File:Baji Rao II.jpg|80px]]
| [[Baji Rao II]]
| 10 January 1775
| 13 May 1803 – 3 June 1818
| 28 January 1851
| ''2nd Reign'' – During his second reign began the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. After the defeat at the [[Battle of Koregaon]] in January 1818, he was on the run from the British. Eventually, the British took over his dominion and made the Maratha King Pratap Singh of Satara declare in favour of the British. This ended the Peshwa's legal position as head of the [[Maratha confederacy]]. On 3 June 1818, Baji Rao surrendered to the British; he was banished to [[Bithur]] near [[Kanpur]].
|-
| [[File:Peshwa of Kanpur.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nana Sahib]] (Pretender of the position of the Peshwa)
| 19 May 1824
| 1 February 1851 – 30 June 1857 (unrecognized)
| after 1857
| Was a leader during the [[Rebellion of 1857|Indian Uprising of 1857]]. As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II, he sought to restore the [[Maratha confederacy]] and the Peshwa tradition.

|}

== Principalities ==
=== Baroda State ===
{{main|Gaekwad dynasty}}

=== Indore State ===
{{main|Holkar Dynasty}}

=== Gwalior State ===
{{main|Scindia Dynasty}}

=== Nagpur State ===
{{main|Bhonsles of Nagpur}}

=== Thanjavur State ===
{{main|Thanjavur Maratha kingdom}}

=== Akkalkot State ===
{{Main|Akkalkot State}}

=== Jhansi State ===
{{Main|Newalkar dynasty}}

=== Bhor State ===
{{Main|Gandekar}}

=== Colaba State ===
{{Main|Angre}}

=== Sawantwadi State ===
{{Main|Sawant Bhonsale}}

=== Mudhol State ===
{{Main|Ghorpade Dynasty}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== External links ==
{{Maratha Empire}}
{{Peshawe family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maratha Emperors}}
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]

2012 Nehru Cup final

2026-05-03T16:47:39Z

Locweld: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2012 Nehru Cup Final
| image = Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium CWG opening ceremony.jpg
| event = [[2012 Nehru Cup]]
| team1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| team1association = {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}
| team1score = 2
| team2 = [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]]
| team2association = {{flagicon|CMR|size=30px}}
| team2score = 2
| details = After [[overtime (sports)|extra time]] India won 5–4 on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalties]]
| date = 2 September 2012
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| city = [[Delhi]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = Vladislav Tseytlin ([[Uzbekistan Football Federation|Uzbekistan]])
| attendance = 30,000
| weather =
| previous = 2009
| next =
}}
The '''[[2012 Nehru Cup]] Final''' was a match that took place on 2 September 2012 at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]] between India and Cameroon. India won the match in the penalty shoot out 5–4 after the match ended 2–2 after 120 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/i-could-not-sleep-at-night-after-we-defeated-cameroon-in-nehru-cup-final-reveals-mehtab-hossain|title=I could not sleep at night after we defeated Cameroon in Nehru Cup final, reveals Mehtab Hossain}}</ref> India became the winner for the third successive time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nehru cup win: It is an incredible achievement, says Indian coach|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_nehru-cup-win-it-is-an-incredible-achievement-says-indian-coach_1735999|work=Daily News & Analysis|accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/india-rejoices-nehru-cup-treble-1694216
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611042730/https://www.fifa.com/news/india-rejoices-nehru-cup-treble-1694216
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=11 June 2021
|title=India rejoice Nehru Cup treble.FIFA.com|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref>

==The teams during the tournament==
[[India national football team|India]] entered the tournament as reigning champions after winning the [[2009 Nehru Cup]] at the Ambedkar Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nehru-cup-saff-ch-ship-wins-mark-an-eventful-2009/story-Wg8gy5DLctlx6Y63P2GgVP.html|title=Nehru Cup, SAFF Ch'ship wins mark an eventful 2009}}</ref> However they also came into the tournament following an all defeat performance at the [[2012 AFC Challenge Cup]] but came into the tournament with an added optimism as India got a new head coach in [[Netherlands|Dutchman]] [[Wim Koevermans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/india-end-campaign-with-0-4-loss-to-north-korea/|title=India end campaign with 0-4 loss to North Korea}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chris Punnakkattu Daniel|title=Wim Koevermans appointed new India coach|url=http://www.chrispd.de/wordpress/2012/06/15/breaking-news-koevermans-appointed-india-coach/|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090431/http://www.chrispd.de/wordpress/2012/06/15/breaking-news-koevermans-appointed-india-coach/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Live Indian Football|title=Wim Koevermans announced as the new coach of Indian football team|url=http://liveindianfootball.netne.net/Wim-Koevermans-New-Indian-Football-Coach|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808003208/http://liveindianfootball.netne.net/Wim-Koevermans-New-Indian-Football-Coach|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] on the other hand came in with an all-domestic line-up which meant regular players who play abroad like [[Alex Song]] would not play in the tournament. Also current head coach of Cameroon, [[Denis Lavagne]], would not be attending the tournament, leaving assistant coach, Emmanuel Bosso to become temporary head coach for the Nehru Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/nehru-cup-cameroon-leave-top-stars-at-home-113940-2012-08-21|title=Nehru Cup: Cameroon leave top stars at home}}</ref>

India opened the tournament with a victory against [[Syria national football team|Syria]] by beating them 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/nehru-cup-india-scrape-through-2-1-against-syria/story-KWotBN21Me5Wnst1eq93eM.html|title=Nehru Cup: India scrape through 2-1 against Syria}}</ref> They followed that victory up with a 3–1 victory over [[Maldives national football team|Maldives]] on 25 August. India then followed that match with a draw against [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]] on 28 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nehru-cup-india-dismantle-maldives-go-top-of-the-table/story-S2C5kFihZ1HHq4eOTdw4nL.html|title=Nehru Cup: India dismantle Maldives, go top of the table}}</ref> India finished the group stage campaign with a loss against Cameroon in a match that did not matter as both teams were already through to the Final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/report/-samuel-leads-cameroon-to-1-0-win-over-india/20120831.htm|title=Nehru Cup: Samuel leads Cameroon to 1-0 win over India}}</ref>

Cameroon opened their Nehru Cup campaign on 24 August playing out a draw against Syria 2–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/syria-splits-points-with-cameroon/article3817692.ece|title=Syria splits points with Cameroon}}</ref> Cameroon then went back on track to the final by defeating Nepal 5–0 continuing their good form against Maldives by defeating them 3–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/nehru-cup-cameroon-beat-maldives-3-1-set-up-final-with-india-1548667|title=Nehru Cup: Cameroon beat Maldives 3-1, set up final with India}}</ref> Cameroon then finished their group stage with a victory over India 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/report/-samuel-leads-cameroon-to-1-0-win-over-india/20120831.htm|title=Nehru Cup: Samuel leads Cameroon to 1-0 win over India}}</ref>

==Matches==

===India===
{{footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 22 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = India {{flagicon|India}}
|score = 2–1
|report = [https://archive.today/20130104204043/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3256 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Syria}}
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|45+2}} [[Anthony Pereira|Pereira]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2 = [[Alaa Al Shbli|Al Shbli]] {{goal|89}}
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 25 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = India {{flagicon|India}}
|score = 3–0
|report = [https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/2012-nehru-cup-india-3-0-maldives Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Maldives}}
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|45+2|70}} [[Syed Rahim Nabi|Nabi]] {{goal|54}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 28 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = India {{flagicon|India}}
|score = 0–0
|report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120901094906/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3269 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Nepal}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 31 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = India {{flagicon|India}}
|score = 0–1
|report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120902215929/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3276 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Cameroon}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Bite {{goal|2}}
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}

===Cameroon===
{{footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 24 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|Syria}}
|score = 2–2
|report = [https://archive.today/20130203141052/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3261 Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|Cameroon}} Cameroon
|goals1 = [[Alaa Al Shbli|Al Shbli]] {{goal|42}} [[Oday Jafal]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2 = [[Stéphane Kingue Mpondo|Mpondo]] {{goal|17}} Alix Ebanga {{goal|55}}
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 26 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|Nepal}}
|score = 0–5
|report = [https://archive.today/20130105060545/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3264 Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|Cameroon}} Cameroon
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Kolony {{goal|12||60}} Ebanga {{goal|41||65}} Momasso {{goal|76}}
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 29 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = Cameroon {{flagicon|Cameroon}}
|score = 3–1
|report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120901094939/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3271 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Maldives}}
|goals1 = [[Stéphane Kingue Mpondo|Mpondo]] {{goal|12||39}} Ebanga {{goal|50|pen.}}
|goals2 = Ghani {{goal|26}}
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 31 August 2012
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 0–1
|report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120902215929/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3276 Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|Cameroon}} Cameroon
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Bite {{goal|2}}
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}

==Match==

{{football box
|date=2 September 2012
|time=19:00
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score=2–2
|aet = yes
|report=[https://archive.today/20130104231557/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3279 Report]
|team2={{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]]
|goals1=[[Gouramangi Singh|G. Singh]] {{goal|19}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2=[[Thierry Makon Nloga]] {{goal|29}} [[Stéphane Kingue Mpondo|Mpondo]] {{goal|54}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance=30,000
|referee=Vladislav Tseytlin ([[Uzbekistan Football Federation|Uzbekistan]])
|penalties1=[[Robin Singh (footballer)|R. Singh]] {{pengoal}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{pengoal}} [[Denzil Franco|Franco]] {{pengoal}} [[Mehtab Hossain|Hossain]] {{pengoal}} [[Clifford Miranda|Miranda]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore=5–4
|penalties2={{pengoal}} Tambe {{pengoal}} [[Ousmaïla Baba|Baba]] {{pengoal}} [[Paul Rolland Bebey Kingué|Bebey]] {{pengoal}} [[Stéphane Kingue Mpondo|Mpondo]] {{penmiss}} [[Thierry Makon Nloga]] }}

{| style="width:92%;"
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_la = _ind10h
|pattern_b =
|pattern_ra = _ind10h
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so =
|leftarm = 0033FF
|body = 0033FF
|rightarm = 0033FF
|shorts = 0033FF
|socks = 0033FF
|title = India
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_la =
|pattern_b = _cam1113home
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _cam1012h
|leftarm = 004e2f
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|shorts = d9000e
|socks = ffdf00
|title = Cameroon
}}
|}

{| style="width:100%;"
|-
|valign="top" style="width:40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan=4|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Subrata Pal]]
|-
|RB ||'''4''' ||[[Nirmal Chettri]] || {{yel|43}} || {{suboff|90+3}}
|-
|CB ||'''19''' ||[[Gouramangi Singh]]
|-
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Raju Gaikwad]]
|-
|LB ||'''22''' ||[[Syed Rahim Nabi]]
|-
|RW ||'''8''' ||[[Sanju Pradhan]] || || {{suboff|63}}
|-
|RM ||'''20''' ||[[Mehtab Hossain]]
|-
|CM ||'''6'''||[[Lenny Rodrigues]] || {{yel|49}}
|-
|LM ||'''15'''||[[Clifford Miranda]]
|-
|LW ||'''26''' ||[[Francis Fernandes]]
|-
|CF ||'''11''' ||[[Sunil Chhetri]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''
|-
|DF ||'''12'''||[[Denzil Franco]] || || {{subon|90+3}}
|-
|FW ||'''23'''||[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] || {{yel|89}} || {{subon|63}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Wim Koevermans]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" style="width:50%"|
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
|colspan=4|
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''16''' ||Lawrence Ngome Ngoe || || {{suboff|25}}
|-
|RB ||'''14'''||[[Jean-Patrick Abouna]]
|-
|CB ||'''15''' ||Stéphane Meyoupo
|-
|CB ||'''12''' ||[[Paul Rolland Bebey Kingué]] || {{yel|44}}
|-
|LB ||'''2'''||Joseph Julien Momasso
|-
|RM ||'''17'''||[[Stéphane Kingue Mpondo]]
|-
|CM ||'''13'''||[[Thierry Makon Nloga]]
|-
|CM ||'''4''' ||[[Gustave Moundi Djengue]]
|-
|LM ||'''7''' ||Ashu Tambe
|-
|CF ||'''19'''||Mérimée Kologni || || {{suboff|59}}
|-
|CF ||'''8''' ||Alix Bertin || || {{suboff|79}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''
|-
|GK ||'''22'''||Nkessi Hosea || {{yel|77}} || {{subon|25}}
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||Charles Edoa || || {{subon|59}}
|-
|FW ||'''11''' ||[[Ousmaïla Baba]] || || {{subon|79}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan=4|{{flagicon|Cameroon}} Emmanuel Bosso
|}
|}
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nehru Cup}}
{{Cameroon national football team matches}}
{{India national football team}}

[[Category:2012 Nehru Cup|Final]]
[[Category:Cameroon national football team matches]]
[[Category:India national football team matches]]
[[Category:2012–13 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2012 in Cameroonian football|Nehru]]
[[Category:September 2012 sports events in India]]

Raghu Ram Pillarisetti

2026-04-22T06:33:45Z

Locweld: Put up new data

{{Short description|Indian surgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Raghu Ram Pillarisetti
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| image = Raghu Ram Pillarisetti.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|9|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Siddhartha Medical College]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| known for = Breast Cancer Advocacy, Screening & [[Breast surgery]]
| othername =
| occupation = Founder, Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation<ref>{{cite web |title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation |url=http://www.ubf.org.in/ |website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref> & Director, KIMS-Ushalakshmi Centre for Breast Diseases<ref name="breastcancerindia.org">{{cite web |title=KIMS-Ushalakshmi Center for Breast Diseases |url=http://breastcancerindia.org/ |website=www.breastcancerindia.org}}</ref>
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{URL|https://breastcancerindia.org}}
| awards = 2025 - Honorary FRCS (Glasgow) <ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad’s Dr. Raghu Ram conferred Honorary FRCS by Royal College Glasgow |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabads-dr-raghu-ram-conferred-honorary-frcs-by-royal-college-glasgow |website=www.telanganatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Royal College honours top surgeon |url=https://rcpsg.ac.uk/news/royal-college-honours-professor-raghu-ram-pillarisetti |website=www.rcpsg.ac.uk}}</ref>
2025 - Guinness World Records <ref>{{cite web |title=Most views of a breast cancer awareness lesson video on YouTube in 24 hours |url=https://guinnessworldrecords.de/world-records/776076-most-views-of-a-breast-cancer-awareness-lesson-video-on-youtube-in-24-hours |website=www.guinnessworldrecords.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Largest breast cancer awareness lesson |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/775144-largest-breast-cancer-awareness-lesson |website=www.guinnessworldrecords.com}}</ref>
2024 – Honorary Fellowship, International Society of Surgery <ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Raghu Ram Pillarisetti conferred with Honorary Fellowship of ISS |url=https://telanganatoday.com/dr-raghu-ram-pillarisetti-conferred-with-honorary-fellowship-of-iss |website=www.telanganatoday.com}}</ref> 2024 – Honorary Fellowship, American Surgical Association <ref>{{cite web |title=Renowned Hyderabad surgeon receives honorary fellowship from American Surgical Association |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/us/renowned-hyderabad-surgeon-receives-honorary-fellowship-from-american-surgical-association20240405233605/ |website=www.aninews.in}}</ref> 2024 – India-UK Achievers award<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian-UK ties celebrated at the 2024 India UK Achievers Awards |url=https://www.indiandiaspora.org/index.php/news/indian-uk-ties-celebrated-2024-india-uk-achievers-awards |website=www.indiandiaspora.org}}</ref> 2023 – ASI Lifetime Achievement award<ref>{{cite web |title=Lifetime achievement award for Dr Ram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lifetime-achievement-award-for-dr-ram/articleshow/106006078.cms |website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> 2022 - Honorary FRCS (England)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Doctor Gets Honorary Fellowship From Royal College Of Surgeons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hyderabad-doctor-gets-honorary-fellowship-from-royal-college-of-surgeons-3141185 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad: Dr P Raghu Ram gets honorary FRCS from Royal college of surgeons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/dr-raghu-ram-gets-honorary-frcs-from-college-of-surgeons/articleshow/92710195.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{ubl|2021 - Order of the British Empire ([[Order of the British Empire|OBE]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Notice - Order of the British Empire |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3704239 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Year Honours 2021 Overseas and International List: Knight Bachelor and Order of the British Empire |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/new-year-honours-2021-overseas-and-international-list/new-year-honours-2021-overseas-and-international-list-knight-bachelor-and-order-of-the-british-empire |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>|2016 - [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|Dr B C Roy award]]<ref name="iss.rcsed.ac.uk">{{Cite web|title=Dr B.C. Roy Award for International Surgical Advisers - The International School of Surgery, ISS|url=https://www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk/about-iss/iss-news/2017/may/dr-bc-roy-award-for-international-surgical-advisers.aspx|access-date=2020-06-08|website=www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608100437/https://www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk/about-iss/iss-news/2017/may/dr-bc-roy-award-for-international-surgical-advisers.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>|2015 - [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/seven-telugus-win-padma-awards/article6822501.ece | title=The Hindu | date=26 January 2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref>|2015 - Edward Kennedy Memorial award<ref name="Hans India">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-11-18/Hyderabad-Oncologist-honoured-by-Karnataka-Governor/187305 | title=Hyderabad Oncologist honoured by Karnataka Governor | publisher=Hans India | date=19 November 2015 | access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>|[[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|2013 - RSCEd]] Overseas Gold Medal<ref name="International School of Surgery">{{cite web | url=https://www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk/about-iss/iss-news/2013/july/indian-surgeon-youngest-recipient-of-international-surgical-award.aspx | title=Indian Surgeon Youngest Recipient of International Surgical Award | publisher=International School of Surgery | date=11 July 2013 | access-date=11 June 2020 | archive-date=21 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521155851/https://www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk/about-iss/iss-news/2013/july/indian-surgeon-youngest-recipient-of-international-surgical-award.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
}}
{{Infobox}}

'''Dr. Raghu Ram Pillarisetti''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE}} is an Indian surgeon, and the Founder and Director of KIMS-Ushalakshmi Center for Breast Diseases<ref name="breastcancerindia.org" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-01-03|title=First dedicated breast diseases centre in city|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/First-dedicated-breast-diseases-centre-in-city/article15134726.ece|access-date=2020-06-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> at [[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group)|KIMS Hospitals]].<ref name="KIMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.kimshospitals.com/ | title=KIMS | publisher=KIMS | date=2015 | access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="International Surgical Advisers">{{cite web|date=2015|title=International Surgical Advisers|url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/news-public-affairs/news/2018/november/rcsed-surgeon-becomes-one-of-the-youngest-elected-presidents-of-the-association-of-surgeons-of-india-asi|access-date=8 March 2015|publisher=The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521155852/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/news-public-affairs/news/2018/november/rcsed-surgeon-becomes-one-of-the-youngest-elected-presidents-of-the-association-of-surgeons-of-india-asi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pillarisetti is the founder of Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation, 12 A Certificate|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/12A.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=shalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation, 80G Certificate|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/80G.pdf}}</ref> and ''Pink Connexion'',<ref name="Pink Connexion UBF">{{cite web|title=Pink Connexion, Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/home/Pinkconnctions/|access-date=29 June 2020|publisher=UBF}}</ref> a quarterly newsletter about breast healthcare.<ref name="Pink Connexion UBF" />

He is the youngest Surgeon of Indian origin to have been conferred Honorary FRCS by the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad Doctor Gets Honorary Fellowship From Royal College Of Surgeons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hyderabad-doctor-gets-honorary-fellowship-from-royal-college-of-surgeons-3141185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad: Dr P Raghu Ram gets honorary FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons | newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 July 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/dr-raghu-ram-gets-honorary-frcs-from-college-of-surgeons/articleshow/92710195.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Origin Surgeon Dr P Raghu Ram conferred with Honorary FRCS by The Royal College of Surgeons of England |date=7 July 2022 |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/indian-origin-surgeon-dr-p-raghu-ram-conferred-with-honorary-frcs-by-the-royal-college-of-surgeons-of-england-95625}}</ref> He is also the youngest recipient of the Overseas Gold Medal of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web|date=26 January 2015|title=Six from T, AP awarded Padma Shri|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Six-from-Telangana-AP-awarded-Padma-Shri/articleshow/46015479.cms|access-date=8 October 2018|location=Hyderabad|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> and In 2021, he became the first surgeon of Indian origin to be conferred the Honorary Fellowship of the [[Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland]].<ref name="ubf.org.in">{{cite web |title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation |url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/2126 |website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref><ref name="Another distinction for TS surgeon"/> He is one of the youngest Surgeons of Indian origin in over 100 years to be honoured with an OBE – [[Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]

==Early life and education==
[[File:P.V. Chalapathi Rao Dr. B. C. Roy National Award.jpg|thumb|His father receiving the Dr. B. C. Roy National Award from the President of India]]
Pillarisetti was born on 22 September 1966, in [[Guntur]], in the undivided state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], in India, to medical doctor parents,<ref name="Pink Connexion UBF"/> Prof. P. V. Chalapathi Rao, a recipient of Dr. B.C. Roy National Award,<ref name=ren>{{cite web |date=November 23, 2020 |title=India's renowned surgeon Chalapathi Rao passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indias-renowned-surgeon-chalapathi-rao-passes-away/articleshow/79358566.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Noted surgeon Dr. P V Chalapathi Rao passes away |url=https://telanganatoday.com/noted-surgeon-dr-p-v-chalapathi-rao-passes-away |work=Telangana Today}}</ref> and Ushalakshmi Kumari, a breast cancer survivor.<ref name="Times of India" /> He did his schooling from the [[Hyderabad Public School]], where one of his classmates was [[Satya Nadella]], the chairman and CEO of [[Microsoft]]. He graduated in medicine (MBBS) from [[Siddhartha Medical College]], and secured a master's degree in surgery (MS), obtaining the first place, from [[Kasturba Medical College]], in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/1035|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=International Advisor receives Padma Shri {{!}} RCSEd |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/news-public-affairs/news/2015/may/international-advisor-receives-padma-shri |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He then went to UK and obtained FRCS in 1997 from all the four Surgical Royal Colleges in the British Isles ([[Royal College of Surgeons of London|England]], [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]], [[Royal College of Surgeons of Glasgow|Glasgow]], [[Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland|Ireland]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-15|title=Breast Surgeon DR P Raghu Ram conferred Honorary Fellowship of Royal College of Surgeons Thailand|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/breast-surgeon-dr-p-raghu-ram-conferred-honorary-fellowship-of-royal-college-of-surgeons-thailand|access-date=2020-06-11|website=medicaldialogues.in|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=19 February 2019|title=Honour for city doctor|url=http://ubf.org.in/images/MEDIA%20REPORTS,%20HON.%20FRCS%20(THAILAND),%20FEBRUARY%202019_1636893278260399309.pdf|access-date=11 June 2020|website=UBF}}</ref> He subsequently completed Higher Surgical Training & subspecialty training in oncoplastic breast surgery at the [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust]] in London and at the Nottingham Breast Institute. He also holds a fellowship of the [[American College of Surgeons]].

== Career ==
In 2002, Pillarisetti's mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. He relocated to India in 2007 and established a dedicated purpose-built facility for breast health care at [[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group)|KIMS Hospitals]] in Hyderabad. The centre, KIMS-Ushalakshmi Center for Breast Diseases,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories, Ideas and Perspectives {{!}} 300+ Inspirational talks by remarkable people from INK events -|url=http://www.inktalks.com/people/raghuram124|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.inktalks.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2016-04-16|title=A decade of Bhavishya: Docs' story on celluloid|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/doctors-nikhil-kaushik-raghuram-vyjayanthi-share-their-memories-on-the-film-bhavishya-that-turned-a-decade-recently/article8479367.ece|access-date=2020-06-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> bears his mother's name (Ushalakshmi).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajendra|first=Ranjani|date=2015-02-09|title=Road less travelled|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/road-less-travelled/article6874712.ece|access-date=2020-06-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KIMS-Ushalakshmi Center for Breast Diseases|url=http://www.breastcancerindia.org/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.breastcancerindia.org}}</ref>

Pillarisetti founded Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation, with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[P. V. Sindhu]] as its ambassadors, for spreading awareness about the disease<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news|date=2015|title=Road less travelled, The Hindu, 9 February 2015|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/road-less-travelled/article6874712.ece|access-date=29 June 2020|work=The Hindu|last1=Rajendra|first1=Ranjani}}</ref> and, later, started publishing ''Pink Connexion,'' a quarterly newsletter.<ref name="Pink Connexion UBF" /> Since 2007, the annual "Pink Ribbon Campaign" was launched to raise awareness on breast cancer during the month of October (international breast cancer awareness month).<ref>{{Cite news|title=A decade of 'Pinktober' in Hyderabad! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/a-decade-of-pinktober-in-hyderabad/articleshow/71409226.cms|access-date=2020-06-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chapter 35: Breast Cancer Global Quality Care (pages 371 – 376), Oxford University Press|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=35}}</ref>

Between 2012 – 2016, he has overseen the implementation of south Asia's largest population-based breast cancer screening programme in the southern Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Women diagnosed with breast cancer were treated free of cost under the State Government's Arogyasree scheme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Chapter 35: Breast Cancer Global Quality Care (pages 371 – 376)|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/images/CHAPTER,%20OXFORD%20UNIVERSITY%20PRESS,%202019637278820825414767.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=P.s|first=Rohit|date=2016-03-08|title=TS, AP join hands to fight breast cancer|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ts-ap-join-hands-to-fight-breast-cancer/article8325785.ece|access-date=2020-06-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Breast Healthcare in India : Time For A Paradigm Shift|journal= The Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|year=2011|volume=93|pages=250–252|doi=10.1308/147363511X579099|last1=Ram|first1=P Raghu|issue=7}}</ref>

In 2016, the Government of India invited him to be part of the Steering Committee and a high powered Technical Advisory Group (TAG)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-11-28|title=City-based cancer specialist appointed to advisory body|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/City-based-cancer-specialist-appointed-to-advisory-body/article16725850.ece|access-date=2020-06-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> set up by the Union Ministry of Health, which has drafted guidelines to replicate the Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) based breast cancer screening programme across the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/68|access-date=2020-06-29|website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He served as an International Surgical Adviser of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] from 2012 - 2020,<ref name="Honours">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Honours |url=https://www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk/about-iss/international-surgical-advisers.aspx |access-date=26 June 2020 |publisher=BCI |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521155853/https://www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk/about-iss/international-surgical-advisers.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Indian Surgeon Youngest Recipient of International Surgical Award">{{cite web|date=2010|title=RCSEd Surgeon Becomes One of the Youngest Elected Presidents of The Association of Surgeons of India (ASI)|url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/news-public-affairs/news/2018/november/rcsed-surgeon-becomes-one-of-the-youngest-elected-presidents-of-the-association-of-surgeons-of-india-asi|access-date=26 June 2020|publisher=Ragalahari|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521155852/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/news-public-affairs/news/2018/november/rcsed-surgeon-becomes-one-of-the-youngest-elected-presidents-of-the-association-of-surgeons-of-india-asi|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was appointed as International Advisor for the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow|Royal College of Physicians & Surgeons of Glasgow]] from 2023 - 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian surgeon Dr P Raghu Ram appointed advisor to Royal College of Glasgow |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/indian-surgeon-dr-p-raghu-ram-appointed-advisor-to-royal-college-of-glasgow-495119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr P Raghu Ram appointed as Int'l Advisor to RCPSG |date=7 April 2023 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/dr-p-raghu-ram-appointed-as-intl-advisor-to-rcpsg}}</ref>

He is one of the youngest surgeons elected to serve as president, The Association of Surgeons of India (ASI) for the year 2020. ASI is South Asia's largest and the world's second largest surgical organization that represents the surgical fraternity in India.<ref name="Borah">{{Cite news|last=Borah|first=Prabalika M.|date=2020-01-29|title=Dr P Raghuram talks about his new responsibilities as president of Association of Surgeons of India|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/dr-p-raghuram-president-of-association-of-surgeons-of-india/article30681696.ece|access-date=2020-08-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-22|title=Raghu Ram made ASI president|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/raghu-ram-made-asi-president/article30371524.ece|access-date=2020-08-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As President ASI,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-21|title=Healing Hands - Dr P. Raghu Ram|url=https://www.youandi.com/healing-hands-dr-p-raghu-ram|access-date=2020-08-05|website=You & I|language=en}}</ref> he launched five Skills Courses<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pillarisetti|first=Raghu Ram|date=2020-02-01|title=Vision 2020—"Creative Leadership and Accountable Governance"|journal=Indian Journal of Surgery|language=en|volume=82|issue=1|pages=1–5|doi=10.1007/s12262-020-02089-y|issn=0973-9793|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASI Courses for Trainees (2020)|url=https://asiindia.org/wp-content/uploads/asi-critical-care-course-details-2020.pdf|access-date=2020-08-05|website=www.asiindia.org}}</ref> & the National Online Skills Enhancement Programme (NSEP)<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Online Skills Enhancement Programme for Surgical Trainees (NSEP – PGs) – The Association of Surgeons of India|url=https://asiindia.org/national-online-skills-enhancement-programme-for-surgical-trainees-nsep-pgs/|access-date=2020-08-05|language=en-US}}</ref> in 2020, which are aimed to enhance the knowledge base & improve the skill sets of surgical trainees.

As Convenor of International Affairs for the Association of Surgeons of India (2017 – 2018), he initiated a working partnership between the Association of Surgeons of India and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, thereby facilitating the process of selecting surgical trainees from India to obtain advanced subspecialty surgical training at selected centres of excellence in the UK through the Royal College's International Surgical Training Programme (ISTP).<ref>{{Cite web|title=RCS awards first ISTP Projects and Research Grant|url=https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/about-the-rcs/international-affairs/international-news/|access-date=2020-08-05|website=Royal College of Surgeons|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International Surgical Training Programme (ISTP) Information Session – The Association of Surgeons of India|date=9 January 2018 |url=https://asiindia.org/2018/01/09/international-surgical-training-programme-istp-information-session/|access-date=2020-08-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

He was a member of the governing council of the Association of Surgeons of India from 2013 – 2015 and served as its overseas coordinator between 2009 and 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Association of Surgeons of India|url=https://asiindia.org/|access-date=2020-08-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

He served as the founder Honorary Secretary (2011–13), Vice President (2013–14) and as President (2015 – 2017) of the Association of Breast Surgeons of India (ABSI), the youngest in the organization's history.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 20, 2013|title=City doctor to head breast surgeons' association |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/City-doctor-to-head-breast-surgeons-association/articleshow/20142221.cms|access-date=2020-08-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He also started the 'ABSI-UK Fellowship Programme', which allows surgical trainees from India selected on merit to obtain 'hands on' one year subspecialty training in breast centres of excellence in the UK

He served as a member of the board of advocates of the [[American Society of Breast Surgeons]] in 2009, the first surgeon from outside USA to sit in the board.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-29|title=Honour for city oncologist|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Honour-for-city-oncologist/article16626146.ece|access-date=2020-08-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He has been associated with the Indian Association of Surgical Oncology as a member, as its overseas coordinator (2005–08), as the editorial secretary (2009–10), as a member of the executive committee (2011–12) and as the joint editor of its official journal, ''Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology'' (IJSO) (2010–14).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raghu Ram|url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/raghu-ram-59b15b170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kims Hospital|url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/doctor-profile/dr-p-raghu-ram/|access-date=2020-08-05|website=Kims Hospital|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://breastcancerindia.org/images/CV,%20RAGHU%20PILLARISETTI.pdf|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521155851/http://breastcancerindia.org/images/CV,%20RAGHU%20PILLARISETTI.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He is the author of many articles on breast healthcare and has contributed nine chapters in three text books including the text book series, ''Recent Advances in Surgery'' and ''Bailey & Love Revision Guide.''

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Dr Raghu Ram OBE 1.jpg|thumb|Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]
[[File:Dr. P Raghu Ram B. C. Roy National Award.jpg|thumb|Dr. B. C. Roy National Award]]
[[File:Dr. P Raghu Ram Padma Shri.jpg|thumb|Padma Shri]]
Ram features in the 2021 [[Queen Elizabeth II]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|New Year's honours]] list and is one of the youngest Surgeons of Indian origin in over 100 years to be honoured with an [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] – Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire,<ref name="thegazette.co.uk">{{cite web |title=What is the difference between a CBE, OBE, MBE and a knighthood? |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/awards-and-accreditation/content/103372#:~:text=Standing%20for%20Officer%20of%20the,CBE%20but%20ahead%20of%20MBE. |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> conferred in recognition of his services to breast cancer care and surgical education in India and to UK-India relations.<ref name="Raghu PILLARISETTI">{{cite web |title=Raghu Pillarisetti |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3704239 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Hyderabad surgeon Raghu Ram in Quee">{{cite web |date=January 1, 2021 |title=Hyderabad surgeon Raghu Ram in Queen's Honours list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/city-surgeon-raghu-ram-in-queens-honours-list/articleshow/80052534.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Surgeon Raghu Ram Pillarisetti Named In Queen Elizabeth II's New Year's Honours List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/surgeon-and-padma-shri-awardee-raghu-ram-pillarisetti-named-in-queen-elizabeth-iis-new-years-honours-list-2346239 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He was formally conferred the [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] on 30 March 2022 at [[Windsor Castle]] by His Royal Highness [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles, Prince of Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad-Based Cancer Surgeon Conferred With Prestigious UK Honour |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hyderabad-based-dr-p-raghu-ram-conferred-with-obe-of-uk-2854133 |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=raghu ram: Dr Raghu Ram Conferred Obe {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/dr-raghu-ram-conferred-obe/articleshow/90552972.cms |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=The Times of India |date=31 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] included Ram in the 2015 [[Indian honours system|Republic day honours]] list for the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]],<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/seven-telugus-win-padma-awards/article6822501.ece | title=The Hindu | date=26 January 2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="India">{{Cite web|date=2015-03-30|title=Dr Raghu Ram to receive Padma Shri today|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-03-30/Dr-Raghu-Ram-to-receive-Padma-Shri-today/140697|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> making him the youngest surgeon from the southern Indian states of Telangana & Andhra Pradesh to have been conferred the award by the [[President of India]].<ref name="Times of India" />

In 2017, the [[Medical Council of India|Medical council of India]] selected him for the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|Dr B C Roy National award]] for 'Outstanding service in the field of Socio Medical Relief' for 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees.aspx |url-status=unfit |archive-date=Jun 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605091305/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees.aspx |date=2017 |language=en |access-date=11 August 2023 |title=Padma awards}}</ref>{{Full citation needed |date=August 2023}}<ref name="iss.rcsed.ac.uk">{{Cite web|title=Dr B.C. Roy Award for International Surgical Advisers - The International School of Surgery, ISS|url=https://www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk/about-iss/iss-news/2017/may/dr-bc-roy-award-for-international-surgical-advisers.aspx|access-date=2020-06-08|website=www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608100437/https://www.iss.rcsed.ac.uk/about-iss/iss-news/2017/may/dr-bc-roy-award-for-international-surgical-advisers.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2021, he became the first surgeon of Indian origin to be conferred the Honorary Fellowship of The [[Association of Surgeons of Great Britain & Ireland]].<ref name="ubf.org.in"/><ref name="Another distinction for TS surgeon">{{cite web |title=Another distinction for TS surgeon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/another-distinction-for-ts-surgeon/article35426673.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

In October 2021, he delivered the "Distinguished Lecture" of the United States Chapter of [[International Society of Surgery]] on ''"Disrupting Breast Healthcare in India"'' at the 107th annual Congress of the American College of Surgeons (ACS). He was amongst the eleven doctors alongside [[Anthony Fauci]] and was the only surgeon from outside the US to have delivered the 'Named Lecture" at the world's largest Surgical Congress.<ref name="Distinguished Lecture of the ISS">{{Cite web|title=Distinguished Lecture of the ISS|url=https://us-iss.org/events/distinguished-lecture-of-the-iss/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=US-ISS|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, he became the youngest Surgeon of Indian origin to have been conferred Honorary FRCS by the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He was also conferred Honorary Fellowship (Hon.FCCS) from the Chinese College of Surgeons<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation |url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/967 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref> and Honorary Fellowship (Hon.FCSSL) from the College of Surgeons of Sri Lanka in 2020<ref name="medicaldialogues.in">{{cite web |date=7 November 2020 |title=Surgeon Dr P Raghuram Conferred Honorary Fellowship of the College of Surgeons of Sri Lanka . |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/state-news/delhi/dr-p-raghuram-conferred-with- |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 November 2020 |title=Sri Lanka Surgeons Fellowship to Dr Raghu Ram |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sri-lanka-surgeons-fellowship-to-dr-raghu-ram |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he was conferred Honorary Fellowship (Hon.FRCS) by the Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand<ref name="Jan 26">{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2015 |title=Six from Telangana, AP awarded Padma Shri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Six-from-Telangana-AP-awarded-Padma-Shri/articleshow/46015479.cms |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bureau">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=Breast Surgeon DR P Raghu Ram conferred Honorary Fellowship of Royal College of Surgeons Thailand |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/breast-surgeon-dr-p-raghu-ram-conferred-honorary-fellowship-of-royal-college-of-surgeons-thailand |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, he was conferred the ASI Lifetime Achievement award by The Association of Surgeons of India,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2023 |title=Hyderabad: Noted surgeons conferred ASI lifetime achievement awards |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-noted-surgeons-conferred-asi-lifetime-achievement-awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajput |first=Kajal |date=14 Dec 2023 |title=Surgeons Raghu Ram, Dr K Pattabhiramaiah get ASI lifetime achievement awards |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/surgeons-raghu-ram-dr-k-pattabhiramaiah-get-asi-lifetime-achievement-awards-121587}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Dec 2023 |title=Lifetime achievement award for Dr Ram |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lifetime-achievement-award-for-dr-ram/articleshow/106006078.cms}}</ref> which is the highest honour bestowed by Asia Pacific’s largest & the world’s second largest surgical Organisation.

He is also one of the youngest recipients of Lifetime Achievement award bestowed by the Telugu Association of London<ref>{{Cite web |last=taluk |first=org |date=24 April 2023 |title=Life Time Achievement Awards |url=https://www.taluk.org/awardees.php}}</ref> in April 2003<ref>{{Cite news |last=Masrath |first=Fatima |date=24 April 2023 |title=Breast surgeon Dr Raghu Ram receives Telugu Association of London award |url=https://www.siasat.com/breast-surgeon-dr-raghu-ram-receives-telugu-association-of-london-award-2574659/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Telangana |first=Today |date=23 April 2023 |title=Dr Raghu Ram conferred with ‘Lifetime Achievement Award’ by Telugu Association of London |url=https://telanganatoday.com/dr-raghu-ram-conferred-with-lifetime-achievement-award-by-telugu-association-of-london}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=India |first=Times of |date=24 April 2023 |title=Dr Raghu Ram wins achievement award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/dr-raghu-ram-wins-achievement-award/articleshow/99718505.cms}}</ref> and is the first person of Indian origin residing outside of the UK to be conferred with this high honour for his singular contribution towards improving breast cancer care in India.

In Feb 2024, the Commonwealth Assistant Secretary General, Prof Luis Gabriel Franceschi presented him with “INDIA-UK Achievers award” in the category “Education, Science & Innovation”. This award was instituted by National Indian Students and Alumni Union (NISAU) in partnership with the British Council and the UK Government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gogte |first=Kritika |date= |title=High-achieving Indian alumni honoured in UK |url=https://thepienews.com/high-achieving-indian-alumni-honoured-at-uk-awards/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=India-UK ties celebrated at the 2024 India UK Achievers Awards |url=https://www.indiandiaspora.org/index.php/news/indian-uk-ties-celebrated-2024-india-uk-achievers-awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian surgeon recognised with achievers awards |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xkFLfwrXnQ}}</ref>

In April 2024, he was conferred Honorary Fellowship of American Surgical Association (ASA), which is the highest recognition that ASA can bestow upon a surgical colleague from a foreign country. He is the third surgeon from South Asia to receive this high honour in the 144 years history of America’s oldest and most prestigious Surgical Organisation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Renowned Hyderabad surgeon receives honorary fellowship from American Surgical Association |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/us/renowned-hyderabad-surgeon-receives-honorary-fellowship-from-american-surgical-association20240405233605/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Renowned Hyderabad surgeon honored with ASA Fellowship |url=https://telanganatoday.com/renowned-hyderabad-surgeon-honored-with-asa-fellowship}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Raghu Ram Pillarisetti conferred with American Surgical Association’s honorary fellowship |url=https://theprint.in/india/dr-raghu-ram-pillarisetti-conferred-with-american-surgical-associations-honorary-fellowship/2030384/}}</ref>

In August 2024, he achieved the rare distinction to become the First & only Surgeon from Indian Subcontinent in the 122 years history of International Society of Surgery to be conferred Honorary Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr. Raghu Ram Pillarisetti conferred with Honorary Fellowship of ISS |url=https://telanganatoday.com/dr-raghu-ram-pillarisetti-conferred-with-honorary-fellowship-of-iss}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Raghu Ram Conferred with Honorary Fellowship of International Society of Surgery |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/dr-raghu-ram-conferred-honorary-fellowship-of-international-society-of-surgery-1819673}}</ref>

In March 2025, he achieved two Guinness World Records — one for conducting the “Largest Breast Cancer Awareness Lesson” and another for securing the “Most Views for a Breast Cancer Awareness Lesson on YouTube in 24 Hours.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest breast cancer awareness lesson |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/775144-largest-breast-cancer-awareness-lesson |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250327005009/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/775144-largest-breast-cancer-awareness-lesson |archive-date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Most views of a breast cancer awareness lesson video on YouTube in 24 hours |url=https://guinnessworldrecords.de/world-records/776076-most-views-of-a-breast-cancer-awareness-lesson-video-on-youtube-in-24-hours |url-status=live |access-date= |website=www.guinnessworldrecords.de}}</ref>

In September 2025, he was conferred the Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (FRCS Glasgow), the College’s highest honour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal College honours top surgeon |url=https://rcpsg.ac.uk/news/royal-college-honours-professor-raghu-ram-pillarisetti}}</ref>

He is reported to be the youngest surgeon from South Asia to receive this distinction. He also holds the distinction of being both a Fellow of the same College by examination and an Honorary Fellow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Raghu Ram Awarded Honorary FRCS (Glasgow), Youngest South Asian Honoree |url=https://theindianpractitioner.com/dr-raghu-ram-awarded-honorary-frcs-glasgow/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic first: Youngest South Asian surgeon conferred Honorary FRCS by RCPSG, Glasgow. Highest Honour bestowed by one of the oldest and the only Multidisciplinary College in the British Isles |url=https://medgatetoday.com/historic-first-youngest-south-asian-surgeon-conferred-honorary-frcs-by-rcpsg-glasgow-highest-honour-bestowed-by-one-of-the-oldest-and-the-only-multidisciplinary-college-in-the-british-isles/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Raghu Ram Pillarisetti conferred Honorary FRCS by Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/dr-raghu-ram-pillarisetti-conferred-honorary-frcs-by-royal-college-of-physicians-and-surgeons-of-glasgow-155065}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad’s Dr. Raghu Ram conferred Honorary FRCS by Royal College Glasgow |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabads-dr-raghu-ram-conferred-honorary-frcs-by-royal-college-glasgow}}</ref>

He received the Overseas Gold Medal<ref name="Overseas Gold Medal">{{cite web | url=http://www.ubf.org.in/images/Citation.pdf | title=Overseas Gold Medal | publisher=UBF | date=2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref> from the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] in 2013, the youngest ever recipient of the award in the 515 years history of the college.<ref name="Times of India" /><ref name="International Surgical Advisers" />

He is a recipient of Visishta Ugadi Puraskar,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/1032|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref><ref name="Jan 26"/> which is a State award conferred by the Government of undivided Andhra Pradesh and Vishal Bharat Ugadi Puraskar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/1033|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Telugu Academy|url=http://delhiteluguacademy.com/2011.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=delhiteluguacademy.com}}</ref> by the Delhi Telugu Academy.

He was made a Paul Harris Fellow<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/1060|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref> by the [[Rotary International]] to recognise his contribution to the Rotary Foundation and conferred the Vocational Excellence award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/1034|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref> by the Rotary Club of Jubilee Hills for his service in Breast Oncology.<ref name="In Pursuit of Passion">{{cite web | url=http://www.passionatefoundation.org/html/whats_news.htm | title=In Pursuit of Passion | publisher=Passionate Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref>

He is a recipient of the [[Edward Kennedy]] Memorial Award for 'improving the art and science of Breast Oncology in South Asia'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-19|title=Hyderabad Oncologist honoured by Karnataka Governor|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-11-18/Hyderabad-Oncologist-honoured-by-Karnataka-Governor/187305|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/1062|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref>

He is one of the youngest surgeons and the only one from the southern Indian States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh to have delivered Col. Pandalai Oration (2018),<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-29|title=Top honour for new chief of surgeons' body|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/top-honour-for-new-chief-of-surgeons-body/article25854466.ece|access-date=2020-09-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/882|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.ubf.org.in}}</ref> which is the highest academic honour that can be achieved by a surgeon practicing in India.

== COVID 19 response ==
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

Pillarisetti was invited to be part of a [[UNICEF]] campaign in partnership with the [[Government of India]] to create awareness about COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. P. Raghu Ram features in short crisp social media messages created and promoted by UNICEF India – The Association of Surgeons of India |date=30 April 2020 |url=https://asiindia.org/2020/04/30/dr-p-raghu-ram-features-in-short-crisp-social-media-messages-created-and-promoted-by-unicef-india/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In May 2021, to address the rapidly rising infections and deaths associated with COVID-19 in Rural India, under the auspices of Ushalakshmi Breast Cancer Foundation & KIMS-USHALAKSHMI Centre for Breast Diseases in Hyderabad, Pillarisetti went on the "COVID-19 Pink Ribbon Mask Campaign" in the southern Indian State of [[Telangana]]. 20,000 masks have been distributed to residents in all the ten villages in Narayanaraopet Mandal, [[Siddipet (Assembly constituency)|Siddipet]] in the State of Telangana (Narayanaraopet, Ibrahimpur, Banajerupally, Kondandaraopally, Laxmidevipally, Malyala, Gurralagondi, Jakkapur, Gopulapur, Matindla).<ref>{{cite news |title='Pink' masks distributed in 10 villages of Siddipet district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/pink-masks-distributed-in-10-villages-of-siddipet-district/article34628889.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 May 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KIMS-Ushalakshmi launches 'Pink Mask' campaign for breast cancer awareness |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kims-ushalakshmi-launches-pink-mask-campaign-for-breast-cancer-awareness |work=Telangana Today |date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

In his capacity as president, The Association of Surgeons of India, he championed a major fund-raising movement from the surgical fraternity and organised the procurement/delivery of the Personal Protection Equipment for healthcare professionals across India, which was in acute shortage at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2022 |title=Philanthropic Drive By Asi Raised 1cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/philanthropic-drive-by-asi-raised-1cr/articleshow/89933238.cms |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Philanthropy==
In 2015, he adopted Ibrahimpur,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-25|title=Surgeon's remedy for Ibrahimpur|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/surgeons-remedy-for-ibrahimpur/article8643101.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the remotest village in [[Medak district|Medak District]] in the State of [[Telangana]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-06-03|title=Village gets a shot in the arm|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/village-gets-a-shot-in-the-arm/article24073918.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> which has a population of 1500.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Pillarisetti |first1=Raghu Ram |title=United Kingdom to India—a "Living Bridge": Celebrating 25 Positively Eventful Years (1996–2021) |journal=Indian Journal of Surgery |date=11 May 2021 |volume=83 |pages=294–305 |doi=10.1007/s12262-021-02806-1 |s2cid=234351493 |language=en |issn=0973-9793|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pillarisetti |first1=Raghu Ram |title=Remembering 'Nanna'—a Life Well Lived (16 November 1928–22 November 2020) |journal=Indian Journal of Surgery |date=1 April 2021 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=608–613 |doi=10.1007/s12262-020-02686-x |s2cid=231690310 |language=en |issn=0973-9793|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pillarisetti |first1=Raghu Ram |title=2020—the Year That Was! |journal=Indian Journal of Surgery |date=1 December 2020 |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=991–998 |doi=10.1007/s12262-020-02675-0 |pmid=33311862 |pmc=7720925 |language=en |issn=0973-9793}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Pillarisetti|first=Raghu Ram|date=2020-02-01|title=Vision 2020—"Creative Leadership and Accountable Governance"|journal=Indian Journal of Surgery|language=en|volume=82|issue=1|pages=1–5|doi=10.1007/s12262-020-02089-y|issn=0973-9793|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Somashekhar|first1=S. P.|last2=Shivaram|first2=H. V.|last3=Abhaham|first3=Santhosh John|last4=Dalvi|first4=Abhay|last5=Kumar|first5=Arvind|last6=Gode|first6=Dilip|last7=Misra|first7=Shiva|last8=Jain|first8=Sanjay Kumar|last9=Prasad|first9=C. R. K.|last10=Pillarisetti|first10=Raghu Ram|date=2020-06-01|title=ASI's Consensus Guidelines: ABCs of What to Do and What Not During the COVID-19 Pandemic|journal=Indian Journal of Surgery|language=en|volume=82|issue=3|pages=240–250|doi=10.1007/s12262-020-02452-z|pmid=32837070|issn=0973-9793|pmc=7280171}}
* {{Cite book |title=Breast Cancer Global Quality Care|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/images/CHAPTER,%20OXFORD%20UNIVERSITY%20PRESS,%202019637278820825414767.pdf |chapter=36 A passage to India |pages=369–374 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Somashekhar|first1=S. P.|last2=Agarwal|first2=Gaurav|last3=Deo|first3=S. V. S.|last4=Chintamani|last5=Raghu Ram|first5=P.|last6=Sarkar|first6=Diptendra|last7=Parmar|first7=Vani|date=August 2017|title=Indian Solutions for Indian Problems—Association of Breast Surgeons of India (ABSI) Practical Consensus Statement, Recommendations, and Guidelines for the Treatment of Breast Cancer in India|journal=The Indian Journal of Surgery|volume=79|issue=4|pages=275–285|doi=10.1007/s12262-017-1666-3|issn=0972-2068|pmc=5549057|pmid=28827899}}
* {{Cite book |chapter=53 |pages=448–464 |title=UBailey & Love Companion guide|url=http://www.ubf.org.in/Home/ViewModule/73|access-date=2020-08-05|publisher=CRC Press|location=London}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ram |first1=P Raghu |title=Breast Health Care in India: Time for a Paradigm Shift |journal=The Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England |date=1 July 2011 |volume=93 |issue=7 |pages=250–252 |url=http://ubf.org.in/images/ARTICLE,%20RCS%20ENGLAND%20JOURNAL.pdf |doi=10.1308/147363511X579099}}
* {{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Guest Editorial |journal=Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology|volume=1|issue=1|page=2|doi=10.1007/s13193-010-0002-1|pmc=3421001|pmid=22930609|last1=Raghuram|first1=P.}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=della Rovere|first1=Guidubaldo Querci|last2=Pillarisetti|first2=Raghu Ram|last3=Bonomi|first3=Riccardo|last4=Benson|first4=John|date=2007-08-01|title=Oncoplastic surgery for retro areolar breast cancer — a technical modification of the Grisotti flap|journal=Indian Journal of Surgery|language=en|volume=69|issue=4|pages=160–162|doi=10.1007/s12262-007-0012-6|issn=0972-2068|pmc=3452462|pmid=23132973}}
* {{cite journal |title=Oncoplastic breast surgery |journal=The Indian Journal of Surgery |date=June 2012 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=255–63 |doi=10.1007/s12262-012-0590-9 |pmid=23730053|last1=Pillarisetti |first1=Raghu Ram |last2=Querci Della Rovere |first2=Guidubaldo |pmc=3397185 }}
* {{Cite journal |title=Surgical training for overseas doctors in the UK – Facts,realities and solutions |journal=Indian Journal of Surgery |year=2004 |volume=66 |issue=6 |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?is04069}}
*{{Cite web|last=Daniel|first=Vaihayasi Pande|title=The protector of women from breast cancer|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/the-protector-of-women-from-breast-cancer/20210308.htm|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Rediff|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|title=Empowering Society to win against breast cancer – Humans Of Hyderabad|date=13 October 2020 |url=https://humansofhyderabad.co.in/empowering-society-to-win-against-breast-cancer/|access-date=2021-12-26|language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web|title=Breast Cancer Awareness Month: Our Expert Busts 17 Most Common Myths About Breast Cancer|url=https://www.ndtv.com/health/breast-cancer-awareness-month-17-most-common-myths-about-breast-cancer-2312547|access-date=2021-12-26|website=NDTV.com}}
*{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Susan Joe|date=2020-10-12|title=How to be breast aware?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/how-to-be-breast-aware/article32834961.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}
*{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Susan Joe|date=2019-02-04|title=Stage Zero Breast Cancer|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/stage-zero-breast-cancer/article26173306.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}

==External links==
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillarisetti, Raghu Ram}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]

Vengalam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:55:43Z

Locweld: Added the info w/ refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| name = Vengalam
| electors= 97,574
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1967
}}
'''Vengalam''' was former constituency in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Perambalur district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||S. Mani|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.66}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vengalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,091 |percentage=41.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ayyakannu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,498 |percentage=38.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanimuthu |party=Swatantra Party |votes=11,241 |percentage=19.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,593 |percentage=2.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,830 |percentage=62.82% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,574 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|11.38|78.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Perambalur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{Perambalur-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Padiyanoor Devi Temple

2026-04-19T08:37:07Z

Locweld: Put up bio

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Padiyanoor Sree Chamundi Devi Temple
| caption = Padiyanoor Sree Chamundi Devi Temple
| native_name = Padiyanoor Devi Kshetram
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| location = [[Poovachal]]
| deity = [[Chamundi]] [[Bhagavathi]]
}}

'''Padiyanoor Sree Chamundi Devi Temple''' or '''Padiyanoor Devi Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] [[temple]] dedicated to Goddess [[Chamundi]] located in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], India. This ancient temple, is situated at Poovachal, around 30 km from Thiruvananthapuram city.

==Shrines==

'''Main Shrine:'''

Chamundi Devi, cardinal deity of the temple. She is considered a fierce form of [[Kali]].

'''Other shrines:'''

* [[Kanjirottu Yakshi|Yakshiymma]]
* [[Ganapati]]
* Thampuran
* [[Yogeshvara|Yogeshwara]]
* Nagar
* Brahmarakshas

==Festivals==

=== Main Festival ===
'''Makam Thozhal''' - A 3-day annual festival in [[Meenam]] (March-April) celebrating Chamundi Devi.

=== Other Festivals ===
# Karthika - Karthika Deepa
# Mandala Vratham - Festival in connection with the annual Utsavam of [[Sabarimala]]
# Pooja Vaypu - Identical to Dussera festival (Saraswathy Pooja and Vidyarambham)
# Ayilya Pooja - [[Milk]], flowers etc. offered to serpent God and special rites
# Aiswarya Pooja - On all full moon (Pournami) days
# Vishu Kani - On the first day of the month of Medam people come here for the Vishukani Darshanam.

==Transport==

Poovachal is just 30 km from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city. The nearest airport is [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]. The nearest railway station is [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]] Railway Station and the nearest bus station is [[Kattakada]] Bus Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach Poovar |url=https://www.keralabackwater.com/poovar/how-to-reach.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=www.keralabackwater.com}}</ref>

Those who travel via Kattakada on reaching [[Poovachal]] Mulammoodu junction should take the right turn via Kurakonam to the temple.

==See also==
* [[Temples of Kerala]]
* {{Portal-inline|Hinduism}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Hinduism (compact)}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]

Palair Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:33Z

Locweld: Put up new data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palair
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (113-Palair highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Palair Assembly constituency within Telangana
| state = [[Telangana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
| district = [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 4,72,898
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Ponguleti Srinivas Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 113
}}
'''Palair Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the ten constituencies in [[Khammam district]]. It is part of [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Mandals==
The Assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Khammam Rural
|-
| [[Kusumanchi]]
|-
| [[Tirumalayapalem]]
|-
| [[Nelakondapalli]]
|-
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan=3|Kathula Santhiah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Hassainu Potta Pinjara
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|Bheemapaka Bhupathi Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Baji Hanumanthu
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Sambani Chandra Sheker
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|Venkata Veeratah Sandra
|{{Full party name with color|CPI(M)}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|rowspan=2|Sambani Chandra Sheker
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Ramreddy Venkat Reddy
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Ramreddy Venkat Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2016★
| [[Thummala Nageshwar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Kandala Upender Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Ponguleti Srinivas Reddy]]
|-
|}
★by-election

==Election results==
===Telangana Legislative Assembly Election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Palair (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ponguleti Srinivas Reddy]]|votes= 1,27,820|percentage= 58.94|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Kandala Upender Reddy|votes=71,170|percentage=32.82|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Tammineni Veerabhadram | Thammineni Veerabhadram]]|votes=5,308|percentage=2.45|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Allika Venkateswar Rao|votes=2,095|percentage=0.97|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nunna Ravikumar|votes=1,815|percentage=0.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=520|percentage=0.24|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=56,650|percentage=26.12|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=2,16,851|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly Election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Palair (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kandala Upender Reddy|votes=89,407|percentage=46.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]|votes=81,738|percentage=42.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Battula Hymavathi|votes=6,769|percentage=3.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Nandigama Raj Kumar|votes=6,101|percentage=3.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,271|percentage=0.66|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,669|percentage=3.99|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,92,164|percentage=92.09|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly by-election, 2016 ===
The by-election was necessitated following the death of Congress member R. Venkat Reddy who won the seat in 2014. [[Thummala Nageshwar Rao|T. Nageshwar Rao]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] won it with the biggest majority in the history of Palair constituency.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/trs-wrests-palair-assembly-seat-from-congress-with-huge-win/story-7V98nCeijW4ujcX4xcbXgM.html TRS wrests Palair assembly seat from Congress with huge win]</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=By-elections, 2016: Palair<ref>{{cite web|title=Bye Election Result 2016: Telangana 113-Palair |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2671-bye-election-result-2016-telangana-113-palair/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|votes=94,940|candidate=[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]|percentage=55.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ramreddy Sucharitha Reddy|votes=49,258|percentage=28.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Pothineni Sudarshan Rao|votes=15,538|percentage=9.1|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,785|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=45,682|percentage=26.7|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,71,074|percentage=89.85|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Palair (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135208/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=113 Paleru Results]}}</ref>{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ramireddy Venkat Reddy|votes=69,707|percentage=39.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Baby Swarna Kumari Maddineni|votes=47,844|percentage=26.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Pothineni Sudarshan Rao|votes=44,245|percentage=24.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Naresh Reddy Ramasahayam|votes=5,587|percentage=3.15|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Ravella Ravindra|votes=4,041|percentage=2.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=783|percentage=0.44|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=21,863|percentage=12.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,77,461|percentage=90.32|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.21|79.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Khammam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

List of Urdu television channels

2026-04-14T18:45:20Z

Locweld:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Indian television topics}}
{{main|Television in India|Lists of television channels in India}}

This is a '''list of Urdu-language television channels''' in [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and the rest of the world.

==Pakistan==

===Entertainment===
*[[Aaj Entertainment]]
*[[AJK TV]]
*[[A-Plus Entertainment]]
*[[A-Plus TV]]
*[[ARY Digital]]
*[[ARY Digital UK]]
*[[ARY Zindagi]]
*[[ATV (Pakistan)]]
*[[Express Entertainment]]
*[[Geo Kahani]]
*[[Geo Entertainment]]
*[[Hum Sitaray]]
*[[Hum TV]]
*[[Play Entertainment]]
*[[PTV Global]]
*[[PTV Home]]
*[[PTV World]]
*[[Urdu 1]]

===Lifestyle and health===
*[[Masala TV]]

===Music===
*[[8XM]]
*[[8XM|8XM Jalwa]]
*[[ARY Musik]]

===News===
*[[24 News HD]]
*[[92 News|92 News HD Pakistan]]
*[[Aaj News]]
*[[Abb Takk News]]
*[[ARY News]]
*[[Bol News]]
*[[Capital TV]]
*[[Channel 5 (Pakistan)]]
*[[Dawn News]]
*[[Dunya News]]
*[[Express News (Pakistan)]]
*[[Geo News]]
*[[Geo Tez]]
*[[GTV Network HD]]
*[[GNN (news channel)|GNN]]
*[[PTV News]]
*[[SAMAA TV]]
*[[Such TV]]

===Regional===
*[[City 42]] – covering Lahore
*[[City 41]] – covering Faisalabad
*[[Rohi]] – covering Multan
*[[AJK TV]] – covering Azad Jammu Kashmir & Gilgit Baltistan

===Religious===
*[[Ahlebait TV]]
*[[ARY Qtv]]
*[[Hadi TV]]
*[[Hidayat TV]]
*[[Labbaik TV]]
*[[Madani Channel]]
*[[Peace TV Urdu]]
*[[MTA International]]

===Sports===
*[[Geo Super]] – owned by Geo TV Network
*[[PTV Sports]] – owned by PTV Network

===Children's===
*[[Cartoon Network (Pakistani TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] (Some programs)

==India==
{{main|Television in India|Lists of television stations in India}}

===Entertainment===
*[[DD Kashir]] – owned by Doordarshan Network
*[[DD Urdu]] – owned by Doordarshan Network
*[[Zindagi (TV channel)]] – owned by Zee Network

===News===
{{main|List of news channels in India}}
*[[News18 Urdu]] – replaced by News18 6, owned by ETV Network, Network 18
*[[Salaam TV|Zee J&K Ladakh]] – owned by Zee Media Corporation ltd.

===Religious===
*[[Mercy TV]] – owned by Impact Television Private Limited

==United Kingdom==

===Religious===
*[[Ahlebait TV]]
*[[Hidayat TV]]
*[[Madani Channel]]
*[[Takbeer TV]]
*[[MTA International]]

==Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Caucasus, Iraq==
*[[Hadi TV]]
*[[SAHAR TV|Sahar 2]]
*[[TRT Arabi]]

==See also==
*[[Lists of television channels]]
*[[List of Indian television stations]]
*[[List of Pakistani television channels]]
*[[List of Punjabi-language television channels]]
*[[Urdu cinema]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Television in Pakistan}}
{{Television in India}}

[[Category:Lists of television channels by language|Urdu]]
[[Category:Lists of television channels in Pakistan|Urdu]]
[[Category:Lists of television channels in India|Urdu language]]
[[Category:Urdu-language mass media|Television]]

Vijay Kumar Khemka

2026-04-13T22:27:06Z

Locweld: Added initial bio v1

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end =
| predecessor = Kiran Devi
| successor =
| constituency = [[Purnia Assembly constituency|Purnia]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|6|22|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/|title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA|website=Vidhansabha.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Khemka''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] and a two term Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Purnia Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Kumar Khemka(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PURNIA(PURNIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=3649 |access-date= |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Kumar Khemka(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PURNIA(PURNIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=13092 |access-date= |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="Purnia Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Purnia Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/purnia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125041236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/purnia |archive-date=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Purnia">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Purnia |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0462.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125041252/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0462.htm |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Purnia Election Result 2025 Highlights: BJP's Vijay Kumar Khemka win another term">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Purnia Election Result 2025 Highlights: BJP's Vijay Kumar Khemka win another term |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/purnia-election-results-2025-highlights-bjps-vijay-kumar-khemka-congress-jitendra-kumar-and-jan-suraajs-santosh-kumar-singh-locked-in-fierce-duel/articleshow/125303990.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125041401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/purnia-election-results-2025-highlights-bjps-vijay-kumar-khemka-congress-jitendra-kumar-and-jan-suraajs-santosh-kumar-singh-locked-in-fierce-duel/articleshow/125303990.cms |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khemka, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Karthik

2026-04-09T07:40:57Z

Locweld: adding initial page more to come!

{{wikt|Kartika|Karthika}}
'''Karthik''' or '''Kartik''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}

==People with the given name==
===Kartik===
* [[Kartik Aaryan]] (born 1990), Indian actor
* [[Kartik Chandran]], American environmental engineer
* [[Kartik Jeshwant]] (born 1964), Indian cricketer
* [[Kartik Joshi]] (born 1995), Indian cricketer
* [[Kartik Oraon]] (1924-1981), Indian politician and Adivasi Member of Parliament
* [[Kartik Shetty]] (born 1987), Indian actor and director
* [[Kartik Tyagi]] (born 2000), Indian cricketer

===Karthik===
* [[Karthik (actor)]] (born 1960), Indian Tamil actor known as ''Navarasa Nayagan''
* [[Karthik (singer)]] (born 1980), Indian singer
* [[Karthik Ghattamneni]], Indian cinematographer and film director in Telugu cinema
* [[Karthik Jayaram]], Indian actor in Kannada films
* [[Karthik Netha]], Indian poet and lyricist
* [[Karthik Raj]], Indian actor who works in Tamil film and television
* [[Karthik Raja]] (born 1973), Indian composer
* [[Karthik Sarma]] (born 1974/1975), Indian-American billionaire hedge fund manager
* [[Karthik Subbaraj]], Indian film director, writer and producer

==People with the surname==
===Kartik===
* [[Kalpana Kartik]] (born 1931), Hindi film actress
* [[Murali Kartik]] (born 1976), Indian cricketer

===Karthik===
* [[Arun Karthik]] (born 1986), Indian cricketer
* [[Avishek Karthik]], Indian film actor in Tamil films
* [[Dhanish Karthik]] (born 1989), Indian actor
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] (born 1985), Indian cricketer
* [[Dipika Pallikal Karthik]] (born 1991), Indian squash player
* [[Gautham Karthik]] (born 1989), Indian Tamil film actor
* [[Sabari Karthik]] (born 1990), Indian karate player
* [[Sai Karthik]], or Sai Kartheek, Indian film score composer and music director
* [[T. M. Karthik]], Indian stage and film actor

==Other==
* [[Kartik (month)]], a month in the Indian National, Tamil and Bengali calendars
* [[Kartik (Nepali calendar)]], the seventh month in the Nepali calendar
* [[Kartik (Gemma Doyle Trilogy)|Kartik (''Gemma Doyle Trilogy'')]], a character in a trilogy of fantasy novels
* [[Kartik BLT]], Indian armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB)

==See also==
{{srt}}
*{{intitle|Kartik}}
* [[Kartikeya]], the Hindu god of warfare
* [[Karthikeya (film)|''Karthikeya'' (film)]], 2014 Indian Telugu-language film by Chandoo Mondeti
* [[Karlik (disambiguation)]]
* [[Karthick Naren]], Indian filmmaker
* [[Karthick Ramakrishnan]], Indian-American political scientist
* [[Karthick Singa]], Indian actor
* [[Karthi]] (born 1977), Indian film actor who works primarily in Tamil cinema
* [[Karthika (disambiguation)]]
* [[Karthikeyan]]

{{disambiguation|given name|surname}}
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Deen Dayal Bairwa

2026-04-04T15:56:03Z

Locweld: Created info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date= November 2024}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deen Dayal Bairwa
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|1|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dodolai Ki Dhani, Jeerota Khurd, [[Dausa district|Dausa]], [[Rajasthan]]
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Dausa Assembly constituency|Dausa]]
| predecessor = [[Murari Lal Meena]]
| office1 = [[Dausa district|Head, Panchayat Samiti Dausa]]
| term_start1 = 2015
| term_end1 = 2020
| spouse = Bina Bairwa
| children = 2
| parents = Kishan Lal Bairwa (father) Rampyari Devi Bairwa (mother)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]
| other_party =
| profession = [[Agriculture]] & [[Politician]]
}}
'''Deen Dayal Bairwa''' (born 10 January 1976) is an Indian politician currently serving as the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He represents [[Dausa Assembly constituency|Dausa]].<ref name="j024">{{cite web | title=Rajasthan Bypoll 2024 Result: BJP Wins 5 Seats, Congress one | website=News18 | date=23 November 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan-bypoll-2024-result-bjp-wins-five-seats-9131525.html | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=दौसा में आया चौंकाने वाला परिणाम! पायलट का जलवा बरकरार, किरोड़ी इस वजह से नहीं बचा पाए साख |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/dausa/rajasthan-dausa-by-election-2024-sachin-pilot-wins-and-kirodi-lal-meena-defeated/articleshow/115604131.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bairwa, Deen}}
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:People from Dausa district]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Syed Mohd Irfan

2026-03-31T07:02:57Z

Locweld: Added new article w/ infobox

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=February 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Mohd Irfan
| image = Syed Mohd Irfan.jpg
| birth_date = 13 May 1966
| birth_place = Gurma Markundi, Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh, India
| citizenship = Indian
| known_for = Celebrity talk show Guftagoo
| television = Guftagoo, Ye Dilli Hai, Suno MF Husain Ki Kahani, Sadi Ka Safar, Gumnam Hai Koi, Yaadon Ke Saaye
| website = https://memorywala.com/
https://guftagoowithirfan.com/
}}

'''Syed Mohd Irfan''' (born 13 May 1966), commonly known as '''Irfan''', is an Indian broadcast journalist, television producer, and podcaster. He is best known as the founder, producer, and host of the long-running celebrity talk show [[Guftagoo]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Guftagoo |date=2011-08-26 |type=Talk-Show |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8736312/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |others=Syed Mohd Irfan, Irshad Kamil, Mallika Sarabhai |publisher=Rajya Sabha Television}}</ref>(2011–present).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Paramita |title=Guftagoo, the only uninterrupted Bollywood celebrity show on Indian television |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/guftagoo-the-only-uninterrupted-bollywood-celebrity-show-on-indian-television/story-UbEgXaEB9k6mtjvu6zFwkL.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Irfan has produced numerous documentaries, special features, and cultural programs during his tenure at Rajya Sabha Television, where he served as the Editor-in-Charge of the Art, Culture, and History Desk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://guftagoowithirfan.com/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Guftagoo With Irfan |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Syed Mohd Irfan was born on 13 May 1966 in Gurma Markundi, a colony in [[Mirzapur district]] of Uttar Pradesh. He is the second eldest of six siblings, born to Syed Mohd Yamin and Nisar Bano. Irfan completed his high school education at Uttar Pradesh State Cement Corporation Ltd Uchchatar Madhyamik Vidyalaya in Gurma, Mirzapur and later moved to the [[University of Allahabad]]. He holds a master's degree in mass communication from [[Kurukshetra University]].

== Career ==

=== Early Career (1984–1993) ===
While pursuing his graduation in 1984, Irfan was selected as an Exhibition Curator by the University of Allahabad's Centenary Celebration Council. He began his journalistic career in 1986 as the Art Editor of the university's student journal, ''Samkalin Abhivyakti''. In 1989, he became the associate editor of the weekly journal ''Samkalin Janmat'', published from Patna, Bihar, and in 1993, he moved to Delhi when the journal shifted its publishing base there. During this period, he also began working with All India Radio's FM division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=The art of the unhurried interview |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/the-art-of-the-unhurried-interview-111641456068021.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>

'''Radio and Freelance Work (1997–2010)'''

As a radio jockey on Delhi's airwaves, Irfan introduced innovative music shows featuring well-researched scripts and engaging audience interaction. He contributed as a freelancer to several national Hindi newspapers and journals, writing on social and cultural issues, and also worked on translations, creative writing, radio broadcasts, and documentaries. As a research fellow at Sarai, CSDS, he presented findings on the programming approaches of emerging FM radio stations. In 2003, he collaborated with renowned artist M.F. Husain to produce an audiobook titled ''Suno MF Husain Ki Kahani'': A Journey in Sound. Irfan also conceived and conducted a course on radio jockeying at the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] and taught media aspirants at institutions such as Zakir Husain College, Jamia Millia Islamia, and [[Delhi University]].

'''Rajya Sabha Television (2011–2020)'''

From 2011 to 2020, Irfan worked at Rajya Sabha Television, the official channel of the Upper House of the Indian Parliament, as the Editor-in-Charge of the Art, Culture, and History Desk. He hosted several programs, including the flagship weekday show Guftagoo, where he interviewed prominent personalities such as Mrinal Sen, Gulzar, Akshay Kumar, [[Shabana Azmi]], and Naseeruddin Shah. He also produced and hosted shows like Yaadon Ke Saaye, which featured conversations with parliamentarians, and Shakhsiyat, a series on notable personalities. Additionally, Irfan produced documentaries and features on cultural topics, including Gumnam Hai Koi, which explored the untold stories of arrangers and musicians in Bollywood's golden era.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Supriti |date=2020-10-21 |title='Is this what I deserve after 8 years?': Rajya Sabha TV lays off 37 employees |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/21/is-this-what-i-deserve-after-8-years-rajya-sabha-tv-lays-off-37-employees |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.newsclick.in/our-law-making-institutions-also-lack-transparency |title=Our Law-Making Institutions also Lack Transparency. {{!}} NewsClick |language=en |access-date=2025-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004201058/https://www.newsclick.in/our-law-making-institutions-also-lack-transparency |archive-date=2023-10-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Independent Work (2020–Present)'''

Since 2020, Irfan has been active as an independent interviewer, content creator, podcaster, and media trainer. He continues to contribute to the fields of art, culture, and media through various projects and collaborations.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zaidi |first1=Nishat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMydEAAAQBAJ&dq=syed+mohd+irfan+rajya+sabha&pg=PT138 |title=Literary Cultures and Digital Humanities in India |last2=Pue |first2=A. Sean |date=2022-12-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-81470-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Irfan is married to Zakiya Farzana, a homemaker. The couple has two daughters, Sara and Farah, and a son, Abaan.

== Notable works ==

* An insightful conversational series fearuring prominent figures from the film industry and Art & Culture, focusing on their life journeys and the profound lessons derived from their experiences, titled as 'Kahani Zindgi ki <ref>{{Cite web |title='Kahani Zindagi ki' with Irfan |url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYxuvEJLss6DfSEcdKoVjPL4BB5U2UjoF |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>' (2026)
* Guftagoo (2011–2020): A celebrity talk show featuring interviews with prominent personalities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaki |first=Bijay |date=2021-03-01 |title=Second innings: Guftugu host Syed Mohd Irfan returns to fold with Rekhta Foundation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2021/Feb/28/second-innings-guftugu-hostsyed-mohd-irfan-returns-to-fold-with-rekhta-foundation-2269881.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Kartik |date=2024-04-12 |title=Listening now |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Apr/12/listening-now |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Yaadon Ke Saaye (2013): A series exploring memories and reflections of Indian parliamentarians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Episode 368: Irfan, the Keeper of Memories |url=https://seenunseen.in/episodes/2024/2/12/episode-368-irfan-the-keeper-of-memories/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Seen and the Unseen |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Suno MF Husain Ki Kahani (2003): An audiobook autobiography of M.F. Husain.
* Gumnam Hai Koi (2014): A documentary on the unsung heroes of Bollywood music.
* Sadi Ka Safar (2013): A TV series commemorating the 100th anniversary of Indian cinema.
* Bharat ka Swatantrata Sangram (1997): A Hindi translation of Sukumar Sen's book on India's freedom struggle.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://podcasts.apple.com/in/podcast/50-with-syed-mohd-irfan/id1525737983?i=1000566278954 Podcast with Syed Mohd Irfan]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irfan, Syed Mohd}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra University alumni]]

{{Improve categories|date=September 2025}}

Virtual Bharat

2026-03-26T23:17:35Z

Locweld: Added first entry w/ refs.

{{short description|Indian documentary short film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Virtual Bharat logo.png
| image_size = 150
| caption =
| genre = [[Documentary film]], [[short film]], [[web series]]
| based_on =
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = [[Bharat Bala]]
| presenter = [[A. R. Rahman]] [[Gulzar]] [[Shreya Ghoshal]] [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]]
| country = [[India]]
| language =
| producer = [[Bharat Bala]]
| num_episodes = 1,000 (expected)
| runtime = <10 minutes
| network = [[YouTube]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|08|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Virtual Bharat''''' is an Indian [[Documentary film|documentary]] [[short film]] series directed by [[Bharat Bala]] and premiered on [[YouTube]] on 15 August 2019. The series is expected to have a total of 1,000 episodes,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/filmmaker-bharat-bala-is-on-a-1000-film-journey-across-india/article67676221.ece |title=Filmmaker Bharat Bala is on a 1,000-film journey across India |last= |first= |date=2023-12-28 |website=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=Sanjana Ganesh |accessdate= |quote= |archive-date=2024-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811022133/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/filmmaker-bharat-bala-is-on-a-1000-film-journey-across-india/article67676221.ece}}</ref> telling stories about [[Indian culture]], [[Indian art|art]], [[Architecture of India|architecture]], people, etc., with each episode lasting no more than 10 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://virtualbharat.com/our-journey/ |title=Our Journey |last= |first= |date= |website=Virtual Bharat |publisher= |accessdate= |quote= |archive-date=2025-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517092834/https://virtualbharat.com/our-journey/}}</ref>

Bharat Bala said ''Virtual Bharat'' was inspired by filmmakers [[David Lean]] and [[David Lynch]]. The first episode of the series, ''Thaalam'' is about the [[boat racing]] in [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/a-r-rahman-dulquer-salmaan-collaborate-for-bharatbalas-initiative-virtual-bharat/ |title=A.R. Rahman & Dulquer Salmaan Collaborate For Bharatbala’s Initiative ‘Virtual Bharat’ |last= |first= |date=2019-08-28 |website=KOIMOI |publisher=IANS |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> while the second episode is about the [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] poet [[Haldhar Nag]] from [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/filmmaker-bharatbala-1000-stories-virtual-bharat/amp/ |title=A Virtual India: Veteran Filmmaker Bharatbala Uncovers 1,000 Stories of a Hidden India |last= |first= |date=2021-06-25 |website=rollingstoneindia.com |publisher=Tanushi Bhatnagar |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bharatbala-about-his-passion-project-virtual-bharat/article29374606.ece |title=The great Indian story: Bharatbala on his ‘Virtual Bharat’ initiative |last= |first= |date=2019-09-09 |website=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=Srinivasa Ramanujam |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/the-man-on-a-mission-to-celebrate-india-through-1000-films/ |title=The man on a mission to celebrate India through 1,000 films |last= |first= |date=2024-08-14 |website=Traveller |publisher=Salil Deshpande |accessdate= |quote= |archive-date=2024-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815042857/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/the-man-on-a-mission-to-celebrate-india-through-1000-films/ }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official}}
* {{imdb title|10875182}}
* {{YouTube|h=virtualbharat}}

{{India-stub}}
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2019 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 short documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about India]]
[[Category:2010s YouTube series]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]

Trinity College, Cambridge

2026-03-26T18:59:46Z

Locweld: corrected information to improve readability after review

{{short description|Constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England}}
{{distinguish|Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College, Dublin}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox residential college
| university = [[University of Cambridge]]
| name = Trinity College
| shield = Trinity College, Cambridge arms.svg
| shield_alt = Trinity College coat of arms
| shield_caption = [[Coat of arms]] of Trinity College
| blazon = ''Argent, a chevron between three roses gules barbed and seeded proper and on a chief gules a lion passant gardant between two closed books all Or''
| image = Trinity College - Great Court 02.jpg
| alt = Trinity College Great Court
| caption = Trinity College Great Court
| scarf ={{Scarf/University of Cambridge |Trinity}}
| full_name = The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity within the Town and University of Cambridge of King Henry the Eighth's Foundation
| abbreviation =
| name_Latin = Collegium Trinitatis
| motto_Latin = Virtus Vera Nobilitas<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Oob0qL4SVoC&pg=PR62|title=Latin Matters: A Little Knowledge Is A Dangerous Thing|first=Simon|last=James|date=4 August 2008|publisher=Pavilion Books|isbn=9781906032319|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| motto_English = Virtue is true nobility
| founder = [[Henry VIII of England]]
| named_after = [[The Holy Trinity]]
| established = {{start date and age|1546}}
| previous_names = [[King's Hall, Cambridge|King's Hall]] and [[Michaelhouse, Cambridge|Michaelhouse]] (until merged in 1546)
| location = [[Trinity Street, Cambridge|Trinity Street]]
| head_label = Master
| head = [[Dame Sally Davies]]
| undergraduates = 735 (2022–23)
| graduates = 336 (2022–23)
| sister_college = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| homepage = {{URL|trin.cam.ac.uk/}}
| jcr_label = Students' union
| jcr = {{URL|www.tcsu.net/}}
| mcr_label = BA society
| mcr = {{URL|basociety.net/}}
| endowment = [[Pound sterling|£]]2.02bn (2023)<ref name="t-accounts">{{Cite web |title=Trinity College, Cambridge, Annual Report of the Trustees and Financial Statements for the Year Ended 30th June 2023 |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/download/college-accounts-2023/?wpdmdl=41114&refresh=666fa4258f00e1718592549 |access-date=June 17, 2024 |website=Trinity College, Cambridge}}</ref>
| location_map = United Kingdom Cambridge Central
| location_map2 = United Kingdom Cambridge
| visitor = [[Image:1901 pattern Tudor Crown (2D).svg|15px|baseline]] [[Charles III]], [[The Crown]] ''ex officio''<ref name="statutes"/>
|boat_club=[[First and Third Trinity Boat Club]]}}
'''Trinity College''' is a [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|constituent college]] of the [[University of Cambridge]]. Founded in 1546 by King [[Henry VIII]], Trinity is one of the largest [[Cambridge colleges]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kirk|first1=Ashley|last2=Peck|first2=Sally|date=1 October 2019|title=Why Trinity is the best Cambridge college, according to our Oxbridge league table|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education-and-careers/2019/10/01/trinity-best-cambridge-college-according-oxbridge-league-table/|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220033126/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education-and-careers/2019/10/01/trinity-best-cambridge-college-according-oxbridge-league-table/|archive-date=20 February 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> with the largest [[financial endowment]] of any college at Oxford or Cambridge. Trinity has some of the most distinctive architecture in Cambridge with its [[Trinity Great Court|Great Court]] said to be the largest enclosed courtyard in Europe.<ref>Stephen Brewer, Donald Olson (2006). Best Day Trips from London: 25 Great Escapes by Train, Bus Or Car. Frommer's. p. 56. {{ISBN|0-470-04453-5}}.</ref> Academically, Trinity performs exceptionally as measured by the [[Tompkins Table]] (the annual unofficial league table of Cambridge colleges), coming top from 2011 to 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/17736|title=Exclusive: Christ's triumphant in 2019 Tompkins Table|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233512/https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/17736|url-status=live}}</ref> and regaining the position in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/28202|title=Trinity tops 2024 Tompkins Table as Christ’s is toppled|date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

Members of Trinity have been awarded 34 Nobel Prizes out of the 126 received by members of the University of Cambridge (more than any other Oxford or Cambridge college).<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2013 |title=Research at Cambridge/Nobel Prize |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/nobel-prize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128192532/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/nobel-prize |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=University of Cambridge}}</ref> Members of the college have received four [[Fields Medal]]s, one [[Turing Award]] and one [[Abel Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Trinity College Medallists and Prize Winners |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/alumni/famous-trinity-alumni/medallists-and-prize-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128062642/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/alumni/famous-trinity-alumni/medallists-and-prize-winners/ |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=28 August 2020 |publisher=Trin.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> Trinity alumni include [[Francis Bacon]], six British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime ministers]] (the highest number of any Cambridge college), physicists [[Isaac Newton]], [[James Clerk Maxwell]], [[Ernest Rutherford]] and [[Niels Bohr]], mathematicians [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] and [[Charles Babbage]], poets [[Lord Byron]] and [[Lord Tennyson]], English jurist [[Edward Coke]], writers [[Vladimir Nabokov]] and [[A. A. Milne]], historians [[Lord Macaulay]] and [[G. M. Trevelyan]], and philosophers [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] and [[Bertrand Russell]] (whom the college expelled before reaccepting).

Two members of the [[British royal family]] have studied at Trinity and been awarded degrees: [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh]], who gained an MA degree in 1790, and King [[Charles III]], who was awarded a lower second-class BA degree in 1970.

Trinity's many college societies include the [[Trinity Mathematical Society]], the oldest mathematical university society in the United Kingdom, and the [[First and Third Trinity Boat Club]], its [[Sport rowing|rowing]] club, which gives its name to the [[First and Third Trinity Boat Club May Ball|May Ball]]. Along with [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's]], [[Jesus College, Cambridge|Jesus]], [[King's College, Cambridge|King's]] and [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's]] colleges, it has provided several well-known [[List of Cambridge Apostles members|members of the Cambridge Apostles]], an intellectual [[secret society]]. In 1848, Trinity hosted a meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing [[Public school (United Kingdom)|fee-paying private schools]] codified a set of early rules of football known as the [[Cambridge rules]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i32zcifYgEgC&q=%22association+football%22+trinity+college&pg=PA3|title=The World's Game: A History of Soccer|isbn=9780252067181|last1=Murray|first1=Bill|last2=Murray|first2=William J|date=1 January 1998|publisher=University of Illinois Press |access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501050731/https://books.google.com/books?id=i32zcifYgEgC&q=%22association+football%22+trinity+college&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}</ref> Trinity's sister college is [[Christ Church, Oxford]]. Trinity has been linked with [[Westminster School]] since the school's re-foundation in 1560, and its Master is an ''ex officio'' governor of the school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intranet.westminster.org.uk/lists/whoswho/governors.asp |title=Westminster School Intranet |publisher=Intranet.westminster.org.uk |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713102645/http://intranet.westminster.org.uk/lists/whoswho/governors.asp |archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Cambridge - Trinity College by Braun Hogenberg (110198041).jpg|thumb|left|1575 map showing the [[King's Hall, Cambridge|King's Hall]] (top left) and [[Michaelhouse, Cambridge|Michaelhouse]] (top right) buildings before [[Thomas Nevile]]'s reconstruction.]]

===Foundation===
The college was founded by [[Henry VIII]] in 1546 with the name ''College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity within the Town and University of Cambridge of King Henry the Eighth's Foundation'', from the merger of two existing colleges: [[Michaelhouse, Cambridge|Michaelhouse]] (founded by [[Hervey de Stanton]] in 1324), and [[King's Hall, Cambridge|King's Hall]] (established by [[Edward II]] in 1317 and refounded by [[Edward III]] in 1337). At the time, Henry had been seizing (Catholic) church lands from abbeys and monasteries. The universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], being both religious institutions and quite rich, expected to be next in line. The king duly passed an [[act of Parliament]], the [[Dissolution of Colleges Act 1545]] ([[37 Hen. 8]]. c. 4), that allowed him to suppress (and confiscate the property of) any college he wished. The universities used their contacts to plead with his sixth wife, [[Catherine Parr]]. The Queen persuaded her husband not to close them down, but to create a new college. The king did not want to use royal funds, so he instead combined two colleges ([[King's Hall, Cambridge|King's Hall]] and [[Michaelhouse, Cambridge|Michaelhouse]]) and seven hostels to form Trinity.

===Nevile's expansion===
[[File:Trinity College Cambridge 1690.jpg|thumb|left|[[David Loggan]]'s print of 1690 showing Nevile's Great Court (foreground) and Nevile's Court with the then-new [[Wren Library]] (background) – New Court had yet to be built.]]

The monastic lands granted by [[Henry VIII]] were not on their own sufficient to ensure Trinity's eventual rise. In terms of architecture and royal association, it was not until the Mastership of Thomas Nevile (1593–1615) that Trinity assumed both its spaciousness and its association with the governing class that distinguished it since the Civil War. In its infancy Trinity had owed a great deal to its neighbouring college of [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's]]: in the words of [[Roger Ascham]], Trinity was a ''colonia deducta''.<ref name="british-history1">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66656#s20 |title=The colleges and halls – Trinity College | British History Online |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526040047/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66656#s20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most of Trinity's major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. [[Thomas Nevile]], who became Master of Trinity in 1593, rebuilt and redesigned much of the college. This work included the enlargement and completion of [[Trinity Great Court|Great Court]] and the construction of [[Nevile's Court, Trinity College, Cambridge|Nevile's Court]] between Great Court and the [[river Cam]]. Nevile's Court was completed in the late 17th century with the [[Wren Library]], designed by [[Christopher Wren]]. Nevile's building campaign drove the college into debt from which it surfaced only in the 1640s, and the Mastership of [[Richard Bentley]] adversely affected applications and finances.<ref name="british-history1"/> Bentley himself was notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Master's Lodge and for his repeated refusals to step down despite pleas from the Fellows. Besides, despite not being a sister college of [[Trinity College Dublin]], as is the case with St John's College, Cambridge, it is believed that the Irish institution takes its name from this college, which was the ''alma mater'' of its first provost, [[Adam Loftus (bishop)|Adam Loftus]] and, likewise, from [[Trinity College, Oxford]].

===Modern day===
[[File:Cambridge Science Park rear entrance.jpg|thumb|Trinity established Cambridge Science Park, the UK's first science park, in 1970.]]
[[File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_Remembrance_Service_2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Remembrance Service at the Great Court in 2018]]
In the 20th century, Trinity College, St John's College and [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] were for decades the main recruiting grounds for the [[Cambridge Apostles]], an elite, intellectual secret society. In 2011, the [[John Templeton Foundation]] awarded Trinity College's Master, the astrophysicist [[Martin Rees]], its controversial million-pound<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/apr/06/martin-rees-templeton-prize|title=Martin Rees wins controversial £1m prize|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 April 2011|access-date=29 February 2012|first=Ian|last=Sample|archive-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930041826/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/apr/06/martin-rees-templeton-prize|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Templeton Prize]], for "affirming life's spiritual dimension". Trinity is the richest [[Oxbridge]] college with a landholding alone worth £800 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/28/oxford-and-cambridge-university-colleges-hold-21bn-in-riches|title = Oxford and Cambridge university colleges hold £21bn in riches|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 28 May 2018|access-date = 20 May 2019|archive-date = 30 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012504/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/28/oxford-and-cambridge-university-colleges-hold-21bn-in-riches|url-status = live}}</ref> For comparison, the second richest college in Cambridge (St John's) has estimated assets of around £780 million, and the richest college in Oxford ([[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen]]) has about £940 million.<ref name="Ruddick">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9046781/Cambridges-Trinity-College-buys-50pc-stake-in-Tesco-stores.html|title=Cambridge's Trinity College buys 50pc stake in Tesco stores|date=28 January 2012|access-date=29 February 2012|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|first=Graham|last=Ruddick|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206160759/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9046781/Cambridges-Trinity-College-buys-50pc-stake-in-Tesco-stores.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Trinity's annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million. The college owns:
* 3400 acres (14 km2) housing facilities at the [[Port of Felixstowe]], Britain's busiest container port.
* the [[Cambridge Science Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukspa.org.uk/science_parks/content/1059/cambridge_science_park|title=Cambridge Science Park|date=November 2006|access-date=29 February 2012|publisher=UK Science Parks Association|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130154419/http://www.ukspa.org.uk/science_parks/content/1059/cambridge_science_park|archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>
* the [[The O2 Arena (London)|O2 Arena]] in London (formerly the [[Millennium Dome]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/6280090/Trinity-College-buys-O2-concert-arena.html|title=Trinity College buys O2 concert arena|date=9 October 2009|access-date=29 February 2012|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|archive-date=12 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012085941/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/6280090/Trinity-College-buys-O2-concert-arena.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, Trinity revealed that it had investments totalling £9.1 million in companies involved in oil and gas production, exploration and refinement. These included holdings of £1.2 million in Royal Dutch Shell, £1.7 million in Exxon Mobil and £1 million in Chevron.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/16518|title=Big Oil and deep sea drilling: The corporations underpinning Cambridge colleges' investments|website=Varsity Online|language=en|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528083455/https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/16518|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Trinity confirmed its plan to withdraw from the [[Universities Superannuation Scheme]] (USS), the main pre-1992 UK University pension provider.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/about/college-notices/trinity-college-and-uss/|title=Trinity College and USS – Trinity College Cambridge|language=en-US|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526090303/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/about/college-notices/trinity-college-and-uss/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, more than 500 Cambridge academics signed an open letter undertaking to "refuse to supervise Trinity students or to engage in other discretionary work in support of Trinity's teaching and research activities".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EHwkVrK5MAPsDfYOX3qlbRs6uaywPG88OLFAbn0zMwA/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=An open letter to the Council and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge|website=Google Docs|language=en|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501050729/https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EHwkVrK5MAPsDfYOX3qlbRs6uaywPG88OLFAbn0zMwA/edit?usp=embed_facebook|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 February 2020, protestors from the campaign group [[Extinction Rebellion]] dug up the front lawn of Trinity College to protest against the College's investments in fossil fuels and its negotiations to sell off a farm in Suffolk that was to be turned into a lorry park.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-51534446|title = Cambridge's Trinity College lawn dug up by Extinction Rebellion|work = BBC News|date = 17 February 2020|access-date = 20 February 2020|archive-date = 19 February 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200219232438/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-51534446|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Legends===
[[Lord Byron]] purportedly kept a pet bear while living in the college.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalbyronsociety.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=7 |title=University |publisher=International Byron Society |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726181932/http://www.internationalbyronsociety.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=7 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> Trinity is also often cited as the inventor of an English version of [[crème brûlée]], known as "Trinity burnt cream".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefoody.com/pudding/burntcream.html|title=Cambridge Trinity Burnt Cream|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114110606/http://thefoody.com/pudding/burntcream.html|archive-date=14 January 2010|publisher=thefoody.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TRINITY BURNT CREAM |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/about/historical-overview/trinity-burnt-cream/ |publisher=Trinity College, Cambridge |access-date=17 February 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302173304/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/about/historical-overview/trinity-burnt-cream/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Trinity in Camberwell===
Trinity College has a long-standing relationship with the Parish of St George's, [[Camberwell]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dswark.org/parishes/051l.htm|title=Diocese of Southwark:Parishes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040904051226/http://www.dswark.org/parishes/051l.htm|archive-date=4 September 2004|publisher=Diocese of Southwark}}</ref> in South London. Students from the College have helped to run holiday schemes for children from the parish since 1966. The relationship was formalised in 1979 with the establishment of '''Trinity in Camberwell''' as a registered charity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/ |title=Charity Commission Homepage |publisher=Charity-commission.gov.uk |date=21 May 2007 |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402222408/http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/ |archive-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Buildings and grounds==
[[File:Historical plan of Trinity College, Cambridge (1897) - cambridgedescri00atkiuoft 0571.png|thumb|A historical plan of the development of Trinity College by 1897]]

===Great Gate===
The Great Gate is the main entrance to the college, leading to the [[Trinity Great Court|Great Court]]. A statue of the college founder, [[Henry VIII]], stands in a niche above the doorway. In 1983, Trinity College undergraduate [[Lance Forman|Lance Anisfeld]], then Vice-President of CURLS (Cambridge Union Raving Loony Society), replaced the chair leg with a bicycle pump. Once discovered the following day, the college removed the pump and replaced it with another chair leg. The original chair leg was auctioned off by TV presenter Chris Serle at a Cambridge Union Society charity raffle in 1985. In 2023, the college replaced the chair leg with a sceptre to mark the 75th birthday of [[Charles III]], an alumnus of the college.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-67420099 |title=Trinity College statue's chair leg replaced with sceptre |work=BBC News |date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208174358/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-67420099 |archive-date=8 December 2023}}</ref> In 1704, the university's first [[Astronomy departments in the University of Cambridge|astronomical]] [[observatory]] was built on top of the gatehouse. Beneath the founder's statue are the coats of arms of [[Edward III]], the founder of King's Hall, and those of his five sons who survived to maturity, as well as William of Hatfield, whose shield is blank as he died as an infant, before being granted arms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/node/1162 |title=Trinity Tour |publisher=Trin.cam.ac.uk |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703231958/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/node/1162 |archive-date=3 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Great Court===
{{main|Trinity Great Court|l1 = Great Court}}

[[Trinity Great Court|Great Court]] (built 1599–1608) was the brainchild of [[Thomas Nevile]], who demolished several existing buildings on this site, including almost the entirety of the former college of [[Michaelhouse, Cambridge|Michaelhouse]]. The sole remaining building of Michaelhouse was replaced by the then current Kitchens (designed by [[James Essex]]) in 1770–1775. The Master's Lodge is the official residence of the Sovereign when in Cambridge. King's Hostel (built 1377–1416) is located to the north of Great Court, behind the [[Trinity College Clock|clock tower]]. This is, along with the King's Gate, the sole remaining building from [[King's Hall, Cambridge|King's Hall]]. Bishop's Hostel (built 1671) is a detached building to the southwest of Great Court, and named after [[John Hacket]], Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. Additional buildings were built in 1878 by Arthur Blomfield.

===Nevile's Court===
{{main|Nevile's Court, Trinity College, Cambridge|l1 = Nevile's Court}}

[[File:Cmglee Cambridge Trinity College Neviles Court.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Wren Library]] at Nevile's Court]]

Nevile's Court (built 1614) is located between Great Court and the river. It was created by a bequest by the college's master, [[Thomas Nevile]], originally two-thirds of its current length and without the [[Wren Library]]. The court was extended and the appearance of the upper floor remodelled slightly in 1758 by [[James Essex]]. Cloisters run around the court, providing sheltered walkways from the rear of Great Hall to the college library and reading room as well as the Wren Library and New Court.

[[File:WrenLibraryInterior.jpg|thumb|Wren Library interior, showing the limewood carvings by [[Grinling Gibbons]]]]
The Wren Library (built 1676–1695, [[Christopher Wren]]) is located at the west end of Nevile's Court, the Wren is one of Cambridge's most famous and well-endowed libraries. Among its notable possessions are two of [[Shakespeare]]'s First Folios, a 14th-century manuscript of [[The Vision of Piers Plowman]], letters written by Sir Isaac Newton, and the [[Eadwine Psalter]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/library/home/ | title=Library }}</ref> Below the building are the Wren Library Cloisters, from which the Great Hall and the river and [[The Backs|Backs]] are viewable.

Since the completion of the [[Wren Library]] in 1695, a number of prominent portraits have been displayed within its walls, including those of [[Arthur Balfour|Arthur James Balfour]], [[John Hacket]], [[Isaac Barrow]], [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|William Lamb]], and [[Thomas Nevile]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Portraits in the Wren Library, part 1 - Trinity College Library, Cambridge |url=https://trinitycollegelibrarycambridge.wordpress.com/2019/10/15/portraits-in-the-wren-library/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Treasures from the Collection |publisher=Trinity College, Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=Portraits in the Wren Library, part 2 - Trinity College Library, Cambridge |url=https://trinitycollegelibrarycambridge.wordpress.com/2019/12/05/portraits-in-the-wren-part-2/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Treasures from the Collection |publisher=Trinity College, Cambridge}}</ref> As of November 2024, the portrait of Balfour was temporarily relocated to an undisclosed location in Cambridge after being vandalised by an activist associated with the group [[Palestine Action]].<ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2024 |title=Palestine Action vandalism repairs to cost £24,000 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg7j28pxy3po |access-date=10 August 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Trinity College stated that revealing the painting's current location or restoration studio would present a security risk.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2024 |title=Palestine Action vandalism repairs to cost £24,000 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg7j28pxy3po |access-date=10 August 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

===New Court===
New Court (or ''King's Court''; built 1825, [[William Wilkins (architect)|William Wilkins]]) is located to the south of Nevile's Court, and built in Tudor-Gothic style; this court is notable for the large tree in the centre. A myth is sometimes circulated that this was the tree from which the apple dropped onto [[Isaac Newton]]; in fact, Newton was at home in [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth|Woolsthorpe]] when he deduced his theory of gravity – and the tree is a [[horse chestnut]] tree.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://alumni.trin.cam.ac.uk/document.doc?id=101 |title=Trinity College Cambridge, "The Fountain", Issue 14, Spring 2012, p.12 |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220447/http://alumni.trin.cam.ac.uk/document.doc?id=101 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pitchcare.com/news-media/dutch-master.html |title=Trinity College Cambridge – Dutch Master |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=19 May 2023 }}</ref> For many years it was the custom for students to place a bicycle high in branches of the tree of New Court. Usually invisible except in winter, when the leaves had fallen, such bicycles tended to remain for several years before being removed by the authorities. The students then inserted another bicycle.

===Other courts===
[[File:cmglee Cambridge Trinity College Whewells Court.jpg|thumb|left|Whewell's Court north range]]
Whewell's Court (1860–1868, [[Anthony Salvin]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Whewell's Court, Trinity College|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-47282-trinity-college-whewell-s-court-whewell-s|work=British Listed Buildings|publisher=English Heritage|access-date=21 March 2014|archive-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002130/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-47282-trinity-college-whewell-s-court-whewell-s|url-status=live}}</ref> is located across the street from Great Court, and was entirely paid for by [[William Whewell]], the Master of the college from 1841 until his death in 1866. The north range was later remodelled by [[W.D. Caroe]]. Angel Court (built 1957–1959, [[H. C. Husband]]) is located between Great Court and [[Trinity Street, Cambridge|Trinity Street]], and is used along with the Wolfson Building for accommodating first year students.

The Wolfson Building (built 1968–1972, [[Architects' Co-Partnership]]) is located to the south of Whewell's Court, on top of a podium above shops, this building resembles a brick-clad ziggurat, and is used exclusively for first-year accommodation. Having been renovated during the academic year 2005–06, many rooms are now en-suite. Blue Boar Court (built 1989, [[MJP Architects]]) is located to the south of the Wolfson Building, on top of podium a floor up from ground level, and including the upper floors of several surrounding Georgian buildings on Trinity Street, Green Street and [[Sidney Street, Cambridge|Sidney Street]]. [[Burrell's Field]] (built 1995, MJP Architects) is located on a site to the west of the main College buildings, opposite the [[Cambridge University Library]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mjparchitects.co.uk/index.php?show=Burrells_Field_%3Cbr%3ETrinity_College,%3Cbr%3E_Cambridge |title=MJP Architects |publisher=MJP Architects |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527112505/http://www.mjparchitects.co.uk/index.php?show=Burrells_Field_%3Cbr%3ETrinity_College,%3Cbr%3E_Cambridge |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Chapel===
{{main|Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge|l1 = Trinity College Chapel}}

[[File:Trinity College, Cambridge - chapel.jpg|thumb|upright|Inside [[Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge|Trinity College Chapel]]]]
[[Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge|Trinity College Chapel]] dates from the mid 16th century and is [[Grade I listed]].<ref>[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-47269-trinity-college-the-buildings-surrounding Trinity College, the Buildings Surrounding Great Court, Nevile's Court and New Court, and Including – Cambridge – Cambridgeshire – England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014025152/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-47269-trinity-college-the-buildings-surrounding |date=14 October 2013}}. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved on 24 August 2013.</ref> There are a number of memorials to former Fellows of Trinity within the Chapel, including statues, brasses, and two memorials to graduates and Fellows who died during the World Wars.<ref>[http://www.trinitycollegechapel.com/about/memorials/memorials-index/ Index of memorials in Trinity College Chapel and Ante-Chapel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719212910/http://trinitycollegechapel.com/about/memorials/memorials-index/ |date=19 July 2013}}. Trinity College Chapel. Retrieved on 24 August 2013.</ref> Among the most notable of these is a statue of Isaac Newton by [[Roubiliac]], described by [[Sir Francis Chantrey]] as "the noblest, I think, of all our English statues."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trinitycollegechapel.com/about/memorials/statues/newton/|title=Trinity College Chapel – Isaac Newton|website=trinitycollegechapel.com|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717043100/http://trinitycollegechapel.com/about/memorials/statues/newton/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Chapel is a performance space for [[The Choir of Trinity College, Cambridge|the College Choir]] which comprises around thirty Choral Scholars and two [[Organ Scholar]]s, all of whom are ordinarily students at the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trinitycollegechoir.com/about/|title=Trinity College Choir – About|website=www.trinitycollegechoir.com |access-date=1 August 2013|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929234018/http://www.trinitycollegechoir.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Grounds===
The Fellows' Garden is located on the west side of [[Queen's Road, Cambridge|Queen's Road]], opposite the drive that leads to the Backs. The Fellows' Bowling Green is located north of Great Court, between King's Hostel and the river. It is the site for many of the tutors' garden parties in the summer months, while the Master's Garden is located behind the Master's Lodge. The Old Fields are located on the western side of [[Grange Road, Cambridge|Grange Road]], next to Burrell's Field. It currently houses the college's gym, changing rooms, squash courts, badminton courts, rugby, hockey and football pitches along with tennis and netball courts.

===Trinity Bridge===
{{Main|Trinity College Bridge|l1 = Trinity Bridge}}

Trinity Bridge is a stone built triple-arched road bridge across the River Cam. It was built of Portland stone in 1765 to the designs of [[James Essex]] to replace an earlier bridge built in 1651 and is a [[Grade I listed]] building.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1331804|desc=TRINITY COLLEGE, TRINITY BRIDGE |access-date= 13 April 2017}}</ref>

===Gallery===
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Trinity Bridge (geograph 5157201).jpg|Trinity Bridge
File:TrinityCollegeCamGreatGate.jpg|Great Gate
File:Clock Tower, Great Court, Trinity College, Cambridge.jpg|Clock Tower
File:ISH WC Trinity2.jpg|Fellows' Bowling Green, with the oldest building in the college in the background.
File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_Bishops_Hostel.jpg|Bishop's Hostel viewed from Great Court.
File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_Old_Kitchen.jpg|Old Kitchen set up for a formal dinner.
File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_New_Court_doorway.jpg|New Court after 2016 refurbishment.
File:River Cam green.JPG|The [[River Cam]] as it flows past the back of Trinity, Trinity Bridge is visible and the punt house is to the right of the moored punts.
File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_avenue.jpg|The Avenue of lime and cherry trees, and wrought iron gate to Queen's Road viewed from the Backs.
File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_Fellows_Garden_sundial_shelter.jpg|Sundial and shelter at the Fellows' Garden.
File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_Burrells_Field_axis.jpg|1995 development of [[Burrell's Field]].
File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_Blue_Boar_Court.jpg|Blue Boar Court, with the Wolfson Building in the background.
</gallery>

==Academic profile==
Since 1997, the college has always come at least eighth in the [[Tompkins Table]], which ranks the twenty-nine undergraduate Cambridge colleges according to the academic performance of their undergraduates, and on eleven occasions it has been in first place. Its average position in the Tompkins Table over that period has been between second and third, higher than any other. In 2016, 45% of Trinity undergraduates achieved first-class honours, twelve percentage points ahead of second place Pembroke – a record among Cambridge colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.varsity.co.uk/news/10514|title=The Tompkins Table 2016: Christ's has risen|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128171910/http://www.varsity.co.uk/news/10514|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Admissions===

Trinity's history, academic performance and alumni have made it one of the most prestigious constituent colleges of the university, making admission extremely competitive. About 50% of Trinity's undergraduates attended independent schools. In 2006 it accepted a smaller proportion of students from state schools (39%) than any other Cambridge college, and on a rolling three-year average it has admitted a smaller proportion of state school pupils (42%) than any other college at either Cambridge or Oxford.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2006-07/special/11/table7.pdf |title=Cambridge 2005/2006 admissions statistics by college |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612032653/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2006-07/special/11/table7.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2005-06/special/11/table7.pdf |title=Cambridge 2004/2005 admissions statistics by college |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051221/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2005-06/special/11/table7.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/facts_and_figures/undergraduate_admissions_statistics/school_type.html|title=Oxford 3-year average admissions statistics by college|access-date=1 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802013322/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/facts_and_figures/undergraduate_admissions_statistics/school_type.html|archive-date=2 August 2013}}</ref> According to the ''[[Good Schools Guide]]'', about 7% of British school-age students attend private schools, although this figure refers to students in all school years – a higher proportion attend private schools in their final two years before university. Trinity states that it disregards what type of school its applicants attend, and accepts students solely on the basis of their academic prospects. Trinity admitted its first female graduate student in 1976, its first female undergraduate in 1978 and elected its first female fellow ([[Marian Hobson]]) in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |author=Trinity College, Cambridge |url=http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/about/history/20th-century-present |title=Trinity College Cambridge – 20th Century to Present |publisher=Trin.cam.ac.uk |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702194201/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/about/history/20th-century-present |archive-date=2 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Scholarships and prizes===
[[File:StatueOfIsaacNewton.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The statue of [[Sir Isaac Newton]] in the chapel, where scholars are typically installed.]]
The Scholars, together with the Master and Fellows, make up the '''Foundation of the College'''. In order of seniority:

* '''Research Scholars''' receive funding for graduate studies. Typically, one must graduate in the top ten percent of one's class and continue for graduate study at Trinity. They are given first preference in the assignment of college rooms and number approximately 25.
* The '''Senior Scholars''' usually consist of those who attain a degree with [[British undergraduate degree classification|first-class honours]] or higher in any year after the first of an undergraduate [[tripos]]. The college pays them a stipend of £250 a year and allows them to choose rooms directly following the research scholars. There are around 40 senior scholars at any one time.
* The '''Junior Scholars''' usually consist of those who attained a First in their first year. Their stipend is £175 a year. They are given preference in the room ballot over 2nd years who are not scholars.

These scholarships are tenable for the academic year following that in which the result was achieved. If a scholarship is awarded but the student does not continue at Trinity then only a quarter of the stipend is given. However, all students who achieve a First are awarded an additional £240 prize upon announcement of the results.

Many final year undergraduates who achieve first-class honours in their final exams are offered full financial support, through a scheme known as Internal Graduate Studentships, to read for a [[master's degree]] at Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/postgraduate/graduate-funding-awards/|title=Trinity Graduate Student Funding Awards – Trinity College Cambridge|language=en-US|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713171951/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/postgraduate/graduate-funding-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other support is available for [[Doctorate|PhD]] degrees. The College also offers a number of other bursaries and studentships open to external applicants. The right to walk on the grass in the college courts is exclusive to Fellows of the college and their guests. Scholars do, however, have the right to walk on the Scholars' Lawn, but only in full academic dress.

==Traditions==

===Great Court Run===
[[File:cmglee Cambridge Trinity College Great Court.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Trinity Great Court|Great Court]], with (from left to right) the dining hall, Master's Lodge, fountain, clock tower, chapel and Great Gate.]]

The Great Court Run requires a circuit of the 400-yard perimeter of [[Trinity Great Court|Great Court]], in the 43 seconds of the clock striking 12. The time varies according to humidity. Students traditionally attempt to complete the circuit on the day of the Matriculation Dinner. It is a difficult challenge: one needs to be a fine sprinter to achieve it, but it is not necessary to be of Olympic standard, despite assertions made in the press.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/athletics/article2748773.ece Student breaks 'Chariots of Fire' record] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710062921/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=10 July 2022 }} ''Times Online'' article. 27 October 2007.</ref>

It is widely believed that [[Sebastian Coe]] successfully completed the run when he beat [[Steve Cram]] in a charity race in October 1988. Coe's time on 29 October 1988 was reported by [[Norris McWhirter]] to have been 45.52 seconds, but it was actually 46.0 seconds, while Cram's was 46.3 seconds. The clock on that day took 44.4 seconds and the video film confirms that Coe was some 12 metres short of the finish line when the final stroke occurred. The television commentators were wrong to speculate that the dying sounds of the bell could be included in the striking time, thereby allowing Coe's run to be claimed as successful. One reason Olympic runners Cram and Coe found the challenge difficult is that they started at the middle of one side of the court, having to negotiate four right-angle turns. In the days when students started at a corner, only three turns were needed. In addition, Cram and Coe ran entirely on the flagstones, while until 2017 students have typically cut corners to run on the cobbles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Court Run reverts to tradition |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/great-court-run-reverts-to-tradition/ |website=Trinity College Cambridge |access-date=7 February 2022 |date=11 October 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207025947/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/great-court-run-reverts-to-tradition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Great Court Run was portrayed in the film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'' about the British Olympic runners of 1924. The run was filmed at [[Eton College]] in Berkshire, not in Great Court. Until the mid-1990s, the run was traditionally attempted by first-year students at midnight following their matriculation dinner.<ref>[http://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2015-10-13/runners-latest-attempt-to-beat-the-college-clock/ "Runners' latest attempt to beat the college clock"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015230712/http://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2015-10-13/runners-latest-attempt-to-beat-the-college-clock/ |date=15 October 2015 }}, ''ITV News'', 13 October 2015</ref> Following a number of accidents to undergraduates running on slippery cobbles, the college now organises a more formal Great Court Run, at 12 noon on the day of the matriculation dinner: while some contestants compete seriously, many others run in fancy dress and there are prizes for the fastest man and woman in each category.<ref>[https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/great-court-run-reverts-to-tradition/, "Great Court run reverts to tradition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710062931/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/great-court-run-reverts-to-tradition/ |date=10 July 2022 }}, Trinity College, 11 October 2017</ref>

===Open-air concerts===
[[File:cmglee Cambridge Singing on the River 2016.jpg|thumb|''Singing on the River'', 5 June 2016]]
One Sunday each June, the [[Choir of Trinity College, Cambridge|College Choir]] perform a short concert immediately after the clock strikes noon. Known as ''Singing from the Towers'', half of the choir sings from the top of the Great Gate, while the other half sings from the top of the Clock Tower approximately 60 metres away, giving a strong [[antiphon]]al effect. Midway through the concert, the Cambridge University Brass Ensemble performs from the top of the Queen's Tower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trinitycollegechoir.com/concerts/|title=Trinity College Choir – Concerts|work=trinitycollegechoir.com|access-date=6 June 2013|archive-date=29 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429135931/http://www.trinitycollegechoir.com/concerts/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later that same day, the College Choir gives a second open-air concert, known as ''Singing on the River'', where they perform [[madrigal]]s and arrangements of popular songs from a raft of [[punt (boat)|punts]] lit with lanterns or fairy lights on the [[River Cam|river]]. For the finale, [[John Wilbye]]'s madrigal ''Draw on, sweet night'', the raft is unmoored and punted downstream to give a [[Fade (audio engineering)|fade out]] effect. As a tradition, however, this latter concert dates back only to the mid-1980s, when the College Choir first acquired female members. In the years immediately before this, an annual concert on the river was given by the University Madrigal Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.practicalintroduction.com/2022/02/NewInformationScholarshipProgram2022atUniversityUniversityofCambridgeinUK.html|title=New Information Scholarship Program 2022 at University of Cambridge in UK|website=Practical Introduction|access-date=8 April 2022|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408235705/https://www.practicalintroduction.com/2022/02/NewInformationScholarshipProgram2022atUniversityUniversityofCambridgeinUK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Clear|left}}

===Mallard===
[[File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_mallard.jpg|thumb|The mallard in the hall's rafters]]
Another tradition relates to an artificial duck known as the Mallard, which should reside in the rafters of the Great Hall. Students occasionally moved the duck from one rafter to another without permission from the college. This is considered difficult; access to the Hall outside meal-times is prohibited and the rafters are dangerously high, so it was not attempted for several years. During the Easter term of 2006, the Mallard was knocked off its rafter by one of the pigeons which enter the Hall through the pinnacle windows. It was reinstated by students in 2016, and is visible from only the far end of the hall.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Geoffrey Winthrop |last1=Young|first2= John |last2=Hurst|first3= Richard |last3=Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuOvj8huqGgC&pg=PA29|title=The Roof-Climber's Guide to Trinity: Omnibus Edition|page=29|publisher= Oleander Press|year= 2013|ISBN=0900891920|author-link1=Geoffrey Winthrop Young}}</ref><ref>{{Cite periodical|first2=Jovan|last2=Powar|first1=Kate|last1=Pfeffer|url=https://issuu.com/travistytrinity/docs/travisty_issue_1|magazine=Travisty Issue 1|title=Mallard Returns|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501050611/https://issuu.com/travistytrinity/docs/travisty_issue_1|archive-date=1 May 2022|date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

===College rivalry===
The college remains a great rival of [[St. John's College, Cambridge|St John's]] which is its main competitor in sports and academia. This has given rise to a number of anecdotes and myths. It is often cited as the reason that the older courts of Trinity generally have no J staircases, despite including other letters in alphabetical order. A far more likely reason is that the [[Latin alphabet]] did not have the letter J—the older courts of [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] also lack J staircases. There are also two small muzzle-loading cannons on the bowling green pointing in the direction of John's, though this orientation may be coincidental. Another story sometimes told is that the reason that the clock in Trinity Great Court strikes each hour twice is that the fellows of St John's once complained about the noise it made.

===College Grace===
[[File:ISH WC Trinity1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The High Table is at the far end of the dining hall under the portrait of [[Henry VIII]].]]

Each evening before dinner, grace is recited by the senior fellow presiding, as follows:

{{Verse translation |lang=la
|1=Benedic, Domine, nos et dona tua,
quae de largitate tua sumus sumpturi,
et concede, ut illis salubriter nutriti
tibi debitum obsequium praestare valeamus,
per Christum Dominum nostrum.
|2=Bless us, Lord, and these gifts
which, through your generosity, we are about to receive
and grant that we, wholesomely nourished by them,
may be able to offer you the service we owe
through Christ our Lord.
}}

If both of the two high tables are in use then the following [[antiphonal]] formula is prefixed to the main grace:

{{Verse translation |lang=la
|1=A. Oculi omnium in te sperant Domine:
B. Et tu das escam illis in tempore.
A. Aperis tu manum tuam,
B. Et imples omne animal benedictione.
|2=The eyes of all are on you, Lord:
and you give them their food, in due time.
You open your hand
and bestow upon all living things your blessing.<ref>[[Psalm 145]]:15–16</ref>
}}

Following the meal, the simple formula {{lang|la|Benedicto benedicatur}} is pronounced.<ref>Reginald H. Adams, The College Graces of Oxford and Cambridge (Oxford: Perpetua Press, 1992).</ref>{{Clear|left}}

===Punt names===
[[File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_punt_names.jpg|thumb|upright|Trinity punts moored near the Trinity Bridge]]
Befitting the term ''[[:wiktionary:trinity#Noun|trinity]]'', Trinity College [[Punt (boat)#Punting in Cambridge|punts]] are named after people or things related to the number three, such as ''[[Bronze medal|Bronze]]'' (award for third place), ''[[Codon]]'' (which has three [[nucleotide]]s) and ''[[Three wise monkeys|Wise Monkey]]''. In 2023, the launch of the punt ''Charles'' marked the coronation of alumnus [[Charles III]].<ref>Trinity College Cambridge, [http://trin.cam.ac.uk/news/crowning-glory-for-new-king-charles-iii-professorship/#:~:text=College%20tradition,%20drawing%20on%20its%20own%20name%2C%20of%20playing%20on%20the%20number%20three ''Crowning glory for new King Charles III Professorship''], 4 May 2023.</ref>

===Minor traditions===
Trinity College undergraduate gowns are readily distinguished from the black gowns favoured by most other Cambridge colleges. They are instead dark blue with black facings. They are expected to be worn to formal events such as formal halls and also when an undergraduate sees the Dean of the College in a formal capacity. Trinity students, along with those of [[King's College, Cambridge|King's]] and [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's]], are the first to be presented to the Congregation of the Regent House at graduation.



==People associated with Trinity==
===Notable fellows and alumni===
{{main|List of alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge}}

[[File:Duke of Wales Cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles, King of the United Kingdom|Charles III, King of the United Kingdom]]]]
The [[Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge|Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground]] in Cambridge contains the graves of 27 Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge most of whom are also commemorated in Trinity College Chapel with brass plaques. [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh]], who attended and was awarded an MA degree in 1790. [[Charles III]], [[King of the United Kingdom]], attended from 1967 to 1970, and was awarded a lower-second class BA degree in 1970. [[Marian Hobson]] was the first woman to become a Fellow of the college, having been elected in 1977,<ref>{{cite web |title=Marian Hobson |url=https://trinitycollegelibrarycambridge.wordpress.com/tag/marian-hobson/ |website=Trinity College Library |access-date=16 June 2018 |date=3 October 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616180429/https://trinitycollegelibrarycambridge.wordpress.com/tag/marian-hobson/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=People – Marian Hobson, CBE FBA MA PhD (Cantab) |url=http://french.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/french/people/hobson.html |website=Department of French |publisher=Queen Mary, University of London |access-date=16 June 2018 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616154237/http://french.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/french/people/hobson.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and her portrait now hangs in the college hall along with those of other notable members of the college.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 'hidden histories' of women at Trinity|url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Hidden-Histories-final-25-April-with-pics.pdf|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Trinity College Cambridge|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030011710/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Hidden-Histories-final-25-April-with-pics.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other notable female Fellows include [[Anne Barton (Shakespearean scholar)|Anne Barton]], [[Marilyn Strathern]], [[Catherine Barnard]], [[Lynn Gladden]] and [[Rebecca Fitzgerald]].

{{Further|List of Honorary Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge}}

===Nobel Prize winners===
[[File:Amartya Sen 20071128 cologne.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Amartya Sen]]]]
[[File:Russell.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bertrand Russell]]]]This list includes winners of the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]], which is not one of the five [[Nobel Prize]]s established by [[Alfred Nobel]]'s will in 1895.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Field
!Year
|-
| [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh]]
|Physics
|1904
|-
| [[J. J. Thomson|Joseph John (J. J.) Thomson]]
|Physics
|1906
|-
|[[Ernest Rutherford]]
|Chemistry
|1908
|-
|[[William Henry Bragg|William Bragg]]
|Physics
|1915
|-
|[[Lawrence Bragg]]
|Physics
|1915
|-
|[[Charles Glover Barkla]]
|Physics
|1917
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|Physics
|1922
|-
|[[Francis William Aston]]
|Chemistry
|1922
|-
|[[Archibald V. Hill]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|1922
|-
|[[Austen Chamberlain]]
|Peace
|1925
|-
|[[Owen Willans Richardson]]
|Physics
|1928
|-
|[[Frederick Hopkins]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|1929
|-
|[[Edgar Douglas Adrian]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|1932
|-
|[[Henry Hallett Dale|Henry Dale]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|1936
|-
|[[George Paget Thomson]]
|Physics
|1937
|-
|[[Bertrand Russell]]
|Literature
|1950
|-
|[[Ernest Walton]]
|Physics
|1951
|-
|[[Richard Synge]]
|Chemistry
|1952
|-
|[[John Kendrew]]
|Chemistry
|1962
|-
|[[Alan Hodgkin]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|1963
|-
|[[Andrew Huxley]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|1963
|-
|[[Brian David Josephson]]
|Physics
|1973
|-
|[[Martin Ryle]]
|Physics
|1974
|-
|[[James Meade]]
|Economic Sciences
|1977
|-
|[[Pyotr Kapitsa]]
|Physics
|1978
|-
|[[Walter Gilbert]]
|Chemistry
|1980
|-
|[[Aaron Klug]]
|Chemistry
|1982
|-
|[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
|Physics
|1983
|-
|[[James Mirrlees]]
|Economic Sciences
|1996
|-
|[[John Pople]]
|Chemistry
|1998
|-
|[[Amartya Sen]]
|Economic Sciences
|1998
|-
|[[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]]
|Chemistry
|2009
|-
|[[Sir Gregory Paul Winter]]
|Chemistry
|2018
|-
|[[Didier Queloz]]
|Physics
|2019

|}

===Fields Medalists===
Four members or alumni of Trinity College have been awarded the [[Fields Medal]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Year
|-
| [[Michael Atiyah]]
|1966
|-
| [[Alan Baker (mathematician)|Alan Baker]]
|1970
|-
| [[Richard Borcherds]]
|1998
|-
| [[Timothy Gowers]]
|1998
|}

===Turing Award winners===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Year
|-
| [[James H. Wilkinson]]
|1970
|}

===British prime ministers===
[[File:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Portrait of Lord Melbourne (Partridge)|Portrait of Lord Melbourne]]'', 1844. [[Lord Melbourne]] whose name gave rise to the Australian city [[Melbourne]] served as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] in 1834–1841]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Name
!Party
!Year
|-
|[[Spencer Perceval]]
|Tory
|1809–1812
|-
|[[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]]
|Whig
|1830–1834
|-
|[[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]]
|Whig
|1834–1841
|-
|[[Arthur Balfour]]
|Conservative
|1902–1905
|-
|[[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]]
|Liberal
|1905–1908
|-
|[[Stanley Baldwin]]
|Conservative
|1923–1924 1924–1929 1935–1937
|}

Other Trinity politicians include [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]], courtier of [[Elizabeth I]]; [[William Waddington]], Prime Minister of France; [[Erskine Hamilton Childers]], fourth president of Ireland; [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first and longest-serving prime minister of [[India]]; [[Rajiv Gandhi]], Prime Minister of India; [[Lee Hsien Loong]], Prime Minister of Singapore; [[Samir Rifai]], Prime Minister of Jordan; [[Richard Blumenthal]], incumbent senior US senator from Connecticut; and [[William Whitelaw]], home secretary and subsequently deputy prime minister.

===Masters===
{{further|List of Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge}}
[[File:Dame Sally Davies.png|thumb|[[Dame Sally Davies]], current Master of Trinity]]

The head of Trinity College is called the Master. The role is a Crown appointment, formally made by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=172 |title=Trinity College Cambridge – Master of Trinity – Lord Rees (of Ludlow) |publisher=Trin.cam.ac.uk |date=15 January 2004 |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=19 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319025839/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=172 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nowadays, the fellows of the college propose a new master for the appointment,<ref>{{cite web|last=McKitterick|first=David|title=Welcoming speech at the Master's Installation Dinner|url=http://issuu.com/trinityalumni/docs/trinity_record_2012-13_web|work=Annual Record 2013|date=6 December 2013 |publisher=Trinity College, Cambridge|access-date=9 March 2014|archive-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310032921/http://issuu.com/trinityalumni/docs/trinity_record_2012-13_web|url-status=live}}</ref> but the decision is formally that of the Crown. The first Master, [[John Redman (Trinity College)|John Redman]], was appointed in 1546. Six masters subsequent to [[Rab Butler]] had been fellows of the college prior to becoming master ([[honorary fellow]] in the case of [[Martin Rees]]), the last of these being [[Sir Gregory Winter]], appointed on 2 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/master-of-trinity/ |title=Sir Gregory Winter CBE FRS appointed Master of Trinity College, Cambridge University |publisher=Number10.gov.uk |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305162347/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/master-of-trinity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=172|title=Trinity College, Cambridge. Master of Trinity|access-date=14 July 2012|archive-date=19 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319025839/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=172|url-status=live}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Dame Sally Davies]], the first female Master of Trinity College, on 8 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/new-master/|title=Professor Dame Sally Davies appointed Master of Trinity|date=8 February 2019|language=en-US|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220123352/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/new-master/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Isaac Newton Institute]] for Mathematical Sciences, partially funded by Trinity

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em | refs=
<ref name="statutes">{{cite web | url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/download/college-statutes-2004-with-2009-2018-and-2019-amendments/|title=Statutes of Trinity College, Cambridge | year=2019}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Trinity College, Cambridge}}
* [http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk Trinity College, Cambridge official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130228074336/http://www.access.trin.cam.ac.uk/ Trinity College, Cambridge Access website]
* [http://www.newtontrust.cam.ac.uk/ Trinity College Isaac Newton Trust], established in 1988
* [https://artuk.org/visit/venues/trinity-college-university-of-cambridge-5846 Paintings at Trinity College, Cambridge], ArtUK project.

{{Trinity College, Cambridge|state=expanded}}
{{University of Cambridge}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|52.2070|0.1146|type:landmark|name=Trinity College|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Trinity College, Cambridge| ]]
[[Category:Henry VIII]]
[[Category:Catherine Parr]]
[[Category:1546 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Colleges of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1540s]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cambridge]]
[[Category:Grade I listed educational buildings]]
[[Category:Edward Blore buildings]]

P. N. Krishnamurti

2026-03-25T03:36:15Z

Locweld: updated details

{{Short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Sir
| name = Purniah Narsinga Rao Krishnamurti
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image = Sir Purniah Narasinga Rao Krishnamurti (3).jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| order1 = 16th [[Dewan of Mysore]]
| term_start1 = 1901
| term_end1 = 1906
| predecessor1 = [[T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty]]
| successor1 = [[V. P. Madhava Rao]]
| monarch1 = [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1849|08|12}}
| birth_place = Mysore kingdom
| death_date = {{death year and age|1911|1849}}
| death_place =
| nationality =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Lawyer, civil servant
| occupation =
| spouse =
}}

[[File:P N Krishna Murti.jpg|thumb|right|P. N. Krishnamurti]]
'''Sir''' '''Purniah Narasinga Rao Krishnamurti''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (12 August 1849 – 1911) was an Indian lawyer and administrator who served as the 16th [[Dewan of Mysore]] from 1901 to 1906.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT17|title=Bipolar Identity: Region, Nation, and the Kannada Language Film|author=M.K Raghavendra|date=22 June 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=17|isbn=9780199088430|access-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> He was the great-great grandson of [[Purnaiah]], the first dewan of Mysore.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of oriental collections in Finland: manuscripts, xylographs, inscriptions and Russian minority literature, Issues 31-34|page=73|author=Harry Halén|publisher=Curzon Press|year=1978|quote=The leader of the Hebbar Iyengars, Krishnaiengar, had also died and instead they supported P. N. Krishnamurthi, the grandson of the great Purnaiya.}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Krishnamurti was born on 12 August 1849 in the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and was educated at [[Bangalore]]. He graduated in law from the [[University of Madras]] and joined Mysore Civil Service as Assistant Superintendent in 1870 during [[Mysore Commission]]. After the restoration of the throne to the [[Wadiyar dynasty]], Krishnamurti served as a judge of the [[Karnataka High Court|Chief Court of Mysore]] before being appointed Dewan in 1901. On 3 August 1905, whilst he was dewan, public electric lighting was introduced in [[Bangalore]], becoming the first city in [[India]] to get electric street lighting. He was also the fifth [[Jagir|Jagirdar]] of [[Yelandur estate]].

He had two children.

==Awards and honours==
In 1897, Krishnamurti was made a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE). He was promoted to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in the [[1903 Durbar Honours]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Durbar Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27511|date=1 January 1903 |page=3 |supp=y}}</ref>

=== Places in honour ===
[[Krishnamurthypuram]], a locality in [[Mysore]], is named after him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|title=Mysore Gazetteer|pages=3144}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurti, P. N.}}
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Dewans of Mysore]]
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]

Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

2026-03-24T06:47:26Z

Locweld:

{{short description| Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image = Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg
| image_caption = Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, showing Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|11|38|24|N|77|13|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 3 November 2008
| area_km2 = 1408.6
| elevation = 1790
| nearest_city = [[Coimbatore]]
| governing_body = [http://www.forests.tn.nic.in Tamil Nadu Forest Department]
| website = https://sathytiger.tn.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve''' is a [[Protected areas of Tamil Nadu|protected area]] and [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserve]] located along the area straddling both the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]] in the [[Erode district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/wild-life/photo-essay-saving-the-tiger-in-sathyamangalam/article38309562.ece|title=Saving the tiger in Sathyamangalam|date=5 February 2022|access-date=24 August 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701131608/https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/wild-life/photo-essay-saving-the-tiger-in-sathyamangalam/article38309562.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sathyamangalam Forest Division is part of the Bramhagiri-Nilgiris-Eastern Ghats Elephant Reserve notified in 2003.<ref name=TNFD>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Forest Department Official Website |url=https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/pages/view/Introduction-wild |publisher=Forest Department, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815044203/https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/pages/view/Introduction-wild |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, part of the Sathyamangalam Forest Division was declared a wildlife sanctuary, which was further enlarged in 2011 to cover a forest area of {{cvt|1411.6|km2}}. It is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=TNR>{{cite report|url=https://forests.tn.gov.in/storage/tnfd/STR-ERODE.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=4 August 2023|type=pdf|title=About STR-Erode|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824132034/https://forests.tn.gov.in/storage/tnfd/STR-ERODE.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, an area of {{cvt|1408.6|km2}} of the erstwhile sanctuary was notified as a [[tiger reserve]] and it was the fourth tiger reserve established in the state as a part of [[Project Tiger]].

The reserve is a significant ecosystem and a [[wildlife corridor]] in the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats and a genetic link between the five other protected areas which it adjoins, including the [[Sigur Plateau]], [[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai]] and [[Bandipur National Park]]s, [[Biligiriranga Hills|Billigiriranga Swamy Temple]] and [[Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary|Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuaries]]. The reserve covers parts of [[Talavady taluk|Talavady]], [[Sathyamangalam taluk|Sathyamangalam]] and [[Gobichettipalayam taluk|Gobichettipalayam]] [[taluk]]s of Erode district in [[Kongu Nadu|western Tamil Nadu]].

The reserve had a [[tiger]] population of 80 individuals in 2018 which was 25 in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tigers.panda.org/news_and_stories/stories/conservation_award_celebrates_sites_that_have_tripled_tiger_numbers/|title=Conservation Awards|publisher=[[World Wide Fund|WWF]]|access-date=24 August 2023|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824134146/https://tigers.panda.org/news_and_stories/stories/conservation_award_celebrates_sites_that_have_tripled_tiger_numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the reserve won the TX2 award by [[World Wide Fund]] in collaboration with wildlife conservation agencies for its growth in tiger population.<ref name="TX2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sathyamangalam-tiger-reserve-bags-tx2-award/article38324024.ece|title=Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve bags TX2 award|date=25 January 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 August 2023|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824134145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sathyamangalam-tiger-reserve-bags-tx2-award/article38324024.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
Patches of sandalwood reserves including the Sathyamangalam forests were notified under the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]]. The forests were part of the erstwhile [[Coimbatore district]] with a range officer at Sathyamangalam and eight guards.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency, Vol. II|publisher=Government Press, Madras|author=E. Key|page=72|place=Chennai|date=1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ8IAAAAQAAJ|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701131613/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ8IAAAAQAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The forest division is currently located in [[Erode district]] and forms a part of the [[Brahmagiri (Karnataka)|Brahmagiri]]-[[Nilgiris]]-[[Eastern Ghats]] elephant reserve notified in 2003.<ref name=TNFD/> Sathyamangalam Forest Division was declared a wildlife sanctuary with effect from 3 November 2008 by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] as per the [[Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, Amended 2003|Wild Life Protection Act of 1972]].<ref name=Declare>{{cite report|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/stationeryprinting/gazette/2008/II-2-47.pdf |title=Declaration of Sathyamangalam Forest Division as Wild Life Sanctuary under the Wild Life (Protection) Act.|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|page=390|author=Principal Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu|location=Chennai|date=3 December 2008|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208071718/http://www.tn.gov.in/stationeryprinting/gazette/2008/II-2-47.pdf|archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref> In 2008, the [[Government of Karnataka]] sent a proposal to declare the contiguous [[Biligiriranga Hills|Billigiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary]] as a tiger reserve which was subsequently approved in 2010.<ref name=CBB>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Good-news-for-the-tiger/article15580330.ece |first=C.R. |last=Biloy |date=4 December 2010 |title=Good news for the tiger? |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 November 2011 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701131608/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Good-news-for-the-tiger/article15580330.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Reserve/> In a wildlife survey conducted by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 2010, 46 tigers were sighted in the Sathyamangalam forest area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Over-100-tigers-spotted-in-three-tiger-reserves-says-forest-minister/articleshow/6800770.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 October 2010|title=Over 100 tigers spotted in three tiger reserves, says forest minister|access-date=2 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028164521/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Over-100-tigers-spotted-in-three-tiger-reserves-says-forest-minister/articleshow/6800770.cms|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> In July 2010, the [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Environment and Forests]] of the [[Government of India]] requested the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] to consider the possibility of proposing the Sathyamangalam wildlife sanctuary as a [[Project Tiger]] [[Tiger reserves of India|reserve]] as per the provisions of the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]] as the area is contiguous with the forests of [[Bandipur National Park|Bandipur]] and [[Mudumalai]] tiger reserves.<ref name=Added/><ref name=CBB/> On 1 April 2010, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced that it would initiate the process to declare the sanctuary as a tiger reserve because of the consistent sighting of tigers in the forest area and that the declaration would strengthen [[wildlife conservation]] efforts, as the central government would provide additional financial support for the appointment of additional anti-poaching watchers and for the establishment of anti-poaching camps.<ref name=Bird/>

On 10 March 2011, the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department#Principal Chief Conservator of Forests|Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] said that the proposal for according tiger reserve status for the Sathyamangalam reserve forests is under consideration. He said that studies using [[camera trap]]s indicated there could be 19 to 25 tigers in the forests. A 2011 camera trap tiger density study conducted by [[World Wildlife Fund]] indicated that the sanctuary is home to at least 25 tigers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article1525437.ece |title=Tiger reserve status for Sathyamangalam likely |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 March 2013 |date=2011 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044309/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article1525437.ece|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> In the same year, a [[DNA]] based project initiated by the state forest department collected 150 samples of [[pugmark]]s from the Sathyamangalam forests and 69 of them were found positive for tigers by tests conducted at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. The findings also indicated that the region was home to as many as 30 tigers.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |date=2011 |title=WWF study confirms at least 25 tigers in Sathyamangalam forests |first=K. A. |last=Shaji |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/WWF-study-confirms-at-least-25-tigers-in-Sathyamangalam-forests/articleshow/11249004.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103083441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-26/coimbatore/30558191_1_sathyamangalam-tiger-sanctuary-tiger-reserve |url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref>

Supported by the reports of tiger sightings, the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] submitted a detailed report to the state government supporting the proposal to declare the sanctuary as a tiger reserve and the proposal was taken up for consideration by the [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers]] in early 2012.<ref name=TOI/> On 6 April 2012, the Chief Wildlife Warden said that the proposal to declare Sathyamangalam as a tiger reserve has been sent to the Ministry of Environment and Forests for approval and funding.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/two-more-tiger-reserves-for-tn/246231-60-120.html|date=6 April 2012|title=Two more tiger reserves for TN|work=IBN Live|access-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423065731/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/two-more-tiger-reserves-for-tn/246231-60-120.html|archive-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> In March 2013, the Government of India issued an order declaring the Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary as the fourth tiger reserve in the state, with the other three being Mudumalai, [[Indira Gandhi National Park]] and [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Veerappans-lair-in-Sathyamangalam-declared-tiger-reserve/articleshow/19083757.cms |date=20 March 2013 |title=Sathyamangalam declared tiger reserve |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321073510/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Veerappans-lair-in-Sathyamangalam-declared-tiger-reserve/articleshow/19083757.cms#ixzz19z5hBYa6|archive-date=21 March 2013}}</ref>

== Expanse ==
[[File:NBR Protected areas map.jpg|thumb|Sathyamangalam Forest Division in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]

The total area originally declared as a sanctuary was {{cvt|524.3494|km2}}. The boundaries of the sanctuary were the [[Talavady|Thalavadi]] range of Thalamalai forests and [[Hasanur]], T.N.Palayam ranges of [[Gobichettipalayam taluk]] of Guthiyalathur forests, contiguous with Billigiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary in the north and the rivers of [[Bhavani River#Tributaries|Moyar]] and [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], contiguous with Mudumalai National Park and [[Sigur Plateau]] in the south. The eastern boundary is formed by the [[Bargur]] reserved forests in [[Anthiyur taluk]] and Bandipur National Park in the west. The sanctuary includes the areas of Guthiyalathur reserved forests ({{cvt|299.47|km2}}), Guthiyalathur extension ({{cvt|1.62|km2}}), Thalamalai reserved forests ({{cvt|210.85|km2}}) and Thalamalai extension ({{cvt|12.41|km2}}).<ref name=Declare/>

In September 2011, the Department of forests increased the sanctuary area by declaring an additional {{cvt|887.26|km2}} in seven reserve forests of Sathyamangalam forest division. The largest chunks of additional area are {{cvt|487.92|km2}} from Guthiyalathur and {{cvt|319.87|km2}} from Thalamalai reserve forests, thus increasing the total sanctuary area to {{cvt|1411.6|km2}}.<ref name=Added>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2489800.ece|first=B.|last=Aravind Kumar|date=27 September 2011|title=Sathyamangalam wildlife sanctuary expanded to 1.41 lakh hectares|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928133056/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2489800.ece|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> Of the total area, the core zone comprises {{cvt|917.27|km2}} reserved forests and tourism is allowed in the [[buffer zone#conservation|buffer zone]] with only forest officials permitted entry into the core zone.<ref name=Buffer>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2752925.ece|first=S.|last=Ramesh|date=27 September 2011|title=Plan for tiger reserve to be sent to Union Ministry for approval|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 December 2012|location=Chennai, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121092442/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2752925.ece|archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>

== Flora ==
[[File:SathyamangalamForest.jpg|thumb|Sathyamangalam forests]]
The Sathyamangalam forest is mostly [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forest]], part of the [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref name=forests>{{cite book|last1=Wikramanayake|first1=E. |last2=Dinerstein|first2=E. |last3=Loucks|first3=C. J. |year=2002 |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment|publisher=Island Press|location=[[Washington, DC]]|pages=326–328 |isbn=978-1559-639-23-1}}</ref> There are five distinct forest types: [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests|tropical evergreen]] ([[Shola]]), semi-evergreen, mixed-deciduous, dry deciduous and [[thorn forest]]s.<ref name="forests"/> [[Evergreen forests]] are restricted to small patches in a few high altitude hill tops of Sathyamamgalam between {{cvt|750|m}} and {{cvt|1649|m}}. These patches are threatened on account of land use changing to hill agriculture and plantation crops, including fruit. Semi-evergreen forests are found at high altitude. Mixed and dry deciduous forests are located on middle altitude slopes and the thorn forests are usually found in the foothills and some times, due degradation of dry deciduous forests, at the middle elevations.<ref name=report>{{cite report |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/threatened_plants/Chapter-27.htm |date=2011 |first1=L.|last1=Arul Pragasan |first2=C. |last2=Muthumperumal |first3=N.|last3=Parthasarathy |publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]], Dehradun|title=27.0 Shola Forests and Some Important Species of Southernmost Eastern Ghats|access-date=11 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162724/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/threatened_plants/Chapter-27.htm|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> About 65% of the forest division is under forest cover. Significant areas of mixed [[shrubland]] and [[grassland]]s support a large population of [[herbivore]] [[ungulates]], the preferred prey of tigers.<ref name=report/>

== Fauna ==
[[File:Elephant Gobi.jpg|thumb|An Asian Elephant at the sanctuary]]
[[File:Indian Pitta, Western Ghats.jpg|thumb|An Indian pitta]]

The Sathyamangalam forests link the [[Eastern Ghats]] and [[Western Ghats]] allowing [[gene flow]] between diverse fauna populations of the two eco-regions.<ref name=Reserve>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sathyamangalam-could-be-a-tiger-reserve/articleshow/5629661.cms |title=Sathyamangalam could be a tiger reserve |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 January 2012|date=2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510193452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sathyamangalam-could-be-a-tiger-reserve/articleshow/5629661.cms#ixzz19vVMX36o|archive-date=10 May 2010}}</ref>
The 2009 wildlife survey conducted by Government of Tamil Nadu enumerated 12 [[Bengal tiger]], 836 [[Indian elephant]]s, 779 [[blackbuck]]s, and 20 [[Indian leopard|leopard]]s.<ref name=Census>{{cite journal |date=2008 |title=Trouble in Jumbo Land |first=P.C. |last=Vinoj Kumar |journal=[[Tehelka]] |volume=5 |issue=25 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Ne280608troubleinjumboland.asp |access-date=4 January 2011 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907145420/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Ne280608troubleinjumboland.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2010 wildlife survey counted 12 Bengal tigers.<ref name=Focus>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/focus-back-on-preventing-poaching-in-forests/article1022865.ece|date=2011|title=Focus back on preventing poaching in forests|first=S|last=Ramesh|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 January 2011|archive-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701131703/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Focus-back-on-preventing-poaching-in-forests/article15502130.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2011, the Conservator of Forests of Tamil Nadu stated that the sanctuary is home to at least 28 tigers as confirmed by a camera trap study conducted by World Wildlife Fund.<ref name=Buffer/> In the 2012 national wildlife survey, 25 tigers were recorded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/25-tigers-in-Sathyamangalam-forest/articleshow/20473646.cms |title=25 tigers in Sathyamangalam forest|date=2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303143753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/25-tigers-in-Sathyamangalam-forest/articleshow/20473646.cms |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> In 2018, 80 tigers were recorded. In 2022, the reserve won the TX2 award by [[World Wide Fund]] in collaboration with wildlife conservation agencies for its growth in tiger population.<ref name=TX2/>

As per the 2011 census, the Sathyamangalam forests was home to over 850 Indian elephants and is part of a protected area, which consists of the largest Asian elephant population in the world.<ref name=Focus/><ref name=Road/>

=== Birds ===
The reserve hosts many bird species including [[treepie]]s, [[bulbul]]s, [[Old World babbler]]s, [[mynah]]s and [[crow]]s.<ref name=Bird>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/01/stories/2009040154810500.htm|first=K. |last=Madhavan |date=1 April 2010 |title=Healthy tigers spotted in Sathyamangalam forests |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108194309/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/01/stories/2009040154810500.htm|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> In 2010, the first ever bird survey was conducted in the Sathyamangalam forests and a total of 230 species of birds were recorded in the survey.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Survey-records-230-species-of-birds-in-Sathyamangalam-forests/article16052956.ece |date=30 September 2010 |title=Survey records 230 species of birds in Sathyamangalam forests |first1=P. |last1=Oppilib |first2=A. |last2=Kumar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415115706/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Survey-records-230-species-of-birds-in-Sathyamangalam-forests/article16052956.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, a small population of [[critically endangered]] [[Indian vulture]] (''Gyps indicus'') and three other species of [[vulture]]s were discovered in the Moyar river valley. 20 nests were sighted and the population was estimated to consist up of 40 adults.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Vultures-nests-sighted-in-Moyar-river-valley/article16366914.ece |date=15 April 2010 |title=Vultures' nests sighted in Moyar river valley |first=P. |last=Oppili |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 April 2010 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701131616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Vultures-nests-sighted-in-Moyar-river-valley/article16366914.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was last sighted in the region in the 1970s, and the rediscovery is significant to its conservation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=B. |last2=Ramasubramanian|first2=S. |last3=Saravanan|first3=M. |last4=Arivazhagan |first4=C. |title=Is diclofenac the only culprit for declining population of Gyps vultures in the Moyar Valley|journal=Current Science|year=2010 |volume=99|issue=12 |pages=1645–1646}}</ref> [[Diclofenac]], which caused the decline of vulture population was banned in 2006 and since then, vulture numbers have started to grow back.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Drug-ban-gives-vultures-wings-improves-diversity/articleshow/50806052.cms|title=Drug ban gives vultures wings, improves diversity|first=P. |last=Oppilli |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 February 2016 |access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321094732/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Drug-ban-gives-vultures-wings-improves-diversity/articleshow/50806052.cms|archive-date=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Drug-Ban-to-Help-Vulture-Numbers-Soar/2015/09/21/article3038959.ece |title=Drug Ban to Help Vulture Numbers Soar|first=R. |last=Aditi|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 September 2015 |access-date=29 March 2016 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409092355/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Drug-Ban-to-Help-Vulture-Numbers-Soar/2015/09/21/article3038959.ece|archive-date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

== Issues and conservation ==
Conservation of the Sathyamangalam Forest Division is administered by the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] governed through [[Conservator of Forests (India)|Conservator of Forests]], STR-Erode.<ref name=TNR/> The wildlife sanctuary is part of Project Tiger and [[Project Elephant]] conservation programmes run by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in|title=Project Tiger|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=30 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211162057/http://projecttiger.nic.in/|archive-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/division/introduction-4|title=About Project Elephant|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=30 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114011706/http://envfor.nic.in/division/introduction-4|archive-date=14 November 2017}}</ref> The sanctuary is listed among the top five places in India for poaching tigers by the international wild life trade monitoring network, [[Traffic (conservation programme)|TRAFFIC]].<ref name=Tribal>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/324729/sathyamangalam-gets-reserve-tag.html |title=Sathyamangalam gets reserve tag|first=G. |last=Kedlaya |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=8 April 2013 |access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214055909/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/324729/sathyamangalam-gets-reserve-tag.html|archive-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> In February 2016, the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] announced that [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]]s will be used to monitor tiger population in five tiger reserves including Sathyamangalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bgr.in/news/ntca-awaiting-final-approval-for-use-of-drones-to-monitor-indias-tiger-reserves/|title=NTCA awaiting final approval for use of drones to monitor India's Tiger reserves|date=2 February 2016|access-date=29 March 2016|work=BGR|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409090454/http://www.bgr.in/news/ntca-awaiting-final-approval-for-use-of-drones-to-monitor-indias-tiger-reserves/|archive-date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

The reserve also faces issues due to [[forest fire]]s, uncontrolled grazing of cattle and growth of invasive plant species, damaging the ecosystem. Man-animal conflicts are common especially with elephants and [[Indian leopard|leopard]]s. Elephants raid crop fields and illegal [[electric fence]]s used to protect crops mortally wound elephants and five elephants were electrocuted in three-month period between January and April 2013.<ref name=Tribal/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/humanelephant-conflicts-intensify-in-sathyamangalam/article4194144.ece|title=Human-elephant conflicts intensify in Sathyamangalam|date=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227045337/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/humanelephant-conflicts-intensify-in-sathyamangalam/article4194144.ece|archive-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> As of 2011, [[solar power]]ed fencing that give a short and safe electric shock was laid over a length of {{cvt|239|km}} to prevent the entry of elephants into agricultural lands. The state forest department also dug trenches at a cost of {{INRconvert|1.51|c}} to prevent the elephants from entering human habitats.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/23-elephant-deaths-reported-in-erode-district-in-2011-570661|title=23 elephant deaths reported in Erode district in 2011|date=24 December 2011|access-date=29 March 2016|work=[[NDTV]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413070802/http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/23-elephant-deaths-reported-in-erode-district-in-2011-570661|archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> Leopards prey on domestic cattle with as many as 27 goats killed by them in a single month in November 2012.<ref name=Tribal/> [[National Highway 948 (India)|National highway 948]] passes through the wildlife sanctuary and wildlife deaths have been reported due to vehicular movement in the highway at night.<ref name=Road>{{cite report|url=http://www.conservationindia.org/wp-content/files_mf/Sathyamangalam-Highway-Report_Jan-5-2015.pdf|title=National Highway through Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary is a death trap for animals|publisher=Conservation India|date=June 2015|first1=N|last1=Lakshminarayanan|first2=K|last2=Mohan Raj|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409143247/http://www.conservationindia.org/wp-content/files_mf/Sathyamangalam-Highway-Report_Jan-5-2015.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/magazines/cover-story/6830-right-of-passage-elephant-corridors-of-india.html|title=Right of Passage: Elephant Corridors of India|date=April 2011|journal=[[Sanctuary Asia]]|access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410063958/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/magazines/cover-story/6830-right-of-passage-elephant-corridors-of-india.html|archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>

== Tribal population ==
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve forests are home to [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|tribal people]] belonging largely to the [[Irulas]], also known as the Urali, and [[Soliga tribe|Soliga]] communities.<ref name=Tribal/><ref name=Soliga>{{cite web |url=http://www.atree.org/mm_hills_bkgnd|title=MM Hills CCC background|work=Community-based Conservation Centers|publisher=ATREE|access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112092506/http://www.atree.org/mm_hills_bkgnd|archive-date=12 January 2011}}</ref> In 2011, the Tamil Nadu state forest department officials conducted a study on the cattle and human population in the seven forest settlements and 12 revenue settlements inside the protected area.<ref name=Buffer/> As of 2013, tribals engage in collecting honey, more than 900 families live in 138 villages within a {{cvt|5|km}} radius surrounding the park.<ref name=Tribal/> Tribal people engage in agriculture, grazing of animals and collecting [[minor forest produce]] such as [[honey]], [[tuber]]s, [[fuel wood]] and [[fish]].<ref name=Tribal/> According to the [[Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006]], the tribals were entitled to use designated land within the park area for agriculture and the [[title deeds]] for the same are to be distributed within 2016 after the [[Supreme Court of India]] vacated a stay order issued by the [[Madras High Court]] prohibiting the same.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribal people await title deeds for land |date=27 February 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tribal-people-await-title-deeds-for-land/article8287673.ece |access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303143753/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tribal-people-await-title-deeds-for-land/article8287673.ece |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

The forests were also the home of notorious criminal and bandit [[Koose Muniswamy Veerapan|Veerapan]], who made a living by [[poaching]], smuggling [[ivory]] and [[sandalwood]] from the forests and selling them on the black market. Veerapan was [[Operation Cocoon|killed]] by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] in October 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30225518.ece|title=The end of Veerappan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 November 2004|access-date=7 January 2011|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401214110/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30225518.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve}}

{{Protected Areas of India}}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (STR)}}
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Erode district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2008]]

Calcutta Football League

2026-03-22T17:03:18Z

Locweld: brief expand citations based on references and added references after review

{{Short description|Association football league in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{For|Women's football league|Kanyashree Cup}}
{{Infobox football league
|name = Calcutta Football League ক্যালকাটা ফুটবল লিগ
|image = Calcutta Football League.svg
|organiser = [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)
|founded = {{start date and age|1898}}
|first = 1898
|folded =
|country = India
|confed = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|divisions = [[#Structure|7]]
|teams = [[#Teams|26]] ({{small|Premier Division}}) 160+ ({{small|overall}})
|promotion = Various
|relegation = Various
|levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|5–10]]
|domest_cup = [[IFA Shield]]
|league_cup = [[Trades Cup]]
|confed_cup =
|champions = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (41st title)
|season = 2025
|most_champs = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (41 titles, Premier Division)<ref>{{Cite web|first=Shoubhik|last=Mukhopadhyay|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|title=East Bengal & Calcutta Football League: A Sublime Romantic Saga - Hero I-League|date=10 September 2015|access-date=25 September 2019|website=i-league.org|publisher=[[I-League]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925033144/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|archive-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|most_caps =
|top_goalscorer =
|tv = [[Zee Media Corporation|Zee 24 Ghanta]] {{URL|https://ssen.co/|SSEN}} (digital)
|current = [[2025 CFL Premier Division]]
}}

The '''Calcutta Football League''' ('''CFL''') is a ladder-based [[association football|football]] competition in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], organised by the [[Indian Football Association|Indian Football Association (WB)]] as part of the [[Indian State Leagues|state leagues]]. It is the [[list of oldest football competitions|oldest football league]] in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FOOTBALL IN BENGAL|url=http://ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042849/http://www.ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=14 January 2021|website=www.ifawb.com|publisher=The [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal kings of Asia's oldest league competition — full winners list |website=olympics.com |publisher=The Olympics Football |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 }}</ref>

The CFL is divided into [[Calcutta Football League#CFL Premier Division|CFL Premier Division]], [[Calcutta Football League#CFL 1st Division|CFL 1st Division]], [[Calcutta Football League#CFL 2nd Division|CFL 2nd Division]], [[Calcutta Football League#CFL 3rd Division|CFL 3rd Division]], [[Calcutta Football League#CFL 4th Division|CFL 4th Division]], [[Calcutta Football League#CFL 5th Division Group A|CFL 5th Division A]], and [[Calcutta Football League#CFL 5th Division Group B|CFL 5th Division B]] with promotion and relegation between them.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> CFL has more than 160 mostly Kolkata-based clubs and units. Started in 1898, this league is the oldest football league in Asia and one of the oldest football competitions in the world.<ref name="ifacfl3">{{cite web|title=Calcutta Football League|url=http://www.the-ifa.org/tournaments.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215001636/http://the-ifa.org/tournaments.php|archive-date=15 February 2009|access-date=8 September 2013|publisher=IFA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|title=The Golden Years of Indian Football|website=www.chaseyoursport.com|publisher=Chase Your Sport|location=Kolkata|first=Rounak|last=Majumdar|date=22 April 2019|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230046/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> CFL currently consists of a seven-tier pyramid system,<ref name="ifacfl3"/> with more than 8,500 directly registered players of IFA participating in CFL every year, making it one of the biggest leagues in the country.

==History==
===Early years (1890s–1910s)===
In 1898, [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] introduced a two-tiered football league in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] on the lines of [[English Football League]] in [[England]] and [[Wales]].<ref name=":7">{{cite news|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |title=WHEN EASTERN RAILWAY RAN ON FULL STEAM (1958) |website=www.goaldentimes.org |publisher=Goalden Times |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debojyoti |date=29 August 2017 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162448/http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> Until 1937, CFL was a major tournament with participation open to every team across the nation but after the establishment of [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]], CFL became a regional competition.

The [[British Indian Army]] [[garrison]] stationed at [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William]] played an instrumental role in shaping the Calcutta Football League by putting forth numerous teams alongside other [[Colonial India|European settlers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> The Army teams won all but twelve of the titles until 1933. On eight of those twelve occasions the title was claimed by [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta]] and the rest by [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]. Native teams were barred from participating for the first 15 seasons, and only clubs designated for [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|civil servants]], [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|merchants]], [[Missionary|missionaries]] and other [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] nationalities made up the rest of the league, in a clearly designed exercise to exclude [[Indian people|Indians]] of any religion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew Flint|date=2015-11-11|title=A Tale of One City: Kolkata|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/11/11/a-tale-of-one-city-kolkata/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=These Football Times|language=en-GB|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183002/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/11/11/a-tale-of-one-city-kolkata/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1914, IFA permitted only two native clubs, [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[Aryan FC|Aryan]], in the Second Division of CFL. Mohun Bagan had a successful campaign and earned promotion to the Premier Division in their debut season, whereas Aryan was promoted to the top division two years later. From 1917 to 1920, the Second Division was won by two other native clubs, namely [[Kumortuli]] Club (in 1917, 1918 and 1919) and Town Club (in 1920), but their promotions were denied due to the allowance of only two native clubs to play in each tier.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|first=Atanu|last=Mitra|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|date=8 November 2017|access-date=16 March 2021|title=How Asia's oldest football league made its mark|website=www.redbull.com|publisher=RedBull|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181447/https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2012-08-18|title=Kingfisher East Bengal FC{{!}}Legacy-History|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|access-date=2021-03-16|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>

=== Uprise of native dominance (1920s–1947) ===
1921 saw the rise of [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] who began their CFL journey in the Second Division in place of [[Tajhat Palace|Tajhat]] Club who had withdrawn from the league. Three years later East Bengal finished the Second Division as the joint-winners with [[British Cameroons|Cameroons]] B and since Cameroons A was in the Premier Division, East Bengal got the opportunity for promotion. As two native clubs were already playing in the Premier Division, East Bengal's promotion was to be rejected as well. At this, the club called for [[Constitutional amendment|amendments]] and in the following General Meeting of IFA, the nine British teams conveyed their approval, while Mohun Bagan and Aryan opposed it. Eventually the rule regulating the promotion of native clubs was abolished by majority.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:1940 league winning mohammedan sporting team.jpg|thumb|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]], the first native [[Indian people|Indian]] team to win the league.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://ekolkata24.com/offbeat-news/glorious-football-history-of-mohammedan-sporting-club/|title=ব্রিটিশকে হারিয়ে ডুরান্ড জয়ী, পাকিস্তানকেও গোল দিয়ে চিরকালীন নজির মহামেডানের|website=ekolkata24.com|date=1 September 2021|access-date=2 March 2022|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302125909/https://ekolkata24.com/offbeat-news/glorious-football-history-of-mohammedan-sporting-club/|archive-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>|left]]

Even though the native clubs got more opportunities yet the British dominance continued till 1933. In 1934, [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] won the title in their debut season and became the first native club to win CFL.<ref name=ifalist>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|title=List of Calcutta Football League Champions|publisher=[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054127/https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|title=Mad about football|access-date=22 February 2024|date=22 August 2023|agency=TNN|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata|first1=Nilesh|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823180930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> The club went on to win the league six out of seven times from 1935 to 1941, with 1939 being the only exception when they did not participate and Mohun Bagan went away with their first league title that year.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Post-independence era (1947–1970s) ===
[[File:Nikhil_Nandy_tackling_Muhammad_Umer_during_a_1956_Calcutta_League_match_between_Mohammedan_SC_&_Eastern_Railway_FC.jpg|thumb|[[Nikhil Nandy]] (L) tackling [[Muhammad Umer]] during a 1956 Calcutta League match between [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] & [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]]]
In the post-independence years, many other state leagues were introduced and various clubs from other states rose in glory, but CFL was still considered to be one of the top leagues in the nation and provided innumerable young talents. The league matches were mostly played in [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] and matches involving the '''Big Three of Calcutta''' (Mohun Bagan, East Bengal and Mohammedan) regularly attracted more than 30,000 spectators.<ref name=":0" /> From 1934 to 1981, [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]] was the only club outside of the Big Three to win the title in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/december/anache_kanache.html|title=ইস্টার্ন রেলওয়ে ফুটবল ক্লাব — ১৪১ বছরের পুরনো একটি ক্লাবের ইতিহাস ও ঐতিহ্য|trans-title=Eastern Railway Football Club — History and heritage of a 141-year-old club|website=archives.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=Bengali|date=21 December 2013|access-date=24 March 2023|location=Kolkata|first=Rajat|last=Karmakar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127103722/http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/december/anache_kanache.html|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/cfl-2019-resembles-1958-league-matches-1.1044901|title=আটান্নর মতো কড়া লড়াই দেখা যাচ্ছে এই লিগেও|trans-title=A tough fight like 1958 is also being witnessed in this season's league|language=bn|website=abandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|location=Kolkata|date=13 September 2019|first1=Hariprasad|last1=Chattopadhyay|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926054109/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/cfl-2019-resembles-1958-league-matches-1.1044901}}</ref>

The CFL had a long history of crowd trouble, and the burgeoning fanfare exacerbated it. The rapidly increasing off-the-field rivalry between the respective fans of Mohun Bagan and East Bengal saw one of the darkest days of [[Football in India|Indian football]] when 16 fans lost their lives because of a stampede and rioting during a [[Kolkata Derby]] in CFL on 16 August 1980 in [[Eden Gardens]]. Since then the day is celebrated every year as the [[Football Lovers' Day|Football Lover's Day]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

===Years of obscurity (1980s–2000s)===
In the 80s and 90s, the league caught many eyes with the rivalry between the two of Indian football's finest tacticians— [[P. K. Banerjee|P.K. Banerjee]] and [[Amal Dutta]], besides the decades old rivalry among the Big Three.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|date=2011-07-04|title=Tactical Evolution of Indian Football (Part Three) : PK Banerjee -...|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-three-pk-banerjee-amal-dutta-nayeemuddin/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Thehardtackle.com|language=en-US|archive-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714062345/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-three-pk-banerjee-amal-dutta-nayeemuddin/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Due to the rise in financial demands and steady modernisation of the sport, the league became dominated by the Big Three clubs as the smaller clubs struggled to keep up with their economy. The league saw the beginning of a major downfall with the introduction of [[National Football League (India)|NFL]] (now [[I-League]]). The importance of regional competitions decreased as all the top clubs in the state were racing for the national honours. From the later 20th century, Mohammedan eventually lost its stronghold and, Mohun Bagan and East Bengal became the only dominant teams in the league. In the new century, the IFA revamped the competition into a six-tier competition with the seventh tier, called the nursery league, reserved for sub-junior teams. The top tier, Premier Division, was also divided into two groups so as to include more teams.

===Resurgence (2010s–present)===
Starting in 2010, East Bengal won a record eight consecutive titles until their arch-rivals Mohun Bagan broke the streak in [[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018]]. In 2018, the league's popularity had a sudden upsurge and recorded more than 15,000 spectators even in matches involving small clubs. Most news reports in the local media reverberated the popular feeling— "''The passion of the 70s is back.''" Small clubs like [[Peerless SC|Peerless]] and [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]] introduced some of the foreign talents that later went on to become big names in the country.<ref name=":0" />

In [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019]], Peerless clinched the honour and became the second team outside the Big Three after Eastern Railway to win the league since 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Amitabha Das|title=Peerless wins Calcutta Football League title as East Bengal presents a 'no-show'|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/calcutta-football-league-cfl-2019-title-winner-final-peerless-east-bengal-calcutta-customs-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting-menendez/article29585184.ece|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Sportstar|date=3 October 2019 |language=en|archive-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328120136/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/calcutta-football-league-cfl-2019-title-winner-final-peerless-east-bengal-calcutta-customs-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting-menendez/article29585184.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since the independence of India, the CFL was never cancelled until 2020 when after a lengthy delay due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] it was decided to cancel the then CFL season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No Calcutta Football League This Season, Decide Premier Division Clubs|url=https://ifawb.org/no-calcutta-football-league-this-season-decides-ifa/|access-date=2021-03-23|website=Indian Football Association (West Bengal)|date=25 February 2021|language=en|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226180538/https://ifawb.org/no-calcutta-football-league-this-season-decides-ifa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Structure==
With the season starting from 2023, the clubs/units were redistributed among the first six divisions and the last division was reserved only for youth teams.<ref name="ifacfl3"/>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" |Calcutta Football League
|-
!Tier
!Division
|-
!1 (5 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL Premier Division
''↑qualify 2 ([[I-League 3]]) ↓relegate 2''
|-
!2 (6 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 1st Division
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!3 (7 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 2nd Division
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!4 (8 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 3rd Division
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!5 (9 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 4th Division
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!6 (10 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 5th Division Group A
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!7 (11 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 5th Division Group B
''↑promote 2''
|}

Starting from 2023, 26 teams participate in the '''Premier Division''', divided into two groups at the same pyramid level and compete in a [[Round-robin tournament|single-leg round robin tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|title=Calcutta Football League (CFL) goes bigger than ever for its historic 125th season|website=thefangarage.com|publisher=The Fan Garage|location=Kolkata|date=5 June 2023|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606060715/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|archive-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> The top three teams in each 13-team group will compete in a single-leg round robin tournament and the group leaders will be declared the champions. The top two teams, not already in the [[Indian Super League|ISL]] or [[I-League]] are promoted to the [[I-League 3]]. The bottom three teams in each 13-team group also compete in a separate single-leg round robin tournament and the bottom four teams are relegated to the First Division.

Apart from the Premier Division A, most other divisions are competed by about 20 teams, and the format of the tournaments in the lower divisions isn't always the same. The top teams in respective divisions are promoted to the division higher to it and the bottom teams get relegated to the lower one.

The most successful clubs participating in the top-tier of the league includes [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. However, since 1982, the league has been won by either East Bengal or Mohun Bagan until 2019 when [[Peerless SC|Peerless]] made history by winning their maiden league title and becoming the first team outside the '''Kolkata's Big Three''' to win the league after a gap of 61 years since [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]] had won.<ref>{{cite web|title=ifawb.com|url=http://www.ifawb.com/fixture.php|website=www.ifawb.com|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905071017/http://www.ifawb.com/fixture.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==CFL Premier Division==
{{Infobox football league
| name = CFL Premier Division সিএফএল প্রিমিয়ার ডিভিশন
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = [[Indian Football Association]]
| country = [[India]]
| folded =
| divisions =
| teams = 26
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]
| relegation = CFL 1st Division
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|5]]
| league_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (41st title)
| current = [[2025 CFL Premier Division]]
}}

'''CFL Premier Division''' is the top-tier [[Indian State Leagues|state level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Champions
|-
|{{N/a}}
|[[#Champions of the top-most division|See below for details]]
|}

==CFL 1st Division==
{{Infobox football league
| name = CFL 1st Division সিএফএল ১ম বিভাগ
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = [[Indian Football Association]]
| country = [[India]]
| folded =
| divisions =
| teams = 26
| promotion = CFL Premier Division
| relegation = CFL 2nd Division
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|6]]
| league_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = Coal India WB
| season = 2025
| current =
}}

'''CFL 1st Division''' is the 2nd tier [[Indian State Leagues|state level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

'''Format''' (2024–25): Twenty-six teams are divided into two groups in the first phase, where each plays twelve matches in round robin format. Top three teams from the two groups shall proceed to the championship round, where each play five more matches to determine the champion. The bottom two teams from both groups play the relegation round. Top two teams of Championship round are promoted into "CFL Premier Division", and last two teams of relegation round are relegated into "CFL 2nd Division".

{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season
! Champions
! Ref.
|-
|2019
|Police AC
|<ref name="cfllower19">{{cite web |title=IFA CFL Lower Division 2019 |url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_divn_2019-20/1st_divn.html |publisher=kolkatafootball.com |accessdate=1 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
|<ref name="cfllower22">{{cite web |title=IFA CFL Lower Division 2022 |url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_division_2022/cfl_divn1_result.html |publisher=kolkatafootball.com |accessdate=1 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha]]
|<ref name="cfllower23">{{cite web |title=IFA CFL Lower Division 2023 |url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_division_2023/cfl_divn1_result.html |publisher=kolkatafootball.com |accessdate=1 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|United Kolkata SC
|<ref name="cfllower24">{{cite web |title=অভিজ্ঞতাই হাতিয়ার ইউনাইটেড কলকাতার |url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/news/experience-is-the-tool-for-united-kolkata |publisher=bartamanpatrika.com |accessdate=26 June 2025|lang=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Coal India WB
|
|}

==CFL 2nd Division==
{{Infobox football league
| name = CFL 2nd Division সিএফএল ২য় বিভাগ
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = [[Indian Football Association]]
| country = [[India]]
| folded =
| divisions =
| teams = 16
| promotion = CFL 1st Division
| relegation = CFL 3rd Division
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|7]]
| league_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = Adamas United Sports Academy
| season = 2023
| current =
|website=
}}

'''CFL 2nd Division''' is the 3rd tier [[Indian State Leagues|state level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

'''Format''' (2024–25): Sixteen teams are playing single round robin league format. Top two teams are promoted into '''CFL 1st Division''', and last two are relegated into '''CFL 3rd Division'''.

{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Champions
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|Adamas United Sports Academy
|<ref name="cfllower23"/>
|}

==CFL 3rd Division==
{{Infobox football league
| name = CFL 3rd Division সিএফএল ৩য় বিভাগ
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = [[Indian Football Association]]
| country = [[India]]
| folded =
| divisions =
| teams =
| promotion = CFL 2nd Division
| relegation = CFL 4th Division
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|8]]
| league_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = Southern Athletic Club
| season = 2023
}}

'''CFL 3rd Division''' is the 4th tier [[Indian State Leagues|state level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Champions
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|Southern Athletic Club
|<ref name="cfllower23"/>
|}

==CFL 4th Division==
{{Infobox football league
| name = CFL 4th Division সিএফএল ৪র্থ বিভাগ
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = [[Indian Football Association]]
| country = [[India]]
| folded =
| divisions =
| teams =
| promotion = CFL 3rd Division
| relegation = CFL 5th Division Group A
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|9]]
| league_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = Shyambazar United Club
| season = 2023
| current =
}}

'''CFL 4th Division''' is the 5th tier [[Indian State Leagues|state level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Champions
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|Shyambazar United Club
|<ref name="cfllower23"/>
|}

==CFL 5th Division Group A==
{{Infobox football league
| name = CFL 5th Division Group A সিএফএল ৫ম বিভাগ গ্রুপ এ
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = [[Indian Football Association]]
| country = [[India]]
| folded =
| divisions =
| teams = 35
| promotion = CFL 4th Division
| relegation = CFL 5th Division Group B
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|10]]
| league_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = Ariadaha Sporting Club
| season = 2023
| current =
}}

'''CFL 5th Division Group A''' is the 6th tier [[Indian State Leagues|state level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

'''Format''' (2024–25): Thirty five teams are divided into four groups. Eight teams are promoted to '''CFL 4th Division''' and six teams are relegated to '''CFL 5th Division Group B'''.

{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Champions
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|Ariadaha Sporting Club
|<ref name="cfllower23"/>
|}

==CFL 5th Division Group B==
{{Infobox football league
| name = CFL 5th Division Group B সিএফএল ৫ম বিভাগ গ্রুপ বি
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = [[Indian Football Association]]
| country = [[India]]
| folded =
| divisions =
| teams = 18
| promotion = CFL 5th Division Group A
| relegation =
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|11]]
| league_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = Beleghata Balak Brindo
| season = 2023
| current =
}}

'''CFL 5th Division Group B''' is the 7th tier [[Indian State Leagues|state level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

'''Format''' (2024–25): Eighteen teams are divided in two groups of nine, with each team playing other in the group once. Top three teams of two groups proceed to the Super Six round. Top four teams are promoted in '''CFL 5th Division Group A'''.

{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Champions
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|Beleghata Balak Brindo
|<ref name="cfllower23"/>
|}

==Sponsorship==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap"
|-
!Period
!Sponsor
!Tournament name
|-
|1898–2004
|''None''
|Calcutta Football League
|-
|2005–2014
|[[Sahara India]]
|Sahara Calcutta Premier League
|-
|2015–2020
|[[Officer's Choice|Officer's Choice Blue]]
|Officer's Choice Blue Calcutta Premier League<ref>{{cite web|url=http://footballnewsindia.in/2015/08/04/calcutta-football-league-officers-choice-blue-title-sponsor/|title=CALCUTTA FOOTBALL LEAGUE – OFFICER'S CHOICE BLUE TO BE THE TITLE SPONSOR|location=Kolkata|website=Football News India|date=4 August 2015|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010165728/http://footballnewsindia.in/2015/08/04/calcutta-football-league-officers-choice-blue-title-sponsor/}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2023
|[[Sister Nivedita University]]
|SNU Calcutta Football League<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=No clarity on Kolkata derby as Asia's oldest league starts on Tuesday|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/no-clarity-on-kolkata-derby-as-asia-s-oldest-league-starts-on-tuesday-101629123516047.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817071612/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/no-clarity-on-kolkata-derby-as-asia-s-oldest-league-starts-on-tuesday-101629123516047.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024–''present''
|[https://www.shrachi.com/about-us Shrachi Group]
|Calcutta Football League <ref>{{Cite web |last=SEN |first=DEBASIS |date=2024-05-18 |title=Indian Football Association and Shrachi Sports enter into three-year partnership to revive Bengal Football |url=https://revsportz.in/indian-football-association-and-shrachi-sports-enter-into-three-year-partnership-to-revive-bengal-football/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Sports News Portal {{!}} Latest Sports Articles {{!}} Revsports |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Media coverage==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Period
! Broadcaster
|-
| 1898–2004
| N/A
|-
| 2005
| [[Tara Newz]]
|-
| 2006
| [[Kolkata TV]]
|-
| 2007
| [[24 Ghanta|Zee 24 Ghanta]]
|-
| 2008
| [[ABP Ananda]]
|-
| 2009–2011
| [[News Time]]
|-
| 2012
| [[Zee Media Corporation|Zee 24 Ghanta]]
|-
| 2013–2015
| [[Jalsha Movies]]
|-
| 2016
| [[News18 Bangla]]
|-
| 2017
| [[Kolkata TV]]
|-
| 2018–2021
| [[Sadhna News]]
|-
| 2022–2023
| [[InStat|InSports TV]] (streaming)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insports.tv/football/tournaments/1448 |title=Tournaments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030091834/https://insports.tv/football/tournaments/1448 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Zee Media Corporation|Zee 24 Ghanta]]
|-
| 2024–
| [https://www.ssen.co/leagues/details/16 SSEN] (streaming)
|}

==Champions of the top-most division==
===By year===
====Pre-independence era (1898–1947)====
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="740px" text-align="left"
|-
! width=100px| Year
! width=350px| Winner
! width=400px| Note
|-
|1898
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Gloucestershire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1899
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|
|-
|1900
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Ulster Rifles|Royal Irish Rifles]]
|
|-
|1901
|
|-
|1902
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Own Scottish Borderers F.C.|King's Own Scottish Borderers]]
|
|-
|1903
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|Sutherland Highlanders]]
|
|-
|1904
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|King's Own Regiment]]
|
|-
|1905
|
|-
|1906
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Highland Light Infantry|Highlander Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1907
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|
|-
|1908
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Gordon Light Infantry
|
|-
|1909
|
|-
|1910
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|
|-
|1911
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Garrison Artillery|70th Company Royal Garrison Artillery]]
|
|-
|1912
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Black Watch]]
|
|-
|1913
|
|-
|1914
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|Argyllshire Highlanders]]
|
|-
|1915
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Middlesex Regiment|10th Middlesex Regiment]]
|
|-
|1916
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|
|-
|1917
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Lincolnshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1918
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|
|-
|1919
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 12th Special Service Battalion
|
|-
|1920
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|
|-
|1921
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|
|-
|1922
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|
|-
|1923
|
|-
|1924
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders]]
|
|-
|1925
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|
|-
|1926
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[North Staffordshire Regiment F.C.|North Staffordshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1927
|
|-
|1928
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|British India}} [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|
|-
|1929
|
|-
|1930
|''None''
|''Cancelled due to nationwide [[Satyagraha|Satyagraha movement]].''<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=History by Decade|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/history-by-decade/|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|language=en-US|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224102/https://themohunbaganac.com/history-by-decade/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1931
| rowspan="3" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Durham Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1932
|
|-
|1933
|
|-
|1934
| rowspan="5" | {{flagicon|British India}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|''First all-Indian club to win the league.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Indian football: The tale of the unbeatable Mohammedan Sporting side of 1930s {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-the-tale-of-the-unbeatable-mohammedan/1loskn0qvp1qj1e9u5uuucokf4|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419165931/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-the-tale-of-the-unbeatable-mohammedan/1loskn0qvp1qj1e9u5uuucokf4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1935
|
|-
|1936
|
|-
|1937
|
|-
|1938
|
|-
|1939
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1940
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|British India}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|1941
|
|-
|1942
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1943
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|British India}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1944
|
|-
|1945
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|British India}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1946
|
|-
|1947
|''None''
|''Cancelled due to [[Indian independence movement]].''
|-
! colspan="3" align="left"|'''Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054127/https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/ IFA (WB)]'''
|}

====Post-independence era (1947–present)====
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="740px" text-align="left"
|-
! width=100px| Year
! width=350px| Winner
! width=400px| Note
|-
|1948
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|1949
| rowspan="2" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1950
|
|-
|1951
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1952
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1953
|''None''
|''Abandoned midway due to riots in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Fare Hike and Urban Protest|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/25/glimpses-past-web-exclusives/fare-hike-and-urban-protest.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|pages=7–8|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628052450/https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/25/glimpses-past-web-exclusives/fare-hike-and-urban-protest.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1954
| rowspan="3" | [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1955
|
|-
|1956
|
|-
|1957
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|1958
| [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/december/anache_kanache.html|title=ইস্টার্ন রেলওয়ে ফুটবল ক্লাব — ১৪১ বছরের পুরনো একটি ক্লাবের ইতিহাস ও ঐতিহ্য|trans-title=Eastern Railway Football Club — History and heritage of a 141-year-old club|website=archives.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=Bengali|date=21 December 2013|access-date=24 March 2023|location=Kolkata|first=Rajat|last=Karmakar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127103722/http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/december/anache_kanache.html|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1959
| rowspan="2" | [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1960
|
|-
|1961
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1962
| rowspan="4" | [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1963
|
|-
|1964
|
|-
|1965
|
|-
|1966
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1967
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|1968
|''None''
|''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] had won the league but due to an injunction from the [[Calcutta High Court]], the league was declared null and void.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian football: Instances when the Kolkata derby got abandoned {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-instances-when-the-kolkata-derby-got/1u7macomvii3q199rmaibjhwhc|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201234617/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-instances-when-the-kolkata-derby-got/1u7macomvii3q199rmaibjhwhc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1969
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1970
| rowspan="6" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1971
|
|-
|1972
|''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] didn't concede a goal in the tournament.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=India — List of Calcutta/Kolkata League Champions|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|last=Atsushi Fujioka|first=Arunava Chaudhuri|date=1996|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035706/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1973
|
|-
|1974
|
|-
|1975
|
|-
|1976
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1977
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] had won every match in the tournament.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.KolkataFootball.Com|title=indian football news latest{{!}}kolkatafootball.com news{{!}}live news indian football tournaments{{!}}indian football live|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|language=en|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113172227/http://kolkatafootball.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1978
| rowspan="2" | [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1979
|
|-
|1980
|''None''
|''Called off due to stampede and riot in [[Eden Gardens]] on [[Football Lovers' Day|August 16]].''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-16|title=When a derby turned deadly in Eden Gardens in 1980|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/when-kolkata-derby-turned-deadly-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-tragedy-6556256/|access-date=2021-02-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228163007/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/when-kolkata-derby-turned-deadly-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-tragedy-6556256/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1981
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|1982
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1983
| rowspan="2" | [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1984
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india84.html#calc|title=India 1984 – List of Champions: Calcutta League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=5 March 2015|first=Karel|last=Stokkermans|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120420/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india84.html}}</ref>
|-
|1985
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india85.html#calc|title=India 1985 – Regional Leagues: Calcutta League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=30 May 2013|first1=Ian|last1=King|first2=Neil|last2=Morrison|first3=Piet|last3=Veroeveren|first4=Mark|last4=Cruickshank|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120420/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india85.html}}</ref>
|-
|1986
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1987
| rowspan="3" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1988
|
|-
|1989
|
|-
|1990
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1991
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1992
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1993
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1994
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1995
| rowspan="2" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1996
|
|-
|1997
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1998
| rowspan="3" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1999
|
|-
|2000
|
|-
|2001
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|2002
| rowspan="3" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|2003
|
|-
|2004
|
|-
|2005
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|2006
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|2007
| rowspan="3" | [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|2008
|
|-
|2009
|
|-
|2010
| rowspan="8" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|2011
|
|-
|2012
|
|-
|2013
|
|-
|[[2014 CFL Premier Division|2014]]
|
|-
|2015
|
|-
|[[2016 CFL Premier Division|2016]]
|''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] had won every match in the tournament.''
|-
|[[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017]]
|
|-
|[[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018]]
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|[[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019]]
|[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|
|-
|2020
|''None''
|''Cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].''
|-
|[[2021 CFL Premier Division|2021]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|[[2022 CFL Premier Division|2022]]
|
|-
|[[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023]]
|
|-
|[[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|2024/25]]
|rowspan=2|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Bengal set to be champions after DHFC no show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/e-ast-bengal-set-to-be-cfl-champions-after-dhfc-no-show/articleshow/118222553.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
|
|-
! colspan="3" align="left"|'''Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054127/https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/ IFA (WB)]'''
|}

===By team===
The list only contains the names of the teams that have won the top-most division of the Calcutta Football League more than once.<ref name=ifalist />
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="740px"
|-
! width=200px| Club
! width=40px| Titles
! width=500px| Winning years
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]|| align="center" | 41 || 1942, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1961, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, [[2014 CFL Premier Division|2014]], 2015, [[2016 CFL Premier Division|2016]], [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017]], [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|2024/25]], [[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || align="center" | 30 || 1939, 1943, 1944, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, [[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018]]
|-
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] || align=center| 14 || 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1948, 1957, 1967, 1981, [[2021 CFL Premier Division|2021]], [[2022 CFL Premier Division|2022]], [[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023]]
|-
| [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]] || align=center| 8 || 1899, 1907, 1916, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1925
|-
| [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]] || align=center| 4 || 1910, 1921, 1928, 1929
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Durham Light Infantry]] || align=center| 3 || 1931, 1932, 1933
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Black Watch]] || rowspan="5" align="center" | 2 || 1912, 1913
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Gordon Light Infantry|| 1908, 1909
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|King's Own Regiment]] || 1904, 1905
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[North Staffordshire Regiment]] || 1926, 1927
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Irish Rifles]] || 1900, 1901
|-
|[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
| align=center| 1 || 2019
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Bengal Super League]]
* [[Premier League Soccer (India)|Premier League Soccer]]
* [[Football in West Bengal]]
* [[Football in Kolkata]]

==References==
'''Cited sources'''
{{reflist}}

'''Further reading'''
* {{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|title=The Calcutta Football League (CFL) — Winners of each season|date=2021|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054127/https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|archive-date=28 January 2021|website=ifawb.org|publisher=Indian Football Association|location=Kolkata|url-status=dead}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.ifawb.org}} of the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA)
*{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/clubs/|title=IFAWB Clubs|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/|archive-date=9 October 2022}}

{{Calcutta Football League}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}
{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Calcutta Football League]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Football competitions in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1898]]

Union territory

2026-03-22T09:39:30Z

Locweld: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Form of administrative division in India}}
{{About|the union territories of India|other uses|Federal territory|and|Union territory (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

{{Infobox subdivision type
|name = Union territory
|map = {{Union Territories Labelled Map|scale=300|width=300}}
|category = [[Federated state]]s
|territory = [[India|Republic of India]]
|start_date =
|current_number = 8
|number_date = 2022
|population_range = [[Lakshadweep]] – 64,473 (lowest) [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] – 31,181,376 (highest)
|area_range = [[Lakshadweep]] – {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest) [[Ladakh]] – {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} (largest)
|government = [[Government of India|Central government]]
|subdivision = [[List of districts in India|Districts]] [[List of divisions in India|Divisions]]
}}
Among the [[states and union territories of India]], a '''union territory''' ('''UT''') is a region that is directly governed by the [[Government of India|central government of India]], as opposed to the states, which have their own [[State governments of India|state government]] systems. Unlike states, union territories do not have their own full-fledged government but are administered by a lieutenant governor or administrator appointed by the [[president of India]].<ref>[https://www.india.gov.in/official-website-union-territories Union Territories of India]</ref>

Union territories are created for various reasons, including geographical importance, strategic necessity or historical factors. These areas are under the control of the central government to ensure uniformity in governance across the country. Some union territories, such as [[Delhi]] (National Capital Territory),[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir ]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], have been granted special status and are allowed to have their own legislative assemblies, which can pass laws on certain matters, though the central government still retains significant authority.<ref>[https://www.india.gov.in/official-website-delhi National Capital Territory of Delhi]</ref>

The distinction between states and union territories is defined in the [[Constitution of India]]. The Constitution designed union territories to manage areas that require more direct central control or have specific administrative needs. This ensures that regions like [[Ladakh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] remain directly controlled by the central government.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ladakh-jammu-kashmir-integration-constitution-indian-govt-1653475-2020-08-05 Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir integration]</ref>

Currently, India has eight union territories: [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar]] Islands, [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>[https://www.india.gov.in/official-website-andaman-and-nicobar-islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands]</ref>

== History ==
{{Politics of India}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500
| image1 = India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg
| image2 = States Reorganisation Act 1956.svg
| footer = Comparison of the administrative divisions of India in 1951 and 1956
}}

{{multiple image
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Jammu & Kashmir Districts (2019).svg
| image2 = Ladakh Districts (2019).svg
| footer = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[List of districts of Ladakh]] as of November 2019.
}}

When the [[Constitution of India]] was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included:
* Part C states, which were [[chief commissioner]]s' provinces and some princely states, each governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the [[President of India]]. The ten Part C states were [[Ajmer State|Ajmer]], [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]], [[Bilaspur State (1950 - 1954)|Bilaspur]], [[Coorg State|Coorg]], [[Delhi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Cutch State|Cutch]], [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]] and [[Vindhya Pradesh]].
* One Part D state ([[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]) administered by a [[lieutenant governor]] appointed by the central government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

After the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], Part C and Part D states were combined into a single category of "Union territory". Due to various other reorganisations, only 6 union territories remained:
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Lakshadweep|Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands]] (later renamed [[Lakshadweep]])
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Manipur]]
* [[Tripura]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]

By the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and [[Chandigarh]] became a union territory. Another three ([[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]) were formed from acquired territories that were formerly part of [[Portuguese India]] and [[French India]].

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]. The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, one to be eponymously called [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and the other [[Ladakh]] on 31 October 2019.

In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=2019-07-10 | agency=The Print | access-date=2019-08-22 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi | archive-date=14 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072735/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Press Trust of India|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs — Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|date=2019-11-22|access-date=2019-11-22|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072252/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite act|type=|index=|date=21 November 2019|article=Article 240 (2)|article-type=|legislature=[[Lok Sabha]]|title=Bill No. 366 of 2019|trans-title=The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Bill, 2019|page=|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|language=en}} {{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021105/http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Administration ==
The [[Parliament of India]] can pass a law to [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|amend the constitution]] and provide a Legislature with elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry. Generally, the [[President of India]] appoints an [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]] or [[lieutenant governor]] for each UT.<ref name="UT">[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=21 Union Territories. Know India: National Portal of India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126234503/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=21 |date=2012-11-26}}</ref>

Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir operate differently from the other five. They were given [[Capital districts and territories#India|partial statehood]] and Delhi was redefined as the [[National Capital Territory]] (NCT) and incorporated into a larger area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR). Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir have an elected [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assembly]] and an executive [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] with a partially state-like function.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 6, 2019 |title=Union territories with and without legislature: How will Ladakh be different from Jammu and free fire |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation. Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development. The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on. These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/50919315/ |title=Supreme Court judgement, New Delhi Municipal Corporation ... vs State Of Punjab Etc.Etc on 19 December, 1996 |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205071318/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/50919315/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states. The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government. Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |title=Puducherry CM N Rangasamy seeks 'clear formula' for devolution of Central funds |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929045505/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As union territories are directly ruled by the [[Government of India|union government]], some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states.

After the introduction of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]], UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly. UT-GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udyogsoftware.com/why-union-territory-gst-law-utgst-is-important-under-gst/ |title=Why Union Territory GST law (UTGST) is important? |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031622/http://www.udyogsoftware.com/why-union-territory-gst-law-utgst-is-important-under-gst/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Constitutional status ==
[[s:Constitution of India/Part I|Article 1 (1)]] of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|V (The Union)]] and [[s:Constitution of India/Part VI|VI (The States)]] of the constitution. Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired. The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 |access-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=2017-05-01|df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[s:Constitution of India/Part XIX|Article 366(30)]] also defines union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that schedule. In the constitution wherever it refers to territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories. Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories. Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights [[s:Constitution of India/Part III|(part III)]], Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), [[s:Constitution of India/Part XI|Article 245]], etc. apply to union territories as it refers specifically to territories of India. The executive power of the Union (i.e. union of states only) rests with the [[president of India]]. The president of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per [[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Article 239]]. The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in [[s:Constitution of India/Part XIV|Part XIV]].

The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial [[president's rule]] per [[s:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly. As Per [[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Article 240 (1)]], supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, [[Delhi|NCT]] and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India. Article 240(2) allows implementing [[United States as a tax haven|tax haven laws]] in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign [[tax haven]] countries.

The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in the constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly ([[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Part VIII]]) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states).

Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]]: Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry. Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only three union territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assembly]] and have a chief minister.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Current union territories ==

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
|+
! scope="col"|State<ref name="SUT"/>
! scope="col"|[[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|title=ISO codes|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle code]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aptransport.org/html/registration-statecodes.html|title=Registration statecodes|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|[[Zonal Council|Zone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/page/zonal-council|title=Zonal council|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|Capital<ref name="SUT">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/|title=State/UTs and capitals|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|Largest city<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 – Class I|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|{{tooltip|Established|Date of establishment as a state}}<ref name="State">{{cite report|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/Research_notes/English/Re_org_English.pdf|title=States Reorganisation|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
! scope="col"|[[List of states and union territories of India by population|Population]] ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref>{{cite report |title=State-wise population |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx |access-date=1 January 2024 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]] (km2)<ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|title=Socio-economic statistics|access-date=1 January 2019|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|Official languages<ref name="Lang">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|Additional official languages<ref name="Lang"/>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| IN-AN
| AN
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan=2|[[Port Blair]]
| 1 November 1956
| 380,581
| 8,249
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| —
|-
! scope="row"|[[Chandigarh]]
| IN-CH
| CH
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| colspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| 1 November 1966
| 1,055,450
| 114
| [[English language|English]]
| —
|-
! scope="row"|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| IN-DH
| DD
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Daman, India|Daman]]
| [[Silvassa]]
| 26 January 2020
| 587,106
| 603
| Hindi, English
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
! scope="row"|[[Delhi]]
| IN-DL
| DL
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| 1 November 1956
| 16,787,941
| 1,484
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| IN-JK
| JK
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Srinagar]] (Summer) [[Jammu]] (Winter)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jkslsa.gov.in/states.php|title=Jammu and Kashmir capital|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Legal Services Authority|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206215947/https://www.jkslsa.gov.in/states.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Srinagar]]
| 31 October 2019
| 12,258,433
| 42,241
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English, Hindi, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ladakh]]
| IN-LA
| LA
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Leh]] (Summer) [[Kargil]] (Winter)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/|title=LG, UT Hqrs, Head of Police to have Sectts at both Leh, Kargil: Mathur|work=Daily Excelsior|date=12 November 2019|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213231004/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Leh]]
| 31 October 2019
| 290,492
| 59,146
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| —
|-
! scope="row"|[[Lakshadweep]]
| IN-LD
| LD
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Kavaratti]]
| 1 November 1956
| 64,473
| 32
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
! scope="row"|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| IN-PY
| PY
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan=2|[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| 16 August 1962
| 1,247,953
| 479
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]]
|-
!Total
! colspan="6" |
!32,672,429
!112,348
! colspan="2" |
|}

== Former union territories ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Former union territories of India<ref name="State"/><ref name="Consti">{{cite report|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/Part1.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!Name
![[Zonal Council|Zone]]
!Capital
!Area
!Begin
!End
!class="unsortable"|Successor(s)
!class="unsortable"|Map
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Itanagar]]
| {{cvt|83743|km2}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| {{dts|20 February 1987}}
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Silvassa]]
| {{cvt|491|km2}}
| {{dts|11 August 1961}}
| {{dts|26 January 2020}}
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| [[File:IN-DN.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]]
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Daman, India|Daman]]
| {{cvt|112|km2}}
| {{dts|30 May 1987}}
| {{dts|26 January 2020}}
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| [[File:IN-DD.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Panaji]]
| {{cvt|3814|km2}}
| {{dts|19 December 1961}}
| {{dts|30 May 1987}}
| [[Goa]] (state), [[Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| [[File:IN-GDD.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Shimla]]
| {{cvt|55673|km2}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|25 January 1971}}
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Imphal]]
| {{cvt|22327|km2}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Mizoram (union territory)|Mizoram]]
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Aizawl]]
| {{cvt|21,081|km2}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| {{dts|20 February 1987}}
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Agartala]]
| {{cvt|10491|km2}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|}

== Proposed union territories ==
{{Main|Proposed states and union territories of India}}
There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proposed or previously proposed union territories of India
! Name !! Proposed status !! Notes
|-
| [[Gorkhaland]] || Proposed || Proposed by Gorkha Janmukti Morcha in West Bengal for a separate homeland for Gorkhas. Discussions have included proposals for both statehood and union territory status.
|-
| [[Vidarbha]] || Proposed || Eastern region of Maharashtra; demand for separate statehood due to perceived neglect.
|-
| [[Coorg]] (Kodagu) || Historical || Former Part-C state; merged with Mysore (now Karnataka) in 1956.
|-
| [[Tulu Nadu]] || Proposed || Regions of coastal Karnataka and northern Kerala; demand based on linguistic identity.
|-
| [[Greater Cooch Behar]] || Proposed || Movement in northern West Bengal seeking separate status; leaders have advocated for union territory status.
|-
| [[Karbi Anglong]] || Proposed || Hill district in Assam with ongoing autonomy movements; demands for greater political identity.
|-
| [[Ladakh]] || Created (2019) || Established as a union territory on 31 October 2019 after reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir.
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] || Created (2020) || Merged from two union territories; merger effective from 26 January 2020.
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] as separate UT || Existing || Union territory serving as the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana; discussions exist about its status amid Punjab-Haryana disputes.
|-
| [[Delhi]] as full UT or full state || Created (2025) || Currently a union territory with legislature; proposals exist for full statehood or restructuring.
|}

== See also ==
* [[Federalism in India]]
* [[Lawmaking procedure in India]]
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]
* [[Staff Selection Commission]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Union territories of India}}

{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{States and Union Territories of India}}
{{Terms for types of country subdivisions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Union territories of India| ]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Territories]]

Andu Masjid

2026-03-20T10:31:53Z

Locweld: stub...

{{Short description|Mosque in Bijapur, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Andu Masjid
| infobox_width =
| image = Andu Masjid 3.jpg

| caption = The mosque, in 1866, by William Henry Pigou

| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Karnataka]]
| location = [[Bijapur]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8223|75.7183|region:IN-KA_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active{{clarify|date=February 2025|reason=Is it still used as place of worship?}}
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by = I‘tibar Khan
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{AH|1017|link=yes}}
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = One
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Four
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = Dressed stone
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Andu Masjid | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-KA-D130 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Andu Masjid''', also known as '''Anda Masjid''', is a [[mosque]] located in [[Bijapur]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author=Desai, Ziyaud-din |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80tSDwAAQBAJ&dq=andu+masjid&pg=PT87 |title=Mosques of India |publisher=The Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of India]] |isbn=978-81-230-2618-3 |location=New Delhi |language=en }}</ref> The mosque is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]], administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andu Masjid |url=http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/monument/the-andu-masjid/ |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Dharwad Circle |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
An inscription carved at the entrance of the mosque notes that it was commissioned by I‘tibar Khan in {{AH|1017|link=yes}}. Khan was a nobleman who lived during the reign of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Cousens |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Cousens |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25421/page/76/mode/2up |title=Bijapur and its architectural remains with an historical outline of the 'Adil Shahi dynasty |date=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |location=Varanasi |pages=77–79 }}</ref>

[[Henry Cousens]] posits that it was built as a women's mosque.<ref name=":1" /> The absence of a pulpit within the prayer-hall points to this conclusion, since no man would be allowed to enter the mosque and deliver a [[Khutbah|sermon]], due to ''[[purdah]]'' restrictions. Other elements supporting this theory include a [[parapet]] around the terrace of the building, which allows its occupants a view of the city without being seen themselves.<ref name=":1" /> However, {{As of|2016|lc=y}}, the mosque has banned the entry of women.<ref name=":2" /> Its ground floor serves as a ''[[madrasa]]'', while the upper floor serves as a prayer-hall for men.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author=Sharma, Ruchika |date=6 February 2016 |title=What history proves: Indian mosques barring women is only a recent trend |url=https://scroll.in/article/803090/what-history-proves-indian-mosques-barring-women-is-only-a-recent-trend |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722090614/https://scroll.in/article/803090/what-history-proves-indian-mosques-barring-women-is-only-a-recent-trend |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en }}</ref>

The building has two stories, with the mosque on the first floor and a hall on the ground floor, which might have served as a [[caravanserai]]. It is built out of dressed stone [[masonry]]. The first floor is ornately decorated, while the ground floor is plain.<ref name=":1" />

The mosque is situated on the western side of the first floor, and its [[façade]] has three arched entrances of equal size, opening out into a terrace. Two staircases provide access to the outer corners of the terrace, and a low parapet runs around it. The prayer-hall measures about {{Convert|6|m|ft}} square. Its western wall contains a large ''[[mihrab]]'' (prayer-niche), flanked by two smaller niches. There is no ''[[minbar]]'' (pulpit) within the mosque.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |author=Cousens, Henry |author-link=Henry Cousens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2goAAAAYAAJ&q=andu+masjid&pg=PA24 |title=Bijapur, the Capital of the Adil Shahi Kings: A Guide to Its Ruins |date=1905 |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries Company |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

A ribbed dome surmounts the roof, resting upon an arcaded [[Tholobate|drum]] with sixteen sides. Four [[minaret]]s rise above a projecting [[buttress]] at the rear of the dome, which aligns with the prayer-niche of the mosque below. Four more minarets are provided, one at each corner of the building. The main dome is melon-shaped, as are small domes crowning each of the minarets.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |author=Desai, Ziyaud-din |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yIPDgAAQBAJ&dq=andu+masjid&pg=PT131 |title=Indo-Islamic architecture |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2406-6 |language=en }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bijapur district, Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic mosques]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1600s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1609]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Deccan sultanates]]

PNS Muhafiz

2026-03-19T06:48:33Z

Locweld: formatting fix

{{Short description|Adjutant-class minesweeper of the Pakistan Navy}}
{{About-distinguish-text|the ship in service from 1955–1971|the in-service [[Munsif-class minehunter|''Munsif''-class]] ship of the same name}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag= {{Shipboxflag|Pakistan|naval}}
|name= PNS ''Muhafiz'' (M 163)<ref name=navsource/>
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder= [[Bellingham Shipyards Co.]], Bellingham, Washington, USA<ref name=navsource/>
|laid_down= as AMS-138<ref name=navsource/>
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 6 February 1955<ref name=navsource/>
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate= Sunk by {{Ship|INS|Veer|K82|6}} on 4 December 1971<ref name=navsource/>
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass2|Adjutant|minesweeper||ship}}<ref name=navsource/>
|type=
|displacement= 362 tons <ref name=navsource>{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.net/archives/11/05138.htm |title=AMS-138 |website=NavSource |access-date=2012-04-24}}</ref>
|length={{Convert|144|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=navsource/>
|beam={{Convert|27|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=navsource/>
|draught={{Convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=navsource/>
|draft=
|propulsion= 2 × {{Convert|880|bhp|0|abbr=on}} General Motors 8-268A diesel engines<ref name=navsource/>
|speed={{Convert|13|kn|lk=in}}<ref name=navsource/>
|range=
|complement= 40<ref name=navsource/>
|sensors=
|armament=1 × twin 20-mm<ref name=navsource/>
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''PNS ''Muhafiz''''' was an [[Adjutant-class minesweeper|''Adjutant''-class minesweeper]] of the [[Pakistan Navy]].<ref name=shiphist>{{cite web |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/minesweepers3.htm |title=Minesweepers MSO MSC MSI MHC MCM Post-War |website=Shipbuilding History |date=2011-12-23 |access-date=2012-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228194133/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/minesweepers3.htm |archive-date=2012-02-28 }}</ref> It was built by the United States for transfer to Pakistan.<ref name=shiphist/> PNS ''Muhafiz'' was sunk by a missile from {{INS|Veer|K82|6}} of the [[Indian Navy]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name=navsource/><ref name=shiphist/>

[[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)|PNS ''Zulfiqar'' (K265)]] of Pakistan was also damaged beyond repair by friendly fire from aircraft of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) which mistook her for a missile boat of the [[Indian Navy]] during the same war.<ref name="bharat">{{Cite web| url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html| title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926174134/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html| archive-date=26 September 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref> India also lost {{INS|Khukri|F149|6}} in this war.<ref name=russellphillip>{{cite web|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri|url=https://russellphillips.uk/the-sinking-of-ins-khukri/ |website=Russell Phillips |access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="navalforces">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093601/http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp]}}</ref>

==Operation Trident==
{{Main article|Operation Trident (1971)}}
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], The minesweeper PNS ''Muhafiz'' was tasked to patrol the approaches to port of Karachi. To do so it was deployed on the inner cordon.

Late that evening on 4 December 1971, around 70 miles south of Karachi, the {{INS|Veer|K82|6}} detected a large [[Pakistan Navy]] target, later identified as the ''Muhafiz'' on patrol to its north. ''Veer'' launched a single [[SS-N-2]] ''Styx'' missile on the target, sinking ''Muhafiz''.<ref name=in-t2tchap10>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm |title=Chapter-10 |publisher=Indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=2012-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223133540/http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm |archive-date=2012-02-23 }}</ref> It was later learned that at 23:30 the ''Muhafiz'' was hit by Styx missiles, and sank in the Indian Ocean at about 23:35.

Other vessels of the [[Indian Navy]] strike group sank the Pakistan Navy [[destroyer]], {{ship|PNS|Khaibar|1956|6}} and the merchant ship {{MV|Venus Challenger||2}} (carrying navy personnel and ammunition for Pakistan),<ref name=in-t2tchap10/> and caused irreparable damage to the destroyer {{ship|PNS|Shah Jahan|DD-962|6}}.

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]
* [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]
* [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Military history of India]]
* [[List of military disasters]]
* [[List of ships sunk by missiles]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
*
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110407095823/http://www.defence.pk/gallery/auxiliary-ships/p12223-pns-muhafiz-mine-hunter.html PNS Muhafiz]

{{Adjutant class minesweeper}}
{{1971 shipwrecks}}

{{coord missing|Indian Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhafiz}}
[[Category:1954 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Bellingham, Washington]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Minesweepers of the Pakistan Navy]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1971]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Ships of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]

Naṉṉūl

2026-03-17T23:28:04Z

Locweld: Data

{{Short description|Tamil Grammer book}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Tamil literature}}
'''Naṉṉūl''' ({{langx|ta|நன்னூல்}}) is a work on [[Tamil grammar]] written by a [[Jain]] ascetic<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=NANNUL+JAIN&pg=PA527 | title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections | first=K. Ayyappa | last=Paniker | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | year=1997 | isbn=9788126003655 | page=527 | access-date=21 August 2020 }}</ref> [[Pavananthi Munivar]] between 1178–1216.<ref name="Sadasivan2011">{{cite web|last=Sadasivan|first=M. P.|publisher=[[State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications]]|url=http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?|title=Nannūl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820221313/http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-08-20|access-date=2014-08-20|date=2011-01-13|language=Malayalam}}</ref> It is the most significant work on Tamil grammar after [[Tolkāppiyam]].<ref name="Sadasivan2011"/> The work credits [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga vassal king]] [[Seeya Gangan]] of [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] with patronising it.<ref name="Govindasamy1977">{{cite book|first=Muthusamy|last=Govindasamy|date=1977|title=A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature|publisher=[[Annamalai University]]|page=189|quote=...he was a resident of Janajapuram (of [[Kancivaram]]) and [...] was patronised by Seeyangagan of Kolar (Mysore). Since Seeyangagan ruled in 1178–1216 the period of the work is evident.|oclc=5334976}}</ref><ref name="ITC1978">{{cite journal|publisher=[[University of Madras]]|journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures|oclc=1714048|issn=0541-7562|title=Nannūl|date=January–June 1978|page=181|quote=One of the Ganga kings, Seeya Gangan, a contemporary of [[Kulōttunga III]] got Bhavananti to compose present Tamil standard grammar Nannūl.}}</ref>

About 20 commentaries have been written on Nannūl up to 19th century CE.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Nannūl was divided into five sections: [[written language]], [[spoken language]], [[semantics]], poetic language and [[rhetorical device]]s. The latter three sections have been lost, so only the parts on written and spoken language are extant today.<ref name="Sadasivan2011"/>

In Tamil, ''nal'' means good and ''nūl'' means ''book'', so ''Nannūl'' means ''good book''.<ref name="Sadasivan2011"/>

==See also==
* [[Karanthai]] Pavananthi munivar

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1309/1/Nannool%20-%20Bavanandhi%20Munivar.pdf nannUl of pavaNanti munivar, edited by Dr. T. Malten, Inst. of Indology and Tamil Studies, Univ of Koeln, Germany]

{{Tamil language}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nannul}}
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Saraswati

2026-03-17T21:15:35Z

Locweld: slightly updated intro and added references per sources

{{short description|Principal Hindu goddess; goddess of knowledge, music, and speech in Hinduism and Jainism}}
{{About|the Hindu goddess|the Vedic river|Saraswati River|other uses|Saraswati (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Saraswati
| type = Hindu
| image = Saraswati.jpg
| caption = Painting of Sarasvati by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
| deity_of = Mother Goddess Goddess of knowledge, education, learning, speech, arts, music, poetry, purification, language and culture<ref name=Kinsley1988 /><ref name=":9" /> Personification of the [[Saraswati River]]
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Devi]]|[[Tridevi]]|[[Gayatri]]|[[Sharada Peeth|Sharada]]|[[Shakti]]|[[Mahadevi]]|[[Matangi]]}}
| abode = {{hlist|[[Satyaloka]]|[[Manidvipa]]}}
| day = Friday
| consort = [[Brahma]]
| other_names = {{hlist|[[Vāc|Vagdevi]]|Sharada Bhavani|Vani|Savitri|[[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]]|Bharati}}
| colour = {{hlist|White|yellow}}
| symbols = {{hlist|[[Veena]]|[[books]]|rosary|white [[List of plants known as lotus|lotus]]}}
| mount = {{hlist|''[[Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa]]'' (white goose or swan)|[[peacock]]}}
| mantra = * ''om̐ aim mahāsarasvatyaya namaḥ''
* ''[[Sarasvati Vandana|Sarasvatī Vandanā]]''{{refn|group = note|The hymn comprises the following four verses:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shivakumar|first=K. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgAUEAAAQBAJ&dq=saraswati+vandana&pg=PA8|title=Shlokas and Bhajans: with general knowledge and subhashitams|date=14 January 2021|publisher=Sangeet Bharati|pages=9|language=en}}</ref>
:''yā kundendutuṣārahāradhavalā yā śubhravastrāvṛtā''
:''yā vīṇāvaradaṇḍamaṇḍitakarā yā śvetapadmāsanā''
:''yā brahmācyuta śaṃkaraprabhṛtibhirdevaiḥ sadā pūjitā''
:''sā māṃ pātu sarasvati bhagavatī niḥśeṣajāḍyāpahā''}}
| festivals = {{hlist|[[Vasant Panchami]]|[[Sarasvati Puja]]| last three (7th, 8th & 9th) days of [[Navaratri]]}}
| member_of = [[Tridevi]] and [[Prakriti|Pancha Prakriti]]
| script_name = Devanagari
| script = सरस्वती
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Sarasvatī
| equivalent1 = [[Anahita]]<ref>Lommel, H. "Anahita-Sarasvati," Asiatica, Festschrift F. Weller, Leipzig, 1954, pp. 405–13</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yE7fEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|title=Aryans: The Search for a People, a Place and a Myth|date=15 November 2023|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5731-266-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Haridas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzGlx3-ofJMC&dq=anahita+and+saraswati&pg=PA89|title=The Foundations of Living Faiths: An Introduction to Comparative Religion|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1147-8|language=en}}</ref>
| equivalent1_type = Persian
}}

'''Saraswati''' ({{langx|sa|सरस्वती}}, {{IAST3|Sarasvatī}}), also spelled as '''Sarasvati''', is one of the principal [[Devi|goddesses]] in [[Hinduism]], revered as the goddess of knowledge, education, learning, arts, speech, poetry, music, creativity, purification, language and culture.<ref name=Kinsley1988>{{cite book|first=David|last=Kinsley|year=1988|title=Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the divine feminine in the Hindu religious traditions|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520063392|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/55 55–64]|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/55}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Saraswati {{!}} Emory {{!}} Michael C. Carlos Museum |url=https://carlos.emory.edu/maa-saraswati |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=carlos.emory.edu}}</ref> Together with the goddesses [[Lakshmi]] and [[Parvati]], she forms the trinity of chief goddesses, known as the [[Tridevi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism|year=1999|page=1214|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-064-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Female Hindu deities – the Tridevi – Nature of Ultimate Reality in Hinduism – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – Edexcel|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zrf6pbk/revision/5|publisher=BBC Bitesize|access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Saraswati is a [[Pan-Indian (India)|pan-Indian]] deity, venerated not only in Hinduism but also in [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]].<ref name=":5">Ludvik (2007), pp. 1, 11.</ref><ref name="BMA">{{cite book|url=http://artsbma.org|title=Guide to the collection|publisher=[[Birmingham Museum of Art]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-904832-77-5|series=Birmingham Museum of Art|location=[[Birmingham, Alabama]]|page=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980514044647/http://www.artsbma.org/|archive-date=14 May 1998|url-status=live}}</ref>

She is one of the prominent goddesses in the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition]] (1500 to 500 BCE) who retains her significance in later Hinduism.<ref name="Kinsley1988" /> In the [[Vedas]], her characteristics and attributes are closely connected with the [[Saraswati River]], making her one of the earliest examples of a [[Rivers in Hinduism|river goddess]] in Indian tradition. As a deity associated with a river, Saraswati is revered for her dual abilities to purify and to nurture fertility. In later Vedic literature, particularly the [[Brahmana]]s, Saraswati is increasingly identified with the Vedic goddess of speech, [[Vāc|Vac]], and eventually, the two merge into the singular goddess known in later tradition. Over time, her connection to the river diminishes, while her association with speech, poetry, music, and culture becomes more prominent. In [[History of Hinduism#Hindu synthesis and Classical Hinduism (c. 200 BCE – 1200 CE)|classical and medieval Hinduism]], Saraswati is primarily recognized as the goddess of learning, arts and poetic inspiration, and as the inventor of the Sanskrit language.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=12 August 2024|title=Sarasvati {{!}} Definition, Depictions, Worship, & River {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sarasvati|access-date=20 September 2024|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kinsley1988" /> She is linked to the creator god [[Brahma]], either as his creation or consort. In the latter role, she represents his creative power (''[[Shakti]]''), giving reality a unique and distinctly human quality. She becomes linked with the dimension of reality characterized by clarity and intellectual order.<ref name=Kinsley1988 /> Within the goddess-oriented [[Shaktism]] tradition, Saraswati is a key figure and venerated as the creative aspect of the [[Mahadevi|Supreme Goddess]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Pintchman|first=Tracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC&q=mahadevi+sarasvati|title=Seeking Mahādevī: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess|date=14 June 2001|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> She is also significant in certain [[Vaishnava]] traditions, where she serves as one of [[Vishnu]]'s consorts and assists him in his divine functions.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|title=Saraswati|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Sarasvati/|access-date=20 September 2024|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Kinsley1988 /> Despite her associations with these male deities, Saraswati also stands apart as an independent goddess in the pantheon, widely worshipped as a [[virgin goddess|celibate goddess]], without a consort.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uabOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines: [2 volumes]|date=18 December 2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=978-0-313-34990-4|pages=200|language=en}}</ref>

She is portrayed as a serene woman with a radiant white complexion, dressed in white attire, representing the quality of ''[[sattva]]'' (goodness). She has four arms, each holding a symbolic object: a book, a rosary, a water pot, and a musical instrument known as the [[veena]]. Beside her is her mount, either a ''[[Hamsa (bird)|hamsa]]'' (white goose or swan) or a peacock.<ref name=Kinsley1988 /> Hindu temples dedicated to Saraswati can be found worldwide, with one of the earliest known shrines being [[Sharada Peeth]] (6th–12th centuries CE) in [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":8" /> Saraswati continues to be widely worshipped across India, particularly on her designated festival day, [[Vasant Panchami]] (the fifth day of spring, and also known as Saraswati Puja and Saraswati Jayanti in many regions of India), when students honor her as the patron goddess of knowledge and education.<ref name=Kinsley1988 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=79|title=Vasant Panchami Saraswati Puja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923070714/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=79|archive-date=23 September 2014|series=Know India – Odisha Fairs and Festivals}}</ref> Traditionally, the day is marked by helping young children learn how to write the letters of the alphabet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblies.org.uk/pri/1612/the-festival-of-vasant-panchami-a-new-beginning|title=The festival of Vasant Panchami: A new beginning|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004145450/http://www.assemblies.org.uk/pri/1612/the-festival-of-vasant-panchami-a-new-beginning|archive-date=4 October 2015|publisher=Alan Barker|location=United Kingdom}}</ref>

In Buddhism, she is venerated in many forms, including the East Asian [[Benzaiten]] (辯才天, "Eloquence Talent Deity").<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2019|title=5th Annual A World in Trance Festival Jayanthi Kumaresh: Invoking The Goddess Sarawati {{!}} TeRra Magazine|url=https://magazineterra.com/5th-annual-a-world-in-trance-festival-jayanthi-kumaresh-invoking-the-goddess-sarawati/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411045657/https://magazineterra.com/5th-annual-a-world-in-trance-festival-jayanthi-kumaresh-invoking-the-goddess-sarawati/|archive-date=11 April 2021|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="tdonaldson">{{cite book|last=Donaldson|first=Thomas|title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7017-406-6|pages=274–275|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts }}</ref> In Jainism, Saraswati is revered as the deity responsible for the dissemination of the [[Tirthankara]]s' teachings and sermons.{{Sfn|Prasad|2017|p=192}}

== Etymology ==
Saraswati is a Sanskrit fusion word of ''saras'' (सरस्) meaning "pooling water", but also sometimes translated as "speech"; and ''vati'' (वती), meaning "she who possesses". Originally associated with the river or rivers known as Saraswati, this combination, therefore, means "she who has ponds, lakes, and pooling water" or occasionally "she who possesses speech". It is also a Sanskrit composite word of ''sarasu-ati'' (सरसु+अति) which means "one with plenty of water".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=surasa&trans=Translate&direction=AU|article=सुरस|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204112824/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=surasa&trans=Translate&direction=AU|archive-date=4 December 2014|title=Sanskrit English Dictionary|publisher=University of Koeln|location=Koeln, Germany}}</ref><ref name=jmuir>{{cite book|first=John|last=Muir|title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India – Their Religions and Institutions|year=1870|volume=5|pages=337–347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymLZAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The word Saraswati appears both as a reference to a river and as a significant deity in the ''[[Rigveda]].'' In initial passages, the word refers to the [[Saraswati River]] and is mentioned as one among several northwestern Indian rivers such as the [[Drishadvati]]. Saraswati, then, connotes a river deity. In Book 2, the Rigveda describes Saraswati as the best of mothers, of rivers, of goddesses.<ref name=jmuir/>

Her importance grows in the later Vedas composed after the ''Rigveda'' as well as in the later ''[[Brahmana]]'' texts, and the word evolves in its meaning from "waters that purify", to "that which purifies", to "''vach'' (speech) that purifies", to "knowledge that purifies", and ultimately into a spiritual concept of a goddess that embodies knowledge, arts, music, melody, muse, language, rhetoric, eloquence, creative work and anything whose flow purifies the essence and self of a person.<ref name="jmuir" /><ref name="emoor">{{cite book|author=Moor, Edward|title=The Hindu Pantheon|year=1810|pages=125–127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce2oxAVsZWgC&pg=PA125}}</ref>

=== Names and epithets ===
[[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|19th Century Mysore Painting of Saraswati.]]
Saraswati (Sanskrit: ''Sarasvatī'') is known by many names. Some examples of synonyms for Saraswati include [[Sharada]] (bestower of essence or knowledge),<ref name="Kinsley1988" /> [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]] (power of Brahma), Brahmi (goddess of sciences),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/sarasvati_goddess_of_learning.htm|title=Sarasvati, The Goddess of Learning|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427203916/http://www.stephen-knapp.com/sarasvati_goddess_of_learning.htm|archive-date=27 April 2009|publisher=Stephen Knapp}}</ref> Bharadi (goddess of history), Vani and Vachi (both referring to the flow of music/song, melodious speech, eloquent speaking respectively), Varnesvari (goddess of letters), Kavijihvagravasini (one who dwells on the tongue of poets).<ref name="ebalf">{{cite book|first=Edward|last=Balf|title=The Encyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia|year=1885|page=534|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0OAAAAQAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Kinsley1988" />

Other names include: [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], [[Bharati]], [[Chandrika]], [[Devi]], Gomati, Hamsasana, Saudamini, Shvetambara, [[Subhadra]], Vaishnavi, Vasudha, Vidya, Vidyarupa, and Vindhyavasini.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2018|title=Sri Saraswathi Ashtottara Shatanamavali – śrī sarasvatī aṣṭōttaraśatanāmāvalī|url=https://stotranidhi.com/en/sri-saraswathi-ashtottara-satanamavali-in-english/|access-date=17 June 2022|website=Stotra Nidhi}}</ref>

In the [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]], a collection of fifty-five Tamil verses praising the [[Kural literature]] and its author [[Valluvar]], she is referred to as Nāmagal and is believed to have composed the second verse.{{sfn|Mohan Lal, 1992|p=4333}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil, 1975|p=129}}

Outside Nepal and India, she is known in [[Burmese language|Burmese]] as ''Thurathadi'' ({{lang|my|သူရဿတီ}}, {{IPA|my|θùja̰ðədì|pron}} or {{IPA|my|θùɹa̰ðədì|}}) or ''[[Tipitaka]] Medaw'' ({{lang|my|တိပိဋကမယ်တော်}}, {{IPA|my|tḭpḭtəka̰ mɛ̀dɔ̀|pron}}), in Chinese as {{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|Biàncáitiān}} ({{lang|zh|辯才天}}), in Japanese as ''[[Benzaiten]]'' ({{lang|ja|弁才天/弁財天}}) and in [[Thai language|Thai]] as ''Suratsawadi'' ({{lang|th|สุรัสวดี}}) or ''Saratsawadi'' ({{lang|th|สรัสวดี}}).<ref name="dk95">{{cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC|title=Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the divine feminine in the Hindu religious traditions|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-06339-2|page=95}}</ref>

== Literature ==
In Hinduism, Saraswati has retained her significance as an important goddess, from the [[Vedic period|Vedic age]] up to the present day.<ref name="davidkinsley">{{cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|title=Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the divine feminine in the Hindu religious traditions|publisher=University of California Press|year=1988|isbn=0-520-06339-2|url-access=registration}}</ref> She is praised in the ''[[Vedas]]'' as a water goddess of purification, while in the ''[[Dharmaśāstra|Dharmashastras]]'', Saraswati is invoked to remind the reader to meditate on virtue, and on the meaning ([[artha]]) of one's actions ([[karma]]).

=== In Vedic literature ===

==== ''Rigveda'' ====
[[File:Saraswati Third Century AD.jpg|thumb|Saraswati, 3rd century CE with veena, [[Manasa, Madhya Pradesh|Manasa]]-[[Mandsaur]] area.]]
Saraswati first appears in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (c. 1500 – 1000 BCE), the most ancient source of the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]. Saraswati holds significant religious and symbolic value in the Rigveda, as a deified entity embodying attributes of abundance and power. Primarily linked with the celestial domain of Waters (Apas) and the formidable Storm Gods ([[Maruts]]), this deity forms an integral triadic association alongside the sacrificial goddesses [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]] and Bharati within the pantheon.<ref name=":6">Ludvik (2007), pp. 11, 26.</ref>

Saraswati is described as a loud and powerful flood who roars like a bull and cannot be controlled.<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 11–12</ref> She was associated with the [[Milky Way]], indicating that she was seen as descending from heaven to earth.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 13</ref>

The goddess is mentioned in many Rigvedic hymns, and has three hymns dedicated to her (6:61 exclusively, and 7:95–96 which she shares with her male counterpart, Sarasvant).<ref name=":6" /> In ''Rigveda'' 2.41.16 she is called: "Best of mothers, the best of rivers, best of goddesses".<ref>{{cite web|title=Rigveda|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv02041.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134650/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv02041.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|at=Book 2, Hymn 41, line 16}}</ref>

As part of the [[Ap (water)|Apas]] (water deities), Saraswati is associated with wealth, abundance, health, purity and healing.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 17.</ref> In Book 10 (10.17) of the ''Rigveda'', Saraswati is celebrated as a deity of healing and purifying water.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rigveda|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv10017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508075500/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv10017.htm|archive-date=8 May 2015|at=Book 10, Hymn 17}}</ref> In the ''[[Atharva Veda]]'', her role as a healer and giver of life is also emphasized.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 40.</ref> In various sources, including the ''[[Yajurveda|Yajur Veda]]'', she is described as having healed [[Indra]] after he drank too much [[Soma (drink)|Soma]].<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 45.</ref>

Saraswati also governs ''dhī'' (Rigveda 1:3:12c.).<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 27.</ref> ''Dhī'' is the inspired thought (especially that of the [[rishi]]s), it is intuition or intelligence – especially that associated with poetry and religion. Saraswati is seen as a deity that can grant ''dhī'' (''Rigveda'' 6:49:7c.) if prayed to.<ref name=":6" /> Since speech requires inspired thought, she is also inextricably linked with speech and with the goddess of speech, [[Vāc]], as well as with cows and motherhood.<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 26, 31.</ref> Vedic seers compare her to a cow and a mother, and saw themselves as children sucking the milk of ''dhī'' from her.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 31.</ref> In Book 10 of the ''Rigveda'', she is declared to be the "possessor of knowledge".<ref>{{cite book|last=Colbrooke|first=H.T.|url=https://archive.org/stream/essaysonreligio01colegoog#page/n28/mode/2up|title=Sacred writings of the Hindus|publisher=Williams & Norgate|location=London, UK|pages=16–17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310162311/https://archive.org/stream/essaysonreligio01colegoog|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> In later sources, like the ''Yajur Veda'', Saraswati is directly identified with Vāc, becoming a deity called Saraswatī-Vāc.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 38, 53.</ref>

In the ''[[Brahmana]]s,'' Saraswati-Vac's role expands, becoming clearly identified with knowledge (which is what is communicated through speech) and as such, she is "the mother of the [[Vedas]]" as well as the Vedas themselves.<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' states that "as all waters meet in the ocean...so all sciences (vidya) unite (ekayanam) in Vāc" (14:5:4:11).<ref name="Ludvik 2007, p. 60">Ludvik (2007), p. 60.</ref> The ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' also presents Vāc as a secondary creator deity, having been the first deity created by the creator god [[Prajapati]]. She is the very instrument by which he created the world, flowing forth from him "like a continuous stream of water" according to the scripture.<ref name="Ludvik 2007, p. 60" /> This is the basis for the Puranic stories about the relationship between [[Brahma]] (identified with Prajapati) and Saraswati (identified with Vāc).<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 63–66.</ref>

In other ''Rigvedic'' passages, Saraswati is praised as a mighty and unconquerable protector deity. She is offered praises and compared to a sheltering tree in ''Rigveda'' 7.95.5, while in 6:49:7 cd she is said to provide "protection which is difficult to assail."<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 15.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=wisdomlib.org|date=27 August 2021|title=Rig Veda 7.95.5 [English translation]|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc835373.html|access-date=9 August 2022|website=wisdomlib.org}}</ref> In some passages she even takes a fiercesome appearance and is called a "slayer of strangers" who is called on to "guard her devotees against slander".<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 16–17.</ref> Her association with the combative storm gods called Maruts is related to her fierce fighting aspect and they are said to be her companions (at ''Rigveda'' 7:96:2c.).<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 22–23.</ref>

Like Indra, Saraswati is also called a slayer of [[Vritra]], the snake like demon of drought who blocks rivers and as such is associated with destruction of enemies and removal of obstacles.<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 47–48.</ref> The ''Yajur Veda'' sees her as being both the mother of Indra (having granted him rebirth through healing) and also as his consort.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 51.</ref>

In Book 2 of ''[[Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa|Taittiriya Brahmana]]'', Saraswati is called "the mother of eloquent speech and melodious music".<ref name="ebalf" />

===Mahabharata===
Saraswati in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', one of the two great epics of Hindu literature composed between 400 BCE and 400 CE, undergoes a transformation, marking her evolution from a river to a fully developed goddess of speech and knowledge.<ref name=":7">Ludvik (2007), p. 97</ref>

==== As a River ====

As a river, Saraswati in the ''Mahabharata'' appears in a more subdued form compared to her powerful and overflowing depiction in the Vedic hymns. She emerges at [[Ficus religiosa|Plaksha]] (Prasravana), disappears into the sands at [[Saraswati River#Vinasana|Vinasana]], and then reemerges in several places, ultimately reaching the ocean at [[Prabhas Patan|Prabhasa]]. This representation reflects an attempt to reconcile the historical drying up of the river with its continued importance in religious thought. The ''Mahabharata'' preserves the grandeur of the [[Saraswati River]] by presenting a mythologised geography that both recalls her past and reinterprets her course in accordance with [[Dharma]]. Her flow is depicted as being guided by divine will, avoiding the unrighteous and serving the pious. The epic also universalizes her identity by attributing her name to multiple rivers, reinforcing her Rig Vedic epithet ''saptasvasar'' and declaring, "all rivers are Saraswati-s."<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 136–137</ref>

Religiously, Saraswati's banks become lined with numerous [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirthas]], which are sites of pilgrimage and sacrifice. While the [[Panchavimsha Brahmana]] describes sacrificial rituals along her course, the ''Mahabharata'' expands upon this, transforming her river into a vast pilgrimage route filled with sacred sites. This shift marks a broader transition in religious practice—from complex Vedic sacrifices performed exclusively by [[Brahmin]]s to more accessible devotional practices open to a wider public, including women. The act of visiting Saraswati's ''tirthas'' is often equated with the merit of Vedic sacrifices, thus preserving Vedic authority while adapting to new religious contexts.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 137</ref>

==== As a Goddess ====
[[File:Devi Soroswoti Sculpture by Sandalwood Murshidabad WB 31 01 2018.jpg|thumb|left|Saraswati on a Lotus throne playing veena, sandalwood, Mysore, 18th century CE]]

As a goddess, Saraswati takes on a more humanized form in the ''Mahabharata'' for the first time. While the [[Rigveda]] and [[Brahmana]]s occasionally depicted [[Vāc|Vac]] in human-like terms, Saraswati in the epics appears as a woman of great celestial beauty and merit. The first verse of each book of the ''Mahabharata'' invokes the divine, including Saraswati, as part of its traditional opening salutation:
{{Verse translation|nārāyaṇaṃ namaskṛtya naraṃ caiva narottamam
devīṃ sarasvatīṃ caiva tato jayam udīrayet|Having bowed down to [[Nara Narayana|Narayana and Nara]], the most exalted male being, and also to the goddess Saraswati, must the word success be uttered.|attr1=''[[Mahabharata]]''|attr2=[[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]]}}

Her role also changes in the ''Mahabharata'', as she fully merges with Vac, becoming the embodiment of speech itself. While still occasionally called Vac (12.306.6) and Vani (3.132.2), Vac as a distinct entity fades, with Saraswati taking its place. Saraswati is called the mother of the Vedas in the ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' Book of the epic.<ref name="jmuir" /> [[Vishnu|Narayana]] tells [[Narada]] (12.326.5), "Behold goddess Saraswati, the mother of the Vedas, established in me," affirming her as the source of divine knowledge. She is said to enter the body (12.306.6), dwell on the tongue (12.231.8), and is even called [[Vishnu]]'s tongue (6.61.56). Saraswati is deeply revered by sages. When appearing to [[Yajnavalkya]], she is adorned with vowels and consonants, resonating with the sacred [[Om]] (12.306.14). She also manifests before sage Tarkshya, who praises her celestial form and seeks her guidance. Saraswati explains that she has risen from the [[Agnihotra]] to resolve priests' doubts, asserting that only a learned ''[[shrotriya]]'' may perform the ritual. She describes the rewards of offerings, purity through Vedic knowledge, and the origins of beauty. When Tarkshya asks about [[Moksha]], she speaks of study, gifts, vows, and yoga but shifts focus to celestial realms and the cosmic tree of paradise.<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 111–114</ref>

Saraswati also gains divine relationships that further integrate her into the [[Hindu deities|Hindu pantheon]]. In the ''Mahabharata'', her familial roles and origin vary across different chapters. She is described as the daughter of [[Brahma]], (''ṛtā brahmasutā sā me satyā devī saraswatī'', 12.330.10) a connection echoing Vac's relationship with [[Prajapati]] in the Brahmanas. Another account states that she originated from the Grandfather's (Pitamaha's) Lake, (''pitāmahasya sarasaḥ pravṛttāsi saraswatī'', 9.41.29) reinforcing her link to Brahma, who is referred to as the Grandfather. In another passage, she is described as the celestial creative symphony who appeared when Brahma created the universe.<ref name="jmuir" /> Her husband varies in different chapters—she is said to be the wife of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] (5.115.14) and also of the sage Matinara, whom she chooses after his twelve-year sacrifice on her banks (1.90.25–26), bearing him a son, Tamsu (1.90.26, 28). Additionally, she acts as a surrogate mother to Sarasvata, a son of sage [[Dadhichi]] (9.50.9-11).<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 116</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' also contains several stories featuring Saraswati. In the ''Sthanu Tirtha'' myth (9.42), Saraswati, caught between two rival sages—[[Vishvamitra]] and [[Vasishtha]]—favours Vasishtha and is ultimately cursed by Vishvamitra to flow with blood. This myth aims to glorify her tirthas, as later, sages purify her waters, depriving demons who had drunk from them. In compassion, Saraswati transforms into Aruna ("reddish"), allowing the demons to bathe in her and attain heaven.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 108</ref> In the ''Sarasvata Tirtha'' myth (9.50.9-11), Saraswati plays a maternal role, raising Sarasvata. During a twelve-year drought, when sages had forgotten the [[Vedas]], Saraswati sustained her son by feeding him fish. After the famine, Sarasvata restored the lost scriptures by teaching them anew, reaffirming Saraswati's role as a nurturer of wisdom.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 109</ref>

=== Ramayana ===
In the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', when the [[rakshasa]] brothers [[Ravana]], [[Vibhishana]] and [[Kumbhakarna]], performed a penance to propitiate Brahma, the creator deity offered each a boon. The devas pleaded with Brahma to not grant Kumbhakarna his boon. Brahma called upon his consort Saraswati, and instructed her to utter that which the devas desired. She acquiesced, and when the rakshasa spoke to invoke his boon, she entered his mouth, causing him to say, "To sleep for innumerable years, O Lord of Lords, this is my desire!". She then left his form, causing him to reflect upon his misfortune.<ref>{{Cite web|last=wisdomlib.org|date=27 September 2020|title=Concerning the Penances practised by Dashagriva and his Brother [Chapter 10]|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424771.html|access-date=9 August 2022|website=wisdomlib.org}}</ref>

=== Puranic literature ===
Saraswati remains an important figure in the later medieval [[Puranas|Puranic literature]], where she appears in various myths and stories. Many Puranas relate the myth of her creation by the creator god Brahma and then describe how she became his consort. Sources which describe this myth include ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'', ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' (which contains the most extensive account), ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]''.<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 117–118.</ref> Other Puranas give her slightly different roles and see her as the consort of other gods, such as Vishnu. In various Puranas, rites for her worship are given, and she is mainly worshiped for her command over speech, knowledge, and music.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 127</ref>

Puranas like the ''Matsya'' also contain iconographic descriptions of Saraswati, which provide the basis for her classic four armed form holding a book (representing the Vedas), [[Japamala|mala]], [[veena]], and a water pot while being mounted on a [[swan]] ([[Hamsa (bird)|hamsa]]).<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 131–133</ref>

==== Origin myths ====
[[File:Clevelandart 1972.152.jpg|left|thumb|Saraswati with attendants, marble sculpture, c. 900 CE]]
Saraswati is described as ''ayonija'', meaning that she was not born from any womb and was divinely manifested. The [[Puranas]] present various accounts of the origin (samudbhava) of Saraswati.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anand Swarup |date=January 1962 |title=Conception of Sarasvati in the Puranas |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/journal/purana-bulletin/d/doc1456198.html |access-date=15 March 2025 |pages=55–95 |language=en |edition=Purānas [Engl.]. In: Purāna 4,1}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' and ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', Saraswati is one of five primary manifestations of Mula [[Prakṛti|Prakrti]] (Primordial Nature) or the [[Shakti]] of [[Brahman]], each serving a distinct role in creation. At the onset of creation, the Atman divided into two—its right half became the Male principle, and the left half became Prakrti. Through the divine will of [[Sri Krishna]] (Para-Brahman in this context, not an avatara of Vishnu), Prakrti assumed five forms: [[Durga]], [[Radha]], [[Lakshmi]], Saraswati, and [[Gayatri|Savitri]]. Saraswati, associated with the mythological [[Saraswati River]], became the goddess of speech (Vach) and knowledge. Another version within the same Puranas describes Saraswati emerging from the tip of [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]]'s Shakti during creation. She appeared as a luminous maiden (Kanya), adorned in yellow garments, bearing a [[veena]] and a sacred scripture. She is thus revered as Vani, the presiding deity of all [[shastra]]s. This account also depicts Shakti manifesting as Lakshmi and [[Radha]].<ref name=":14" />

The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' offers a different perspective, stating that from [[Brahma]]'s concentrated anger, a being (Purusha) was born with a half-male, half-female body. This being, Samkara, was commanded to divide itself. The Male aspect further divided into eleven [[Rudras]], while the Female aspect split into a white and black form. Saraswati is identified as a manifestation of the white half, also known as Gauri. Another account in the Vayu Purana describes Saraswati's emergence during the Visvarupa Kalpa, when Brahma meditated and Saraswati, encompassing all forms, appeared as a divine gau (cow) with four mouths, four horns, four eyes, four hands, and four teeth—symbolizing Prakrti, the primordial source of the universe (jagadyonih).<ref name=":14" />

The ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', in its ''Lalitopakhyana'' section, narrates that Goddess [[Tripura Sundari]] created three cosmic eggs. From one egg emerged Saraswati (Gira) along with [[Shiva]], while the others birthed two divine pairs: [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]] and [[Vishnu]] from one, and [[Shri|Sri]] (Lakshmi) and Brahma from the other. Tripura Sundari then paired Saraswati with Brahma, Ambika with Shiva, and Sri with Vishnu, forming divine consorts. A similar account appears in the ''Pradhanika Rahasya'' of the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'' (part of the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]''). Here, Mahalaksmi embodies the three gunas (cosmic qualities), manifesting as Mahakali (tamasika), Mahasaraswati (sattvika), and herself (rajasika). Each created a divine pair: Mahalaksmi created Brahma and Sri (Lakshmi), Mahakali created [[Rudra]] and Trayi (Saraswati), and Mahasaraswati created [[Vishnu]] and [[Uma (goddess)|Uma]] (Parvatirasvati was then given to Brahma, Gauri to Rudra, and Sri to Vishnu.<ref name=":14" />

The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' (Adhyaya 3) describes Saraswati as the manasa putri (mind-born daughter) of Brahma. When Brahma sought to create the universe, he meditated, causing his body to split into a male and female half. The female half materialized as Saraswati, whom Brahma regarded as his ''svatmaja'' (daughter born from his own self). Other Puranas, including the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]], Brahmanda Purana, [[Brahma Purana]], [[Padma Purana]],'' and ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', also mention Saraswati in this capacity.<ref name=":14" />

==== Association with Brahma ====
[[File:12th-century Brahma and Saraswati at Shaivism Hindu temple Hoysaleswara arts Halebidu Karnataka India 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|12th-century Brahma and Saraswati as a couple at Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu, Karnataka, India.]]
Saraswati and Brahma share a complex and multifaceted relationship in the [[Puranas|Puranic]] tradition, with different texts presenting varying perspectives. The Puranas describe three primary associations between them:<ref name=":14" />
* Saraswati solely as the mind-born daughter of Brahma, attested in the ''[[Brahma Purana]]'', ''[[Padma Purana]]'', ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' and few chapters of ''[[Skanda Purana]]''
* Saraswati as solely the consort of Brahma, attested in the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'', ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''Lalitopakhyana'', ''Pradhana Rahasya'' and few chapters of ''Skanda Purana''<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=wisdomlib.org|date=8 August 2020|title=The Glory of Gāyatrī and Sarasvatī Tīrthas [Chapter 40]|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc423608.html|access-date=12 March 2025|website=wisdomlib.org|language=en}}</ref>
* Saraswati as both the daughter and spouse of Brahma, only found in two text—the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''

As the mind-born daughter of Brahma, Saraswati, in the ''Brahma Purana'', ''Padma Purana'', and ''Skanda Purana'', is regarded as a virgin goddess, without any spouse.<ref name=":14" /> The birth of Saraswati from the mind of Brahma is also described in the ''Brahmanda Purana'' (chapter 43), in which after her creation Saraswati is tasked to reside on tip of the tongue of all beings, a river on the earth and as a part of Brahma.<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org">{{Cite web|last=wisdomlib.org|date=28 January 2019|title=Story of Sarasvatī|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241934.html|access-date=9 August 2022|website=wisdomlib.org}}</ref> The ''Brahmanda Purana'' acknowledges her solely as Brahma's daughter but, in the ''Lalitopakhyana'' section of the text, a different origin is given to Saraswati in which Goddess Tripurasundari created and gave Saraswati to Brahma as his consort.<ref name=":14" />

The accounts where Saraswati is solely considered Brahma's consort, found in the ''Brahma Vaivarta Purana'', states that Saraswati was originally created from the tip of the tongue of the ''Shakti'' (''Yosit'') of [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]] (Supreme God in this context, not an avatara of Vishnu). Krishna gave her to [[Vishnu]] as his wife, but after a quarrel with her co-wife [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], Vishnu transferred Saraswati to Brahma and Ganga to [[Shiva]]. The ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' contains similar story.<ref name="Kinsley1988" /> The ''Lalitopakhyana'' and ''Pradhana Rahasya'' mention that Saraswati was created by Tripura Sundari and given to Brahma as his wife.<ref name=":14" />

In narratives where Saraswati is depicted as both the daughter and spouse, the portrayal varies. The ''Matsya Purana'' narrates that Saraswati emerged from the left side of his body for the purpose of creation.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 119</ref> Brahma, upon seeing Saraswati, was captivated by her beauty and developed multiple heads to gaze her. Despite her initial reluctance, she consented and he made her his spouse, and they remained together in the lotus temple for a hundred divine years. From their union, [[Swayambhuva Manu|Svayambhuva Manu]]—the first mortal human—was born.<ref name="auto">Ludvik (2007), p. 120.</ref><ref name="www.wisdomlib.org" /> After that, Brahma felt shame, curses the love-god [[Kamadeva|Kama]] and his sons are left to create the world. In the ''Matsya Purana'', while Brahma is criticised for his actions, the union is also justified, as human logic cannot be directly applied to divine beings, particularly when creation is at stake.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 121.</ref><ref name=":14" /> In the ''Bhagavata Purana'', the marriage of Brahma and Saraswati is explained in a way that avoids direct filial relations. According to the text, Brahma creates Saraswati and develops desire for her. However, feeling ashamed for desiring her, he gives up his life. Brahma then manifested in a different body, and he marries Saraswati, who was created by the previous Brahma.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vanamali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmAoDwAAQBAJ&q=shiva+vanamali|title=Shiva: Stories and Teachings from the Shiva Mahapurana|date=4 October 2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-62055-249-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLh9DwAAQBAJ&q=Sarasvati+Brahma+daughter+|title=The Bhagavata Purana 1|date=5 January 2019|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-378-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tejomayananda|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHVSDwAAQBAJ&q=Sarasvati+|title=DISCOURSES ON SHRIMAD BHAGAVATA|date=21 March 2018|publisher=Central Chinmaya Mission Trust|isbn=978-81-7597-709-9|language=en}}</ref>

The motif of Brahma desiring his own daughter is a recurrent theme in the Puranic tradition, potentially derived from the Brahmanical myth of [[Prajapati]]'s desire for [[Ushas]]. However, the identity of the daughter in these narratives is not consistently Saraswati and varies. This desire is generally depicted as transient, with Brahma either overcoming it himself out of shame, by cursing Kama, being restrained by Shiva—paralleling the Vedic account of Rudra restraining Prajapati—or facing the daughter's outright refusal, resulting in no union.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Santideva|first=Sadhu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUFZ9XzzHAcC&pg=PA18|title=Ascetic Mysticism|publisher=Cosmo Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7020-998-0|pages=107–117|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> A notable instance occurs in the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', where Saraswati rejects Brahma's advances, curses him, and subsequently departs.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=O'Flaherty|first=Wendy Doniger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnfZ_MBErlQC&q=Sarasvati|title=Siva: The Erotic Ascetic|date=28 May 1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972793-3|language=en}}</ref>

Another symbolic representation of Saraswati's association with Brahma is the belief that she resides in his mouth. This concept appears in several Puranas, including the ''Padma Purana'', where [[Vishnu]] praises Saraswati as residing in Brahma's mouth. A similar reference is found in the ''Matsya Purana'', where [[Parvati|Gauri]] is praised in the same manner. A direct reference to this belief appears in the ''Saraswati Rahasya Upanishad'', which describes Sarawati as a divine swan residing in the lotus-mouth of the four-faced Brahma.<ref name=":14" />

==== Saraswati, Savitri, and Gayatri ====
[[File:Brahma with consorts.jpeg|thumb|Sculpture of Brahma with Savitri and Gayatri]]
The goddesses Saraswati, Savitri, and [[Gayatri]] are closely associated with Brahma and one another in the [[Puranas]], but their connection is very inconsistent. Some texts consider these three goddesses to be identical. According to the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' (Adhyayas 3, 4), ''Saraswati, Savitri, Gayatri, Brahmani and Shatarupa'' are different names of the same deity. The ''Matsya Purana'' (Adhyaya 66) and ''[[Padma Purana]]'' (V.22.176–194) state that Saraswati and Gayatri are interchangeable names for the same goddess. Similarly, in the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' (VI.46), both Gayatri and Savitri are listed as synonyms of Saraswati,<ref name = "PB 80">Purana Bulletin: Purana, Volume 4, Part 1 (1962) p. 80</ref> although the same text also mention Savitri and Gayatri as distinct individual.<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org" /> The ''[[Varaha Purana]]'' also considers Saraswati, Savitri and Gayatri to be the same.<ref name=":13" />

Other Puranic texts treat Saraswati, Savitri, and Gayatri as three separate deities:<ref name=":14" />
* The ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' lists them among the five daughters of Brahma.
* In the ''Padma Purana'' and ''Skanda Purana'', Gayatri and Savitri are described as female companions of Saraswati.
* The ''Padma Purana'' also describes Saraswati as Brahma's virgin daughter, while Savitri and Gayatri are mentioned as his wives. According to this narrative, Brahma had two consorts—Savitri and Gayatri. When Savitri failed to arrive for a ritual at [[Pushkar]]a, Brahma wed Gayatri in her absence to complete the ritual. In response, Savitri, feeling aggrieved, pronounced a curse restricting his worship to Pushkara, though she later reconciled with Gayatri, establishing a harmonious relationship.<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org" /> Similar account is found in the ''Skanda Purana'', where the two wives are Savitri and Gayatri and are not connected to Saraswati.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Vans Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JpgIYbEtdQ8C/page/317/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Researches into the Nature and Affinity of Ancient and Hindu Mythology by Vans Kennedy|date=1831|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green|others=National Central Library of Florence|language=English}}</ref>
In certain texts, Gayatri is called the "Mother of the [[Vedas]]" (''Taittiriya Pratishakhya'' 17.308d–309a), while Savitri is also described as "the mother of the four Vedas" (''Brahma Purana'' II.1.39c). Saraswati, in turn, is regarded as "the presiding deity of knowledge" (''ibid.'' 31b) and "the embodiment of all branches of learning" (''ibid.'' 31c). Thus, similar to the Vedic goddesses Bharati and [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]], Saraswati, Savitri, and Gayatri are all connected to the domain of knowledge (''vidya, jnana, Veda'').<ref name=":14" />

In a third category of accounts, Savitri is identified with one of the two while remaining distinct from the other. In certain traditions, Savitri is identified with Gayatri, as seen in the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', where Saraswati and Savitri are enumerated among the five [[Prakṛti|Prakritis]]. Conversely, select chapters of the ''Skanda Purana'' equate Savitri with Saraswati, thereby positioning Gayatri as her co-wife.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3blDwAAQBAJ&dq=savitri+gayatri+pushkar&pg=PA249|title=Gayatri: The Profound Prayer|isbn=978-81-7822-467-1|last1=Madhukar|first1=R. K.|date=January 2014|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref> A chapter in the ''Skanda Purana'' also recounts a myth featuring both Saraswati and Gayatri. It narrates about Brahma's infatuation with his daughter Vac (a rare instance where Vac is distinguished from Saraswati in the Puranic corpus). As a consequence of this transgression, Brahma was slain by [[Shiva]], only to be later revived through the penance of Saraswati and Gayatri.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

==== Association with Vishnu ====
[[File:God Vishnu with Goddesses Lakshmi and Sarasvati, Bangladeshi sculpture at the Chicago Art Institute.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of Vishnu with goddesses Lakshmi (left) and Saraswati (right), from current-day Bangladesh at the [[Chicago Art Institute]].]]
Other than Brahma, Saraswati has also been associated with the preserver god [[Vishnu]], a connection which might stem established connection of Saraswati and Indra from the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (VI.49.7).<ref name = "PB 79">Purana Bulletin: Purana, Volume 4, Part 1 (1962) p. 79</ref> In many sculpture of Vishnu common during mediaeval era, particularly in the region of [[Bengal]], Saraswati replaces [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]] as his second wife, making Saraswati the co-wife of the goddess [[Lakshmi]]. Both of these goddesses flank Vishnu and assist him his role.<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org" /><ref name=":10" />

However, conjugal relationship between Saraswati and Vishnu is rarely found elsewhere in the Puranas—barring two. According to the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' (II.6) and ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' (IX.6), Saraswati was initially the wife of [[Narayana]] or Vishnu.<ref name = "PB 79" /> In the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', Saraswati is described as one of Vishnu's three wives, alongside [[Lakshmi]] and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]]. A conflict arose when Saraswati, angered by Ganga's playful glances at Vishnu, accused her of stealing his affection. Vishnu remained neutral, while Lakshmi attempted to mediate. In her jealousy, Saraswati cursed Lakshmi to be born as the [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulasi]] plant. In retaliation, Ganga cursed Saraswati to become a river, and Saraswati reciprocated with the same curse, declaring that sinners would cleanse their sins in Ganga's waters. Vishnu then decreed that Saraswati would exist in three forms: one part with him, another as a river on earth, and the third as Brahma's consort.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=George M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=three+wives+vishnu&pg=PA137|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|date=27 March 2008|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|page=137}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Bulbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on_ZhlB5taUC&dq=bhagavata+purana+lakshmi+ganga+saraswati&pg=PA67|title=The Book of Devi|date=June 2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306766-5|pages=67–71}}</ref>

If Saraswati is not associated with Vishnu as his wife, then concept of Saraswati as "the tongue of Vishnu" gained prominence in the Puranas. The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' states that when [[Vamana]] assumed his cosmic form, Satya became his speech, and Saraswati became his tongue (''Matsya Purana'' 246.57). The ''[[Vamana Purana]]'' also refers to Saraswati as "the tongue of Vishnu" (''Vamana Purana'' 32.23). The ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' describes Vishnu as "holding Saraswati in his mouth" (''Brahma Purana'' 122.71c).<ref name=":14" />

====Puranic Narratives of Saraswati's River Aspect====
[[File:1895 CE Saraswati on hamsa सरस्वती हंस painting 2.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Saraswati from a market in Bengal (19th century, pre-1895 CE). The [[British Library]] curator's summary states, "Saraswati, the goddess of learning and knowledge, is seated on the banks of a river. Her feet rest on a lotus flower, a palm leaf manuscript to represent the vedas is next to her and she holds a vina. Her mount, a swan, is positioned nearby."|left]]

In the ''Rigveda'', Saraswati is primarily depicted as a river goddess, embodying fertility and purity, and is revered as the personification of the Saraswati River. Her role as the nurturing, life-giving force of the river is celebrated in hymns, where she is described as "the best of mothers, of rivers, and of goddesses."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|title=Kamandalu: the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|location=London|page=97}}</ref> A Rigvedic prayer also describes her as 'the best of mothers, of rivers and of goddesses'.<ref name=":1" /> However, as Saraswati's association with knowledge, speech, and culture grew in prominence through the later Hindu texts, her direct connection with the physical river diminished. Despite this, the Puranas sustain Saraswati's riverine character by incorporating new narratives that preserve her role as a cosmic river in addition to her expanded identity.<ref name="Kinsley1988" />

The story of Saraswati becoming a river is introduced in the Srishti Khanda of [[Padma Purana]] as well as in [[Skanda Purana]]. In the Skanda Purana, after the events of the [[Tarakamaya War]], the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] deposited their arsenal of weapons at the hermitage of [[Dadhichi]]. When they sought the return of these weapons, the sage informed them that he had imbibed all of their power with his penance, and offered his own bones instead, which could serve as the source of new weapons. Despite the objections of the deities, the sage sacrificed himself, and his bones were employed in the manufacture of new arms by [[Vishvakarma]]. The sage's son, [[Pippalada]], upon hearing these events, sought to wreak his vengeance on the devas by performing a penance. A mare emerged from his right thigh, which in turn gave birth to a fiery man, Vadava, who threatened to be the doom of all of creation. [[Vishnu]] convinced Vadava that his best course of action would be to swallow the devas one by one, and that he should begin by consuming the primordial water of creation, which was the foremost of both the devas and the asuras. Vadava wished to be accompanied to the source of these waters by a virgin, and so Saraswati was dispatched for his purpose, despite her reluctance. She took him to [[Varuna]], the god of the ocean, who then consumed the being. For good measure, Saraswati transformed into a divine river, flowing with five channels into the sea, making the waters sacred.<ref>{{Cite web|last=wisdomlib.org|date=13 April 2021|title=The Descent of Sarasvatī [Chapter 34]|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc626822.html|access-date=9 August 2022|website=wisdomlib.org}}</ref>

In the Padma Purana, it is stated that there was a terrible battle between the Bhargavas (a group of [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]]) and the Hehayas (a group of [[Kshatriya]]s). From this, an all-consuming fire called [[Vadavagni]] was born, which threatened to destroy the whole world. In some versions, a sage named Auva created it. [[Indra]], Vishnu, and the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] visited Saraswati, requesting her to deposit the fire in the western ocean, to protect the universe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQEdAQAAMAAJ&q=Vadavagni+Saraswati|title=Census of India, 1961: Gujarat|date=1965|publisher=Manager of Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Danino|first=Michel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yc7-OirxKEC&q=vadavagni+and+Saraswati|title=The Lost River: On the Trail of the Sarasvatī|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306864-8}}</ref> Saraswati told Vishnu that she would only agree to assist them if her consort, [[Brahma]], told her to do so. Brahma ordered her to deposit the Vadavagni in the western ocean. Saraswati agreed, and accompanied by [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], she left Brahmaloka, and arrived at Sage [[Uttanka]]'s [[ashram]]a. There, she met [[Shiva]], who had decided to carry Ganga. He gave the Vadavagni in a pot to Saraswati, and told her to originate from the [[Ficus religiosa|plaksha]] tree. Saraswati merged with the tree, and transformed into a river. From there, she flowed towards [[Pushkar]]a. Saraswati continued her journey towards the ocean, and stopped once at Pushkarini, where she redeemed humans from their sins. At last, she reached the end of her journey, and immersed the fire into the ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|last=wisdomlib.org|date=28 January 2019|title=Story of Sarasvatī|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241934.html|access-date=21 October 2022|website=wisdomlib.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=N. A. Deshpande|url=http://archive.org/details/padma_purana_part1_english|title=Padma Purana Part 1 Srishti Khanda Motilal Banarsidass 1988|date=1 January 1988}}</ref>

=== Shakta texts ===
[[File:Rajamatangi.jpg|thumb|19th century South Indian painting of Raja-Matangi with veena and parrot]]

Saraswati is a key figure in the Indian goddess centered traditions which are today known as [[Shaktism]]. Saraswati appears in the Puranic ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'' (''Glory of the [[Devi|Goddess]]''), a central text for Shaktism which was appended to the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' during the 6th century CE.<ref name="CDC_1988">{{cite book|author=Charles Dillard Collins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36|title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-88706-773-0|page=36}}</ref> In this text, she is part of the "triple goddess" (''[[Tridevi]]'') along with [[Mahakali]], and [[Mahalakshmi]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|volume=A-M|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n365 408]|publisher=Rosen|url-access=limited}}</ref> In Shaktism, this trinity (the Shakta response to the male [[trimurti]] of the other Hindu sects) is a manifestation of [[Mahadevi]], the supreme goddess (and the highest deity out of which all deities, male or female, are born), which is also known by other names like Adi Parashakti ("Primordial Supreme Power").<ref name="hindufaqs">{{cite web|date=18 March 2015|title=Tridevi – the three supreme Goddess in Hinduism|url=https://www.hindufaqs.com/tridevi-the-three-supreme-goddess-in-hinduism/|publisher=Hindu FAQS {{!}} Get answers for all the questions related to Hinduism, the greatest religion!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hay|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1n5mDwAAQBAJ&dq=shaktism+mahadevi&pg=PA284|title=World Religions|date=6 March 2009|publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC|isbn=978-0-7377-4627-3|page=284}}</ref>

According to the ''Devi Mahatmya'', this supreme goddess is the primordial creator which is supreme formless (nirguna) consciousness (i.e. [[Para Brahman|parabrahman]], absolute reality) and the tridevi are her main saguna ("with form", manifest, incarnated) emanations.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p81">{{cite book|author=Thomas Coburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Fbj5hrmQoC|title=The Roots of Tantra|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7914-5305-6|editor=Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown|pages=80–83}}</ref> MahaSaraswati is said to be creative and active principle (which is [[Rajas]]ic, energetic and active), while Mahalakshmi is the sustainer ([[Sattva|sattvic]], "goodness") and Mahakali is the destroyer ([[Tamas (philosophy)|tamasic]], "darkness").<ref name="HarperBrown2002p81" />

In other influential Shakta texts, such as the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' and the ''[[Devi Upanishad]],'' Saraswati (along with all Hindu goddesses) is also said to be a manifestation of the supreme Mahadevi.<ref name=":0" />

In [[Tantra|Tantric]] Shakta sources, Saraswati takes many forms. A key tantric form is [[Matangi]], a deity considered to be the "Tantric Saraswati". Mātaṅgī retains many attributes of Saraswati, like music and learning, but is also associated with defeating enemies, disease, pollution/impurity, and outcasts ([[chandala]]s).<ref>Kinsley, David R. (1988). "Tara, Chinnamasta and the Mahavidyas". ''Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition'' (1 ed.), p. 217. University of California Press. pp. 161–177. {{ISBN|978-0-520-06339-6}}.</ref> She is often offered half eaten or leftover food and is green in color. Matangi is also part of the Shakta set of goddesses known as the ten [[Mahavidya]]s.

Matangi is important in [[Shri Vidya]] Shaktism, where she is also known as the dark blue Shyamala ("dark in complexion") and is a manifestation of [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita Tripurasundari]]'s [[Jñāna|Jñana]] Shakti (wisdom power), having arisen out of Lalita's sugarcane bow.<ref>Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra Rao (1990). ''The Tāntric Practices in Śrī-Vidyā: With Śrī Śāradā-chatuśśatī,'' p. 205. Kalpataru Research Academy.</ref> She is celebrated in the holiday Syamala Navaratri and is seen as Lalita's prime minister. There are various chants and odes ([[stotra]]s) to this deity, perhaps the most important being the ''Śrī Śyāmalā Daṇḍakam'' by the great Indian Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]].<ref>Alok Jagwat; Mahakavi Kalidasa (2021). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5EgwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 Sri Shyamala Dandakam: Syamala Dandakam].'' Bhartiya Ved Vigyan Parishad.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 November 2018|title=Sri Shyamala Dandakam – śrī śyāmalā daṇḍakam|url=https://stotranidhi.com/en/shyamala-dandakam-in-english/|access-date=5 November 2023|website=Stotra Nidhi}}</ref>

== Symbolism and iconography ==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 220
| footer = [[Iconography]] of Saraswati: the goddess depicted with her [[veena]], swan, peacock, crystal [[japamala]] and lotus. (Two images: above, a [[tile]] mural in [[Kerala]], below, a sculpture in [[cultured marble]] in Karnataka).
| image1 = 2 Hindu deity Sarasvati Saraswati on ceramic tile in Munnar Kerala India March 2014.jpg
| image2 = Saraswathidavanagere.JPG
}}

The Saraswati is often depicted as a beautiful woman dressed in pure white, often seated on a white [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]], which symbolizes light, knowledge and truth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ludvík|first=Catherine|title=Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|page=1}}</ref> She not only embodies knowledge but also the experience of the highest reality. Her iconography is typically in white themes from dress to flowers to swan – the colour symbolizing Sattwa Guna or purity, discrimination for true knowledge, insight and wisdom.<ref name="Kinsley1988" /><ref name="jholm">{{cite book|last1=Holm|first1=Jean|title=Picturing God|last2=Bowke|first2=John|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=1998|isbn=978-1-85567-101-0|pages=99–101}}</ref>

Her dhyana mantra describes her to be as white as the moon, clad in a white dress, bedecked in white ornaments, radiating with beauty, holding a book and a pen in her hands (the book represents knowledge).<ref name="Hinduism 101 Saraswati Symbolism">{{cite web|title=Hinduism 101 Saraswati Symbolism|url=https://www.hafsite.org/resources/hinduism-101-2/Saraswati-Symbolism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016005521/https://www.hafsite.org/resources/hinduism-101-2/Saraswati-Symbolism|archive-date=16 October 2017|access-date=10 February 2018|website=Hindu American Foundation (HAF)}}</ref>

She is generally shown to have four arms, but sometimes just two. When shown with four hands, those hands symbolically mirror her husband Brahma's four heads, representing ''manas'' (mind, sense), ''buddhi'' (intellect, reasoning), ''citta'' (imagination, creativity), and ''ahamkāra'' (self consciousness, ego).<ref name="gpollock">{{cite book|last1=Pollock|first1=Griselda|title=The Sacred and the Feminine: Imagination and sexual difference|last2=Turvey-Sauron|first2=Victoria|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84511-520-3|pages=144–147|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|author-link=Griselda Pollock}}</ref><ref>For Sanskrit to English translation of the four words: {{cite web|title=Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820092052/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html|archive-date=20 August 2016|publisher=University of Koeln|location=Koeln, Germany}}</ref> Brahma represents the abstract, while she represents action and reality.

The four hands hold items with symbolic meaning – a ''pustaka'' (book or script), a ''mālā'' (rosary, garland), a water pot and a musical instrument ([[vīnā]]).<ref name="Kinsley1988" /> The book she holds symbolizes the [[Vedas]] representing the universal, divine, eternal, and true knowledge as well as all forms of learning. A [[Hindu prayer beads|mālā]] of crystals, representing the power of meditation, inner reflection, and spirituality. A pot of water represents the purifying power to separate right from wrong, the clean from the unclean, and essence from the inessential. In some texts, the pot of water is symbolism for [[soma (drink)|soma]] – the drink that liberates and leads to knowledge.<ref name="Kinsley1988" /> The most famous feature on Saraswati is a musical instrument called a [[Saraswati veena|veena]], represents all creative arts and sciences,<ref name="gpollock" /> and her holding it symbolizes expressing knowledge that creates harmony.<ref name="Kinsley1988" /><ref>Some texts refer to her as "goddess of harmony"; for example: {{cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BnL4ahP4DEC|title=Encyclopaedia Londinensis|year=1827|volume=22|page=669}}</ref> Saraswati is also associated with ''anurāga'', the love for and rhythm of music, which represents all emotions and feelings expressed in speech or music.

A hamsa – either a [[swan]] or a goose – is often shown near her feet. In [[Hindu mythology]], the hamsa is a sacred bird, which if offered a mixture of milk and water, is said to have a unique ability to separate and drink the milk alone, and leave the water behind. This characteristic of the bird serves as a metaphor for the pursuit of wisdom amidst the complexities of life, the ability to discriminate between good and evil, truth from untruth, essence from the outward show, and the eternal from the evanescent.<ref name="gpollock" /> Due to her association with the swan, Saraswati is also referred to as ''Hamsavāhini'', which means "she who has a hamsa as her vehicle". The swan is also a symbolism for spiritual perfection, transcendence and [[moksha]].<ref name="jholm" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Schuon|first=Frithjof|title=Spiritual Perspectives and Human Facts|year=2007|isbn=978-1-933316-42-0|page=281|publisher=World Wisdom}}</ref>

Sometimes a ''citramekhala'' (also called ''mayura'', [[peacock]]) is shown beside the goddess. The peacock symbolizes colorful splendor, the celebration of dance, and – as the devourer of snakes – the alchemical ability to transmute the serpent poison of [[Apasmara|self]] into the radiant plumage of [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Werness|first=Hope B.|title=Animal Symbolism in World Art|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8264-1913-2|series=Continuum Encyclopedia|pages=319–320}}</ref>

==Forms and avatars==
Many different [[avatars]] and forms of Saraswati have been attested in scriptures.

[[File:1150 CE Hoysaleswara temple Halebidu Karnataka, Dancing Saraswati.jpg|thumb|Dancing Saraswati with eight-hands (above) is depicted in three panels of the Hoysaleswara temple, Halebid Karnataka ({{Circa|1150 CE}}). One of these is shown above. She is in a classical Indian dance posture, and in one of her eight hands she holds a pen, a palm leaf manuscript, a musical instrument and the tools of major arts. The ''shilpins'' thus depicted her as the goddess of knowledge and all arts.]]She is venerated as Maha Saraswati in the Kashmir Shakta pitha, as Vidhya Saraswati in Basara and Vargal, and as Sharadamba in Sringeri. In some regions, she is known by her twin identities, Savitri and [[Gayatri]].

In [[Shaktism]], she takes her [[Matrika]] (mother goddess) avatar as [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]]. Saraswati is not just the goddess of knowledge and wisdom, but also the Brahmavidya herself, the goddess of the wisdom of ultimate truth. Her Mahavidya form is [[Matangi]].
* [[Vidya (philosophy)|Vidya]], she is the formless concept of wisdom and knowledge in all of its aspects.
* [[Gayatri]], she is the personification of the Vedas
* Savitri, She is the personification of purity, the consort of Brahma

=== Maha Saraswati ===
In some regions of India, such as [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]], [[Odisha]], West Bengal and [[Assam]], as well as east Nepal, Saraswati is part of the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'' [[Shaktism|Shakta]] mythology, in the ''[[Tridevi]]'' of [[Mahakali]], [[Mahalakshmi]] and Maha Saraswati.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Eck|first=Diana L.|title=India: A sacred geography|publisher=Random House|year=2013|isbn=978-0-385-53192-4|pages=265–279|author-link=Diana L. Eck}}</ref> This is one of many different Hindu legends that attempt to explain how the Hindu [[trimurti]] of gods (Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva) and [[Tridevi|goddesses]] (Saraswati, Lakshmi and Parvati) came into being. Various [[Purana]] texts offer alternate legends for Maha Saraswati.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=C. Mackenzie|title=The Triumph of the Goddess|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8}}</ref>

Maha Saraswati is depicted as eight-armed and is often portrayed holding a Veena while sitting on a white lotus flower.

Her [[Dhyana in Hinduism (Self-knowledge)|meditation]] [[shloka|verse]] given at the beginning of the fifth chapter the ''Devi Mahatmya'' is:<blockquote>Wielding in her lotus-hands the bell, trident, ploughshare, conch, pestle, discus, bow, and arrow, her lustre is like that of a moon shining in the autumn sky. She is born from the body of [[Parvati|Gauri]] and is the sustaining base of the three worlds. That Maha Saraswati I worship here who destroyed Sumbha and other asuras.<ref>Glory of the Divine Mother (Devi Mahatmyam) by S.Sankaranarayanan. Prabha Publishers, Chennai. India.({{ISBN|81-87936-00-2}}) Page. 184</ref></blockquote>Maha Saraswati is also part of another legend, the ''Navshaktis'' (not to be confused with ''Navdurgas''), or nine forms of Shakti, namely Brahmi, Vaishnavi, Maheshwari, Kaumari, Varahi, Narsimhi, Aindri, Shivdooti, and Chamunda, revered as powerful and dangerous goddesses in eastern India. They have special significance on ''[[Navaratri]]'' in these regions. All of these are seen ultimately as aspects of a single great Hindu goddess, [[Durga]], with Maha Saraswati as one of those nine.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/467|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|date=15 December 2001|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|volume=N-Z|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/467 467]|publisher=Rosen}}</ref>

=== Mahavidya Nila Saraswati ===
In Tibet and parts of India, Nila Saraswati is sometimes considered as a form of [[Mahavidya]] [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]]. Nila Saraswati is not much a different deity from traditional Saraswati, who subsumes her knowledge and creative energy in tantric literature. Though the traditional form of Saraswati is of calm, compassionate, and peaceful one: Nila Saraswati is the ''ugra'' (angry, violent, destructive) manifestation in one school of Hinduism, while the more common Saraswati is the ''saumya'' (calm, compassionate, productive) manifestation found in most others. In tantric literature of the former, Nila Saraswati has 100 names. There are separate dhyana shlokas and [[mantras]] for her worship in [[Tantrasara]].<ref name="davidkinsley" />
She is worshipped in parts of India as an incarnate or incarnation of Goddess Tara but mostly outside India. She is not only worshipped but also been manifested as a form of Saraswati.{{clarify|date=February 2019}}{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

=== Sharada avatar in Kashmir ===
{{Main|Sharada Peeth}}

[[File:DT5248.jpg|thumb|A carved idol of the crowned goddess Sharada from late-9th century Kashmir]]
The earliest known shrine dedicated to goddess worship in Kashmir is Sharada Peeth (6th–12th centuries CE), dedicated to the goddess Sharada. It is a [[Ruins|ruined]] [[Hindu temple]] and ancient centre of learning located in present-day [[Azad Kashmir]]. The goddess Sharada worshipped in Sharada Peeth is a tripartite embodiment of the goddess [[Shakti]]: Sharada (goddess of learning), Saraswati (goddess of knowledge), and Vagdevi (goddess of speech, which articulates power).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raina|first=Mohini Qasba|title=Kashur the Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4828-9947-4|location=Singapore|quote=Goddess Sharda is believed to be the earliest representation of Shakti in the valley, which is embodying three separate manifestations of energy, i.e. goddess of learning, fine arts and beauty.}}</ref> [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s believe the shrine to be the abode of the goddess.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Kashmir and its people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society|date=2004|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp|editor=Kaw, M. K.|isbn=81-7648-537-3|location=New Delhi|oclc=55147377}}</ref> In line with the Kashmiri Pandit belief that springs which are the abode of goddesses should not be looked at directly, the shrine contains a stone slab concealing the spring underneath, which they believe to be the spring in which the goddess Sharada revealed herself to the ''[[rishi]]'' [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]]. It advanced the importance of knowledge and education in Kashmiri Pandit culture, which persisted well after Kashmiri Pandits became a minority group in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What about a university by Kashmiri Pandits? {{!}} Curriculum Magazine|url=http://www.curriculum-magazine.com/what-about-a-university-by-kashmiri-pandits/|access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>

As one of the [[Shakta pithas#List of 18 Astadasha Maha Shakta pithas|''Maha Shakta pithas'']], Hindus believe that it represents the spiritual location of the goddess [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati's]] fallen right hand. Sharada Peeth is one of the three holiest sites of pilgrimage for [[Kashmiri Pandits]], alongside the [[Martand Sun Temple]] and the [[Amarnath Temple]].

== Worship ==

=== Temples ===
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 220
| footer = Saraswati temple at [[Pilani]] in North Indian style (above), and South Indian style (below). Her temples, like her iconography, often resonate in white themes.
| image1 = Saraswati Mandir Temple.jpg
| image2 = Basara Temple view.jpg
}}

There are many Hindu temples dedicated to Saraswati around the world. Some notable temples include

*[[Gnana Saraswati Temple]] in [[Basar, Andhra Pradesh|Basar]] on the banks of the River [[Godavari]]
*[[Sharada Peeth]] [One of the 18 [[Shakta pithas|Maha Shakta pithas]]] is dedicated to Saraswati
*[[Savitri Mata Mandir]] in [[Pushkar]]
*[[Saraswati Temple, Wargal]], [[Telangana]]
*[[Saraswathi Kshetramu, Ananthasagar]]
*[[Sringeri Sharadamba Temple|Sringeri Sharadamba Temple, Karnataka]]
*[[Kollur Mookambika Temple|Mookambika Temple, Kollur]]
*Avanamcode Saraswathi Devi Temple(Swayambhu Bhagavathi), Kerala<ref>{{Cite web|title=About {{!}} Avanamcode Saraswathi Temple|url=https://www.avanamcodesaraswathi.com/about?lang=en|access-date=21 March 2025|website=Avanamcode Saraswath|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dakshina Mookambika Temple, North Paravur]]
*[[Panachikkadu Temple|Panachikkadu Saraswati Temple, Kerala]]
*[https://bet.org.in/instutions/sharda-peeth-pilani/ Sarada Peeth, Pilani, Rajasthan]
*[[Koothanur Maha Saraswathi Temple]], in [[Koothanur]], Tamil Nadu
*[[Maa Sharda Mandir, Maihar]]
*Shri Jnaneshwari Peeta, Karnataka<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Jnaneshwari Peeth|url=https://karkidaivajnamath.org/shri-jnaneshwari-peeth/|access-date=21 March 2025|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Sarala Temple]] in [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Odisha]]
*[[Pura Taman Saraswati|Pura Taman Kemuda Saraswati, Indonesia]]
*[[Wargal Saraswati Temple]]

=== Festivals and pujas ===
{{Main|Saraswati Puja}}

One of the most famous festivals associated with Saraswati is the Hindu festival of Vasant Panchami. Celebrated on the 5th day in the Hindu calendar month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]], it is also known as [[Saraswati Puja]] and Saraswati Jayanti in India.

==== In south India ====

In [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], the last three days of the [[Navaratri]] festival, i.e., Ashtami, Navami, and Dashami, are celebrated as Saraswati Puja.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 October 2013|title=Navratri rituals: Golu, Saraswati Puja, Vidyarambham ...|page=4|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-specials-festival-navratri-rituals-golu-saraswati-puja-vidyarambham/20131005.htm#4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015051420/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-specials-festival-navratri-rituals-golu-saraswati-puja-vidyarambham/20131005.htm#4|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref>

The celebrations start with the ''Puja Vypu'' (Placing for Worship). It consists of placing the books for puja on the Ashtami day. It may be in one's own house, in the local nursery school run by traditional teachers, or in the local temple. The books are taken out for reading, after worship, only on the morning of the third day (Vijaya Dashami). It is called ''Puja Eduppu'' (Taking [from] Puja). On the Vijaya Dashami day, Kerala and Tamil Nadu celebrate the ''Eḻuthiniruthu'' or "Initiation of writing" for children, before they are admitted to nursery schools. This is also called ''Vidyarambham''. The child is often ritually taught to write for the first time on rice spread in a plate with their index finger, guided by an elder of the family, or by a teacher.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 October 2013|title=Thiruvananthapuram gears up for Vidyarambham day|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/thiruvananthapuram-gears-up-for-vidyarambham-day/article5224518.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014192143/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/thiruvananthapuram-gears-up-for-vidyarambham-day/article5224518.ece|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

==== In east and northeast India ====
[[File:Saraswati puja festival6.jpg|thumb|Saraswati Puja, [[Chandannagar]], West Bengal]]
In [[Assam]], [[Odisha]], West Bengal and [[Tripura]], Saraswati is worshipped on Vasant Panchami, a Hindu festival celebrated every year on the 5th day in the Hindu calendar month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] (about February). Hindus celebrate this festival in temples, homes and educational institutes alike.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Christian|url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/192|title=Traditional Festivals: A multicultural encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|volume=2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/192 192–193]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|title=The Power of the Dharma: An introduction to Hinduism and Vedic culture|publisher=iUniverse|year=2006|isbn=978-0-595-83748-9|page=94|chapter=The Dharmic Festivals}}</ref>

==== In north, west, and central India ====
In Bihar and [[Jharkhand]], [[Vasant Panchami]] is commonly known as [[Saraswati Puja]]. On this day, Saraswati is worshipped in schools, colleges, educational institutes as well as in institutes associated with music and dance. Cultural programmes are also organised in schools and institutes on this day. People especially students worship Saraswati also in pandals (a tent made up of colourful clothes, decorated with lights and other decorative items). In these states, on the occasion of Saraswati Puja, Saraswati is worshipped in the form of idol, made up of soil. On Saraswati Puja, the idol is worshipped by people and [[Prasada|prasad]] is distributed among the devotees after [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]. Prasad mainly consists of [[boondi]] (''motichoor''), pieces of carrot, peas and Indian plum (ber). On the next day or any day depending on religious condition, the idol is immersed in a pond (known as Murti Visarjan or Pratima Visarjan) after performing a Havana (immolation), with full joy and fun, playing with [[abir]] and [[gulal]]. After Pratima Visarjan, members involved in the organisation of puja ceremony eat [[khichdi]] together.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In [[Goa]], Saraswati Puja starts with Saraswati Avahan on Maha Saptami and ends on Vijayadashami with Saraswati Udasan or Visarjan.<ref name="goa">{{cite news|last1=Kerkar|first1=Rajendra|date=5 October 2011|title=Saraswati Puja: Worshipping knowledge, education|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Saraswati-Puja-Worshipping-knowledge-education/articleshow/10242689.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610073619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Saraswati-Puja-Worshipping-knowledge-education/articleshow/10242689.cms|archive-date=10 June 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Haryana]] government launched and sponsored the annual National Saraswati Mahotsav in its state, named after Saraswati.<ref name="maho1">{{cite news|date=7 January 2017|title=Haryana to celebrate Saraswati Mahotsav on Jan 28|newspaper=The Daily Pioneer|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/haryana-to-celebrate-saraswati-mahotsav-on-jan-28.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131332/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/haryana-to-celebrate-saraswati-mahotsav-on-jan-28.html|archive-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>

==== In Indonesia ====
[[File:Pura Taman Saraswati (Ubud, Bali, Indonesia).jpg|thumb|Pura Taman Saraswati, [[Bali]]]]
[[Watu Gunung|Watugunung]], the last day of the [[pawukon calendar]], is devoted to Saraswati, goddess of learning. Although it is devoted to books, reading is not allowed. The fourth day of the year is called Pagerwesi, meaning "iron fence". It commemorates a battle between good and evil.<ref name="Eiseman184185">Eiseman (1989) pp. 184–185</ref>

Saraswati is an important goddess in Balinese Hinduism. She shares the same attributes and iconography as Saraswati in Hindu literature of India – in both places, she is the goddess of knowledge, creative arts, wisdom, language, learning and purity. In [[Bali]], she is celebrated on Saraswati day, one of the main festivals for Hindus in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news|year=2013|title=Saraswati, day of knowledge descent|newspaper=The Bali Times|url=http://www.thebalitimes.com/2013/01/14/saraswati-day-of-knowledge-descent/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124019/http://www.thebalitimes.com/2013/01/14/saraswati-day-of-knowledge-descent/|archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pande|first=G.C.|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia|date=2006|isbn=978-81-87586-24-1|volume=1|pages=660–661|publisher=Project of History of Indian Science, philosophy, and Culture}}</ref> The day marks the close of 210 day year in the Pawukon calendar.<ref name="msz">{{cite book|last=Zurbuchen|first=Mary Sabine|title=The Language of Balinese Shadow Theater|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-691-60812-9|pages=49–57}}</ref>

On Saraswati day, people make offerings in the form of flowers in temples and to sacred texts. The day after Saraswati day, is ''Banyu Pinaruh'', a day of cleansing. On this day, Hindus of Bali go to the sea, sacred waterfalls or river spots, offer prayers to Saraswati, and then rinse themselves in that water in the morning. Then they prepare a feast, such as the traditional ''bebek betutu'' and ''nasi kuning'', that they share.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kruger|first=Vivienne|title=Balinese Food: The traditional cuisine & food culture of Bali|date=22 April 2014|isbn=978-0-8048-4450-5|pages=152–153|publisher=Tuttle}}</ref>

The Saraswati Day festival has a long history in Bali.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gonda|first=Jan|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-04330-5|page=45|chapter=Section 3: Southeast Asia Religions|date=1975}}</ref> It has become more widespread in Hindu community of Indonesia in recent decades, and it is celebrated with theatre and dance performance.<ref name="msz" />

==== Southeast Asia ====
Saraswati was honoured with invocations among the Hindus of [[Angkor]]ian Cambodia.<ref name="oww">{{cite book|last=Wolters|first=O.W.|title=History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives|year=1989|isbn=978-9971-902-42-1|pages=87–89|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}}</ref> She and Brahma are referred to in Cambodian [[epigraphy]] from the 7th century onwards, and she is praised by Khmer poets for being the goddess of eloquence, writing, and music. More offerings were made to her than to her husband Brahma. She is also referred to as ''Vagisvari'' and ''Bharati'' in the Khmer literature of the era of [[Yasovarman I|Yasovarman]], Hindu king of the [[Khmer Empire]].<ref name="oww" />

== In Buddhism ==
[[File:Thurathadi, Insein Kyaukdawgyi Buddha.JPG|thumb|Statue of Thurathadi at [[Kyauktawgyi Buddha Temple (Yangon)]]]]

In Buddhism, Saraswati became a prominent deity which retained many of her Vedic associations, such as speech, texts, knowledge, healing and protection. She also became known as the consort of [[Manjushri]], the bodhisattva of wisdom ([[Prajñā (Buddhism)|prajña]]). According to Miranda Shaw's ''Buddhist Goddesses of India'':<blockquote>Saraswati's association with the intellectual sphere assured that she would find favor among Buddhists, who highly value wisdom and its servants: mental clarity, reasoning ability, memorization, and oratorical skill. Saraswati thus has an affinity with [[Prajñāpāramitā Devi|Prajñaparamita]], the goddess of perfect wisdom. They may be in voked by the same mantra, reflecting the kinship between the wisdom goddess and the patroness of learning.<ref name="Shaw 2006, p. 236">Shaw (2006), p. 236.</ref> </blockquote>Shaw lists various epithets for Saraswati used by Buddhist source including: "Emanation of Vishnu," "Gandharva Maiden," "Swan Child," "Daughter of Brahma", "Lady of the Lake", "Sister of the Moon", "Goddess of Speech", "Divine Lady Who Empowers Enlightened Speech", "Goddess Rich with the Power of Adamantine Speech", "Bestower of Understanding", "Goddess of Knowledge", and "Wisdom Goddess."<ref name="Shaw 2006, p. 236" />
According to Shaw, Buddhist depictions of Saraswati are influenced by Hindu ones. A popular depiction is called "Lady of the Adamantine Lute" (Vajravina) which is described by Shaw as.<blockquote>a white, two-armed epiphany in which she plays her supernal lute, or vina. The instrument is made of lapis lazuli and has a thousand strings capable of eliciting every musical note. Saraswati's melodies pervade the universe and delight all types of beings in accordance with whatever is most pleasing to their ears. She sits with ankles crossed and knees raised in a distinctive posture suitable for balancing a musical instrument.<ref>Shaw (2006), p. 238.</ref> </blockquote>Saraswati's earliest appearance in a Buddhist text is in the 1st century CE [[Mahayana]] ''[[Golden Light Sutra]]'' (of which there are different versions / translations). This text is first attested in a Chinese translation in 417 CE and includes an entire chapter devoted to the goddess, which is our best source for the earliest Buddhist depictions of Saraswati.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 145.</ref>

=== In the ''Golden Light Sutra'' ===
[[File:Benzaiten Surrounded by the Goddesses Kariteimo and Kenrochijin and Two Divine Generals, from Kichijoten shrine, c. 1212.jpg|thumb|A Japanese depiction of Saraswati as a protector deity with eight arms holding various weapons (c. 1212), University Art Museum, [[Tokyo University of the Arts]]]]

In the ''Golden Light Sutra'' (''Suvarṇaprabhāsa Sūtra''), Saraswati appears and pays homage to the Buddha. As Shaw writes, she then "promises that she will grace the preachers of the scripture with eloquence, oratorical power, perfect memory, inconceivable knowledge, penetrating wisdom, illumination, skill in liberating others, scholarly expertise in every field, proficiency in all the arts, merit, prosperity, and long life."<ref name="Shaw 2006, p. 237">Shaw (2006), p. 237.</ref>

Saraswati's chapter in the ''Golden Light Sutra'' presents three main aspects of the goddess. First, it presents her as a goddess of eloquence and speech, then it presents her as a healing goddess who teaches a ritual which includes a medicinal bath, finally it presents Saraswati as a goddess of protection and war.<ref name=":2">Ludvik (2007), p. 157</ref> Ludvik mentions that the earliest version of the ''Golden Light Sutra'' (the translation by Dharmaksema) actually only includes the first depiction.<ref name=":2" /> The early Chinese Buddhist translators chose to translate her name as "great eloquence deity" (大辯天) the later translations by Yijing use "Eloquence Talent Goddess" (Biancai tiannu), though phonetic translations were also applied (e.g. Yijing's "mohetipi suoluosuobodi").<ref name=":2" />

In the ''Golden Light Sutra'', Saraswati is closely associated with [[eloquence]], as well as with the closely connected virtues of [[memory]] and [[knowledge]].<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 158</ref> Saraswati is also said to help monks memorize the Buddhist [[sutra]]s and to guide them so they will not make mistakes in memorizing them or forget them later. She will also help those who have incomplete manuscripts to regain the lost letters or words. She also teaches a [[dharani]] (a long mantra-like recitation) to improve memory.<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 158–59</ref> The ''Golden Light'' goes as far as to claim that Saraswati can provide the wisdom to understand all the Buddhist teachings and skillful means ([[upaya]]) so that one may swiftly attain Buddhahood.<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 160–161</ref>

In some versions of the ''Golden Light Sutra'', such as Yijing's, the goddess then teaches an [[Apotropaic magic|apotropaic]] ritual that can combat disease, bad dreams, war, calamities and all sorts of negative things. It includes bathing in a bath with numerous herbs that has been infused with a dharani spell. This passage contains much information on ancient [[materia medica]] and [[Herbal medicine|herbology]].<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 162–164.</ref> Ludvik adds that this may be connected to her role as healer of Indra in the ''[[Yajurveda|Yajur Veda]]'' and to ancient Indian bathing rites.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 172.</ref>

In the latter part of the ''Golden Light''{{'}}s Saraswati chapter, she is praised as a protector goddess by the Brahman Kaundinya. This section also teaches a dharani and a ritual to invoke the goddess and receive her blessings to obtain knowledge.<ref>Ludvik (2007), p. 190</ref> In latter sections of Kaundinya's praise, she is described as an eight armed goddess and compared to a lion. The text also states that is some recites these praises, "one obtains all desires, wealth and grain, and one gains splendid, noble success."<ref>Ludvik (2007), pp. 197–205</ref> The poem describes Saraswati as one who "has sovereignty in the world", and states that she fights in battlefields and is always victorious.<ref name="Harivamsa2">{{cite journal|last1=Ludvik|first1=Catherine|year=2004|title=A Harivaṃśa Hymn in Yijing's Chinese Translation of the Sutra of Golden Light|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=124|issue=4|pages=707–734|doi=10.2307/4132114|jstor=4132114}}</ref> The hymn then describes Saraswati's warlike eight-armed form. She carries eight weapons in each hand – a bow, arrow, sword, spear, axe, [[vajra]], [[Chakram|iron wheel]], and [[Pasha (Hinduism)|noose]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Faure|first1=Bernard|title=Protectors and Predators: Gods of Medieval Japan, Volume 2|date=2015|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-5772-1|pages=165–166}}</ref>

Kaudinya's hymn to Saraswati in Yijing's translation is derived from the ''Āryāstava'' ("praise of she who is noble"), a hymn uttered by Vishnu to the goddess Nidra (lit. "Sleep", one of the names applied to [[Durga]]) found in the ''[[Harivamsa|Harivamsha]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=AryAstavaH – hymn to Arya|url=http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/vishnuparva/hv_2_003.html|access-date=21 May 2022|website=Mahabharata Resources Page}}</ref> As the ''Golden Light Sutra'' is often concerned with the protection of the state, it is not surprising that the fierce, weapon-wielding Durga, who was widely worshiped by rulers and warriors alike for success in battle, provides the model for the appearance assumed by Saraswati, characterized as a protectress of the Buddhist Dharma.<ref>Ludvik (2007). pp. 265–267.</ref> [[Bernard Faure]] argues that the emergence of a martial Saraswatī may have been influenced by the fact that "Vāc, the Vedic goddess of speech, had already displayed martial characteristics. [...] Already in the ''Vedas'', it is said that she destroys the enemies of the gods, the asuras. Admittedly, later sources seem to omit or downplay that aspect of her powers, but this does not mean that its importance in religious practice was lost."<ref>Faure (2015). pp. 168–169.</ref>

=== Other Indian Mahayana sources ===
[[File:Vajra Sarada - Basalt - Pala Period Circa 8th Century AD - Nalanda - Archaeological Museum - Nalanda - Bihar - Indian Buddhist Art - Exhibition - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-12-21 2353.JPG|thumb|A statue of Vajraśāradā, a classic Buddhist form of Saraswati, [[Pala Empire|Pala Period]] (8th century CE), [[Indian Museum]], Kolkata]]
In some later [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhist]] sources like the ''Sādhanamālā'' (a 5th-century collection of ritual texts), Saraswati is symbolically represented in a way which is similar to Hindu iconography.<ref name="tdonaldson" /> The description of the deity (here called Mahāsaraswatī) is as follows:<blockquote>The worshipper should think himself as goddess Mahāsaraswatī, who is resplendent like the autumn moon, rests on the moon over the white lotus, shows the ''varada-mudrā'' in her right hand, and carries in the left the white lotus with its stem. She has a smiling countenance, is extremely compassionate, wears garments decorated with white sandal-flowers. Her bosom is decorated with the pearl-necklace, and she is decked in many ornaments; she appears a maiden of twelve years, and her bosom is uneven with half-developed breasts like flower-buds; she illumines the three worlds with the immeasurable light that radiates from her body.<ref>Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh (1924). ''The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals,'' p. 151. Oxford University Press.</ref></blockquote>In the ''Sādhanamālā,'' the mantra of Saraswati is: oṃ hrīḥ mahāmāyāṅge mahāsarasvatyai namaḥ

The ''Sādhanamālā'' also depicts other forms of Saraswati, including Vajravīṇā Saraswatī (similar to Mahāsaraswatī except she carries a [[veena]]), Vajraśāradā Saraswatī (who has three eyes, sits on a white lotus, her head is decorated by a crescent and holds a book and a lotus), Vajrasaraswatī (has six hands and three heads with brown hair rising upwards), and Āryasaraswatī (sixteen-year-old girl carrying the Prajñapramita sutra and a lotus).<ref>Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh (1924). ''The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals,'' pp. 151–152. Oxford University Press.</ref>

According to the ''[[Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra]]'' ({{circa}} 4th century – 5th century CE''), Saraswati was born from the eyetooth of [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshvara]].<ref name="Shaw 2006, p. 237"/>''

Saraswati is also briefly mentioned in the [[Vajrayana|esoteric]] ''[[Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra|Vairochanabhisambodhi Sutra]]'' as one of the divinities of the western quarter of the Outer Vajra section of the [[Womb Realm|Womb Realm Mandala]] along with [[Prithvi]], Vishnu (Narayana), [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] (Kumara), [[Vayu]], [[Chandra]], and their retinue. The text later also describes the veena as Saraswati's symbol.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.bdk.or.jp/document/dgtl-dl/dBET_T0848_Vairocana_2005.pdf|title=The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra|date=2005|publisher=Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai; Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research|series=BDK English Tripiṭaka Series|pages=33, 141|translator=Rolf W. Giebel}}</ref><ref>Faure (2015). p. 166.</ref> The Chinese translation of this sutra renders her name variously as 辯才 (Ch. ''Biàncái''; Jp. ''Benzai'', lit. "eloquence"),<ref>{{cite web|title=大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經第1卷|url=https://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T18n0848_001|access-date=21 May 2022|website=CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripiṭaka Collection (漢文大藏經)}}</ref> 美音天 (Ch. ''Měiyīntiān''; Jp. ''Bionten'', "goddess of beautiful sounds"),<ref>{{cite web|title=大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經第2卷|url=https://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T18n0848_002|access-date=21 May 2022|website=CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripiṭaka Collection (漢文大藏經)}}</ref> and 妙音天 (Ch. ''Miàoyīntiān''; Jp. ''Myōonten'', "goddess of wonderful sounds"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pye|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ywz2XOlqEcC&pg=PA279|title=Strategies in the study of religions. Volume two, Exploring religions in motion|date=2013|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-1-61451-191-5|location=Boston|page=279|oclc=852251932}}</ref>).<ref>{{cite web|title=大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經第4卷|url=https://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T18n0848_004|access-date=21 May 2022|website=CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripiṭaka Collection (漢文大藏經)}}</ref> Here, Saraswati is portrayed with two arms holding a veena and situated between Narayana's consort Narayani and Skanda (shown riding on a [[peacock]]).

Saraswati was initially depicted as a single goddess without consort. Her association with the bodhisattva of wisdom [[Manjushri|Manjusri]] is drawn from later tantric sources such as the ''[[Yamari|Kṛṣṇayamāri]] tantra,'' where she is depicted as red skinned (known as "Red Saraswati").<ref>Wayman, Alex (1984). ''Buddhist Insight: Essays,'' p. 435. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. (Buddhist Tradition Series).</ref>

In various Indian tantric sadhanas to Saraswati (which only survive in Tibetan translation), her [[Bīja|bija (seed) mantra]] is Hrīḥ.<ref>Wayman, Alex (1984). ''Buddhist Insight: Essays,'' pp. 436–437. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. (Buddhist Tradition Series).</ref>

=== Nepalese Buddhism ===
Saraswati is worshiped in [[Buddhism in Nepal|Nepalese Buddhism]], where she is a popular deity, especially for students. She is celebrated in an annual festival called Vasant Pañcami and children first learn the alphabet during a Saraswati ritual.<ref name=":3">Shaw (2006), p. 244.</ref> In Nepalese Buddhism, her worship is often combined with that of [[Manjushri|Manjusri]] and many sites for the worship of Manjusri are also used to worship Saraswati, including Svayambhu Hill.<ref name=":3" />

=== In East Asian Buddhism ===
[[File:騎龍弁財天-Benzaiten (Goddess of Music and Good Fortune) Seated on a White Dragon MET DP135895.jpg|thumb|Japanese illustration of Benzaiten (Saraswati) riding a dragon]]{{main|Benzaiten}}

Veneration of Saraswati migrated from the Indian subcontinent to China with the spread of Buddhism, where she in known as Biàncáitiān (辯才天), meaning "Eloquent Devī", as well as Miàoyīntiān (妙音天), meaning "Devī of Wonderful Sounds".<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2016|title=佛教二十四诸天_中国佛教文化网|url=http://wh.zgfj.cn/ChangShi/2010-09-01/4595.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090051/http://wh.zgfj.cn/ChangShi/2010-09-01/4595.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

She is commonly enshrined in Chinese Buddhist monasteries as one of the [[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty-Four Devas]], a group of protective deities who are regarded as protectors of the Buddhist dharma. Her Chinese iconography is based on her description in the ''[[Golden Light Sutra]],'' where she is portrayed as having eight arms, one holding a bow, one holding arrows, one holding a knife, one holding a lance, one holding an axe, one holding a pestle, one holding an iron wheel, and one holding ropes. In another popular Buddhist iconographic form, she is portrayed as sitting down and playing a [[pipa]], a Chinese lute-like instrument.<ref>{{Cite web|title=辯才天|url=http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E8%25BE%25AF%25E6%2589%258D%25E5%25A4%25A9.html|access-date=15 October 2021|website=buddhaspace.org}}</ref> The concept of Saraswati migrated from India, through China to Japan, where she appears as [[Benzaiten]] (弁財天, lit. "[[Deva (Buddhism)|goddess]] of eloquence").<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Catherine|last=Ludvik|year=2001|title=From Sarasvati to Benzaiten|type=PhD|location=University of Toronto|publisher=National Library of Canada|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/15465/1/NQ58639.pdf|format=PDF download|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911123839/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/15465/1/NQ58639.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> Worship of Benzaiten arrived in Japan during the 6th through 8th centuries. She is often depicted holding a ''[[biwa]]'', a traditional Japanese lute musical instrument. She is enshrined on numerous locations throughout Japan such as the Kamakura's [[Zeniarai Benzaiten Ugafuku Shrine]] or Nagoya's [[Kawahara Shrine]];<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Suzuki|first=T.|year=1907|title=The seven gods of bliss|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2130&context=ocj|magazine=The Open Court|volume=7|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072735/http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2130&context=ocj|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> the three biggest shrines in Japan in her honour are at the [[Enoshima]] Island in Sagami Bay, the [[Chikubu Island]] in Lake Biwa, and the [[Itsukushima]] Island in Seto Inland Sea.

In Japanese esoteric Buddhism ([[mikkyo]]), the main mantra for this deity is:<blockquote>''[[Oṃ]]'' ''Sarasvatyai [[svāhā]]'' (Sino-Japanese: ''On Sarasabatei-ei Sowaka'')''.''<ref>Saroj Kumar Chaudhuri (2003). ''Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan,'' p. 54. Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Goddess Benzaiten, A-to-Z Dictionary of Japanese Buddhist / Shinto Statues|url=https://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/benzaiten.shtml|access-date=2023-11-04|website=onmarkproductions.com}}</ref></blockquote>

=== In Indo-Tibetan Buddhism ===
[[File:The Goddess Sarasvati LACMA M.84.32.6.jpg|thumb|Saraswati in an 18th-century CE Tibetan artwork, holding a [[stick zither]]]]

In the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Indo-Tibetan Buddhism]] of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] regions, Saraswati is known as ''Yangchenma'' ({{Bo|t=དབྱངས་ཅན་མ|w=dbyangs can ma|s=yang chen ma}}),<ref>{{cite book|author=Jamgon Mipham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6Z8KqdF6LoC|title=Mo: The Tibetan Divination System|publisher=Shambhala|year=2000|isbn=978-1-55939-848-0|pages=149–150}}</ref> which means '"Goddess of Melodious Voice". She is also called the Tara of Music ({{Bo|t=དབྱངས་ཅན་སྒྲོལ་མ|w=dbyangs can sgrol ma|s=yang chen dröl ma}}) as one of the 21 [[Tara (Buddhism)|Taras]]. She is also considered the consort of [[Manjushri]], [[bodhisattva]] of Wisdom.<ref name="Sherab2007p65">{{cite book|author=Khenchen Palden Sherab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ5g8dpx8yQC&pg=PA65|title=Tara's Enlightened Activity: An oral commentary on the twenty-one praises to Tara|publisher=Shambhala|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55939-864-0|pages=65–68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jampa Mackenzie Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSSXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT231|title=The Life of Longchenpa: The Omniscient Dharma King of the Vast Expanse|publisher=Shambhala Publications|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8348-2911-4}}</ref> Saraswati is the divine embodiment & bestower of enlightened eloquence & inspiration. For all those engaged in creative endeavours in Tibetan Buddhism she is a patroness of the arts, sciences, music, language, literature, history, poetry & philosophy.

Saraswati also became associated with the Tibetan deity [[Palden Lhamo]] (Glorious Goddess) who is a fierce protector deity in the [[Gelug]]pa tradition known as Magzor Gyalmo (the Queen who Repels Armies).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buddhist Protector: Shri Devi, Magzor Gyalmo Main Page|url=https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=358|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111616/https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=358|archive-date=26 October 2017|access-date=26 October 2017|website=himalayanart.org}}</ref> Saraswati was the [[yidam]] (principal personal meditational deity) of 14th century Tibetan monk [[Je Tsongkhapa]], who composed a devotional poem to her.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tsongkhapa|first1=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwZfBwAAQBAJ&q=Sarasvati+Tsongkhapa&pg=PT413|title=Prayer to Sarasvati|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-86171-770-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kilty|first1=Gavin|url=http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/splendor-autumn-moon|title=The Splendor of an Autumn Moon: The devotional verse of Tsongkhapa|date=15 June 2001|publisher=Wisdom Publications|isbn=0-86171-192-0|access-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015414/http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/splendor-autumn-moon|archive-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live}} Also: {{cite book|last1=Tsongkhapa|first1=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwZfBwAAQBAJ&q=Sarasvati+Tsongkhapa&pg=PT413|title=The Splendor of an Autumn Moon: The devotional verse of Tsongkhapa|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-86171-770-5|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

Tibetan Buddhism teaches numerous mantras of Saraswati. Her seed syllable is often Hrīṃ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White Sarasvatī Sādhana|url=https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/mipham/white-sarasvati-sadhana|access-date=4 November 2023|website=lotsawahouse.org}}</ref> In a [[Sādhanā|sadhana]] (ritual text) revealed by the great Tibetan female lama [[Sera Khandro]], her mantra is presented as:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasvatī Meditation and Mantra|url=https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/sera-khandro/concise-sarasvati|access-date=4 November 2023|website=lotsawahouse.org}}</ref><blockquote>Oṃ hrīṃ devi prajñā vārdhani ye svāhā</blockquote>

=== In South East Asian Buddhism ===
In [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Burmese Buddhism]], Saraswati is worshipped as [[Thurathadi]] ({{langx|my|သူရဿတီ}}), an important [[Nat (spirit)|nat]] (Burmese deity) and is a guardian of the Buddhist scriptures ([[Tripiṭaka|Tipitaka]]), scholars, students and writers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chew|first1=Anne-May|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09fVAAAAMAAJ&q=Thurathadi|title=The Cave-temples of Po Win Taung, Central Burma: Architecture, Sculpture and Murals|publisher=White Lotus Press|year=2005|isbn=978-974-480-045-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0UuAQAAIAAJ&q=Thurathadi|title=Myanmar (Burma).|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|year=2000|isbn=978-0-86442-703-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Silverstein|first=Josef|title=Independent Burma at forty years|publisher=Cornell University|year=1989|isbn=978-0-87727-121-5|series=Monograph Southeast Asia Program|volume=4|page=55}}</ref><ref name="Seekins 20062">{{cite book|last=Seekins|first=Donald|title=Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)|year=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5476-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Badgley|first1=John H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xo4MEAAAQBAJ&q=Thuyathadi&pg=PT221|title=Red peacocks: commentaries on Burmese socialist nationalism|last2=Kyaw|first2=Aye|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-93-5018-162-1}}</ref> Students in Myanmar often pray for her blessings before their exams.<ref name="Seekins 20062"/>{{rp|327}} She is an important deity to the esoteric [[weizza]]s (Buddhist wizards) of Burma.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Sir James George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo8rAQAAIAAJ&q=Thurathadi|title=The Burman: His Life and Notions|publisher=Macmillan and Company, limited|year=1910}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Maung|first1=Shwe Lu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCRwAAAAMAAJ&q=Thurathadi|title=Burma, Nationalism and Ideology: An Analysis of Society, Culture, and Politics|publisher=University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-984-05-1114-3}}</ref>

In ancient [[Thai literature]], Saraswati ({{langx|th|สุรัสวดี}}; {{RTGS|''Suratsawadi''}}) is the goddess of speech and learning, and consort of Brahma.<ref>{{cite book|last=McFarland|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3lb3jZaYI4C&pg=PA790|title=Thai-English Dictionary|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1944|isbn=978-0-8047-0383-3|page=790}}</ref> Over time, Hindu and Buddhist concepts merged in Thailand. Icons of Saraswati with other deities of India are found in old Thai ''[[wat]]s''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patit Paban Mishra|title=The History of Thailand|year=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-34091-8}}</ref> Amulets with Saraswati and a peacock are also found in Thailand.

== In Jainism ==
[[File:Saraswati Pata.jpg|thumb|Saraswati Pata. The painting is divided into nine parts. In three central panels a temple enshrining Saraswati and her [[vahana]], [[Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa]], are depicted. Other panels are filled with attendants, musicians, dancers and [[Jainism|Jain monks]]. [[Jain art|Jain style]], Gujarat, 1475–1500. [[National Museum, New Delhi]].]]
Saraswati is also revered in [[Jainism]] as the goddess of knowledge and is regarded as the source of all learning. She is known as Srutadevata, Sarada, and Vagisvari.<ref>{{Cite book|last=S|first=Prasad|title=River and Goddess Worship in India: changing perceptions and manifestations of sarasvati.|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|isbn=978-0-367-88671-4|location=New York: New York|page=280}}</ref> Saraswati is depicted in a standing posture with four arms, one holding a text, another holding a rosary and the remaining two holding the [[Veena]]. Saraswati is seated on a lotus with the peacock as her vehicle. Saraswati is also regarded as responsible for dissemination of [[tirthankar]]s sermon.{{Sfn|Prasad|2017|p=192}} The earliest sculpture of Saraswati in any religious tradition is the Mathura Jain Saraswati from [[Kankali Tila]] dating from 132 CE.{{Sfn|Kelting|2001|p=}}

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Aban]], "the Waters", representing and represented by Aredvi Sura Anahita.
* [[Anahita]] – the Old Persian goddess of wisdom
* [[Arachosia]] name of which derives from Old Iranian ''*Harahvatī'' (Avestan ''{{transliteration|ae|Haraxˇaitī}}'', Old Persian ''Hara(h)uvati-'').
* [[Athena]] – the Greek goddess of wisdom and knowledge
* [[Koothanur Maha Saraswathi Temple]]
* [[Minerva]] – the Roman goddess of wisdom and knowledge
* [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] – the Greek goddess consort of Cronos and mother of the gods and titans.
* [[Sága]] – the Norse goddess of learning and knowledge
* [[Saraswati Vandana Mantra]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{citation style|date=November 2023}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Sarasuati}}
* {{cite book|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|first=M. Whitney|last=Kelting|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2001|isbn=978-0-19-803211-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David|title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The ten mahāvidyās|year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-1523-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Mohan|last=Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4341|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|ref={{sfnRef|Mohan Lal, 1992}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Ludvik|first=Catherine|year=2007|title=Sarasvatī: Riverine Goddess of Knowledge|series=Brill's Indological Library|volume=27|publisher=BRILL}}
* {{cite book|title=River and Goddess Worship in India: Changing Perceptions and Manifestations of Sarasvati|first=R. U. S.|last=Prasad|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2017|isbn=978-1-351-80654-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Sankaranarayanan|first=S.|title=Glory of the Divine Mother (Devī Māhātmyam)|year=2001|publisher=Nesma Books|location=India|isbn=81-87936-00-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Miranda|year=2006|title=Buddhist Goddesses of India|publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA124|year=1975|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-04190-7|ref={{sfnRef|Kamil Zvelebil, 1975}}}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last=Ankerl|first=Guy|series=INU societal research: Global communication without universal civilization|year=2000|volume=1|title=Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western|publisher=INU Press|location=Geneva|isbn=2-88155-004-5|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|first=Sailen|last=Debnath|title=The Meanings of Hindu Gods, Goddesses and Myths|isbn=978-81-291-1481-5|publisher=Rupa & Co.|place=New Delhi|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Saraswati|first=Swami Satyananda|title=Saraswati Puja for Children|isbn=1-877795-31-3|ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|commonscat=|n=no|s=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sarasvati|title=Sarasvati|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=28 September 2024}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/sarasvati_goddess_of_learning.htm|website=Stephen Knapp|title=Sarasvati, The Goddess of Learning}}

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[[Category:Saraswati| ]]
[[Category:Arts goddesses]]
[[Category:Buddhist goddesses]]
[[Category:Consorts of Brahma]]
[[Category:Consorts of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Jain minor deities]]
[[Category:Knowledge goddesses]]
[[Category:Music and singing goddesses]]
[[Category:Personifications of rivers]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Sea and river goddesses]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Taras]]
[[Category:Tiruvalluva Maalai contributors]]
[[Category:Wisdom goddesses]]
[[Category:Burmese nats]]
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[[Category:Music and singing gods]]

Kotki, Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-17T04:53:58Z

Locweld: adding basic info initial version!

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{other uses|Kotki (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotki
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Tundla block Kotki.png
| map_caption = Map showing Kotki in Tundla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.25594|N|78.27043|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tundla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 538.1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6061
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283204
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kotki''' ({{IAST|Koṭkī}}) is a village in [[Tundla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 6,061, in 977 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kotki had a population of 6,061, in 977 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|71}} This population was 54.4% male (3,297) and 45.6% female (2,764). The 0-6 age group numbered 944 (506 male and 438 female), making up 15.6% of the total population. 1,471 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 24.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|86-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Kotki as having a population of 3,755 people (2,080 male and 1,675 female), in 648 households and 632 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|162-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kotki as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 2,816 people (1,493 male and 1,323 female), in 508 households and 418 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,358 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lxxxii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kotki had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|71-6}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Abundance in Millets

2026-03-14T17:21:21Z

Locweld: creating...

{{Short description|2023 song by Falu and Gaurav Shah}}
{{one source|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
"'''Abundance in Millets'''" is a 2023 song featuring Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and a husband and wife singing duo, [[Falu]], and [[Gaurav Shah]]. The song is about [[millet]], a super grain that may alleviate world hunger. The song was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] in the [[Grammy Award for Best Global Music Performance|Best Global Performance]] category,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/grammy-awards-2024-abundance-in-millets-song-featuring-pm-modi-nominated-in-best-global-music-performance-category-11699664678071.html | publisher=Mint | title=Grammy Awards: 'Abundance in Millets' featuring PM Modi Nominated for Best Global Music Performance; listen here | accessdate= 17 October 2014| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117144039/https://www.livemint.com/news/grammy-awards-2024-abundance-in-millets-song-featuring-pm-modi-nominated-in-best-global-music-performance-category-11699664678071.html | archivedate=17 November 2023}}</ref> but it did not win.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi]]

{{2020s-song-stub}}

Pemmasani Timmanayudu II

2026-03-11T22:39:38Z

Locweld: Put up a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Pemmasani Timmanayudu II''' was a member of the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]]. He was the son of [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu I|Pemmasani Ramalinga I]] and a contemporary of [[Viranarasimha Raya|Vira Narasimharaya]] and [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1973|p=270}}</ref> After the death of his father, Timmanayudu went to inform the Vijayanagara Emperor of the progress made in developing the [[Rayalaseema]] region. The emperor was so pleased with what he heard that he made Timmanayudu the commandant of the [[Gandikota|Gandikota Fort]] on behalf of Saluva Govindaraja, its governor.<ref name=":0" /> Then, Timmanayudu gave control of [[Yadiki]] and [[Tadipatri]], which were previously controlled by his ancestors, to a relative and shifted to Gandikota.<ref name=":0" />

Timmanayudu strengthened Gandikota Fort, and he administered Gandikota ''sima.''<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1973|p=271}}</ref> The ''[[kaifiyat]]'' of Tadipatri states that the Madhwa teacher [[Vyasatirtha|Vysaraja]] passed through the estates of Timmanayudu while on his pilgrimage to [[Rameswaram]].<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1973|p=274}}</ref> Vysaraja appointed a Madhawa archaka in a temple near Tadipatri.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Chintala_venkateswara_swamy_temple.jpg|thumb|Entrance [[Chintalarayaswami Temple|Chintala Venkatarama Swamy Temple]], which was built by Timmanayudu II.]]
While Timmanayudu was at Gandikota, his deputies continued developing Tadipatri and Yadiki.<ref name=":1" /> Timmanayudu also was involved in Tadipatri. Timmanayudu built the [[Chintalarayaswami Temple]] (Sri Chintala Venkataramana Temple) in Tadipatri after [[Vishnu]] supposedly told Timmanayudu in a dream that a temple should be constructed for him.<ref>{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1973|p=272}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ramaswami|1975|pp=10–11}}</ref> Timmanayudu appointed two archakas and a chief-priest, and he gifted lands to the temple.<ref name=":3">{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1973|p=273}}</ref> The Chintalarayaswami Temple is considered as one of the finest examples of Vijayanagara architecture.<ref name=":3" />

Timmanayudu had three children: [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu|Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu II]], [[Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu|Erra Timmanayudu]] (Pedda Timmanayudu), and Chinna Timmanayudu. All three brothers would become "famous" in Vijayanagara history.<ref>{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1973|p=275}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* {{Citation |last=Sriramamurty |first=Y. |chapter=History of the Pemmasani Family |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 30, Parts 1-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgDjAAAAMAAJ |date=1964 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |pages=89–104}}
* {{citation |chapter=The Pemmasani Family |title=Studies in the History of the Telugu country during the Vijayanagara period 1336 to 1650 A D |last=Sriramamurty |first=Y. |publisher=Karnatak University/Shodhganga |date=1973 |hdl=10603/107988 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/107988/10/10_chapter%206.pdf }}
* {{Citation|last=Ramaswami|first=N.S|title=Temples of Tadpatri|date=1975|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.63415?q=temples+of+tadipatri|publisher=Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]

Central Electronics Limited

2026-03-11T00:00:07Z

Locweld: Created article

{{Short description|Government of India Enterprise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Central Electronics Limited
| logo = Central Electronics Limited.svg
| type = [[Public sector]]
| industry = [[Engineering]]
| foundation = 26 June 1974
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = Chetan Prakash Jain (Chairman and Managing Director)
| products = [[Solar photovoltaic]] [[Electronics|Railway electronics]] [[Ceramics]]
| revenue = {{Unbulleted list|class=nowrap|{{increase}} ₹639 crore (US$ 24 million) (March 2024)}}
| operating_income = {{Unbulleted list|class=nowrap|{{increase}} ₹14 crore (US$ 2 million) (2015)}}
| owner =
| num_employees =
| company_slogan =
| homepage = {{url|www.celindia.co.in/}}
}}{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
'''Central Electronics Limited''' is a [[Public sector undertakings in India|Government of India Enterprise]] under the [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (DSIR), Ministry of Science & Technology. It was established in 1974 to commercially exploit indigenous technologies developed by National Laboratories and R&D Institutions in the country.

Union Minister [[Jitendra Singh Rana]] bestowed the "Mini RATNA" designation (Category-1) on Central Electronics Limited (CEL) during its Golden Jubilee celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEL Granted Mini Ratna Status ( Category 1) |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/psu/central-electronics-ltd-granted-mini-ratna-category-1-status/111300971}}</ref>

CEL has developed several products for the first time in the country through its own R&D efforts and in close association with the premier National & International Laboratories, including Defense Laboratories. In recognition of all these efforts, CEL has been awarded a number of times with prestigious awards, including “National Award for R&D by DSIR”.

CEL is a pioneer in the country in the field of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV), and it has developed the technology with its own R&D efforts. Its solar products have been qualified for International Standards IEC 61215/61730.

CEL has also developed axle counter systems that are being used in the Railway signaling system for the safe running of trains. Railway products include Single Section Digital Axle Counters (SSDAC), High Availability SSDAC (HA-SSDAC), Multi-section Digital Axle Counter (MSDAC) & Block Proving by Axle Counter (BPAC) using Universal Fail Safe Block Interface (UFSBI). These products have been designed and developed in accordance with CENELEC standards.

CEL has developed a number of critical components for strategic applications and is supplying these items to Defence.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsir.gov.in/pub_ent/cel/cel.htm|title=Central Electronics Limited|publisher=|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312184952/http://dsir.gov.in/pub_ent/cel/cel.htm|archive-date=12 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.celindia.co.in/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1974]]

Guruprasad

2026-03-07T09:03:39Z

Locweld: enhanced citations after review and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actor and director (1972–2024)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Guruprasad
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Guruprasada Ramachandra Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date|1972|11|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanakapura]], [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|10||52|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Madanaiyakanahalli]], Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| Cause =
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director, writer, producer, actor, author,anchor
| years_active = 2006–2024
| spouse = 2
| children = 2
| footnotes =
}}

'''Guruprasad''' (2 November 1972 – October 2024) was an Indian film director and actor in the [[Kannada film industry]]. His debut as a director was the 2006 film {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Mata (2006 film)|Mata]]}} which became a cult hit and his second film as a director was {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/director-guruprasad-third-film-109210.html |title=Director Guruprasad signs his third film! |date=7 May 2013 |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512080948/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2013/director-guruprasad-third-film-109210.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Both films received positive reviews and were considered for many award categories. He was known for portraying satire in a realistic way on screen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southscope.in/kannada/news/guruprasad-relaunches-directors-special|title=Guruprasad relaunches directors special|website=www.southscope.in|access-date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305011759/http://www.southscope.in/kannada/news/guruprasad-relaunches-directors-special|archive-date=5 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Guruprasad was found dead by a suspected suicide by hanging at his home in [[Madanaiyakanahalli|Madanayakanahalli]], [[Bangalore]], on 3 November 2024. Authorities said that he probably died between 31 October and 1 November, as his body was partially decomposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/state-award-winning-kannada-filmmaker-guruprasad-dies-by-suicide/article68825144.ece|title=EState-award winning Kannada filmmaker Guruprasad dies by suicide|work=The Hindu|date=3 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/kannada-film-director-guru-prasad-dead-suspected-suicide-bengaluru-9651119/|title=Kannada film director Guru Prasad found dead in suspected suicide in Bengaluru|date=4 November 2024 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/11/03/breaking-news-mata-director-guruprasad-suicide-what-we-know-so-far-as-debt-ridden-artist-passes-away-at-madanayakanahalli-apartment.html|title='Mata' director Guruprasad suicide: What we know so far as 'debt-ridden' artist passes away at Madanayakanahalli apartment|publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Decomposed Body Of Kannada Director Guruprasad Found At Bengaluru Flat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/decomposed-body-of-kannada-director-guruprasad-found-at-bengaluru-flat-6934416 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=8 November 2024 |title=Kannada film director Guruprasad found hanging in Bengaluru |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Nov/04/kannada-film-director-guruprasad-found-hanging-in-bengaluru |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As a director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Title !!Notes!! Ref
|-
| 2006 || {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Mata (2006 film)|Mata]]}} || Debut Feature ||
|-
| 2009 || {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]}} || {{•}}[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Director's Special (film)|Director's Special]]'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Eradane Sala]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Ranganayaka]]''
|
|
|-
| 2025 || ''Eddelu Manjunatha 2''
|
|
|-
|TBA
|style="background:#FFFFCC;" |{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} ''Ademaa''|| ''Filming'' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Guruprasad Adema starts, shoot in graveyard|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/guruprasad-adema-starts-shoot-in-graveyard-kannada-news-184161|accessdate=23 December 2017|website=India Glitz}}</ref>
|}

===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2006 || {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Mata (2006 film)|Mata]]}} ||
Dhritarashtra
|-
| 2009 || {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]}} || Police Officer
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mylari]]'' ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Kal Manja]]'' || Director
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Hudugaru]]'' || Lawyer
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Director's Special (film)|Director's Special]]'' ||Director
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Karodpathi]]'' || Kotilinga
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Jigarthanda (2016 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || Show Judge
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ananthu Vs Nusrath]]'' || G.P.
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kushka (film)|Kushka]]'' || Gangster
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Badava Rascal]]'' || Poojari
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Body God]]'' || Puttanna
|-
| ''[[Mata (2022 film)|Mata]]'' ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[UI (film)|UI]]'' ||
|-
| 2025 || ''Eddelu Manjunatha 2'' ||
|}

===As dialogue writer===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Hudugaru]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Super Ranga]]'' ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Life Super Guru]]'' || Judge/Host || [[ETV Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Thaka Dhimi Tha Dancing Star]]'' || Judge || [[ETV Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada 2]]'' || Wildcard Contestant || [[Star Suvarna]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Will Guruprasad be able to survive Bigg Boss?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/Will-Guruprasad-be-able-to-survive-Bigg-Boss/articleshow/39097298.cms|accessdate=17 September 2014|agency=TNN|publisher=Times of India|date=27 July 2014|archive-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731022203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/Will-Guruprasad-be-able-to-survive-Bigg-Boss/articleshow/39097298.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss: Guruprasad protests for getting tortured|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/Bigg-Boss-Guruprasad-protests-for-getting-tortured/articleshow/39738566.cms|accessdate=17 September 2014|agency=TNN|publisher=Times of India|date=6 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810071441/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/Bigg-Boss-Guruprasad-protests-for-getting-tortured/articleshow/39738566.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Neethu's fight with Guruprasad turns ugly|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/Neethus-fight-with-Guruprasad-turns-ugly/articleshow/41688649.cms|accessdate=17 September 2014|agency=TNN|publisher=Times of India|date=4 September 2014|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908145042/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/Neethus-fight-with-Guruprasad-turns-ugly/articleshow/41688649.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''Putani Pantru Season 2'' || Judge || [[Star Suvarna]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Dance Karnataka Dance'' || Judge || [[Zee Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''Barjari Comedy'' || Judge || [[Star Suvarna]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bharjari-comedy-in-suvarna-kannada-news-203289|title=Bharjari Comedy in Suvarna|website=India Glitz|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
* 2010 – Best Director for {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]}} at the [[Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/ganesh-radhika-filmfare-awards-090810.html |title=Ganesh, Radhika Pandit bag Filmfare Awards |date=9 August 2010 |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710064540/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/ganesh-radhika-filmfare-awards-090810.html |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5744563|Guruprasad}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114174802/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-26/news-interviews/39537936_1_2-lakhs-director-guruprasad-least-rs Guruprasad save Rs 2 lakhs by not drinking]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130305011759/http://www.southscope.in/kannada/news/guruprasad-relaunches-directors-special Guruprasad-relaunches-directors-special]

{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guruprasad}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:2024 suicides]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

Grihajuddha

2026-03-07T06:08:59Z

Locweld: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Grihajuddha
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
| writer = Buddhadev Dasgupta, Prabrit Das Mahapatra (screenplay)
| producer = Buddhadev Dasgupta
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sambit Bose
| editing =
| music =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1982}}
| runtime = 98 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Grihajuddha''''' ([[English language]]:''Crossroads'') is a [[1982 in film|1982]] [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[film]] directed and written by [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]] and starring [[Sunil Mukherjee]]. The film was produced under contract from the [[Government of West Bengal]]. The [[Naxalite]] movement in Bengal in the 1970s forms a backdrop to the film.

The film was entered into the main competition at the [[39th Venice International Film Festival|39th edition]] of the [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref>Stefano Reggiani. "Ecco i film che a Venezia si contendono i Leoni d'oro". ''[[La Stampa]]'' (183). 28 July 1982.</ref>

==Plot==
The Chief labour officer of a private steel company in Barrackpur senses corruption in the management. Being an ideal person, he resigned but gets murdered. The secretary of the trade union, Probir gets to know of it and is also murdered. His comrade Bijan manages to escape and absconds. Nirupama, the sister, who silently cherishes Bijan, along with Sandipan, a reporter, tracks down the hired gang of killers, which includes Sital, the goal keeper in a smalltime football team. Sital reveals that they had been lured with the promise of a job. But the promises were not kept and Sital wishes to disown his past. Meanwhile, Bijan has made good as a salesman in Nasik and returns to Calcutta as a changed man. His values had been eroded by time and success. He tries to justify his desertion of his earlier convictions, but fails to convince Nirupama. He wants a settled married life with Nirupama. She still clings to the ideals of her dead brother. But confusion and desperation forces Nirupama to accept his proposal. On the date of marriage, Sandipan is found dead in mysterious circumstances. Confused, Nirupama wants to postpone the marriage. Quarrels follow and Nirupama realises that the void between them is too wide to be bridged. The rift, however, forces a helpless girl to the threshold of self awareness. The film ends with Nirupama beginning the struggle all by herself.

==Cast==
*[[Anjan Dutt]] as Bijon
*[[Mamata Shankar]] as Nirupama
*[[Goutam Ghose]] as Sandipan
*[[Shashanka Bhattacharya]]
*[[Manoj Mitra]] as Newspaper Editor
*[[Prabir Guha]]
*[[Sunil Mukherjee]]
*[[Pradip Sen]]
*[[Monidipa Roy]]

==Production==
===Casting===
In 1981, [[Gautam Ghose]] had done a film with Mamata Shankar called [[Dakhal]]. Gautam Ghose said “ While directing Mamata, I would enact some scenes. She called up Buddha and praised my acting skills. In fact, she also to him that he should approach me for the role in ‘Grihajuddha’." Buddha and Mamata reached his residence to convince him to play the part.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/buddha-had-forced-me-to-make-my-acting-debut-in-his-grihajuddha-goutam-ghose/articleshow/83392317.cms|title=Buddha had forced me to make my acting debut in his 'Grihajuddha': Goutam Ghose | Kolkata News - Times of India}}</ref>

===Production===
Gautam Ghose said about Buddhadeb Dasgupta in an interview " He would always tell the unit that I don't need extra takes since I am myself a cinematographer and know how to walk keeping pace with the trolley. Buddha was trying to develop a new style since the days of ‘Grihajuddha’. We would often get into arguments over why he was doing things a certain way. He would then tell me about wanting to develop a new style. Since I am also a film-maker, I could understand that."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/buddha-had-forced-me-to-make-my-acting-debut-in-his-grihajuddha-goutam-ghose/articleshow/83392317.cms|title=Buddha had forced me to make my acting debut in his 'Grihajuddha': Goutam Ghose | Kolkata News - Times of India}}</ref>

==Trivia==
1. One of the thugs Shital Das that visited the deceased Prabir Dutta's house was shown to be the goalkeeper of Friends Sporting Club, Kolkata.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0084027|title=Grihajuddha}}

{{Buddhadeb Dasgupta}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1982 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Sardar Bahadur

2026-03-03T16:58:57Z

Locweld: Added first post first draft.

{{Short description|British Indian honorary title}}
'''Sardar Bahadur''' was a [[title of honour]] awarded to native Indian civilians and [[Viceroy's commissioned officer|Viceroy's commissioned officers]] during [[British Raj|British rule in India]].<ref name="Mussell2">{{Cite book |title=Medal Yearbook 2015 |publisher=Token Publishing Limited, Honiton, Devon |year=2015 |editor=John W. Mussell |page=305}}</ref> It was bestowed upon [[Sikhs]],<ref name="Tagore2">{{cite book |last1=Tagore |first1=Abanindranath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVZxDwAAQBAJ&q=SARDAR+BAHADUR+TITLE+AWARDED&pg=PT282 |title=Fantasy Fictions from the Bengal Renaissance: Abanindranath Tagore's The Make-Believe Prince (Kheerer Putul); Gaganendranath Tagore's Toddy-Cat the Bold (Bhondaṛ Bahadur) |last2=Tagore |first2=Gaganendranath |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909217-8 |language=en |accessdate=6 August 2020}}</ref> and was awarded for faithful service or acts of public welfare. The title was used after any military rank, but before the title holder's name.<ref name="Dorling2">{{Cite book |author=Captain H. Taprell Dorling. |title=Ribbons and Medals |publisher=A.H.Baldwin & Sons, London |year=1956 |page=111}}</ref> From 1911 holders of the title were also awarded a special [[Title Badge (India)|Title Badge]].<ref name="Mussell2" />

Members of the first class of the [[Order of British India]] could also use the title of Sardar Bahadur, with members of the second class using Bahadur.<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 34694
| date = 26 September 1939
| page = 6511
}}</ref> The title of Sardar Bahadur was part of a wider honours system put in place by British India:<ref name="Dorling2" /><ref name="Tagore2" /> It was used for Sikhs or military officials.

'''First Class'''

* [[Dewan Bahadur]], ''for Hindus;''
* [[Nawab Bahadur]], ''for Muslims;''

'''Second Class'''

* [[Khan Bahadur]], ''for Muslims;''
* [[Rai Bahadur]], (North India) or Rao Bahadur (South India), ''for Hindus;''

'''Third Class'''

* [[Khan Sahib]], ''for Muslims;''
* [[Rai Sahib]], (North India) or Rao Sahib (South India), ''for Hindus.''

Those of other religions received the title considered most appropriate, for example native Indian Christians with a Hindu sounding name would receive a Hindu title.<ref name="Tagore2" />

In most cases a recipient proceeded from the lowest grade to a higher level, with only the most senior title used.<ref name="Mussell2" /> Ranking below a knighthood, these titles were dropped by any holder who became a knight of a British Order, for example the [[Order of the Star of India]] or the [[Order of the Indian Empire]].<ref name="Dorling2" />

Sardar Bahadur and similar titles issued during British Raj were dis-established in 1947 upon the independence of India.<ref>Sharma, B. K. Introduction to the Constitution of India, Published by Prentice-Hall, India, 2007, {{ISBN|8120332466}}, p. 83.</ref>

== Recipients ==
* Sardar Bahadur Colonel Jwala Singh Hundal (Kaiser i hind, Manager of Golden Temple, Amritsar)
* Sardar Bahadur [[Arjan Singh Chahal]]
* Sardar Bahadur Lieutenant Genda Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Arjan Singh Bhullar
* Sardar Bahadur Jathedar Sir Arur Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Beant Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Captain Bishan Singh of Chak Sher Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Dal Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Datas Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Narendra Singh Gaur of Lahore
* Sardar Bahadur Gajjan Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Major Hargopal Singh Gaur
* Sardar Bahadur Risaldar [[Ganda Singh Datt|Ganda Singh Dutt]]
* Sardar Bahadur Gopal Singh Khalsa
* Sardar Bahadur Gurmukh Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Captain Hira Singh Brar
* Sardar Bahadur [[Ishar Singh]]
* Sardar Bahadur Jagat Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Major [[Joginder Singh Baidwan]]
* Sardar Bahadur Karnail Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Kartar Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Kirpal Singh Mann
* Sardar Bahadur Doctor Lehna Singh Mehta
* Sardar Bahadur [[Mehtab Singh (politician)|Mehtab Singh]]
* Sardar Bahadur Mohan Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Ram Singh Mahrok
* Sardar Bahadur Doctor Raghbir Singh Dugal
* Sardar Bahadur Sir Shamsher Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Raja [[Sher Singh Attariwalla|Sher Singh Attariwala]]
* Sardar Bahadur Singar Singh
* Sardar Bahadur Sir [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]]
* Sardar Bahadur Sujan Singh
* Sardar Bahadur [[Sundar Singh Majithia|Sunder Singh Majithia]]
* Sardar Bahadur Sir Teja Singh Malik
* Sardar Bahadur [[Ujjal Singh]]
* Captain Sardar Bahadur Chajja Singh (Clare) OBI

==See also==
*[[Raj Ratna]]
*[[Dewan]]
*[[Title Badge (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 1947]]

Ebrahim Alkazi

2026-02-26T12:41:53Z

Locweld: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian theatre director (1925–2020)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ebrahim Alkazi
| image = Ebrahim Alkazi getting awarded (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|08|04|1925|10|18}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma mater = [[St. Vincent's High School]], [[Pune]] [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| other_names =
| known_for = ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]''
| occupation = [[Theatre director]]
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2010) [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Roshan Alkazi||2007|reason=died}}
| children = 2, including [[Amal Allana]]
| relatives = [[Zuleikha Chaudhuri]] (granddaughter)
}}
'''Ebrahim Alkazi''' (18 October 1925 – 4 August 2020)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihtuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA154 Rashtriya Sahara]. Issue 2. 2 August 1991. p. 154.</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/theatre-legend-ebrahim-alkazi-dead-6538951/ Theatre legend Ebrahim Alkazi dead]. ''[[Indian Express]]''.</ref> was a Saudi Indian [[theatre director]] and [[drama teacher]]. A rigid disciplinarian, he instilled in his acting students an awe and reverence that they still carry with them, with several of them having had the privilege of continuing the practice and training in the NSD Repertory Company, an introduction made to the [[National School of Drama]] by Alkazi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-19|title=A Tribute to Ebrahim Alkazi|url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2020/08/19/a-tribute-to-ebrahim-alkazi/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Indian Cultural Forum|language=en-US}}</ref> His standards later became very influential.<ref name=Le>[[#Le|Leiter, p.32 - 33]]</ref> He also remained the Director of [[National School of Drama]], New Delhi (1962–1977).<ref name=me>[[#Me|Meyer, p. 9]]</ref><ref>[[#Ba|Banham, p. 18]]</ref><ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 158]]</ref> He was also a noted art connoisseur, collector and gallery owner, and founded the Art Heritage Gallery in Delhi with his wife, Roshen Alkazi.<ref name=hin/><ref>[https://www.artheritagegallery.com/about-us/roshen-alkazi/ Roshen Alkazi]. ''artheritagegallery.com''.</ref>

Staging more than fifty plays in his lifetime, Alkazi used both [[proscenium]] stages and the open-air venues. His designs for the open-air venues were acclaimed for their visual nature and for the original spins he put on each stage production, including those he had previously directed before.<ref name="Le" /> Trained at [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] (RADA), he won the BBC Broadcasting Award in 1950. He has directed over 50 plays, including famous productions of: [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''Tughlaq'', [[Mohan Rakesh]]'s ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'', [[Dharamvir Bharati]]'s ''[[Andha Yug]]'' and numerous [[Shakespeare]] and Greek plays.<ref name="me" /> In 2002, Ebrahim Alkazi said in an interview with the BBC, "I think that there are certain ground root elements in theatre, there is a certain set of rootedness and earthiness in the work you do, and unless your inspiration and the concept in the work of theatre starts from there, I don’t think you can create fine work. You have to create an atmosphere; you have to work within salubrious surrounding".<ref>{{Citation|title=FTF Ebrahim Alkazi 15 5 2002| date=17 January 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPs66F0rxr4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/DPs66F0rxr4 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-07-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=sahapedia|first=chandradasan|title=How Ebrahim Alkazi Revolutionised the Destiny of Indian Theatre|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/16/19506/how-ebrahim-alkazi-revolutionised-the-destiny-of-indian-theatre|access-date=2021-07-21|website=thecitizen.in|date=18 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ebrahim Alkazi hailed from an Arab family with a keen interest in arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/ebrahim-alkazi-1925-2020-the-architect-of-modern-indian-theatre-11596600214653.html|title=Ebrahim Alkazi (1925-2020): The architect of modern Indian theatre|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> Born in Pune, Alkazi was the son of a wealthy businessman with roots in [[Unaizah]] (present-day Saudi Arabia) and a Kuwaiti mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20051226-ebrahim-alkazi-the-man-who-formed-the-concept-of-indian-theatre-788808-2005-12-26|title=Ebrahim Alkazi: The man who formed the concept of Indian theatre|work=India Today|date=26 December 2005|accessdate=11 May 2020|first=Girish|last=Karnad|quote=If we were to choose an individual who formed the concept of Indian theatre, it would almost certainly be Ebrahim Alkazi. But the fact that he is the offspring of a Saudi Arabian father and a Kuwaiti mother is one of those ironies with which theatre history bristles.}}</ref>

Educated in Pune, at the [[St. Vincent's High School]], Alkazi shifted to Bombay in late 1941, after his enrollment at the [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]], which provided his first encounter with the new techniques of theatre at the Dramatic Society of the St.Xavier's College. In 1947, the rest of his family migrated to [[Pakistan]] while Alkazi stayed back in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/the-world-in-an-embrace-6069030/|title=Theatre doyen Ebrahim Alkazi remembered through an exhibition|work=Indian Express|date=15 October 2019|access-date=11 May 2020|first=Vandana|last=Kalra|quote=After the Partition, while the rest of his family moved to Pakistan, Alkazi decided to stay back in India.}}</ref> Alkazi was educated in Arabic, English, [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. While he was a student at St Xavier's, he joined Sultan "Bobby" Padamsee's English theatre company, Theatre Group, where he acted in several plays, as well as directed a few of them. Thereafter he was trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London in 1947.<ref name="hin">{{cite news |title=Theatre is revelation (Interview) |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/02/24/stories/2008022450160500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302010357/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/02/24/stories/2008022450160500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2008 }}</ref> In London he was offered career opportunities after being honored by both the English Drama League and the British Broadcasting Corporation, however, he turned the offers down in favor of returning home to rejoin the Theatre Group, which he ran from 1950 to 1954.<ref name="Le" /> Alkazi was also a keen artist and student of art; in England, he had spent hours studying major museum collections, and [[F. N. Souza]] was his flatmate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/ebrahim-alkazi-1925-2020-a-lodestar-in-indias-arts-firmament/article32293072.ece|title=Ebrahim Alkazi (1925-2020): A lodestar in India's arts firmament|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 August 2020|last1=Sinha|first1=Gayatri}}</ref> Alkazi's works were exhibited at the Asian Institute, London (1950), the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], Bombay (1952) and at the Sridharini Gallery, New Delhi (1965). In each exhibition he demonstrated a versatile command over a variety of media and techniques, ranging from watercolor, charcoal, ink, poster paint and carbon tracing to the sketch pen, marker and frottage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artheritagegallery.com/exhibition/opening-lines-the-artworks-of-e-alkazi/|title=Opening Lines - the Artworks of e Alkazi|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720122904/https://www.artheritagegallery.com/exhibition/opening-lines-the-artworks-of-e-alkazi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
After his return from England, Ebrahim Alkazi regrouped the Theatre Group in Bombay in 1952. At this point, he was also associated with the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]], which included [[M. F. Husain]] F.N.Souza, [[S. H. Raza]], [[Akbar Padamsee]], [[Tyeb Mehta]], artists who were later to paint from his plays and design his sets.<ref name=hin/> Initiating his curatorial practices, Alkazi mounted an eight part exhibition, between 1952 and 1957, called This is Modern Art at the Jehangir Gallery in Bombay. In 1954, after breaking from the Theatre Group, Alkazi formed the Theatre Unit in Bombay along with his wife, Roshen Alkazi and [[Nissim Ezekiel]]. In addition to his directing, he also published the ''Theatre Unit Bulletin'' which reported on theatre events from India. Alkazi established the School of Dramatic Arts on 4 July 1956 and became the principal of Bombay's Natya Academy.<ref name=Le/> During his Bombay days Alkazi along with his theatre groups produced 'practically the entire pantheon of western literature', "from the Greeks to Beckett", as the theatre doyen would describe.<ref name="alkazifoundation.org">{{Cite web|url=https://alkazifoundation.org/alkazi-theatre-archive-4/|title=Alkazi Theatre Archives | Alkazi Foundation}}</ref> Few of the later productions, which were staged at the sea-facing open air theatre in Bombay called Meghdoot, designed by Alkazi himself in 1958, included [[Medea (play)|Medea]] (1961), [[Waiting for Godot]] (1961), and [[Suddenly Last Summer]] (1961).<ref name="alkazifoundation.org"/>

In 1962, Alkazi embarked upon his journey to develop a pedagogic discourse for theatre in form of the [[National School of Drama]]. He designed a course, which not only focused on actor-training and direction, but on the learning of all aspects of stage-craft. As the director of the [[National School of Drama]] (NSD), Alkazi revolutionised Hindi theatre by the magnificence of his vision, and the meticulousness of his technical discipline. From the 60s on, the outstanding talent groomed by Alkazi at NSD was to directly feed an alternative stream of arthouse, and then mainstream cinema and television.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/ebrahim-alkazi-1925-2020-a-lodestar-in-indias-arts-firmament/article32293072.ece|title=Ebrahim Alkazi (1925-2020): A lodestar in India's arts firmament|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 August 2020|last1=Sinha|first1=Gayatri}}</ref> His students include many well-known film and theatre actors and directors including [[Vijaya Mehta]], [[Om Shivpuri]], [[Harpal Tiwana|Harpal Tiwana and Neena Tiwana]], [[Om Puri]], [[Balraj Pandit]] (Pandit Ji) [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Manohar Singh]], [[Uttara Baokar]], [[Jyoti Subhash]], [[Suhas Joshi]], [[B. Jayashree]], Jayadev and [[Rohini Hattangadi]], Kumara Varma, S. Ramanujam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202714|title=Profile: "I Was Recognised For My Genius"|date=18 December 1996|publisher=The Outlook}}</ref> While there he created the Repertory Company in 1964 and directed their productions until he left. Alkazi pioneered the construction of new theatre spaces on and near the school campus, and most memorably placed his productions of Tughlaq and Andha Yug in spectacular historical monuments around Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Rl9DwAAQBAJ|title=A Poetics of Modernity: Indian Theatre Theory, 1850 to the Present|isbn=978-0-19-909544-5|last1=Dharwadker|first1=Aparna Bhargava|date=16 October 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

He also founded Art Heritage Gallery in Delhi with his wife, Roshan Alkazi.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Ebrahim Hamed Alkazi at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 31, 2010.jpg|thumb|The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Ebrahim Hamed Alkazi at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 31 March 2010]]

Alkazi won many of India's most prestigious awards, creating an awareness of theater's sensibility and successfully mixed modern expression with Indian tradition.<ref name=Le />

He was the first recipient of Roopwedh Pratishtan's the Tanvir Award (2004) for lifetime contribution to the theatre.<ref>[http://www.hindu.comhmag/2004/12/12/stories/2004121200480500.htm The Hindu, Sunday, 12 December 2004]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> He has received awards including the [[Padma Shri]] (1966), the [[Padma Bhushan]] (1991), and India's second highest civilian award the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |title=This Year's Padma Awards announced |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref>

He has also been awarded twice by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. He received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Direction in 1962, and later the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|Akademi]]'s highest award the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] for lifetime contribution to theatre.<ref name=":0" />

In 2019, in [[New Delhi]], the [[Ministry of Culture (Saudi Arabia)|Saudi Ministry of Culture]] inaugurated the "Ebrahim al-Kazi Chair" to honor the influential artistic endeavors of Ebrahim Bin Hamad al-Kazi. The Ministry highlighted that al-Kazi's groundbreaking contributions had opened new vistas in [[Theatre of India|Indian theater]] and arts, fostering a generation of notable artists. The Ministry also underscored that al-Kazi's commitment to education and cultural development was highly valued in the Kingdom and that his legacy symbolizes the deep cultural ties between [[Saudi Arabia]] and India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title=Arts world pays tribute to 'father of Indian theater' Ebrahim Al-Kazi |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1715681/saudi-arabia |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Ebrahim al-Kazi |url=https://saudipedia.com/en/article/2187/figures/intellectuals-and-artists/ebrahim-al-kazi |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Saudipedia |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was married to Roshan Alkazi (d. 2007) an [[Ismaili]] [[Khoja]] from [[Gujarat]]. She designed costumes for all his plays, and wrote two books on history of Indian garments. She also established the Art Heritage Gallery at [[Triveni Kala Sangam]], Delhi in 1977, which she ran for over 40 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Art Galleries in Delhi |url=http://www.delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/entertainment/art_gallery.jsp |publisher=[[Delhi Tourism]] website |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215124046/http://www.delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/entertainment/art_gallery.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stage presence : Ebrahim Alkazi |url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=4898 |publisher=harmony India |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121184721/http://harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=4898 |archive-date=21 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The couple had two children, [[Amal Allana]], a theatre director and ex – chairman of [[National School of Drama]], and [https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/archive/2021/speaker/feisal-alkazi Feisal Alkazi] a Delhi-based theatre director.

==Further reading==
* Ananda Lal, ''The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre'', Oxford University Press (2004), {{ISBN|0-19-564446-8}}
* [https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/the-alcazar-of-visual-memory-news-231867 The Alcazar Of Visual Memory]
* {{cite news |title=Theatre is revelation (Interview) |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/02/24/stories/2008022450160500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302010357/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/02/24/stories/2008022450160500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2008 }}

==Works==
* ''Alkazi collection of photography'', with Rahaab Allana, Pramod Kumar, Brunei Gallery. Grantha Corporation, 2008. {{ISBN|81-89995-18-9}}.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Banham|first=Martin|title=The Cambridge guide to theatre|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/524 524]|quote=Ebrahim Alkazi.|year=1995 |isbn=0-521-43437-8|ref=Ba}}
* {{cite book|last=Meyer-Dinkgräfe|first=Daniel |title=Who's who in contemporary world theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njiEv5o0OhQC&q=Amal+Allana&pg=PA9|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-14162-1|ref=Me}}
* {{cite book|last= Rubin|first=Don|title=The World encyclopedia of contemporary theatre (Vol. 3)|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC&q=Ebrahim+Alkazi&pg=PA158|isbn=0-415-26087-6|ref=Ru}}
* {{cite book|last= Leiter|first=Samuel|title=Encyclopedia of Asian Theatre (Vol. 1: A - N)|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JttNAAAAYAAJ|isbn=978-0313335303|ref=Le}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Dharwadker |editor-first=Aparna |title=A Poetics of Modernity: Indian Theatre Theory, 1850 to the Present |date=16 October 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909544-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Rl9DwAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20100505084707/http://www.acparchives.com/pageone.html Alkazi Foundation of the Arts, New Delhi, website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120129190033/http://www.artheritagegallery.com/index.php Art Heritage Gallery, website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201181136/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/12/12/stories/2004121200480500.htm ''Well deserved'', The Hindu, 12 December 2004]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/943367.cms ''Alkazi to get Tanveer award'', Times of India, 2 December 2004]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15708/Ebrahim-Alkazi ''Ebrahim Alkazi Biography'', Britannica, 10 October 2013]
* [http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/706161 Alkazi: Saudi-Indian theater icon star attraction at Dammam]. ''[[Arab News]]''. "Ebrahim Alkazi, the celebrated Indian theater director, has his roots in Unaiza in Qassim.", 2 February 2015

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazi, Ebrahim}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Saudi Arabian descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Kuwaiti descent]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National School of Drama]]
[[Category:People from Unaizah]]
[[Category:Indian scenic designers]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian art collectors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
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[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of Kalidas Samman]]

B. N. K. Sharma

2026-02-06T05:51:50Z

Locweld: done

{{short description|Sanskrit writer from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox scholar
| honorific_prefix =
| name = B. N. K. Sharma
| image = B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Bhavani Narayanrao Krishnamurti
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|06|9|df=y}}{{Sfn|Sinha|Choudhury|1996|p=21}}
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|07|2|1909|06|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Scholar, professor
| workplaces = [[Ruparel College]], [[Bombay]]
| discipline = Religious Studies
| main_interests = [[Dvaita Vedanta]], [[Hindu philosophy]]
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Madras]]
* [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]]
}}
| awards = [[Sahitya Academy Award]] (1963)
}}

'''Bhavani Narayanrao Krishnamurti Sharma''' (9 June 1909 – 2 July 2005), commonly known as '''B. N. K. Sharma''' or '''B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma''', was an Indian writer, scholar, professor, and [[Indologist]]. Sharma was a professor and Head of the Department of Sanskrit in [[Ruparel College]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] from (1953–1969). Sharma was one of the foremost exponents of [[Madhvacharya]]'s school of [[Dvaita Vedanta]]. B. N. K. Sharma learned the art of debates and [[Vedanta]] under [[Satyadhyana Tirtha]] of [[Uttaradi Math]]. Sharma travelled along with [[Satyadhyana Tirtha]] from (1930 - 1944), learned all philosophical knowledge from him and also used to clarify his doubts from Satyadhyana Tirtha.{{Sfn|Sinha|Choudhury|1996|p=22}}

Born in a [[Brahmin]] family of scholars and court pandits, Sharma authored more than 25 classical works and over 150 research papers on [[Vedanta]] in general and [[Dvaita Vedanta]] in particular. He attained national renown and recognition for his scholarly contribution to the [[Dvaita Vedanta]] literary treasure. His ''History of Dvaita School Of Vedanta And Its Literature'' is a monumental work which brought him the highest national literary distinction of the [[Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1963.{{Sfn|Akademi|1990|p=407}} Sharma was also the recipient of the [[President of India]]'s Award for Eminent Sanskrit Scholars in 1992 and the [[Government of Maharashtra]]'s Award for [[Sanskrit]] in 1993.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=3}}

Sharma is one of the eminent scholars who wrote the critical appreciations of prominent Haridasa saints such as [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Kanaka Dasa]] and others.{{Sfn|Moraes|1972|p=261}}

==Life and career==
===Early life===
B.N.K. Sharma was born at the late [[British Raj]] on 9 June 1909 in a [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-speaking [[Madhva Brahmin]] family in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madras Presidency]], during the [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]) in a family of Sanskrit Scholars of the former [[Cochin State]] of [[Kerala]]. He was brought up speaking in [[Kannada]] at home and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] outside. His mother Lakshmi Bai was a housewife and native of Salem, while his father B.S.Narayan Rao, a Sanskrit scholar was a native of [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/saint-vyasaraja-travelled-all-over-south-india-and-spent-a-lot-of-time-in-coimbatore-region/article7615714.ece|title=Hidden histories: A saint in Coimbatore|date=4 September 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130121014/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/saint-vyasaraja-travelled-all-over-south-india-and-spent-a-lot-of-time-in-coimbatore-region/article7615714.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> B. N. K. Sharma's actual name is Bhavani Narayanrao Krishnamurti and Sharma is not part of his name. Due to Brahmin origins, people started calling him "Sharma" and later it became part of his name.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=3}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=655}}{{Sfn|Sinha|Choudhury|1996|p=21}}

===Academic career===
B.N.K. Sharma had his primary education at the Government School in [[Kumbakonam]]. As a child he had "sharp intellect and acumen" with a great interest in literature and philosophy.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=3}} Sharma completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[Sanskrit]] from [[University of Madras]] in 1931 and [[Master of Arts]] degree in 1935 from [[Presidency College, Chennai]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=3}} Sharma received his [[Ph.D.]] from [[University of Madras]] in 1948 for his thesis on the origin and development of the [[Dvaita]] School of Vedanta and its literature.{{Sfn|Sinha|Choudhury|1996|p=21}}

Sharma started his teaching career as a lecturer at [[Annamalai University]] at the age of 22 in 1931 until 1938. In 1938 he became principal of Government Sanskrit College in Thiruvayur until 1948. In 1948 he worked as a research scholar in Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute in [[Punjab]]. In 1950, he started working as a principal at Poornaprajna Sanskrit College in Udupi. In 1952 he became Principal [[Dr. A. V. Baliga College, Kumta]] for a short time of one year. In 1953 he finally landed in [[Maharashtra]], where he was appointed as professor and Head of the Department of Sanskrit in [[D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce|Ruparel College]] in [[Mumbai]] and retired in 1969.{{Sfn|Sinha|Choudhury|1996|p=21}}{{Sfn|Lal|1969|p=946}}{{Sfn|Myers|2013|p=11}}

==Works==
===Comics===

B. N. K. Sharma also rendered script for a comic book by the name "Madhvacharya: A Vaishnava Saint-Philosopher" of [[Amar Chitra Katha]], a comic book series for which the editor was [[Anant Pai]] and the illustrator was H. S. Chavan. It was published in 1967. It was republished many times.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madhvacharya:A Vaishnava Saint-Philosopher|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha Pvt. Ltd.|year=1971|isbn=978-8184820515}}</ref>

===Literary works===
Sharma authored more than 25 classical works and over 150 research papers on Vedic history, and Vedanta. He was an expert in [[Dvaita Vedanta]]. Some of his notable works include:{{Sfn|Potter|1995|p=1173-1174}}
* {{cite book|title = Philosophy of Śrī Madhvācārya| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2014 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120800687| year= 1962 }}
* {{cite book|title = History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature: From the Earliest Beginnings to Our Own Times, 3rd Edition| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 1960}}
*{{cite book|title=The Brahmasūtras and Their Principal Commentaries A Critical Exposition Vol I, Vol II, Vol III|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers (2008 Reprint) |year=1971|isbn=978-8121500357}}
*{{cite book|title=Madhva's Aupaniṣadam Darśanam|publisher=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation|year=1983}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad Expounded from Śrī Madhvācārya's Perspective|year=1988|publisher=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation}}
*{{cite book|title=Dvaita Philosophy as Expounded by Śrī Madhvācārya|publisher=[[University of Madras]]|year=1961}}
*{{cite book|title=Śrī Madhva's Teachings in His Own Words|publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]|year=1970}}
*{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gītā Bhāṣya of Śrī Madhvācārya|publisher=Anandatirtha Prathistama, Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha|year=1989}}
*{{cite book|title=Lectures on Vedānta|publisher=Karnatak University|year=1973}}
*{{cite book|title=Nyāyasudhā of Jayatīrtha (3 Vols.)|publisher=Vishwa Madhwa Maha Parishat|year=2001}}
*{{cite book|title=Festivals of India|publisher=Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Government of India|year=1977|isbn=978-0836402834}}
*{{cite book|title=Advaitasiddhi Vs Nyāyāmṛta: An Up To Date Critical Re-Appraisal|publisher= Akhila Bhārata Mādhva Mahamandal|year=1994}}

;History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature
{{Quote box |width=33% |align=right |quoted=1 |quote = "Sharma is known for several definitive works on [[Dvaita]] : this one maintains his high standards of scholarship and style.{{Sfn|Potter|1988|p=106}}"|salign=right |source=— Indologist [[Karl Harrington Potter|Karl Potter]]}}

Dr. B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma is the author of "History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature: From the Earliest Beginnings to Our Own Times", ([[Motilal Banarsidass]], 1962). For this research work, Dr. B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma was awarded [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], the highest national literary award by the [[Government of India]] in 1963.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=xvii}}{{Sfn|Datta|1987|p=306}}

==Awards and honours==
B. N. K. Sharma won numerous awards during the course of his literary career.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=3}} His first major award was in 1963, the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature''. In 1968, he was awarded the honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] ([[D.Litt.]]) in Sanskrit by the [[Mumbai University]].{{Sfn|Lal|1969|p=946}} In 1992, he was honoured with [[President of India]]'s Award for Eminent Sanskrit Scholars Award. In 1993, he was honoured with [[Government of Maharashtra]]'s Award for Eminent Sanskrit Scholar. On 13 November 1999, he was honoured with the title of "[[Mahamahopadhyaya]]" by the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]]. On 16 September 2003, he was honoured with the [[Motilal Banarsidass]] Centenary Award. On 2 May 2004, he was awarded the [[Maharashtra State]] [[Kannadiga]]s' Literary Conference Award in [[Mumbai]].{{Sfn|Sinha|Choudhury|1996|p=21}}

==Legacy==
Sharma's greatest achievement was making Dvaita philosophy accessible to the outside world through his English works and literature. He is regarded as one of the leading Sanskrit and English language writers, along with [[K. T. Pandurangi]], R.S. Panchamukhi, [[Surendranath Dasgupta]], and K. Narain exposed and showed the importance of the Dvaita Vedanta in Indian philosophy to the Western world through their English works. Professor L. Stafford Betty says, "Dasgupta, K. Narain and B.N.K.Sharma - the three twentieth-century scholars who are perhaps most responsible for exposing the West to Vedantic Dualism (Dvaita)".{{Sfn|Betty|1978|p=11}} Noted historian [[George M. Moraes]] says, B. N. K. Sharma along with [[Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|R. D. Ranade]], R. S. Panchamukhi and [[K. T. Pandurangi]] as a few of the eminent scholars who brought out the works of [[Purandaradasa]], [[Kanakadasa]] and other saints with critical appreciation.{{Sfn|Moraes|1972|p=261}} He gave his readers something to look forward to with his Dvaita works and is considered to be one of the best scholars India has ever produced.{{Sfn|Balasubramanian|2003|p=448}}{{Sfn|Moraes|1972|p=261}}

==Personal life==
===Family===
B.N.K. Sharma married Hemalatha, who hails from the Myleripalem Jagirdar family belonging to the [[Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] community.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kovaimetro.in/index.php/2024/01/31/3420/|title=The Story of First Jagirdar of Myleripalayam In Coimbatore|date=31 January 2024|publisher=Kovai Metro}}</ref> The couple has one son and one daughter named Sudhindra Krishnamurti Bhavani (popularly known as Dr S.K. Bhavani), who is also a scholar and author of many works and Vibha. His son S.K.Bhavani married Lakshmi and had a son named Purandar who is also a scholar. Sharma's daughter Vibha was married to Srinivasan.{{Sfn|Sharma|2001|p=6}} Sharma's grandson Purandar Bhavani married Asha.{{Sfn|Sharma|2001|p=6}}

B. N. K. Sharma's son S. K. Bhavani worked as a professor at the Department of Sanskrit in Somaiyya College, Bombay and later as the principal of the college. S.K. Bhavani wrote a commentary on [[Bhagavad Gita]] by bringing together a critical and comparative study of Gita as interpreted by [[Adi Shankara]], [[Ramanuja]] and [[Madhva]] schools as well as by modern exponents like [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Aurobindo]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=97}}{{Sfn|Sharma|1978|p=xxvi}}

===Views===
B.N.K. Sharma was a follower of [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Hinduism]], and a strong believer in spirituality. B. N. K. Sharma's family belongs to [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]], but he is a disciple of [[Satyadhyana Tirtha]] of [[Uttaradi Math]]. Their family deity is Lord [[Venkateshwara]] of [[Tirupati]] and used to visit the temple quite often.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=549}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies. 1, Bibliography : Section 1, Volumes 1-2|first=Karl H.|last=Potter|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=1995 |isbn=978-8120803084}}
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition|first=B.N.K|last=Sharma|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000}}
*{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Writers: Akademi Laurels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cno_AQAAIAAJ|first1=Biswajit|last1=Sinha|first2=Ashok Kumar|last2=Choudhury|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|year=1996|isbn = 9788186339312}}
*{{cite book|title=My Latest Four Research Papers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po3XAAAAMAAJ|first=B. N. Krishnamurti|last=Sharma|publisher=The Author|year=2001}}
*{{cite book|title=The Brahmasūtras and Their Principal Commentaries: A Critical Exposition, Volume 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-TtAAAAIAAJ|first=B. N. Krishnamurti|last=Sharma|year=1978|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn = 9788121500357}}
*{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC|first=Amaresh|last=Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1987|isbn=978-8126018031}}
*{{cite book|title=Ninian Smart on World Religions: Traditions and the challenges of modernity. I. Individual traditions. Buddhism. 'Mysticism and scripture in Theravāda Buddhism'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=po7yggWmWbQC|first=Ninian|last=Smart|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2009|isbn = 9780754666387}}
*{{cite book|title=Advaitasiddhi Vs Nyāyāmṛta: An Up To Date Critical Re-Appraisal|url=https://archive.org/details/AdvaitasiddhiVsNyayamrta|publisher=Akhila Bhārata Mādhva Mahamandal|first=B.N. Krishnamurti|last=Sharma|year=1994}}
*{{cite book|title=The Brahmasūtras and Their Principal Commentaries: A Critical Exposition, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5dWAAAAMAAJ|first=B. N. Krishnamurti|last=Sharma|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1974|isbn = 9788121500340}}
*{{cite book|title=Sahitya Akademi awards: books and writers : 1955-1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkkOAQAAMAAJ|first=Sahitya|last=Akademi|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1990|isbn = 9788172010140}}
*{{cite book|title=Guide to Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdVLAQAAIAAJ|first=Karl H.|last=Potter|publisher=G.K. Hall Publishing|year=1988|isbn = 9780816179046}}
*{{cite book|title=Historiography in Indian Languages: Dr. G.M. Moraes Felicitation Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngIcAQAAMAAJ|first=George Mark|last=Moraes |author-link=George M. Moraes|publisher=Oriental Publishers|year=1972}}
*{{cite book|title=Theistic Vedānta, Volume 2, Part 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzcKAQAAMAAJ|first=R.|last=Balasubramanian|publisher=Centre for Studies in Civilizations|year=2003|isbn = 9788187586128}}
*{{cite book|title=Vadiraja's Refutation of Sankara's Non-dualism: Clearing the Way for Theism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHq1QsjLRekC|first=L. Stafford|last=Betty|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1978|isbn = 9788120831582}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQMfAQAAMAAJ|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|year=1969|first=Sham|last=Lal}}
*{{cite book|title=Brahman:A Comparative Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfncAAAAQBAJ|first=Michael|last=Myers|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn = 9781136835728}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
* A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128197 A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature Vol I (English) (1960)]
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128145 A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature Vol II (English) (1960)]
*[https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacarya Philosophy of Sri Madhvacharya (English)]
*[https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgitabhasyaofsrimadhvacaryabnksharma1989ocr Bhagavad Gita Bhashya (English)]
*[https://archive.org/details/MadhvasTeachingInHisOwnWordsBNKSharma Śrī Madhva's Teachings in His Own Words (English)]
*[https://archive.org/details/AdvaitasiddhiVsNyayamrta Advaitasiddhi Vs Nyāyāmṛta: An Up To Date Critical Re-Appraisal (English)]

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, B. N. K.}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]

Prashant Kishor

2026-02-05T04:41:46Z

Locweld: quick enhanced references after review and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prashant Kishor
| image = Prashant Kishor.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kishor addressing a press conference
| office = Founder of [[Jan Suraaj Party]]
| status = —
| term_label = Foundation date
| termstart = 2 October 2024
| office2 = Vice-President of [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| termstart2 = 16 October 2018
| termend2 = 29 January 2020
| predecessor2 = [[Uday Narayan Choudhary]]
| successor2 = [[Lalan Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|03|20|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi University, Johns Hopkins, Engineering, UN Job: What Are Prashant Kishor's Educational Qualifications? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/delhi-university-johns-hopkins-engineering-un-job-what-are-prashant-kishors-educational-qualifications-article-153147870 |work=Times Now |date=13 November 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = Konar, [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]], Bihar, India
| occupation = {{ubl|Politician|[[Political strategist]] (former)|Public health specialist (former)}}
| known_for = {{hlist|Strategising elections in India}}
| spouse = Jahnavi Das<ref>{{cite news |title='इनकी वजह से चिंतामुक्त होकर बिहार में कर पा रहा पदयात्रा', प्रशांत किशोर ने पहली बार कराया अपनी डॉक्टर पत्नी का परिचय |url=https://www.aajtak.in/bihar/story/prashant-kishor-introduced-his-doctor-wife-jahnavi-das-in-a-womens-convention-in-patna-lcln-2021147-2024-08-26 |work=AajTak |language=hi |date=26 August 2024 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>
| children = 1
| party = [[Jan Suraaj Party]] (2022–present)
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal (United)]] (2018–2020)<ref name="JDU vp"/>
| website = {{URL|https://www.jansuraaj.org}}
}}

'''Prashant Kishor'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|p|r|ə|ˈ|ʃ|ɑː|n|t|_|k|ɪ|ˈ|ʃ|ɔːr}} {{respell|pruh|SHAHNT|_|ki|SHOR}}; {{IPA|hi|prəˈʃɑːnt̪ kɪˈʃoːɾ|lang}}}} (born 20 March 1977), colloquially known as '''PK''', is an Indian politician, the founder of the [[Jan Suraaj Party]] and a former [[Political consulting|political strategist]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karthikeyan |first1=Ragamalika |title=It's a win for Prashant Kishor too — but is there a 'magic touch'? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-s-win-prashant-kishor-too-there-magic-touch-148179 |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He worked in public health in a [[United Nations]] funded programme for eight years before venturing into Indian politics and working as a political strategist.<ref name=htorg>{{cite news |title=Election Guru Prashant Kishor Join's Nitish Kumar's JD(U) |url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/bihar/2852/election-guru-prashant-kishor-joins-nitish-kumars-jdu/ |access-date=16 September 2018 |agency=Headlines Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916172501/https://headlinestoday.org/national/bihar/2852/election-guru-prashant-kishor-joins-nitish-kumars-jdu/ |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/poll-strategist-prashant-kishor-joins-jdu/article24960430.ece|title=Poll strategist Prashant Kishor joins JD(U)|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=16 September 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 September 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Kishor has worked as a successful political strategist for several political parties including the [[BJP]], [[JD(U)]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]], [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prashant Kishor joins Nitish Kumar's Janata Dal (United) |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/9OIiymycdDZV5K15dVMAwM/Prashant-Kishor-joins-Nitish-Kumars-Janata-Dal-United.html |access-date=10 March 2020 |work=Livemint |date=16 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Prashant Kishor becomes Advisor to Bihar CM|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prashant-kishor-becomes-advisor-to-bihar-cm/article8138749.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 22 January 2016|access-date = 28 January 2016|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Singh |first1=Shweta |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/politics/prashant-kishor-is-he-really-a-master-poll-strategist-31720/|title=Prashant Kishor- Is He Really A Master Poll Strategist?|date=5 November 2021}}</ref> His first major political campaign was in 2011 to help [[Narendra Modi]], then [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] get re-elected to the CM Office for a third time in the Gujarat Assembly Elections 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/sweet-revenge-how-prashant-kishor-took-on-mighty-modi-shah-machine-ruined-bjp-plans/650751/|title='Sweet revenge': How Prashant Kishor took on mighty Modi-Shah machine & ruined BJP plans|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=2 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prashant-kishor-the-man-who-created-modi-wave-is-nitish-s-deputy-1369031-2018-10-16|title = Prashant Kishor, the man who created Modi wave, is Nitish's deputy| date=16 October 2018 }}</ref> In 2024, he launched the Jan Suraaj Party in Bihar and contested the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].

==Early life==
Kishor was born on 20 March 1977 in Konar village of [[Rohtas district]], [[Bihar]] to Shrikant Pandey, a physician and Sushila Pandey, a homemaker.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part of Prashant Kishor's house in Bihar demolished for road widening project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/part-of-prashant-kishors-house-in-bihar-demolished-for-road-widening-project/article33831036.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=13 February 2021 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=नहीं रहे प्रशांत किशोर के पिता, दिल्ली में हुआ निधन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/patna/news/jdu-leader-prashant-kishor-father-pass-away-01546823.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=2019 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पिता थे कांग्रेसी, मां पॉलिटिक्स के खिलाफ और बीवी...PK की लाइफ से जुड़ी ये बातें जानते हैं आप? |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/news/india-prashant-kishor-family-do-you-know-these-things-about-jansuraaj-pk-life-2653979 |work=ABP Live |language=hi |date=1 April 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी न्यूज़ |date=26 June 2024 |title=आप ब्राह्मण हो, बिहार में कैसे चलेगा? इस सवाल पर क्या बोले प्रशांत किशोर |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/prashant-kishor-on-caste-politics-in-bihar-how-brahman-fit-2723543 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> He later moved to [[Buxar district|Buxar]] where he completed his secondary education.<ref name="News18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jdu-may-field-prashant-kishor-from-buxar-in-2019-polls-to-set-up-clash-against-rjds-jagdanand-singh-1879029.html|title=JD(U) May Field Prashant guhani from Brahmin Bastion Buxar in 2019|website=News18|date=16 September 2018|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== Career ==
Kishor worked in public health<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Sruthijith K. |date=7 October 2013 |title=Prashant Kishor: Meet the most trusted strategist in the Narendra Modi organisation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prashant-kishor-meet-the-most-trusted-strategist-in-the-narendra-modi-organisation/articleshow/23614928.cms |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> programmes funded by the [[United Nations]] for eight years till 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2025 |title=Prashant Kishor educational qualification and career path: From UN public health expert to India's top political strategist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/prashant-kishor-educational-qualification-and-career-path-from-un-public-health-expert-to-indias-top-political-strategist/articleshow/124808266.cms |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He worked as the head of social policy and planning at [[UNICEF]] in [[Chad]], heading a UN aid mission, when he prepared a paper documenting economic prosperity and malnutrition in India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Srishti |last2=Doval |first2=Nikita |date=16 November 2015 |title=Relearning Indian politics, the Prashant Kishor way |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/z8ecilJSX0cpgom8dzZzeM/Relearning-Indian-politics-the-Prashant-Kishor-way.html |work=Mint |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> The paper reportedly was sent to then prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]], and also caught the attention of [[Narendra Modi]], the then chief minister of Gujarat, who invited Kishor for a meeting which with Kishor joining Modi’s team as a political strategist.<ref name=":3" />

==Work as a political strategist==
Kishor has worked as a political strategist for many Indian political parties helping them win elections. It is said that he has been a Kingmaker, ensure the victory of six chief ministers within six years of his work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nakade |first=Shreya |title=प्रशांत किशोर पर छापे क्यों नहीं पड़ते |url=https://dainik.bhaskar.com/u1GELuRXpXb |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

He started his work with the BJP in 2011. Kishor worked reportedly [[Pro bono|''pro'' bono]], and without holding any office in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) or [[Gujarat Government]], Kishor worked as a [[political strategist]] for BJP's pre-election campaign in [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] and [[2014 Lok Sabha election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prashant-kishor-meet-the-most-trusted-strategist-in-the-narendra-modi-organisation/articleshow/23614928.cms?intenttarget=no|title=Prashant Kishor: Meet the most trusted strategist in the Narendra Modi organisation|last=K|first=Sruthijith K.|date=7 October 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010111449/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prashant-kishor-meet-the-most-trusted-strategist-in-the-narendra-modi-organisation/articleshow/23614928.cms?intenttarget=no|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Kishor co-founded Citizens for Accountable Governance (CAG), a media and publicity company in preparation for the May 2014 general election of India, with Robbin Sharrma and others.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vishnoi |first=Anubhuti |date=7 March 2019 |title=Ex-Modi and Nitish campaign head joins team Priyanka Gandhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/ex-modi-and-nitish-campaign-head-joins-team-priyanka-gandhi/articleshow/68296531.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=30 October 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vadlapatla |first=Sribala |date=25 February 2020 |title=Former Prashant Kishor aide joins N Chandrababu Naidu's team as key strategist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/former-pk-aide-joins-naidus-team-as-key-strategist/articleshow/74291273.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=Vasudha |title=Narendra Modi's Citizens for Accountable Governance (CAG): Will it be disbanded or play bigger role? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/narendra-modis-citizens-for-accountable-governance-cag-will-it-be-disbanded-or-play-bigger-role/articleshow/35131371.cms |access-date=16 September 2018 |agency=The Economic Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916130520/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/narendra-modis-citizens-for-accountable-governance-cag-will-it-be-disbanded-or-play-bigger-role/articleshow/35131371.cms |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kishor and his team were credited with formulating an innovative marketing and advertising campaign for Narendra Modi— the ''Chai Pe Charcha'' discussions,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/narendra-modi-to-launch-chai-pe-charcha-campaign-today-550542|title=Narendra Modi to launch 'chai pe charcha' campaign today|work=NDTV.com|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202440/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/narendra-modi-to-launch-chai-pe-charcha-campaign-today-550542|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 3D rallies, Run for Unity,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |author=Sruthijith KK |title=Meet the nonprofit whose backroom work powered Modi to victory |url=http://scroll.in/article/667401/meet-the-nonprofit-that-did-the-backroom-work-to-power-modi-to-victory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119214042/http://scroll.in/article/667401/meet-the-nonprofit-that-did-the-backroom-work-to-power-modi-to-victory |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Manthan and several social media programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/prashant-kishor-modi-ghar-wapsi-bjp-lok-sabha-election-2019-congress-rahul-gandhi/story/1/22589.html|title=Prashant Kishor teaming up with Modi for 2019 general elections reeks of desperation|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202403/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/prashant-kishor-modi-ghar-wapsi-bjp-lok-sabha-election-2019-congress-rahul-gandhi/story/1/22589.html|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, he helped [[Nitish Kumar]] led [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] win the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title='He has temerity to offer gyan to me': Prashant Kishor slams Nitish Kumar, says he refused to lead his party |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/today-he-has-temerity-to-offer-gyan-to-me-prashant-kishor-slams-nitish-kumar-says-he-refused-to-lead-his-party-11389431.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Kishor Joined the [[Janata Dal (United)]] on 16 September 2018 as the vice-president of the party.<ref name="htorg" /><ref name="JDU vp">{{cite news |title=Prashant Kishor is JD(U) vice-president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prashant-kishor-is-jdu-vice-president/article25242411.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 October 2018 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Kishor and other CAG members regrouped as I-PAC to work with Nitish Kumar, in a bid to win a third term as chief minister in the Bihar Legislative Assembly election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prashant Kishor: Man pivot of PM Narendra Modi campaign in talks to help steer JD(U) in Bihar election |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-20/news/62413210_1_pm-narendra-modi-nitish-kumar-prashant-kishor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115205855/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-20/news/62413210_1_pm-narendra-modi-nitish-kumar-prashant-kishor |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=timesofindia-economictimes }}</ref> The claims were that Kishor dramatically influenced the strategy, resources and alliances for the campaign.<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite web |title=Backroom boy who changed the rules |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151109/jsp/nation/story_52204.jsp#.VqIH_fl97VQ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117151633/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151109/jsp/nation/story_52204.jsp#.VqIH_fl97VQ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="TELE1">{{cite news |last=Thakur |first=Sankarshan |date=23 July 2015 |title=Modi's ace versus Modi's ex-mace |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150723/jsp/frontpage/story_33229.jsp |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119195824/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150723/jsp/frontpage/story_33229.jsp |archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> Upon winning the Bihar elections, Chief Minister Nitish Kumar named Kishor as his advisor for planning and programme implementation, with a brief look for ways to implement the seven-point agenda that was promised during Kumar's election campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anuja |date=22 January 2016 |title=Prashant Kishor appointed Nitish Kumar's advisor |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/If4Zf4EeO7eaPc5fjWkPEP/Prashant-Kishor-appointed-Nitish-Kumars-advisor.html |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Manish |first=Sai |date=11 March 2017 |title=Behind Congress' Punjab election win: Prashant Kishor's behind-the-scenes magic at display |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/behind-congress-punjab-election-win-prashant-kishor-s-behind-the-scenes-magic-117031100224_1.html |access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> In 2020, Kishor was involved with the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath |date=21 February 2020 |title=Bihar Opposition leaders meet Prashant Kishor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-opposition-leaders-meet-prashant-kishor/article30883288.ece |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rohit Kumar |date=23 February 2020 |title=Baat Bihar Ki: Prashant Kishor's ambitious campaign for Bihar to be launched today |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/baat-bihar-ki-prashant-kishor-campaign-youth-launch-1648185-2020-02-20 |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

In 2016 the [[Indian National Congress]] employed Kishor for the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2016 |title=Uttar Pradesh elections: For third time this year, Congress seeks list of likely candidates |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh-elections-for-third-time-this-year-congress-seeks-list-of-likely-candidates-4414215/ |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, these elections were a failure for Congress and Kishor as BJP won more than 300 seats and Congress could only manage seven seats. This was also the first and only time Kishor failed to help a party win the elections.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2017 |title=Prashant Kishor: Master strategist who sank the Congress ship in Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/prashant-kishor-master-strategist-who-sank-the-congress-ship-in-uttar-pradesh-3334376.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430224318/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/prashant-kishor-master-strategist-who-sank-the-congress-ship-in-uttar-pradesh-3334376.html |archive-date=30 April 2017 |access-date=5 May 2017 |website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref>

Kishor has successfully worked with several other political parties in India as well including [[Amarinder Singh]] for the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Captain Amarinder Singh Won Punjab: Here's the Inside Story |language=en |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/politics/2017/03/28/how-congress-campaign-won-punjab-election |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330003214/https://www.thequint.com/politics/2017/03/28/how-congress-campaign-won-punjab-election |archive-date=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=Amarinder-Prashant Kishor 'Jodi' Ensured Congress' Punjab Comeback |language=en |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/punjab-elections-2017/2017/03/12/capt-amarinder-prashant-kishor-jodi-clicked-for-congress-in-punjab-rahul-gandhi-arvind-kejriwal-ipac-modi-nitish |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330010532/https://www.thequint.com/punjab-elections-2017/2017/03/12/capt-amarinder-prashant-kishor-jodi-clicked-for-congress-in-punjab-rahul-gandhi-arvind-kejriwal-ipac-modi-nitish |archive-date=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The man who won Punjab: breaking down Captain Amarinder's path to victory |language=en |work=CatchNews.com |url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/the-man-who-won-punjab-breaking-down-captain-amarinder-s-path-to-victory-54968.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330003023/http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/the-man-who-won-punjab-breaking-down-captain-amarinder-s-path-to-victory-54968.html |archive-date=30 March 2017}}</ref> [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] for the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nitin B. |date=24 March 2019 |title=Inside I-PAC's war room for Jagan Mohan Reddy's Chief Ministerial campaign |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/inside-i-pacs-war-room-jagan-mohan-reddys-chief-ministerial-campaign-98878 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]] for the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeelani |first1=Gulam |date=12 February 2020 |title=How AK-62 fired on all cylinders |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/aap-arvind-kejriwal-2020-delhi-election-results-1645569-2020-02-12 |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> [[Mamata Banerjee]] for the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |date=22 February 2020 |title='Adviser' Prashant Kishor has altered political discourse of Mamata's TMC |language=en |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/adviser-prashant-kishor-has-altered-political-discourse-of-mamata-s-tmc-119110601735_1.html |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=ANI |date=10 April 2021 |title=Prashant Kishor's leaked audio chat increases political temperature in Bengal, TMC hits out at BJP |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/prashant-kishors-leaked-audio-chat-increases-political-temperature-in-bengal-tmc-hits-out-at-bjp/articleshow/82006817.cms |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> and [[M. K. Stalin]] for the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] as well.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |date=3 February 2020 |title=DMK teams up with Prashant Kishor's I-PAC for 2021 Tamil Nadu polls |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-teams-up-with-prashant-kishor-s-i-pac-for-2021-tami-nadu-polls-1642677-2020-02-03 |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>

=== Retirement ===
After the win of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election and DMK in the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, Kishor declared that he was quitting as an election strategist.<ref name="NDTV_May2021">{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Sreenivasan |last2=Ghosh |first2=Deepshikha |title=NDTV Exclusive: Bengal Won, Prashant Kishor Says "Quitting This Space" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-prashant-kishor-tells-ndtv-results-may-seem-one-sided-but-it-was-a-tough-fight-on-trinamool-congresss-show-i-2426363 |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=NDTV |date=3 May 2021}}</ref> In an interview with [[NDTV]] on 2 May 2021, Kishor told anchor [[Sreenivasan Jain]] on live TV, "I do not want to continue what I am doing. I have done enough. Time for me to take a break and do something else in life. I want to quit this space."<ref name="NDTV_May2021"/>

== Personal life ==
Kishor is married to Jahnavi Das, a physician hailing from [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. The couple have a son together.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 2021 |title=लेडी डॉक्टर पर दिल हार बैठे थे PK, रचाई शादी, जानिए कौन हैं प्रशांत किशोर की पत्नी |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/prashant-kishor-lovestory-wife-marriage-family-know-all-about-love-and-lifestory-of-pm-narendra-modi-nitish-kumar-mamata-banerjee-political-strategist-pk/1745129/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2018 |title=बिहार से राजनीति में कदम रखने वाले प्रशांत किशोर के बारे में यह बातें नहीं जानते होंगे आप |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/prashant-kishore-is-all-set-to-start-his-new-journey-from-bihar-know-some-facts-about-him |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Jan Suraaj ==
{{Main|Jan Suraaj}}
A year later on 2 May 2021, Kishor hinted toward the formation of a political outfit of his own with a tweet that said that it was time to go to the "Real Masters, The People" and on the path of "Jan Suraaj-Peoples Good Governance{{Sic}}"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2 May 2022 |title=Prashant Kishor announces plans for political outfit, says 'beginning from Bihar' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prashant-kishor-announces-plans-for-political-outfit-says-beginning-from-bihar/article65374909.ece |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>—similar to his last campaign titled "Baat Bihar Ki". Kishor announced a 3,000 km [[Padyatra]] which would take place across Bihar, and would involve Kishor meeting with people from all across the state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Piyush |title=Prashant Kishor announces 3,000-km Padyatra from Bapu's 'Karmbhumi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/prashant-kishor-announces-3000-km-padyatra-from-bapus-karmbhumi/articleshow/91352719.cms |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=5 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The "Padyatra" took place under his "Jan Suraaj Padyatra" campaign. One of the stated goals of the campaign was to form a political party, which he estimated would fight its first election in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shandilya |first=Shivam |date=4 December 2023 |title=Bihar Assembly Polls: Prashant Kishor's Jan Suraaj To Contest On All 243 Seats In 2025 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bihar-assembly-polls-prashant-kishor-jan-suraaj-to-contest-on-all-243-seats-in2025-10118134 |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

On 2 October 2024, Kishor announced the Jan Suraaj campaign as a formal political party, which was named as the Jan Suraaj Party (JSP).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=5 September 2024 |title=Prashant Kishor's upcoming Jan Suraaj party may contest bypolls in Bihar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/prashant-kishors-upcoming-jan-suraaj-party-may-contest-bypolls-in-bihar/article68609576.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/10/08/brad-battin-needs-to-cover-a-few-more-yards/|title=Brad needs to cover few more yards |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=8 October 2025 }}</ref> On 9 October 2025, JSP released its first candidate list of 51 candidates for the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly, followed by the second list with 71 more candidates.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jan Suraaj Party Candidates List for Bihar Elections 2025: Who is in first list of Prashant Kishor's political party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/candidates-list-for-bihar-assembly-election-2025-jan-suraaj-party-candidates-10297350/ |work=The Indian Express |date=9 October 2025 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> It was speculated that he will be contesting election from the [[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur assembly constituency]], but on 14 October, Kishor confirmed that he himself will not contest the election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=15 October 2025 |title=Why PK decided not to contest Bihar polls, and what it means for Jan Suraaj & its rivals |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-pk-decided-not-to-contest-bihar-polls-and-what-it-means-for-jan-suraaj-its-rivals/2764468/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

Jan Suraaj Party did not win any seat in the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Chandrashekar |date=17 November 2025 |title='Zero Seats, 99% Candidates Flopped': BJP Mocks Prashant Kishor's Poll Debut |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-election-results-bihar-assembly-election-news-prashant-kishor-jan-suraaj-party-flops-bihar-election-bjp-amit-malviya-x-9648711 |work=NDTV |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em|group=lower-alpha}}
=== Citations ===
<references />

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.jansuraaj.org/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishor, Prashant}}
[[Category:Jan Suraaj Party politicians]]
[[Category:UNICEF people]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Indian campaign managers]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Looteri Dulhan

2026-01-28T22:37:51Z

Locweld:

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| runtime = 24 minutes
| creator = {{ubl|Ajit Anjum|[[Zaigham Imam]]}}
| director = Prasad Gavandi
| writer = {{ubl|Raakesh Paswan,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Looteri Dulhan under the scanner?|url=https://www.yahoo.com/amphtml/news/looteri-dulhan-under-the-scanner-162709119.html|last=|first=|date=18 May 2011|website=[[Yahoo News]]|access-date=}}</ref>|Rahil Qazi|Brij Mohan Pandey}}
| producer = Anuradha Prasad
| starring =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company = BAG Films
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Imagine TV]]
| num_episodes = 80
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|3|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2011|8|11|df=y}}
}}

'''''Looteri Dulhan''''' ({{Translation|''The plunder bride''}}) is a Hindi television serial. That premiered on ImagineTV on 28 March 2011 and concluded on 11 August 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beware of the bride|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/beware-of-the-bride/765021/|last=|first=|date=|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=It's curtains for Looteri Dulhan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Its-curtains-for-Looteri-Dulhan/articleshow/9297407.cms|last=|first=|date=20 July 2011|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> The show is inspired by real happenings of groom duping incidents based on [[Rajasthan]] and [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Runaway bride|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Runaway-bride/article14961137.ece|last=|first=|date=25 March 2011|website=The Hindu|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Conning old men|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/conning-old-men/|last=|first=|date=18 March 2011|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bach ke rehna|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bach-ke-rehna/story-2uLiXJBmeeL107pfxWXPHL.html|last=|first=|date=29 March 2011|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=}}</ref>

==Story==

Looteri Dulhen is the story of Billo, a girl adopted by a Haryanvi family, who position themselves as sari traders from Uttar Pradesh. Their real business is to con 70-plus men who want to marry young woman and then flee with their valuables.

The show is loosely based on true incidents. Billo from UP, along with her family runs a business of robbing people by falsely marrying them and then fleeing with valuables soon after the wedding. The family otherwise owns a saree shop and their neighbours think that is how they make a living. Billo has been raised and trained by this family only for the con business. Billo was separated from her parents when she was very young, owing to severe flooding in their village. Each time that Billo marries a new ‘target’, she hopes she will somehow, amongst the guests and families, find her real family again.

At another such wedding, Billo meets her real father, and he happens to do her kanyadan. Billo decides that since her real father has given her away in marriage, this is a sacred relation for her. She will not cheat this man; this is the one that she will settle down with. She tells her husband Abhinav her true identity but, this time, the game is on her. Abhinav is already married, with a terminally sick wife, for whose treatment he now requires Billo to keep working as Looteri Dulhan.

They loot a new victim and flee with Suman to another city for her treatment, because the police was after them. This was something Suman wasn't aware of because she gets more ill; they did all that in an emergency. Suman couldn't survive. When she had some days left, she said that her last wish would be that she could return home to her in-laws.

Abhinav belonged to a rich family with a grandfather, grandmother, his father, his mother, his uncle, uncle's wife, his younger uncle and his wife, his two younger sisters and younger brother. But his father didn't accept Summan as his daughter-in-law. Because of that, he suspected that her father who was their cleaner was a thief which wasn't true.

Because of the family, Suman came home at the last moment she was alive. She got ill there and they went to her room. The last thing she said to Abhinav was that he would promise her to accept Billo as her wife after she died. Everyone in the family thought that Billo was Suman's sister.

After a time Abhinav's brother came back home after being out of the house for a while. He fell in love with Billo and so did Abhinav.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Actor
!Role
|-
| Krishna Gokani / [[Supriya Kumari]]
| Billo Singh / Looteri Dulhan
|-
| [[Mrunal Jain]]
| Abhinav
|-
| Bharti Khandare
| Sukhi Singh
|-
| Yajuvendra Singh
| Angrez Singh
|-
| [[Smita Singh]]
| Dehli Singh
|-
| [[Sitaram Panchal]]
| Ramcharitar Singh
|-
|[[Vishal O Sharma]]
| Diamond Singh
|-
|[[Shalini Chandran]]
|Suman<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shalini's character ends in Looteri Dulhan|url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/news/shalinis-character-ends-looteri-dulhan-065002547.html|last=|first=|date=|website=Yahoo|access-date=}}</ref>
|}

==Launched==
The series, with a budget of about ₹1.5 crores, from its launch had a low viewership. Due to the less viewership causing losses, it went on a revamp in June 2011 with exit of the entire cast except the leads [[Supriya Kumari]] and [[Mrunal Jain]] and addition with a new cast of 17 members with cost efficient actors.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Smita out of Looteri Dulhan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Smita-out-of-Looteri-Dulhan/articleshow/8698225.cms|last=|first=|date=3 June 2011|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> However this also did not work for them and the series was cancelled in August 2011.<ref name=":0" />

Billo was initially played by Krishna Gokani who was later replaced by [[Supriya Kumari]] in May 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|title=It's Supriya Kumari who gets into the shoes of Krishna Gokani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-female-lead-in-the-show-Looteri-Dulhan-is-going-to-be-replaced-Its-Supriya-Kumari-who-gets-into-the-shoes-of-Krishna-Gokani-/articleshow/8552671.cms|last=|first=|date=24 May 2011|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/looteri-dulhan ''Looteri Dulhan''] on Dangal Play
{{Imagine Programmes}}

[[Category:Imagine TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]

Charles Allen (writer)

2026-01-20T15:16:24Z

Locweld: enhance intro for accuracy and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|British freelance writer (1940–2020)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charles Allen
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|01|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cawnpore]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[British India]] (now [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|8|16|1940|1|2|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Writer and historian
| relatives =
| spouse =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Charles Robin Allen''' (2 January 1940 – 16 August 2020) was a British freelance writer and [[popular historian]] from London. His British parents were both born in India.

==Biography==
Charles Allen was born in present-day [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, where six generations of his family served under the [[British Raj]]. His father was a political officer on the North East Frontier.<ref>From frontispiece ''Tales From The South China Sea'' Futura Publications 1983</ref> When Allen was four years old his father, Geoffrey St G.T. Allen was appointed Assistant Political Officer on the Balipara Frontier Tract in Assam, India. For several years the family lived at Sadiay, on the banks of the Brahmaputra River. It was here that Allen met the various tribesmen, mostly Abor and Mishmi warriors, that came down from the hills. Later when Allen had returned to England he heard about the exploits of his great-grandfather, Colonel [[St G. C. Gore]], Surveyor-General of India from 1899 to 1904, who had spent a lot of time in the Himalayas. Allen also met Colonel [[Kenneth Mason (geographer)|Kenneth Mason]], who had been one of the last players in The [[Great Game]], (a term that referred to the geo-political manoeuvrings between Great Britain and Russia in the late 19th and early 20th-centuries) Allen also received inspiration for his writing from earlier authors such as [[Sven Hedin]].<ref>Preface to ''A Mountain in Tibet'' p. 7 Futura Edition 1983</ref>

When India became independent, in August 1947, the Allen family returned to England. However, not long after this move, Allen's father was asked to return to India to continue his work for the government. Allen and his brother stayed on in England to complete their education. Allen left Canford school, Dorset, with no qualifications. His only formal education was 18 months at a college in Perugia, Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Charles Allen obituary |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/21/charles-allen-obituary |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Between 1966 and 1967 Allen moved to Nepal to work with Voluntary Service Overseas. In Nepal Allen developed a fascination with Buddhism and as time passed he began to see himself as “Buddhist”. In Kathmandu he met his future wife, Liz Gould, whom he married in 1972. Allen supported the rights of low-caste Dalits, opposing the injustices that he had seen when growing up in India. It was at this time that he became convinced that he had a future as a travel writer. Following his work with Voluntary Service Overseas, Allen embarked on a Himalayan Trek which won him the Sunday Telegraph Traveler of the year trophy in 1967.<ref>John Murray Press contributor website</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Charles Allen obituary |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/21/charles-allen-obituary |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

Success as a writer, came in 1974 via his involvement with the [[BBC Radio 4]] oral history series and subsequent book ''Plain Tales from the Raj''. As Allen stated in the preface to the book, "It was my good luck to attend Michael Mason, as chela to his guru, serving my apprenticeship as an oral historian by being sent out with a bulky tape-recorder to interview 'survivors' of the British Raj in their homes." In December 1975, Allen was travelling in India when he received news that the book had reached the best seller list in the UK, vying with Edward Heath's new book ''Sailing''.<ref>From Preface to new edition of ''Plain Tales from the Raj'', Abacus 2008</ref> Subsequently, Allen spent long periods of his adult life in India as a traveller and writer of history.<ref>Information from the biography of Allen</ref> Allen also trekked and climbed extensively in the Himalayas, arctic Norway, the jungles of Sarawak and in 1979 was among the first foreigners for many years to reach "Cow Mouth" which is the traditional source of the Ganges River which lies at 3,962m (13,000 feet) above sea level, in the Gangotri glacier. The river emanates from a cavern called Gaumukh, meaning 'Cow's Mouth', because of its shape.<ref>From frontispiece ''Tales From The South China Sea'' Futura Publications 1983. And The British Library on line http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000108u00013000.html</ref> Allen's work focuses largely on India and the [[Indian subcontinent]] in general.
Allen was criticised for not acknowledging the subcontinent's natural and political history during the British rule by Edward Said in his book ''Orientalism''. Allen countered in 2015 that “We use that word history — we bandy it about too seriously. History is a minefield. It has always been used as propaganda. We have to look at it with an open mind.”

Allen died at his home in London, England on 16 August 2020 aged 80.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Charles Allen obituary |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/21/charles-allen-obituary |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> He is survived by his children and his wife, Elizabeth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ratnam |first1=Dhamini |title=Charles Allen, author of Ashoka, no more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/charles-allen-author-of-ashoka-no-more/story-xY0MCNa26FNPUFuvV4x1hL.html |accessdate=18 August 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 August 2020}}</ref> Allen was awarded the Sir Percy Sykes gold medal in 2004, by the [[Royal Society for Asian Affairs]] for his services to south Asian history. At the time of his death he had just completed ''Aryans'', a book, which tells the story of ancient Aryan migration to India. The book was published in 2023. He was an active Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Asiatic Society, a Council Member of the Kipling Society and a Member of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs and the Frontline Club.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Parvathi |date=2015-01-03 |title=I believe in the Age of Reason: Charles Allen |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/lit-for-life/i-believe-in-the-age-of-reason-charles-allen/article59861836.ece |access-date=2022-11-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Among his works are ''[[Kipling Sahib: India and the making of Rudyard Kipling]]'', a biography of [[Rudyard Kipling]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pindar |first=Ian |date=2008-09-19 |title=Kipling Sahib |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/20/biography.roundupreviews |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/kipling-sahib-by-charles-allen-763421.html ''Kipling Sahib'' reviewed in ''The Independent''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118071450/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/kipling-sahib-by-charles-allen-763421.html |date=18 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Works==

===Books===
* 1975. ''Plain Tales from the Raj: Images of British India in the Twentieth Century''.
* 1977. ''RAJ: A Scrapbook of British India 1877-1947''. {{ISBN|978-0-312-66307-0}}
* 1979. ''Tales from the Dark Continent: Images of British Colonial Africa in the Twentieth Century''.
* 1982. ''A Mountain in Tibet: The Search for Mount Kailas and the Sources of the Great Rivers of Asia''. {{ISBN|978-0-349-13938-8}}
* 1983. ''Tales from the South China Seas: Images of the British in South-East Asia in the Twentieth Century''.
* 1984. ''Lives of the Indian Princes'', with co-author [[Sharada Dwivedi]].
* 1987. ''Kipling's Kingdom: His Best Indian Stories''.
* 1986. ''A Glimpse of the Burning Plain: Leaves from the Journals of Charlotte Canning''.
* 1988. ''A Soldier of the Company: Life of an Indian Ensign 1833-43''. {{ISBN|978-0-7181-3121-0}}
* 1989. ''Architecture of the British Empire, Ed. R. Fermor-Hesketh''.
* 1990. ''The Savage Wars of Peace: Soldiers' Voices 1945-1989''. {{ISBN|978-0-7181-2882-1}}
* 1991. ''Thunder and Lightning: the RAF in the Gulf War''.
* 1999. ''The Search for Shangri-La: a Journey into Tibetan History''.
* 2000. ''India Through the Lens: Photography 1840-1911, Ed. Vidya Dehejia''.
* 2000. ''Soldier Sahibs: the Men who Made the North-West Frontier''. {{ISBN|978-0-7867-0861-1}}.
* 2002. ''The Buddha and the Sahibs: the Men who Discovered India's Lost Religion''.
* 2004. ''Duel in the Snows: the True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa''.
* 2005. ''Maharajas: Resonance from the Past''.
* 2006. ''God's Terrorists: the Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad''.
* 2007. ''Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling''.{{ISBN|978-0-349-11685-3}}.
* 2008. ''The Buddha and Dr Fuhrer: an Archaeological Scandal''. {{ISBN|978-0-14-341574-9}}.
* 2011. ''The Taj at Apollo Bunder: the History of the Taj Mahal Palace, Mumbai'', with co-author Sharada Dwivedi.
* 2012. ''Ashoka: the Search for India's Lost Emperor''. {{ISBN|978-1-4683-0071-0}}.
* 2015. ''The Prisoner of Kathmandu: Brian Hodgson in Nepal 1820-43''. {{ISBN|978-1-910376-11-9}}.
* 2017. ''Coromandel: a personal history of South India''. {{ISBN|978-1-4087-0539-1}}.
* 2017. Introduction to Rudyard Kipling, ''The Eyes of Asia''.
* 2023. ''Aryans: The Search for a People, a Place and a Myth''. {{ISBN|9789357312684}}.

===Film===
* 2013. ''[[Bones of the Buddha]]'' (host).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Charles}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kanpur]]
[[Category:British historians]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Nepal]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:People educated at Canford School]]

John Aldam Aizlewood

2026-01-20T14:18:50Z

Locweld: updated page

{{Short description|British and Indian Army officer (1895–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|name= John Aldan Aizlewood
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MC*|DL}}
|image= John Aldam Aizlewood.jpg
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1895|1|4|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Sheffield]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England
|death_date= {{death date and age|1990|9|27|1895|1|4|df=yes}}
|death_place= [[Cheltenham]], [[Gloucestershire]], England
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Army]]
|serviceyears= 1914–1945
|rank= [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|servicenumber= 13500
|unit= [[4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards|4th (Royal Irish) Dragoon Guards]] [[4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards]]
|commands= [[42nd Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|42nd Armoured Division]] [[30th Armoured Brigade]] [[29th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|29th Armoured Brigade]] [[252nd Indian Armoured Brigade|2nd Indian Armoured Brigade Group]] [[3rd (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade]] [[4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards]]
|battles= [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Military Cross]] & [[Medal bar|Bar]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (2)
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''John Aldam Aizlewood''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|MC1|DL}} (4 January 1895 – 27 September 1990) was a senior [[British Army]] officer who served in the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s.

==Military career==
John Aldan Aizlewood was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] into the [[4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards]] on 12 August 1914.<ref name=lh>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/AIZLEWOOD.shtml|title=Aizlewood, John Aldam |publisher=Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322045143/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/AIZLEWOOD.shtml |access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=2009-03-22 }}</ref><ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946">Half Yearly Army List January 1946</ref> He served in the [[First World War]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] and was awarded the [[Military Cross]] (MC) and [[Medal bar|Bar]] while serving with the [[Machine Gun Corps]].<ref name=lh/> The citation for his MC, awarded in January 1918, reads:<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30651|page=4994|supp=y|date=23 April 1918}}</ref>

{{Quote|For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty when with the leading troops of an advanced guard. Owing to his initiative and resource an enemy ammunition column was destroyed, a headquarters raided, and several officers, fifty men and two machine guns were captured.}}

The Bar to his MC, awarded in June, reads:<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30761|page=7397|supp=y|date=21 June 1918}}</ref>

{{Quote|For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. On the troops on his right flank withdrawing, he immediately organised a counter-attack, leading it himself, by which the lost ground was regained. He succeeded in (maintaining his position, displaying the greatest initiative and gallantry throughout a most trying period.}}

After the war, Aizlewood became a [[brigade major]] in India in 1927<ref name=lh/> and attended the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Staff College, Quetta]], from 1932 to 1933, alongside future generals [[John Grover (British Army officer)|John Grover]] and [[Edmund Hakewill-Smith]]. From 1936 to 1939 he was the [[commanding officer]] of the [[4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://generals.dk/general/Aizlewood/John_Aldam/Great_Britain.html|title=Aizlewood, John Aldam|publisher=Generals.dk|access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref> He was promoted colonel 1 August 1939 with seniority 25 May that year.<ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946"/>

Aizlewood also served in the [[Second World War]], initially becoming commander of the [[3rd (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade]] in 1939.<ref name=lh/> In August 1941 as part of Paiforce (formerly [[Iraqforce]]), Brigadier Aizlewood commanded ''Hazelforce'' and the [[252nd Indian Armoured Brigade|2nd Indian Armoured Brigade Group]]<ref name=lh/> during the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia]]. He moved on to be commander of the [[30th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|30th Armoured Brigade]] in August 1942 and then took responsibility for completing the conversion of the [[42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division]] into a mechanised unit as the [[42nd Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|42nd Armoured Division]] in December 1942.<ref name=lh/>

Returning to the United Kingdom, Aizlewood was appointed commander of Essex and Suffolk District in late 1943 and acting [[General Officer Commanding]]-in-Chief for [[Eastern Command (United Kingdom)|Eastern Command]] in 1944 while Sir [[Alan Cunningham]] was away: he retired 9 May 1945 as an honorary major general.<ref name=lh/><ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946"/>

In retirement he was Colonel of the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards from 1948 to 1958.<ref name=lh/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book| first=Nick| last=Smart| title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War| isbn=1844150496| year=2005| location=Barnesley| publisher=Pen & Sword}}

==External links==
*[http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_A04.html#Aizlewood_JA British Army Officers 1939−1945]
*[https://generals.dk/general/Aizlewood/John_Aldam/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Miles Dempsey]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[42nd Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|GOC 42nd Armoured Division]]|years=1942–1943}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Geoffrey Charles Evans|Geoffrey Evans]] (as GOC [[42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division|42nd (Lancashire) Division]])}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aizlewood}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:People educated at Uppingham School]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards officers]]
[[Category:Machine Gun Corps officers]]
[[Category:4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards officers]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Command and Staff College Quetta]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Sheffield]]

Arsande

2026-01-06T17:40:26Z

Locweld: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arsande
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4284|N|85.3370|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.64
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9582
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Kanke block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 834006
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 0651
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 89.50%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Arsande''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Kanke block|Kanke]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= Arsande (CT)|shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black 
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Arsande is located at {{coord|23.4284|N|85.3370|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref name="censusindia" />

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Arsande had a total population of 9,582, of which 4,966 (52%) were males and 4,616 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,097. The total number of literate persons in Arsande was 7,556 (89.50% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373566, page 28-29|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi'', Arsande covered an area of 4.64 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 6 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, tube well/ borewell, overhead tank. It had 1,589 domestic electric connections, 12 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 2 hospitals, 7 dispensaries, 7 health centres, 5 family welfare centres, 7 maternity and child welfare centres, 9 maternity homes, 1 nursing home, 4 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 1 primary school, 1 secondary schools, Other school facilities at Boreya 1.5 km away. An important commodity it produced was furniture. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 675-681| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 10 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]

Nagar–Akola Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:17:17Z

Locweld: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagar-Akola
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 216,871
| mla = [[Madhukar Pichad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Nagar-Akola Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Yeshwant Sakharam Bahangare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. K. Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Yeshwant Rao Bhangare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Ashok Yashwant Bhangare
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=6 | [[Madhukar Pichad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=73,405 |percentage=47.97% |change={{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Yashwant Bhangare |party=Shiv Sena |votes=68,485 |percentage=44.76% |change={{increase}}24.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lahmate Yamaji Sakharam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,064 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barde Rajandra Pandhrinath |party=Independent politician |votes=3,683 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Korade Khandu Ramaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,345 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,920 |percentage=3.22% |change= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=153,008 |percentage=70.54% |change= {{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,871 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=45,417 |percentage=37.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Yashwant Bhangare |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,107 |percentage=35.61% |change={{decrease}}17.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Somnath Mhatarba Mengal |party=Shiv Sena |votes=24,172 |percentage=19.97% |change={{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,310 |percentage=1.91% |change= {{decrease}}20.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=121,063 |percentage=60.45% |change= {{decrease}}15.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,690 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=77,758 |percentage=52.73% |change={{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Yashwant Bhangare |party=Independent politician |votes=44,726 |percentage=30.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Vithalrao Deoram |party=Shiv Sena |votes=6,552 |percentage=4.44% |change={{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zade Dnyaneshwar Bhau |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,112 |percentage=3.47% |change={{decrease}}29.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wayal Gopinath Janku |party=Independent politician |votes=5,102 |percentage=3.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghane Ramchandra Bhagaji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes=1,105 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kondar Kisan Laxman |party=Independent politician |votes=951 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,032 |percentage=22.40% |change= {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=147,464 |percentage=76.78% |change= {{increase}}17.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,625 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,446 |percentage=55.62% |change={{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Yashwant Bhangare |party=Janata Dal |votes=34,539 |percentage=33.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sable Kashinath Nagu |party=Shiv Sena |votes=3,932 |percentage=3.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Somnath Bhangare |party=Independent politician |votes=2,103 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Vikram Damu |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=842 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wayal Gopinath Janku |party=Independent politician |votes=726 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,907 |percentage=22.18% |change= {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,290 |percentage=60.89% |change= {{increase}}8.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,110 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,261 |percentage=49.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajaram Sakharam Bhahgare |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=25,883 |percentage=35.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. K. Deshmukh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,890 |percentage=8.05% |change={{decrease}}19.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Ramji Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,922 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Korade Khandu Ramji |party=Independent politician |votes=1,177 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,378 |percentage=14.18% |change= {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,203 |percentage=52.89% |change= {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,501 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=25,182 |percentage=43.27% |change={{increase}}24.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mengal Sakru Budha |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,310 |percentage=28.03% |change={{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhangare Yeshawantrao Sakharam |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=10,538 |percentage=18.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawade Laxman Nanhu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,727 |percentage=4.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talape Dattu Yamana |party=Independent politician |votes=779 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gabhale Maruti Dagadu |party=Independent politician |votes=763 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,872 |percentage=15.24% |change= {{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,197 |percentage=44.96% |change= {{decrease}}13.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,218 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Yashwant Bhangare |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,636 |percentage=37.89% |change={{decrease}}26.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Eknath Shankar |party=Janata Party |votes=13,718 |percentage=20.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Bapurao Krishnaji |party=Communist Party of India |votes=13,487 |percentage=19.94% |change={{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pichand Madhukar Kashiath |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=12,852 |percentage=19.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,918 |percentage=17.62% |change= {{decrease}}22.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,652 |percentage=57.97% |change= {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,316 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Yeshwant Rao Bhangare |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,445 |percentage=63.92% |change={{increase}}25.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapurao Deshmukh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,482 |percentage=24.11% |change={{decrease}}33.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nawali Narayan Ramaji |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=3,882 |percentage=8.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,963 |percentage=39.81% |change= {{increase}}20.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,631 |percentage=54.24% |change= {{decrease}}11.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,451 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=B. K. Deshmukh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=30,055 |percentage=57.59% |change={{increase}}23.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Y. S. Bhangare |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,073 |percentage=38.46% |change={{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,982 |percentage=19.13% |change= {{increase}}15.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,190 |percentage=65.56% |change= {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,464 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagar-Akola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Yeshwant Sakharam Bahangare |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,589 |percentage=37.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barku Alias Bapurao Krishnaji Deshmukh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=12,421 |percentage=34.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Shankar Deshmukh |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=5,973 |percentage=16.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Ramji Navali |party=Independent politician |votes=2,177 |percentage=5.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,168 |percentage=3.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,517 |percentage=52.88% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,593 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Brahmahatya

2026-01-05T10:06:11Z

Locweld: Created a info.

{{Short description|Sanskrit term for Brahminicide}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Brahmahatya''' ({{Langx|sa|ब्रह्महत्या|translit=Brahmahatyā}}), also rendered '''Brahmanahatya''' ({{Langx|sa|ब्राह्मणहत्या|translit=Brāhmaṇahatyā}}), refers to Brahminicide or killing of a [[Brahmin]], one of the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]s'' (social classes). The ''[[Manusmriti]]'' regards the murder of a Brahmin to be one of the five greatest sins (''[[maha pataka]]s'').

== Description ==
Brahmahatya refers to the killing of a [[Brahmin]], one of the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]s'' (social classes) of ancient Hindu society.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=D. Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA579 |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |date=25 September 2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-199-70902-1 |page=579}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA96 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=27 March 2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-195-33261-2 |page=96 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&pg=PA409 |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |date=30 September 2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-199-59334-7 |page=409}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patton |first=Laurie L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZjp0kIK5fsC&pg=PA119 |title=Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation |date=1 July 1994 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-791-41938-0 |page=119 }}</ref> The ''[[Manusmriti]]'' regards the murder of a Brahmin to be one of the five greatest sins (''[[maha pataka]]s'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Peggy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |title=Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions |date=16 February 2007 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=978-0-748-63002-8 |page=41}}</ref>

In the [[Hindu texts]] such as the [[Puranas]],
''Brahmahatya'' is personified as a hideous woman possessing red hair and wearing blue robes, and laughing boisterously, chasing the murderers of Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J81MEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |title=The Skanda Purana Part 4: Ancient Indian Tradition And Mythology [Volume 52] |last2=Bhatt |first2=G. P. |date=1993 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-8-120-81082-2 |page=162 }}</ref>

There are other activities (''anupatakas'') such as murder of a menstruating or pregnant woman, killing of a [[kshatriya]] or one who has given a sacrifice, causing harm to a child or causing an [[abortion]], and harming someone who has sought refuge, are mentioned as equivalent to committing ''Brahmahatya''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature|author=Terence Day|year=1982|isbn=978-0-919-81215-4|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|page=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism|author=Monier Monier-Williams|year=1882|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|page=64}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Aspects of Hindu morality|author=Saral Jhingran|year=1989|isbn=978-8-120-80574-3|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|page=62}}</ref>

== Literature ==
In the [[Hindu epic]] of ''[[Ramayana]]'', when [[Indra]] kills [[Vritra]], he incurs the sin of ''brahmahatya'' and is immediately paralysed, falling unconscious. The deities arrange for the purification of Indra's sin with the performance of the [[ashvamedha]] sacrifice.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFReDQAAQBAJ&dq=Brahmahaty%C4%81&pg=PA129 |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VII: Uttarakāṇḍa |date=20 December 2016 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-400-88456-8 |page=129 }}</ref> In the same epic, to expiate [[Rama]]'s sin of ''brahmahatya'' for the killing of [[Ravana]], his wife, [[Sita]], worships a [[lingam]], a form of [[Shiva]], created out of sand at [[Rameswaram]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-R5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Brahmahaty%C4%81+R%C4%81ma&pg=PA163 |title=When the Goddess was a Woman: Mahābhārata Ethnographies - Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel, volume 2 |date=27 July 2011 |publisher=[[BRILL]] |isbn=978-9-004-21622-8 |page=163 }}</ref>

The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' describes the legend of Shiva taking the form of [[Bhikshatana]]. Having decapitated one of [[Brahma]]'s heads, Shiva incurs the sin of ''brahmahatya'', and the skull of the deity stuck to his palm. For the atonement of this sin, Shiva assumed the guise of a mendicant and wandered across the land until he reached [[Varanasi]], where he achieved redemption.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stutley |first=Margaret and James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQWQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism: Its Mythology, Folklore and Development 1500 B.C.-A.D. 1500 |date=9 April 2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-62754-5 |pages=96 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kramrisch |first=Stella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&pg=PA294 |title=The Presence of Siva |date=1988 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-8-120-80491-3 |page=294 }}</ref>

Hindu texts state that bathing at the water bodies of a [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]], a Hindu site of pilgrimage, cleanses one of the sin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA159 |title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-59038-9 |page=159 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Prāyaścitta]]
* [[Vrata]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmanahatya}}

[[Category:Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Hindu belief and doctrine]]

Abhay Vakil (actor)

2026-01-03T09:40:17Z

Locweld: entry

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhay Vakil
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education =
| occupation = Actor
| relatives =
| website =
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| spouse =
}}

'''Abhay Vakil''' is an Indian actor known for his work in Hindi-language television series.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhay Vakil: I’ve lost out on roles due to favouritism, but I’m glad I still get calls for protagonist roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhay-vakil-ive-lost-out-on-roles-due-to-favouritism-but-im-glad-i-still-get-calls-for-protagonist-roles/articleshow/83233072.cms |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2007-09-24 |title=In conversation with Abhay Vakil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/in-conversation-with-abhay-vakil/articleshow/2394914.cms |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-30 |title=Abhay Vakil gets injured on ‘Silsila Pyaar Ka’ set |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhay-vakil-gets-injured-on-silsila-pyaar-ka-set/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is best known for his roles in [[Silsila Pyaar Ka]], [[Zaara (TV series)|Zaara]], Paalkhi, [[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]], [[Kaarthika (TV series)|Kaarthika]], and [[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=First of Many: Arjun Bijlani revisits Kaarthika |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/arjun-bijlani-acting-debut-tv-show-kaarthika-balaji-telefilms-first-of-many-7329610/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070225/ttlife1.htm |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Rajeswari Pasara & K. Kalyan Krishna |date=2016-03-15 |title=Abhay Vakil to pile on 12 kgs post-leap {{!}} Abhay Vakil to pile on 12 kgs post-leap |url=https://www.asianage.com/tv/abhay-vakil-pile-12-kgs-post-leap-625 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Toe much pain... |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/itsy-bitsy/toe-much-pain-217206/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He has appeared in [[Drama (film and television)|family dramas]], teen shows, and [[anthology series]].

==Career==
Abhay began his television career with a cameo in [[Kehta Hai Dil]] (2005) on Star Plus.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} He played Parth Agarwal in [[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]] (2003–2005) and starred as the lead in [[Kkehna Hai Kuch Mujhko|Kkehna Hai Kuchh Mujhko]] (2004).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-09 |title=Abhay Vakil: I’ve lost out on roles due to favouritism, but I’m glad I still get calls for protagonist roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhay-vakil-ive-lost-out-on-roles-due-to-favouritism-but-im-glad-i-still-get-calls-for-protagonist-roles/articleshow/83233072.cms |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
He portrayed a double role as Pranjal and Daksh in Paalkhi (2005–2006) and played Aakash Rathod in [[Tujko Hai Salaam Zindgi]] (2007–2008).<ref>{{Cite web |title=An alternative to saas-bahu soaps |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv/20071205.htm |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Six new shows to explode on ZEE TV in July |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/six-new-shows-to-explode-on-zee-tv-in-july/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=Biz Asia Live}}</ref> He also appeared as Mahesh Gheewala in [[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]] (2007–2009) and as Abhishek in [[Kaarthika (TV series)|Kaarthika]] (2008–2009).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-14 |title=Teen Bahuraaniyaan' holds a special place in my heart: Amrapali Gupta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/teen-bahuraaniyaan-holds-a-special-place-in-my-heart-amrapali-gupta/articleshow/63300844.cms |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
Vakil played Samar in [[Zaara (TV series)|Zaara]] (Sahara One, 2006–2008), one of his notable series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhay leads Sahara One's Zaara! |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/abhay-leads-sahara-ones-zaara-061106 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> He appeared in an episodic role as Onir in [[Teri Meri Love Stories]] (2012) and later portrayed Raunak Tiwari in [[Silsila Pyaar Ka]] (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-01 |title=Suits season 5, Khatron Ke Khiladi and more: 13 top TV shows 2016 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/suits-season-5-khatron-ke-khiladi-and-more-13-top-tv-shows-2016/story-clCePeGwnUSjNtXoiidshL.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Paired to perfection {{!}} Paired to perfection |url=https://www.asianage.com/tv/paired-perfection-969 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year(s)
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]''
| Cameo appearance
| Television debut
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
| Parth Agarwal
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Kkehna Hai Kuch Mujhko|Kkehna Hai Kuchh Mujhko]]''
| Lead role
|
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''Paalkhi''
| Pranjal / Daksh
| Dual role
|-
| 2006–2008
| ''[[Zaara (TV series)|Zaara]]''
| Samar
|
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Tujko Hai Salaam Zindgi]]''
| Aakash Rathod
|
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''
| Mahesh Gheewala
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Kaarthika (TV series)|Kaarthika]]''
| Abhishek
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]''
| Onir
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Silsila Pyaar Ka]]''
| Raunak Tiwari
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm6114882}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vakil, Abhay}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vakil, Abhay}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Abdul Khader Nadakattin

2025-12-17T12:19:58Z

Locweld: done

{{Short description|Indian grassroots agricultural innovator, social worker and environmentalist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdul Khader Nadakattin
| image = Abdulkhader Imamsab Nadakattin (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nadakattin in 2022
| birth_date = 1953
| birth_place = [[Annigeri]], [[Dharwad district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Grassroots agricultural innovator, social worker, and environmentalist
| years_active = c. 1970s – present
| known_for = Developing over 40 agricultural innovations for small and marginal farmers
| notable_works = Tamarind seed-separation device; seed-cum-fertiliser drill; water-heating boiler; sugarcane sowing driller; wheel tiller
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022)<ref name="Padma2022">{{cite news|title=Dharwad farmer Abdul Khader Nadakattin gets Padma Shri for grassroots innovation|work=OneIndia|date=27 January 2022|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/dharwad-farmer-abdul-khadar-nadakattin-gets-padma-shri-for-grassroots-innovation-3364137.html}}</ref>
| website =
}}
'''Abdulkhader Imamsab Nadakattin''' (born 1953) is an Indian grassroots agricultural innovator, social worker and environmentalist from [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]. He is credited with more than 40 innovations that assist small and marginal farmers. His notable innovations include a tamarind seed separation device, a ploughing blade making machine, a seed cum fertiliser drill, a water-heating boiler, an automatic sugarcane sowing driller and a wheel tiller. In 2022 the [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] for his contributions in the field of grassroots innovation.

==Early life and education==
Abdul Khader Nadakattin was born in 1953 in the town of [[Annigeri]], located in the [[Dharwad district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. Abdul was the only son of a wealthy farmer and had his formal education only up to the Standard X, he wanted to continue his studies but his father insisted that he discontinue his formal education and turn to agricultural activities.<ref name="Hubli">{{cite web |title=Son of the soil and inventor of new tech agriculture equipment that transformed-the-course-of-agriculture: Story of Annigeri's Abdul Khader Nadakattin |url=https://hubliexpress.com/son-of-the-soil-and-inventor-of-new-tech-agriculture-equipment-that-transformed-the-course-of-agriculture-story-of-annigeris-abdul-khader-nadakattin/ |website=Hubli Express |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

=== First innovation ===

Nadakattin's first invention was a "Water Alarm" which he developed while still studying in school. He developed this device to help get up from bed early in the morning - he used to sleep late into the early hours of the morning. He tied a thin rope knotted to the end of the alarm key in a timepiece to a bottle of water in such a way that after the ringing of the alarm, water would fall on his face.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |title=Grassroots innovator from Karnataka popular as ‘tamarind maniac’ selected for Padma Shri for Year 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1792952 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Innovations related to tamarind ===

Abdul Khadar Nadakattin had inherited about 60 acres of land from his father. The land was dry, rain was unpredictable and [[groundwater]] very scarce. Abdul Khadar Nadakattin decided to try alternatives to traditional practices. He started planting [[seedling]]s of [[mango]] trees, [[sapota]] trees and [[ber]] trees with chilli as an [[intercrop]] in a part of his land. Due to lack of sufficient water, the idea failed miserably as the seedlings dried out and died. Nadakattin did not give up and turned to planting [[tamarind tree]]s in large numbers. He observed that the tamarind trees can survive even in severely dry conditions. This turned out to be a turning point in his life. With much difficulty he could plant around 1600 tamarind plants and with proper care all of them survived. Inspired by the success of this experiment, Nadakattin planted 1,100 more tamarind plants. Growing tamarind with scarce but alkaline water was an innovation in itself.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Enthused by the initial success, Nadakattin took a series of steps to expand and strengthen his practices. He dug ponds to harvest rain water, constructed underground tanks to preserve tamarind pulp and began manufacturing value added products from tamarind such as pickle and jam. These products were marketed even in cities like [[Hyderabad]]. But he soon realized that the production of these value added products was labor intensive and so he conceived the idea of inventing machines which would help reduce dependence on human labor. This led to the development of several devices that could help processing of tamarind. One of the first such devices was one to separate tamarind seeds. The device had a system wherein due to the sliding action of the pegs that were tapered at the end, the seed gets thrown out of the tamarind pod. Another invention was a device for slicing tamarind intended for making pickles. Due to his craze for tamarind related work, local people even named him as ''hunase huccha'', which means "tamarind maniac".<ref name="NIF">{{cite web |title=Lifetime Achievement Award Abdul Khadar Nadakattin Dharwad, Karnataka |url=https://nif.org.in/upload/innovation/8th/Nadakattin.pdf |website=National Innovation Foundation (NIF) – India |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Other innovations ===
The many other innovations spearheaded by Nadakattin include:<ref name="NIF"/>

*A new kind of bullock drawn tiller capable of deep ploughing
*A machine for sharpening a tractor harrow blade
*A machine for sowing seeds of different sizes ensuring proper spacing
*A Water-heating boiler: It could heat enough water for bathing 20 people by using five kg of wood chips in about ten minutes. The device can keep the water hot for nearly 24 hours.
*An automatic sugarcane sowing driller

=== Establishment of a company ===

In 1975, Nadakattin established a company named the [[Vishwashanthi Agricultural Research and Industrial Research Centre]] in Annigeri, Dharwad in order to manufacture and market the agricultural equipment developed by him.

==Recognitions==

*In the year 2022, The Government of India awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the third highest award in the [[Padma series]] of awards, to Abdul Khader Nadakattin for his distinguished service in the field of grass root innovation.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Grassroots agricultural innovator from Dharwad, credited with over 40 innovations that assist small and marginal farmers across India."<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>
*The Lifetime Achievement Award during the National Innovation Foundation-India’s 8th National Grassroots Innovation and Outstanding Traditional Knowledge Awards (2015)<ref name="Freepress">{{cite web |title=Who is Abdul Khader Nadakattin? Know more about Padma Shri award winner agriculturalist from Karnataka |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-abdul-khader-nadakattin-know-more-about-padma-shri-award-winner-agriculturalist-from-karnataka |website=The Freepress Journal |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.nadakattin.in/index.html Website of Vishwashanthi Agriculture Research And Industrial Development Centre], a company established by Abdul Khader Nadakattin in 1975 to manufacture and market his innovative products.

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in "Others" Category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadakattin, Abdul Khader}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:People in agriculture]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sailen Manna

2025-12-04T14:33:59Z

Locweld: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian footballer (1924–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sailen Manna
| image = The Chief Minister of West Bengal Shri Buddhadev Bhattacharya felicitating legendary footballer Shri Sailen Manna during the inauguration of the ONGC Cup 10th National Football League Tournament at Yuba Bharati Krirangan in.jpg
| caption = Manna (''right'') being felicitated by Chief Minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] (''left''), 2006
| fullname = Sailendra Nath Manna
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1924|09|1}}
| birth_place = [[Howrah]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|2|27|1924|09|1}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| years1 = 1940–1942
| clubs1 = [[Howrah Union]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1942–1960
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 = 748
| goals2 = 46
| nationalyears1 = 1948–1956<ref name="Sailen Manna">{{cite web|url=http://mohunbagangorbo.com/mohun-bagan-ac/legends-corner/indian-players/sailendranath-manna/|title=Padmashree Sailendranath Manna|website=Mohun Bagan Gorbo|access-date=25 January 2016|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428163902/http://mohunbagangorbo.com/mohun-bagan-ac/legends-corner/indian-players/sailendranath-manna/|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 14
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| manageryears1 = 1961
| managerclubs1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| manageryears2 = 1968
| managerclubs2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|1951 New Delhi]]|[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's team squads|Team]]}}
}}

'''Sailendra Nath Manna''' ({{langx|bn|শৈলেন মান্না}}; 1 September 1924 – 27 February 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.123india.com/alokghosh/Heritage/Our%20Sportsmen.htm|title=OUR SPORTSMEN|website=123india.com|access-date=27 September 2007|archive-date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210527/http://home.123india.com/alokghosh/Heritage/Our%20Sportsmen.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |title=WHEN EASTERN RAILWAY RAN ON FULL STEAM (1958) |website=www.goaldentimes.org |publisher=Goalden Times |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debojyoti |date=29 August 2017 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162448/http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> was an Indian [[Association football|football]] player who represented the [[India national football team|India national team]] between 1948 and 1956.<ref>{{cite news|title=Quadrangular Football: India's Win|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4159%2C1770595|access-date=18 September 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 October 1953|location=Rangoon, Burma|page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513054108/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4159%2C1770595|archive-date=13 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Predominantly played as a left-back,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/golden-era-indian-football-team-players-top-players-pk-banerjee-chuni-goswami|title=PK, Chuni, Balaram, the troika that scripted Indian football's Golden Era: Sailen Manna – the first captain, leader, legend|first=Utathya|last=Nag|website=olympics.com|publisher=The Olympics|language=en|location=|agency=|date=31 January 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082401/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/golden-era-indian-football-team-players-top-players-pk-banerjee-chuni-goswami}}</ref> Manna is considered as one of the best [[defender (association football)|defender]]s the country has ever produced.<ref>[http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/sailen.shtml Calcuttaweb - Sports Personality : Sailen Manna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421143804/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/sailen.shtml |date=21 April 2008 }}</ref><ref>[https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-top-10-bengali-footballers Top 10 Bengali footballers in the history of Indian football] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912111007/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-top-10-bengali-footballers |date=12 September 2021 }}. ''Khel Now''. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</ref> He has represented and captained India in different international competitions, including the [[Olympics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87|title=ভারত যেদিন নেমেছিল খালি পায়ে... [The day India landed barefoot ...]|website=www.prothomalo.com|publisher=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=1 August 2018|access-date=4 April 2022|first=Mehedi|last=Hassan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404094319/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87|archive-date=4 April 2022|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/indian-football-team-national-olympics-history-1948-1952-1956-1960|title=Indian football at the Olympics: The complete history|first=Utathya|last=Nag|website=olympics.com|publisher=The Olympics|language=en|location=|agency=|date=3 February 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013161643/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/indian-football-team-national-olympics-history-1948-1952-1956-1960}}</ref> and [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/172487-former-indian-olympic-football-star-passes-away?tmpl=component&print=1|title=Former Indian Olympic football star passes away|access-date=27 April 2011|date=23 April 2011|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309071035/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/172487-former-indian-olympic-football-star-passes-away?tmpl=component&print=1|archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1971 Manna was awarded with [[Padma Shri]] by Government of India.<ref name=":0" />

In club football Manna has represented [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/mohun-bagan-blaze-of-glory/|title=Mohun Bagan: Blaze of Glory|last=Kapadia|first=Novy|date=7 June 2015|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222151228/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/mohun-bagan-blaze-of-glory/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Mohun Bagan – Presented by MohunBaganClub.com: 1940–1949|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1940-1949/|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|date=2014|access-date=26 July 2019|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930004054/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1940-1949/|archive-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> one of the oldest clubs in India,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|date=2011-07-04|title=Tactical Evolution of Indian Football (Part Three): PK Banerjee – Amal Dutta – Nayeemuddin|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-three-pk-banerjee-amal-dutta-nayeemuddin/|location=Kolkata|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714062345/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-three-pk-banerjee-amal-dutta-nayeemuddin/}}</ref> for a continuous period of 19 years.<ref name="kolkatafootball.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|title=Indian Legendary Football Players Profile: SAILEN MANNA – LIVING LEGEND OF INDIAN FOOTBALL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072626/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|date=14 September 2008|archive-date=14 September 2008|access-date=25 January 2011|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref> He was conferred with the inaugural Mohun Bagan Ratna award in 2001.<ref name=":1" /> Manna was the only Asian footballer to be named among the ten best Captains in the world by the [[English FA]] in 1953.<ref name="India's greatest footballer">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2915/stories/20060415012103900.htm|title="India's greatest footballer" (about Sailen Manna)|website=hinduonnet.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|agency=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108120620/http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2915/stories/20060415012103900.htm|archive-date=8 January 2007|first1=S|last1=Patronobish|first2=Amitabha|last2=Das Sharma|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sailendra Nath Manna was born in a [[Mahishya]] family in Byantra, Howrah at his maternal home. His mother's name was Gouri Devi, and father was Fanindra Nath Manna, who had ancestral house in Ramnathpur, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]. Manna later shifted to [[Bidhannagar]] FD block.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jana |first=Madhusudan |title=Bharatiya Footballer Samrat Sailen Manna |journal=Tuhina |pages=215}}</ref>

Manna graduated from the [[Surendranath College]], an affiliated college of the [[University of Calcutta]]. He worked for the [[Geological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sailen Manna |url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2012/03/17/sailen-manna |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=17 March 2012 |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-date=29 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829020158/http://www.economist.com/node/21550233 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Club career==
Manna started his playing career with [[Howrah Union]], then a club in the second Division of the Kolkata Football League, in 1940.<ref name="kolkatafootball.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianfootball.com/data/halloffame/manna_sailen.html |title=Sailendra Nath Manna |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |access-date=30 April 2008 |archive-date=19 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119091111/http://www.indianfootball.com/data/halloffame/manna_sailen.html |url-status=dead |website=indianfootball.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesports.in/archives/5533|title=কর্পোরেট ক্রিকেট দিয়ে হাওড়া ইউনিয়নে শতবর্ষ উৎযাপন শুরু|date=21 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2022|location=Kolkata|website=insidesports.in|publisher=ইনসাইড স্পোর্টস|language=bn|trans-title=Howrah Union keen to start club's centenary celebration with corporate cricket tournament|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205233414/https://insidesports.in/archives/5533|archive-date=5 February 2023}}</ref> After turning out for the club for a couple of seasons, he joined [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] in 1942 and continued playing for the club till his retirement in 1960.<ref>{{cite web|title=Club Day: Mohun Bagan - All Time Best XI|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2008/10/07/899558/club-day-mohun-bagan-all-time-best-xi|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=7 October 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108071208/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2008/10/07/899558/club-day-mohun-bagan-all-time-best-xi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 1950 and 1955, he featured as the club's captain.<ref name="kolkatafootball.com"/> During his 19-year association with the club as player, he reportedly earned only {{INR}}19.<ref name="Harmony">[http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/search/PubSearch.jsp?pubpageid=N380&page_id=581 Harmony] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070815135315/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/search/PubSearch.jsp?pubpageid=N380&page_id=581 |date=15 August 2007 }}</ref> Speaking to ''[[Sportstar]]'' in 2006, he reasoned that he "played out of love for the sport and was happy with the salary I got from my employer, the [[Geological Survey of India]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=India's greatest footballer |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tss2915/stories/20060415012103900.htm |website=Sportstar |access-date=8 December 2018 |date=April 2006 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717124921/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/indias-greatest-footballer/article29646644.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a defender, Manna was known for his anticipation, covering and a strong free kick.<ref name="Harmony"/> He also represented [[West Bengal football team|Bengal football team]] in [[Santosh Trophy]] and played alongside [[Sheoo Mewalal]],<ref name="Santosh Trophy">{{Cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=27 May 2012|access-date=7 March 2021|title=Memorable moments in the Santosh Trophy|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140304/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2}}</ref> winning the tournament in [[1953–54 Santosh Trophy|1953–54 season]] defeating [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]] 3–1 in final.<ref name="Santosh Trophy"/> He was also part of Bengal's multiple Santosh Trophy wins under coaching of [[Balaidas Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Ratna — Late Balaidas Chatterjee to receive the award posthumously|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mohun-bagan-ratna-late-balaidas-chatterjee-to-receive-the-award-posthumousl|website=www.mohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|date=26 July 2013|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035503/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mohun-bagan-ratna-late-balaidas-chatterjee-to-receive-the-award-posthumousl|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==International career==
Manna was part of the [[India national football team|India national team]] managed by [[Balaidas Chatterjee]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Balai Das Chatterjee is Mohun Bagan Ratna 2013|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/Balai-Das-Chatterjeea/|access-date=26 February 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226015358/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/Balai-Das-Chatterjeea/|website=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Balaidas Chatterjee: MOHUN BAGAN RATNA 2013|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/jarnail-singh-2/|access-date=26 February 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226015358/https://themohunbaganac.com/jarnail-singh-2/|website=themohunbaganac.com}}</ref> that participated at the [[1948 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25815 |title=Sailen Manna |work=Olympedia |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017194505/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25815 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1020550/indian-football-of-captains-and-controversies|title=Indian football: Of captains and controversies|website=scroll.in|first=Jaydeep|last=Basu|date=29 March 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623023836/https://scroll.in/field/1020550/indian-football-of-captains-and-controversies|url-status=live}}</ref> He went to Europe with the national team in July to play preparatory matches against English teams like [[Pinner F.C.]], [[Hayes F.C.]] and Alexandra Park FC before the main tournament.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta|first1=Anindya|title=When India almost beat France at football |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/when-india-almost-beat-france-at-football-olympics-1948-world-cup-1950-first-indian-football-team-why-india-does-not-qualify-for-world-cup/article24573413.ece |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918034403/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/when-india-almost-beat-france-at-football-olympics-1948-world-cup-1950-first-indian-football-team-why-india-does-not-qualify-for-world-cup/article24573413.ece |archive-date=18 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Morrison |first1=Neil |title=Indian Olympic team tour of Europe 1948 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiaoly-eurotour48.html |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310015200/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiaoly-eurotour48.html |archive-date=10 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Daniel |first1=Chris Punnukattu |title=India's 1948 Europe tour & the first international match |url=https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2013/03/23/exclusive-indias-1948-europe-tour-the-first-international-match/ |website=blog.cpdfootball.de |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044121/http://blog.cpdfootball.de/2013/03/23/exclusive-indias-1948-europe-tour-the-first-international-match/ |archive-date=28 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/sheoo-mewala/|title=Player: Sheoo Mewalal|website=ifawb.com|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127195136/https://ifawb.org/sheoo-mewala/|archive-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> In the Olympics, their first match was against [[Myanmar national football team|Burma]], and it was a walkover. Then, they played their one and only match against [[France national football team|France]], and was defeated by a margin of 1–2 with Indian goal coming from [[Sarangapani Raman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=France — India|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197049/matches/match=32358/report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022083853/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197049/matches/match=32358/report.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2009|work=FIFA|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/internacional/olimpiadas/1948_LONDON_SQUADS.htm |title=Olympic Football Tournament 1948 (National Squads) |access-date=5 November 2014 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027113228/http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/internacional/olimpiadas/1948_LONDON_SQUADS.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|title=The Golden Years of Indian Football|website=www.chaseyoursport.com|publisher=Chase Your Sport|location=Kolkata|first=Rounak|last=Majumdar|date=22 April 2019|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230046/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> Manna played in the tournament in bare feet; their bravery earned admiration of [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess Margaret]] of England.<ref>{{cite web |title=fifa 1948 India olympic story |url=https://www.fifa.com/live-scores/news/y=2012/m=9/news=indian-football-unique-tale-1692684.html |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928082949/https://www.fifa.com/live-scores/news/y=2012/m=9/news=indian-football-unique-tale-1692684.html |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Amitabh |first1=Sharma |title=India's greatest footballer Sailen Manna |date=15 April 2006|url=https://www.sportstarlive.com/tss2915/stories/20060415012103900.htm |website=sportstarlive.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115205748/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/indias-greatest-footballer/article29646644.ece |archive-date=15 November 2019 }}</ref> With India, he later went on to play few friendly matches with captain [[Talimeren Ao]] in their Nederlands tour, where they went down to [[Sparta Rotterdam]] but won 5–1 against [[AFC Ajax|Ajax Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.john-woodbridge.com/en/blog/67_india-football-1948-olympics.html|title=You play bootball, we play football !|website=www.john-woodbridge.com|publisher=John Woodbridge & Sons Makers Ltd|date=21 November 2019|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012123119/https://www.john-woodbridge.com/en/blog/67_india-football-1948-olympics.html|archive-date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/2020/05/24/sheoo-mewalal-a-thousand-goals-in-apathy/|title=Remembering Sheoo Mewalal: A Thousand Goals in Apathy|website=theawayend.co|publisher=Flying Goalie|agency=The Away End|date=24 May 2020|access-date=28 October 2022|author=Rahim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213533/https://theawayend.co/2020/05/24/sheoo-mewalal-a-thousand-goals-in-apathy/|archive-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>

Under his captaincy, India won the gold medal in the [[1951 Asian Games]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 May 2021|title=SportMob – Best Indian football players of all time: Sailen Manna|url=https://sportmob.com/en/article/967888-Best-Indian-football-players-of-all-time|access-date=28 January 2022|website=SportMob.com|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809100523/https://sportmob.com/en/article/967888-Best-Indian-football-players-of-all-time}}</ref> and also won the [[Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament]] for four consecutive years from 1952 to 1956.<ref>{{cite news|title=Quadrangular Football: India's Win|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4159%2C1770595|access-date=18 September 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 October 1953|location=Rangoon, Burma|page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513054108/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4159%2C1770595|archive-date=13 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html|title = Asian Quadrangular Tournament (Colombo Cup) 1952–1955: 1953 (Rangoon, Burma)|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=1999|first=Neil|last=Morrison|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927000411/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1953quadrangularcup.html|title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1953 Rangoon Quadrangular Cup|website=indianfootball.de|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|date=2000|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928082835/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1953quadrangularcup.html|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kolkatafootball.com"/> In 1953, the England Football Association rated him among the ten best skippers of the world in its yearbook.<ref name="India's greatest footballer"/> Manna was also the captain of the [[Syed Abdul Rahim]] managed Indian team in [[1952 Helsinki Olympics]]<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/sailen-manna-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418100656/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/sailen-manna-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Sailen Manna Olympic Results |access-date=11 March 2012 |work=sports-reference.com}}</ref> and a member of the [[1954 Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution of Indian Football (Part Two): Revolution Under Rahim Saab|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-two-revolution-under-rahim-saab/|location=Kolkata|date=13 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025021904/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-two-revolution-under-rahim-saab/}}</ref> The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki was not suitable for his team as they tasted a defeat of 10–1 to Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Arunava |title=The Indian senior team at 1952 Helsinki Olympics |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1952olympics.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203000534/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1952olympics.html |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic football tournament Helsinki 1952 |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/helsinki1952/matches/round=197060/match=32371/index.html |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512193032/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/helsinki1952/matches/round%3D197060/match%3D32371/index.html |archive-date=12 May 2019 }}</ref>

Manna used to keep a picture of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Kali]], tucked away in his pocket. Two of his greatest regrets in life are missing the first penalty kick against France in the London Olympics, and turning down the chance of taking the second penalty because he was afraid of missing again, and India had not gone to the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] in Brazil,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kapadia|first1=Novy|title=The 1950 FIFA World Cup: A missed opportunity for India|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-1950-fifa-world-cup-a-missed-opportunity-for-india|access-date=17 March 2017|work=SportsKeeda|date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112300/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-1950-fifa-world-cup-a-missed-opportunity-for-india|archive-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldfootballindex.com/2018/07/india-1950-world-cup-barefoot/ | title=Were India Banned From World Cup 1950 For Wanting To Play Barefoot? | publisher=World Football Index | work=Peter Jones | date=11 July 2018 | access-date=30 July 2021 | archive-date=24 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024001231/https://worldfootballindex.com/2018/07/india-1950-world-cup-barefoot/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.twelfthman.io/indian-national-football-team/|title=The Indian National Football Team|date=2019-11-25|website=twelfthman blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129134853/http://blog.twelfthman.io/indian-national-football-team/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> with him as captain, because the Indian Football Federation had not realized its importance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2012/03/17/sailen-manna |title=Sailen Manna, The Economist |first=Novy |last=Kapadia |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930233614/https://www.economist.com/obituary/2012/03/17/sailen-manna }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/sports-now/story/2011-07-19/did-india-withdraw-from-the-1950-world-cup-because-they-were-not-allowed-to-play-barefoot#:~:text=SOCCER%2FFOOTBALL%20LEGEND%3A%20India%20withdrew,not%20allowed%20to%20play%20barefoot.&text=India%20surprised%20the%20world%20with,Summer%20Olympics%20in%20London%2C%20England|title=Did India withdraw from the 1950 World Cup because they were not allowed to play barefoot?|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 July 2011|access-date=12 November 2022|first=Brian|last=Cronin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111124551/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/sports-now/story/2011-07-19/did-india-withdraw-from-the-1950-world-cup-because-they-were-not-allowed-to-play-barefoot|archive-date=11 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Ritabrata |last1=Banerjee |title=4 instances when India could have played in FIFA World Cup |date=12 March 2015 |website=sportskeeda.com |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/4-instances-india-could-played-fifa-world-cup |publisher=Sportskeeda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131224003/https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/4-instances-india-could-played-fifa-world-cup |archive-date=31 January 2023 }}</ref>

Manna also appeared with the India against numerous visiting European teams in exhibition matches in 1954, including a 1–0 defeat to [[Allsvenskan]] club [[AIK Fotboll|AIK]] at [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|CC&FC Ground]] in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aikstats.se/matches.php?id=3453|title=Friday 10 December 1954, Indisk kombination — AIK 0–1 (0–0) Calcutta FC Ground, Calcutta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221133559/https://www.aikstats.se/matches.php?id=3453|archive-date=21 February 2024|language=sv|access-date=21 February 2024|website=aikstats.se|publisher=AIK Fotboll Klub}}</ref> He hung up his boots on 27 August 1960 after playing in India's international charity match against [[Indonesia national football team|Indonesia]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soham |title=1960–1965: When Chuni Goswami & co propelled Mohun Bagan to the zenith of success |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1960s-mohun-bagan-chuni-goswami-trophies-indian-football/1utzzq9j0icvgze2iw9ple0p1 |website=www.goal.com |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |access-date=26 August 2020 |date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100844/https://www.goal.com/en/news/1960s-mohun-bagan-chuni-goswami-trophies-indian-football/1utzzq9j0icvgze2iw9ple0p1 }}</ref>

==Managerial career==
After retiring from football, Manna went on to become head coach of [[India national football team|India]] at the 1961 [[Merdeka Tournament|Merdeka Cup]] in Malaysia,<ref>{{cite web |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |title=The Senior National Team at 1961 Merdeka Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1961merdekacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |date=2003 |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220134029/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1961merdekacup.html |archive-date=20 February 2017 }}</ref> in which he guided some of India's notable players like [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/jarnail-singh|title=Jarnail Singh Biography|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006112708/https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/jarnail-singh|archive-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> [[P. K. Banerjee]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/pk-banerjee-the-colossus-of-indian-football/article31122174.ece | title=P.K. Banerjee, the colossus of Indian football | work=The Hindu | author=Amitabha Das Sharma | date=20 March 2020 | access-date=25 March 2020 | archive-date=22 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122162515/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/pk-banerjee-the-colossus-of-indian-football/article31122174.ece }}</ref> [[Peter Thangaraj]] and [[Tulsidas Balaram]]. He also managed the national team in 1968 Merdeka Cup.<ref>{{cite web |first=Aunava |last=Chaudhuri |date=2003 |title=The Senior National Team at 1968 Merdeka Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1968merdekacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819220342/http://indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1968merdekacup.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 }}</ref> He later became team official of Mohun Bagan and went with [[Karuna Bhattacharya]] managed team to newly independent [[Bangladesh]] in May 1972, where they defeated [[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Dhaka Mohammedan]] in first match, but lost to [[Shadhin Bangla football team]] in their last match.<ref name="Mohun Bagan to Bangladesh">{{cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8|title=৭ কোটি মানুষের জন্য ভালোবাসা নিয়ে ঢাকায় এসেছিল মোহনবাগান|first=Masud|last=Alam|website=www.prothomalo.com|publisher=[[Prothom Alo|The Daily Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|trans-title=Mohun Bagan came to Dhaka with love for 7 crore people|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|agency=|date=19 April 2022|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002192020/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Inaugural Plaque - Sailendra Nath Manna Statue - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-05-24 2632.JPG|thumb|200px|Plaque dedicated to Sailen Manna, at the Central Park of Salt Lake City, Kolkata, erected in 2013.]]
After being unwell for quite some time, Manna died at a private hospital in Kolkata on Monday, 27 February 2012. He was 87 years old and was survived by his wife and daughter.<ref name=NDTV27Feb12>{{cite web|last1=Manna|first1=Sailen|title=Soccer legend Sailen Manna passes away|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/186040-soccer-legend-sailen-manna-passes-away|work=Tribute to Sailen Manna|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=27 February 2012|author2=Press Trust of India|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301020709/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/186040-soccer-legend-sailen-manna-passes-away}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Sailendra Nath Manna Statue - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-05-24 3008.JPG|thumb|Statue of Manna at the Central Park, Salt Lake City, Kolkata.]]
{{cquote|''I have no hesitation in calling him one of the best footballers of the country. He was definitely an accomplished player and also endeared everyone with his great human qualities.''|source=[[Samar Banerjee]], former Indian captain and Olympian, on Manna in March 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/a-natural-leader/article29710043.ece|title=A natural leader — Sailen Manna|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|date=15 March 2012|access-date=12 October 2022|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022224533/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/a-natural-leader/article29710043.ece|archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>|cquote}}
[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan Athletic Club]] began giving the "Sailen Manna Memorial Award for best sportsperson" in memory of him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/balaidas-chatterjee-posthumously-awarded-mohun-bagan-ratna-113072901219_1.html |url-status=dead |title=Balaidas Chatterjee posthumously awarded Mohun Bagan Ratna |website=www.business-standard.com |publisher=Business Standard India |date=29 July 2013 |access-date=13 October 2022 |location=Kolkata |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013060233/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/balaidas-chatterjee-posthumously-awarded-mohun-bagan-ratna-113072901219_1.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Balaidas Chatterjee posthumously awarded Mohun Bagan Ratna|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Balaidas-Chatterjee-posthumously-awarded-Mohun-Bagan-Ratna/articleshow/21465335.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 July 2013|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|location=Kolkata|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414235115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Balaidas-Chatterjee-posthumously-awarded-Mohun-Bagan-Ratna/articleshow/21465335.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{quote box |width=270px |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right|quote="He was a great defender, with one of the best tackles in business. His man-marking was perfect and it was a tough task for any striker to go past him."

"Manna da never retaliated and remained a perfect gentleman. He was never booked during his very long career!" |source=—former Indian captains [[S. S. Narayan]] & [[Samar Banerjee]] remarked on Manna's flawless career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sailen Manna: He Played The Game With A Difference |url=http://www.sankalpindia.net/sailen-manna-he-played-game-difference |website=sankalpindia.net |publisher=Sankalpindia |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126005553/http://www.sankalpindia.net/sailen-manna-he-played-game-difference |archive-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref> }}

[[File:Office - Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium - Howrah Maidan - Howrah 2013-04-28 6729.JPG|thumb|Pavilion of Sailen Manna Stadium in Howrah]]
In 2013, [[Sailen Manna Stadium|Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium]], which was one of the venues of the [[2006 AFC Youth Championship]], was renamed as Sailen Manna Stadium by the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|HMC]] in honour of him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howrahonline.in/city-guide/howrah-municipal-corporation-stadium|title=Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium — Sailen Manna Stadium|first=|last=|website=www.howrahonline.in|publisher=Howrah Online|language=|trans-title=|location=|agency=|date=2015|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129204607/https://www.howrahonline.in/city-guide/howrah-municipal-corporation-stadium|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/birthday-celebrating-of-sailen-manna/articleshow/22200521.cms|title=উদ্যোক্তা বামেরা, তাই শৈলেন-স্টেডিয়ামে এল না তৃণমূল পরিবার|first=Preetam|last=Basu|website=eisamay.com|publisher=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]]|language=bn|trans-title=Entrepreneurs left, that's why Trinamool family didn't come to Shailen-Stadium|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=1 September 2013|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019173700/https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/birthday-celebrating-of-sailen-manna/articleshow/22200521.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] announced the renaming of Dumurjola Indoor Stadium as Sailen Manna Indoor Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/mamata-banerjee-announces-dumurjola-to-be-named-as-sailen-manna-stadium/|title=কিংবদন্তী শৈলেন মান্নার নামে ডুমুরজলা স্টেডিয়ামের নামকরণের ঘোষণা মমতার|first=Dipankar|last=Mondal|website=www.sangbadpratidin.in|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|trans-title=Mamata announces naming of Dumurjala stadium after legend Shailene Mannar|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=13 March 2020|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705172144/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/mamata-banerjee-announces-dumurjola-to-be-named-as-sailen-manna-stadium/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.latestly.com/sports/football/howrahs-dumurjala-stadium-to-be-named-after-footballer-sailen-manna-35694.html|title=Dumurjala Stadium To Be Named After Sailen Manna: হাওড়ার ডুমুরজলা স্টেডিয়ামের নাম বদলে হচ্ছে ফুটবলার শৈলেন মান্নার নামে, ঘোষণা মমতা ব্যানার্জির|first=Sanjoy|last=Patra|website=bangla.latestly.com|publisher=Latest Ly Bangla|language=bn|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=13 March 2020|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019173702/https://bangla.latestly.com/sports/football/howrahs-dumurjala-stadium-to-be-named-after-footballer-sailen-manna-35694.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
*[[Football at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|1951]]<ref>{{cite web|title=AIFF to felicitate surviving 1951 & 1962 Asian Games football gold medallists!|url=http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2012/08/aiff-to-felicitate-surviving-1951-1962.html|work=Arunava about Football|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702174031/http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2012/08/aiff-to-felicitate-surviving-1951-1962.html|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament]]: [[1952 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament |1952]], [[1953 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament |1953]], [[1954 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament |1954]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html#54|title=Asian Quadrangular Tournament 1954 (Calcutta, India)|website=[[RSSSF]] |first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=1999|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927000411/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html|archive-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

'''Mohun Bagan'''<ref name="Manna — KF"/>
*[[Calcutta Football League|CFL 1st Division]]: 1944, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1953,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themohunbaganac.com/mohun-bagans-historic-maiden-durand-win-in-1953/|title=Mohun Bagan's Historic Maiden Durand Win in 1953|website=Mohun Bagan AC|access-date=17 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327055911/https://www.themohunbaganac.com/mohun-bagans-historic-maiden-durand-win-in-1953/|archive-date=27 March 2022}}</ref> 1953, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965
*[[IFA Shield]]: 1947, 1948, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1960, 1961, 1962
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1955, 1956

'''Bengal'''<ref name="Manna — KF">{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|title=Indian Legendary Football Players Profile: SAILEN MANNA — LIVING LEGEND OF INDIAN FOOTBALL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072626/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|date=14 September 2008|archive-date=14 September 2008|access-date=25 January 2011|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref>
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: 1945–46, 1947–48, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1951–52, [[1953–54 Santosh Trophy|1953–54]], 1955–56, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1962–63

'''Individual'''
#Included in the list of the 10 best Captains of the world by [[English FA]] in 1953.<ref name="India's greatest footballer"/>
#Awarded the [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Padma Shri]] in 1971 by the Government of India.<ref name="kolkatafootball.com"/><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=National Award winning Footballers|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalawards.html|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=IndianFootball|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=2000|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001123849/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalawards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#Awarded the "Footballer of the Millennium" by All India Football Federation in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000311/spr-trib.htm |date=11 February 2000 |first=Ramu |last=Sharma |title=Marketing Indian Football Abroad |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune Sports |location=Chandigarh |access-date=30 April 2008 |archive-date=26 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126230953/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000311/spr-trib.htm }}</ref>
#Awarded "Mohun Bagan Ratna" in 2001.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/manna-conferred-mohun-bagan-ratna-award/articleshow/130001176.cms|title=Manna conferred Mohun Bagan Ratna Award|date=29 July 2001|access-date=26 July 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726160513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/manna-conferred-mohun-bagan-ratna-award/articleshow/130001176.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/mmb-ratna-day |url-status=dead |title=Mohun Bagan Ratna – The Jewels of Mohun Bagan |website=mohunbaganac.com |publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |date= |access-date=2015-09-20 |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909184150/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/mmb-ratna-day }}</ref>
#Awarded [[Banga Bibhushan]] in 2011 by the [[Government of West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Reporter|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/bangabibhushan-title-for-luminaries/article2289417.ece|title=Bangabibhushan title for luminaries|website=www.thehindu.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 July 2011|access-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217075521/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/bangabibhushan-title-for-luminaries/article2289417.ece|archive-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
# ''Sportskeeda'' All time Indian Football XI<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|title=All time Indian XI|date=23 November 2016|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201149/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Biography|Association football}}
* [[History of Indian football]]
* [[List of India national football team managers]]
* [[History of the India national football team]]
* [[List of India national football team captains]]
* [[India national football team at the Olympics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
* {{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*{{cite web |title=Football in Bengali culture and society: a study in the social history of football in Bengal 1911–1980 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 |publisher=University of Calcutta |website=[[Shodhganga]] |page=35 |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Kausik |date=2008 |hdl=10603/174532 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007174156/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{Cite book |title=THE BEST WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA'S FOOTBALL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |first=S. S. |last=Shreekumar |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |pages=244 }}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mitra | first1=Soumen |date=1 January 2006 |title=In Search of an Identity: The History of Football in Colonial Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ |publisher=Dasgupta & Co. Private Ltd. |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8182110229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021163751/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_Search_of_an_Identity.html?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=21 October 2022 }}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukhopadhay |first=Subir |title= সোনায় লেখা ইতিহাসে মোহনবাগান ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan in the history written in gold}})|year=2018 |isbn=978-93-850172-0-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |year=2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Argha |last2=Basu |first2=Rupak |title=মোহনবাগান: সবুজ ঘাসের মেরুন গল্প ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan: Green fields' Maroon stories}})|year=2022|publisher=Shalidhan |isbn=978-81-954667-0-2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|title=The passage of football in India|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129163914/https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/kaler-khela/2014/09/19/130495|title=এশিয়ান গেমস অনেক দূরে চলে গেছে|website=kalerkantho.com|publisher=কালের কণ্ঠ|location=Dhaka|trans-title=The Asian Games going far away|date=19 September 2014|access-date=13 February 2023|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213074614/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/kaler-khela/2014/09/19/130495}}
*{{cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Chandrahas |date=11 June 2014 |title=Blame India's World Cup Drought on the Shoes |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2014-06-11/blame-india-s-world-cup-drought-on-the-shoes |website=bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg View |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406182813/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2014-06-11/blame-india-s-world-cup-drought-on-the-shoes |archive-date=6 April 2017 }}
*{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/811601/amal-dutta-1930-2016-the-indian-football-coach-whom-players-swore-by-and-swore-at|title=Amal Dutta (1930—2016): the Indian football coach whom players swore by and swore at|date=12 July 2016|access-date=26 November 2022|first1=Atanu|last1=Mitra|location=Kolkata|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010193003/https://scroll.in/field/811601/amal-dutta-1930-2016-the-indian-football-coach-whom-players-swore-by-and-swore-at|website=Scroll.in}}
*{{cite web|url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/Sports.aspx|location=Kolkata|title=Sports in West Bengal|website=wbpolice.gov.in|publisher=West Bengal Police|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928072325/https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/Sports.aspx}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* {{FIFA player|291249|Saliendra Manna}}
* [https://www.economist.com/obituary/2012/03/17/sailen-manna Obituary - The Economist]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{India men's football squad 1948 Summer Olympics}}
{{India men's football squad 1952 Summer Olympics}}
{{India national football team managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manna, Sailen}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1948 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1951 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1954 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Howrah]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1951 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Surendranath College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Indian football managers]]
[[Category:India national football team managers]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in football]]

Mohun Bagan AC

2025-12-03T10:46:51Z

Locweld: adjust references further and updated info after review

{{Short description|Indian professional multi-sports club based in Kolkata, West Bengal}}
{{About|the multi-sports club|the association football team|Mohun Bagan Super Giant|for Mohun Bagan SG U23s, U21s, U17s, and Academy (Football)| Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|the cricket team|Mohun Bagan cricket team|the field hockey team|Mohun Bagan field hockey team|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox sports team
| clubname = Mohun Bagan Athletic Club
| image = Mohun Bagan A.C. logo.svg
| upright = 0.85
| fullname = Mohun Bagan Athletic Club
| nickname = The Mariners
| short_name = MBAC
| founded = {{start date and age|1889|8|15|df=yes}} (as ''Mohun Bagan Sporting Club'')<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=History in Timeline of Indian Football|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-date=8 March 2020|access-date=2021-02-15|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|green}} [[Green]] {{Color box|maroon}} [[Maroon]]
President: Debasish Dutta
General Secretary: Srinjoy Bose
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

{{Mohun Bagan AC sections}}
'''Mohun Bagan Athletic Club''' is an Indian professional [[multi-sports club]] based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. Founded in 1889, it is one of the oldest multi-sports clubs in [[Asia]]. The club has various sports departments like [[association football|football]], [[cricket]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[tennis]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] and [[Esports|eSports]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Bhupendranath_Bose.jpg|thumb|[[Bhupendra Nath Bose]], the first president of Mohun Bagan]]
The foundation of Mohun Bagan stretches back into the 1880s when the neighborhood youth of presently known Fariapukur Lane in [[Shyambazar]] had set out in search for an ideal place to establish a football club, and came across a marble palace, ''Mohun Bagan Villa'', owned by the family of a leading [[jute trade]]r, Kirti Chandra Mitra.<ref name="MB Villa">{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anita |title=MOHUN BAGAN VILLA – GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN |url=https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ |website=Breathing Roots |date=10 July 2021 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050014/https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="part1">{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=History Of Mohun Bagan (Part 1): The Success That Changed Indian Football |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/history-of-mohun-bagan-chapter-1-the-origin-and-the-success-that-changed-indian-football/ |website=The Hard Tackle |date=2 May 2010 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025110131/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/history-of-mohun-bagan-chapter-1-the-origin-and-the-success-that-changed-indian-football/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 August 1889, after a meeting of three prominent aristocratic [[Bengalis|Bengali]] families of [[North Kolkata]] – the Mitra family, the Basu family, and the Sen family – presided over by [[Bhupendra Nath Bose|Bhupendra Nath Basu]] himself, ''Mohun Bagan Sporting Club'' was formed.<ref name="MB Villa"/><ref name="part1"/><ref name="hist">{{cite news |title=Mohun Bagan Football history by decade |work=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |url=https://themohunbaganac.com/history-by-decade/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224102/https://themohunbaganac.com/history-by-decade/ |archive-date=6 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> Bhupendra Nath Basu became the first president of the newly founded club and Jyotindra Nath Basu was the first secretary of it.<ref name="MB Villa" /><ref name="hist"/>

During the initial years, the meager ground inside the palace was used by the club for hosting matches, including their first match that was played against the team of [[Eden Hindu Hostel]] students, and lost 1–0.<ref name="MB Villa" /><ref name="beginning">{{cite web |title=The Beginning – 1889 to 1909 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |website=Mohun Bagan Club |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150505103851/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The club management hugely emphasized providing memberships to the youth and maintained a strict code of conduct with an avowed objective of producing excellent sportsmen and imbuing them with impeccable moral and social values.<ref name="MB Villa"/>

At the first-anniversary assembly, the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] students and members of the club invited their professor, [[F. J. Rowe]], to attend. Rowe pointed out the inappropriate naming of the club and suggested replacing ''"Sporting"'' with ''"Athletic"'' since the club didn't indulge in sporting activities, like [[angling]] or [[Shooting sports|rifle shooting]].<ref name="beginning"/> Thus, the members agreed and renamed the club as ''Mohun Bagan Athletic Club''.<ref name="part1"/><ref name="beginning"/><ref name="MB Villa"/>

The second-anniversary assembly was presided by Sir Thomas Holland, who later became a member of the Executive Council of [[Governor-General of India]]. In 1891, with the help of the [[Maharaja]] Durga Charan Laha of [[Shyampukur]], the club ground was relocated within his residential estate, now known as Laha Colony.<ref name="beginning"/> The club ground was later relocated to Shyam Square in [[Bagbazar]], with the help of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] chairman, Henry Lee.<ref name="beginning"/> In 1900, Mohun Bagan became the partner of Presidency College and shared their ground at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], where they would continue to play for 15 years.<ref name="beginning"/>

Mohun Bagan have a fierce rivalry with [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]], which is mainly focused on the century old footballing rivalry of the two clubs and they play the [[Kolkata Derby]] which is referred to as 'Boro Match' (Big Match) in Kolkata. However, cricket and hockey matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal have also witnessed some fierce contests, significant crowds and clashes among the supporters of the two clubs. Mohun Bagan also have a rivalry with [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]], with whom they play the 'Mini Derby' and is also mainly a footballing rivalry.

== Structure ==
[[File:Chuni Goswami Gate of Mohun Bagan Athletic Club in right, and Gate of the Calcutta Football Club (CFC) of CC&FC, in Kolkata Maidan, West Bengal, India, photo taken on December 31, 2023.jpg|thumb|Newly built Chuni Goswami Gate of Mohun Bagan AC in December 2023.]]
Mohun Bagan is registered as a society under [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]] and [[West Bengal Societies Registration Act, 1961]].<ref name="beginning"/> Unlike many other top [[sports club]]s in the country which are [[Limited company|limited companies]], it is not possible to purchase shares in the club, but only membership. The registered members forms the ''Mohun Bagan Society'', which takes part in the general elections for the appointment for various posts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mullick|first=Sounak|date=29 October 2018|title=Mohun Bagan elections conducted peacefully, Tutu Bose's panel expecting a landslide victory|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/mohun-bagan-elections-conducted-peacefully-tutu-bose-s-panel-expecting-a-landslide-victory|access-date=13 February 2021|website=Sportskeeda|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325021725/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/mohun-bagan-elections-conducted-peacefully-tutu-bose-s-panel-expecting-a-landslide-victory|url-status=live}}</ref> The club is governed by its own "''[[constitution]]''". [[Amendment]]s and resolutions are passed via [[annual general meeting]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Fans To Hold Protest Ahead Of Annual Members' Meeting {{!}} The Fan Garage (TFG)|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/17891-mohun-bagan-fans-to-hold-protest-ahead-of-annual-members-meeting|access-date=2021-02-13|website=thefangarage.com| date=12 February 2021 |language=en|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212081112/https://thefangarage.com/articles/17891-mohun-bagan-fans-to-hold-protest-ahead-of-annual-members-meeting|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Management ==
{|class="wikitable" "margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Office
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|President
|Debasish Dutta
|-
| rowspan="5"|Vice president
|Shoumik Bose
|-
|Manash Kumar Bhattacharya
|-
|Uttam Kumar Saha
|-
|Kunal Ghosh
|-
|Debasis Mitra
|-
|General Secretary
|Srinjoy Bose
|-
|Assistant General Secretary
|Satyajit Chatterjee
|-
|Finance Secretary
|Surajit Basu
|-
|Planning & Development Secretary
|Ranjan Basu
|-
|Football Secretary
|Swapan Banerjee
|-
|Youth Football Secretary
|Shilton Paul
|-
|Cricket Secretary
|Samrat Bhowmick
|-
|Hockey Secretary
|Shyamal Mitra
|-
|Tennis Secretary
|Sidhartha Roy
|-
|Athletics Secretary
|Pintu Biswas
|-
|Treasurer
|Sandipan Banerjee
|-
| rowspan="11"|Executive Members
|Someswar Bagui
|-
|Anupam Sahoo
|-
|Debaprasad Mukherjee
|-
|Debajyoti Basu
|-
|Kashi Nath Das
|-
|Mukul Sinha
|-
|Parthajit Das
|-
|Ranjan Bosu
|-
|Sanjoy Majumder
|-
|Sohini Mitra Chaubey
|-
|Sudipta Ghosh
|-
|rowspan="3"|Co-Operative Executive Members
|Debashis Roy
|-
|Arijit Banerjee
|-
|Sanjoy Ghosh

{{Fb cs footer|s=[https://www.themohunbaganac.com/management/ Mohun Bagan Athletic Club]|u=16 June 2025|date=June 2025}}

== Departments ==
=== Football ===
{{Main|Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
The Mohun Bagan football team is the most distinguished and revered department of this club. It was the original department with which the club was founded in 1889. The team plays its home matches mostly at the [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] and also at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]. It competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top tier of [[Indian football league system]]. The team is most notable for its victory over the [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] in the 1911 [[IFA Shield]] final. It is the most successful team in the country. In its 130th year of existence, the team was inducted into the "[[Club of Pioneers]]", a network of the oldest existing football clubs around the world, on 29 July 2019.<ref name="khelnow.com">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-17|title=How will Mohun Bagan benefit from their inclusion in the Club of Pioneers?|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-mohun-bagan-club-of-pioneers-benefits/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029110707/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-mohun-bagan-club-of-pioneers-benefits|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cricket ===
{{Main|Mohun Bagan AC (cricket)}}
The Mohun Bagan cricket team participates in various tournaments for varying age groups conducted by the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]. Currently, it participates in the CAB First Division League, CAB Senior Knockout, CAB Super League, and JC Mukherjee Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/cricket/after-cab-league-cab-one-day-bhawanipore-club-wins-jc-mukherjee-trophy-and-crown-treble|title=ত্রিমুকুট জয় ভবানীপুরের, সিএবি লিগ, প্রথম ডিভিশন ওয়ানডে খেতাবের পরে জেসি মুখার্জিতেও চ্যাম্পিয়ন|first1=Alapan|last1=Saha|website=sangbadpratidin.in|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|location=Kolkata|date=1 July 2024|access-date=2 July 2024|trans-title=JC Mukherjee also champions after Trimukut Jai Bhavanipur, CAB League, First Division ODI title|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702101845/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/cricket/after-cab-league-cab-one-day-bhawanipore-club-wins-jc-mukherjee-trophy-and-crown-treble/|archive-date=2 July 2024}}</ref> The team plays its home matches mostly at the [[Eden Gardens]] and also at the [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground]]. They have won over 100 major state-level trophies so far.<ref name="Trophies">{{cite web|url=https://www.themohunbaganac.com/tropy-room/|title=Trophy room|publisher=themohunbaganac.com|accessdate=16 September 2019|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026183228/https://www.themohunbaganac.com/tropy-room/|url-status=live}}</ref> In past many big names like [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Virat Kohli]], [[MS Dhoni]] and even [[Sri Lanka Cricket|Sri Lankan]] player [[Chaminda Vaas]] had played for the club.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-flashback-when-virat-kohli-appeared-for-mohun-bagan-9-years-ago-2628628/amp|title=When Virat Kohli appeared for Mohun Bagan in 2009|work=DNA India|access-date=20 November 2020|date=24 June 2018|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128152640/https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-flashback-when-virat-kohli-appeared-for-mohun-bagan-9-years-ago-2628628/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hockey ===
{{Main|Mohun Bagan AC (field hockey)}}
The Mohun Bagan hockey team participates in various tournaments for varying age groups conducted by the Hockey Bengal. The team plays its home matches mostly at the SAI Sports Complex of [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and also at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]. The club participates in the [[Calcutta Hockey League]] and the [[Beighton Cup]]. The team have won 41 major state titles which includes 25 CHL and 14 Beighton Cup titles.<ref name="Trophies"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Teams with Most Wins in Prestigious Beighton Cup|url=https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/teams-with-most-wins-in-prestigious-beighton-cup/|date=2 November 2022|access-date=3 November 2022|publisher=Hockey Passion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102200248/https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/teams-with-most-wins-in-prestigious-beighton-cup/|archive-date=2 November 2022|website=hockeypassion.in}}</ref>

=== Athletics ===
Mohun Bagan has an [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] team, which is affiliated with the West Bengal Athletic Association, and participates in various tournaments of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/sports/other-sports/mohun-bagan-becomes-champion-in-state-athletics-meet/wb20230817080832614614566 | title = 27 বছর পরে রাজ্য অ্যাথলেটিক্স মিটে চ্যাম্পিয়ন মোহনবাগান | publisher = Etv Bharat | access-date = 17 August 2023 | archive-date = 8 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185626/https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/sports/other-sports/mohun-bagan-becomes-champion-in-state-athletics-meet/wb20230817080832614614566 | url-status = live }}</ref> The club also organizes Annual Athletic meets at the club ground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/130th-annual-athletics-meet-of-mohun-bagan-was-observed-with-great-grandeur-dgtl-1.1099904 | title = বার্ষিক অ্যাথলেটিক্স মিটে বাগানে উৎসবের আমেজ | publisher = Anandabazar Patrika | access-date = 24 January 2020 | archive-date = 9 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185309/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/130th-annual-athletics-meet-of-mohun-bagan-was-observed-with-great-grandeur-dgtl-1.1099904 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== eSports ===
Mohun Bagan also took part in the inaugural season of [https://www.e-isl.in/ e-ISL] where the ISL teams competed to play the video game [[FIFA 22]].

== Club awards ==
{{Main|Mohun Bagan AC season awards}}
Since 2001, 29 July is celebrated as ''Mohun Bagan Day'' in honor of the club's victory over East Yorkshire Regiment in the 1911 IFA Shield Final. To commemorate the day, the club organises an award distribution ceremony along with various festivities. ''Mohun Bagan Ratna'' is an award presented each year on ''Mohun Bagan Day'' to outstanding former players, irrespective of the sports played. The first recipient was former footballer [[Sailen Manna]]. Apart from the ''Mohun Bagan Ratna'', other awards are also presented which often differ in categories each year, except for an award for the best footballer and cricketer of the season which were presented for most of the years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-07-29 |title=Manna conferred Mohun Bagan Ratna Award |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/manna-conferred-mohun-bagan-ratna-award/articleshow/130001176.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018132431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/manna-conferred-mohun-bagan-ratna-award/articleshow/130001176.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Honours ==
* [[Banga Bibhushan]]: 2022 (the highest civilian honour in [[West Bengal]] given by the [[Government of West Bengal]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Proud Moment! |url=https://twitter.com/Mohun_Bagan/status/1550461894678708225 |website=Twitter |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722124545/https://twitter.com/Mohun_Bagan/status/1550461894678708225 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/3-iconic-city-football-clubs-to-receive-banga-bibhushan-486861|title=3 iconic city football clubs to receive Banga Bibhushan|website=www.millenniumpost.in|publisher=Millennium Post|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=22 July 2022|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724070753/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/3-iconic-city-football-clubs-to-receive-banga-bibhushan-486861|archive-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/not-clubs-but-institutions-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-mohammedan-receive-banga-bibhushan-award-from-west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-from-bengal-govt-184984|title='Not clubs but institutions': Mohun Bagan, East Bengal, Mohammedan receive Banga Bibhushan award|website=www.news9live.com|publisher=News Nine|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|first=Sayan|last=Mukherjee|date=25 July 2022|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725162640/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/not-clubs-but-institutions-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-mohammedan-receive-banga-bibhushan-award-from-west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-from-bengal-govt-184984|archive-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
* [[Mohun Bagan AC (cricket)]]
* [[Mohun Bagan AC (field hockey)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://www.themohunbaganac.com/}}

{{Mohun Bagan AC}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mohun Bagan AC| ]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in India]]
[[Category:1889 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]

Jayanti (Hinduism)

2025-11-03T01:56:12Z

Locweld: adding basic data basic info

{{Short description|Daughter of Indra in Hinduism}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Jayanti
| image =
| caption =
| affiliation = [[Devi]]
| abode = [[Patala]]
| consort = [[Shukra]]
| children = [[Devayani]]
| siblings = [[Jayanta]]
| father = [[Indra]]
| mother = [[Shachi]]
| type = Hindu
}}

'''Jayanti''' ({{Langx|sa|जयन्ती|lit=Victory}}, {{IAST3|Jayantī}}) is a character in [[Hindu mythology]]. She is the daughter of [[Indra]], the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the ruler of [[Svarga]], and his consort, [[Shachi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-10-01 |title=Jayanti, Jayantī, Jayamti: 32 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/jayanti |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Jayanti is described as the wife of [[Shukra]], the god of the planet [[Venus]] and the [[guru]] of the [[asura]]s. Their union results in the birth of a daughter, [[Devayani]].<ref name="Dikshitar1995">{{cite book|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Purana Index|volume=1|year=1995|orig-date=1951|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 9788120812741|page=636}}</ref> Jayanti is also described as the sister of [[Jayanta]].<ref name="Mani" /> She is sometimes identified with Urjjasvati, Shukra's another wife.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7bFwZhfSOsC&q=Devayani|title=The Purana Index|date=1996-01-31|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-1273-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mani" />

==Literature==
Jayanti appears primarily in the description of one event, the tale of her marriage with Shukra. The tale is retold in many [[Hindu scriptures]] with some variations as per the interpretations. The texts include the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'',<ref name="O'FlahertyDoniger1980">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty|title=The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04098-4|pages=125–126}}</ref> the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'',<ref name="Mani">{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2|author-link =Vettam Mani|pages=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/355 355], 760}}</ref> and the ''[[Padma Purana]]''.<ref name="Hazra1987">{{cite book|author=Rajendra Chandra Hazra|title=Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jar4V3piCeQC&pg=PA34|date= 1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0422-7|page=34}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Shukra cropped.jpg|thumb|Shukra, the husband of Jayanti]]
The ''Matsya Purana'' narrates that the [[asuras]] were almost decimated in battle with the [[Devas (Hinduism)|devas]]. Their guru, Shukra, goes to Mount [[Kailash]] to please the god [[Shiva]] and acquire new powers to revive the asuras from doom. Shukra performs severe ''[[tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]]'' (austerities). The devas try to destroy the remaining asuras and their refuge by Shukra's mother, [[Kavyamata]]. But after the murdered Kavyamata is resurrected, Indra, the king of the devas, becomes worried that with Shukra's success the asuras will regroup and attack again. He sends his daughter Jayanti to serve Shukra and to do anything possible to the advantage of Indra.<ref name="Basu">{{cite book|author=Baman Das Basu|series=The Sacred books of the Hindus|publisher=Cosmo Publications for Genesis Pub.|title=The Matsya Puranam|date=2007 |isbn=978-81-307-0532-3|pages=128–136}}</ref>

In the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', Indra orders Jayanti to entice the sage to disturb his austerities. Jayanti is displeased with her father's methods, but still goes to Kailash to honour his orders. At Kailash, she becomes an attendant of Shukra and serves him faithfully. She fans him with a banana leaf, gathers cool fragrant water for him to drink, and collects fresh flowers and [[darbha]] grass for his worship. She also stands in the heat and uses her upper garment to offer shade to the sage. She prepares a warm bed for him to sleep in and fans him until he falls asleep. She also speaks sweet words to please the sage. She serves him like a dutiful disciple and disregards her father's instructions to break Shukra's penance.<ref name="Mani"/>

In the ''Matsya Purana'', Jayanti follows her father's orders. After a thousand years, Shiva appears before Shukra and grants him the powers he desired. A pleased Shukra talks to Jayanti and promises to grant her a reward for her services. On her request, he marries her and spends time with her for ten years. Shukra creates a shell of magic so that they become invisible to the world and remain undisturbed.<ref name="Basu"/> In other versions, Jayanti requests Shukra to create a haze around them so their lovemaking is hidden from the world.<ref name="O'FlahertyDoniger1980"/> The ''Padma Purana'' extends the period to a hundred years, instead of ten.<ref name="Hazra1987"/>

After ten years, Shukra is free from his promise and Jayanti allows him to go visit his disciples, the demons.<ref name="Basu"/> The ''Matsya Purana'' and the ''Brahmanda Purana'' relate that couple's union produces a daughter called Devayani.<ref name="Basu"/> The [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which recalls a detailed account of Devayani's life, mentions that she is the daughter of Jayanti.<ref name="Dikshitar1995"/> However, the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' disagrees and portrays her as a daughter of Urjjasvati, another wife of Shukra.<ref name="Mani"/>

==Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism==

She is known as '''Kimira Devi''' ({{langx|km|កិមិរាទេវី}}) in Cambodia as the wife of Lord [[Shukra]] From the Hinduism culture passed down from the [[Khmer Empire]] and is the protective goddess of Friday, worshipped during the [[Cambodian New Year|Cambodian New Year festival]] if the first day of the year falls on a Friday according to the Cambodian calendar ({{langx|km|ពិធីផ្ទេរតំណែងទេវតាឆ្នាំថ្មី}}), as she is believed to descend from heaven to care for the people of this land for one year until the following New Year. In her journey there are some special details that are local and mixed with have Cambodia folk culture Unique, such as the vehicle is a [[Bubalina|buffalo]]. It appears with only two hands and has the following symbol as [[Pin (harp)|harp]] and [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]], The color of her clothes is Blue and Her story and details have been adapted and blended with influences [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodia buddhism]] and has its own unique identity.<ref>Min Saes (Braḥ Mahā.) (1942) [https://www.worldcat.org/title/Brahmacariyakatha/oclc/23580153 Brahma Chariyakathā], Bibliothèque Royale, Publisher: Royal Library of Cambodia p. 185</ref><ref>Astrologer Nhim Pen (1947) [https://books.google.com/books/about/Prakratidin_kambuj%C4%81.html?id=yODnAAAAMAAJ Cambodia Calendar], Contributor: William J. Gedney, Publisher: Association Sutharot, Original from the University of Michigan p. 118</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Children of Indra]]

Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System

2025-09-16T10:53:11Z

Locweld: adding new data more to come!

{{Short description|none}}
The '''Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System''', abbreviated as '''IOTWS''', was set up to provide warning to inhabitants of nations bordering the [[Indian Ocean]] of approaching [[tsunami]]s. The [[tsunami warning system]] has been in use since the mid-2000s.

==Background==
A warning system for the Indian Ocean was prompted by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and resulting tsunami, which left approximately 250,000 people dead or missing. Many analysts claimed that the disaster would have been mitigated if there had been an effective warning system in place, citing the well-established [[Hawaii]]-based [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], which operates in the [[Pacific Ocean]].

People in some areas would have had more than adequate time to seek safety if they were aware of the impending catastrophe. The only way to effectively mitigate the impact of a tsunami is through an [[early warning system]]. Other methods such as [[sea wall]]s only work for a percentage of waves, but a warning system is effective for all waves originating outside a minimum distance from the coastline.

==Construction==

The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System was agreed to in a [[United Nations]] conference held in January 2005 in [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] as an initial step towards an [[International Early Warning Programme]]. [[Nanometrics|Nanometrlolics]] (Ottawa, Canada) and RESULTS Marine Private Limited, India, delivered and successfully installed 17 Seismic VSAT stations with two Central Recording Station to provide the seismic event alert to the scientists through SMS and e-mail automatically within two minutes.

The system became active in late June 2006 following the leadership of [[UNESCO]]. It consists of 25 seismographic stations relaying information to 26 national tsunami information centers, as well as six Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoys.<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=33442&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System up and running], UNESCOPRESS, 28 June 2006</ref> However, UNESCO warned that further coordination between governments and methods of relaying information from the centers to the civilians at risk are required to make the system effective.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5126710.stm Asia tsunami warning system ready], BBC News, 28 June 2006</ref>

Sensor data is processed by the U.S. [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] in Hawaii and the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]], and alerts are forwarded to threatened countries and also made available to the general public. National governments warn citizens through a variety of means, including [[Cell Broadcast]] messages, SMS messages, radio and television broadcasts, sirens from dedicated platforms and mosque loudspeakers, and police vehicles with loudspeakers.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-quake-idUSBRE83B09G20120412|title=Tsunami alerts pass Indonesia quake test, with luck|first=Olivia|last=Rondonuwu|agency=Reuters|date=12 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Performance during emergencies==

The system was not yet operational during the [[2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami]]. The Indonesian government did receive tsunami warnings from the warning centers but did not have a system to relay the alert to its citizens. At least 23,000 people evacuated the coast after the quake, either fearing a tsunami or because their homes had been destroyed. Waves as high as {{convert|7.39|m|abbr=on}} still resulted in about 700 fatalities and 9,000 injuries.

In the [[2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes|2012 Indian Ocean sequence]], the system alerted the Indian islands on Andaman and Nicobar within eight minutes.<ref>Suk, Sarah, [http://www.crisscross.com/jp/comment/715 Did disaster forum achieve anything?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121140804/http://www.crisscross.com/jp/comment/715 |date=2008-11-21 }}, crisscross.com, 23 January 2005</ref> Some tsunami warning sirens in Aceh were delayed by about 20 minutes due to failure of the electrical grid caused by the proximity of the earthquake, and evacuation routes in Banda Aceh were jammed with traffic.<ref name="reuters" />

Of the 28 countries that ring the Indian Ocean, Australia, Indonesia and India are now responsible for spearheading tsunami warnings in the area.<ref>Penberthy, Natsumi [http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2014/12/on-this-day-in-history-boxing-day-tsunami On this day in history: 2004 Boxing Day tsunami], australiangeographic.com, 26 December 2014</ref>

The system had no means to predict tsunamis from volcanic eruptions. After the [[2018 Sunda Strait tsunami]], the Indonesian government installed sea level sensors to fill this gap.<ref name="Annunziato 2019, p. 68">Annunziato, A, Husrin, S, Prasetya, G. (2019). ANAK KRAKATAU VOLCANO EMERGENCY TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM. ''Science of Tsunami hazards'', pp. 68-95. [https://doaj.org/article/7776a3bb145140fdb10ade3611abd5af link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918080439/https://doaj.org/article/7776a3bb145140fdb10ade3611abd5af |date=18 September 2021 }}.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal|Oceans|Tsunamis}}
* [http://www.gitews.org/index.php?L=1 German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System]
* [http://www.envirtech.com Envirtech Tsunami Warning System, based on real time seafloor observatories measuring seismic waves and sea levels]

[[Category:Emergency management in Asia]]
[[Category:Warning systems]]
[[Category:Tsunami]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean]]

Kolar River (Narmada)

2025-08-25T17:48:58Z

Locweld:

{{For|the river in Maharashtra|Kolar River (Maharashtra)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kolar River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| image = Kolar Reservoir - October 2018.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = The Kolar Reservoir, created by the Kolar Dam across the river.
| image_alt =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| pushpin_map_alt =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length_km = 101
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
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| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Narmada River]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|21|14|N|79|10|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
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| basin_population =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Kolar''' is a right [[Bank (geography)|bank]] [[tributary]] of the [[Narmada River]] in India. It flows for a total length of 101 km, all of which is in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="books.google">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Sharad|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|year=2007|publisher=Springer|location=Netherlands|pages=521|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=marble+falls+india&pg=PA514|isbn=9781402051791}}</ref>

== River Basin ==
The Kolar river arises in the [[Vindhya Range]] of [[Sehore district]] and flows in a south westerly direction to meet the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] at village neelkanth near Nasrullahganj in the Sehore district of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its total drainage area is of 1,347 km2 and is spread across the two districts.<ref name="books.google" /> The upper part of the [[Drainage basin|river basin]] lies at an elevation of 350 to 600 metres and much of it is under tropical deciduous forest. The river [[debouch]]es into the plains near Jholiapur. Much of the upper basin has poor soils and agriculture here is largely of wheat and gram. The lower basin has better soils and a flatter slope and has been used extensively bunded allowing for impounding water during the monsoons.<ref name="books.google" />

== Kolar Dam ==
Near Lawakhadi in Sehore, the Kolar Dam, a masonry dam has been built across the river and it provides about 70% filtered water to [[Bhopal City|Bhopal city]] and provides for irrigation and inland fisheries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sugunan|first=VV|title=Reservoir Fisheries of India|year=1995|publisher=FAO|location=Rome|pages=263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWxskWs5WywC&q=kolar+river&pg=PA263|isbn=9789251036730}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Narmada basin}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Narmada River]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Zindagi Ek Bhanwar

2025-07-25T01:59:05Z

Locweld: Added a info added tags.

{{Short description|2014 Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Political drama]]
| writer = Shoaib Choudhary
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Tej Sapru]]
* [[Raza Murad]]
* [[Anant Jog]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 335
| producer = Shoaib Choudhary
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|12|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016}}
}}
'''Zindagi Ek Bhanwar''' (styled as '''Zindagi... Ek Bhanwar''') was a [[political drama]] TV show which aired on [[DD National|Doordarshan National]] on 16 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=India |first=Press Trust of |title=Doordarshan comes up with 10 new shows, look |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/doordarshan-comes-up-with-10-new-shows-look-114120200977_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515060710/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/doordarshan-comes-up-with-10-new-shows-look-114120200977_1.html |archive-date=15 May 2016 |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-05 |title=It's raining new shows on DD |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-raining-new-shows-on-dd/story-UN3sdUW7qQNvzI3MB6dTQL.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104212041/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-raining-new-shows-on-dd/story-UN3sdUW7qQNvzI3MB6dTQL.html |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=www.hindustantimes.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> It was produced and written by Shoaib Choudhary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पर्दे पर दिखानी है मेरठ के दंगा पीड़ितों की पीड़ा : शोएब चौधरी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-12619582.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It starred [[Zarina Wahab]] as Sharda Devi and [[Tej Sapru]] as the husband of Devi. The show has been televised 335 episodes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumitra Guha & others Aarogya Yog – Series ( Ep. 09 / 26 ) |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/19.03.2022Revised-DD-National.pdf |website=prasarbharati.gov.in}}</ref> from Monday to Thursday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title=DD Will Now Be Available In Bangladesh, South Korea To Boost India's Relations With Neighbours |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/dd-will-now-be-available-in-bangladesh-south-korea-to-boost-india-s-relations-with-neighbours-369585.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The story revolves around a family with political background, where Sharda Devi was fielded as a political candidate in an Assembly election by her husband, who was a candidate of a seat in a Parliamentary election. This cause a confrontation between Devi and her son, who was aspiring to be a politician.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-04 |title=Lady of the house |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-family-and-political-drama-zindagi-ek-bhanwar-highlights-the-role-of-women-in-politics/article6751488.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Zarina Wahab as Sharda Devi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-04 |title=Political makeover |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/zarina-wahab-on-her-role-in-the-new-serial-called-zindagi-ek-bhanwar/article6751495.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Tej Sapru
* [[Raza Murad]]
* [[Anant Jog]]
* Shraddha Singh
* Yaqub Ghauri

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]

Raj Kumari (sport shooter)

2025-06-26T10:37:19Z

Locweld: Put up new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian shooter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| national_team = India
| employer = [[Indian Army]]
| spouse =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Shooting sports|shooting]]}} [[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]]|[[Shooting at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|Women's 50m Rifle Three positions Pairs]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]]|[[Shooting at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|Women's 50m Rifle Three positions Individual]]}}
}}[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Arjuna Award to Ms. Rajkumari Rathore for Shooting, at the National Sports & Adventure awards ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhawan, in New Delhi on August 31, 2013.jpg|thumb|Rathore receiving the [[Arjuna Award]] from the President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]].]]
'''Rajkumari Rathore''', née '''Raj Kumari''', is an Indian [[Shooting sports|shooter]]. In 2013, she was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
She started shooting in 1995, and joined the Army team.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gurung |first=Anmol |date=2013-09-22 |title=Shooting towards success |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2013/Sep/22/shooting-towards-success-520466.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]], she won a gold medal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-07-29 |title=Pair power brings India more gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pair-power-brings-india-more-gold/articleshow/17496753.cms |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the Women's 50m Rifle [[Three positions]] Individual, she won a silver medal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-08-16 |title=Field day for Indian marksmen |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/field-day-for-indian-marksmen/article29636909.ece |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2002 Asian Games]], she was part of the Indian team that competed in the [[Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's 50 metre rifle prone team|women's 50m rifle prone]] event, which finished seventh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-02-02 |title=Game Result |url=http://www.busanasiangames.org/Jpn/ag/ba_scd_game_re_1.asp?GM_STATUS=2&GM_ID=SHX02&GM_FG=SH02&Gm_No=&Gm_Grp=&Gm_Part=&Language=KOR&GM_DATE=20021004 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030202010428/http://www.busanasiangames.org/Jpn/ag/ba_scd_game_re_1.asp?GM_STATUS=2&GM_ID=SHX02&GM_FG=SH02&Gm_No=&Gm_Grp=&Gm_Part=&Language=KOR&GM_DATE=20021004 |archive-date=2 February 2003 }}</ref>

In 2011, she won a gold medal in the 54th National shooting championship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-21 |title=Raj Kumari wins gold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Raj-Kumari-wins-gold/article15527710.ece |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In the [[2012 Asian Shooting Championships]], she won a gold medal in the women's 50 m rifle prone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian women win two gold at Asian shooting |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/indian-women-win-two-gold-at-asian-shooting/20120116.htm |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-16 |title=Luck deserts Indian girls in air pistol |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Luck-deserts-Indian-girls-in-air-pistol/article13368577.ece |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the same event, she missed an Olympic qualification in the women's rifle 3-position by one point, scoring 578 points to finish in the 9th place.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-18 |title=Raj Kumari falls short |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Raj-Kumari-falls-short/article13370990.ece |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She married Deepak Rathore in 2007, and has a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Rajkumari}}
[[Category:Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in shooting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in shooting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Godavari Arch Bridge

2025-06-07T14:34:08Z

Locweld: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Bridge in Rajahmundry, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox bridge
| bridge_name = Godavari Arch Bridge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Archbridgegodavari.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The Godavari Arch Bridge in Rajahmundry
| official_name =
| other_name = Rajahmundry-Kovvur Bridge
| carries = Single Railway lane
| crosses = [[Godavari River]]
| locale = [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| maint = [[Indian Railways]]
| id =
| website =
| architect =
| designer = [[Hindustan Construction Company]]
| engineering =
| design = [[Tied-arch bridge|Bowstring-Girder]]
| material =
| length = {{convert|2745|m|ft|0}}
| width =
| height =
| mainspan = {{convert|97.552|m|ft|0}}
| spans = 28 twin arches
| pierswater = 28
| load =
| clearance =
| below =
| life =
| builder = [[Hindustan Construction Company]]
| fabricator =
| begin = 1991
| complete = 1997
| cost =
| open = March 12, 1997
| inaugurated =
| toll =
| traffic =
| preceded = [[Godavari Bridge]]
| followed =
| heritage =
| collapsed =
| closed =
| replaces = [[Old Godavari Bridge|Havelock Bridge]]
| map_cue =
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| coordinates = {{coord|17|00|28.2|N|81|45|21|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| lat =
| long =
| references =
| extra =
}}

The '''Godavari Arch Bridge''' is a [[Tied-arch bridge|bowstring-girder bridge]] that spans the [[Godavari River]] in [[Rajahmundry]], [[India]]. It is the latest of the three bridges that span the Godavari river at Rajahmundry. [[Old Godavari Bridge|The Havelock Bridge]] being the earliest, was built in 1897, and having served its full utility, was decommissioned in 1997.
<ref name=Bridges /><ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Mukram |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/28023731@N04/7371646202/in/photostream |title=The Havelock Bridge Memorial Stone |publisher=Flickr |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323104033/http://www.flickr.com/photos/28023731@N04/7371646202/in/photostream |url-status=live }}</ref>
The second bridge known as the [[Godavari Bridge]] is a [[truss bridge]] and is [[List of longest bridges above water in India|India's third longest road-cum-rail bridge]] crossing a water body.<ref name="Bridges">{{cite web|url=http://irsme.nic.in/files/mmfiles/BRIDGES_RRB.pdf|title=Bridges: The Spectacular Feat of Indian Engineering|author=R.R.Bhandari|publisher=Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002840/http://irsme.nic.in/files/mmfiles/BRIDGES_RRB.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Pre">{{cite web|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0004972|title=Godavari Bridge|access-date=7 June 2011|publisher=Structurae|archive-date=5 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805233853/http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0004972|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Third">{{cite web|url=http://en.structurae.de/refs/items/index.cfm?id=r0023536|title=Third Godavari Railway Bridge, India|access-date=7 June 2011|publisher=Structurae|archive-date=9 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609105050/http://en.structurae.de/refs/items/index.cfm?id=r0023536|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000">Dayaratnam, pp. 219–228</ref>

The bridge is one of the longest span [[prestressed concrete]] [[arch bridge]]s in Asia.<ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000"/>
The Indian Railways who built this bridge have stated that "It is perhaps for the first time anywhere in the world that a bowstring arch girder using concrete has been constructed for such a long span of {{Convert|97.55|m}}, and that too for the Railway loading."<ref name=Bridges/> It has been widely used to represent Rajahmundry in arts, media, and culture. It is one of the recognised symbols of Rajahmundry.

==Geography==
The bridge is built across the [[Godavari River]], the largest river in [[South India]] at over {{Convert|1000|m|mi}} length. It is built in the region as the river enters into the deltaic reach before discharging into the sea {{Convert|60|km}} downstream of the bridge. At the location of the bridge the [[Godavari River]] flows with a width of about {{Convert|3|km}}, split in two channels with an island formation in between. The maximum discharge observed in the river is reported to be around 3 million m3/s and the maximum velocity of water flow as {{Convert|5|m}} per second.<ref name=Bridges/> The bridge is located in a cyclonic area where the wind speed touch {{Convert|200|km}} per hour.

The bridge is located in two channels, the Kovvur channel and the Rajahmundry channel, and hence the bridge is also known as the Kovvur-Rajahmundry Bridge. The Rajahmundry channel has a deep rocky bed, and even the water level is {{convert|18|-|20|m}}. Comparatively the Kovur channel is shallow with a water depth of about {{convert|8|-|10|m}} and riverbed is made up of clay deposits.

==History==

===Earlier Bridges===
{{Main|Old Godavari Bridge|Godavari Bridge}}
[[File:Godavari Bridge2.jpg|thumb|left| The bridge on the left is the [[Old Godavari Bridge]] or the [[Havelock Bridge]] (decommissioned).]]

This bridge is the third in the series of the bridges that spans the [[Godavari River]] at [[Rajahmundry]]. The earliest bridge is the [[Old Godavari Bridge|Havelock bridge]], which was built in 1897 by [[Frederick Walton (Engineer)|Frederick Thomas Granville Walton]]. It is {{Convert|2950|m}} long and is made of masonry piers and steel girders.<ref name=Bridges/> It was decommissioned in 1997 as it had served its full utility. The Godavari Arch bridge was actually built to replace the Havelock bridge. Additionally, the Godavari Arch bridge is aligned parallel to the Old Godavari bridge, and is separated by a short distance of about 200 meters.

The second bridge is a railroad bridge, the [[Godavari bridge]], built in the 1960s as a part of doubling of railway track between [[Chennai]] – [[Howrah]]. This is a [[truss bridge]], with the superstructure made of steel. It is in active service and carries a single railway track in the lower level, and two-way road, pedestrian pathways on the upper level. Initial plans for the construction of the Godavari Arch bridge consisted of a steel superstructure like the [[Godavari bridge]]. But later the concept of [[prestressed concrete]] girders was considered, and subsequently the designing was continued with the concrete girders.<ref name=Bridges/><ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000, p.219"/>

===Planning===
[[File:Nwgbridge.JPG|thumb|right|The second Godavari Bridge, a Truss Bridge, Asia's second longest road-cum-rail bridge]]
Godavari Arch Bridge was to be built to replace and the [[Old Godavari Bridge|Havelock Bridge]], which had served its full utility. Initial plans made for the bridge considered a superstructure made of steel. But, as the usage of concrete as construction material had become popular since its introduction in the 1930s, the issue of type of superstructure was re–examined by the [[Indian Railways]]. It was decided to examine the possibility of evolving a [[prestressed concrete]] [[bridge]] with a {{Convert|97.55|m}} [[span (architecture)|span]]. Firms were pre-qualified for the purpose with preferred options suggested for submission of offers, and for the preference of steel girder or concrete girder.

Among the three firms which were shortlisted to submit proposals, two firms opted for concrete bridge and one for steel bridge. On the basis of these proposals, the authorities at [[Indian Railways]] prepared the [[Terms of Reference]] prescribing the design criteria. Following this, the three qualified firms, the [[Research Design and Standards Organization]] and the [[Railway Board (India)|Railway Board]] were taken into consideration to indicate their views and comments on the [[Terms of Reference]]. And, subsequently the design criteria for the bridge was finalised.

The proposals received from the three firms were examined by Proof Consultants who recommended that the design offered by [[Hindustan Construction Company]] be accepted. It proposed the [[Tied-arch bridge|bowstring-girder]] type concrete arch of span {{Convert|92.552|m}} with [[prestressed concrete]] [[box girder]] to act as the [[Tie (engineering)|tie]]. Following this recommendation, the proposal of [[Hindustan Construction Company]] was accepted considering its technical feasibility and financial viability. [[Hindustan Construction Company]] won the order to plan, design and build the bridge.<ref name=Bridges/>

===Construction===
The bridge, built by the [[Hindustan Construction Company]], for the [[Indian Railways]], was designed by [[Bureau BBR]], Switzerland, and checked by [[Fritz Leonhardt|Leonardt Andrä and Partners]], Germany.<ref name=Pre/><ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000, p.219">Dayaratnam, p. 219</ref>
Construction on the bridge began in 1991 and lasted till 1997. It was commissioned for passenger traffic in March 1997 and became fully operational for running trains by the Indian Railways from 2003.<ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000"/>

==Description==

===Specifications===
The twin [[arch]]es, [[box girder]]s, [[strut]]s are all made of [[prestressed concrete]].

The twin arches have a constant width of {{Convert|0.8|m}} and depth varying from {{Convert|1.7|m}} at the springing to {{Convert|1.1|m}} at the crown. These are connected laterally with struts (known as [[Vierendeel truss]]) and box girder.

There are 28 identical spans of twin arches, of parabolic profile, spaced at {{Convert|5.6|m}}, each of {{Convert|97|m}} width from centre to centre of the piers with a total length of {{Convert|2.7|km}}.<ref name=Pre/>

The [[effective span]] from centre to centre of the bearings is {{Convert|94|m}}.<ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000"/>

Each girder is {{convert|95.552|m}} long.

The final dimensions of the box girder are {{convert|95.462|m}}×{{convert|5200|mm}} (bottom) with thickness of the top slab of {{convert|296|mm}}, the web of {{convert|300|mm}} thickness and with the bottom slab thickness kept at {{convert|240|mm}}.A diaphragm stiffens the box girder at each Dina Hanger location.<ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000, p.219"/>

The substructure of the bridge consists of 28 piers.<ref name="Pier">{{cite web|url=http://iricen.indianrailways.gov.in/IRICEN1/projects/611/pdf/godavari.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818162422/http://iricen.indianrailways.gov.in/IRICEN1/projects/611/pdf/godavari.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2011 |title=Project Report on correction of Level Pier 27 of Godavari Bridge |access-date=8 June 2011 |publisher=iricen.indianrailways.gov.in }}</ref>

===Design aspects===
The superstructure of the bridge is of the bow-string girder type. While designing, the projected speed for the trains was taken as 160 km per hour. Taking into consideration the cyclonic conditions, the wind speed considered without [[Structural load#Live loads|live load]] was {{convert|200|km}} per hour, and with [[Structural load#Dead load|dead load]] the speed considered was {{convert|158|km}} per hour. As the location of the bridge is in the Seismic Zone I, [[Seismic loading|seismic load]] has not been accounted for in the design.

The bridge is designed to run trains at a speed of {{Convert|160|mi}} per hour and is designed to withstand wind speed of {{Convert|200|mi}} per hour during [[Cyclone|cyclonic storms]] that are anticipated in and around [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000"/>

====Arches====
The arches are designed to share 80% of the [[Structural load#Dead load|dead load]] and [[Structural load#Live loads|live load]] transferred from the hangers and thus a plays a critical role of relieving the flexural and shear stresses on the girder. Twelve sinking supports are provided at each hanger location connecting with the girder.<ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000, p.219"/>

====Hangers====
Each span of the bridge has 24 hangers, which are further divided into six types depending on their length. Each Dina Hanger is made of 49 high tensile steel wires of {{convert|7|mm}} diameter each. These wires run parallel to each other and are encased in a high tensile polythene pipe, which is cement grouted.<ref>Dayaratnam, p. 226</ref>

====Girders====
The [[box girders]] are made of M42 grade concrete. Each [[girder]] was [[prestressed concrete|prestressed]] with 16 longitudinal cables, which in turn were [[prestressed concrete|prestressed]] to a force of 2950 kN each.<ref name=Bridges/>

The [[box girder]], which functions as the deck of the bridge and carries the [[Structural load#Live loads|live load]], comprises end diaphragm ({{convert|1000|mm}} thick), which has inspection windows.<ref>Dayaratnam, p. 220</ref>

The design of the [[girder]] accounts for loading conditions of full span train load, half span train load, one third span train load and so forth with due accounting of temperature variation of ±{{Convert|10|C}}. At each stage of [[casting]] of the [[girders]] (seven stages of casting were involved for each girder from girder stressing to removal of form work) forces generated in the arch section were studied and accounted. The girder casting also ensured that no cracks appeared in the arches at any stage.<ref>Dayaratnam, pp. 224–226</ref>

====Bearings====
The bridge has been provided with pot bearings, of 1050 tonnes capacity. One each [[pier]], the [[girder]] is supported on four pot bearings of three types: PNa, PNe, PN.

The PNa type bearing (which facilitates free sliding in both directions) on one pier and PNe type (slides only in one direction) in the succeeding pier and PN type which is fixed type.

The PNa and PNe type of bearings have been pre-set for {{convert|60|mm}} movement in the longitudinal direction and {{convert|10|mm}} in the lateral direction and the centre line of top plate has been fixed relatively by {{convert|60|mm}}/{{convert|10|mm}} with respect to centre line of bottom plate of the bearing which will permit the movements due to creep, shrinkage and elastic deformation.<ref name=Pier/> Their placement ensures that only longitudinal movement takes place without permitting any lateral moment.<ref name="DayaratnamEngineers2000, p.227">Dayaratnam, p. 227</ref>

Three sets of bearings were imported from [[Switzerland]], while the balance bearings were made by [[BBR (India) Pvt Ltd]], [[India]].<ref name=Bridges/>

==Maintenance==

===Corrective action===
After the bridge was constructed, the railway authorities carried out settlement studies of all 28 piers in view of the foundation conditions on which they were founded. These measurements indicated that pier settlement in only one pier, namely "pier 27" in the Kovvur Channel was of the order of {{convert|211|mm}}, which needed corrective action, while in all other piers the settlement was less than {{convert|75|mm}} indicating that pier foundations had settled down. Since the rotation in the vertical plane exceeded the prescribed value for differential settlement, BBR, consultants to Hindustan Construction Company (HCC), anticipated that the top plate of the bearing is "likely touch the bottom plate thereby damaging the bearing." To remedy the situation, the consultant advised HCC, to maintain a uniform gradient of {{convert|200|mm}} between the piers 26, 27 and 28. However, the lifting of bearings by {{convert|200|mm}} was executed during the month of May 2003, even though the settlement of the pier in question was not significant after May 2002. This was achieved by using Conbextra HES (which has properties of free flow, achieving high early strength and quick setting), a cementation material manufactured by M/s. FOSROC, India. The gap of {{convert|200|mm}} between the pedestal top and bottom of bearing was filled with this material. This was done by careful planning of stopping train operations (by taking two breaks of short intervals) over the bridge during the period of rectification supported by eight 400 tonnes capacity hydraulic jacks with lock nut and shim plates’ arrangement.<ref name=Pier/>

==See also==
*[[Godavari Bridge]]
*[[Old Godavari Bridge]]
*[[Godavari River]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*{{cite book|author1=P. Dayaratnam|author2=Indian Institution of Bridge Engineers|title=Cable stayed, supported, and suspension bridges: Technical Paper on Design aspects of the third railway Bridge across Godavari at Rajahmundhry|author3=Sinha. A.H.|
url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA219|access-date=8 June 2011|year=2000|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-271-5}}

{{commons category}}
{{Godavari basin}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Bridges completed in 2003]]
[[Category:Bridges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Tied arch bridges]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Godavari River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Transport in East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Transport in West Godavari district]]

Mysore Brothers

2025-04-06T13:04:20Z

Locweld: Done

{{promotional|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mysore Brothers
| image = Mysore Brothers.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
| occupation = [[Violin]]ist duo
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| years_active =
}}
'''"Mysore Brothers"''' is an [[India]]n classical violinist duo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mysuru.com/mysoreBros.aspx|title=Mysuru earlier known as Mysore | Mysuru Tourism|website=mysuru.com|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409105852/https://mysuru.com/mysoreBros.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> consisting of Mysore Nagaraj and [[Mysore Manjunath]]. They trained under their father Sri Mahadevappa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040828/saturday/main1.htm|title=The Tribune - Magazine section - Saturday Extra|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> a violinist in the tradition of [[Tyagaraja|Sri Tyagaraja]] and composer of [[Carnatic Music|Carnatic classical music]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article566434.ece |title=The Hindu : Arts / Music : A treat for the ears |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827045854/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article566434.ece |archive-date=27 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/549183/twice-prowess.html|title=Twice the prowess|date=28 May 2016|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/raised-to-the-power-of-two/article27546520.ece|title=The journey of violin maestros, the Mysore Brothers|first=K.|last=Pradeep|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 June 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> They received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] award from the [[Government of India]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/selected-sangith-natak-academy-award/|title=Selected for Sangith Natak Academy Award|date=28 May 2017}}</ref>

==Notable performances==
In 2019, ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that the brothers had "metamorphosed their prodigious talent to blossom into brand ambassadors of Indian classical music."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K |date=June 6, 2019 |title=The journey of violin maestros, the Mysore Brothers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/raised-to-the-power-of-two/article27546520.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Kochi |access-date=May 10, 2020 }}</ref>

They have performed at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[London]], [[Sydney Opera House]] in [[Australia]], International Violin Conference, Common Thread Music festival in [[United States]], [[Federation Square]] in [[Melbourne]], World Music Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVVSJL7k9ls |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/MVVSJL7k9ls |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Ronu Majumdar & Mysore Manjunath with Ramdas Palsule & Arjun Kumar |publisher=YouTube |date=2010-09-24 |accessdate=2020-05-05}}{{cbignore}}</ref> in [[Chicago]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/zakir-hussain-niladri-kumar-open-chicago-world-music-festival|title=Zakir Hussain, Niladri Kumar to open Chicago World Music Festival|website=www.radioandmusic.com}}</ref> [[Oxford University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.music.ox.ac.uk/event/the-mysore-brothers-2/|title=The Mysore BrothersOxford University Faculty of Music|website=www.music.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> Tansen Sangith Samaroh-Gwalior, All-European Cultural festival in Leicester, Festival of India in London, SAARC summit, Royal charity Concert at [[Putra World Trade Centre]] in Kuala Lumpur before the King of Malaysia, World Music Festival in Chicago, special concert for the President of the Republic of Namibia, Power theatre in Oregon, [[Federation Square]]-[[Melbourne]], Congregational hall in Portland. Dr. Manjunath has performed at the Esplanade Theatre in Singapore, World Music Series by [[BBC]], [[Fiestas de Santa Fe|Santa-Fe Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfreporter.com/arts/theater/2007/06/27/performing-arts-books-june-27-july-3/|title=Performing Arts / Books June 27-July 3|website=Santa Fe Reporter}}</ref> in [[New Mexico]], Persian Academy of Culture in [[Iran]] Doverlane Music Festival in Kolkata, [[India International Centre]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iicdelhi.in/webcasts/view_webcast/carnatic-violin-duet-by-the-mysore-brothers-/|title=India International Centre|Carnatic Violin Duet By the Mysore Brothers|website=www.iicdelhi.in}}</ref> Bozar Contemporary Music Festival in Brussels. They have collaborated with musicians and orchestras including [[:de:Ned McGowan|Ned McGowan]], [[Fabrizio Cassol]], Jai Uttal, Joe Craven, Fred Hamilton, Todd Haaby, Pandith [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]], [[Ronu Majumdar]], [[N. Rajam]], Tejendra Majumdar such as [[Aka Moon]],<ref>http://www.akamoon.com/index.php?id=159{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Spenifex,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womex.com/virtual/spinifex|title=Spinifex - WOMEX|website=www.womex.com}}</ref> [[Ictus Ensemble|Ictus]].

==Educational and cultural activities==
Mysore Brothers have conducted workshops, seminars and performances at a range of institutions {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}. Mysore Manjunath was nominated as cultural ambassador of University of Mysore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=13376|title=Bangalore First » Blog Archive » 'Princes of Mysore' to mesmerise the audience in USA|date=15 September 2014}}</ref> Dr. Manjunath has composed many new ragas including Yaduveera Manohari,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/260616/yaduveer-raga-for-mysuru-royal-wedding.html|title='Yaduveer raga' for Mysuru royal wedding|first=shilpa|last=p|date=26 June 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Bharatha. His creation ''Yoga Anthem'' included performances by various world musicians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/mysuru-musician-composes-anthem-for-international-yoga-day/articleshow/69864567.cms|title=Mysuru musician composes anthem for International Yoga Day | Mysuru News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/210619/anthem-for-yoga.html |title=Anthem for Yoga |publisher=Asianage.com |date=2019-06-21 |accessdate=2020-05-05}}</ref> At the [[Karnataka Ganakala Parishat|Ganakala Parishath]] music conference, he was nominated as the President of the Coveted Golden Jubilee Music Conference and honored with the Ganakala Bhushana Award in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/karnataka-focused-music-parishat-marks-50th-year-799827.html|title=Karnataka-focused music Parishat marks 50th year|date=30 January 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.violinindia.com/MNM.htm Profile]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore Brothers}}
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kollam Cantonment

2025-02-14T18:35:27Z

Locweld: small refined details and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Kollam Cantonment
|other_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|motto =
|image_skyline = Model Road in Kollam, Mar 2017.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Model road and Railway overbridge in Kollam Cantonment
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Kollam#Kerala#India
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kollam, India
|coordinates = {{coord|8.881160|N|76.599078|E|display=inline}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[City]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code = 691001
|area_code = 0474
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
|blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
|blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|34|°C|°F}}
|blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
|blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|22|°C|°F}}
|website = http://www.kollam.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}
'''Kollam Cantonment''' (originally '''Quilon Cantonment''') is a residential neighbourhood in the city of [[Kollam]]. It arose as a [[cantonment]] of the [[British Raj]] in the 17th century. It is now a thickly populated area of the city of [[Kollam]]. Some of the important business centres, shopping complexes and Government offices are located here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pincodes.info/in/Kerala/Kollam/Kollam-Cantonment/ |title=Kollam cantonment - Pincodes.info |access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> [[Kollam Junction railway station]] is also located in the cantonment ward of corporation.

==History==
[[Kollam|Kollam(Quilon)]] was one of the trade hubs in [[British Raj|British India]]. [[Kollam Port]] had trades history with [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Arabs]] and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] etc. The city was conquered by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[British people|British]] people during 16th to 18th centuries.<ref>[https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296 Thangassery, Kollam - Kerala Tourism]</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132809/http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city About the City of Kollam]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ucanindia.in/news/new-proof-for-preportuguese-mission-in-kollam/23928/daily New proof for Pre-Portuguese mission in Kollam]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tourmet.com/thangassery-fort/ |title=Tourmet - Thangassery, Kollam |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indica.co.in/history-of-kollam#.UtZLhNKVO-0 |title=History of Kollam |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602133158/http://indica.co.in/history-of-kollam#.UtZLhNKVO-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Considering the importance, a British garrison was stationed in [[Kollam]] which was subsequently reduced to a native regiment, as a protective force for the then Maharaja of the erstwhile state of [[Travancore]]. The garrison was situated at the [[Cantonment Maidan]] during those days.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-place-in-history/article3218611.ece A place in history - The Hindu]</ref>

==Public/Private institutions situated at Kollam Cantonment area==
[[File:Bhima-showroom-new.jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Bhima Jewellers]] situated at Kollam Cantonment area]]
The Kollam Corporation Town Hall, named the C. Kesavan Memorial Municipal Town Hall in the memory of [[C. Kesavan]] – a freedom fighter and former Chief Minister of erstwhile [[Travancore-Cochin]] state – is a decades-old building situated on the [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway]] passing through the Cantonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/C.-Kesavanrsquos-statue-unveiled-in-Kollam/article15241509.ece|title=C. Kesavan’s statue unveiled in Kollam|publisher=The Hindu|date=2008-06-14|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref><ref name="Ray322">{{cite book |title=Different Types of History |editor-first=Bharati |editor-last=Ray |chapter=Subjects of New Lives |first=Udaya |last=Kumar |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2009 |isbn=9788131718186 |pages=322–323 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC&pg=PA322}}</ref> The building is now one of the main venues for several cultural events and meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/New-rent-for-town-hall-to-be-ratified-today/article14778415.ece|title=New rent for town hall to be ratified today|publisher=The Hindu|date=2007-06-16|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-bridge-to-bypass-choking-traffic/article5592583.ece|title=A bridge to bypass choking traffic|publisher=The Hindu|date=2014-01-19|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> Apart from the town hall, there are other buildings of note in the Cantonment area.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Corporation office, Kollam]]
* [[Kollam Junction railway station]]
* [[Kollam]] Armed Reserve Police Force Camp (ARPF Camp)
* Kollam Public Library
* Sopanam Auditorium
* [[Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace|Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace(SMP Palace)]]
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium (Kollam)|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]]
* [[Cantonment Maidan]]
* Kollam Passport Seva Kendra
* [[Bhima Jewellers]]
* Quilon Athletic Club(QAC)
* Kerala Water Authority Office
* Al-Manama Supermarket
{{div col end|2}}

==References==
{{Commons cat}}
{{Portal|History|India}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kollam]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

Cadphises maculata

2025-01-31T22:08:19Z

Locweld: Created a data.

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = CadphisesMaculata.png
| taxon = Cadphises maculata
| authority = [[Frederic Moore|Moore]], 1865
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Cadphises maculata''''' is a moth of the family [[Zygaenidae]].<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index"/><ref name=Savela/><ref name="Horie & Kishida, 2016"/><ref name=JPmoths/> It is known from [[Northeast India]].<ref name=Savela/><ref name=JPmoths/>

The [[wingspan]] for males is {{cvt|62-64|mm}} and for females {{cvt|75|mm}}.<ref name="Horie & Kishida, 2016"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index">{{cite web |url=https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/taxon/335805 |title=''Cadphises maculata'' Moore, 1865 |work=Global Lepidoptera Index 1.1.25.029 |date=29 January 2025 |access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Horie & Kishida, 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Horie |first1=Kiyoshi |last2=Kishida |first2=Yasunori |name-list-style=amp |title=A new species of the genus ''Cadphises'' Moore, 1865 from S. Vietnam (Zygaenidae, Chalcosiinae) |journal=Tinea |date=2016 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=274–277 |url=http://publ.moth.jp/tinea/tinea23-5.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name=JPmoths>{{cite web |title=Chalcosiinaenae ホタルガ亜科 |url=http://www.jpmoth.org/~dmoth/Digital_Moths_of_Asia/60_ZYGAENOIDEA/Zygaenidae/47_1%20Chalcosiinae/framepage%20Chalcosiinae%20N.html |work=Japanese Moths |access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Savela>{{cite web |url=https://nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/zygaenoidea/zygaenidae/chalcosiinae/cadphises/#maculata |title=''Cadphises'' Moore, [1866] |author=Savela, Markku |work=Lepidoptera and some other life forms |access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5016596}}

[[Category:Chalcosiinae]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1865]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frederic Moore]]

{{Zygaenidae-stub}}