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Kalyan Kumar

2026-05-08T08:30:00Z

LizzieSugerman6:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalyan Kumar
| image = Kalyan-Kumar-pic.jpg
| image_size = 170px
| birthname = Chokkanna
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|06|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Princely State of Mysore|Mysore State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|08|01|1928|06|07|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran actor Kalyan Kumar dead |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug02/kalyan.htm |access-date=21 May 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 August 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012061138/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug02/kalyan.htm |archive-date=12 October 1999 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| othername = Sampath Kumar, Chokkanna, Venkataranga
| occupation = Actor, film director, producer
| years_active = 1954–1999
| parents =
| spouse = Revathi
| children = 2
}}

'''Kalyan Kumar''' (7 June 1928 – 1 August 1999) was an Indian actor, as well as an occasional film director and producer, who worked primarily in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Tamil cinema]]. Making his acting debut in the mythological drama ''Natashekara'' (1954), Kalyan Kumar went on to star in over 200 films in a span of over five decades. He was one of the most sought-after actors in the 1950s through 1970s for lead roles.

Kalyan Kumar has the credit of being the first ever Kannada actor to star in a colour film in ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' (1963).<ref name="sgm1">{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/7225/sandalwood/fascinating-facts-of-kannada-film-history-news-details |title=Fascinating facts of Kannada Film history |publisher=Supergoodmovies |date=27 July 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129054816/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/7225/sandalwood/fascinating-facts-of-kannada-film-history-news-details |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> Alongside Kumar, the 1960s and 1970s in Kannada cinema was dominated by two other actors, [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Udaya Kumar (actor)|Udayakumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Naagarahaavu 1972 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/18/stories/2008101851261100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110053540/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/18/stories/2008101851261100.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> At a time when actors had a tough time establishing themselves, Kalyan Kumar being successful not only in Kannada cinema, also made a mark in Tamil cinema. Kalyan Kumar along with Udaykumar, Rajkumar were called as "Kumara Thrayaru" (''The Kumar Trio'') of the Kannada cinema.<ref>[http://www.totalkannada.com/Kannada%20Cinema%20FAQs.asp Trivia about Kannada Cinema] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915090451/http://www.totalkannada.com/Kannada%20Cinema%20FAQs.asp |date=15 September 2006 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Kalyan Kumar was born as Chokkanna in a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking [[Iyengar]] family on 7 June 1928 in [[Bangalore]], in the erstwhile [[Princely State of Mysore]] of [[British India]]. His parents wanted him to be a doctor. But passion for acting brought him to Kannada film land. Born as Chokkanna into a middle-class family, Kalyan Kumar became known for his lavishness and sophistication.

Known for sophisticated portrayal of roles he played the hero against [[J. Jayalalithaa]] in ''Maavana Magalu'' in 1965 and {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Badukuva Daari]]}} in 1966. The triumvirate had acted in ''Bhoodaana'' which was a hit in 1962. He had also acted in first full-length colour film in Kannada ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'', in which he played the role of Jakanachari, a historical figure in sculpture.

==Career==
Kumar set out to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) to pursue a career as an actor and approached several film producers to get his first break. Unsuccessful there, he left for [[Madras]] (now Chennai) in search for opportunities. He was first cast in the Kannada-language film ''Natashekhara'' which released in 1954. He was cast opposite Sandhya and Vidyavathy, the mother and aunt respectively of actress and politician [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. He was christened Kalyan Kumar after the name of his mother's character in the film, Kalyaniamma. The film's plot drew a parallel between Kumar's unsuccessful tryst with Hindi cinema and an actor's life who transforms himself to attain fame and glory after the release of his first film.<ref name="dh1">{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=Style and sensibility |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug15/kal.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000118205933/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug15/kal.htm |archive-date=18 January 2000 |date=15 August 1999 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Kumar would go on to appear in several films depicting [[social conflict]]. ''Bhagya Chakra'', ''[[Mutthaide Bhagya (1956 film)|Mutthaide Bhagya]]'' and ''Sadarame'', all of which released in 1956 fell in this genre. In the latter film, Kumar played a thief. His ''[[Bettada Kalla]]'' (1957), a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954), was a commercial success. Kumar then appeared in social-comedies such as ''[[Premada Putri]]'' (1957) and ''[[Rayara Sose]]'' (1957). In ''[[Bhookailasa (film)|Bhookailasa]]'' (1958), he played [[Narada]] alongside [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s [[Ravana]]. In ''[[Manege Banda Mahalakshmi]]'' (1959), he appeared alongside his future wife Revathi.<ref name="dh1"/> In the social-drama ''[[Bhoodana]]'' (1962), set on the backdrop of [[Bhoodan movement]], he starred alongside Rajkumar and [[Udaykumar]]; Kumar played Lachcha, the son of Rajkumar's Dasanna, a Hindu who converts to Christianity in search of a better life.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganesh |first1=Deepa |title=Bhoodana: the classic at 55 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bhoodana-the-classic-at-55/article8607600.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=21 May 2021 |language=en-IN |date=16 May 2016}}</ref> In ''[[Thayi Karulu]]'' that released the same year, Kumar played dual role of a father and son. While in the remainder of the 1960s, he appeared in films such as ''[[Subba Shastry]]'' (1966), in which he played a priest; [[Puttanna Kanagal]]'s ''[[Belli Moda]]'' (1967), both of which were major commercial successes, he also tried his hand in film production. {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Endu Ninnavane]]}} (1966), ''[[Kallu Sakkare]]'' (1967) and ''[[Pravasi Mandira]]'' (1968) all turned out to be commercial failures. Which caused his film career to decline.<ref name="dh1"/>

He would go on to appear in successful films such as ''Mavana Mgalu'', ''Arishina Kunkuma'', ''Bedi Bandavalu'', ''Kathaa Sangama'', and ''Kaleju Ranga''. In [[G. V. Iyer]]'s 1962 film, ''[[Bhoodaana]]'', Kumar appeared alongside [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Udaya Kumar (actor)|Udayakumar]], the only film that featured the trio together.<ref name="sgm1"/> He acted with all the prominent heroines of his time - B Saroja Devi, Sahukar Janaki, Kalpana, Jayanti, Bharati, Aarathi, and Roopadevi.

He acted in several films made in the 1960s by B. Vittalacharya as well as the Kannada version of bi-lingual films made by Nagendra Rao and B R Panthulu. He was a regular actor in the early G V Iyer films like Bhoodana, Tayi karalu, Lawyer magalu and Bangari.

He had very few films to his credit during 1970s namely [[College Ranga]] and [[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|''Katha Sangama'']], [[Tulasi]] to name a few. He bounced back during early 1980s through Successful film [[Taayiya Nudi]] and played successful character roles in [[Simha Gharjane]], [[Shubha Muhurtha]], [[Lakshmi Katakasha]], [[Marali Goodige]].

He acted in many Tamil films. His Tamil film ''Nenjil Oru Alayam'' was later made in Hindi as ''Dil Ek Mandir'' with Rajendra Kumar. As he was gaining popularity in Tamil filmdom, he started acting in more of Tamil movies. But, the regional politics reigned over his acting talents.

He was married to Kannada film heroine Revathi. He also produced and directed stage plays like ''Ramu Nanna Thamma'' and ''Chikamma'', many of which were written by his wife. His son Bharath Kalyan is a television actor who acted mainly in Tamil serials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minnoviyam.com/articles/preview98.html |title=Minnoviyam Gamut - 1998 Movies - A Preview |website=www.minnoviyam.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990219211157/http://www.minnoviyam.com/articles/preview98.html |archive-date=19 February 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bharath Kalyan has recently rendered his voice for a character artist in ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'' (2018).

==Filmography==
:''Please refine and expand this Filmography.''

===Kannada films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1954
| ''Natashekhara'' || ||First lead role
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1956 || ''[[Ohileshwara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Bhagya Chakra'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mutthaide Bhagya (1956 film)|Mutthaide Bhagya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sadarame]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1957 || ''[[Rayara Sose]]'' || Aravind ||
|-
| ''[[Bettada Kalla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Premada Putri]]'' || ||
|-
|1958 || ''[[Bhookailasa (film)|Bhookailasa]]'' || [[Narada]] ||
|-
|1959 || ''[[Manege Banda Mahalakshmi]]'' || ||
|-
|1961
| ''[[Vijayanagarada Veeraputhra]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1962
| ''[[Gaali Gopura]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Daiva Leele]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Thayi Karulu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoodana]]''|| Lachha ||
|-
| ''[[Devasundari]]''|| Veera Pratapa ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1963
| ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' || Jakanachari ||
|-
| ''[[Lawyer Magalu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bangari (1963 film)|Bangari]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1964 || ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]''|| Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Mane Aliya]]''|| Somashekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Annapoorna (film)|Annapoorna]]''|| Mohan Ram || Cameo
|-
| rowspan="4" |1965 || ''[[Mavana Magalu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Balarajana Kathe]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Beratha Jeeva]]''|| Dr. Rajashekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Nanna Kartavya]]''|| Sundar ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1966 || ''Subba Sastry''|| ||
|-
| {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Endu Ninnavane]]}} || ||
|-
| {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Badukuva Daari]]}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Love in Bangalore]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1967 || ''Muddu Meena''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Belli Moda]]''|| Mohan Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Premakkoo Permitte]]''|| Diwakar ||
|-
| ''[[Kallu Sakkare]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1968 || ''[[Bedi Bandavalu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Arunodhaya''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Anna Thamma]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Manku Dinne]]''|| Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Mysore Tonga]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Pravasi Mandira]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Anandakanda''|| ||
|-
| ''Attegondukala Sosegondukala''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mamathe]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Naane Bhagyavati]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Savira Mettilu''|| || Released in 2006 with Ramakrishna completing his role
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1969 || ''Kannu Muchale''|| ||
|-
| ''Mukunda Chandra''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Odahuttidavaru (1969 film)|Odahuttidavaru]]''|| Anand ||
|-
| ''Niraparadhi''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1970 || ''Aparajithe''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Arishina Kumkuma]]''|| Raja "Raju" N. K. ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1971 || ''Papa Punya''|| ||
|-
| ''Sedina Kidi''|| ||
|-
| ''Amara Bharathi''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1976 || ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]''|| Sadanand ||
|-
| ''[[Thulasi (1976 film)|Tulasi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[College Ranga]]''|| Professor Devayya ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1977 || ''[[Banashankari (film)|Banashankari]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mugdha Manava]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Udugore''|| ||
|-
| ''Subhashaya''|| ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Anuraha Bandhana''|| ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Maralu Sarapani''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1980 || ''Mother''|| ||
|-
| ''Mane Madadi Makkalu''|| || Not Released
|-
| ''Chithrakoota''|| || Not Released
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1983 || ''Nagabekamma Nagabeku''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Simha Gharjane]]''|| [[Superintendent of police (India)|S.P.]] Chandrashekhar||
|-
| ''[[Chinnadantha Maga]]''|| Ramachandra Rao ||
|-
| ''Thayiya Nudi''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1984 || ''[[Avala Antharanga]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Police Papanna''|| ||
|-
| ''Guru Bhakti''|| ||
|-
| ''Shubha Muhurta''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Marali Goodige]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''Kiladi Aliya''|| ||
|-
| ''Lakshmi Kataksha''|| Jayanna ||
|-
| ''Thayi Thande''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1986 || ''Thavaru Mane''|| ||
|-
| ''Usha''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Africadalli Sheela]]''|| Rao Bahaddur ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Thaliya Aane''|| ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Oorigitta Kolli''|| ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Thaligagi''|| ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Bannada Gejje]]''|| Peter ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Mana Gedda Maga]]''|| || Late Release
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Sangeetha Sagara Ganayogi Panchakshara Gavai]]'' || || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Kavya (film)|Kavya]]'' || Rajaram ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Hetthavaru'' || Shivappa ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sambhrama]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|}

===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1960 || ''[[Kadavulin Kuzhandhai]]'' || ||
|-
|1961 || ''[[Thayilla Pillai]]'' || Somu ||
|-
|rowspan="5" |1962 || ''[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]'' || Dr. Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Paasam]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagu Nila]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Seeman Petra Selvangal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thendral Veesum]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|1963 || ''[[Neengadha Ninaivu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadavulai Kanden]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mani Osai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (1963 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' || Chinna Zamindar Raja / Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Yarukku Sontham]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965 || ''Thayin Karunai'' || ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Avalukku Nihar Avale'' || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Pudhu Yugam (1985 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Sakkarai Pandhal'' || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Rasukutty]]'' || Periyapannai ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Amaravathi (1993 film)|Amaravathi]]'' || Balasubramaniam ||
|-
| ''[[Gokulam]]'' || Kannan's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Jaihind (1994 film)|Jaihind]]'' || [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] ||
|-
| ''[[Maindhan (1994 film)|Maindhan]]'' || Ramasamy Mudaliar ||
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|1986
|''Sri Vemana Charitra''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1993
|''Prema Samaram''
|
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam|Shri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1994 || ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]'' || R. S. Pandiyan || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 1998–1999 || ''Akshaya'' || Veeraraghavan || Tamil ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm0474819}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Kalyan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]

Domkal Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T04:47:14Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made Some Details W/ Sources!

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Domkal
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Domkal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Domkal Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Md. Mostafijur Rahaman
| party = [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|25px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| constituency_no = 75
| established = 1967
| electors = 266,283
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Domkal Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 75 Domkal Assembly constituency covers Ajimganjgola, Bhagirathpur, Domkal, Garaimari, Garibpur, Ghoramara, Jitpur, Juginda, Juranpur, Madhurkul, Raipur and Sarangpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 13 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Domkal Assembly constituency is part of No. 11 [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Mohammad Abdul Bari
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ekramul Hoque Biswas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Mohammad Abdul Bari
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ekramul Hoque Biswas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Mohammad Abdul Bari
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="6"|Anisur Rahman
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Jafikul Islam
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Md. Mostafijur Rahaman]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
In the 2026 election, Md. Mostafijur Rahaman of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated his nearest rival [[Humayun Kabir (police officer)|Humayun Kabir]] of [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/west-bengal/2026/May/04/cpim-ends-electoral-drought-in-west-bengal-with-single-assembly-seat-win|title=CPI(M) ends electoral drought in West Bengal with single assembly seat win|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Domkal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Md. Mostafijur Rahaman (Rana)
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:1,07,882}}
|percentage = 41.85
|change = {{increase}}6.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Humayun Kabir (police officer)|Humayun Kabir]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:91,586}}
|percentage = 35.53
|change = {{decrease}}20.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sahnaz Begum
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:30,453}}
|percentage = 11.81
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nanda Dulal Pal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:13,180}}
|percentage = 5.11
|change = {{decrease}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Moulana Mosharraf Hossain|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:7,392}}|percentage=2.87|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:1,207}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:16,296}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

In the 2021 election, Jafikul Islam of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated his nearest rival Md. Mostafijur Rahaman of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Domkal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jafikul Islam]]
|votes = 127,671
|percentage = 56.45
|change = {{increase}}23.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Md. Mostafijur Rahaman (Rana)
|votes = 80,442
|percentage = 35.57
|change = {{decrease}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biyamma Mondal (Rubia)
|votes = 12,348
|percentage = 5.46
|change = {{increase}}3.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,419
|percentage = 1.07
|change = {{increase}}0.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,26,183
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
In the 2016 election, Anisur Rahman of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Soumik Hossain of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Domkal constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="West Bengal Assembly Election 2011">{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=75| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190545/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=75| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Domkal| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Anisur Rahman (politician, born 1952)|Anisur Rahaman]]
|votes = 71,703
|percentage = 36.59
|change = -10.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Soumik Hossain
|votes = 64,813
|percentage = 33.07
|change = +33.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdur Rahaman Sekh
|votes = 46,294
|percentage = 23.62
|change = -21.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nanda Dulal Pal
|votes = 4,652
|percentage = 2.37
|change = +1.09
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abdur Rahaman Mandal
|votes = 1,756
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,580
|percentage = 0.81
|change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,95,962
|percentage = 83.80
|change = -5.83
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note- In this Domkal Assembly constituency, seat sharing did not happen between the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and [[Indian National Congress]].

=== 2011 ===
In the 2011 election, Anisur Rahman of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Soumik Hossain of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Domkal constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref name="West Bengal Assembly Election 2011"/>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Anisur Rahman (politician, born 1952)|Anisur Rahaman]]
|votes = 81,812
|percentage = 47.22
|change = -4.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Soumik Hossain
|votes = 78,737
|percentage = 45.45
|change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People's Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Siddiqulah Chowdhury
|votes = 4,922
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Santosh Mondal
|votes = 2,215
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Md. Baijid Hossain
|votes = 1,619
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee|MLKSC]]
|candidate = Md. Salauddin
|votes = 1,363
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dipesh Sarkar
|votes = 1,282
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subodh Kumar Halder
|votes = 864
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Apurba Sarkar
|votes = 440
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 173,254
|percentage = 89.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -5.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977–2006 ===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996 and 1991 [[Anisur Rahman (politician, born 1952)|Anisur Rahman]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Domkal assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Rejaul Karim of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Sadeque Reza of Congress in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Sarker Mokter Hossain in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Md Abdul Bari of CPI(M) defeated Ekramul Hoque Biswas of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> A.K.M.Hazekul Alam of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Ekramul Hoque Biswas of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp60.htm | title = 60 - Domkal Assembly Constituency|work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

=== 1967–1972 ===
Ekramul Hoque Biswas of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Md. Abdul Bari of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Ekramul Hoque Biswas of Congress won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Md. Abdul Bari of CPI(M) won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Prior to that the Domkal seat was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

2026 in India

2026-05-07T11:44:03Z

LizzieSugerman6: creating new pg

{{short description|none}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}

{{Year in India|2026}}
{{dynamic list}}
The following is a list of events for the year '''2026 in [[India]]'''.

== Incumbents ==

===National office bearers===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Portrait
! Name
!Since
|-
| [[President of India]]
| [[File:Droupadi Murmu POI official portrait.jpg|150x150px]]
| [[Droupadi Murmu]] (Age {{Age|1958|6|20|2026|03|27}})
|25 July 2022
|-
| [[Vice-President of India]]/ [[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|[[File:Shri C P Radhakrishnan, Honourable Vice President of India.jpg|120x120px]]
| [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] (Age {{Age|1957|5|4|2026|03|27}})
|12 September 2025
|-
| [[Prime Minister of India]]
| [[File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|122x122px]]
| [[Narendra Modi]] (Age {{Age|1950|9|17|2026|03|27}})
|26 May 2014
|-
|[[Chief Justice of India]]
| [[File:Justice Surya Kant.jpg|114x114px]]
| [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]] (Age {{Age|1962|2|10|2026|03|27}})
|24 November 2025
|-
| [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
| [[File:Om Birla Member of Parliament Rajasthan India.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Om Birla]] (Age {{Age|1962|11|23|2026|03|27}})
|19 June 2019
|-
| [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]
|[[File:Election Commissioner Shri Gyanesh Kumar.jpg|100px]]
| [[Gyanesh Kumar]] (Age {{Age|1964|1|27|2026|03|27}})
|19 February 2025
|-
| [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| [[File:Anil Chauhan Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).jpg|left|100px]]
| [[Anil Chauhan]] (Age {{Age|1961|5|18|2026|03|27}})
|30 September 2022
|-
|[[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]
|[[File:Sanjay Malhotra RBI.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sanjay Malhotra]] (Age {{Age|1968|2|14|2026|03|27}})
|11 December 2024
|-
| [[Lok Sabha]]
| [[File:Lok Sabha.svg|100px]]
| [[18th Lok Sabha]]
|4 June 2024
|}

=== State governments ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!State
!Governor
!Chief Minister
!Political Party
!Political alliance
!Chief Justice
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| rowspan="8" |[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Lisa Gill]]
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]]
|[[Pema Khandu]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Vijay Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[Assam]]
|[[Lakshman Acharya|Lakshman Prasad Acharya]]
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|[[Vijay Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Syed Ata Hasnain]]
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|[[K. Vinod Chandran]]
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Ramen Deka]]
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|[[Ramesh Sinha]]
|-
|[[Goa]]
|[[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]
|[[Pramod Sawant]]
|[[Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya]]
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{sortname|Acharya Dev|Vrat}}
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|[[Sunita Agarwal]]
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Ashim Kumar Ghosh]]
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|[[Sheel Nagu]]
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Kavinder Gupta]]
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia]]
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
|[[Hemant Soren]]
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|[[M. S. Sonak]]
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Nilay Vipinchandra Anjaria]]
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|[[Nitin Madhukar Jamdar]]
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Mangubhai C. Patel|Mangubhai Patel]]
|[[Mohan Yadav]]
|[[BJP]]
| rowspan="4" |[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Kait]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[BJP]]
|[[Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya]]
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Bhalla]]
|[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Siddharth Mridul]]
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|[[S. Vaidyanathan]]
|-
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[V. K. Singh]]
|[[Lalduhoma]]
|[[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
|Regional
|[[Vijay Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Vijay Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Harish Tandon]]
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|Regional
|[[Sheel Nagu]]
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Haribhau Bagade|Haribhau Kisanrau Bagde]]
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava]]
|-
|[[Sikkim]]
|[[Om Prakash Mathur]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|[[Biswanath Somadder]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]] (additional charge)
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Sanjay V. Gangapurwala]]
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Alok Aradhe]]
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|[[N. Indrasena Reddy]]
|[[Manik Saha]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan="3" |[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Anandiben Patel]]
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
|[[Arun Bhansali]]
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Gurmit Singh (general)|Gurmit Singh]]
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Gupta]]
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[R. N. Ravi]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Sujoy Paul]]
|}

=== Union territory governments ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Lieutenant governor and Administrators
!Chief Minister
!Party
!Political alliance
!Chief Justice
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|[[Devendra Kumar Joshi]] (Lieutenant governor)
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|[[T. S. Sivagnanam]] ([[Calcutta High Court]])
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[[Gulab Chand Kataria]] (Administrators)
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|[[Sheel Nagu]] ([[Punjab and Haryana High Court]])
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|[[Praful Khoda Patel]] (Administrators)
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|[[Alok Aradhe]] ([[Bombay High Court]])
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]] (Lieutenant governor)
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya]] ([[Delhi High Court]])
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Manoj Sinha]] (Lieutenant governor)
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Arun Palli]] ([[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]])
|-
|[[Ladakh]]
|[[Vinai Kumar Saxena]] (Lieutenant governor)
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|[[Arun Palli]] ([[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]])
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|[[Praful Khoda Patel]] (Administrators)
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|{{n}}
|[[Nitin Madhukar Jamdar]] ([[Kerala High Court]])
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|[[Kuniyil Kailashnathan]] (Lieutenant governor)
|[[N. Rangaswamy]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram]] ([[Madras High Court]])
|}

==Events==

===January===
* 2 January – At least 14 people die and several people are hospitalised after drinking contaminated water in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2026 |title=Indore Water Contamination Death Toll Rises To 10; Lab Tests Detect E. coli, Fecal Bacteria. |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/indore-water-contamination-death-toll-10-bhagirathpura-diarrhoea-outbreak-article-153383569 |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2026 |title=How water contamination in Indore killed residents, including 6-month-old. |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/indore-water-contamination-cause-death-toll-13964777.html |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2026-01-02 |title=Indore water contamination: Mayor says informed of 10 deaths |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/indore-water-contamination-diarrhoea-outbreak-indore-mayor-pushyamitra-bhargava-toll-rises/article70462972.ece |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*5 January – A magnitude 5.1 earthquake hits [[Assam]], injuring three people.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2026|access-date=5 January 2026|title=5.1-magnitude quake hits NE, 3 hurt in Assam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/5-1-magnitude-quake-hits-ne-3-hurt-in-assam/articleshow/126358895.cms|lang=en|website=Times of India}}</ref>
*9 January –
**Fourteen people are killed and over 30 others are injured when a bus falls into a [[gorge]] near [[Nahan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal bus tragedy: 14 killed, over 30 injured as bus falls into gorge in Sirmaur, PM Modi reacts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/himachal-bus-tragedy-14-killed-over-30-injured-as-private-bus-falls-into-500-feet-deep-gorge-in-sirmaur-101767970619309.html |date=2026-01-09 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
**At least 20 people are reported killed after being attacked by a single wild elephant roaming the forests of [[West Singhbhum district]], [[Jharkhand]] since 1 January.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elephant kills 20 in Indian state as rescue efforts continue |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn0ygqjvq1ko |date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
*19 January –
**[[Nitin Nabin]] is elected as the [[National President of Bharatiya Janata Party|National President]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2026 |title=Nitin Nabin becomes BJP president after unopposed election; youngest ever to hold post |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/nitin-nabin-becomes-bjp-president-after-unopposed-election-youngest-ever-to-hold-post-11768834575427.html |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2026 |title=Nitin Nabin Files Nomination, Set To Take Over As BJP Chief Tomorrow. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nitin-nabin-files-nomination-set-to-take-over-as-bjp-chief-tomorrow-10785868 |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
**At least nine people are killed and 80 others are injured when a bus overturns in [[Latehar]], [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2026 |title=Wedding Celebrations Turn Tragic As Bus Carrying Guests Overturns, 9 Killed And Over 80 Injured. |url=https://news.abplive.com/cities/jharkhand-bus-accident-9-killed-80-injured-as-bus-overturns-in-latehar-1822438 |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=ABP News}}</ref>.
*20 January – At least two people are killed in clashes after a youth's murder in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2026 |title=Two Killed In Assam's Kokrajhar As Violence Erupts After Youth's Murder; Mobile Internet Suspended. |url=https://www.news18.com/india/two-killed-in-assams-kokrajhar-as-violence-erupts-after-youths-murder-mobile-internet-suspended-ws-l-9844018.html |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2026 |title=2 dead in Assam's Kokrajhar after road accident triggers violence; Army deployed. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/two-dead-assam-kokrajhar-road-accident-triggers-violence-army-deployed-security-tightened-2854938-2026-01-20 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref>
*21 January –
**An outbreak of [[Nipah virus]] is reported in [[West Bengal]], with at least two cases recorded in [[Barasat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Health experts scramble to contain outbreak of deadly Nipah virus |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/health-experts-scramble-to-contain-nipah-outbreak-india/ |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
**A [[Pipistrel Virus]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] crashes into a pond after an engine failure in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. No injuries are reported.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2026 |title=Air Force trainee aircraft crashes into pond near KP College in Prayagraj, rescue teams on spot |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/small-aircraft-crashes-into-pond-near-kp-college-in-prayagraj-watch-the-video-reactions-injuries-casualties-latest-updates-2026-01-21-1026810 |access-date=January 25, 2026 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref>
*22 January – A [[Casspir]] of the [[Indian Army]] falls into a gorge in [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir]], killing 10 soldiers and injuring 10 others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2026 |title=10 Army Personnel Killed, 10 Injured As Vehicle Falls Into Gorge In J&K's Doda |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-army-personnel-killed-9-injured-as-vehicle-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-doda-10828692 |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
*24 January – A fire at a four-story building in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], kills six people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad fire: Five killed in fire at furniture shop building in Nampally |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/hyderabad-fire-five-including-two-children-feared-trapped-in-basement-of-building-in-nampally/articleshow/127448313.cms?from=mdr |date=2026-01-25 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
* 26 January – Protests break out across the country over the [[UGC Bill 2026]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=UGC Guidelines 2026 Row Live: Massive Student Protests Erupt in UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/ugc-bill-protest-live-updates-equity-regulations-row-guidelines-2858313-2026-01-27 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*27 January – India and the [[European Union]] reach a [[India–European Union Free Trade Agreement|free trade agreement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India and EU announce landmark trade deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crrnee01r9jo |date=2026-01-27 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
*28 January – [[2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash]]: Five people, including [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Maharashtra deputy chief minister]], [[Ajit Pawar]], are killed after a [[Learjet 45]] crashes and explodes at [[Baramati Airport]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=Ajit-Pawar>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar, Maharashtra deputy CM, dies in Baramati plane crash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-maharashtra-deputy-cm-dies-in-baramati-plane-crash-101769573704960.html |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>.
*29 January – The [[Supreme Court of India]] stays the implementation of the [[UGC Equity Regulations, 2026]] citing misuse by specific groups.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2026 |title=UGC Equity Regulations 2026: Supreme Court Says 2012 Rules To Remain In Force For Now. |url=https://news.abplive.com/education/ugc-equity-regulations-2026-supreme-court-says-2012-rules-to-remain-in-force-for-now-1824303 |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=ABP News}}</ref>.
*30 January – At least 25 people are killed in a fire at a [[Wow! Momo]] restaurant in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/kolkata-anandpur-fire-wow-momos-manager-and-deputy-manager-arrested-toll-rises-to-25-ws-l-19836757.htm|title=Kolkata Anandpur fire: Wow! Momos' Manager and Deputy Manager arrested, toll rises to 25.|date=30 January 2026|access-date=30 January 2026|work=CNBC TV18}}</ref>

===February===
*2 February – US president [[Donald Trump]] announces a trade agreement with India that sees the reduction of US tariffs on Indian exports to 18% in exchange for India stopping purchases of Russian oil.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260202-trump-cuts-india-tariffs-says-modi-will-stop-buying-russian-oil |title=Trump says India, US strike trade deal |date=3 February 2026|access-date=3 February 2026|work=France 24}}</ref>
*4 February – [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] takes oath as the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]] after [[President's rule]] ends in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2026 |title=Manipur gets new CM: Yumnam Khemchand Singh takes oath hours after President's rule lifted. |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/manipur-gets-new-cm-yumnam-khemchand-singh-takes-oath-hours-after-president-s-rule-lifted-11770207668044.html |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=Mint}}</ref>
*5 February – Eighteen people are killed in an explosion at an illegal coal mine in [[East Jaintia Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2026 |title=India coal mine blast leaves 18 dead, others feared trapped |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/5/india-coal-mine-blast-leaves-18-dead-others-feared-trapped |access-date=6 February 2026 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
*7 February – 8 March – [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]].
*10 February – Six people are killed after a car collides with a truck in [[Dausa district]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six killed in road crash in Rajasthan's Dausa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/several-killed-road-crash-in-rajasthan-dausa/article70618381.ece |date=2026-02-11 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*16–20 February – [[India AI Impact Summit 2026|AI Impact Summit]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long queues and confusion mar first day of India's landmark AI summit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqvjgrvpn3o |date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
*17 February – A woman and her infant child are burned to death by a mob after the former is accused of witchcraft in [[Kudsai]], [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98q93gdy3do |title=Mother and infant burnt to death in Indian state over witchcraft allegations |work=BBC |date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref>
*21 February – Brazil and India sign an agreement to strengthen cooperation on critical minerals and rare earth elements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/21/india-brazil-sign-critical-minerals-deal-as-partners-seek-trade-growth |title=India signs critical minerals deal with Brazil to curb dependance on China |work=Al Jazeera |date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref>
*23 February – A [[Beechcraft King Air|Beechcraft C90]] air ambulance operated by Redbird Airways [[2026 Redbird Airways Beechcraft King Air crash|crashes]] into a forest shortly after takeoff from [[Ranchi]] during a medical evacuation mission, killing all seven people on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/air-ambulance-crash-india-8150d7a9539795a00878aa28867ef031 |title=Air ambulance plunges into eastern India forest, killing 7 |work=AP News |date=2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
*27 February – A special court in [[Delhi]] discharges [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Manish Sisodia]], [[K. Kavitha]] and 22 others in the [[Delhi liquor scam|Delhi liquor scam case]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2026 |title=Delhi liquor policy case: All accused, including Arvind Kejriwal and Manish Sisodia, discharged as court rejects CBI chargesheet. |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/delhi-liquor-policy-case-all-accused-including-arvind-kejriwal-and-manish-sisodia-discharged-as-court-rejects-cbi-chargesheet-3913721 |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
*28 February – Twenty-one people are killed in an [[2026 Andhra Pradesh fireworks explosion|fireworks explosion]] in Vetlapalem village, [[Kakinada district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhir |first=SNV |date=28 February 2026 |title=At least 21 people dead in Andhra Pradesh's Kakinada fireworks factory blast |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/andhra-pradesh/at-least-21-people-dead-in-andhra-pradeshs-kakinada-fireworks-factory-blast-3915302 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

=== March ===

* 1 March – At least 15 people are killed and 18 others are critically injured in an explosion at an explosives factory in [[Nagpur district]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Vanshika |title=Maharashtra: Massive explosion at explosive factory in Nagpur's Katol; 15 killed, 18 injured |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-massive-explosion-at-explosive-factory-in-nagpur-s-katol-15-killed-18-injured-3201845 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* 2 March – Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Canadian Prime Minister [[Mark Carney]] announce that Canada and India have agreed to a deal that would strengthen their economic partnership, in a move aimed at boosting ties after two years of strained relationship between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-02 |title=India and Canada agree to boost economic partnership in a move to reset ties |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-canada-trade-modi-carney-632cf32892560ab18a72e67f39df6c15 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* 4 March – The United States allows India to buy Russian oil until 4 April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=A boost for Moscow in the shadow of Iran war: US allows India to buy Russian oil for a month |url=https://apnews.com/article/treasury-india-russia-oil-iran-war-c29383f5ceb25e768b1ad4095807dd6e |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=AP News}}</ref>
* 5 March –
**[[Nitish Kumar]] announces his resignation as chief minister of [[Bihar]] to run in the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Veteran Bihar chief minister to step down for move to parliament |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr455pr24wpo |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref>
**An [[Su-30MKI]] fighter jet of the [[Indian Air Force]] crashes shortly after takeoff for a training flight in [[Karbi Anglong district]], [[Assam]], killing its two pilots.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=2 pilots killed in Indian fighter jet crash |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-fighter-jet-sukhoi-crash-063aae0943b9201ddd5dffd7219d8334 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* 7 March – The government allows the Iranian Navy vessel [[Hengam-class landing ship|IRIS ''Lavan'']] to dock in [[Kochi]] on humanitarian grounds amid the [[2026 Iran war]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=Sri Lanka hospital releases 22 rescued from torpedoed Iranian vessel |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260308-sri-lanka-hospital-releases-22-rescued-iranian-sailors |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=France 24}}</ref>
*8 March – [[India national cricket team|India]] beat [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in the final match and win the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] in cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T20 World Cup final: India thrash New Zealand to make history with third title and first for any team on home turf |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/13516965/t20-world-cup-final-india-thrash-new-zealand-to-make-history-with-third-title-and-first-for-any-team-on-home-turf |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref>
*11 March –
**[[Farooq Abdullah]], the former [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]], survives an assassination attempt in a marriage function in [[Jammu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2026 |title=Farooq Abdullah Survives Assassination Attempt in Jammu, Gunman Arrested. |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/farooq-abdullah-survives-assassination-attempt-in-jammu-gunman-arrested/ |access-date=11 March 2026 |work=Aakashwani}}</ref>
**The Supreme Court rules in favor of removing life support from Harish Rana, who had been in a vegetative state following a fall in 2013, marking the first time that [[passive euthanasia]] has been allowed by an Indian court.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2026 |title=India's top court allows removal of life support of man in vegetative state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62v64rz6mko |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=BBC }}</ref>
*14 March – [[Sonam Wangchuk]] is released from jail after the [[Government of India|government]] quashes the [[National Security Act (India)]] against him in aftermath of the [[Ladakh protests]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2026 |title=Govt frees climate activist Sonam Wangchuk, revokes NSA detention to boost Ladakh dialogue. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ladakh-protest-climate-activist-sonam-wangchuk-to-be-released-as-govt-revokes-nsa-detention/articleshow/129569858.cms |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=India TV}}</ref>
*16 March – At least 10 patients are killed in a fire at [[SCB Medical College]] in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2026 |title=10 Patients Killed In Major Fire At SCB Medical College Hospital In Odisha's Cuttack. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/10-patients-killed-in-major-fire-at-scb-medical-college-hospital-in-odishas-cuttack-11220411 |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
*18 March –
**At least seven people are killed after a [[short circuit]] at an [[Electric vehicle|EV]] charging station in [[Indore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2026 |title=7 Dead After Short Circuit At Indore EV Charging Station Sparks Blast. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indore-fire-news-7-dead-after-short-circuit-at-indore-ev-charging-station-sparks-blast-11231560 |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
**At least nine people are killed in a building fire near [[Palam metro station]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2026 |title=3 kids among 9 killed in massive fire at residential building in Delhi's Palam; CM orders magisterial probe. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/several-people-trapped-inside-as-fire-breaks-out-in-southwest-delhis-palam-residential-building/articleshow/129646975.cms |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
* 19 March – The Government of India constitutes the [[National Dental Commission]] (NDC), replacing the [[Dental Council of India]] established under the Dentists Act, 1948, to align dental education and regulation with global standards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Current Affairs 21 March 2026 |url=https://www.insightsonindia.com/2026/03/21/upsc-current-affairs-21-march-2026/|publisher=Insights on India |date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
* 19–21 March – President [[Droupadi Murmu]] undertakes a three-day spiritual tour of [[Uttar Pradesh]], visiting [[Ayodhya]], [[Mathura]] and [[Vrindavan]], where she offers prayers at the [[ISKCON]] Temple and [[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=President Droupadi Murmu begins three-day UP spiritual tour, offers prayers in Ayodhya and Mathura |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/president-droupadi-murmu-offers-prayers-in-ayodhya-and-mathura-attends-rituals-and-cultural-events-2026-03-19-1034404 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=India TV News |publisher=India TV News Desk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2026 |title=President Droupadi Murmu visits Vrindavan, performs Aarti at temples |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/president-droupadi-murmu-visits-vrindavan-performs-aarti-at-temples/ |work=News on Air}}</ref>
* 23 March –
** At least five people are killed and nine people are injured in a building collapse in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2026 |title=Five killed, nine injured in wall collapse in Uttar Pradesh's Prayagraj. |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/uttar-pradesh/2026/Mar/23/five-killed-nine-injured-in-wall-collapse-in-uttar-pradeshs-prayagraj |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
** A special court in [[Madurai]] convicts all nine [[Tamil Nadu Police|police]] personnel involved in the [[2020 Sathankulam Police Brutality protests|2020 Sathankulam custodial death case]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2026 |title=Sathankulam custodial deaths: 9 cops convicted 5 years after father, son killed in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sathankulam-custodial-deaths-9-cops-convicted-5-years-after-father-son-killed-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/129753016.cms |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2026 |title=All 9 Cops Convicted In Tamil Nadu Father-Son Custodial Death Case. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-9-cops-convicted-in-tamil-nadu-father-son-custodial-death-case-11255763 |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
* March 2026 – India is awarded hosting rights for the [[2028 World Athletics Indoor Championships]], with [[Bhubaneswar]] selected as the host city, making India the fourth Asian nation to host the event.<ref>{{cite web |title=21 March 2026 Daily Current Affairs |url=https://testbook.com/current-affairs/21-march-2026-daily-current-affairs |publisher=Testbook |date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
* 24 March – A special [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] court sentences Kashmiri separatist [[Asiya Andrabi]] to [[life imprisonment]] for her involvement in terrorist activities in [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2026 |title=Separatist Asiya Andrabi Gets Life Term Under Anti-Terror Law UAPA. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/separatist-asiya-andrabi-gets-life-term-under-anti-terror-law-uapa-11259531 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
* 25 March – At least 14 people are killed and 20 people are injured in a fire following a bus collision with a lorry in [[Markapuram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2026 |title=13 Dead After Bus Collided With Lorry And Caught Fire In Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/andhra-bus-fire-8-dead-after-bus-collided-with-lorry-and-caught-fire-in-andhra-pradesh-11267774 |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2026 |title=Markapuram Bus Accident: 13 Killed, Several Injured As Private Bus Collides With Lorry In Andhra; CM Naidu Orders Probe. |url=https://www.news18.com/india/10-killed-20-injured-as-private-bus-collides-with-lorry-in-andhra-cm-naidu-orders-probe-ws-l-9997542.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=News18}}</ref>
* 26 March – At least nine people are killed and around 30 others are injured when a bus collides with a truck and overturns in [[Chhindwara district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-26 |title=9 dead, 30 injured in bus-truck collision in MP's Chhindwara: Police |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/9-dead-30-injured-in-bus-truck-collision-in-mp-s-chhindwara-police-101774540563582.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 27 March – Lawmakers from the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] protest outside the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in solidarity with [[Iran]] and against the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination]] of supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] amidst the Iran war. Additionally, a major confrontation breaks out between [[Indian National Congress|INC]] lawmaker [[Irfan Hafiz Lone]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] lawmaker [[Yudhvir Sethi]] during the protest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-27 |title=Watch: Massive ruckus in J&K Assembly as NC MLAs protest over killing of Iran's Ali Khamenei |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/watch-massive-ruckus-in-jk-assembly-as-nc-mlas-protest-over-killing-of-irans-ali-khamenei/articleshow/129839452.cms |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 28 March – The [[Noida International Airport]] is inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2026 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Noida International Airport. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/noida-international-airport-pm-modi-inauguration/article70795653.ece |access-date=28 March 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* 30 March – India says it has ended the [[Naxalite]] insurgency after home minister [[Amit Shah]] reported that most of the remaining Naxal fighters had been killed, arrested, or had surrendered following intensified [[Indian Armed Forces|security]] operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-30 |title=India declares victory over Maoist insurgency |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260330-india-declares-victory-over-maoist-insurgency |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>
* 31 March – At least eight people are killed in a crowd crush in a temple in [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2026 |title=8 women killed in stampede at temple in Bihar's Nalanda, probe ordered. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/8-people-killed-in-stampede-like-situation-at-temple-in-bihars-nalanda-2889450-2026-03-31 |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref>

=== April ===

* 4 April – One person is killed and at least six others are reportedly trapped after a four-story hotel collapses in [[Anuppur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-04 |title=1 dead, several trapped after four-storey hotel collapses in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-four-storey-hotel-collapses-in-anuppur-kotma-several-feared-trapped-injured-2891643-2026-04-04 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 6 April –
**A special court in [[Madurai]] sentences all nine policemen accused in the [[2020 Sathankulam Police Brutality protests|2020 Sathankulam custodial death case]] to death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2026 |title=9 Tamil Nadu Cops Get Death Sentence In Father-Son Custodial Torture Case. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-sathankulam-9-tamil-nadu-cops-get-death-sentence-over-father-son-custodial-torture-case-11318637 |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
**[[Telangana]] makes cancer a notifiable disease, and mandates one-month reporting timeline.<ref>{{cite news |title= Telangana makes cancer a notifiable disease, mandates one-month reporting timeline |work= The Hindu |date = 8 April 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-makes-cancer-a-notifiable-disease-mandates-one-month-reporting-timeline/article70834453.ece |access-date = 8 April 2026}}</ref>
* 7 April – [[2023 Manipur violence]]: Two people are killed and five others are injured in protests following a bombing that kills two children in [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]], [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=4 Killed, Several Injured: Why Violence Is Flaring Again In Manipur: Explained. |url=https://www.news18.com/india/4-killed-several-injured-why-violence-is-flaring-again-in-manipur-explained-ws-l-10019795.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |work=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=2 Killed, Several Injured In Firing As Mob Attacks Paramilitary Camp In Manipur. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manipur-tense-many-injured-in-firing-as-angry-mob-storms-paramilitary-camp-11322997 |access-date=7 April 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
* 8 April – At least 60 people are injured in clashes between police and tribal villagers over a bauxite mining project in [[Rayagada district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=40 police personnel among 60 injured as protests break out over bauxite mining project in Odisha. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/odisha-rayagada-violence-sijimali-bauxite-mine-protest-police-injured-kashipur-10623458/ |access-date=8 April 2026 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* 9 April –
**[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: The BJP retains its majority in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="apelection"/>
**[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: The [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] wins a majority of seats in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2026 |title=Finally, Kerala brings good news for Congress |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/kerala-assembly-election-udf-comeback-ldf-congress-bjp/article70942174.ece |access-date=6 May 2026 |work=Frontline}}</ref>
**[[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]
* 10 April – At least 10 people are killed after a boat capsizes in the [[Yamuna]] river near [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2026 |title=10 dead, 14 rescued as boat capsizes in Yamuna near Mathura; search for missing on. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yamuna-river-boat-capsizes-keshighat-vrindavan-mathura-pilgrims-dead-chief-minister-yogi-adityanath-cognisance-2894405-2026-04-10 |access-date=10 April 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref>
* 11 April –
**The India-flagged [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] gas tanker ''Jag Vikram'' crosses the [[Strait of Hormuz]], becoming the first Indian vessel to cross the Hormuz since [[2026 Iran war ceasefire|the Iran war ceasefire]]. It is expected to arrive in [[Mumbai]] on April 15.<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/1st-indian-vessel-crosses-hormuz-strait-after-us-iran-ceasefire-101775935854648-amp.html</ref>
**A bus crashes into two trucks in [[Katihar district]], [[Bihar]], killing 13 people and injuring 30 others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/13-dead-30-injured-in-major-collision-involving-bus-truck-in-bihar-katihar-101775925779975.html|title=13 dead, 30 injured in major collision involving bus, truck in Bihar's Katihar|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=11 April 2026|access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
* 13 April – A cement mixer truck collides with a van in [[Thane district]], Maharashtra, killing 11 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/thane-road-accident-cement-truck-eco-van-11-dead-10634308/|title=3 siblings among 11 killed as cement mixer truck rams van on Kalyan-Murbad road|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 April 2026|access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
* 14 April –
**[[Nitish Kumar]] resigns as the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] with [[Samrat Choudhary]] succeeding him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2026 |title=Nitish Kumar quits as Bihar CM after 20 years, says new govt will have his guidance. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/story/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-bihar-chief-minister-2895968-2026-04-14 |access-date=14 April 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref>
**[[2026 Manipur bombing]]: At least 18 people are injured in violent protests against the killing of two children in a bomb blast in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2026 |title=18 Injured In Protest Against Killing Of 2 Children In Manipur Bomb Attack. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/18-injured-in-protest-against-killing-of-2-children-in-manipur-bomb-attack-11357791 |access-date=14 April 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
**Thirteen people are killed in a boiler explosion at a power plant in [[Sakti district]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2026 |title=13 killed 21 injured in massive boiler explosion at Vedanta power plant in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2026/04/14/13-killed-21-injured-in-massive-boiler-explosion-at-vedanta-power-plant-in-chhattisgarh.html |access-date=14 April 2026 |work=The Week (Indian magazine) |agency=PTI}}</ref>
**The Uttar Pradesh government announces increase in wages of some workers following the [[2026 Noida workers protest]].<ref name="m309">{{cite web | last=Jaipuria | first=Timsy | title=UP's 20% wage hike after Noida unrest spotlights delayed response to worker distress | website=CNBCTV18 | date=2026-04-14 | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/up-approves-revised-minimum-wages-across-categories-after-noida-workers-unrest-ws-l-19886337.htm | access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref>
*17 April – The [[Delimitation Bill, 2026]] proposing the increase in [[Lok Sabha]] seats from 543 to 850 to implement [[Women's Reservation Bill]] fails to pass in the [[Parliament of India]] due to a lack of a two third majority in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2026 |title=Women's quota push fails in Lok Sabha by 298 to 230 margin. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bills-to-fast-track-womens-quota-carry-out-delimitation-without-new-census-defeated-in-lok-sabha-2897883-2026-04-17 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2026 |title=Delimitation Bill 2026 Updates: Constitution Amendment Bill Fails To Pass Lok Sabha Test, Oppn Celebrates Victory. |url=https://www.news18.com/india/delimitation-bill-2026-live-updates-parliament-special-session-lok-sabha-850-seats-women-reservation-2-liveblog-ws-l-10038068.html |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=News18}}</ref>
*19 April – At least 23 people are killed and six others are injured in an explosion at a firecrackers factory in [[Virudhunagar]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2026 |title=At least 23 workers killed in fireworks accident near Virudhunagar district. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/virudhunagar-fireworks-factory-explosion-tamil-nadu-death-toll-updates/article70880724.ece |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
*20 April – A bus falls into a gorge in [[Udhampur]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], killing 21 people and injuring 45 others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/20/at-least-21-killed-as-bus-skids-off-kashmir-road-into-gorge|title=At least 21 killed as bus crashes into Kashmir gorge|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=20 April 2026|access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>
*21 April – At least 13 people are killed and more than 40 people are injured in an explosion at a firecrackers unit in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2026 |title=13 killed in massive fireworks unit blast ahead of Thrissur Pooram. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/several-injured-in-blast-at-fireworks-unit-in-keralas-thrissur-ahead-of-pooram/article70888297.ece |access-date=21 April 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* 23 April – [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: The [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] emerges as the single largest party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |date= 5 May 2026 |title=A 'fun' superstar stuns rivals and reshapes politics in an Indian state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8xwjx54zggo |access-date=6 May 2026 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
* 23–29 April – [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: The BJP wins a majority of seats in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="apelection">{{Cite news |date=5 May 2026 |title=Modi’s party wins control of India’s West Bengal in a key state election |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-state-elections-west-bengal-joseph-vija-561dc6a5460485df5c4d6d84c9bc1502 |access-date=5 May 2026 |work=AP News}}</ref>
* 28 April – The [[New Zealand–India Free Trade Agreement]] is signed in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand and India sign landmark free trade agreement |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/04/28/new-zealand-and-india-sign-landmark-free-trade-agreement/ |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=[[1News]] |date=28 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427235524/https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/04/28/new-zealand-and-india-sign-landmark-free-trade-agreement/ |archive-date=27 April 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Scheduled Events ===
* April – June – November – [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]].

==Deaths==

===January===

* 2 January –
**[[Shyam Bihari Lal]], 60, politician, [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (since 2017).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2026 |title=Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA from UP dies after suffering cardiac arrest during meeting. |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shyam-bihari-lal-bjp-mla-from-up-dies-after-suffering-cardiac-arrest-during-meeting/articleshow/126307037.cms |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
**[[Ashok Gajanan Modak]], 85, politician, [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra MLC]] (1994–2006) and academic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2026 |title=Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 |url=https://www.newsdrum.in/national/former-mlc-ashok-modak-passes-away-at-85-10967573 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=Newsdrum}}</ref>
* 4 January –
**[[L. Ganesan]], 91, politician, [[Member of parliament|MP]] (1980-1986, 2004-2009).<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veteran-dravidian-ideologue-l-ganesan-no-more/article70469988.ece |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
**[[Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo]], 79, historian and archaeologist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Khariar King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 |url=https://pragativadi.com/khadial-king-jitamitra-prasad-singh-deo-passes-away-at-80 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[Pragativadi]]}}</ref>
* 6 January –
**[[Suresh Kalmadi]], 81, politician, [[Parliament of India|MP]] (1982–2014) and president of the [[Indian Olympic Association|IOA]] (1996–2011) and sports administrator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=Suresh Kalmadi, former Union Minister and Congress leader, passes away at 81. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-union-minister-and-congress-leader-suresh-kalmadi-passes-away/article70476649.ece |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
**[[V. K. Ebrahimkunju]], 73, politician, [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala MLA]] (2011–2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vk-ebrahim-kunju-iuml-leader-and-former-kerala-minister-passes-away/article70477566.ece |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* 7 January –
**[[Madhav Gadgil]], 83, ecologist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title=Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/madhav-gadgil-1942-2026/article70485336.ece |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
**[[Kabindra Purkayastha]], 94, politician, [[Lok Sabha|MP]] (1991–2014).<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=Assam BJP leader Kabindra Purkayastha dies at 94. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/assam-bjp-leaderkabindra-purkayastha-dies-at-94/article70483561.ece |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* 8 January –
**[[Vijay Singh Gond]], 68, politician, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh MLA]] (1980–2007, since 2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2026 |title=Vijay Singh Gond, SP's 8-term MLA, dies at 68 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/vijay-singh-gond-sps-8-term-mla-dies-at-68/articleshow/126421669.cms |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
**[[Meinam Bhorot Singh]], 75, politician, [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur MLA]] (2002–2007).<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2026 |title=Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/manipur-bjp-leader-meinam-bhorot-singh-dies-after-prolonged-illness-in-imphal-101767878746262.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
**[[Khawlhring Lalremruata]], 38, cricketer ([[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title='Big loss': Former Ranji Trophy player collapses, dies during cricket match; BCCI mourns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/former-ranji-trophy-player-khawlhring-lalremruata-collapses-dies-during-cricket-match/articleshow/126448187.cms |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* 10 January – [[Davinder Singh (field hockey)|Davinder Singh]], 73, field hockey player, Olympic champion ([[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title=Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/hockey-olympian-davinder-singh-garcha-passes-away |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
* 11 January –
**[[Prashant Tamang]], 43, singer (''[[Indian Idol]]'') and actor (''[[Paatal Lok]]'').<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2026 |title='Indian Idol 3' winner and 'Paatal Lok' actor Prashant Tamang dies at 43 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/indian-idol-3-winner-and-paatal-lok-actor-prashant-tamang-dies-at-43/article70497507.ece |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
**[[Samir Putatundu]], 73, politician.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Atri |date=12 January 2026 |title=Samir Putatundu, West Bengal Left leader who joined Mamata Banerjee for Singur, passes away at 74 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/samir-putatundu-left-leader-mamata-banerjee-singur-passes-away-74-10468715 |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* 12 January – [[Jayashree Kabir]], 73, actress (''[[Pratidwandi]]'', ''[[Simana Periye]]'', ''[[Rupali Saikate]]'').<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Bulbul |date=15 January 2026 |title=Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/renowned-actress-jayasree-kabir-passes-away-london-4081771 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>
* 13 January –
**[[Indira Devi Dhanrajgir]], 95, poet and socialite.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Mrittika |date=14 January 2026 |title=Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/regal-nizam-era-socialite-indira-devi-passes-away-1930348 |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
**[[Bir Bhadra Hagjer]], 75, politician, [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam MLA]] (2016–2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-retired-ias-officer-bir-bhadra-hagjer-passes-away-at-75.html |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=NorthEast Now}}</ref>
* 16 January – [[Bheemanna Khandre]], 100, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka MLA]] (1962–1972, 1978–1985).<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran Congress leader Bheemanna Khandre passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/veteran-congress-leader-bheemanna-khandre-passes-away/article70516345.ece |work=The Hindu |date=January 16, 2026 |access-date=January 17, 2026}}</ref>.
* 18 January – [[Raj K. Purohit]], 70, politician, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra MLA]] (1990-2009, 2014-2019).<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2026 |title=BJP veteran Raj K Purohit passes away a day after son Akash's BMC victory. |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bjp-veteran-raj-k-purohit-passes-away-a-day-after-son-akashs-bmc-victory-13777765.html |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=Money Control}}</ref>
* 25 January –
** [[Mark Tully|Sir Mark Tully]], 90, journalist ([[BBC]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2026 |title=Sir Mark Tully, the BBC's 'voice of India', dies aged 90 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nnp4d064do |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
** [[Dominic Kokkat]], 93, [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic]] prelate, bishop of [[Eparchy of Gorakhpur|Gorakhpur]] (1984–2006).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bishop Dominic Kokkat |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkokkat.html|website=Catholic-Hierarchy|access-date=2026-01-26}}</ref>
* 28 January – [[Ajit Pawar]], 66, politician, [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra| deputy chief minister of Maharashtra]] (since 2024).<ref name=Ajit-Pawar></ref>

=== February ===
* 19 February – [[Ricky A. J. Syngkon]], 54, [[Lok Sabha|MP]] (since 2024).<ref>{{cite news|title=Shillong MP Ricky Syngkon collapses while playing futsal; dies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shillong-mp-ricky-syngkon-collapses-while-playing-futsal-dies/articleshow/128581285.cms|access-date=21 February 2026|publisher=The Times of India|date=20 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220225653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shillong-mp-ricky-syngkon-collapses-while-playing-futsal-dies/articleshow/128581285.cms|archive-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
* 20 February – [[Vungzagin Valte]], 61, [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur MLA]] (since 2012).<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2026 |title=Manipur BJP MLA Vungzagin Valte Passes Away |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/manipur/breaking-news-manipur-bjp-mla-vungzagin-valte-passes-away/ |access-date=21 February 2026 |work=Northeast Live}}</ref>
* 23 February – [[Mukul Roy]], 71, [[Rajya Sabha|MP]] (2006–2017), [[Ministry of Railways (India)|minister of railways]] (2012), and [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal MLA]] (since 2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2026 |title=Ex-Railway Minister And Once 'Chanakya Of Politics' Mukul Roy Dies At 71 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mukul-roy-death-ex-railway-minister-and-once-chanakya-of-bengal-politics-mukul-roy-dies-at-71-11122979 |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
* 25 February – [[R. Nallakannu]], 101, politician.<ref>{{cite news|title=R. Nallakannu, veteran communist leader from Tamil Nadu, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/r-nallakannu-veteran-communist-leader-from-tamil-nadu-passes-away/article70674915.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 February 2026 |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref>

=== March ===
* 6 March – [[Govind Parmar]], 72, [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat MLA]] (1995–2003, since 2017).<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat BJP MLA Govind Parmar dies at 72|url=https://theprint.in/india/gujarat-bjp-mla-govind-parmar-dies-at-72/2872120/|access-date=7 March 2026|publisher=The Print|date=6 March 2026}}</ref>
* 12 March – [[Harimurali]], 27, actor (''[[Rasikan]]'', ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'', ''[[Annan Thampi]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandakumar |first=Aswin |date=12 March 2026 |title=Ex-Malayalam Child Actor Harimurali Found Dead At Kerala Home |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ex-malayalam-child-actor-harimurali-found-dead-at-kerala-home-11204271 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
* 29 March – [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], 42, actor (''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'', ''[[Pati Parameshwar (film)|Pati Parameshwar]]'', ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-29 |title=Rahul Banerjee, popular Bengali actor, dies after falling into sea during shoot |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/rahul-banerjee-popular-bengali-actor-dies-after-falling-into-sea-during-shoot-2026-03-29-1035537 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

=== April ===
* 3 April – [[Prashant Bose]], 82, Maoist militant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-03 |title=Top Maoist leader Prashant Bose alias 'Kishan da' dies in custody in Ranchi |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/top-maoist-leader-prashant-bose-alias-kishan-da-dies-in-custody-in-ranchi |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* 5 April – [[Mani Kumar Chetri]], 105, cardiologist.<ref>{{cite news |title=প্রবীণ চিকিৎসক মণি ছেত্রী প্রয়াত, বয়স হয়েছিল ১০৬ বছর! ছিলেন জ্যোতি বসুর শুশ্রূষার দায়িত্বে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/doctor-mani-kumar-chhetri-dies-at-106-years-dgtl/cid/1678632 |access-date=5 April 2026 |publisher=Anandabazar |date=5 April 2026}}</ref>
* 10 April – [[Sonam Wangchuk (soldier)|Sonam Wangchuk]], 61, military officer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Colonel Sonam Wangchuk, Renowned Kargil War Hero, Dies of Heart Attack |url=https://shop.ssbcrack.com/blogs/blog/colonel-sonam-wangchuk-renowned-kargil-war-hero-dies-of-heart-attack |access-date=10 April 2026 |publisher=SSB Crack |date=10 April 2026}}</ref>
* 12 April – [[Asha Bhosle]], 92, playback singer ("[[Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko]]", "[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=12 April 2026 |title=Asha Bhosle, legendary singer and voice of Bollywood for decades, dies at 92 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/asha-bhosle-legendary-singer-and-voice-of-bollywood-for-decades-dies-at-92-lata-mangeshkar-rd-burman-bollywood-101775925754989.html |access-date=12 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* 22 April – [[N. Bhaskara Rao]], 90, [[Lok Sabha|MP]] (1998–1999) and [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]] (1984).<ref>{{cite news |title=Former CM of undivided Andhra, Nadendla Bhaskar Rao, dies at 90 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Apr/22/former-cm-of-undivided-andhra-nadendla-bhaskar-rao-dies-at-90 |access-date=22 April 2026 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422124945/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Apr/22/former-cm-of-undivided-andhra-nadendla-bhaskar-rao-dies-at-90 |archive-date=22 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

=== May ===
*5 May –
**[[R. B. Choudary]], film producer (''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'', ''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]'', ''[[Aanandham]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-07 |title=Veteran producer RB Choudhary passes away due to car crash |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2026/May/05/veteran-producer-rb-choudary-passes-away-due-to-car-crash |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
**[[Santhosh K. Nayar]], actor (''[[Nishedhi]]'', ''[[Kurishuyudham]]'', ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'').<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam actor Santhosh K Nayar, who played his last role in ‘Mohiniyattam’ dies in car accident aged 65 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/05/05/malayalam-actor-santosh-k-nayar-who-played-the-last-role-in-mohiniyattam-dies-in-a-car-accident-at-65.html |access-date=5 May 2026 |work=The Week |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Year in Asia|2026}}
{{Years in India}}

[[Category:2026 in India]]
[[Category:2026 by country|India]]
[[Category:2026 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2020s in India]]
[[Category:Years of the 21st century in India]]

A. P. Shah Institute of Technology

2026-05-07T08:37:51Z

LizzieSugerman6: creating a entry

{{short description|Private engineering college in Kasarvadavali, Thane}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox college
| name = A. P. Shah Institute of Technology
| image = Apsit crest.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date|2014}}
| type = Private Undergraduate Engineering College
| affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]]
| chairman = Chirag A. Shah
| principal = Dr. Uttam Kolekar
| free_label1 = Nickname
| free1 = APSITians
| head_label =
| head = Prof. Atul Kulkarni
| academic_staff = 90
| administrative_staff = 150
| students = 300 (per year) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apsit.org.in/sites/apsit.org.in/files/downloads/Orientation%20Programme%2011am.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910143431/http://www.apsit.org.in/sites/apsit.org.in/files/downloads/Orientation%20Programme%2011am.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| undergrad = 2000
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Kasarvadavali]], [[Ghodbunder Road]], [[Thane]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|19|16|05.29|N|72|58|02.89|E|type:edu|display= title}}
| campus = Urban
| free_label2 = Accreditation and recognition
| free2 = [[All India Council for Technical Education]] [[Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra]] [[National Board of Accreditation]]
| website = {{URL|http://apsit.edu.in/|apsit.edu.in/}}
| sports =
| logo =
}}

'''A. P. Shah Institute of Technology (APSIT)'''<ref>[http://apsit.org.in A. P. Shah Institute of Technology, Thane |]. apsit.org.in</ref> is a private [[engineering college]] located in [[Kasarvadavali]], [[Thane]]. It was established in 2014 and is managed by the Parshvanath Charitable Trust.

It is a [[Jain]] religious minority College (i.e., 51% of all seats are reserved for students from the Jain religious minority community) and is affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]] (a [[public university]], funded by the state government of Maharashtra).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsit.org.in/sites/apsit.org.in/files/downloads/University%20approval%20letter.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811205356/http://apsit.org.in/sites/apsit.org.in/files/downloads/University%20approval%20letter.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The college is approved by the [[Government of India|Indian Government's]] [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsit.org.in/sites/apsit.org.in/files/downloads/AICTE%20Approval.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811205442/http://apsit.org.in/sites/apsit.org.in/files/downloads/AICTE%20Approval.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is recognized by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) of the state [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsit.org.in/sites/apsit.org.in/files/downloads/DTE%20Approval.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811205427/http://apsit.org.in/sites/apsit.org.in/files/downloads/DTE%20Approval.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Academics==
A. P. Shah Institute of Technology provides [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.E.) degree in [[Civil engineering]], [[Computer engineering]], Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning), Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), [[Information Technology]], and [[Mechanical engineering]]. College also has various minor degrees which are aligned with the major degree, they include Cyber Security, Internet of Things (IoT),
3D Printing,Industrial Automation
Infrastructure Engineering & Smart Cities, Green Technology and Sustainability Engineering, etc. All of these courses last for 4 years.

==Student activities==
College offers a vibrant student life focused on technical innovation, cultural expression, and social responsibility.

Key Student Activities & Clubs:
* Ojus is the annual cultural/sports festival featuring music, dance, fashion and gaming. It is also a platform where students showcase Innovative projects.
* Technical Clubs & Associations: Various departments maintain student bodies like the AI & ML Student Association (AIML SA), Data Science Student Association (DSA), Cybersecurity/Blockchain Club and Maths and Applied Sciences Club (MASC) that organize hackathons and coding competitions.
* Antarang Club: Club focused on Mental health & awareness among the students.
* Professional Bodies: Active chapters of [[AWS]], [[IEEE]], CSI, Google Developer Group (GDG), ISHRE, and IGBC provide industry interaction.
* [[National Service Scheme]] Unit: Focuses on community service, rural development, and environmental awareness.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:A computer lab at PCoE.JPG|A computer lab.
File:Applied chemistry laboratory of the Parshvanath College of Engineering.JPG|Students at the applied chemistry laboratory of the college
File:Part of the language lab of Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|Students at the language laboratory (for the subjects of "communication skills" and "presentation & communication techniques")
File:MT, MMM and CAM lab in PCoE.JPG|Lab for "Material Technology", "Computer-Aided Manufacturing" and "Mechanical Measurements and Metrology".
File:Refrigeration and air-conditioning lab in PCoE.JPG|Refrigeration and Air-conditioning lab.
File:Fluid mechanics and Hydraulic machinery lab in PCoE.JPG|Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery lab.
File:Mechatronics lab at PCoE.JPG|Mechatronics lab.
File:HMT lab at PCoE.JPG|Heat and Mass Transfer lab.
File:Old arrangement of library at the Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|Old library arrangement.
File:Library counter in Parshvanath College of Engineering.JPG|View from the library counter.
File:Book shelves at PCoE library.JPG|Book shelves at the library.
File:Library reading room 2 in Parshvanath College of engineering.JPG|Reading room.
File:Reference section at PCoE library.JPG|Reference section at the library.
File:Internet access section at PCoE library.JPG|Internet access section at the library.
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://apsit.org.in/ Official website of the A. P. Shah Institute of Technology.]

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Jain universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Private engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Education in Thane district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]

2028 Rajya Sabha elections

2026-05-06T19:27:01Z

LizzieSugerman6:

{{Short description|Elections for the Upper House of Indian Parliament}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2027 Rajya Sabha elections
| previous_year = 2027
| next_election = 2029 Rajya Sabha elections
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 2028
| seats_for_election = 70 of the 233{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]]}} elected seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 123{{efn|out of 245 (including 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]])}} total

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jagat_Prakash_Nadda_2023.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 = 24 June 2024
| leaders_seat1 =
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| seats_before1 =
| seats_after1 =
| seat_change1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mallikarjun_Kharge_briefing_the_media_after_presenting_the_Interim_Railway_Budget_2014-15_in_New_Delhi_(cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 = 16 February 2021
| leaders_seat2 =
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| seats_before2 =
| seats_after2 =
| seat_change2 =
| 1blank = Current Alliance seats
| 1data1 =
| 1data2 =
| 2blank = Alliance seats after
| 2data1 =
| 2data2 =
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 =
| 3data2 =
| title =
| posttitle =
| before_election =
| before_party =
| after_election =
| after_party =
}}

The 2028 '''Rajya Sabha elections''' will be held as part of a routine six-year cycle of the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]] to elect 72 of its 245 members, of which the states through their legislators elect 233, and the remaining 12 are appointed by the President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/RetLMemState.aspx|title=Statewise Retirement|website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref>
==Members Retiring==
=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
|-
|1
|[[Pabitra Margherita]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan="2"|02-Apr-2028
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Rwngwra Narzary]]
|{{party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|{{party name with color|None|no_link=1}}
|
|colspan="2"|
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
|[[Sikander Kumar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 02-Apr-2028
| Colspan=3 align=middle|'''TBD'''
|}
===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Term end
!Elected MP
! Colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
|-
|1
|[[Jebi Mather]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|rowspan="3"|02-Apr-2028
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|-
|2
|[[A. A. Rahim (politician, born 1980)|A. A. Rahim]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|3
|[[P. Santhosh Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan=2|{{efn|1=Quota = 140 ÷ (3+1) + 1 = 36 votes. UDF with 102 MLAs could win 2 seats; remaining votes are UDF 30, LDF 35 and Others 3. Since none reach 36, the result of the 3rd seat depends on the stand of the 3 Other MLAs (BJP-3).}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland|Nagaland]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
| [[Phangnon Konyak]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 02-Apr-2028
| Colspan=3 align=middle|'''TBD'''
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura|Tripura]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
|[[Rajib Bhattacharjee]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 02-Apr-2028
| Colspan=3 align=middle|'''TBD'''
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Harbhajan Singh]]{{efn|name=Traitors Of Punjab|Defected from [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in April 2026.<ref name=Horse-trading>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raghav-chadha-aap-mps-join-bjp/article70901275.ece|title=Raghav Chadha, six AAP MPs join BJP|access-date=2026-04-24|website=The Hindu}}</ref>}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}<ref name=Horse-trading/>
|rowspan="5"|09-Apr-2028
|colspan="2" rowspan="7" align=middle |'''TBD'''
|-
|2
|[[Raghav Chadha]]{{efn|name=Traitors Of Punjab}}
|-
|3
|[[Sandeep Pathak]]{{efn|name=Traitors Of Punjab}}
|-
|4
|[[Ashok Mittal]]{{efn|name=Traitors Of Punjab}}
|-
|5
|[[Rajinder Gupta]]{{efn|name=Traitors Of Punjab}}
|-
|6
|[[Vikramjit Singh Sahney]]{{efn|name=Traitors Of Punjab}}
|rowspan="2"|04-Jul-2028
|-
|7
|[[Balbir Singh Seechewal]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
|-
|1
|[[P. Venkata Satyanarayana]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan=3|[[Kutami]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|rowspan="4"|21-Jun-2028
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan=4|[[Kutami]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|-
|2
|[[R. Krishnaiah]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|3
|[[Beeda Masthan Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|4
|[[S. Niranjan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|None|no_link=1}}
|
|colspan="2"|
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[B. Parthasaradhi Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|21-Jun-2028
|
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[D. Damodar Rao]]
|
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Rajeev Shukla]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|28-Jun-2028
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Ranjeet Ranjan]]
|
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Kavita Patidar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="3"|29-Jun-2028
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Sumitra Valmiki]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Vivek Tankha]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Colspan="2" |Alliance
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
|-
|1
|[[R. Girirajan]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|{{party color cell|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|rowspan="6"|29-Jun-2028
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|-
|2
|[[S. Kalyanasundaram]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|3
|[[K. R. N. Rajeshkumar]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="3"|[[TVK-led Alliance|TVK+]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|-
|4
|[[P. Chidambaram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party color cell|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[TVK-led Alliance|TVK+]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|5
|[[C. V. Shanmugam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|6
|[[R. Dharmar]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="4"|30-Jun-2028
|colspan="2" rowspan="4" align=middle|'''TBD'''
|-
|2
|[[Jaggesh]]
|-
|3
|[[Lehar Singh Siroya]]
|-
|4
|[[Jairam Ramesh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Sasmit Patra]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="3"|01-Jul-2028
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Manas Ranjan Mangaraj]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Sulata Deo]]
|
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
|-
|1
|[[Anil Bonde]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Maha Yuti|MY]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|rowspan="3"|04-Jul-2028
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|rowspan="5"|[[Maha Yuti|MY]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|-
|2
|[[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|3
|[[Nitin Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|4
|colspan="6" align=middle|'''Vacant''' ([[Sunetra Pawar]])
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|5
|[[Sanjay Raut]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}
|{{party color cell|Maha Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|rowspan="2"|04-Jul-2028
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|6
|[[Imran Pratapgarhi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Randeep Surjewala]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="4"|04-Jul-2028
|
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2
|[[Mukul Wasnik]]
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|3
|[[Pramod Tiwari]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|rowspan="11"|04-Jul-2028
|colspan="2" rowspan="11" align=middle|'''TBD'''
|-
|2
|[[Laxmikant Bajpai]]
|-
|3
|[[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
|-
|4
|[[Baburam Nishad]]
|-
|5
|[[Sangeeta Yadav]]
|-
|6
|[[Darshana Singh]]
|-
|7
|[[Mithlesh Kumar]]
|-
|8
|[[K. Laxman]]
|-
|9
|[[Jayant Chaudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|-
|10
|[[Javed Ali Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|11
|[[Kapil Sibal]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Kalpana Saini]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|04-Jul-2028
|colspan="3" align="middle"|'''TBD'''
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
|-
|1
|[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="4"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|rowspan="5"|07-Jul-2028
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="4"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|2
|[[Manan Kumar Mishra]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|3
|[[Shambhu Sharan Patel]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|4
|[[Khiru Mahto]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|5
|[[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan=2|{{efn|1=Quota = 243 ÷ (5+1) + 1 = 41 votes. NDA with 202 MLAs could win 4 seats; remaining votes are NDA 38, MGB 35 and Others 6. Since none reach 41, the result of the 5th seat depends on the stand of the 6 Other MLAs (AIMIM-5, BSP-1).}}
|-
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
|-
|1
|[[Aditya Sahu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|rowspan="2"|07-Jul-2028
|
|colspan="2"|
|{{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|-
|2
|[[Mahua Maji]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|{{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|
|colspan="2"|
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Rekha Sharma (Indian politician)|Rekha Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan="2"|01-Aug-2028
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Kartikeya Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Nominated MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Date of appointment
|-
! 1
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| rowspan=4 bgcolor="000000"|
|rowspan="4"|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
|rowspan="4"|06-Jul-2022
| Rowspan=5 Colspan=4 align=middle|'''TBD'''
|-
! 2
| [[P. T. Usha]]
|-
! 3
| [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
|-
! 4
| [[Veerendra Heggade]]
|-
! 5
| [[Ghulam Ali Khatana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (BJP)
| 10-Sep-2022
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:Future elections in India|Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India]]

INSV Mhadei

2026-05-06T12:19:37Z

LizzieSugerman6:

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}{{italic title|string=Mhadei}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

{{Short description|Sailboat ship of the Indian Navy}}
{{Infobox ship 
|infobox_caption= 
|display_title= INSV ''Mhadei''
|sclass= 
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=INSV Mhadei.jpg
|image_caption=INSV ''Mhadei''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= ''Mhadei''
|owner=
|namesake=[[Mandovi River|Mhadei River]]
|ordered=
|builder= Aquarius Shipyard Private Limited
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= February 2009
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|identification=*{{MMSI Number|419083100}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: AUYW
|honours=
|honors=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|type=
|displacement=23 tons
|length={{cvt|17.1|m|ftin}}
|beam=
|draught=
|draft=
|propulsion=
|speed=
|range=
|complement=
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INSV ''Mhadei''''' is a sail training boat of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref group=Note>"INSV" stands for Indian Navy sailing vessel.</ref> On 19 May 2010 as he sailed ''Mhadei'' into Mumbai harbour, Commander [[Dilip Donde]] became the first Indian national to complete a single-handed [[circumnavigation]] under sail, in an Indian-built boat. He sailed from Mumbai on 19 August 2009 and returned to Mumbai after four stops on 19 May 2010. It was later used by [[Abhilash Tomy]] for his own single-handed, unassisted, non-stop circumnavigation under sail.<ref name=thhin25m/>

==Design and description==
INSV ''Mhadei'' is a cruising [[sloop]] built at the Aquarius Shipyard Pvt Ltd shipyard in [[Divar]].<ref>[http://www.aquariusgoa.com/sailing-yacht-aquarius-fibre-glass-boat-manufacturer-in-goa.php Article about ''Mhadei'' (made in Goa by Aquarius Fibreglas Pvt Ltd) at aquariusgoa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714115410/http://www.aquariusgoa.com/sailing-yacht-aquarius-fibre-glass-boat-manufacturer-in-goa.php |date=14 July 2015 }} Retrieved 1 January 2017</ref> The vessel was handed over to the Indian Navy in February 2009 and christened INSV ''Mhadei'', after the [[Mandovi River]].<ref name=thhin25m/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-a-solo-voyage-round-the-world-heros-welcome-awaits-tomy/article4555217.ece|title=After a solo voyage round the world, hero's welcome awaits Tomy|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 March 2013|author=Anandan, S}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/goa/34605323_1_vessel-mhadei-indian-navy-insv-mhadei | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/goa/34605323_1_vessel-mhadei-indian-navy-insv-mhadei | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 September 2013 | title=Indian Navy Sailing Vessel Mhadei ready for solo sail around globe | date=20 October 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=hindufull/>

''Mhadei'' was built to a stock design by [[E.G. van de Stadt|van de Stadt]] called Tonga 56<ref>{{citation|title=Tonga 56 stock design|url=http://www.stadtdesign.com/designs/stock_plans_sail/tonga_56|publisher=Stadt Design}}</ref> measuring 56 feet in length and displacing 23 tons. It was decided to build a wood-core and [[fibreglass]] sandwich hull for better performance than steel or aluminium. The boat has two mainsails, two Genoa's, a stay-sail, one try-sail and two gennaker's. She is also fitted with satellite communications, electronic navigation systems and a Monitor windvane equipped for emergency steering.<ref name=thhin25m>{{cite news|title=INSV Mhadei docks at Ezhimala Academy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/insv-mhadei-docks-at-ezhimala-academy/article3222177.ece|accessdate=4 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=in>{{cite web|title=INSV Mhadei|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/insv-mhadei|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922131406/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/insv-mhadei|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Service history==
From Goa [[Dilip Donde]] set out on a circumnavigation voyage on 19 August 2009, and returned on 19 May 2010; ''Mhadei'' was the first Tonga 56 to complete a solo circumnavigation.<ref name=hindufull/>

In 2012, ''Mhadei'' was used by [[Indian Navy]] [[Lt Cdr]] [[Abhilash Tomy]] to complete a single-handed, unassisted, non-stop [[circumnavigation]] under sail. He was the first Indian, second Asian, and 79th person to do so.<ref>{{cite news|title=INSV Mhadei completes first Indian solo, non-stop circumnavigation of the globe|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indian-navy-security-blanket-lt-commander-abhilash-tommy-157932-2013-04-04|newspaper=India Today|date=2013-04-06}}</ref> ''Mhadei'' finished the journey at Kochi, after completing a voyage of 23,100 nautical miles (42,781 km).<ref name=thhin25m/><ref name=hindufull>{{cite news|title=Coming full circle|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/coming-full-circle/article5006770.ece|accessdate=4 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=INSV Mhadei touches Kochi after completing a voyage of 5000 Nautical Miles|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/insv-mhadei-touches-kochi-after-completing-voyage-5000-nautical-miles|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Navy officer Abhilash Tomy becomes first Indian to circumnavigate the globe solo and non-stop |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130406/news-current-affairs/article/navy-officer-abhilash-tomy-becomes-first-indian-circumnavigate |accessdate=4 January 2014 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-04-06 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603110550/http://deccanchronicle.com/130406/news-current-affairs/article/navy-officer-abhilash-tomy-becomes-first-indian-circumnavigate |archivedate=3 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy Sailing Vessel Mhadei ready for solo sail around globe|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/goa/34605323_1_vessel-mhadei-indian-navy-insv-mhadei|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/goa/34605323_1_vessel-mhadei-indian-navy-insv-mhadei|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-28|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2012-10-20}}</ref>

In 2013, the navy's first all female team of sailors began preparation for another circumnavigation of the world, led by [[Lieutenant Commander]] Shweta Kapur. The crew practised in a race from [[Cape Town]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Spirit of Adventure Overrides All Else|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Spirit-of-Adventure-Overrides-All-Else/2013/12/22/article1958700.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225151704/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Spirit-of-Adventure-Overrides-All-Else/2013/12/22/article1958700.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|accessdate=5 January 2014|newspaper=New Indian Express|date=22 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy leads the way: Women officers set to circumnavigate|url=http://www.sail-world.com/Asia/Indian-Navy-leads-the-way:-Women-officers-set-to-circumnavigate/118167|accessdate=5 January 2014|newspaper=Sail World}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INSV Mhadei with First Naval Lady Officer as Crew Casts Off for Cape 2 Rio Race|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/women-power-insv-mhadei-first-naval-lady-officer-crew-casts-cape-2-rio-race|accessdate=6 January 2014|newspaper=Indian Navy|date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

In May 2016 INSV Mhadei set sail from Goa for a voyage to Port Louis in Mauritius skippered by Lt. Cdr. Vartika Joshi, a Naval Constructor. This was the first open-ocean voyage of the Navy’s all-woman crew of the Mhadei. It was a training voyage to expose the young crew to the weather that they would confront during the circumnavigation of the globe scheduled for 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/allwoman-crew-of-insv-mhadei-sets-sail-for-mauritius/article8642137.ece | title=All-woman crew of INSV Mhadei sets sail for Mauritius | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 May 2016 | accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> The crew entered Port Louis, Mauritius, on Tuesday, 14 June 2016. The crew members were skipper Lieutenant Commander Vartika Joshi, a Naval architect, and five others: Lieutenant P. Swathi, Lt. Pratibha Jamwal, Lt. Vijaya Devi, Sub Lt. Payal Gupta and Lt. B. Aishwarya.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navys-woman-power-reaches-mauritius-shores/article8729055.ece | title=Navy's woman power reaches Mauritius shores | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=15 June 2016 | accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/indian-navys-all-women-crew-yacht-insv-mhadei-creates-history-docks-in-port-louis_1895733.html | title=Indian Navy's all-women crew yacht INSV Mhadei creates history, docks in Port Louis | work=[[Zee News]] | date=14 June 2016 | accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref>

== INSV ''Tarini'' ==
A second boat in this class, {{ship|INSV|Tarini}}, was ordered in 2016 and commissioned into active service on 18 February 2017. She was built by Aquarius Shipyard Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/INSV-Mhadei-crew-set-to-circumnavigate-the-globe-in-2017/articleshow/50802272.cms|title=INSV Mhadei crew set to circumnavigate the globe in 2017|website=Times of India|access-date=2016-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navys-all-women-sailing-crew-prepping-to-go-around-the-globe-1285176|title=Navy's All-Women Sailing Crew Prepping To Go Around The Globe|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref>

==Specifications==
*Displacement: 23 tons<ref name=in/>
*Length (overall): 17.1 m<ref name=in/>
*Beam: 5 m<ref name=in/>
*Height of mast: 21 m above [[waterline]]<ref name=in/>
*[[Pennant number]]: A76<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy Training vessels|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/insv-mhadei|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922131406/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/insv-mhadei|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|INSV Mhadei (A76)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhadei}}
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:Sloops of India]]
[[Category:2009 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Sailboat type designs by E. G. van de Stadt]]

Sebastian de Souza

2026-05-03T02:27:13Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made A Info

{{Short description|British actor (born 1993)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sebastian de Souza
| birth_name = Sebastian Denis de Souza
| image = Sebastian de Souza Plastic premiere (crop).jpg
| caption = De Souza in 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|4|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Oxfordshire]], England
| other_names = Seb de Souza
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007–present
| father = [[Chris de Souza]]
}}

'''Sebastian Denis de Souza''' (born 19 April 1993)<ref name=birth>''Births, Marriages & Deaths Index of England and Wales, 1916–2005'' B100D</ref> is an English actor. He is best known for playing [[Matty Levan]] in the [[E4 (TV channel)|E4]] teen drama series ''[[Skins (British TV series)|Skins]]''.<ref name="Channel 4 Info Press">{{Cite news |url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/press-packs/sebastian-de-souza-plays-matty |title=Sebastian de Souza plays Matty |newspaper=[[Channel 4]] Press |access-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> He has since starred in the period television series ''[[The Borgias (2011 TV series)|The Borgias]]'' from 2012 to 2013, ''[[Medici: Masters of Florence]]'' (2018), and ''[[The Great (TV series)|The Great]]'' (2020).

==Early life==
De Souza is the second of the two sons of Elinor Kelly and [[Chris de Souza]],<ref name="Artsplay">{{Cite news |url=http://www.artsplay.co.uk/Arts_Play/Drama_Courses.html |title=Drama Courses |newspaper=Arts Play |access-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419141213/http://www.artsplay.co.uk/Arts_Play/Drama_Courses.html |archive-date=19 April 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> an opera producer of [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] descent.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.kaldorcity.com/people/edsinterview.html |title=Name derivation|last=de Souza|first=Edward|newspaper=Celestial Toyroom |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> He was born in [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]], and has an older brother named Tristan.<ref name="Artsplay"/> He grew up in [[Boxford, Berkshire]], and was a boarder at [[Brockhurst and Marlston House School]]<ref name="Nevsmodels Agency">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nevsmodels.co.uk/special/main/Seb%20De%20Souza/bio.html |title=Portfolio de Souza |newspaper=Nevsmodels Agency |location=London |access-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421012734/http://www.nevsmodels.co.uk/special/main/Seb%20De%20Souza/bio.html |archive-date=21 April 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> developing a fascination with theatre, music, and writing.<ref name="ScreenTerrier">{{Cite news |url=http://screenterrier.blogspot.com/2010/10/skins-season-5-meet-sebastian-de-souza.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812124713/http://screenterrier.blogspot.com/2010/10/skins-season-5-meet-sebastian-de-souza.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2011 |title=Meet Sebastian de Souza |newspaper=Screen Terrier |access-date=14 January 2012 |date=10 October 2010}}</ref> At the age of 11 he decided to dramatise ''[[The Willows at Christmas]]'', [[William Horwood (novelist)|William Horwood]]'s adaptation of ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'', and performed it in the barn with his classmates. In 2006 when he was 13, he starred in the short film ''Hangman'', premiered at the [[Corn Exchange, Newbury|Corn Exchange]]. It was a story of witchcraft in the mould of ''[[Macbeth]]'', that he co-wrote with the Prep School's Film Club.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newburytoday.co.uk/2006/old-news-article-2446|title=Glitzy film premiere hits The Corn Exchange|newspaper=Newbury Today|date=27 June 2006|access-date=13 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510122210/http://www.newburytoday.co.uk/2006/old-news-article-2446|archive-date=10 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

He went on to [[St Edward's School, Oxford]],<ref name="Nevsmodels Agency"/> where in 2006 he won a music award as a pianist, clarinettist and singer.<ref name="de Souza">{{Cite news |url=http://www.artsplay.co.uk/Arts_Play/The_de_Souzas.html |title=The de Souzas |newspaper=Arts Play |access-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122222044/http://www.artsplay.co.uk/Arts_Play/The_de_Souzas.html |archive-date=22 January 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> He later completed [[GCE Advanced Level|A-levels]] in English, History and Philosophy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/newsletter/2011/January/2011_January_23.html|title=Sebastian de Souza starring in the new series of Skins|newspaper=The Goan Voice|access-date=11 March 2012|date=23 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629055009/http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/newsletter/2011/January/2011_January_23.html|archive-date=29 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also attended acting workshops at the [[Watermill Theatre]], near [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]]. At the [[North Wall Arts Centre]], he performed lead roles in school productions of ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' playing [[Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Puck]], ''[[Great Expectations]]'' as [[Pip (Great Expectations)|Pip]], [[Cecil Philip Taylor|C. P. Taylor]]'s ''[[Good (play)|Good]]'' as Maurice, and ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'' as [[Henry V of England|Henry]],<ref name="ScreenTerrier" /> which earned him a drama prize in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/stedwardsose/docs/chronicle_2010-11|title=St Edward's Chronicle 10/11|newspaper=Annual School Magazine XXXIII|page=18|access-date=11 March 2012|date=15 December 2011|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301004634/https://issuu.com/stedwardsose/docs/chronicle_2010-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same year he became a member of the [[National Youth Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ideastap.com/ideasmag/the-knowledge/sebastian-de-souza-getting-cast-in-skins|title=Why talent is a muscle|newspaper=[[IdeasTap]]|access-date=28 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206025200/http://www.ideastap.com/ideasmag/the-knowledge/sebastian-de-souza-getting-cast-in-skins|archive-date=6 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Career==

=== As actor ===
After a brief appearance in [[Nick Ross]]'s documentary series ''[[The Truth About Crime]]'',<ref name="Nevsmodels Agency" /> de Souza got his break on television at the age of 17, when he was cast as [[Matty Levan]] in the [[Skins (series 5)|fifth]] and [[Skins (series 6)|sixth]] instalment of cult drama ''[[Skins (British TV series)|Skins]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oxford teenager lands part in controversial TV series Skins |url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/archive/2011/01/17/Oxford+news/8794065.Oxford_teenager_lands_part_in_controversial_TV_series_Skins |newspaper=[[Oxford Mail]] |first=Rihanne |last=Pope |date=17 January 2011 |access-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> In 2012 he joined the cast of historical drama ''[[The Borgias (2011 TV series)|The Borgias]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-confession,81177/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620233202/http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-confession%2C81177/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2012 |title=The Borgias: The Confession |newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]]|last=Les Chappell|access-date=19 July 2013|date=17 June 2012}}</ref> created by [[Neil Jordan]] for the American TV network [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] and filmed at [[Korda Studios]], near [[Budapest]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Borgias set visit in Hungary |url=http://www.kordastudio.hu/?scr=news,ch&action=shownews&id=80 |newspaper=Korda Studios |first=Calgary |last=Herald |date=8 November 2011 |access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> His character, [[Alfonso of Aragon (1481–1500)|Alfonso d'Aragona]], first appeared in [[The Confession (The Borgias)|The Confession]] and closed his run at the end of the third and final season.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/news/a390499/skins-sebastian-de-souza-confirms-the-borgias-season-three-role.html |title =Sebastian de Souza confirms the Borgias season three role |newspaper=[[Digital Spy]] |first=Beth |last=Curtis |date=28 June 2012 |access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> While in Hungary, he was filmmaker with photographer Benjamin Lebus for ''Evelyne's World'', a concept short film about the [[allegory of the Cave]] starring [[Evelyne Brochu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.virginmediashorts.co.uk/film/4172/evelyne-s-world|title=Evelyne's World|work=[[Virgin Media]] shorts|first=Benjamin|last=Lebus|date=16 June 2013|access-date=19 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719135735/http://www.virginmediashorts.co.uk/film/4172/evelyne-s-world|archive-date=19 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

De Souza's first big screen role is in [[Julian Gilbey]]'s thriller ''[[Plastic (2014 film)|Plastic]]''. Production took place in early 2013 on location in Miami and London.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/hot-projects-on-screenbase/5049783.article |title=Hot projects on Screenbase |first=Maria|last=Sell|location=London|newspaper =[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]|access-date=7 December 2012|date=7 December 2012}}</ref> As a screenplay writer, he made his cinematic debut in ''[[Kids in Love (film)|Kids in Love]]'', a film produced by [[Ealing Studios]] with de Souza also taking a title role. In 2014 he was cast as the male lead in a new [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]] show called ''[[Recovery Road (TV series)|Recovery Road]]'', which was broadcast for a single season in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2014/06/sebastian-de-souza-alexis-carra-cast-in-abc-family-pilot-recovery-road-739921/ |title=Sebastian De Souza & Alexis Carra Cast In ABC Family Pilot 'Recovery Road' |newspaper =[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|access-date=20 Jun 2014|date=3 Jun 2014}}</ref>

=== As singer and musician ===
In addition to his acting career, de Souza is a singer and musician. In 2011 he featured as a guest vocalist for ''Cubiq'' in their ''Say'' [[Extended play|EP]] released by Hidden Label. The tune, related to current [[Electro house|electro club music]], has been remixed by [[Matanza (band)|Matanza]] and Timmy P<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibiza-voice.com/music/artist/Cubiq|title=Cubiq from UK|newspaper=Ibiza Voice|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827155935/http://www.ibiza-voice.com/music/artist/Cubiq|url-status=dead}}</ref> in an alternative version that fits the traditional [[house music|house]] template.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://soundcloud.com/hidden-label/cubiq-say-ft-de-souza-original|title=Cubiq Say feat Seb de Souza|date=Jan 2012|newspaper =Hidden Label|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> In 2016 the ''[[Recovery Road (TV series)|Recovery Road]]'' cast including de Souza performed for the spring finale a [[musical ensemble]] version of ''Lean On Me'' by [[Bill Withers]].

De Souza also works in the field of producing. In 2013 he co-founded with actor [[Will Poulter]] the TV and film [[production company]] ''Good Soil''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/oct/06/will-poulter-interview-maze-runner|title=Will Poulter: 'Hanging out in Soho House LA, that's my worst nightmare'|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|first=Tom|last=Lamont|date=5 October 2014|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref> The following year he created his own [[brand management]] called ''de Souza'' aimed at helping young storytellers, producers or filmmakers develop their scripts.<ref name="dsbranding.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dsbranding.com/ |title=We are the You+h|newspaper=dsbranding.com|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>

=== As author ===
In March 2021 de Souza's first novel, ''Kid: A History of The Future'', was published by Offliner Press, a publisher established and owned by de Souza himself.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sebastian de Souza on Instagram|website=instagram.com|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CMCb8A3FrZY/?igshid=1070t64zbc4vt |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CMCb8A3FrZY |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=6 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Offliner LLP - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/OC431459|access-date=2021-04-30|website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
With his family, de Souza annually runs drama courses for 9 to 16 year olds at a home-based Centre for Music Drama and Art.<ref name="Artsplay" /> In 2013 he has been made a patron of The Globe Theatre Education Fund, which runs drama projects for schools around the country, mostly [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]an.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.artsplay.co.uk/Arts_Play/Biographies.html|title=Biographies|newspaper=Arts Play|access-date=10 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130909225721/http://www.artsplay.co.uk/Arts_Play/Biographies.html|archive-date=9 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Through a practical experience provided by orchestras he can sing in the [[tenor]] range and play different instruments.<ref name="Nevsmodels Agency" />

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Plastic (2014 film)|Plastic]]''
| Rafa
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kids in Love (film)|Kids in Love]]''
| Milo
| Also writer
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Ophelia (2018 film)|Ophelia]]''
| Edmund
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Pixie (film)|Pixie]]''
| Gareth
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Lapwing''
| Rumi
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Fair Play (2023 film)|Fair Play]]''
| Rory
|
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[The Life List]]''
| Garrett
|
|
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|[[The Queen of Fashion]]}}
| Stefan Bartlett
| Post-production
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Truth About Crime]]''
| Himself
| Documentary
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Skins (British TV series)|Skins]]''
| [[Matty Levan]]
| 14 episodes
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[The Borgias (2011 TV series)|The Borgias]]''
| [[Alfonso of Aragon (1481–1500)|Alfonso d'Aragona]]
| 11 episodes
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Crossing Lines]]''
| Matteo de Sabato
| Episode "In Loco Parentis"
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Recovery Road (TV series)|Recovery Road]]''
| Wes Stewart
| 10 episodes
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Maigret (2016 TV series)#Series 2 (2017)|Maigret in Montmartre]]''
| Philippe Martinot
| Episode: "Maigret in Montemarte"
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Medici (TV series)|Medici: The Magnificent]]''
| [[Sandro Botticelli]]
| 16 episodes
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
|''[[Normal People (TV series)|Normal People]]''
| Gareth
| 2 episodes
|
|-
| ''[[The Great (TV series)|The Great]]''
| Leo Voronsky
| 8 episodes
|
|}

===Stage===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007
| ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]''
| [[Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Puck]]
| [[North Wall Arts Centre]]
|
|-
| ''[[Great Expectations]]''
| [[Pip (Great Expectations)|Pip]]
| North Wall Arts Centre
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Good (play)|Good]]''
| Maurice
| North Wall Arts Centre
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]''
| [[Henry V of England|Henry]]
| North Wall Arts Centre David Howorth Drama Prize 2010
|
|-
| 2015
| ''The Read Through''
|
| [[Criterion Theatre]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theproductionexchange.com/joy-beresford-frye.html|title=Joy Beresford Frye - Writer|newspaper=The Production Exchange|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064139/http://www.theproductionexchange.com/joy-beresford-frye.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.criterion-theatre.co.uk/site/crit/templates/general.aspx?pageid=132&cc=gb |title=Criterion New Writing Showcases 2015|newspaper=Criterion Theatre|access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref>
|
|-
|}

===Music video appearances===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Artist
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''Ondulation''
|Burning Peacocks<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.vogue.fr/video/culture/videos/nouveau-clip-ondulation-burning-peacocks-alma-jodorowsky-frenchy/30634 |title=Le clip du jour : "Ondulation" de Burning Peacocks|newspaper=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue France]]|date=29 May 2017|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:de Souza, Sebastian}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Oxford]]
[[Category:British people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:British people of Portuguese descent]]
[[Category:English film producers]]
[[Category:English male screenwriters]]
[[Category:English male Shakespearean actors]]
[[Category:English male stage actors]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English people of Portuguese descent]]
[[Category:Male actors from Berkshire]]
[[Category:National Youth Theatre members]]
[[Category:People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford]]
[[Category:Actors from West Berkshire District]]
[[Category:21st-century English screenwriters]]

List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India

2026-05-02T06:03:18Z

LizzieSugerman6: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT[[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]

2025 India–Pakistan conflict

2026-04-30T16:11:07Z

LizzieSugerman6: creating data - done

{{Short description|Armed conflict in South Asia}}
{{about|the escalation that began on 7 May 2025|the diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes immediately preceding this|2025 India–Pakistan crisis}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Merge from|2025–2026 Pakistani airspace closure for Indian airlines|date=February 2026|discuss=Talk:2025_India–Pakistan_conflict#Merge_proposal}}
{{Independent sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2025 India–Pakistan conflict
| width =
| partof = [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|India–Pakistani wars and conflicts]], [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]], [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image = Pakistan India Locator 2.png
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Location of India (orange) and Pakistan (green)
| date = 7–10 May 2025 {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=05|day1=7|year1=2025|month2=5|day2=10|year2=2025|duration=yes}})}}
| place = {{hlist|[[India]]|[[Pakistan]]}}
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Ceasefire<ref>{{cite news |title=Fragile ceasefire holds between India, Pakistan as Trump offers more help |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/fragile-ceasefire-holds-between-india-pakistan-trump-offers-more-help-2025-05-11/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India and Pakistan's fragile ceasefire holds after alleged breaches |url=https://www.ft.com/content/559ec37b-f048-4e4c-88f7-a5d6bc086632 |access-date=11 May 2025 |publisher=Financial Times |date=11 May 2025}}</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| combatant3 =
| commander1 =
[[Narendra Modi]] [[Anil Chauhan]] [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| commander2 =
[[Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Asim Munir]] [[Zaheer Ahmed Babar]]
| commander3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 = ''{{Center|[[#Casualties|See casualties]]}}''
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

A brief armed conflict between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] began on 7 May 2025, after India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, in a military campaign codenamed '''Operation Sindoor'''.{{efn|[[Sindoor]] is a reddish pigment used by Hindu women on their foreheads to indicate their married status.<ref>{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Vasudha |title=Tilaka and Other Forehead Marks |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_9000000187 |work=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |date=29 May 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114134147/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_9000000187 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to Hindu men being selectively targeted in the earlier Pahalgam attack, leaving their wives widowed.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why PM Modi named India's military strikes in Pakistan, PoK as Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/operation-sindoor-pm-modi-name-india-military-strikes-pakistan-pok-13886203.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=PM Modi chose codename 'Operation Sindoor' for India's response to Pahalgam |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507050428/https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=sind}} India said that the operation was in response to the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]] in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 22 April 2025 in which 26 civilians were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahalgam terror attack: A tribute to the victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/infographics/2025-04-24/pahalgam-terror-attack-victims-tribute/index.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Full list of names of Pahalgam terror attack victims: 26 people, all men, killed in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-victims-26-people-all-men-killed-in-jammu-and-kashmir-11745403061030.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=26 dead, several injured in terror attack on tourists in J&K's Pahalgam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tourists-injured-terror-attack-jk-pahalgam-9958887/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> India accused [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism]], which Pakistan denied.

On 7 May, India launched Operation Sindoor with missile strikes on terrorism-related infrastructure facilities of Pakistan-based militant groups [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]], and said that no Pakistani military or civilian facilities were targeted.<ref name="us_dia_report">{{cite web |title=2025 Worldwide Threat Assessment (Defense Intelligence Agency) |url=https://armedservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2025_dia_statement_for_the_record.pdf |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[United States House Committee on Armed Services]]}}</ref><ref name="JammuKashmir6May" /> According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes hit civilian areas, including mosques, and resulted in civilian casualties. Following these strikes, there were border skirmishes and drone strikes between the two countries. Pakistan's army retaliated on 7 May, by launching a blitz of [[mortar shells]] on [[Jammu division|Jammu]], particularly [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]], which killed civilians,<ref name="Independent_twins">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Twins, 12, among those dead in Pakistani shelling in Poonch: 'Paying with our blood' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/poonch-attack-india-pakistan-kashmir-strikes-operation-sindoor-b2747115.html |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> and damaged homes and religious sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=24 May 2025 |title=31 schools damaged in Pak shelling in Poonch, Rajouri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/24/31-schools-damaged-in-pak-shelling-in-poonch-rajouri |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This conflict marked the first [[Drone warfare|drone battle]] between the two nuclear-armed nations.<ref name="BBC_firstdronewar" />

In the early hours of 10 May, India accused Pakistan of launching missile attacks on Indian air bases<ref name="Guardian 10 May">{{cite news |first1=Hannah |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first2=Shah Meer |last2=Baloch |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of cross-border attacks on military bases |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/09/pakistan-accuses-india-targeting-three-military-bases-tensions-escalate}}</ref> including the [[Sirsa Air Force Station|Sirsa air base]]<ref name="IE Sirsa">{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Varinder |date=11 May 2025 |title=Panic in the skies, rumour on the ground: When a missile was intercepted over Sirsa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/panic-in-the-skies-rumour-on-the-ground-when-a-missile-was-intercepted-over-sirsa-9995329/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> while Pakistan accused India of launching attacks on several Pakistan air bases,<ref name="Guardian 10 May"/><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.dawn.com/news/1910186|title=Pakistan rattles India with firm response as patience runs out|work=Dawn|quote= Pakistan launched strikes early Saturday morning targeting military installations in India and India-held Kashmir. The strikes were launched under operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos at 5:16am.}}</ref> including [[PAF Base Nur Khan|Nur Khan air base]], [[PAF Base Rafiqui|Rafiqi air base]], and [[PAF Base Murid|Murid air base]].<ref name="Guardian 10 May"/><ref name="CNNLiveMay9">{{Cite web |last1=Iyer |first1=Aishwarya S. |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Mogul |first3=Rhea |last4=Regan |first4=Helen |last5=Yeung |first5=Jessie |last6=Tanno |first6=Sophie |last7=Hammond |first7=Elise |last8=Sangal |first8=Aditi |date=9 May 2025 |title=May 9, 2025 – India-Pakistan news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-09-25-intl-hnk#cmahd3lqx00003b6qyp0y6s3e |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> As conflict escalated on 10 May, Pakistan launched its '''Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos''',{{efn|name=marsoos|''Bunyan-un-Marsoos''<ref name="a616">{{cite web | title=India and Pakistan agree ceasefire: What does it mean? | website=Al Jazeera | date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/india-and-pakistan-agree-ceasefire-what-does-it-mean | access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> is an [[Arabic]] term meaning "Unbreakable Wall". The operation's name is derived from a [[Ayat|verse]] in the Quran, etched in the mihrab of the attacked mosque in [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bunyan-un-Marsoos: Name came from mosque destroyed in Indian attack|date=12 May 2025|website=Aaj TV|url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330416046/bunyan-un-marsoos-name-came-from-mosque-destroyed-in-indian-attack}}</ref>

It states: "Surely Allah loves those who fight in His cause in ˹solid˺ ranks as if they were ''one concrete structure''."- {{qref|61|4|b=yl}} The entire [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]] was termed "Marka-i-Haq" ("The Battle of Truth") by the Pakistan military.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/live/pakistan-india-tensions#1910566 "Marka-i-Haq': Pakistan Army names period of conflict with India since April 22"]. 10 May 2025. ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''.</ref>}} in which it said it had targeted several Indian military bases, including [[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur air base]], [[Pathankot Airport|Pathankot air base]] and [[Adampur Airport|Adampur air base]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hussain|first1=Abid|date=10 May 2025|title=Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan Marsoos: What we know so far|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/pakistan-launches-operation-bunyan-marsoos-what-we-know-so-far|access-date=9 May 2025|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref>

After the four-day military conflict, both India and Pakistan announced that a ceasefire had been agreed after a hotline communication between their DGMOs (Directors General of Military Operations) on 10 May 2025.<ref name="TheHindu_IN_PK_agree_ceasefire" /><ref name="BBC_IN_PK_live">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy3jnl3nvwt |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> US vice president [[JD Vance]] and Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]] held extensive correspondence with both Indian and Pakistani officials during the negotiations. The ceasefire has been holding, with resumed commercial flights and normalcy reported from both countries.<ref name="NYT-May14">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan Swap Detained Soldiers as Cease-Fire Holds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/14/world/asia/india-pakistan-soldier-exchange.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir: Four days that took India and Pakistan to the brink |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgvr4r5d2qo |website=www.bbc.com |date=18 May 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further| 2025 Pahalgam attack| 2025 India–Pakistan crisis}}

The [[Kashmir conflict]], ongoing since 1947, has fuelled multiple wars and skirmishes between India and Pakistan over the disputed region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|title=Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045738/https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 April 2025, [[2025 Pahalgam attack|a terrorist attack]] by five armed terrorists near [[Pahalgam]] in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir killed 26 civilians, mostly [[Hindu]] tourists.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhat |first=Danish Manzoor |date=23 April 2025 |title=Kashmir Massacre: Trump, Putin, Iran, Israel Condemn Jihadist Attack on Hindu Tourists |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |work=[[Newsweek]] |quote="Witnesses reported the assailants shouted Islamic slogans and specifically targeted people who appeared to be Hindu." |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501211503/https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 April 2025 |title=Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |work=[[AP News]] |quote="Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire" |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504002813/https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Resistance Front]], a militant faction of the Pakistan-based, UN-designated terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], operating in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]],{{sfn|Chesterton|Bacon|2025}}{{sfn|Koren|Ganguly|Khanna|2021}}<ref name="bloo1">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |date=18 July 2025 |title=US Declares Group Accused of Kashmir Attacks a Terror Outfit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/us-declares-group-accused-of-kashmir-attacks-a-terror-outfit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250718050734/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/us-declares-group-accused-of-kashmir-attacks-a-terror-outfit |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |agency=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> initially claimed responsibility for the attack,<ref>{{cite news|title=Who are the armed groups India accuses Pakistan of backing?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=9 May 2025|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/9/who-are-the-armed-groups-india-accuses-pakistan-of-backing|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> but later denied responsibility, saying that the earlier claim was the result of a coordinated hacking,<ref>{{cite news|title=Lashkar proxy, The Resistance Front, now denies its role in Pahalgam terror attack|last1=Ranjan|first1=Mukesh|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 April 2025|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/26/lashkar-proxy-the-resistance-front-now-denies-its-role-in-pahalgam-terror-attack|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> and attributed the breach to Indian authorities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Briefing: Indian media link TRF's Kashmir attack denial to Pakistani pressure|publisher=[[BBC Monitoring]]|date=28 April 2025|url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/b0003scw|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> Pakistan alleged that the Pahalgam attack was a "[[false flag operation]]" orchestrated by India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kestler‑D'Amours|first1=Jillian|title=Kashmir updates: Pakistan claims Pahalgam attack 'false flag operation'|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=24 April 2025|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/24/kashmir-attack-live-india-summons-pakistani-envoy-hunts-pahalgam-gunmen|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shehbaz hails Trump as 'man of peace'|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2549582/shehbaz-hails-trump-as-man-of-peace|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=5 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>

India announced a series of retaliatory measures against Pakistan, including the suspension of the [[Indus Waters Treaty]], prompting responsive measures and leading to a [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis|diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=24 April 2025 |title=A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/24/india/pahalgam-india-pakistan-attack-explainer-intl-hnk |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peshimam |first1=Gibran Naiyyar |last2=Greenfield |first2= Charlotte |date=5 May 2025 |title=Pakistan tests missile, India orders drills amid Kashmir standoff |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-tests-missile-amid-india-standoff-moodys-warns-economic-cost-2025-05-05/ |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Live: J&K Govt Officer Killed in Rajouri Shelling, Indian Army Says Pakistan's 'Blatant Escalation' Continues |url=https://thewire.in/security/live-india-pakistan-military-action |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> India and Pakistan also closed their airspaces for each other's airlines.<ref name = "Reu-Air">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=India, Pakistan extend airspace closures for each other's airlines in tit-for-tat moves |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pakistan-extends-airspace-ban-indian-airlines-until-june-24-2025-05-23/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

According to ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', on 29 April, four [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) [[Rafale]] aircraft departed from [[Ambala Air Force Station]] on a mission to bomb terrorist targets in the north but aborted and diverted to [[Srinagar Air Force Station]] due to an [[electronic warfare]] jamming claimed by PAF. As described by the magazine, following this failed attack, and before 6 May, the IAF redeployed up to 20 [[Rafale]] aircraft from [[Hasimara Air Force Station]] (home of [[No. 101 Squadron IAF]] in the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]) to [[Gwalior]], [[Ambala]], [[Srinagar]], and [[Bikaner Airport|Nal Air Force Station]] in [[Rajasthan]]. Several [[S-400 missile system]] surface-to-air missile batteries were also repositioned to [[Adampur]], [[Bhuj]], and [[Bikaner]]. During late April and early May, the IAF mobilised around 400 aircraft, with its transport fleet conducting more than 500 sorties.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> On 30 April, Pakistan said that a military strike by India was imminent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan claims 'credible intelligence' India is planning an imminent military strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75dgz5pq2no |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan claims it has 'credible intelligence' India will strike within 36 hours |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/29/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india-tension-military-intl-hnk |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
=== 7 May ===
India announced that it had launched missile and air strikes, codenamed ''Operation Sindoor'',{{Efn|name=sind}} targeting nine sites across Pakistani-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] and Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]].<ref name="BBCLive6May">{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=India says it has launched strikes on Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyneele13qt |work=[[BBC News]] |quote=A dramatic overnight operation on Tuesday, in which India said it launched missile and air strikes on nine sites across Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Pakistan said only six locations were hit and claimed to have shot down five Indian fighter jets and a drone – a claim India has not confirmed.}}</ref><ref name="IE-Sindoor1">{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor targets 9 locations: Links to LeT and JeM, how they've attacked India in the past |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/operation-sindoor-9-locations-let-and-jem-attacked-india-past-9988359/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ooeration Sindoor: Media Brief DGMO |url=https://www.cgiistanbul.gov.in/content/BRIEF-MEDIA-DGMO.pdf |website=Director General of Military Operations (India) |publisher=Consulate General of India, Istanbul}}</ref> Indian military spokespeople said that the missile strikes targeted infrastructure linked to the terrorist groups [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT), [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] (HuM),<ref name="JammuKashmir6May">{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=India launches attack on 9 sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-launches-attack-9-sites-pakistan-pakistan-occupied-jammu-kashmir-2025-05-06/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="TheDiplomat_Lashkar">{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Kunwar Khuldune |date=31 May 2025 |title=Pakistan and the Latest Reincarnation of Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/05/pakistan-and-the-latest-reincarnation-of-lashkar-e-taiba/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |quote=However, mosques and madrassas associated with the LeT, JeM, and HM, openly function, which include some of the buildings hit by Indian strikes this month. Masjid Abbas in Kotli and Masjid Bilal in Muzaffarabad are both affiliated with the JeM, while the LeT-linked Shawai Nalla camp was also targeted. ... The LeT's Shawai Nalla camp was one of the few sites dedicated to militant training in the region.}}</ref> and that no Pakistani military facilities were targeted,<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Indian strikes on Pakistan, PoK hit headquarters of Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/operation-sindoor-india-pakistan-pok-lashkar-e-taiba-jaish-e-muhammad-9987644/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref> with the locations selected to avoid damage to civilian infrastructure.<ref name="Transcript7May" /> The Indian government described the strikes as "focused, measured, and non-escalatory".<ref name="NPR_tensions">{{cite web|last=Hadid|first=Diaa|title=Tensions escalate as Pakistan calls India's operation 'an act of war'|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/05/07/nx-s1-5389777/tensions-escalate-as-pakistan-calls-indias-operation-an-act-of-war|website=[[NPR]]|date=7 May 2025}}</ref>

The Indian air strikes triggered an [[aerial battle]] in which more than 114 aircraft, 72 from the IAF and 42 from the PAF, were involved in what was described as the largest [[beyond visual range]] engagement on the [[India–Pakistan border]].<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills">{{cite magazine|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Exclusive: Full article – Understanding the Rafale kills|magazine=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|publisher=[[Key Publishing]]|url=https://www.key.aero/article/full-article-understanding-rafale-kills|date=October 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> Neither Pakistani nor Indian aircraft crossed the border, engaging instead in a "stand-off" conflict at a distance of more than 100 km at times.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barker |first1=Memphis |title=China helped Pakistan shoot down Indian planes, report says |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=8 May 2025 |via=[[Yahoo News]] |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-helped-pakistan-shoot-down-142036091.html }}</ref> According to a senior PAF officer, the engagement lasted approximately 52 minutes.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> Pakistan claimed that three [[Dassault Rafales]], one [[MiG-29]], one [[Su-30MKI]] fighter jet, and one Israeli-manufactured [[IAI Heron]] UAV belonging to the Indian Air Force were shot down.<ref name="Su-30MKI">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Shows Evidence of Indian Su-30MKI and Rafale Takedown in Dogfight |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/events/pakistan_shows_evidence_of_indian_su_30mki_and_rafale_takedown_in_dogfight-14463.html|website=Defense Express}}</ref><ref name="CNN_deepinside"/><ref name="caliber">{{cite web |last1=Guliyev |first1=Aghakazim |date=16 May 2025 |title=PM Sharif: Pakistan downed six Indian jets in recent stand-off |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/pm-sharif-pakistan-downed-six-indian-jets-in-recent-stand-off |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=Caliber.Az}}</ref>

The Pakistani government condemned the Indian strikes as an "act of war" that resulted in civilian casualties.<ref name="NPR_tensions"/> Shehbaz Sharif convened a meeting of the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] to coordinate retaliatory strikes. The NSC declared that Pakistan "reserves the right to respond, in self-defence, at a time, place, and manner of its choosing."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S. |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |last5=Hammond |first5=Elise |last6=Powell |first6=Tori B. |last7=Yeung |first7=Jessie |last8=Harvey |first8=Lex |last9=Radford |first9=Antoinette |date=6 May 2025 |title=May 7, 2025 India launches attacks on Pakistan after Kashmir massacre |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Sharif gave the Pakistani army, under [[Asim Munir]], the right to respond in any way needed.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |date=10 May 2025 |title=Who is Gen Asim Munir, the army chief leading Pakistan's military amid India crisis? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/10/who-is-gen-asim-munir-army-chief-leading-pakistan-military-over-india-crisis |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

According to India, Pakistani cross-border artillery shelling and small arms firing increased following the Indian attacks,<ref name="Quillen">{{cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Quillen |first2=Stephen |date=6 May 2025 |title=Heavy cross-border shelling as Pakistan says India attack 'ignited inferno' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/6/india-pakistan-fighting-live-india-fires-missiles-into-pakistan?update=3692532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506235849/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/6/india-pakistan-fighting-live-india-fires-missiles-into-pakistan?update=3692532 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> including in the regions of [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]], [[Rajouri]], [[Kupwara]], [[Baramulla]], [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] and [[Akhnoor]], located in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Shelling by Pakistani troops in J&K's Kupwara, Baramulla, Uri and Akhnoor areas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shelling-by-pakistani-troops-in-jks-kupwara/article69551087.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="FinancialExpress_schools" /> Pakistani shelling of Poonch town and its vicinity killed at least 11 people and damaged an Islamic school along with numerous homes. According to ''[[The News Minute]]'', the casualties included a Sikh [[Ragi (Sikhism)|ragi]].<ref>Nidhi Suresh, Anmol Pritam, [https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/poonchs-forgotten-victims-apathy-after-india-pak-ceasefire Poonch's forgotten victims: Apathy after India-Pak ceasefire], The News Minute, 20 May 2025.</ref> Pakistan said that the [[Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant]] had been damaged by Indian shelling following the initial Indian strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Tariq |date=9 May 2025 |title=Wapda takes stock of damage to Neelum-Jhelum dam |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909582 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

=== 8 May ===
On 8 May, India said that Pakistan had launched drone and missile strikes on several Indian cities, including [[Amritsar]], and that India negated these strikes by the [[S-400 missile system]] at [[Adampur Air Force Station]], marking India's first combat use of the missile system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=IAF's S-400 Sudarshan Chakra: Missile shield that foiled Pak's escalatory bid |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/operation-sindoor-iafs-s-400-sudarshan-chakra-missile-shield-that-foiled-paks-escalatory-bid-2721572-2025-05-08 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Pakistan denied launching drone and missile strikes on India.<ref name="nyt_unfolded">{{cite news |title=What We Know About How the 4-Day India-Pakistan Clashes Unfolded | work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/world/asia/india-pakistan-what-we-know.html?login=email&auth=login-email |access-date=12 May 2025 |agency=[[The New York Times]] | last1=Mashal | first1=Mujib | date=11 May 2025}}</ref> Pakistani Foreign Minister [[Ishaq Dar]] claimed that the Indian Army had intentionally carried out a [[false flag]] attack on the Indian city of Amritsar, blaming it on Pakistan in order to generate domestic support.<ref name="Radio_DPM">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan reserves right to respond to Indian aggression: DPM |url=https://radio.gov.pk/08-05-2025/pakistan-reserves-right-to-respond-to-indian-airspace-violation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513164431/https://radio.gov.pk/08-05-2025/pakistan-reserves-right-to-respond-to-indian-airspace-violation |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[Radio Pakistan]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=India dropped projectiles in Amritsar: Dar |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909468 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> The Pakistani military spokesperson also claimed that Indian drones headed towards [[Nankana Sahib]] were brought down.<ref name="Radio_DPM" /> The claim was denied by India and described as false by Indian media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistan's doublespeak: It targets Poonch gurdwara, but falsely claims Indian attack on Nankana Sahib |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pakistans-doublespeak-it-targets-poonch-gurdwara-but-falsely-claims-indian-attack-on-nankana-sahib-13886915.html |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Indian foreign secretary [[Vikram Misri]] dismissed these as a "deranged fantasy" and an attempt by Pakistan to hide its own actions.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan's Claim That India Would Attack Its Own Cities a 'Deranged Fantasy': FS |url=https://thewire.in/security/pakistan-claim-india-attack-own-cities-deranged-fantasy |website=The Wire}}</ref>

The Indian Armed Forces said that in response to the Pakistani attack, they had carried out [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses|SEAD/DEAD]] operations, neutralizing Pakistani air defence systems in [[Lahore]]. Pakistani authorities said that several Indian drones intruded in Pakistani airspace, and 12 Indian drones were shot down. As per Pakistan, these drones were sent into nine different locations including the cities of [[Karachi]] and Lahore, and one of the drones struck a Pakistani military facility near Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Alex Nitzberg |author2=Greg Norman |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shoots down more than two dozen drones launched by India |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/pakistan-shoots-down-more-than-two-dozen-drones-launched-india |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Drone">{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/8/india-pakistan-live-heavy-shelling-along-line-of-control-dividing-kashmir |title=Pakistan says it shot down Indian drones |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508014903/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/8/india-pakistan-live-heavy-shelling-along-line-of-control-dividing-kashmir |url-status=live}}</ref> The Pakistani military later claimed to have shot down 25 Israeli-made [[IAI Harop|Harop loitering munitions]] in its territory. India admitted to one being taken down.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rickett |first=Oscar |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shoots down Israeli-made drones launched by India |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pakistan-shoots-down-israeli-made-drones-launched-india |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan military says it shot down 25 Israeli-made drones launched by India |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/pakistan-military-says-it-shot-down-25-israeli-made-drones-launched-by-india/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref> A drone also landed near the [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]] complex before the start of a [[Pakistan Super League]] match, prompting the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] to postpone the game.<ref name=pslmatchpostponed>{{cite news |author=Naimat Khan |title=Pakistan postpones PSL match after Indian drone shot down near Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium |url=https://arab.news/mkqrs |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=Arab News |date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Mike Peter |author2=Matthew Henry |title=PSL 2025: Plan to stage rest of season in UAE is abandoned |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cz703xnx1wpo |access-date=9 May 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

Later that day, India said that Pakistan had launched airstrikes directed in and around [[Jammu district]] including the [[Jammu Airport|airport]] and the [[Jammu University|university]]. All of the eight Pakistani missiles were claimed to have been intercepted by the S-400 missile system. Reportedly, multiple explosions were heard in Jammu along with an explosion in [[Jaisalmer]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Haq Nawaz |last2=Noack |first2=Rick |last3=Irfan |first3=Shams |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan says it downed Indian drones as India claims to strike Lahore |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/08/india-pakistan-attack-response/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=8 missiles targeted at Jammu intercepted, blackouts from Punjab to Rajasthan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/missiles-targeted-jammu-blackout-punjab-rajasthan-9991390/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> where drones and fighter jets were also reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Air Force pilot captured in Jaisalmer after ejecting from fighter jet |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/pakistan-air-force-pilot-captured-in-jaisalmer-after-ejecting-from-fighter-jet/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508185655/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/pakistan-air-force-pilot-captured-in-jaisalmer-after-ejecting-from-fighter-jet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> India later said that, these attacks involved 300–400 [[Asisguard Songar|Turkish-Asisguard Songar]] drones targeting 36 sites, including civilian and military infrastructure.<ref name="BBC_IN_PK_live" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pak targeted 36 places with 300–400 'Turkish' drones: India on May 8 attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-india-may-8-attack-turkish-drone-used-400-drones-civilian-planes-radar-india-36-drones-operation-sindoor-2722309-2025-05-09 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> India also reported cross border firing by heavy calibre artillery guns along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC).<ref name="BBC_IN_PK_live" /><ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=FACT CHECK: Was Qari Mohammad Iqbal, who was killed in Pakistan shelling in Poonch, an LeT 'terrorist'? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/05/09/fact-check-was-qari-mohammad-iqbal-killed-in-pakistan-shelling-in-poonch-an-let-terrorist-false-claim.html |website=The Week (India) |language=}}</ref>

Reports termed this conflict as the "first drone war" between the "nuclear-armed neighbours" of South Asia.<ref name="BBC_firstdronewar">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan: The first drone war between nuclear-armed neighbours |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy6w6507wqo |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== 9 May ===
The [[Pakistan Army]] claimed to have neutralised 77 Indian drones since 6 May.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Muhammad|title=Pakistan says India sending drones to detect location of weapons system, 77 shot down|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2600099/|work=[[Arab News]]|date=9 May 2025|access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

Exchanges of fire had stopped in the early morning.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Anupreeta |date=9 May 2025 |title=Here is the latest. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/05/09/world/india-pakistan-kashmir/here-is-the-latest |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> However, clashes restarted after "13 hours of relative calm". Exchanges of artillery fire began in Kashmir, including in, [[Kupwara]], [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]], [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], and [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]] along the [[Line of Control|LoC]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Uras |first1=Umut |last2=Adler |first2=Nils |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistan says 'no de-escalation' with India as sides trade attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/9/live-india-pakistan-tensions-surge-as-both-sides-trade-attack-claims |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to the Indian Army, drones were reportedly sighted in 26 locations across a wide area from [[Baramulla]] in the north to [[Bhuj]] in the south, with at least one armed drone in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]; however, Pakistani officials dismissed the Indian accusations as "baseless and misleading", denying any offensive actions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Aftab|last2=Greenfield|first2=Charlotte|last3=Patel|first3=Shivam|title=Blasts rock Indian Kashmir, Amritsar as Pakistan conflict escalates|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/blasts-rock-indian-kashmir-amritsar-pakistan-conflict-escalates-2025-05-09/|work=[[Reuters]]|date=9 May 2025|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> India claimed that a Pakistani army post along the LoC was destroyed.<ref name="IndiaToday_fitting">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Fitting reply: Army shares 1st visual of destroying Pak military post along LoC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-pakistan-drone-missile-attacks-jammu-kashmir-rajasthan-punjab-s-400-shot-down-indian-army-operation-sindoor-2721911-2025-05-09 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

During a press briefing, Pakistan once again denied carrying out missile and drone strikes on Indian military installations and proposed a neutral third-party investigation into the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], which it claimed was ignored by India.<ref name="TSJPC9May">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=9 May 2025 |title=Tri Services Joint Press Conference – 9 May 2025 {{!}} ISPR |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=ax0FBm8jazs |website=YouTube |publisher=ISPR Official |language=en |format=video}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=DG ISPR challenges Delhi to produce evidence of Pakistan's missile, drone attacks in India |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544936/p |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> On 9 May, reports indicated that India had repositioned its [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]], including an aircraft carrier, destroyers, frigates and anti-submarine warfare ships, in the northern [[Arabian Sea]]. According to an Indian defence source cited by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', the fleet was brought within operational range of [[Karachi]], Pakistan's largest port city and the headquarters of the [[Pakistan Navy]].<ref name="Telegraph_allout">{{Cite news|last=Lateef|first=Samaan|date=9 May 2025|title=Pakistan and India slide towards all-out war after new wave of strikes|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/05/09/india-sends-warships-towards-pakistan-after-more-clashes/|access-date=25 May 2025|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

=== 10 May ===
On 10 May, India accused Pakistan of launching missile attacks on air bases in Punjab in the early hours, including the [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Pathankot military airfield]].<ref name="Guardian 10 May"/> According to ''[[The Indian Express]]'', a [[Fatah-II]] long-range missile was intercepted near the [[Sirsa Air Force Station]] shortly after midnight.<ref name="IE Sirsa"/>

At 2:09 am, Pakistan's [[Nur Khan airbase]] in Rawalpindi was struck by Indian missiles.<ref name="reuters_pulledback">{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Saeed |last2=Shahzad |first2=Asif |last3=Patel |first3=Shivam |last4=Peshimam |first4=Gibran Naiyyer |date=14 May 2025 |title=How India and Pakistan pulled back from the brink with US-brokered ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/how-india-pakistan-pulled-back-brink-with-us-brokered-ceasefire-2025-05-13/ |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Guardian 10 May" /> India said the next morning that it had launched attacks on Pakistan's air bases in response to the drone and missile attacks along India's [[India–Pakistan border|western border]]. It described them as precision attacks on identified military targets.<ref name="Guardian 10 May" /> It said [[Pakistan Air Force]] bases at [[PAF Base Rafiqui|Rafiqui]], [[PAF Base Murid|Murid]], [[PAF Base Nur Khan|Chaklala]], and [[Shaikh Zayed International Airport|Rahim Yar Khan Airport]] as having been targeted. The strikes also targeted military sites in [[Begum Nusrat Bhutto International Airport|Sukkur]] and [[Chunian]], a radar installation in [[Pasrur]], the [[Sialkot International Airport|Sialkot aviation base]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Saikat Kumar |title="Swift, Calibrated Response": Indian Fighter Jets Bomb Pak Air Force Bases |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-hit-targets-at-multiple-pak-bases-governments-special-briefing-8377773 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> and other air bases at [[PAF Base Qadri|Skardu]], [[PAF Base Mushaf|Sargodha]], [[PAF Base Shahbaz|Jacobabad]], and [[PAF Base Bholari|Bholari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcript of Special briefing by MOD on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 10, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39491/Transcript_of_Special_briefing_by_MOD_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_10_2025 |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs of India]]}}</ref>

Around 3:20 am, Pakistan denied initiating hostilities, instead alleging that India had first fired air-to-surface missiles from fighter jets at the military bases of Nur Khan, Rafiqui, and Murid,<ref name="Guardian 10 May" /><ref name="CNNLiveMay9" /> and added that India had also targeted [[Afghanistan]] with missile and drone strikes.<ref name="Dawn_IN_PK_live"/><ref name="Tribune_ballistic"/><ref name="TNI_Afghanistan">{{cite news |title=Nur Khan, Murid and Shorkot bases targeted with air-launched missiles |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1310137-india-launched-missiles-at-three-airbases-dg-ispr |work=[[The News International]] |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Clary" />

{{anchor|Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos}}
Shortly after the Indian missile strikes, Pakistan launched a retaliatory operation, codenamed ''Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos''.<ref name="Guardian 10 May" />{{efn|name=marsoos}} It claimed to have struck and caused major damage to 26 military targets, including 15 air bases of [[Suratgarh Air Force Station|Suratgarh]], Sirsa, [[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya]], [[Adampur Air Force Station|Adampur]], [[Bhisiana Air Force Station|Bhatinda]], [[No. 501 Signal Unit, IAF|Barnala]], [[Halwara Air Force Station|Halwara]], [[Awantipur Air Force Station|Awantipur]], [[No. 51 Squadron IAF|Srinagar]], [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]], [[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur]], [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Mamoon]], [[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala]] and Pathankot.<ref name="tribune20250511">{{cite news|title=Pakistan never requested ceasefire: DG ISPR briefs nation on military response to Indian aggression|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545242/|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=11 May 2025|access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="AZERTAG_Bunyan">{{Cite web |title=26 Indian military targets hit during "Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos": Pakistan |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/26_indian_military_targets_hit_during_operation_bunyan_un_marsoos_pakistan-3551763 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=[[Azerbaijan State News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> It further said that the BrahMos storage facilities at [[Beas Airport|Beas]] and [[Nagrota army base|Nagrota]] were destroyed, and that two [[S-400 missile system|S-400 systems]] at Adampur and [[Bhuj Air Force Station|Bhuj]] were neutralised by the Pakistan Air Force.<ref name="AZERTAG_Bunyan" /><ref name="tribune20250512">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Army announces conclusion of Operation Bunyanum Marsoos: ISPR|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545413/|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=12 May 2025|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> Pakistan said that military logistics and support sites such as the Field Supply Depot in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] and Radar Station in [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] were targeted, and command headquarters such as 10 Brigade and 80 Brigade at KG Top and [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], as well as proxy training and intelligence fusion facilities in [[Rajouri]] and Nowshera, were destroyed.<ref name="tribune20250512"/> Pakistan further said that Indian military elements across the LoC, including headquarters, logistic bases, artillery positions, and posts, were heavily damaged. It said that its drones flew over major Indian cities and sensitive political and military sites, including New Delhi.<ref name="AZERTAG_Bunyan" /><ref name="tribune20250512"/>

Pakistan's military said it launched a cyberattack as part of Operation Bunyun Marsoos, targeting Indian military satellites, government websites, and critical digital infrastructure.<ref name="DN_cyber">{{cite news|title=Major websites hacked as Pakistan launches cyber strike against Indian digital assets|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883219-major-websites-hacked-as-pakistan-launches-cyber-strike-against-indian|work=[[Dunya News]]|date=10 May 2025|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan army claims Indian counterparts hit by cyber attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3699410 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="AN_cyber">{{cite news|last1=Dilawar|first1=Ismail|title=Pakistan's financial regulator alerts firms to cyber risks after conflict with India|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2601009/|work=[[Arab News]]|date=16 May 2025|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref> Indian authorities recorded over 1.5 million attempted cyber intrusions.<ref name="AN_cyber"/> According to reports by Pakistani media, affected entities included the official website of India's ruling party, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the Crime Research Investigation Agency, [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited]], [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]], and the All India Naval Technical Supervisory Staff Association. Those reports said that large volumes of data were erased from these websites, and sensitive information was leaked from key institutions such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], the [[Border Security Force]], and the [[Unique Identification Authority of India]]. The cyberattack was also reported in Pakistani media to have compromised databases belonging to the Indian Air Force, the [[Maharashtra Election Commission]], and the takeover of more than 2,500 surveillance cameras across India.<ref name="DN_cyber"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan launches 'Operation Bunyan ul Marsoos' against India after multiple provocations|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/10-May-2025/pakistan-launches-counter-offensive-against-india-after-multiple-provocations|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|date=10 May 2025|access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

India denied Pakistan's claims that its BrahMos missile base, airfields in Sirsa, Jammu, Pathankot, Bhatinda, Nalia and Bhuj, and ammunition depots in [[Chandigarh]] and Beas had been damaged.<ref>{{cite news |title=India shuts down Pakistan's false claims in press conference after ceasefire agreement |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/10/india-shuts-down-pakistans-false-claims-in-press-conference-after-ceasefire-agreement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251003123324/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/10/india-shuts-down-pakistans-false-claims-in-press-conference-after-ceasefire-agreement |archive-date=3 October 2025|access-date=10 May 2025 |agency=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It also rejected Pakistan's claims that the S-400 defence system and airfield at Suratgarh had been destroyed, calling these allegations part of a "malicious misinformation campaign".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=MEA rejects Pakistan's claim of damage to S-400 defense system: 'Malicious misinformation campaign' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-rejects-pakistans-claim-of-damage-to-s-400-defence-system-malicious-misinformation-campaign-101746855611996.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251003124822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-rejects-pakistans-claim-of-damage-to-s-400-defence-system-malicious-misinformation-campaign-101746855611996.html|archive-date=3 October 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Indian officials acknowledged limited damage at four of its air bases — Udhampur, Pathankot, Adampur, and Bhuj — and the family of one Indian soldier confirmed his death at Udhampur.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery">{{Cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Agnes |last2=Robles |first2=Pablo |last3=Mashal |first3=Mujib |date=14 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan Talked Big, but Satellite Imagery Shows Limited Damage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/05/14/world/asia/india-pakistan-attack-damage-satellite-images.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250915165546/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/05/14/world/asia/india-pakistan-attack-damage-satellite-images.html|archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The Prime Minister of Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif later said in his speech on the [[Independence Day (Azerbaijan)|Independence Day of Azerbaijan]] that the operation had already been initially planned for 4:30 am but India attacked before that time.<ref name="Trend_concert" /> In an earlier speech, he had said that the Army Chief called him at 2:30 am to inform him about the Indian airstrikes and sought permission to strike back. The Army Chief is said to have called back later in the night informing him about "befitting response" and adding, "we are being requested for a ceasefire". PM Sharif said he told him to go ahead and accept the offer.<ref>Umar Bacha, Imtiaz Ali [https://www.dawn.com/news/1911376 We won the war but seek peace: PM Shehbaz invites India to live as 'peaceful neighbour'], ''Dawn'', 16 May 2025.</ref>

Intense firing and shelling were reported along the [[Line of Control]], including in [[Sialkot]] and [[Rajouri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Chief minister of India-administered Kashmir reports death of district official |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3699333|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Local officials in India reported that at least five people were killed in Pakistani shelling in Rajouri, Poonch, and Jammu districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Five killed by Pakistani shelling in Jammu region: Reports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3699418|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Esha Mitra |author2=Aditi Sangal |author3=Rhea Mogul |author4=Sophia Saifi |date=10 May 2025 |title=India's military says Hindu temple targeted by Pakistan's strikes |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25#cmahx3gdj000g356o4twnd19h|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Analyst [[Michael Kugelman]] posited that the two countries were now "effectively at war".<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan have not declared war, but 'effectively at war': Analyst |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3699323|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

State media [[PTV News]] reported that Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] had convened a meeting of the [[National Command Authority (Pakistan)|National Command Authority]], the body responsible for Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme, although Defence Minister [[Khawaja Asif]] said that no such meeting had taken place.<ref name="brecorder_NCA">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=No meeting of National Command Authority scheduled: defence minister |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40361994|access-date=9 June 2025 |website=[[Business Recorder]] |language=en}}</ref>

A ceasefire began at 17:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])/16:30 ([[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]).<ref name="BBC_IN_PK_live" /> It was first announced by [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Donald Trump]] on social media,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Vernon |first1=Hayden |last2=Fulton |first2=Adam |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan and India agree 'immediate ceasefire' – Kashmir crisis live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/may/10/pakistan-says-three-air-bases-attacked-by-indian-missiles-live-updates |work=The Guardian}}</ref> and the Indian and Pakistani foreign ministers subsequently confirmed the agreement.<ref name="TheHindu_IN_PK_agree_ceasefire" /> Both sides claimed victory after the ceasefire.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |last3=Hassan |first3=Aakash |date=11 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan both claim victory after ceasefire declared |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/11/india-and-pakistan-both-claim-victory-after-ceasefire-declared |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif designated 16 May to be celebrated as ''Youm-e-Tashakur'' ('Day of Gratitude') in honour of its armed forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Govt denies May 16 holiday rumours over Youm-e-Tashakur |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2546046/no-public-holiday-on-may-16-for-youm-e-tashakur-government-confirms |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Ceasefire ==
A fragile ceasefire was achieved around midday on Saturday, 10 May, with the intervention of the United States. The US administration grew concerned with the possibility of [[nuclear weapon]] involvement, and the Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]] started making calls from 4:00 [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]. He spoke to Pakistan's Army chief [[Asim Munir]], National Security Advisor [[Asim Malik]] and prime minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]]. United States Vice President [[JD Vance]] was in touch with the Indian authorities, including prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]. Interventions were also made by Saudi Arabia, Iran, the UAE and the UK. The Indian and Pakistani heads of military operations spoke on phone at 2:30 pm for the first time since the conflict broke out.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Shah Meer |last1=Baloch |first2=Hannah |last2=Ellis-Petersen |title=From missiles to ceasefire: how India and Pakistan pulled back from the brink |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 May 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/how-india-and-pakistan-conflict-turned-from-brink-of-war-to-ceasefire-in-days}}</ref>

=== Agreement ===
Foreign Secretary of India [[Vikram Misri]] and the Pakistani Foreign Minister [[Ishaq Dar]]<ref name="TheHindu_IN_PK_agree_ceasefire">{{cite Q|Q134428349|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dawn_IN_PK_welcome_ceasefire">{{cite Q|Q134428303|url-status=live}}</ref> stated that both militaries agreed to a full ceasefire and that hostilities would end as of 5:00 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]/4:30 pm [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]] (11:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|GMT]]).<ref name="CeasefireDetails">{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Military leaders agree to stop all fighting between India and Pakistan|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700172|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="DarCease">{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Ceasefire agreement with India not partial: Pakistani foreign minister|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700170|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

Dar stated that 36 countries helped broker the truce.<ref name="Independent_IN_PK_reach_ceasefire">{{cite Q|Q134428688|url-status=live}}</ref> However, an Indian official told ''[[Agence France Presse]]'' that the ceasefire was negotiated bilaterally in the sense that "stoppage of firing and military action between India and Pakistan was worked out directly between the two countries".<ref name="CNA_IN_PK_agree_ceasefire">{{cite Q|Q134428571|url-status=live}}</ref> United States Secretary of State Marco Rubio declared that both nations would discuss "a broad set of issues at a neutral site" and that he and Vice President JD Vance had extensively corresponded with senior officials on both sides.<ref name="RubioStatement">{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=US's Rubio says India, Pakistan agreed 'to start talks at a neutral site'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700142|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> Hours later, following ceasefire violations, Indian officials had not yet voiced readiness for talks.<ref name="IndiaTalk">{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Still unclear if India has agreed to talks with Pakistan|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700643|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> US president [[Donald Trump]] made a post on social media about the ceasefire soon after it came into effect, prior to the official announcements by the Indian and Pakistani foreign ministers.<ref name="Mediation">{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Trump says India, Pakistan agree to 'full and immediate ceasefire'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700114|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> Pakistani Prime Minister Sharif stated that Trump had played a "pivotal and paramount role" in facilitating the truce along with representatives of Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, the UK, UN, and China,<ref name="SharifTruce">{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=PM Sharif says Kashmir dispute with India will be resolved|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700630|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> while India's foreign secretary later said that ceasefire talks were held "directly between India and Pakistan under the existing channels established between both militaries."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Meryl |date=18 June 2025 |title=Kashmir: Modi tells Trump India won't accept 'third-party mediation' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89ew9wde3lo |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Thanking the heads of India and Pakistan, President Trump vowed to enhance trade "substantially" with both nations.<ref name="TrumpTrade">{{cite web|date=11 May 2025|title=Trump promises to increase trade with India, Pakistan|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/11/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-committed-to-truce-india-claims-breaches?update=3700924|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> On 29 July, Indian Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] rejected Trump's claim that he had ended the conflict, describing it as "baseless".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title='Baseless': India rejects Trump's claim he ended Pakistan conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3319894/defence-minister-slams-baseless-claim-india-bowed-pressure-end-pakistan-conflict |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

Following the agreement, Pakistan reopened its airspace to commercial flights.<ref name="PakCommerce">{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Pakistan opens airspace to all flights|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700206|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Secy Says 'Criticising Govt Hallmark of Democracy', But BJP Handles Have Missed the Memo |url=https://thewire.in/government/foreign-secy-says-criticising-govt-hallmark-of-democracy-but-bjp-handles-have-missed-the-memo |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> [[Islamabad–New Delhi hotline#Other hotlines|Military hotlines between the two states]] were activated.<ref name="Reuters_violations_IN_PK_ceasefire">{{cite Q|Q134435918|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Accusations of violations ===
'''10 May:''' Minutes after the ceasefire announcement, loud explosions were heard and projectiles were seen in the sky over the cities of [[Srinagar]] and [[Jammu]] in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magee |first1=Caolán |last2=Stepansky |first2=Joseph |title=Explosions heard, drones spotted after India, Pakistan agree to ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reuters_explosions" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of violating ceasefire hours after reaching deal |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-pakistan-missiles-air-bases-1de0ca13c13899f0bd3530b4808d45ad |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Late on 10 May, Misri stated that there had been violations of the ceasefire agreement, citing cross-border firing and sightings of Pakistani drones over Srinagar and Punjab, and called on Pakistani authorities to "address [the] violations".<ref name="Reuters_explosions">{{cite news |last1=Peshimam |first1=Gibran Naiyyar |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |last3=Greenfield |first3=Charlotte |last4=Ahmed |first4=Aftab |date=10 May 2025 |title=Explosions reported after India and Pakistan agree to ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pakistan-says-three-air-bases-targeted-by-indian-missiles-2025-05-10/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Reuters |location=Islamabad/New Delhi}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister [[Omar Abdullah]] also reported explosions in Srinagar, expressing concern over the apparent collapse of the ceasefire.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Das |first1=Anupreeta |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Nauman |first3=Qasim |date=10 May 2025 |title=Trump Announces Cease-Fire Between India and Pakistan: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/05/10/world/pakistan-india-kashmir |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Sky_IN_PK_live">{{Cite web |title=India-Pakistan live: Pakistan and India accuse each other of violating ceasefire deal – as Trump talks of trade boost for both countries |url=https://news.sky.com/story/india-pakistan-live-dozens-killed-as-india-launches-missile-strikes-on-pakistan-controlled-territory-13363087 |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtar |date=10 May 2025 |title=Live updates: Blasts heard in India-administered Kashmir hours after ceasefire announcement |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Pakistani Information Minister [[Atta Tarar]] denied Indian claims that Pakistan had violated the ceasefire, calling reports by the Indian media as "baseless".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |last2=Vernon |first2=Hayden |last3=Fulton |first3=Adam |date=10 May 2025 |title=India says it will respond to 'violations' of Kashmir ceasefire by Pakistan – live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/may/10/pakistan-says-three-air-bases-attacked-by-indian-missiles-live-updates?page=with:block-681f988d8f08e7a81f17bdf9#block-681f988d8f08e7a81f17bdf9 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Pakistan later also accused India of committing ceasefire violations in [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]].<ref name="BBC_IN_PK_live" /> By 11 May, reports suggested that "serious violations" of the truce had ceased,<ref name="Calm">{{cite web|date=11 May 2025|title='Serious, complicated' discussions ahead as truce holds|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/11/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-committed-to-truce-india-claims-breaches?update=3701010|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> and that the situation had stabilized in many cities on the Indian side of the LoC.<ref name="Stabilization">{{cite web|date=11 May 2025|title=Calm returns to cities in Indian-administered Kashmir: Reports|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/11/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-committed-to-truce-india-claims-breaches?update=3700947|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> Businesses reopened in Srinagar as calm returned.<ref name="SrinagarShop">{{cite web|date=11 May 2025|title=Shops in Srinagar reopen amid a cautious calm|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/11/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-committed-to-truce-india-claims-breaches?update=3701019|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sangal |first1=Aditi |last2=Mogul |first2=Rhea |last3=Saifi |first3=Sophia |last4=Mitra |first4=Esha |last5=Stambaugh |first5=Alex |last6=Legge |first6=James |last7=Tanno |first7=Sophie |last8=Edwards |first8=Christian |last9=Vogt |first9=Adrienne |title=India-Pakistan truce appears to hold despite accusations of violations |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25 |website=CNN |language=en |date=10 May 2025}}</ref> In India, [[Gujarat]] Minister of State [[Harsh Sanghavi]] announced that a blackout would be implemented in the [[Kutch district]] after drones were spotted in the sky.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Blackout in India's Kutch district after drones spotted |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700512 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> In Pakistan, civilians in [[Peshawar]] heard anti-aircraft gunfire after drones were spotted in the sky.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Anti-aircraft gunfire after drone spotted over Pakistan's Peshawar: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india?update=3700507 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

'''12 May:''' Indian media claimed that "suspected Pakistani drones" were detected and engaged in the [[Samba district|Samba]] district of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. Blackouts were imposed in several border towns including [[Amritsar]] as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan violates ceasefire again: Drones shot down near J&K's Samba |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-drones-shot-down-near-jks-samba/articleshow/121116596.cms|access-date=12 May 2025 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>Arun Sharma, Amrita Nayak Dutta, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-samba-blackout-drones-9998816/ Blackout in Jammu's Samba, 'small number of suspected drones being engaged'], The Indian Express, 12 May 2025.</ref> After midnight, the Indian Army said, "no drone activity has been detected recently, and the ceasefire situation prevails."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ceasefire prevails, situation calm: Army sources after drones spotted over J&K |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pakistan-drone-sightings-ceasefire-update-operation-sindoor-jammu-kashmir-rajasthan-punjab-2723814-2025-05-13 |access-date=12 May 2025 |publisher=India Today}}</ref>

==Aerial strikes and skirmishes==
===Operation Sindoor===
====Initial strikes====
On 7 May 2025, India launched missile and air strikes on nine alleged "militant camps" in both Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The strikes, lasted just 25 minutes between 01:05 and 01:30 India time (19:35 and 20:00 GMT on Tuesday).<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian air strikes – how will Pakistan respond? Four key questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd020710v1ko|access-date=7 May 2025 |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Can India and Pakistan control a new cycle of escalation? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/05/07/can-india-and-pakistan-control-a-new-cycle-of-escalation |access-date=7 May 2025 |agency=[[The Economist]] }}</ref> Seven targets, including some in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, were struck by the Indian Army's [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|artillery regiment]] using precision long-range [[M982 Excalibur]] rounds and [[loitering munition]]s, while air defence was jointly provided by the Army and the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{citation |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |title=Artillery's firepower reverberates during Operation Sindoor |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/artillerys-firepower-reverberates-during-operation-sindoor/article69615205.ece}}</ref> The Israeli press mentioned Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions.<ref name="Haaretz_kamikaze">{{Cite news |last=Amit |first=Hagai |title=Israeli Kamikaze Drones Take Center Stage in India-Pakistan Conflict |newspaper=Haaretz |date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2025-05-10/ty-article/.premium/israeli-kamikaze-drones-take-center-stage-in-india-pakistan-conflict/00000196-b944-d1bb-a5d6-bff41e5b0000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Samanta |first=Pranab Dhal |date=10 July 2025 |title=India looks to US for urgent weapons after Operation Sindoor strikes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-looks-to-us-for-urgent-weapons-after-operation-sindoor-strikes/articleshow/122349623.cms |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The attacks on targets in Pakistani Punjab were carried out by the Indian Air Force. According to sources cited by ''[[India Today]]'', [[Rafale]] jets were employed, equipped with [[SCALP missile]]s and [[AASM Hammer]] bombs.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Rafale jets hit Pak terror camps with Scalp missiles, Hammer bombs: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-jets-pak-terror-camps-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-retaliation-2720674-2025-05-07|work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507004344/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-jets-pak-terror-camps-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-retaliation-2720674-2025-05-07|url-status=live }}</ref> In press releases by [[Press Information Bureau]], the Indian government claimed that during the first strikes on terror camps the Indian Air Force had "bypassed and jammed Pakistan's Chinese-supplied air defence systems" and the operation was conducted without the loss of any Indian asset.<ref name="Aatmanirbhar">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Operation SINDOOR: The Rise of Aatmanirbhar Innovation in National Security |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516170223/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The missile strikes targeted locations including Subhan Allah Mosque in [[Bahawalpur]] (near [[Ahmedpur East]]) and [[Markaz-e-Taiba]] in [[Muridke]], part of the headquarters of JeM and the headquarters of LeT respectively and alleged by India to be their terrorist training camps.<ref name="BBCUrdu7May">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=انڈیا نے چھ مئی کی شب پاکستان اور اس کے زیرِ انتظام کشمیر میں کن مقامات کو نشانہ بنایا؟ |trans-title=What locations did India target in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on the night of May 6? |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c5yly8pg7rgo|website=[[BBC Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Sources mentioning headquarters:<ref name="IISS15May"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gillani |first=Waqar |date=11 May 2025 |title=On ground |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1309943-on-ground |website=[[The News International]]|language=en |quote=The strikes, described by Islamabad as unwarranted, unprovoked and a blatant violation of international boundaries without any evidence and intimation, mainly hit mosques and seminaries associated with the accused groups. ... The deadliest attacks targeted mosques and seminaries linked to Jaish-i-Muhammad once led by Masood Azhar, Jamaat-ud-Dawah once led by Hafiz Saeed and the Harkat-ul Mujahdeen.}}</ref><ref name="TheDiplomat_Lashkar"/>|name="camps"|group=lower-alpha}} Other sites claimed to have been targeted by India included Abbas Mosque (associated with the JeM) in [[Kotli District]], Shawai Nala camp (associated with the LeT) and Syedna Bilal Mosque (associated with the JeM) in [[Muzaffarabad]],<ref name="BBCUrdu7May"/><ref name="TheDiplomat_Lashkar" /> a site in [[Gulpur]], [[Kotli District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a LeT and HuM camp);<ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India Avenges Pahalgam Attack |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/05/07/operation-sindoor-india-avenges-pahalgam-attack/|access-date=11 June 2025 |website=[[Kashmir Observer]] |language=en-US |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Transcript7May" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor">{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Not just 9, but there are 21 'well-known' terror camps in Pakistan, PoK; govt shares full list |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-21-well-known-terror-camps-in-pakistan-pok-shared-by-govt-11746601567104.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515061830/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-21-well-known-terror-camps-in-pakistan-pok-shared-by-govt-11746601567104.html |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=[[mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |author-link=Shishir Gupta |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why India attacked 9 terror camps under Operation Sindoor? Significance explained |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-india-attacked-9-terror-camps-under-operation-sindoor-significance-explained-101746587101415.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507042049/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-india-attacked-9-terror-camps-under-operation-sindoor-significance-explained-101746587101415.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Markaz [[Ahl-e-Hadith]] in [[Barnala, Azad Kashmir|Barnala]], [[Bhimber District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be associated with the LeT);<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /> a site in Mehmona Joya, [[Kotli Loharan West]], [[Sialkot District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a HuM camp);<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /> and a site in Tera Katlan in Sarjal, [[Shakargarh Tehsil]], [[Sialkot District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a JeM camp).<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="Transcript7May">{{Cite news |title=Transcript of Special Briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 07, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39474/Transcript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510234544/https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39474/Transcript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025|archive-date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /><ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor" /> Satellite images released after launching the strikes showed the extent of damage in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Satellite images show impact on mosques and buildings in Pakistan after Indian strikes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/satellite-images-india-pakistan-strikes-b2746940.html|access-date=8 May 2025 |agency=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> According to ''CNN'', Indian jets have previously bombed Pakistani territory following militant attacks on its soil but "Wednesday's operation is the deepest India has struck inside its neighbor since the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pakistan war of 1971]], the biggest of several wars between the two countries."<ref name="CNN_deepinside">{{cite news |last1=Saifi |first1=Sophia |last2=Taylor |first2=Jerome |last3=Adkin |first3=Ross |last4=Mogul |first4=Rhea |last5=Regan |first5=Helen |date=6 May 2025 |title=India strikes deep inside Pakistan, Pakistan claims 5 Indian jets shot down, in major escalation |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict-hnk-intl |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

Pakistan confirmed strikes on six of the sites targeted by India, denying the strikes at Barnala and Gulpur in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, but said these were civilian areas including mosques and residential areas and were not terrorist facilities.<ref name="BBCLive6May" /><ref name="IISS15May">{{Cite web |last=Roy-Chaudhury |first=Rahul |date=15 May 2025 |title=India–Pakistan drone and missile conflict: differing and disputed narratives |publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515193358/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |archive-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="BBCUrdu7May"/>

====Aerial skirmishes====
The Indian air strikes triggered an [[aerial battle]] in which more than 114 aircraft, 72 from the IAF and 42 from the PAF, were involved in what was described as the largest [[beyond visual range]] engagement on the [[India–Pakistan border]],<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills" /> with the engagement described as one of the largest air battles since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=India-Pakistan jets clash in one of the largest dogfights in recent history |url=https://www.newsweek.com/india-pakistan-125-jets-clash-one-largest-dogfights-recent-history-2069570 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> According to independent assessments, at least four Indian fighter aircraft were downed,<ref name=twq1/> though Pakistan claimed five, including three [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]]s, one [[MiG-29]], one [[SU-30MKI]] and a [[IAI Heron|Heron]] [[unmanned aerial vehicle]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sampson|first1=Eve|title=The Indian Aircraft Pakistan Says It Shot Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/07/world/asia/india-pakistan-downed-aircraft.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 May 2025|access-date=26 June 2025|quote=Pakistan, for its part, claims it shot down five planes and at least one drone: three Rafale fighter jets, one MIG-29 fighter aircraft, one Su-30 fighter jet and one Heron drone.}}</ref> If true, it would be first time that a French-origin [[Dassault Rafale]] has been lost in combat, reportedly having been shot down by the Chinese-origin [[Chengdu J-10]].<ref name="CNNLiveMay7">{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S. |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |last5=Hammond |first5=Elise |last6=Powell |first6=Tori B. |last7=Yeung |first7=Jessie |last8=Harvey |first8=Lex |last9=Radford |first9=Antoinette |date=6 May 2025 |title=May 7, 2025 India launches attacks on Pakistan after Kashmir massacre |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk#cmadq2i4j00003b6tu7krhsys|website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="USMay8" /> Pakistan's response also included the use of Chinese-produced [[PL-15]] long-range air-to-air missiles fired from Chengdu J-10 fighter jets, marking the first combat use of the missile. The presence of air-launched PL-15 debris at multiple sites within India was indicative that some of the downings were caused by the PAF.<ref name=twq1/>

[[Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force]] [[Général d'armée aérienne]] {{ill|Jérôme Bellanger|fr}} stated that he had "seen evidence" of three aircraft being downed including a Rafale, a Mirage 2000 and a Russian Sukhoi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/6/french-intelligence-claims-china-trying-to-foil-global-sale-of-rafale-jets|title=French intelligence claims China trying to foil global sale of Rafale jets|quote=French air force chief General Jerome Bellanger said he has seen evidence pointing to just three aircraft losses – a Rafale, a Russian-made Sukhoi and a Mirage 2000, which is an earlier generation French-made jet.|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> [[Reuters]] reported that unnamed Indian government sources said that three fighter jets had crashed in India due to unknown causes.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Three fighter jets crashed in India's Jammu and Kashmir, local govt sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/three-fighter-jets-crashed-indias-jammu-kashmir-local-govt-sources-say-2025-05-07 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 8 May, an unnamed [[United States|US]] official told Reuters that he assessed with "high confidence" that Pakistani [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]] aircraft had shot down at least two Indian fighter jets; a second official assessed one of the downed jets to be a [[Dassault Rafale]].<ref name="USMay8">{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Saeed |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |date=8 May 2025 |title=Exclusive: Pakistan's Chinese-made jet brought down two Indian fighter aircraft, US officials say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistans-chinese-made-jet-brought-down-two-indian-fighter-aircraft-us-officials-2025-05-08/|location= Islamabad/[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' later said that it had identified 3 crash sites in India from 7 May, identifying two of them as belonging to an Indian Dassault Rafale and [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] at Akalia Kalan in Bathinda and Wuyan in [[Pampore]] respectively and another site at [[Akhnoor]] (likely an Indian MiG-29).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2025 |title=At least two Indian jets appear to have crashed during Pakistan strikes, visuals show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/09/fighter-jets-india-pakistan-attack/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Taghvaee |first=Babak |date=July 2025 |title=A Close Call |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VwUrJ22fStQ2aACxOlTazkN8FBz1-4dj/view|magazine=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |page=33}}</ref><ref name="Clary" /> The Rafale crash in Bathinda also reportedly killed two bystanders.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How did Pakistan shoot down India's fighter jets? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/07/16/how-did-pakistan-shoot-down-indias-fighter-jets|access-date=2025-08-11 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Kamaldeep Singh |date=2025-07-23 |title=Kin of Dalit man who died following aircraft crash in Bathinda seek govt compensation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kin-dalit-man-died-aircraft-crash-bathinda-seek-govt-compensation-10144682/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 9 May, local government sources in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir told Reuters that three fighter jets crashed in India on 7 May with three pilots being hospitalized.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=What has happened in India and Pakistan as they fight over Kashmir killings |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-happened-indias-attack-pakistan-over-kashmir-tourists-killings-2025-05-07/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

On 11 May, the Indian Air Force said that "losses are a part of combat" but declined to provide further details, adding that all pilots were back home.<ref name="Reuters_losses">{{cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Indian air force says losses are part of combat but all pilots back home |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-air-force-says-losses-are-part-combat-all-pilots-back-home-2025-05-11/|work=Reuters}}</ref> According to [[France 24]], India's refusal to confirm or deny the loss of the jets gave further credence to the downing claims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Chinese weapons pass combat test in India-Pakistan clash – with flying colours |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20250514-chinese-weapons-pass-combat-test-in-india-pakistan-clash-%E2%80%93-with-flying-colours |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Defence analyst [[Michael Clarke (academic)|Michael Clarke]] told ''[[Al Jazeera]]'' that if India had lost a Rafale jet, "that would certainly be embarrassing."<ref name="Jazeera_fivejets">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know#:~:text=What%20has%20Pakistan%20claimed?,a%20drone,%20and%20many%20quadcopters|access-date=15 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> He added that if the aircraft had come down within Indian territory, India would likely try to keep it as an unconfirmed rumour for as long as possible, and that its general statement on "inevitable losses" might be the closest it comes to confirmation.<ref name="Jazeera_fivejets" />

On 15 May, Pakistani prime minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] claimed that Pakistan shot down six Indian fighter jets, the sixth being a [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage]] 2000.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Richard S.|date=21 May 2025 |title=China the biggest winner of India-Pakistan air fight|url=https://asiatimes.com/2025/05/china-the-biggest-winner-of-india-pakistan-air-fight/|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref> On 28 May, he again said that six Indian fighter jets were downed but said that four of these were Rafale, one MiG-29 and one "another plane".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=India can't block our water, we're taking measures, says Shehbaz |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1316196-india-can-t-block-our-water-we-re-taking-measures-says-shehbaz |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The News International]]|language=en |quote=He detailed Pakistan's military response, describing the downing of six Indian fighter jets, including four Rafales, and significant damage to Indian military installations. |agency=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Latif |first=Aamir |date=28 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shot down 6 Indian jets, including 4 French-made Rafale during conflict: Premier Sharif |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-shot-down-6-indian-jets-including-4-french-made-rafale-during-conflict-premier-sharif/3582409 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="Trend_concert">{{Cite web |last=Zeynalova |first=Laman |date=28 May 2025 |title=Presidents of Azerbaijan and Türkiye, Prime Minister of Pakistan attend concert dedicated to Independence Day in Lachin |url=https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/4050102.html|access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Trend.az]]|language=en |quote=Ladies and gentlemen, we had to respond in defence of Pakistan and within no time our formidable Air Force downed six Indian planes, four Rafale French-made planes, one MiG-29 and another plane and then a drone and we conveyed a message to India that Pakistan is a very peace-loving country, wants to promote peace and prosperity in the region but if come to the point of attacking Pakistan then we will respond with fullest might.}}</ref> The PAF provided the tail numbers BS001, BS021, BS022, and BS027 of four Rafale aircraft it claimed to have shot down to Dassault so the manufacturer could confirm whether the aircraft were still operational.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> One of the Rafale aircraft, identified by the callsign ''Godzilla 4'', was destroyed over Akalia Kalan, a village in [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]] in [[Punjab, India]], approximately 70 km from the [[India–Pakistan border]], while returning to [[Ambala Air Force Station]], home to a major wing of the IAF's Western Air Command. The downed jet was identified as Rafale EH BS001.<ref name=afm1/> On 6 June, the PAF said that [[No. 15 Squadron PAF|No. 15 Squadron]], also known as the ''Cobras'', was responsible for shooting down IAF fighter jets. The unit operated out of [[PAF Base Minhas]] in [[Kamra, Pakistan|Kamra]] with [[J-10C]] multirole fighters equipped with [[PL-15]] beyond-visual-range missiles. According to ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', the ''Cobras'' deployed 18 out of the 20 aircraft assigned to the squadron for the intercept operation on 7 May.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sajjad Syed|first=Baqir|title=Air force credits Cobras with 'six IAF kills'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1915722/|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 June 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> On 31 May 2025, India's Chief of Defence Staff [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]] admitted that India lost jets, but dismissed Pakistan's claim of downing six fighter jets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=India finally admits it lost fighter jets in clash with Pakistan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-pakistan-war-rafale-fighter-jet-downed-b2761216.html |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Sudhi Ranjan |last2=Tandon |first2=Naman |date=31 May 2025 |title=India Confirms It Lost Fighter Jets in Recent Pakistan Conflict |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-31/india-confirms-it-lost-fighter-jets-in-recent-pakistan-conflict?embedded-checkout=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601054134/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-31/india-confirms-it-lost-fighter-jets-in-recent-pakistan-conflict |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> On 18 July 2025, President of the United States Donald Trump said that he believed five aircraft had been shot down during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/trump-says-he-thinks-5-jets-were-shot-down-india-pakistan-hostilities-2025-07-19/|title=Trump says he thinks 5 jets were shot down in India-Pakistan hostilities|date=19 July 2025|accessdate=19 July 2025|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Quarterly]]'', India confirmed the loss of at least three aircraft during the conflict, although the types were not specified. It is likely that India lost at least four aircraft, possibly a fifth, including at least one Rafale and a MiG-29; and that Pakistan also likely lost aircraft.<ref name="twq1">{{cite journal|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Warren|first2=Spenser A.|title=Escalation Risks Rising? Airpower in Kargil and Pahalgam|journal=[[The Washington Quarterly]]|volume=48|issue=3|pages=127–143|date=29 September 2025|url=https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.gwu.edu/dist/1/2181/files/2025/09/TWQ_48_3_GangulyWarren.pdf|doi=10.1080/0163660X.2025.2558282}}</ref>

====Indian strikes on Pakistani air bases====
On 8 May 2025, in response to a series of drone incursions and missile attacks, which India attributed to Pakistan despite its denials of involvement, India carried out strikes and claimed to have damaged air defence radars and systems at multiple locations in Pakistan. Pakistan reported drone incursions or intercepts at 11 sites that morning, and officially acknowledged that four soldiers were injured and military equipment was partially damaged.<ref name="nyt_unfolded" /><ref name="Clary" /><ref>Frances Mao, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjrndypy3l4o India reports strikes on military bases, Pakistan denies any role], BBC News, 8 May 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/8/pakistan-says-it-downed-25-indian-drones-after-attacks-escalate-tensions Multiple explosions, blackout in Indian-administered Kashmir's Jammu city], Al Jazeera, 8 May 2025.</ref> The strikes destroyed an air defence radar in [[PAF Base Lahore#Present use|Lahore]].<ref name="twq1" />

Local media in India reported a barrage of drone and missile strikes on the night of 9 May.<ref name="nyt_unfolded" /><ref>Bashaarat Masood, Amrita Nayak Dutta,[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/baramulla-to-barmer-india-blocks-second-wave-of-drone-attacks-9993720/ Baramulla to Barmer, India blocks second wave of drone attacks], The Indian Express, 10 May 2025.</ref> Hours later, on the night of 9 and 10 May, the Indian Armed Forces conducted multiple airstrike operations targeting Pakistani military installations. As per Indian media reports, the air strikes were planned by India's Chief of the Air Staff Amar Preet Singh while National Security Advisor Ajit Doval granted the final clearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Inside India's Air Blitz: NSA Doval Cleared It, IAF Chief AP Singh Delivered It |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/india-strike-pakistan-nur-khan-airbase-masterplan-by-iaf-chief-air-chief-marshal-ap-singh-article-151623953 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title='We should go for the kill': IAF chief Amar Preet Singh led India's bold mission to strike Pakistan's Nur Khan base |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/we-should-go-for-the-kill-iaf-chief-amar-preet-singh-led-india-s-bold-mission-to-strike-pakistan-s-nur-khan-base-13022226.html|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> A wave of one-way loitering munitions, including Israeli-made [[IAI Harop]] and Polish [[Warmate]] 5.0 drones, was deployed. These drones served dual purposes, probing and assessing the reaction parameters of [[HQ-9]]BE short-range SAM systems and neutralising or degrading the target acquisition and illumination radars of [[HQ-16]]FE medium-range SAM systems. This preparatory tactic weakened the defensive envelope of the targeted sites, thereby facilitating the success of the subsequent cruise missile strikes.<ref name=afm1>{{cite magazine|title=A close call|url=https://www.key.aero/article/close-call|magazine=[[AirForces Monthly]]|publisher=[[Key Publishing]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251003130848/https://www.key.aero/article/airforces-monthly-july-2025?pageNumber=1|archive-date=3 October 2025|access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref> According to Pakistan, the PAF intercepted and destroyed 84 Israeli-made [[Harop drone]]s sent by India.<ref name="AZERTAG_Bunyan" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Number of Indian drones downed by Pakistan reaches 77: security sources |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544893/n|access-date=9 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The drone strikes were followed by [[Su-30MKI]] aircraft of the IAF launching between fifteen and eighteen supersonic [[BrahMos]] missiles, typically one per aircraft, caused considerable damage. Simultaneously, [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale EH]] aircraft from [[No. 17 Squadron IAF|No. 17 Squadron]] employed at least ten [[SCALP-EG]] missiles. These precision strikes were focused on degrading Pakistan's air defense capabilities and operational infrastructure. The targets included four early warning radar installations, seven PAF air bases, and one forward operating base.<ref name=afm1/>
[[PAF Base Nur Khan]] came under both missile and drone attacks.<ref name="reuters_pulledback" /><ref name="nyt_unfolded" /> A missile strike hit the operations room of the 35 Composite Transport Wing, destroying two fuel trucks, with collateral damage to at least one [[C-130 Hercules]] medium-lift tactical transport aircraft.The barrage took out two roofs and hit the hangar of a refueling plane, according to one of the officials, who visited the base the next day.<ref name="reuters_pulledback" /><ref name="nyt_unfolded" /> According to William Goodhind, a geospatial analyst at Contested Ground, two mobile control centers at the Nur Khan airbase were damaged.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /><ref name=afm1/> An apparent missile strike created a {{Convert|60|ft|abbr=on}}-wide hole in an aircraft hangar at [[PAF Base Bholari]]. Debris was scattered across the pavement around the hangar, and the wall appeared to have collapsed onto a nearby building.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /> This strike damaged a [[Saab 2000|Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&CS]], which the PAF said was later repaired.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> [[PAF Base Shahbaz]] was also attacked, resulting in a {{Convert|100|ft|abbr=on}}-wide hole in an aircraft hangar as well as damage to its air traffic control tower.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" />
At [[PAF Base Mushaf]], the Indian military claimed to have used precision weapons to strike two sections of the runway. Later satellite imagery showed a crater on the runway.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery" /> The runway was made operational within a few hours.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> At [[PAF Base Murid]] and [[PAF Base Rafiqui]], BrahMos missiles targeted an [[Unmanned aerial vehicle]](UAV) command shelter and the operations room of the 34 Tactical Air Wing, respectively. At PAF Base Sukkur, a hangar and an electronic warfare (EW) radar installation were destroyed by missile strikes.<ref name=afm1/>

Satellite imagery taken after the Indian strike showed a crater on the [[Rahim Yar Khan Airport]] runway that was not present in earlier images.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Following India's airstrike, Pakistan declares Rahim Yar Khan airbase's sole runway non-operational for a week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/india-airstrike-pakistan-rahim-yar-khan-airbase-runway-closed-9996249/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The airport's Royal Lounge was damaged in the attack and a {{Convert|10|ft|abbr=on}}-wide crater was created in the [[Airport apron|apron]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Rahim Yar Khan's Sheikh Zayed airport damaged by Indian strike |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910184|access-date=17 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> The air strikes were also executed against early warning radar installations of the Pakistan Army Air Defence Corps (PAADC), including one located in Gujranwala.<ref name=afm1/>
Pakistan Army spokesman said that India fired ballistic missiles from Adampur that fell into its own territory,<ref name="Clary">{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Clary |title=Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025 |publisher=Stimson Center |date=28 May 2025 |url=https://www.stimson.org/2025/four-days-in-may-the-india-pakistan-crisis-of-2025/}}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-armys-spokesman-claims-india-fired-ballistic-missiles-that-fell-into-2025-05-09/ Pakistan Army's spokesman claims India fired ballistic missiles that fell into Indian territory], Reuters, 9 May 2025</ref> and added that India had targeted [[Afghanistan]] with missile and drone strikes.<ref name="Dawn_IN_PK_live">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=India has fired missiles at Afghanistan and used drones: DG ISPR (03:21am) |url=https://www.dawn.com/live/pakistan-india-tensions |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tribune_ballistic">{{Cite web |last=Yousaf |first=Kamran |date=10 May 2025 |title=India goes ballistic, hits own people |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545048/i |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nur Khan, Murid and Shorkot bases targeted with air-launched missiles |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1310137-india-launched-missiles-at-three-airbases-dg-ispr |work=[[The News International]] |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Clary" /> PAF spokesperson displayed radar signatures of the BrahMos on screen and said the missiles had missed their targets and flown into Afghanistan.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> India denied the allegations, calling the claims "ludicrous" and "frivolous".<ref name="Transcript10May">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Transcript of Special briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 10, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39486/Transcript_of_Special_briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_10_2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kant |first=Rishi |date=10 May 2025 |title=India-Pak conflict: Foreign Secy Vikram Misri tears into Pak's lies, says India responded with restraint and resolve |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/india-pak-conflict-foreign-secy-vikram-misri-tears-into-paks-lies-says-india-responded-with-restraint-and-resolve/122970 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[Fortune India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ToloNews_rejects">{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Ministry Rejects Pakistan Claims of Indian Attacks on Afghan Soil |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-194253/ |website=[[Tolo News]]}}</ref> The Taliban government of Afghanistan also denied Pakistani claims of Indian attacks on Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Pakistan accuses India of drone strikes in Afghanistan |url=https://amu.tv/173194/ |website=[[Amu TV]]}}</ref><ref name="ToloNews_rejects" /> It was termed a "bizarre and unsubstantiated claim" by Christopher Clary.<ref name="Clary" />

Pakistan said that all Pakistan Air Force (PAF) assets at targeted bases remained safe. Pakistani media reported that Sheikh Zayed International Airport in [[Rahim Yar Khan]] was targeted and suffered structural damage.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=India targets Sheikh Zayed International airport in Rahim Yar Khan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545081/i |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref> The airport was named after [[Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] and is regarded as a symbol of [[Pakistan–United Arab Emirates relations|Pak-UAE friendship]]. Although commercial flights have been suspended since 2023, the airport was occasionally used by members of the [[House of Nahyan]] via the Royal Lounge, which was among the facilities destroyed in the attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rahim Yar Khan's Sheikh Zayed airport damaged by Indian strike|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910184/|work=Dawn|date=11 May 2025|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> The Pakistan military later confirmed that six of its airmen were killed during the Indian air strikes including 5 deaths at Bholari and one at Sargodha;<ref name="wp_postanalysis">{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |title=Indian strikes on Pakistan damaged six airfields, Post analysis finds |date=14 May 2025 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |last2=Hill |first2=Evan |last3=Javaid |first3=Maham |last4=Noack |first4=Rick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515233533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 }}</ref> [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], [[Murad Ali Shah]], also later said that nine personnel were injured in Indian attacks.<ref name="Dawn_Sindh">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=CM Sindh announces compensation for martyrs, injured in Indian attacks |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1911205 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

===Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos===
In retaliation for Indian strikes, the PAF carried out a coordinated retaliatory air campaign. The primary objective of the operation was to disrupt IAF infrastructure and operational readiness, particularly by targeting airbases and logistical nodes near the [[Indo-Pakistani border]]. [[JF-17]] multirole fighter aircraft launched stand-off munitions, including air-launched cruise missiles, against several Indian military installations, including [[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur]], [[Adampur Air Force Station|Adampur]], and [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Pathankot]] air force stations, as well as weapon storage facilities in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], [[Nagrota army base|Nagrota]], and [[Beas Airport|Beas]].<ref name=afm1/> The PAF struck and destroyed the [[Integrated Air Command and Control System]] (IACCS) at [[Barnala]], effectively stopping communications between the IAF leadership and its fighters.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/>

JF-17C Thunder Block 3 aircraft from [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron]], and operating from [[PAF Base Rafiqui]], conducted a Destruction of Enemy Air Defence (DEAD) mission to destroy the [[S-400]] system at Adampur. The aircraft employed electronic countermeasures, decoys, and evasive manoeuvres to approach the S-400 system and fired [[CM-400AKG]] missiles at low-altitude and [[early-warning radar]] installations.<ref name=afm1/><ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/><ref name=scc>{{cite magazine|last1=Mihajlovic|first1=Mike|title=The S-400 quandary|magazine=[[AirForces Monthly]]|publisher=[[Key Aero]]|url=https://www.key.aero/article/s-400-quandary|date=15 September 2025|access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> Pakistan said that a mobile 91N6E (NATO name "Big Bird") acquisition radar was destroyed by a CM-400AKG, and that a 96L6E (NATO name "Cheese Board") 3D early-warning and acquisition radar was also successfully targeted.<ref name=scc/> According to ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', independent analysis of low-resolution satellite images revealed evidence of burn marks and disturbed ground at the suspected S-400 site, suggesting that key components of the battery may have been struck or degraded.<ref name=afm1/> In another report, ''AirForces Monthly'' said that one thing is certain that without on-site photographs, authenticated radar recordings, and parametric analysis, what truly occurred between these two systems remains, for the time being, a matter of speculation and personal interpretation.<ref name=scc/>

PAF also deployed domestically developed [[unmanned aerial vehicles]] (UAVs), described as "killer drones" over multiple locations in India. The drones flew over airbases carrying up to 20 kg of explosives. Over several hours, the PAF struck 34 targets across different Indian bases, with approximately half targeted by manned aircraft and the remainder by UAVs.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> India said that its air defence systems successfully intercepted and shot down hundreds of drones and loitering munitions launched by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: India's Strategic Clarity and Calculated Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128748 |access-date=14 May 2025 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: Forging One Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129453#:~:text=These%20units%20were%20instrumental%20in,both%20military%20and%20civilian%20infrastructure.|access-date=18 May 2025 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The Indian Army released images of what it said were debris of Pakistani [[YIHA-III]] [[kamikaze drones]] destroyed by air defence units. It said multiple armed drones were spotted flying over Khasa Cantonment in [[Amritsar]] at approximately 5 am and that the attempt had endangered residential areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Army releases photos of Pakistani drone debris after neutralizing threat over Amritsar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-releases-photos-of-pakistani-drone-debris-after-neutralizing-threat-over-amritsar-2722598-2025-05-10 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', satellite images of the sites Pakistan claimed to have struck, did not clearly show damage caused by Pakistani strikes, even at bases where there was corroborating evidence of some military action.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery" /> According to ''[[The Washington Quarterly]]'', Pakistan was largely unable to suppress Indian air defences or cause significant physical damage with its drone attacks.<ref name="twq1" />

=== Nuclear concerns ===
''The New York Times'' reported that explosions at the Nur Khan air base heightened U.S. concern that the conflict could "quickly go nuclear." The base lies close to the headquarters of Pakistan's [[Strategic Plans Division]], which oversees the [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|country's nuclear arsenal]].<ref name="NYTimes_nurkhan">{{Cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |date=10 May 2025 |title=Reluctant at First, Trump Officials Intervened in South Asia as Nuclear Fears Grew |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/us/politics/trump-india-pakistan-nuclear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513094455/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/us/politics/trump-india-pakistan-nuclear.html |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 14 May, Reuters reported that Indian strikes on Nur Khan air base had caused concern among U.S. officials, who became seriously worried that the conflict could spiral out of control. Christopher Clary, an associate professor at the [[University at Albany]], said: "So, an attack on the facility may have been perceived as more dangerous than India intended — and the two sides should not conclude that it is possible to have a conflict without it going nuclear."<ref name="reuters_pulledback" />

According to ''The New York Times'', local media in Pakistan reported that Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] had summoned a meeting of the [[National Command Authority (Pakistan)|National Command Authority]] (NCA), the body responsible for decisions regarding the use of nuclear weapons, although Pakistan's defence minister denied that any such meeting took place.<ref name="NYTimes_nurkhan"/> Clary, citing CNN's chronology, said that U.S. fears of escalation had already intensified before reports of the NCA meeting.<ref name="Clary"/>

Both India's [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]], and Pakistan's [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], [[General (Pakistan)|General]] [[Sahir Shamshad Mirza]], confirmed that at no time during the conflict any of the nations had considered the use of nuclear weapons.<ref name="Reuters_tactics">{{Cite news |last1=Gopalakrishnan |first1=Raju |last2=Kok |first2=Xinghui |last3=Kok |first3=Xinghui |date=31 May 2025 |title=India says changed tactics worked well in conflict with Pakistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/india-says-changed-tactics-worked-well-conflict-with-pakistan-2025-05-31/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
===India===
India said that 21 civilians and 8 military and paramilitary personnel had died in the conflict.<ref name="BBC_ceasefireholds">{{cite news |title=India-Pakistan ceasefire appears to hold after accusations of violations |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg9d913v20o |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=BBC |date=13 May 2025 |quote=while India's army reported at least 21 civilians deaths from Pakistani shelling.}}</ref><ref name="TOI_DGMO">{{cite news |title=We lost 5 soldiers in Operation Sindoor,' says DGMO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-lost-5-soldiers-in-operation-sindoor-says-dgmo/articleshow/121081158.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="BhaskarEnglish_martyred">{{Cite web |last=Palnitkar |first=Vaibhav |date=14 May 2025 |title=Sunil martyred responding to Pakistani attack: 5 soldiers fired in turns, 'war was inevitable this time,' says brother |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/originals/news/pakistan-jammu-border-firing-army-rifleman-sunil-kumar-kashmir-loc-135024112.html |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes_Chingakham">{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=BSF constable Deepak Chingakham's mortal remains to reach Imphal on Tuesday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bsf-constable-deepak-chingakham-s-mortal-remains-to-reach-imphal-on-tuesday-101747069767659.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514023425/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bsf-constable-deepak-chingakham-s-mortal-remains-to-reach-imphal-on-tuesday-101747069767659.html |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Majority of the deaths and injuries were from mortar shelling by Pakistan in the [[Jammu division|Jammu]] region of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir particularly its [[Poonch District, India|Poonch district]],<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Indian army says 3 civilians killed in shelling by Pakistani troops in Indian-controlled Kashmir |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/indian-army-says-3-civilians-killed-in-shelling-by-pakistani-troops-in-indian-controlled-kashmir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507083526/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/indian-army-says-3-civilians-killed-in-shelling-by-pakistani-troops-in-indian-controlled-kashmir/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[CTV News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shelling kills 15 civilians, injures 43 in J&K after Indian military strikes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-shelling-kills-15-civilians-injures-43-in-jk-after-indian-military-strikes/articleshow/120964566.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor highlights: 12 civilians and one soldier killed in Pak shelling in J&K's Poonch; Govt calls all-party meet today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-operation-sindoor-launch-live-updates-may-7-2025/article69543511.ece |access-date=8 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> where Indian media sources said that a [[gurudwara]], a school and several houses were damaged in the attacks, leaving 14 civilians and 2 Indian soldiers dead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=7 May 2025 |title=J&K's Poonch witnesses heaviest shelling after 1971 War; CM asks officials to prepare evacuation plan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/07/jks-poonch-witnesses-heaviest-shelling-after-1971-war-cm-asks-officials-to-prepare-evacuation-plan |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FinancialExpress_schools">{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Poonch: 12 killed after schools, gurudwara and houses targeted by Pakistan Army |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/poonch-12-killed-after-schools-gurudwara-and-houses-targeted-by-pakistan-army/3836276/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] }}</ref><ref name="Independent_twins"/> Pakistani shelling hit in and near the Christ School compound, a [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] congregation Catholic school in Poonch, killing two students and damaging the nearby convent of the [[Congregation of Mother of Carmel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistan hits Christian Convent, kills students in Poonch Shelling |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1280087 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=[[Daiji World]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=3 students killed in Pakistan shelling, Poonch school opens with tears — and a prayer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistan-shelling-poonch-school-opens-with-killed-students-10016590/ |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Akkara2025">{{cite web |last1=Akkara |first1=Anto |title=Catholic School Hit, 3 Students Killed in India-Pakistan Conflict; Pope Hails Ceasefire |url=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/catholic-school-hit-3-students-killed-in-india-pakistan-conflict-pope-hails-ceasefire |website=[[National Catholic Register]] |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en |date=12 May 2025}}</ref> A Pakistani [[loitering munition]] resulted in the death of a civilian in the [[Firozpur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], the only Indian death outside Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Gaurav Sagar |date=13 May 2025 |title=Pakistan drone attack victim from Punjab's Ferozepur succumbs to injuries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/pakistan-drone-attack-victim-from-punjab-s-ferozepur-succumbs-to-injuries-101747118140011.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> An Indian Air Force soldier was killed following Pakistan's airstrike on [[Udhampur Air Force Station]],<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery"/><ref name=UdhampurTOI>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/i-love-you-iaf-martyr-sergeant-surendra-mogas-wife-clutches-his-uniform-as-family-bids-final-goodbye/articleshow/121095633.cms|title='I love you': IAF martyr Sergeant Surendra Moga's wife clutches his uniform as family bids final goodbye|work=Times of India|date=12 May 2025 }}</ref> and a deputy commissioner was killed during Pakistani shelling in [[Rajouri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-and-kashmir-cm-omar-abdullah-condoles-death-of-rajouri-officer-by-pakistan-shelling/article69559896.ece|title=J&K CM Omar Abdullah condoles the death of Rajouri officer by Pakistan shelling|work=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025}}</ref> Pakistan claimed that around 25–50 Indian soldiers were killed.<ref name="BBC_pakarmycontradicts">{{cite news |title=Pakistan army contradicts govt numbers on Indian soldiers killed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy3jnl3nvwt?post=asset%3A67255f18-07d3-46f1-8cb0-55af0a30486b#post |access-date=10 May 2025 |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
Pakistan said that 40 civilians and 13 military personnel were killed during the conflict from Indian air strikes and cross-border shelling (the latter in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir).<ref name="Tribune_mil">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Number of personnel martyred in response to Indian aggression rises to 13: ISPR |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545851/toll-of-personnel-martyred-in-indian-aggression-rises-to-13-ispr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515014610/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545851/toll-of-personnel-martyred-in-indian-aggression-rises-to-13-ispr |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says over 50 killed in last week's India clashes |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-says-over-50-killed-in-last-weeks-india-clashes/a-72528430 |access-date=13 May 2025 |publisher=DW |date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=40 civilians, 11 troops martyred in Indian aggression: ISPR |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545545/40-civilians-11-troops-martyred-in-indian-aggression-ispr |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Pakistan said that the initial Indian airstrikes on 7 May killed at least 21 civilians and denied presence of militants at any of the targeted locations.<ref name=afm1/> Indian [[loitering munition]]s killed a civilian near the [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], two others in [[Daharki]] and [[Jabbi Kasran]] and a Pakistan Army soldier in Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asghar |first=Mohammad |date=9 May 2025 |title=Poor vendor from Lahore falls victim to Indian drone |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909625 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Indian 'kamikaze drones' intercepted |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909566 |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dawn_Sindh"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Minister Visits Martyred Soldiers Residence |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/minister-visits-martyred-soldiers-residence-1978661.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515032541/https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/minister-visits-martyred-soldiers-residence-1978661.html |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=[[UrduPoint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The Pakistan military confirmed that six of its airmen were killed during Indian air strikes on 10 May, including 5 deaths at [[PAF Base Bholari]] and one at [[PAF Base Mushaf]].<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /><ref name="Dawn_Sindh"/> India claimed that at least 100 militants had been killed in the missile strikes,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor LIVE: At least 100 terrorists killed in strikes, says Rajnath Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-operation-sindoor-live-updates-may-8-2025/article69551791.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508090631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-operation-sindoor-live-updates-may-8-2025/article69551791.ece |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and that Pakistan lost 35 to 40 personnel in the conflict.<ref name="Sky_IN_PK_live" />

Masjid Syedna Bilal in [[Muzaffarabad]] and Masjid-e-Abbas in [[Kotli]] (identified by India as Markaz Abbas) both in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir were damaged in the Indian strikes and killed 5 civilians according to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Pakistan downs five Indian fighter jets in retaliation for India's missile attack: security sources |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544343/indian-missile-strikes-hit-muzaffarabad-kotli-and-bahawalpur-amid-escalating-tensions |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBCUrdu7May" /><ref>{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=India strikes Pakistan over Kashmir tourist killings |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/multiple-loud-explosions-heard-pakistani-kashmir-reuters-witness-2025-05-06/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The [[Markaz-e-Taiba]], a complex which includes a school, a college and a medical clinic, was hit in [[Muridke]]. It was established by Lashkar-e-Taiba's co-founder [[Hafiz Saeed]] and serves as its headquarters, and that of its front organisation the [[Jamaat-ud-Dawa]].{{#tag:ref||name="camps"|group=lower-alpha}}<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Devastation among locals after India strikes Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62g2d3xlj2o |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC_witness">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title='It felt like the sky turned red', says witness to India strike in Pakistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7v7pdr095o |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] noted this site as the most significant among the others hit by India.<ref name="Jazeera_Muridke">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |date=8 May 2025 |title=Inside Muridke: Did India hit a 'terror base' or a mosque? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/5/8/inside-muridke-did-india-hit-a-terror-base-or-a-mosque |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']] reported that that at least 3 civilians were killed in the Indian strike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Deaths and destruction in Bahawalpur, Muridke after Indian strikes |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909295 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

[[Bahawalpur]]'s [[Masjid|Jamia Masjid]] Subhan Allah, the headquarters of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], was also one of the targets in the Indian strikes.{{#tag:ref||name="camps"|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="BBCUrdu7May" /> Indian media reports claimed that Jaish leader [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]] was killed in the strike, though this remains unconfirmed and his brother Masood did not name him among the deceased family members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=India Claims Strike on Terror Leader Behind Daniel Pearl's Killing in Major Anti-Terror Operation |url=https://themedialine.org/headlines/india-claims-strike-on-terror-leader-behind-daniel-pearls-killing-in-major-anti-terror-operation/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Media Line |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Analysis==
According to ''The New York Times'', India's role was "assertive" and "aggressive", and possibly established a new level of deterrence with Pakistan. The ''Times'' noted that in its initial strikes, India struck targets deeper inside enemy territory than it had struck in previous decades and had hit close enough to locations affiliated with "terrorist activities" that India could claim victory against these groups.<ref name="NYT-ANA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/world/asia/india-pakistan-war-analysis.html|title=India-Pakistan conflict ends with fragile truce|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 May 2025 |date=11 May 2025 |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib }}</ref> At the end of the conflict, it published high-resolution before and after satellite images, which showed India's edge in targeting of Pakistan's military facilities and airfields.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery" /> It reported that India felt frustrated after Donald Trump's public claims of mediating a cease-fire, presenting both countries as equals and downplaying the terrorist attack that triggered the conflict, and that India had hoped any US involvement would remain discreet, and Trump's portrayal of both countries on equal terms was seen by Indian officials as politically sensitive and diplomatically frustrating.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |date=13 May 2025 |title=As Trump Crows Over Ending a Conflict, India's Leaders Feel Betrayed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/13/world/asia/trump-india-pakistan-ceasefire.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to the paper, the result of the conflict was "little more than a draw". Noting that despite India damaging sensitive Pakistani airbases, hangars and runways, it lost aircraft in aerial duels. It opined that the conflict had been a strategic setback for India, which found itself equated with Pakistan, a smaller, weaker country that Indian officials call a rogue sponsor of terrorism. It added that diplomatically, India appeared powerless to resolve the conflict and that the spectre of nuclear war limited what India could achieve militarily.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Travelli |first2=Alex |date=18 May 2025 |title=Why There's No Battlefield Solution to India's Perpetual Pakistan Problem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/18/world/asia/india-pakistan-conflict.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

According to ''The Washington Post'', Pakistan's celebration that "ceasefire with India reestablished deterrence", "may be clouding a clearheaded assessment" and the "regional status quo had been upended" with more aggressive strikes by India, including a strike at Pakistan's military headquarters.<ref name="WaPo-ANA-1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/12/india-pakistan-ceasefire-kashmir-conflict/|title=India-Pakistan ceasefire holds. But the battle lines have changed |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=13 May 2025 |date=12 May 2025 }}</ref> The ''Post'' said that, according to analysts, the alleged losses of Indian aircraft would constitute a humiliation of the Indian military.<ref name="WashingtonPost_fogofwar">{{Cite news |last1=Masih |first1=Niha |last2=Noack |first2=Rick |last3=Mehrotra |first3=Karishma |last4=Irfan |first4=Shams |date=9 May 2025 |title=Fog of war thickens as India and Pakistan trade blame and accusations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/09/india-pakistan-misinformation-attacks/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

According to the French newspaper ''[[Le Monde]]'', this military operation against Pakistan revealed weaknesses in the Indian Air Force, and that the success of the Pakistan Air Force had to do with the superior training and combat experience of most of the pilots as they had been fighting continuous counterterrorism air campaigns in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], whereas India had largely remained at peace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Military operation in Pakistan reveals weaknesses of India's air force |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/05/08/military-operation-in-pakistan-reveals-weaknesses-of-india-s-air-force_6741047_4.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref> It said that the major military confrontation "produced no winners."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=After the ceasefire, lessons from the worst India-Pakistan clash in 20 years |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/05/11/after-the-ceasefire-lessons-from-the-worst-india-pakistan-clash-in-20-years_6741140_4.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>

According to Al Jazeera, analysts contend that neither side emerged with a definite upper hand, and both nations made certain strategic gains even as they each also suffered losses.<ref name="Jazeera_latestclash">{{cite web |title=What did India and Pakistan gained in latest clash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/what-did-india-and-pakistan-gain-and-lose-in-their-military-standoff |work=Al Jazeera |quote=However, analysts say neither side can truly claim to have emerged from the post-April 22 crisis with a definite upper hand. Instead, they say, both India and Pakistan can claim strategic gains even as they each also suffered losses.}}</ref> Al Jazeera further reported that analysts noted that Pakistan's gains included internationalising the Kashmir issue and the downing of aircraft, while India's gains involved highlighting alleged Pakistan-based terrorism and demonstrating further military reach across the border.<ref name="Jazeera_latestclash" />

''[[The Financial Times]]'', noting that both India and Pakistan claimed victory, said the ceasefire gave Islamabad the "diplomatic upper hand", as US intervention bracketed India, the "fifth-biggest economy", with what it sees as a "terrorism-backing rogue state".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schipani|first1=Andres|last2=Jilani|first2=Humza|last3=Reed|first3=John|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8908334e-b7dd-4860-8394-571520081e49|title="How India and Pakistan pulled back from brink of war"|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=13 May 2025|access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

According to Manal Fatima of the [[Atlantic Council]], the war appeared to unify fractured Pakistani political forces domestically and resulted in Pakistan having a diplomatic advantage over India regarding Trump's involvement in ceasefire talks. According to Srujan Palkar—global fellow at the Council—Operation Sindoor "exposed an imbalance in US policy toward South Asia". The expert noted that if the United States was to continue building trust with India, it must put "the onus on the Pakistani establishment to play its part in counterterrorism" as well as consider revoking Pakistan's [[Major Non-NATO Ally]] (MNNA) status.<ref name="AtlanticCouncil_shakyceasefire">{{Cite web |last=Hansberry |first=Cate |date=11 May 2025 |title=Experts react: India and Pakistan have agreed to a shaky cease-fire. Where does the region go from here? |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/experts-react/india-pakistan-cease-fire-experts/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to the Swiss newspaper ''[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]],'' the reported downing of an Indian Rafale jet (made in France) by a Pakistani air-defense system (made in China) raises concerns for Western military technologies.<ref name="NZZ_downing">{{Cite news |last=Häsler |first=Georg |date=16 May 2025 |title=Downing of Indian fighter jet offers lessons for West |url=https://www.nzz.ch/english/downing-of-indian-fighter-jet-offers-lessons-for-west-ld.1884492 |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de-CH |issn=0376-6829}}</ref> It mentioned that Operation Sindoor by India appeared to have turned into a disaster.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Häsler |first=Georg |date=15 May 2025 |title=Chinesisches Kampfflugzeug schiesst einen Rafale-Jet ab – Europa muss daraus lernen |url=https://www.nzz.ch/pro/chinesisches-kampfflugzeug-schiesst-einen-rafale-jet-ab-europa-muss-daraus-lernen-ld.1883873 |access-date=29 May 2025 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de-CH |issn=0376-6829 |quote=Für Indien wirkt die Operation «Sindoor» wie ein einziges Desaster. |trans-quote=For India, Operation Sindour seems like a complete disaster.}}</ref> It failed to take out the targets quickly and without detection. The Indian pilots encountered strong resistance, with the operation resulting in heavy losses.<ref name="NZZ_downing" />

According to [[The Diplomat (magazine)|''The Diplomat'']] magazine's Pakistan correspondent Umair Jamal, Pakistan came out "emboldened" after clashes with India. He said that the conflict unified the country, that the Pakistani military has emerged more popular than earlier, and that the political leadership now see the need to strengthen the armed forces. He believed that Pakistan scored a diplomatic win by acting with "restraint" and found the US intervention to have favoured Pakistan more than India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Umair |date=13 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Comes Out Emboldened After Clashes With India |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/05/pakistan-comes-out-emboldened-after-clashes-with-india/ |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |id={{ProQuest|3203309053}}}}</ref>

Christopher Clary, a [[University at Albany, SUNY|University at Albany]] professor and expert on [[India–Pakistan relations]], stated to ''The Washington Post'' that satellite evidence supports the claim that the Indian military inflicted significant, though not devastating, damage on Pakistan's air force at several eastern bases.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /><ref name="reuters_pulledback" />

According to [[John Spencer (military officer)|John Spencer]] and Vincent Viola, writing in the ''[[Small Wars Journal]]'', Operation Sindoor was more than just a rapid military reaction — it marked a significant strategic turning point. In just four days, India carried out accurate strikes on fortified positions across the border using only domestically developed or assembled systems such as BrahMos missiles, [[Akashteer]] air defense units, and loitering munitions, without relying on US platforms or foreign logistics. India didn't just achieve victory — it demonstrated a clear military advantage over a Chinese-supported opponent. The operation highlighted a shift in national defense doctrine toward self-reliance and indigenous capability. As the journal notes, Pakistan, aligned with China in arms and strategy, was unable to counter India's precision offensive, with its Chinese-made air defenses proving ineffective.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Wake-Up Call: Why US Defense Reform Must Match the Speed of Modern War |url=https://smallwarsjournal.com/2025/05/22/indias-wake-up-call-why-us-defense-reform-must-match-the-speed-of-modern-war/ |website=Small Wars Journal |date=22 May 2025 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

American geopolitical analyst [[Brandon Weichert]] writing for ''[[The National Interest]]'' described the aerial duel between both countries as an unambiguous victory for Pakistan, insofar as western observers had not expected Chinese-made equipment to be able to shoot down the Rafales.<ref name="NationalInterest_chinesemissiles">{{Cite web |last=Weichert |first=Brandon J. |date=8 May 2025 |title=How Chinese Missiles Routed India's Air Force Over Pakistan |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-chinese-missiles-routed-indias-air-force-over-pakistan |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The National Interest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Weichert |first=Brandon |date=9 May 2025 |title=Why Has India's Military Performed So Poorly Against Pakistan? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-has-indias-military-performed-so-poorly-against-pakistan |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=The National Interest |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a June 2025 report, ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'' described Operation Sindoor as a strategic success for the Indian Armed Forces in their counter-terrorism campaign against Pakistan-based militant groups, despite the loss of three combat aircraft during the operation.<ref name=afm1/> In an October 2025 report, the magazine described India's August 2025 claim, made three months after the conflict had concluded, that it had shot down five Pakistani fighter aircraft and an [[AEW&C]] [[Erieye]] using [[S-400]] surface-to-air missiles at a range of 300 kilometres, "prompted ripples of disbelief," as the claim made by the air chief lacked supporting evidence and appeared to be an attempt to placate the [[Modi government]], which was under pressure over the extent of the IAF's losses.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/>

According to a 2025 [[U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission]] report, both countries struck targets deeper into each other's territories than at any time in fifty years. The report stated that Pakistan's forces achieved military success over India, marking the first active combat use of China's modern weapons systems, including the [[HQ-9]], [[PL-15]] and [[Chengdu J-10]] platforms. It added that Pakistan's use of these systems to shoot down Indian aircraft became a selling point in China's post-conflict defence diplomacy.<ref>{{cite report|date=18 November 2025|title=2025 Report to Congress|url=https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/2025_Annual_Report_to_Congress.pdf|publisher=[[U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission]]|pages=108–109|access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Pakistani airspace was closed for 48 hours and all flights were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flight operations resume at major airports after 8-hour shutdown |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1309165-flight-operations-resume-at-major-airports-after-8-hour-shutdown |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The News International }}</ref> In [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], schools and colleges were closed, and [[Cambridge International Education|CIE]] examinations were cancelled in most of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Educational Institutions Closed, BISE (Inter) Exam Postponed For 7th May |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/educational-institutions-closed-bise-inter-1975382.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Urdu Point }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=PM session exams cancelled for CIE students in Lahore |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/05/08/pm-session-exams-cancelled-for-cie-students-in-lahore/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=O/A Level exams suspended in Punjab, AJK for May 9 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544751/o |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In India, at least 25 airports in the north and west were shut down until 10 May.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India closes 25 airports, cancels 300+ flights after missile strikes on terror camps – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/aviation/operation-sindoor-india-missile-strikes-pakistan-25-airports-closed-300-flights-cancelled-19600906.htm |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] }}</ref> The Indian Air Force took control of [[Srinagar Airport]] and civil operations were stopped for an indefinite period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=IAF Control Srinagar Airport: Civilian Flights Suspended Amid Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/iaf-takes-control-of-srinagar-airport-after-operation-sindoor-civilian-flight-operations-suspended-3528343 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] transferred a match between [[Punjab Kings]] and the [[Mumbai Indians]] scheduled at [[Dharamsala]] on 11 May to [[Ahmedabad]], citing the closure of [[Kangra Airport]] and other logistical issues caused by the ongoing tensions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/punjab-mumbai-ipl-venue-change-2bcebfa42cf444ca412b6ea33dfe452a |title=Punjab-Mumbai IPL game shifted to Ahmedabad because of India-Pakistan tensions|date=9 May 2025|access-date=9 May 2025|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> Similarly, during the [[2025 Pakistan Super League]], a match between [[Karachi Kings]] and [[Peshawar Zalmi]] could not be played.<ref name=pslmatchpostponed/> On 9 May, both the tournaments were postponed because of worsening of the situation.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Amlan Chakraborty |title=India suspends IPL for a week, Pakistan postpones games amid conflict |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-moves-t20-league-indias-ipl-awaits-government-advice-2025-05-09 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=Reuters |date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

More than 8,000 Twitter accounts were blocked in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 8,000 X accounts blocked in India; The Wire says will challenge site blocking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/x-says-it-blocked-8000-accounts-in-india-after-govts-executive-orders/article69554836.ece |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=13 May 2025}}</ref> The Indian government also blocked several Pakistani YouTube channels along with six Bangladeshi channels' YouTube accounts under the section 69(A) of [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] citing "threat to the national security or public discipline". This measure received protests from [[Bangladeshi government]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ভারতে ৬ টিভির ইউটিউব চ্যানেল বন্ধ: ব্যাখ্যা না পেলে পাল্টা পদক্ষেপ নেবে সরকার|trans-title=6 TV's YouTube channels closed in India: Government to take countermeasures if no explanation is received|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/731220/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE|website=[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]|date=10 May 2025|language=bn}}</ref> X accounts of Chinese state-run media [[Xinhua News Agency]] and ''[[Global Times]]'', and Turkish public broadcaster [[TRT World]] were also blocked in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-blocks-chinese-turkish-news-agencies-from-x/a-72536227|title=India blocks Chinese, Turkish news agencies from X|first=Mahima|last=Kapoor|work=DW News|date=15 May 2025|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Telecommunication Authority]] blocked 79 Indian YouTube channels and websites citing "anti-Pakistan propaganda" which undermined "national unity".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Blocks Dozens of Indian YouTube Channels, Websites Over 'Anti-Pakistan Propaganda' |url=https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/pakistan-blocks-dozens-of-indian-youtube-channels-websites-over-anti-pakistan-propaganda/ |website=[[Digital Rights Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=PTA blocks 79 Indian digital platforms for spreading anti Pakistan propaganda |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40361491/pta-blocks-79-indian-digital-platforms-for-spreading-anti-pakistan-propaganda |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[Business Recorder]] |language=en}}</ref>

Stock markets in India and Pakistan experienced significant volatility through the week due to escalating geopolitical tensions, but rebounded sharply on 12 May following the ceasefire agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Stock market today: Nifty50 ends above 24,900; BSE Sensex rallies 3,000 points to cross 82,400 – top 5 reasons for rally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/stock-market-today-nse-nifty50-bse-sensex-may-12-2025-india-pakistan-ceasefire-global-markets-us-china-trade-deal/articleshow/121094342.cms |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Pakistan stock market KSE 100 surges over 9% on India-Pakistan ceasefire; trading halted for an hour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/india-pakistan-ceasefire-impact-pakistan-stock-market-karachi-100-stock-exchange-may-12-2025/articleshow/121098715.cms |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Reports that a [[Rafale]] had been downed were followed by a dip in the share price of [[Dassault Aviation]], the manufacturer of the aircraft. [[Indonesia]], which had placed outstanding orders for Rafales, announced that it was reconsidering its procurement plans and was evaluating China's [[J-10C]] fighter as an alternative.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shah|first1=Saeed|last2=Patel|first2=Shivam|title=How Pakistan shot down India's cutting-edge fighter using Chinese gear|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/how-pakistan-shot-down-indias-cutting-edge-fighter-using-chinese-gear-2025-08-02/|work=[[Reuters]]|date=2 August 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In China, a viral parody video mocking India over the reported downing of Rafale jets by Pakistani [[J-10C]] aircraft attracted significant attention, amassing millions of likes on [[Douyin]] and being reposted by [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Pakistan's Defence Ministry]]. The video was widely criticized as "racist and nationalistic", with commentators linking its popularity to rising [[Chinese nationalism|Chinese nationalist]] sentiment. While the Chinese public embraced the incident as a win for domestic military tech, the Chinese government maintained diplomatic caution, urging both sides to exercise restraint amid regional tensions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Chinese J-10C combat claims draw sharp contrast between social media and Beijing |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3309781/j-10cs-deepseek-moment-beijing-muted-china-cheers-fighter-jet-combat-reports?module=perpetual_scroll_1_RM&pgtype=article |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2025 |title=Nationalist Chinese parody sparks outrage online |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-17/chinese-influencer-video-mocks-downing-of-indian-jets/105296112 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan: Chinese influencer goes viral with mockery of India's fighter jets. |url=https://table.media/en/china/news/chinese-influencer-goes-viral-with-mockery-of-indian-fighter-jets/ |website=table.media.com}}</ref>

The Indian strikes on 7 May sparked protests against it in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=India's Deadly Strikes On Pakistan Spark Protests |date=7 May 2025 |type=News |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-protest-india-kashmir-strikes/33407511.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref> Protests and rallies took place in [[Peshawar]] and [[Islamabad]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bashir |first=Ahtesham |date=8 May 2025 |title=Peshawar unites against Indian aggression |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544756/peshawar-unites-against-indian-aggression |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=World leaders express concern over tensions between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/05/08/world-leaders-express-concern-over-rising-tensions-between-india-and-pakistan |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> while political rallies were taken out in [[Karachi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Pakistani parties rally in Karachi to protest India's missile strikes |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2599903/pakistan |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> [[Lahore]] (by the [[Pakistan Markazi Muslim League]], a front of the Lashkar-e-Taiba),<ref name="BBC_witness"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Political offshoot of Hafiz Saeed's banned JuD holds anti-India rally in Lahore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/political-offshoot-of-hafiz-saeeds-banned-jud-holds-anti-india-rally-in-lahore/articleshow/120902309.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-India Rally Lahore: Hafiz Saeed's JuD Political Wing PMML Demands His Release |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/political-offshoot-of-hafiz-saeeds-banned-jud-holds-anti-india-rally-in-lahore-3525365 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> [[Muzaffarabad]] (by the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Pasban-e-Hurriyat Jammu and Kashmir]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Tariq |date=26 April 2025 |title=Anti-India rally in Muzaffarabad condemns Pahalgam incident, calls for UN probe |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1906667 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Fear and uncertainty after strikes: BBC in Muzaffarabad |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cjdxd0g21r7o |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> and [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=ur-Rehman |first1=Zia |last2=Mughal |first2=Jalaluddin |date=6 May 2025 |title=On Pakistan's Side of Kashmir, Locals Fear They'll Be the First to Face India's Ire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/world/asia/pakistan-kashmir-india-tension.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Naveed |date=8 May 2025 |title=Protests erupt in AJK against Indian aggression |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330415914/protests-erupt-in-ajk-against-indian-aggression |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Aaj English TV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Protest demonstrations held in Azad Kashmir against Indian aggression – Kashmir Media Service |url=https://kmsnews.org/kms/2025/05/07/protest-demonstrations-held-in-azad-kashmir-against-indian-aggression.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> British Pakistani protestors demonstrated outside the [[India House, London|Indian Embassy in London]] on 7 and 8 May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burleigh |first=Charlie Bradley |date=7 May 2025 |title=Protestors descend on Indian Embassy in London as Pakistan hit by missiles |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2051999/india-pakistan-protest-protestors-descend |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Michael D. |date=8 May 2025 |title=MP warns British streets could erupt amid escalating India-Pakistan conflict |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mp-warns-british-streets-could-35189115 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Daily Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

Members of the Indian diaspora in France gathered in front of the [[Eiffel Tower]] to hold a protest against Pakistan after the strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |title='We Stand With...': France's STRONG Stand On India After 'Op Sindoor'; Sends Clear Message To Pak? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/we-stand-with-frances-strong-stand-on-india-after-op-sindoor-sends-clear-message-to-pak/videoshow/120980382.cms |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Calls for a boycott of Turkey and Azerbaijan were raised on India social media due to their public support for Pakistan during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=9 May 2025 |title=Boycott Call On Turkish Airlines And Travel |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/india-news/boycott-call-on-turkish-airlines-and-travel-146052 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's Why 'Boycott Turkish Airlines' Is Trending On Social Media: 'A Call To Every Proud Indian' |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/heres-why-boycott-turkish-airlines-is-trending-on-social-media-a-call-to-every-proud-indian-aa-9328459.html |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title='Turkey should be banned from tourist lists': Ankara faces backlash for anti-India stance post Op Sindoor |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/operation-sindoor-boycott-turkey-boycott-azerbaijan-baku-tourism-india-pakistan-war-air-strike-terror-camps-475241-2025-05-08 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In [[Hyderabad, India]], the protestors demanded to change the name of the [[Karachi Bakery]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hyderabads-karachi-bakery-vandalised-as-protesters-demand-a-name-change-9997022|title=Hyderabad's Karachi Bakery vandalised as protesters demand a name change|date=12 May 2025|accessdate=18 May 2025|author=Nikhila Henry|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> while in [[Hyderabad, Pakistan]], the [[Bombay Bakery]] (named after Bombay, now [[Mumbai]]) was celebrated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1193625|title=After India's Karachi Bakery vandalised, Pakistanis are showing love for Hyderabad's Bombay Bakery|date=14 May 2025|accessdate=18 May 2025|work=Dawn Images}}</ref>

[[Ali Khan Mahmudabad]], a professor from [[Ashoka University]] in India was arrested on 11 May on charges under laws concerning incitement of communal disharmony, subversive activity, and religious insult,<ref name=outra>{{Cite web |title=Outrage after Indian professor arrested over remarks on military operation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/18/indian-professor-arrested-over-social-media-post-on-military-operation |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> following social media posts about India's Operation Sindoor. In his posts, he questioned the use of Muslim women officer [[Sofiya Qureshi]] for optics and highlighted issues like [[Violence against Muslims in independent India|mob lynching on Muslims]] in India during the conflict.<ref name= socime/> The incident sparked condemnation from over 1,200 academics and civil society members, who called it a crackdown on free speech and academic freedom.<ref name= socime>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=Indian professor arrested over social media post about military operation in Pakistan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-profession-pakistan-operation-sindoor-b2753211.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2025 |title=Terminate 'unwarranted' investigation and release Professor Ali Khan Mahmudabad |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/05/india-authorities-should-immediately-terminate-unwarranted-investigation-and-release-professor-ali-khan-mahmudabad/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref name=outra/> He was later granted [[Bail|interim bail]] by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2025 |title=Ashoka University professor case hearing updates: Supreme Court grants interim bail to Ali Khan Mahmudabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ashoka-university-professor-ali-khan-mahmudabad-operation-sindoor-sc-plea-hearing-live-updates/article69600201.ece |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The legal case reached India's highest court, which granted Ali bail but restrained him from further commenting on the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]] as well as Operation Sindoor. A three-member Special Investigation Team (SIT) has also been setup to look at the charges against him.<ref name='c835'>{{cite web | title=Ali Khan Mahmudabad versus State of Haryana | website=Supreme Court of India | date=21 May 2025 | url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2025/28254/28254_2025_2_38_61888_Order_21-May-2025.pdf | access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The [[National Cyber Crimes Investigation Agency]] of Pakistan arrested a senior [[National Database and Registration Authority]] official for allegedly sharing anti-army remarks on a WhatsApp work group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Senior NADRA Official Arrested for Alleged Anti-Army Remarks in WhatsApp Group Under PECA |url=https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/senior-nadra-official-arrested-for-alleged-anti-army-remarks-in-whatsapp-group-under-peca/ |website=[[Digital Rights Foundation]]}}</ref>

=== Misinformation ===
There were a number of misinformation campaigns in both countries during the conflict, particularly on social media platform [[Twitter|X]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |date=7 May 2025 |title=Information war: Are India and Pakistan telling the truth about attacks? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/7/information-war-are-india-or-pakistan-telling-the-truth-about-attacks |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="misinformation">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93g3jk39dko?utm_source=firefox-newtab-en-intl|title=Misleading posts obtaining millions of views on X|date=7 May 2025|access-date=7 May 2025|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC_Kashmir">{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Kashmir: What's the way out of the India and Pakistan crisis? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyzg8ygeezo |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Misinformation floods Indian and Pakistani social media as officials keep quiet |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/operation-sindoor-fake-news-india-pakistan-strikes-b2747183.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> A rise in [[online hate speech]] on social media described as misogynistic, sexist, and promoting [[gender-related violence]] against women also saw a surge in both countries during the conflict.<ref name="digitalbackgrounds">{{Cite web |last1=Imran |first1=Sara |last2=Khan |first2=Seerat |last3=Nazar |first3=Maria |date=May 2025 |editor-last=Dad |editor-first=Nighat |editor-link=Nighat Dad |title=Digital Battlegrounds: Gendered Disinformation, TFGBV, and Hate Speech in the Indo-Pak Escalations |url=https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Digital-Battlegrounds-Report.pdf |website=[[Digital Rights Foundation]] }}</ref>

Sumitra Badrinathan, an assistant political science professor at the [[American University]], stated that misinformation about the rivalry between India and Pakistan often originated from anonymous online accounts, but during the ongoing conflict, misinformations at least on the Indian side had been put out by "previously credible journalists and major media outlets."<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Misinformation warfare intensifies in India and Pakistan as conflict rages on |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3310622/misinformation-warfare-intensifies-india-and-pakistan-conflict-rages |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes_falsehoods" /> South Asia analyst [[Michael Kugelman]] also noted a "very high volume of particularly egregious fake news" in Indian media outlets aligned with the government.<ref name="WashingtonPost_fogofwar" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kugelman |first=Michael |date=22 May 2025 |title=Why Disinformation Surged During the India-Pakistan Crisis |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-crisis-disinformation-media/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Several Indian broadcast outlets reported unverified claims, including supposed strikes on a Pakistani nuclear base,<ref name="NYTimes_falsehoods">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Anupreeta |last2=K.B. |first2=Pragati |date=17 May 2025 |title=How the Indian Media Amplified Falsehoods in the Drumbeat of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/17/world/asia/india-news-media-misinformation.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Economist_wage" /> downing two Pakistani fighter jets based on [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] generated [[deepfake|deepfakes]],<ref name="NYTimes_falsehoods" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Pooja |last2=Higgins |first2=Eliot |date=9 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan Conflict: How a Deepfake Video Made it Mainstream |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2025/05/09/india-pakistan-conflict-how-a-deepfake-video-made-it-mainstream/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=bellingcat |language=en-GB}}</ref> the Indian Army crossing the international border,<ref name="Economist_wage">{{Cite news |date=15 May 2025 |title=India's broadcast media wage war on their audience |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/05/15/indias-broadcast-media-wage-war-on-their-audience |access-date=21 May 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Pakistan's Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] fleeing to a bunker,<ref name="Economist_wage" /> Pakistan's Army Chief Asim Munir being deposed in a coup and arrested,<ref name="Economist_wage" /><ref name="WashingtonPost_fogofwar" /> capture of Pakistani capital [[Islamabad]],<ref name="WashingtonPost_fogofwar" /> and had also circulated stories such as the Indian Navy attacking [[Karachi Port]], all of which were discredited.<ref name="NYTimes_falsehoods" /><ref name="Economist_wage" /><ref name="WashingtonPost_fogofwar" />

According to the [[UK Defence Journal]] and the [[Washington Examiner]], footage from a video game ''[[Arma 3]]'' was shared by the official X (Twitter) handle of the Government of Pakistan, with Information Minister [[Attaullah Tarar]] praising the military's "timely and nerve-wracking response", as the video showing a jet being targeted went viral on social media during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=George |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistani Govt shares game footage as real military action |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/pakistani-govt-shares-game-footage-as-real-military-action/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=Brady |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistan X account posts video game footage claiming to show downing of Indian plane |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/world/3407215/pakistan-x-account-video-game-footage-downing-indian-plane-arma/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511201521/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/world/3407215/pakistan-x-account-video-game-footage-downing-indian-plane-arma/ |archive-date=11 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Washington Examiner}}</ref> A [[The Daily Telegraph|''Daily Telegraph'']] frontpage showing Pakistani aerial victory in the conflict, shared by [[Deputy Prime Minister of Pakistan|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Ishaq Dar]] in the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] and by [[Ikhtiar Wali Khan]] online, was found to have been [[Artificial intelligence art|AI-generated]] by fact checkers.<ref name="Dawn_viral">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Fact check: Viral Daily Telegraph article praising PAF after India escalation is fake |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910765/fact-check-viral-daily-telegraph-article-praising-paf-after-india-escalation-is-fake |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[DAWN.COM]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahalanobish |first=Ankita |date=16 May 2025 |title=Pak deputy PM leads nation in praising air force based on fake Daily Telegraph clipping |url=https://www.altnews.in/pak-deputy-pm-leads-nation-in-praising-air-force-based-on-fake-daily-telegraph-clipping/ |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[Alt News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> A [[CNN]] infographic purportedly verifying Pakistan's official claims of gains and losses in the conflict was similarly found to have been fabricated.<ref name="Dawn_viral" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pujara |first=Diti |date=13 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan Conflict: CNN denies it made viral infographic showing Indian side suffered more losses |url=https://www.altnews.in/india-pakistan-conflict-cnn-denies-it-made-viral-infographic-showing-indian-side-suffered-more-losses/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[Alt News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> False reports of Pakistan capturing Indian pilot [[Shivangi Singh]] were also widely circulated on Pakistani social media and were later deemed false by the Pakistan Army's media wing, the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]].<ref name="digitalbackgrounds" />

[[Deutsche Welle]] fact-checked several false claims on social media during the conflict. A video with over 5 million views, allegedly showing Indian missile strikes, was in fact footage of Iranian missiles hitting Israel published by [[DD India]] in October 2024.<ref name="DW_fakenews" /> Another claim by a pro-Pakistan user that a French-made Rafale fighter, used by the Indian Air Force, was shot down in Pakistan, near Bahawalpur. The picture, in fact, was not a Rafale but a Pakistani [[Mirage 5]] that crashed on a training mission in southeastern Pakistan three weeks before the conflict. Another viral video from a June 2024 crash of a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] of the Indian Air Force in [[Nashik district|Nashik, Maharashtra]] was falsely shared as that of a Rafale jet shot down by Pakistan near the Line of Control.<ref name="DW_fakenews">{{Cite web |title=Fact check: Fake news spreading after India strikes Pakistan |date=7 May 2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-kashmir-conflict-out-of-context-old-videos-computer-game-footage-disinformation/a-72465246 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ijaz |first=Raza |date=16 May 2025 |title=Video does not show Rafale jet shot down by Pakistan near LoC |url=https://www.sochfactcheck.com/video-does-not-show-rafale-jet-shot-down-by-pakistan-near-loc/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Soch Fact Check |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Following social media rumours, India denied that it had struck the [[Kirana Hills Site]] (part of [[PAF Base Mushaf]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=12 May 2025 |title=Claims Swirls As India And Pakistan Assess Results Of Latest Conflict |url=https://www.twz.com/air/claims-swirls-as-india-and-pakistan-assess-results-of-latest-conflict |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title='Didn't know what is there, didn't hit': Air Marshal denies rumours of action at Pakistan's Kirana Hills – 'Didn't know what is there, didn't hit': Air Marshal denies rumours of action at Pakistan's Kirana Hills BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/didnt-know-what-is-there-didnt-hit-air-marshal-denies-rumours-of-action-at-pakistans-kirana-hills-475919-2025-05-12 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] also affirmed after investigations that there had been no radiation leak or release from any nuclear facility in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=No radiation leak from Pakistan's nuclear facility after India standoff: UN watchdog |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/pakistan-india-nuclear-radiation-leak-iaea-debunked-b2751369.html |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> False reports of a radiation leak notice by the Indian [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]], after Pakistan claimed to have destroyed [[BrahMos]] storage facilities at [[Beas Airport|Beas]], were also shared on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Aishwarya |date=16 May 2025 |title=No, Indian Govt Didn't Issue Notice About Radiation at BrahMos Facility in Beas |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/indian-government-aerb-radiation-hazard-notice-at-brahmos-beas-fact-check |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Aayushi |date=15 May 2025 |title=Fake news of blast, radiation leak at Beas BrahMos depot |url=https://dfrac.org/en/2025/05/15/fake-news-of-nuclear-warhead-explosion-or-radiation-leak-at-beas-brahmos-depot-shared/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=[[DFRAC|Digital Forensics, Research and Analytics Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legal status==
{{see also|Self-defence in international law}}
The [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] (HRCP) stated that the casualties of the Indian air strikes were "a grave violation of international human rights law and could constitute [[crimes against humanity]]".<ref name="Dawn_call_for_protection">{{cite Q|Q134434236|url-status=live}}</ref>

In ''[[The Hindu]]'', legal journalist Aaratrika Bhaumik argued that for [[self-defence in international law|military self-defence to be legal]] under Article 51 of the [[Charter of the United Nations]], military actions have to "immediately" be reported to the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] (UNSC).<ref name="TheHindu_assessed_intnl_law" /> Bhaumik interpreted the Indian foreign minister's 8 May briefing of 13 of the 15 UNSC member states to be "apparent adherence" to the Article 51 requirement and stated that the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) interpreted Article 51 to only be valid in the case of defence against attacks by non-state actors if a state were responsible for the attacks. [[O. P. Jindal Global University]] legal scholar Prabhash Ranjan interpreted the foreign minister to have avoided references to international law and to have attributed the attack to Pakistan as a state. He viewed the foreign minister's legal argument to be based on a contested Indian view of the right to defence against non-state actors presented at a February 2021 [[Arria formula meeting]]. Ranjan viewed the Indian military strikes of 7 May 2025 to have satisfied the principles of [[military necessity]] and [[proportionality (law)|proportionality]].<ref name="TheHindu_assessed_intnl_law">{{cite Q|Q134429389|url-status=live}}</ref>{{POV statement|date=May 2025}}

== Reactions ==
===India===
The Indian government claimed that the operation was a necessary response to terrorism and the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Salman |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Kumar |first3=Hari |date=6 May 2025 |title=India Strikes Pakistan Two Weeks After Kashmir Terrorist Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/world/asia/india-pakistan-attacks.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507005820/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/world/asia/india-pakistan-attacks.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Left parties in India urged Pakistan to dismantle terror networks operating from its soil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sultan |first1=Parvez |date=7 May 2025 |title=India's left parties back Operation Sindoor, urge Pakistan to dismantle terror network from within |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/07/indias-left-parties-back-operation-sindoor-urge-pakistan-to-dismantle-terror-network-from-within |access-date=7 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Addressing the nation on 11 May, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] claimed another military victory over Pakistan and warned that further terrorist attacks would elicit a military response.<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: India's Strategic Clarity and Calculated Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2128748#:~:text=He%20established%20a%20new%20national,terrorists%20and%20their%20state%20sponsors. |access-date=14 May 2025 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> Opposition leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] criticised Modi's acceptance of the ceasefire, alleging that it amounted to a surrender under pressure from Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rahul Gandhi accuses PM Modi of 'surrendering' to U.S. pressure over Indo-Pak ceasefire|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/rahul-gandhi-accuses-pm-modi-of-surrendering-to-us-pressure-over-indo-pak-ceasefire/article69653581.ece/|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 June 2025|access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref> On 9 June, Director General Military Operations (DGMO), [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Rajiv Ghai]] was promoted to the additional post of Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy), following his role in the operation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt General Ghai gets reward for Operation Sindoor, promoted as Deputy Chief of Army |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lt-gen-ghai-gets-reward-for-ops-sindoor-promoted-as-deputy-chief-of-army/article69675205.ece |access-date=9 June 2025 |agency=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] called the Indian strikes a "cowardly" attack that killed innocent civilians, Pakistan termed them an "act of war", and the military vowed to respond at a time, place, and by means of its choosing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yerushalmy|first1=Jonathan|last2=Yang|first2=Maya|last3=Chao-Fong|first3=Leonie|date=7 May 2025|title=Pakistan PM says India must 'suffer the consequences' for 'cowardly' attack – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/may/07/pakistan-india-attacks-kashmir-operation-sindoor-live-updates|access-date=5 August 2025|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> On 12 May, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] celebrated what was regarded as a Pakistani victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=NA stands united in support of armed forces after Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos|url=https://www.pakistanstatetime.com/news/na-stands-united-in-support-of-armed-forces-after-operation-bunyanummarsoos|work=Pakistan State Time|date=12 May 2025|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> The government of Pakistan promoted [[Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Asim Munir]] to the rank of [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]] on 20 May 2025 for his leadership during the conflict.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 2025 |title=Govt elevates COAS Asim Munir as Field Marshal |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/885100 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=[[Dunya News]]}}</ref> The tenure of [[Air chief marshal (Pakistan)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Zaheer Ahmad Babar]] was also extended.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Air Chief Marshal gets extension after Operation Bunyanum Mursoos success |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2546898/air-chief-marshal-gets-extension-after-operation-bunyanum-mursoos-success |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> On 21 June, Pakistan announced it would nominate Donald Trump for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], citing his role in brokering the ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Matza|first1=Max|title=Pakistan to nominate Trump for Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyx5yw8y28o.amp|work=[[BBC News]]|date=21 June 2025|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Pakistan}}
* {{anl|2016 Indian Line of Control strike}}
* {{anl|2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes}}
** {{anl|2019 Balakot airstrike}}
** {{anl|2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes}}
* {{anl|Indus Waters Treaty}}
* [[2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Chesterton|first1=Hannah|last2=Bacon|first2=Tricia|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2025.2528321|title=How We Assess Violent Non-State Actor Risk: Power Versus Threat|journal=[[Studies in Conflict & Terrorism]]|issn=1521-0731|date=8 July 2025|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2025.2528321|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis Online]]|access-date=4 September 2025|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Koren|first1=Ore|last2=Ganguly|first2=Sumit|last3=Khanna|first3=Aashna|author-link2=Sumit Ganguly|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1937818|title=Fragile States, Technological Capacity, and Increased Terrorist Activity|journal=[[Studies in Conflict & Terrorism]]|volume=46|number=10|pages=2066–2092|issn=1521-0731|date=16 June 2021|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2021.1937818|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis Online]]|access-date=4 September 2025|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{India-Pakistani relations}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan conflict, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 airstrikes]]
[[Category:2025 in international relations]]
[[Category:2025 military operations]]
[[Category:2020s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st century in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:May 2025 in India|Pakistan conflict]]
[[Category:May 2025 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Attacks in Asia in 2025]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 2025]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2025]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by India]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by Pakistan]]
[[Category:Attacks on military headquarters]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict]]

Siraj-ud-Daulah

2026-04-27T10:43:24Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made New Data

{{Short description|Last independent Nawab (ruler) of Bengal from 1756 to 1757}}
{{redirect|Nawab Sirajuddaula|the 1967 film|Nawab Sirajuddaula (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Siraj-ud-Daulah
| title = Mansur-ul-Mulk (Victory of the Country) Siraj ud-Daulah (Light of the State) Hybut Jang (Horror in War) Nawab of Bengal
| image = Siraj_ud-Daulah.jpg
| caption = Siraj-ud-Daulah
| coronation =
| full name = Nawab Mansur ul-Mulk Siraj ud-Daulah Shah Quli Khan Mirza Muhammad Haybat Jang Bahadur
| birth_name = Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah
| birth_date = 1733
| birth_place = [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1757|7|2|1733|df=y}}
| death_place = Murshidabad, Bengal
| burial_place = [[Khushbagh]], West Bengal
| reign = 9 April 1756 – 23 June 1757
| succession = [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar]]
| predecessor = [[Alivardi Khan]]
| successor = [[Mir Jafar]]
| spouse = {{ubl|[[Lutfunnisa Begum]]|Zaibunnisa Begum|Umdadunnisa Begum|Aleya Begum (probably)}}
| issue = Umme Zohra (Qudsia Begum)
| father = [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan]]
| mother = [[Amina Begum]]
| signature = Reconstruction of Siraj-ud-Daulah's seal.svg
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=The History of Bengal |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up |volume=II |orig-date=1948 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-81-7646-239-6 |page=224 |quote=The climax of the movement was reached after [[Murshid Quli Khan]] had established in Bengal what was practically a [[Shia]] dynasty, ever ready to welcome and honour the wandering talent and piety of the centre of that [[Shia Islamic beliefs and practices|creed]].}}</ref><ref name="Rieck2016" />
| royal house = Hirajheel Palace
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| rank = [[Nawab Bahadur]] [[Padishah|Badshah]]
| battles = [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]] [[Battle of Plassey]] [[Siege of Calcutta]] [[Capture of Fort William]]
}}
}}
{{History of Bengal}}

{{History of Bangladesh}}

'''Mir Syed Jafar Ali Khan Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah'''{{Efn|{{langx|fa|{{Nq|میر سید جعفر علی خان میرزا محمد سراج الدوله}}}}; {{langx|bn|মীর সৈয়দ জাফর আলী খান মির্জা মুহম্মদ সিরাজ উদ্দৌলা}}}} (1733 – 2 July 1757), commonly known as '''Siraj-ud-Daulah'''{{Efn|{{langx|fa|سراج الدوله}}; {{langx|bn|সিরাজ-উদ-দৌলা}}}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Other spellings exist including the corruption "Sir Roger Dowler"<ref>Abram Smythe Palmer. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83643/page/n587  Folk-etymology: A Dictionary of Verbal Corruptions Or Words Perverted in Form Or Meaning, by False Derivation Or Mistaken Analogy.]'' G. Bell and Sons, 1882. p. 557.</ref> which is also used in phrases such as "Sir Roger Dowler method" referring to early non-systematic and distorting [[Devanagari transliteration|Romanisation schemes]] for [[Devanagari]] script.<ref>[[Francis Henry Skrine]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HZtYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA205 Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., a vice-president of the Royal Asiatic Society, etc.]'' Longmans, Green, and Co., 1901. p. 205.</ref>}} or '''Siraj ud-Daula''',<ref>Dalrymple, W. (2019),''The Anarchy'' p. 78, London: Bloomsbury</ref> was the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal|Nawab]] of the [[Bengal Subah]]. The end of his reign marked the start of the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the [[East India Company]] over [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and later almost all of the [[Indian subcontinent]].

Siraj succeeded his maternal grandfather, [[Alivardi Khan]] as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the age of 23. Betrayed by [[Mir Jafar]], the commander of Nawab's army, Siraj lost the [[Battle of Plassey]] on 23 June 1757. The forces of the East India Company under [[Robert Clive]] invaded and the administration of [[Bengal]] fell into the hands of the company.

==Early life and background==
[[File:Siraj-ud-Daulah.png|thumb|right|Painting of Siraj ud Daula]]
Siraj was born to the family of [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Mirza Muhammad Hashim]] and [[Amina Begum]] in 1733. Soon after his birth, [[Alivardi Khan]], Siraj's maternal grandfather, was appointed the Deputy Governor of [[Bihar]]. Amina Begum was the youngest daughter of [[Alivardi Khan]] and Princess Sharfunnisa, the paternal aunt of [[Mir Jafar]]. His father, Mirza Muhammad Hashim was the youngest son of Haji Ahmad, the elder brother of Alivardi Khan. Siraj's great-grandfather was Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was of either of [[Arabs|Arab]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ancestry, the son of a foster-brother of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]; Madani himself began his career as a [[cup-bearer]] under the latter's son [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]].<ref name="Sarkar1948">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|title=The History of Bengal|date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up|volume=II|orig-date=1948|publisher=University of Dhaka|location=Dhaka|isbn=978-81-7646-239-6|page=436}}</ref><ref name="Sensarma1977">{{cite book|author=P. Sensarma|title=The Military History of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8ABAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Darbari Udjog|location=Kolkata|page=172}}</ref> His great-grandmother belonged to the Turkic [[Afshar (tribe)|Afshar]] tribe of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Through her, he was a grandnephew of [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]], the two having shared a common ancestor in Nawab Aqil Khan.<ref name="Sarkar1948"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Subhan|first=Abdus|title=Early Career of Nawab Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js8VAQAAMAAJ|journal=Journal of Indian History|volume=XLVIII|issue=III|year=1970|publisher=University of Kerala|location=Trivandrum|page=536}}</ref>

Siraj was regarded as the "fortune child" of the family. He received the special affection of his grandfather and was raised at the Nawab's palace with all necessary education and training suitable for a future Nawab. Young Siraj also accompanied Alivardi on his military ventures against the [[Maratha]]s in 1746. In 1750, Siraj revolted against his grandfather and seized [[Patna]], but quickly surrendered and was forgiven. In May 1752, Alivardi declared Siraj as heir apparent. The former later died on 9 April 1756 at the age of eighty.<ref name="Dalrymple2019p87">{{cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|authorlink=William Dalrymple (historian)|title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T2lDwAAQBAJ|date=10 September 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4088-6440-1|page=87}}</ref>

==Reign as Nawab==
[[File:The Monument of Battle of Plassey 06.jpg|thumb|Bust of Siraj ud-Daulah by the [[Palashi Monument]] situated in Nadia, West Bengal.]]
[[File: Moti Jheel Palace 2.jpg|thumb|A painting showing the Sang-i-dalan, Kala Masjid, the tombs all surrounded by the [[Motijhil]] Lake]]
Siraj ud-Daulah's nomination to the Nawabship aroused the jealousy and enmity of his maternal aunt, [[Ghaseti Begum]] (Mehar un-Nisa Begum), [[Mir Jafar]], [[Jagat Seth]] (Mehtab Chand) and Shaukat Jang (Siraj's cousin). Ghaseti Begum possessed huge wealth, which was the source of her influence and strength. Apprehending serious opposition from her, Siraj ud-Daulah seized her wealth from [[Motijheel Palace]] and placed her under confinement. The Nawab also made changes in high government positions by giving them to his own favourites. [[Mir madan|Mir Madan]] was appointed ''[[Bakshi]]'' (paymaster of the army) in place of Mir Jafar. [[Diwan Mohanlal|Mohanlal]] was elevated to the rank of ''peshkar'' (courtclerk) of his [[Diwan-khane|Dewan-khane]] and he exercised great influence in the administration. Eventually, Siraj suppressed Shaukat Jang, governor of [[Purnia]], who was killed in a clash.

=== Black Hole of Calcutta ===
{{main|Black Hole of Calcutta}}
[[File:Hutchinsonsstory00londuoft 0234.jpg|thumb|Illustration of [[Pindari|''pindaris'']] who were loyal to Siraj ud-Daulah carry out the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]] atrocity, 20 June 1756.]]

During this period, the British [[East India Company]] was increasing their influence in the [[Indian subcontinent]], particularly in Bengal; Siraj soon grew to resent the politico-military presence of the East India Company in Bengal. In particular, he was angered at the Company's alleged involvement with and instigation of some members of his own court to a conspiracy to oust him. His charges against the company were broadly threefold. Firstly, that they strengthened the fortification around the [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]] without any intimation or approval; secondly, that they grossly abused trade privileges granted them by the Mughal rulers – which caused heavy loss of customs duties for the government; and thirdly, that they gave shelter to some of his officers, for example, Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who fled [[Dhaka]] after misappropriating government funds. Hence, when the East India Company began further enhancement of military strength at Fort William in [[Calcutta]], Siraj ud-Daulah ordered them to stop. The Company did not heed his directives; consequently, Siraj retaliated and captured [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (for a short while renamed Alinagar) from the British in June 1756. The Nawab gathered his forces together and took Fort William. The British captives were placed in the prison cell as a temporary holding by a local commander, but there was confusion in the Indian chain of command, and the captives were left there overnight, and many of them died.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last1=Cobbett |first1=William |last2=Hansard |first2=Thomas Curson |orig-date=1813 |title=The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLE_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PT449 |pages=449– |publisher=T.C. Hansard |isbn=9780404016500}}</ref>

[[Sir William Meredith, 3rd Baronet|Sir William Meredith]], during the Parliamentary inquiry into Robert Clive's actions in India, vindicated Siraj ud-Daulah of any charge surrounding the Black Hole incident: "A peace was however agreed upon with Surajah Dowlah; and the persons who went as ambassadors to confirm that peace formed the conspiracy, by which he was deprived of his kingdom and his life."<ref name="books.google.com"/>

===Nizamat Imambara===
[[File:Nizamat Imambara, Murshidabad.JPG|thumb|[[Nizamat Imambara|Nizammat Imambara]] of Murshidabad was built by Siraj ud-Daula. It is the biggest [[imambargah]] in the Subcontinent.]]
Shia Islam was introduced to Bengal during the governorship of [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] (1641–1661 AD), son of Shah Jahan. From 1707 AD to 1880 AD, the Nawabs of Bengal were Shias.<ref name="A. Rizvi, pp. 45">S. A. A. Rizvi, ''A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India'', Vol. 2, pp. 45–47, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).</ref><ref name="Rieck2016">{{cite book |last=Rieck |first=Andreas |title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6aKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-061320-4 |page=3 |quote=From 1701 until the British conquest of 1757, Bengal was ruled by [[Shia]] governors appointed by the Mughals but de facto almost independent. Since that time huge [[Husayniyya|imâmbârgâhs]] were built and estates designated as auqâf for the promotion of [[Mourning of Muharram|'azâdârî]] by Iranian merchants and their descendants in Bengal towns like Murshidabad and Hoogly, which also attracted many [[Shia clergy|Shia 'ulamâ']] from both India and Iran.}}</ref> They built huge ''[[imambara]]s'' (Shia houses of worship), including the biggest of the Subcontinent built by Nawab Siraj-ud Daula, the [[Nizamat Imambara|Nizammat Imambara]] in the political capital [[Murshidabad]].{{cn|date=June 2022}} It and other imambaras built in towns such as the trading hub [[Hooghly district|Hoogly]] attracted Shia scholars from within and outside India.<ref name="Rieck2016" />

===British Conspiracy===
The Nawab was infuriated on learning of the attack on Chandernagar. His former hatred of the British returned, but he now felt the need to strengthen himself by alliances against the British. The Nawab was plagued by fear of attack from the north by the Afghans under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and from the west by the [[Marathas]]. Therefore, he could not deploy his entire force against the British for fear of being attacked from the flanks. A deep distrust set in between the British and the Nawab. As a result, Siraj started secret negotiations with Jean Law, chief of the French factory at Cossimbazar, and de Bussy. The Nawab also moved a large division of his army under Rai Durlabh to [[Plassey]], on the island of Cossimbazar {{convert|30|mi}} south of Murshidabad.<ref name = HBen>Harrington, p. 25</ref><ref>Mahon, p. 337</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Orme 1861|loc=p. 145|ref=Orme}}</ref><ref>Malleson, pp. 48–49</ref>

Popular discontent against the Nawab flourished in his own court. The Seths, the traders of Bengal, were in perpetual fear for their wealth under the reign of Siraj, contrary to the situation under Alivardi's reign. They had engaged Yar Lutuf Khan to defend them in case they were threatened in any way.<ref>Bengal, v.1, p. clxxxi</ref> [[William Watts (East India Company official)|William Watts]], the Company representative at the court of Siraj, informed Clive about a conspiracy at the court to overthrow the ruler. The conspirators included [[Mir Jafar]], the paymaster of the army, Rai Durlabh, Yar Lutuf Khan and [[Omichund]] (Amir Chand), a Sikh merchant, [[Jagat Seth]], [[Krishnachandra Roy|Krishna Chandra]], and several officers in the army.<ref>Bengal, v.1, pp. clxxxiii–clxxxiv</ref> When communicated in this regard by Mir Jafar, Clive referred it to the select committee in Calcutta on 1 May. The committee passed a resolution in support of the alliance. A treaty was drawn up between the British and Mir Jafar to raise him to the throne of the Nawab in return for support to the British in the field of battle and the bestowal of large sums of money upon them as compensation for the attack on Calcutta. On 2 May, Clive broke up his camp and sent half the troops to Calcutta and the other half to Chandernagar.<ref>Malleson, pp. 49–51</ref><ref>Harrington, pp. 25–29</ref><ref>Mahon, pp. 338–339</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Orme 1861|loc=pp. 147–149|ref=Orme}}</ref>

Mir Jafar and the Seths desired that the confederacy between the British and himself be kept secret from Omichund, but when he found out about it, he threatened to betray the conspiracy if his share was not increased to three million rupees (£300,000). Hearing of this, Clive suggested an expedient to the committee. He suggested that two treaties be drawn – the real one on white paper, containing no reference to Omichund and the other on red paper, containing Omichund's desired stipulation, to deceive him. The Members of the Committee signed on both treaties, but Admiral Watson signed only the real one and his signature had to be counterfeited on the fictitious one.<ref>Bengal, v.1, pp. clxxxvi–clxxxix</ref> Both treaties and separate articles for donations to the army, navy squadron and committee were signed by Mir Jafar on 4 June.<ref>{{harv|Orme 1861|loc=pp. 150–161|ref=Orme}}</ref><ref>Harrington, p. 29</ref><ref>Mahon, pp. 339–341</ref><ref>Bengal, v.1, pp. cxcii–cxciii</ref>

Lord Clive testified and defended himself thus before the House of Commons of Parliament on 10 May 1773, during the Parliamentary inquiry into his conduct in India:

"Omichund, his confidential servant, as ''he'' thought, told his master of an agreement made between the English and Monsieur Duprée [may be a mistranscription of [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]]] to attack him, and received for that advice a sum of not less than four lacks of rupees. Finding this to be the man in whom the nawab entirely trusted, it soon became our object to consider him as a most material engine in the intended revolution. We, therefore, made such an agreement as was necessary for the purpose, and entered into a treaty with him to satisfy his demands. When all things were prepared, and the evening of the event was appointed, Omichund informed Mr Watts, who was at the court of the nawab, that he insisted upon thirty lacks of rupees, and five per cent. upon all the treasure that should be found; that, unless that was immediately complied with, he would disclose the whole to the nawab; and that Mr. Watts, and the two other English gentlemen then at the court, should be cut off before the morning. Mr Watts, immediately on this information, dispatched an express to me at the council. I did not hesitate to find out a stratagem to save the lives of these people, and secure success to the intended event. For this purpose, we signed another treaty. The one was called the ''Red'', the other the ''White'' treaty. This treaty was signed by everyone, except admiral Watson; and I should have considered myself sufficiently authorised to put his name to it, by the conversation I had with him. As to the person who signed Admiral Watson's name to the treaty, whether he did it in his presence or not, I cannot say; but this I know, that he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing. This treaty was immediately sent to Omichund, who did not suspect the stratagem. The event took place, and success attended it; and the House, I am fully persuaded, will agree with me, that, when the very existence of the company was at stake, and the lives of these people so precariously situated, and so certain of being destroyed, it was a matter of true policy and of justice to deceive so great a villain."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Parliamentary history of England from the earliest period to the year 1803, Volume 17 |orig-date=1813 |isbn=9780404016500 |page=876 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLE_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PT457 |last1=Cobbett |first1=William |last2=Parliament |first2=Great Britain |publisher=T.C. Hansard}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle |volume=43 |year=1773 |pages=630–631 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnpIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA630}}</ref>

===Battle of Plassey===
{{main|Battle of Plassey}}
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Robert Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, dramatized painting by [[Francis Hayman]], 18th century]]
[[File:Plassey1757max.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A plan depicting the positions and movements of the opposing armies in the Battle of Plassey|A plan of the Battle of Plassey, fought on 23 June 1757 by Robert Clive against the [[Nawab]] Siraj ud-Daulah of Bengal]]

The [[Battle of Plassey]] (or Palashi) is widely considered the turning point in the history of the subcontinent, marking the start of [[Colonial India|British rule in India]]. After Siraj-ud-Daulah's conquest of Calcutta, Clive took fresh troops from [[Madras]] to recapture the fort and avenge the attack. A retreating Siraj-ud-Daulah met the British at Plassey. He had to make camp 27 miles away from [[Murshidabad]]. On 23 June 1757 Siraj-ud-Daulah called on [[Mir Jafar]] because he was saddened by the sudden fall of Mir Mardan who was a very dear companion of Siraj in battles. The Nawab asked for help from Mir Jafar. Mir Jafar advised Siraj to retreat for that day. The Nawab made the blunder in giving the order to stop the fight. Following his command, the soldiers of the Nawab were returning to their camps. At that time, [[Robert Clive]] attacked the soldiers with his army. At such a sudden attack, the army of Siraj became undisciplined and could think of no way to fight. Much of the army retreated. Betrayed by the conspiracy plotted by, Siraj lost the battle and had to escape. He rode away and went first to Murshidabad, specifically to Heerajheel or [[Motijheel]], his palace at Mansurganj. He ordered his principal commanders to engage their troops for his safety, but as he was bereft of power due to the loss at Plassey, they were reluctant to offer unquestioning support. Some advised him to deliver himself up to the English, but Siraj equated this with treachery. Others proposed he should encourage the army with greater rewards, and this he seemed to approve of. Yet the numbers in his retinue were considerably diminished. Soon he dispatched most of the women of his harem to Purneah, under the protection of Mohanlal, with gold and elephants. Then, with his principal consort Lutf-un-Nisa and very few attendants, Siraj began his escape towards [[Patna]] by boat, but was eventually captured and confiscated by Mir Jafar. Mir jafar held Siraj around the waist and dragged him to the palace. Mir jafar locked up Siraj afterwards.<ref name="siraj escape">{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/950511/we-all-know-siraj-ud-daulah-lost-the-battle-of-plassey-how-did-he-escape-afterwards |title=We all know Siraj-ud-Daulah lost the Battle of Plassey. How did he escape afterwards? |work=Scroll.in |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:TombSirajUdDaulah.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Siraj ud-Daulah]]
[[File:The musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904) being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad (1905) (14776529292).jpg|thumb|Masouleum of Siraj-ud-Daulah at [[Khushbagh]], Murshidabad]]
Siraj-ud-Daulah was executed on 2 July 1757 by Mohammad Ali Beg under orders from Mir Miran, son of Mir Jafar in [[Namak Haram Deorhi]] as part of the agreement between [[Mir Jafar]] and the [[British East India Company]].

Siraj-ud-Daulah's tomb is located at [[Khushbagh]], Murshidabad, surrounded by gardens.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |title=The Rough Guide to India |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-089-3 |page=853 |edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA853 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Siraj ud-Daulah has gained a positive reputation in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]] for his opposition to the beginning of British rule over India. In 1985, [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Sarkar]] wrote:<ref name=SC1>{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Prabhat Ranjan|title=Shabda Cayanika, Part 1|date=1996|publisher=Ananda Marga Publications|location=[[Kolkata]]|isbn=81-7252-027-1|edition=First English|author1-link=Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar}}</ref>
<blockquote>After the death of [[Alivardi Khan|Alivardii Khan]], his immature grandson became the nawab of Bengal, taking the name Mirza Mohammad Siraj-Ud-Daola. In addition to his young age, he had many kinds of defects in his character and conduct.</blockquote>

Historian Sushil Chaudhary argued that Siraj ud-Daula's villainous character is a misrepresentation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-road-plassey-1918161 |title=The Road to Plassey |work=The Daily Star |date=22 June 2020}}</ref>

The end of Siraj ud-Daulah's reign also ended Bengali autonomy and marked the beginning of British power in India. In the Bengali version of the end of his rule, Mir Jafar and Robert Clive are the villains and Siraj is the victim. Even though he is rarely if ever depicted as an attractive person, he is regarded as having been sinned against, rather than as a sinner. As the movement for Indian independence gathered strength, Siraj along with [[Tipu Sultan]] and the heroes of the First War of Indian Independence including the last Mughal Emperor, [[Bahadur Shah II]], gained iconic status as people who resisted the imperial aggression.

Chayamanab (2022) by Soumen Jana is a Bengali novel based on Siraj ud-Daulah's life.

===Namesakes===
* [[Siraj ud Daula College]], [[Karachi]], Pakistan
* Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah Government College, [[Natore]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=4&id=641601&date=2017-02-11 |url-status=dead |title=Week-long agriculture technology fair begins in Natore |work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165550/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=4&id=641601&date=2017-02-11 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bangladesh
* [[Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah]], Bangladesh
* Siraj-ud-Daula Road, Karachi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pakistan-streets.openalfa.com/streets/siraj-ud-daula-road-karachi |title=Siraj ud Daula Road, Karachi |website=pakistan-streets.openalfa.com}}</ref>
* Nabab Siraj ud-Daulah Road, [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
* Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah Sarani, [[Kolkata]], India<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiaplacesmap.com/West-Bengal/Places/Nawab-Siraj-Ud-Daulah-Sarani-1116122 |title=Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah Sarani, West Bengal |website=indiaplacesmap.com}}</ref>
* Siraj ud-Daulah Park, [[Old Dhaka]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/95429/6-suspected-Huji-operatives-held-in-Dhaka |title=6 suspected Huji operatives held in Dhaka |work=Prothom Alo}}</ref> Bangladesh
* Siraj-ud-Doula Hall, [[Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sau-bd.weebly.com/siraj-ud-doula-hall.html |title=Siraj-Ud-Doula Hall |website=Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU) |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408200928/http://sau-bd.weebly.com/siraj-ud-doula-hall.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bangladesh
* Nawab Siraj Ud-Daulah College, [[Kushtia]], Bangladesh
* [[Nawab Sirajuddaula Road]], Kushtia, Bangladesh<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgicinsure.com/?page_id=101 |title=BGIC Branch Network - BGIC Ltd.BGIC Ltd.}}</ref>
* Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah Hospital,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/4-hospitals-fined-two-them-asked-shut-158440 |title=4 hospitals fined, two of them asked to shut |date=17 October 2015 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> Bangladesh
* Nawab Siraj ud Daulah Road, [[Narayanganj]], Bangladesh

== In popular culture ==
*''Shiraz-Ud-Dowla'' (1927), Indian silent film directed by Dhanjibhai K. Desai.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>
*''Sirajuddaula'' (1938), musical opera by Nimalendu Lahiri.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QNGlFp9_qM |title=Sirajuddaula |last=Various Artists - Topic |date=3 November 2014 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/sirajuddaula/SRsZd0FHW38 |title=Sirajuddaula (Full Song) - Nirmalendu Lahiri, Sachin Sengupta, Sarajubala Devi |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=31 August 2012}}</ref>
*''Siraj-Ud-Dowla'' (1952), Indian Bengali-language film directed by Amar Dutta.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999"/>
*''[[Ami Sirajer Begam]]'' (1960), historical novel set in Bengal by Sri Parabat.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ami Sirajer Begum |last=Shriparabat |year=1960 |publisher=Rupayani |oclc=59608078}}</ref>
*''Sirajuddaula'' (1965), play by [[Sikandar Abu Zafar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.dailyjanakantha.com/details/article/280339/সিকানদার-আবু-জাফরের-নাটক-সিরাজউদ্দৌলা-একটি-অনুভাবনা/ |script-title=bn:সিকানদার আবু জাফরের নাটক সিরাজউদ্দৌলা একটি অনুভাবনা |language=bn |work=[[Janakantha]] |date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://myacademybd.com/?module=basic&page=digital-book&subId=36&chapId=569 |title=My Academy :: Digital Book |website=myacademybd.com}}</ref>
*''Nawab Sirajuddaula'' (1967), an Indian Bengali-language film directed by Ramchandra Thakur, starring [[Bharat Bhushan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nawab-sirajuddaula-3492 |title=Nawab Sirajuddaula (1967) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
*[[Nawab Sirajuddaula (film)|''Nawab Sirajuddaula'']] (1967), a Bangladeshi film directed by [[Khan Ataur Rahman]] featuring [[Anwar Hossain (actor)|Anwar Hossain]].
*''[[Ami Sirajer Begam]]'' (1973), an Indian Bengali-language film directed by Sushil Mukhopadhyay, starring [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]. Based on the 1960 novel by Sri Parabat.
*''Nawab Sirajuddaula'' (1989), remake of the 1967 film by Khan Ataur Rahman.
*''[[Ami Sirajer Begum]]'' (2018), Indian Bengali-language historical television soap opera.
*''Zindabahar'' (2022), Bangladeshi drama series directed by [[Bangladesh Television]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/160154/zindabahar-goes-on-air |title=Zindabahar goes on air |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]] |date=17 January 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nawabs of Bengal]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Shia Islam in India]]
* [[Battle of Chandannagar]]
* [[Siraj ud Daula College]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="lower-alpha"}}
* {{note|riyas}} {{cite book |author=Ġulām Ḥusain chaklim |translator-last1=Salam |translator-first1=Maulavi Abdus |year=1902 |title=The Riyazu-s-salatin, A History of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51971 |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Asiatic Society |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51971/page/n377 363]-370}}
* {{note|seir}} {{cite book |author=Seid-Gholam-Hossein-Khan |year=1926 |title=The Sëir Mutaqherin or Review of Modern Times |volume=II |location=Calcutta |publisher=R. Cambray & Co.}} [https://persian.packhum.org/main link to searchable text at the Packard Humanities Institute]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
* Akhsaykumar Moitrayo, Sirajuddaula, Calcutta 1898
* BK Gupta, Sirajuddaulah and the East India Company, 1756–57, Leiden, 1962
* Kalikankar Datta, Sirajuddaulah, Calcutta 1971
* {{citation |author=Orme, R. |year=1861 |title=A history of the military transactions of the British nation in Indostan: from the year MDCCXLV; to which is prefixed A dissertation on the establishments made by Mahomedan conquerors in Indostan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmilitar02ormeuoft |volume=2 |ref=Orme}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/murshidabad.htm Siraj in Murshidabad]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|||1733|2 July|1757}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Alivardi Khan]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]
| years = 9 April 1756 – 2 June 1757
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Mir Jafar]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bengal Zamindars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siraj Ud-Daulah}}[[Category:Siraj ud-Daulah| ]]
[[Category:1733 births]]
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

Sultanate of Golconda

2026-04-25T16:58:50Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made New Stub

{{Short description|Kingdom in Deccan India (1518–1687)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Golconda
| common_name = Sultanate of Golconda
| date_start = 7 December
| year_start = 1518<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551|title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |year=1946 |author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani|publisher=Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan |oclc=3971780|page=386}}</ref>
| date_end = 22 September
| year_end = 1687<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 3 |volume=3 |year=1911 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=En }}</ref>
| p1 = Bahmani Kingdom
| p2 = Gajapati Empire
| p3 = Vijayanagara Empire
| s1 = Hyderabad Subah
| native_name = {{lang|te|గోల్కొండ సుల్తానేట్}} {{lang|fa|{{nq|قطب شاهیان}}}}
| image_flag = Qutbshahi Flag.svg
| flag_type = Flag of the Qutb Shahis<ref>Islamic Culture vol. 46, p. 140. Islamic Culture Board, 1972</ref>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Map of Golconda.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Golconda {{Circa|1485}}.<ref name= "map" />|[[File:Map of Golconda Sultanate.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Golconda {{Circa|1605}}}}
| image_map_caption =
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Persian language|Persian]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] (after 1600)}}
| religion = '''State religion:''' [[Shia Islam]]<hr>'''Other:''' [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]
| capital = [[Golconda]] (1518–1591) [[Hyderabad]] (1591–1687)
| common_languages = {{ubl|
*Telugu
*[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
*[[Deccani language|Deccani]]
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]]
| year_leader1 = 1518–1543
| leader2 = [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]]
| year_leader2 = 1543–1550
| leader3 = [[Subhan Quli Qutb Shah]]
| year_leader3 = 1550–1550
| leader4 = [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]]
| year_leader4 = 1550–1580
| leader5 = [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]
| year_leader5 = 1580–1612
| leader6 = [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]]
| year_leader6 = 1612–1626
| leader7 = [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]]
| year_leader7 = 1626–1672
| leader8 = [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]
| year_leader8 = 1672–1687
| stat_area4 = 
| currency = Mohur, Tanka
| today = [[India]]
}}

The '''Sultanate of Golconda''' ({{Langx|te|గోల్కొండ సుల్తానేట్}}; {{langx|fa|{{nq|سلطان‌نشین گلکنده}}}}; {{langx|dec|{{nq|سلطنت گولکنڈه}}|label=[[Deccani language|Deccani]]}}) was an [[early modern]] kingdom in [[southern India]], ruled by the [[Persianate society|Persianate]],<ref>Christoph Marcinkowski, ''Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts'', 169-170; "''The Qutb-Shahi kingdom could be considered 'highly Persianate' with a large number of Persian-speaking merchants, scholars, and artisans present at the royal capital.''"</ref> [[Shia Islam|Shia Islamic]] '''Qutb Shahi dynasty'''{{efn|({{langx|fa|{{nq|قطب شاهیان}}}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|قطب شاہی خاندان}}}})}} of [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] origin and later of [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidic]] origin (thus called '''Turco-Dravidians''').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Syed |first1=Muzaffar Husain |title=Concise History of Islam |date=2011 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |isbn=978-9-382-57347-0 |page=258 |quote=The Qutb Shahi dynasty was the ruling family of the sultanate of Golkonda in southern India. They were '''Shia Muslims''' and belonged to a '''Turkmen tribe'''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315141664-12/da-irat-ul-ma-arif-unique-language-institute-hyderabad-mohd-suleman-siddiq | doi=10.4324/9781315141664-12 | chapter=The Da'irat-ul-Ma'arif: A Unique Language Institute of Hyderabad | title=Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad | date=2017 | last1=Suleman Siddiq | first1=Mohd. | pages=203–216 | isbn=978-1-315-14166-4 }}</ref> After the decline of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], the Sultanate of Golconda was established in 1518<ref>{{EI3|first=Pevyand|last=Firouzeh|title= Maḥmūd Shihāb al-Dīn Bahmanī |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36029|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-36029.xml|date=2018}}</ref> by [[Quli Qutb Shah]], as one of the five [[Deccan sultanates]].

The kingdom covered parts of the modern-day [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] and some parts of [[Odisha]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=118}}</ref> The Golconda sultanate was constantly in conflict with the [[Adilshahi sultanate|Adil Shahis]] and [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizam Shahis]], which it shared borders with in the seventeenth century to the west and northwest.<ref name="Bosworth">C.E. Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties'', (Columbia University Press, 1996), 328.</ref> In 1636, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] forced the Qutb Shahis to recognise Mughal suzerainty and pay periodic tributes. The dynasty came to an end in 1687, during the reign of its seventh sultan [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], when the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] arrested and jailed Abul Hasan for the rest of his life in [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]], incorporating Golconda into the Mughal empire.<ref>{{cite book|title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700|year=2020|isbn=9780253048943|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ|author=Keelan Overton|page=82|publisher=Indiana University Press|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Farooqi">{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed|pages=177–179|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2011|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref><ref name="Bosworth" />

The Qutb Shahis were patrons of [[Persianate]] Shia culture.<ref name="Farooqi"/><ref name="Chandra" /> The official and court language of the Golconda sultanate during the first 90 years of its existence (c. 1518 – 1600) was also Persian. In the early 17th century, however, the [[Telugu language]] was elevated to the status of the Persian language, while towards the end of the Qutb Shahis' rule, it was the primary court language with Persian used occasionally in official documents. According to [[Indology|Indologist]] Richard Eaton, as Qutb Shahis adopted Telugu, they started seeing their polity as the Telugu-speaking state, with the elites of the sultanate viewing their rulers as "Telugu Sultans".<ref name="Eaton" />

==History==
The dynasty's founder, [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk|Sultan Quli Khawas Khan Hamdani]] was born in [[Hamadan]], Iran. He belonged to the [[Kara Koyunlu|Qara Qoyunlu]], a [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkmen]] Muslim tribe and was thus a descendant of [[Qara Yusuf]].<ref name="jstor1">{{cite journal|title=The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/609229|volume=17|year=1955|pages=50–73|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor = 609229|access-date=20 November 2020|last1 = Minorsky|first1 = V.|journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|issue = 1|doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00106342|s2cid=162273460 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Masud">{{cite book|title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4UKJFLZVcEC|year=1996|page=2|first=Masud Husain|last=Khan|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126002337|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> In the 16th century, he migrated to [[Delhi]] with his uncle, Allah-Quli, some of his relatives and friends. Later he migrated south, to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and served the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani sultan]], [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]], who was of [[Deccanis|Deccani Muslim]] ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p159EAAAQBAJ&dq=Alauddin+Ahmad+II++Chand+Minar&pg=PT26 |title= Water and Historic Settlements:The Making of a Cultural Landscape |author= Yaaminey Mubayi |date= 2022 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn= 9781000641639 }}</ref><ref name="Michell">George Michell, Mark Zebrowski, ''Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 17.</ref> He declared the independence of Golconda after the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate into the five [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref name="Michell" /> He took the title ''Qutb Shah'', and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He was assassinated in 1543 by his son, [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah|Jamsheed]], who assumed control of the sultanate.<ref name="Michell" /> Jamsheed died in 1550 from cancer.<ref name="Khan">Masʻūd Ḥusain Khān, ''Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah'', Volume 216, (Sahitya Akademi, 1996), 2.</ref> Jamsheed's young son [[Subhan Quli Qutb Shah]] reigned for a year, at which time the nobility brought back and installed [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]] as sultan.<ref name="Khan" />

Golconda, and with the construction of the [[Charminar|Char Minar]], later [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], served as capitals of the sultanate,<ref name="Michell" /> and both cities were embellished by the Qutb Shahi sultans. The dynasty ruled Golconda for 171 years, until [[Aurangzeb]], in his campaigns in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], conquered the Sultanate of Golconda in 1687 with the completion of his [[siege of Golconda]].<ref name="Chandra2">Satish Chandra, ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals'', Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 331.</ref> The sultante's last ruler, [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], was imprisoned in [[Daulatabad Fort]], and the territory of the Golconda Sultanate was made into a Mughal imperial province, [[Hyderabad Subah]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761|year=2008|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|pages=156–158|chapter=Papadu (Fl. 1695–1710)|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/iB_in/1-8/page/n166/mode/1up|publisher=Cambridge University press}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J. F. |date=1975 |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687-1707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |jstor=311962 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Tomb of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah 01.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]] in [[Hyderabad]].]]
The Golconda Sultanate was notoriously wealthy. While its primary source of revenue was a land tax,<ref>{{Citation|last=Eaton|first=R. M.|title=Ḳuṭb Shāhī|date=2012-04-24|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kutb-shahi-SIM_4584?s.num=47&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.start=40&s.q=deccan|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|language=en|access-date=2021-12-26}}</ref> the sultanate greatly profited from its monopoly on diamond production from mines in the southern districts of the kingdom. The sultanate also had control over the [[Krishna Delta|Krishna]] and [[Godavari Delta|Godavari deltas]], giving it access to craft production in the villages of the area, where goods like textiles were produced. The town of [[Masulipatnam]] served as the Golconda Sultanate's primary seaport for the export of diamonds and textiles. The kingdom reached the peak of its financial prosperity in the 1620s and 1630s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard Maxwell|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : eight Indian lives|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25484-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=157|oclc=58431679}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanakarathnam|first=N.|title=Maritime Trade and Growth of Urban Infrastructure in Port Cities of Colonial Andhra: A Study of Masulipatnam |date=2014|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158449|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=75|pages=691|jstor=44158449 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
=== Diamonds ===
{{Main|Golconda diamonds}}
[[File:Wittelsbach Graff Diamond.JPG|thumb|[[Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond]] first discovered by the Golconda sultanate]]
The Golconda Sultanate was known for its diamonds which were dubbed the [[Golconda diamonds]]. These diamonds were sought after diamonds long before the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to power, and they continued to supply this demand through European traders.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/fashion/18iht-acaj-diamonds-18.html The Market for Golconda Diamonds Has Mushroomed], New York Times</ref>
Diamonds from mines (especially the [[Kollur Mine]] presently in [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]) were transported to the city of [[Hyderabad]] to be cut, polished, evaluated and sold. [[Golconda]] established itself as a diamond trading centre and until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-11-05|title=Delving into the rich and often bloody history of Golconda Fort|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Delving-into-the-rich-and-often-bloody-history-of-Golconda-Fort/article16437577.ece|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Cotton-weaving ===
During the early seventeenth century, a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in the Deccan region. Large quantities of cotton cloth were produced for domestic and export consumption. High-quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was available in white or brown colour, in bleached or dyed variety. This cloth was exported to Persia and European countries. The patterned cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra and other eastern countries.<ref name=":2" /> Golconda had a strong trading relationship with Ayutthaya Siam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcinkowski |first=Christoph |title=Persians and Shi'ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya Period to the Present |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps15.pdf |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215224411/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps15.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Finch, Poppies, Dragonfly, and Bee India (Deccan, Golconda).jpg|thumb|Golkonda Painting, 1650-1670 Opaque watercolor and gold on paper Overall]]
The Qutb Shahis were patrons of [[Persianate]] Shia culture.<ref name="Farooqi"/><ref name="Chandra" /> Over the first 90 years of their rule (c. 1518 – 1600), they championed Persian culture. Their official edicts and court language were in Persian only.<ref name="Eaton" /> Quli Qutb Mulk's court became a haven for Persian culture and literature.<ref name="Bosworth" /> In early 17th-century, with Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] (1580–1612) a change began. He began to patronize the Telugu language and culture as well. Edicts began to be issued both in Persian and Telugu. Towards the end of the dynasty, these were primarily in Telugu with a summary in Persian. As they adopted Telugu, they saw their territory as the Telugu-speaking region, states Indologist Richard Eaton, with their elites considering the rulers as "Telugu Sultans".<ref name="Eaton">Richard M. Eaton (2005), A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 142-143</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=Mughal administration in Golconda |date=1975 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198215615}}</ref>

Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] (1580–1612) wrote poems in Dakhini Urdu, Persian and Telugu.<ref name="Chandra" /> Subsequent poets and writers, however, wrote in Urdu, while using vocabulary from Persian, Hindi and Telugu languages.<ref name="Chandra" /> During the reign of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] in 1634 AD, an ancient Sanskrit text on love and sex ''[[Ratirahasya]]'' by Kokkoka was translated into [[Persian language|Persian]] and named ''Lazzat-un-Nisa'' (Flavors of the Woman).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lazzat-un-nisa-hyderabads-own-kamasutra-back-in-focus/articleshow/67391978.cms|title=Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus - Times of India|last=Akbar|first=Syed|date=2019-01-05|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
The Qutb Shahi architecture was [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]], a culmination of Indian and Persian architectural styles.<ref name="Farooqui1">Salma Ahmed Farooqui, ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century'', (Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd, 2011), 181.</ref> Their style was very similar to that of the other [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]. The Qutb Shahi rulers built the [[Charminar|Char Minar]].<ref name="Chandra">Satish Chandra, ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals'', Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 210.</ref>

Some examples of Qutb Shahi Indo-Islamic architecture are the [[Golkonda|Golconda Fort]], [[Qutb Shahi Tombs|tombs of the Qutb Shahis]], [[Charminar|Char Minar]] and the [[Char Kaman]], [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]], [[Khairatabad Mosque]], [[Hayat Bakshi Mosque]], [[Taramati Baradari]] and the [[Toli Masjid|Toli Mosque]].<ref name="Farooqui1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/|title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201205635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tombs===
{{main|Qutb Shahi Tombs}}

The [[Qutb Shahi Tombs|tombs of the Qutb Shahi sultans]] lie about one kilometre north of [[Golkonda|Golkonda's]] outer wall. These structures are made of beautifully carved stonework, and surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to the public and receive many visitors.<ref name=":0" />

== Administration ==
[[File:The Bahmani Kingdom, Kandesh, and the Five Sultanates.jpg|thumb|The Bahmani Kingdom, Kandesh, and the Five Sultanates]]
The Qutb Shahi Kingdom was a highly centralized state. The sultan enjoyed absolute executive judicial and military powers. When he was away, a regent carried to carry on the administration on behalf of the king. The ''Peshwa'' (Prime Minister) was the highest official of the sultanate. He was assisted by a number of ministers, including ''Mir Jumla'' (finance minister), ''Kotwal'' (police commissioner), and ''Khazanadar'' (treasurer).{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

For most of their reign, the Qutb Shahi sultanate had a system of jagirs, who would provide troops as well as collect taxes. They were allowed to keep a portion of the taxes and give the sultan the rest. Tax collection was through auction farms, and the highest bidder used to get the Governorship. While the Governors enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle, they had to bear the brunt of severe punishments for default, consequently, they were harsh on the people.<ref name=":2" /> Tana Shah – the last Sultan, with advice from his Brahmin ministers responsible for tax collection, introduced a reform whereby all taxes were collected by civil professionals for a region. The soldiers, government workers, court officials and all the Muslim elites were paid allowances from the Sultan's treasury. These reforms brought a large increase in revenues.

According to Moreland, in the earlier system, the Persian-origin Muslims were paid the highest, then the other Indian Muslims. In early 17th century, the Persian origin Muslims became rich by lending money on high interest (usury) of 4-5% per ''mensem'' much to the despair of Hindus.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Moreland|first=W.H.|title=Relation of Golconda in the Early Seventeenth Century|publisher=Halyukt Society|year=1931|pages=78, 89}}</ref>

The Sultanate had 66 forts, and each fort was administered by a ''Nayak''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prince;Poet;Lover;Builder: Mohd. Quli Qutb Shah - The founder of Hyderabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4B_iDQAAQBAJ|author=Narendra Luther|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|year=1991|isbn=9788123023151|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> In the second half of the 17th century, the Qutb Shahi Sultan hired many Hindu Nayaks. According to Kruijtzer, these were mainly Brahmins. According to another account, these were mainly from the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]], [[Velama]], [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]], and [[Raju]] warrior castes.<ref name=":1">Chapter III: Economics, Political, Economic, and Social Background of Deccan 17th-18th Century, p.57 [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/25652/10/10_chapter%203.pdf Deccan under late 17th-century Qutb Shahi]</ref> They served as civil revenue officers. After the Mughals dismissed the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1687, these Hindu Nayaks were also dismissed and replaced with Muslim military commanders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdqxsas05NMC|title=Proceedings of Seminar on Industries and Crafts in Andhra Desa, 17th and 18th Centuries, A.D.|date=1996|publisher=Department of History, Osmania University|pages=57|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJXXAAAAMAAJ|title=Readings In Society And Religion Of Medieval South India|last=Reddy|first=Pedarapu Chenna|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Research India Press|isbn=9788189131043|pages=163|language=en}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{South Asia in 1525 CE|right|The Golconda Sultanate and main South Asian polities circa 1525 AD, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name= "map">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Schwartzberg|1978||pp=39, 147}}</ref>|{{Annotation|130|168|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|47px]]}}}}
The sultanate in 1670 comprised 21 ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]]'' (provinces) which in turn were divided into 355 ''[[parganas]]'' (districts).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V48MAQAAMAAJ |title=The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad, Volume 1 |date=2016 |publisher=Hyderabad Publishers |isbn=9788185492230 |pages=22 |chapter=MARITIME TRADE AND GROWTH OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN PORT CITIES OF COLONIAL ANDHRA: A STUDY OF MASULIPATNAM}}</ref><ref name="Golconda">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoYgAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty|author=Haroon Khan Sherwani|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|date=1974|page=655}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+
!S.No.
!Name of [[Circar|Sarkar]]
!Number of [[Paragana|Paraganas]]
|-
| 1
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Muhammadnagar}} (Golconda)
| 22
|-
| 2
| [[Medak]]
| 16
|-
| 3
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Melangūr}} ([[Molangur]])
| 3
|-
| 4
| [[Karimnagar|Elangandel]]
| 21
|-
| 5
| [[Warangal]]
| 16
|-
| 6
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Khammamēṭ}} ([[Khammam]])
| 11
|-
| 7
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Dēvarkoṇḍa}} ([[Devarakonda]])
| 13
|-
| 8
| [[Panagal, Nalgonda district|Pangal]]
| 5
|-
| 9
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Mustafanagar}} ([[Kondapalli]])
| 24
|-
| 10
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Bhoṇgīr}} ([[Bhongir]])
| 11
|-
| 11
| Akarkara
| 6
|-
| 12
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Kovilkoṇdā}} ([[Koilkonda]])
| 13
|-
| 13
| [[Khilla Ghanpur|Ghanpura]]
| 8
|-
| 14
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Murtaza Nagar}} ([[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]]) with three ''tarafs''
| 39
|-
| 15
| [[Machilipatnam]]
| 8
|-
| 16
| [[Ellore]]
| 12
|-
| 17
| [[Rajahmundry]]
| 24
|-
| 18
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Chicacole}} ([[Srikakulam]]) with 3 ''tarafs''
|115
|-
| 19
| [[Kaulas Fort|Kaulas]]
| 5
|-
| 20
| [[Nizampatnam]] ''Mahal''
|1
|-
| 21
| [[Carnatic region|Karnatak]] including Arcot ''taraf'' (It had 16 sarkars)
| 162<ref name="Golconda" />
|}

==Religion==
The Qutb Shahi dynasty, like many Deccan Islamic dynasties, was a Shia Muslim dynasty with roots in Persia (modern Iran). Initially, they were very strict and they persecuted the Hindus who constituted the vast majority of the population. Open practice of Hindu festivals was forbidden in the Golconda Sultanate. It was Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah who first reversed this policy, and allowed Hindus to practice their festivals and religion in the open.<ref>Annemarie Schimmel, ''Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl'', (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), pp. 141-152</ref><ref>''Islam in South Asia: Practicing tradition today'', Karen G. Ruffle, '''South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today''', ed. Karen Pechilis, Selva J. Raj, (Routledge, 2013), 210.</ref>


In the final decades of their rule, the Qutb Shahi dynasty rulers patronized Shia, Sufi, and Sunni Islamic traditions, as well as Hindu traditions. Before their end, Tana Shah advised by Madanna and Akkanna –his Brahmin ministers, began the tradition of sending pearls to the [[Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam|Bhadrachalam Temple]] of Rama on [[Rama Navami]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQtuAAAAMAAJ|title=Glimpses of our past--historical researches: festschrift in honour of Prof. Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, former emeritus fellow|last1=Sarma|first1=Mukkamala Radhakrishna|last2=Committee|first2=Osmania University Dept of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology Felicitation|last3=History|first3=Osmania University Dept of|date=2004|publisher=Felicitation Committee, Dept. of Ancient Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology & Dept. of History, Osmania University|pages=326|language=en}}</ref>

==List of rulers==
The eight [[sultan]]s in the dynasty were:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rowspan="2"|Personal Name
! Rowspan="2"|Titular Name
! scope="row" colspan="2"|Reign
! Rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
! From
! Until
|-
| ''Sultan Quli'' سلطان قلی
| [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]]
| 7 December 1518
| 2 September 1543
|
* Founder of [[Qutb Shahi Dynasty]]<ref name="sen2"/>
* Son of Uways Quli Beg
* Great Grand Son of [[Qara Yusuf]]
|-
| ''Jamsheed'' جمشید
| [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]]
| 2 September 1543
| 22 January 1550
|
* Second Son of [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]]
|-
| ''Subhan'' سبحان
| [[Subhan Quli Qutb Shah]]
| 22 January 1550
| 1550
|
* Son of [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]]
* Became King at the age of 7 and died after a short time
|-
| ''Ibrahim'' ابراہیم
| [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]]
| 27 July 1550
| 5 June 1580
|
* Younger Son of [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]]
* Fought the [[Battle of Talikota]] with the Alliance of [[Deccan Sultanates]]
|-
| ''Muhammad Ali'' محمد علی
| [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]
| 5 June 1580
| 11 January 1612
|
* Son of [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]]
* Founder of [[Hyderabad]] City
* Muhammad Ali was a Scholar in [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages
|-
| ''Sultan Muhammad'' محمد سلطان
| [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]]
| 11 January 1612
| 1626
|
* Son of Muhammad Amin Shah
* Grand Son of [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]]
* Son in Law of [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]
|-
| ''Abdullah'' عبداللہ
| [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]]
| 1626
| 21 April 1672
|
* Son of [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]]
|-
| ''Abul Hasan'' ابُل حسن
| [[Tana Shah]]
| 21 April 1672
| 22 September 1687
|
* Son in law of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]]
* Defeated and jailed by Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb Alamgir]] in 1687
* He died in prison.
|-
|}

==Genealogy of House of Qutb-Shahi==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|House of Qutb-Shahi}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#FFD700|#white; border-width:2px}} Golconda Sultanate
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Quli Qutb Shah|Sultan-Quli Qutb-Shah]]''' {{r.|1518|1543}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah|Jamshid-Quli Qutb-Shah]]''' {{r.|1543|1550}}
|A02='''[[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim-Quli Qutb-Shah]]''' {{r.|1550|1580}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | |
|A01='''[[Subhan Quli Qutb Shah|Subhan-Quli Qutb-Shah]]''' {{r.|1550|1550}}
|A02='''[[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah|Muhammad-Quli Qutb-Shah]]''' {{r.|1580|1612}}
|A03=Muhammad-Amin
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 |m| A02 | |
|A01=[[Hayat Bakshi Begum|Hayat-Bakhshi]]
|A02='''[[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah|Muhammad Qutb-Shah]]''' {{r.|1612|1626}}
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|'| | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Abdullah Qutb Shah|Abdullah Qutb-Shah]]''' {{r.|1626|1672}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 |P| A02 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Abu'l-Hasan Qutb-Shah]]''' {{r.|1672|1687}}
|A02=Padishah
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Hyderabad|History}}
*[[Hyderabad State]]
*[[Battle of Talikota]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |last=Schwartzberg |first=Joseph E. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226742210 |location=Chicago}}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |chapter=The Five Sultanates of the Deccan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
*{{Cite book|title=Mohammad Qutub Quli Shah, Founder of Hyderabad|last=Sherwani|year=1967|first=Haroon Khan|chapter=Qutub Ul Mulk|publisher=Asian Publishing House|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.46692|author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani}}
*{{cite book|first=Haroon Khan|last=Sherwani|year=1973|title=History of Medieval Deccan (1295–1724) : Volume I|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142905|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}

==Further reading==
*Chopra, R. M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi.
*Jawed Vashisht, Ghizal-e Raana (A selection of Quli Qutab Shah's ghazals)
*Jawed Vashisht, Roop Ras (Romantic poems of Quli Qutab Shah)
*Jawed Vashisht, Mohammed Quli aur Nabi ka Sadka
*Jawed Vashisht, Dakhni Darpan

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}{{Authority control}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Telangana}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golconda}}
[[Category:Sultanate of Golconda| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1518]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1687]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]]

Vikrant Baliyan

2026-04-24T11:59:46Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made Bio

{{Short description|India mixed martial arts fighter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Vikrant Baliyan
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Vikram-baliyan.jpg
| caption =
| alt = Vikrant Baliyan
| imagesize =
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| full_name = Vikrant Baliyan
| nickname =
| nationality =
| national_team = {{IND}}
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]] athlete, Boxer
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 
| weight =
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]
| event = [[Sanda (sport)|Sanda]]
| universityteam =
| team =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport |Men's [[Sanda (sport)|Sanda]]}}
{{MedalCountry |{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Wushu Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 World Wushu Championships|2019 Shanghai]] | 60 kg }}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nov 14 |first1=PTI / |title=Rijiju felicitates Wushu World Championships medal winners {{!}} More sports News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/rijiju-felicitates-wushu-world-championships-medal-winners/articleshow/72057087.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| 2019 [[Nepal]]| 60 kg }}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naik |first1=Abhishek |title=South Asian Games 2019 Medals: Complete list of medal winners for India in Nepal |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/south-asian-games-2019-medals-india-end-with-its-highest-ever-tally-of-medals-in-nepal |work=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
| show-medals =
| module = 
| module2 = 
| textcolor = 
| hometown = [[Meerut]]
}}
'''Vikrant Baliyan''' is an Indian sanda fighter. He earned bronze medal in men's Sanda 60 kg at the [[2019 World Wushu Championships]] in [[Shanghai]], [[China]], and gold medal in men's Sanda 60 kg at the 2019 [[2019 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] in Pokhra, [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=South Asian Games: Baliyan, Sheoran win gold in wrestling |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/south-asian-games-baliyan-sheoran-win-gold-in-wrestling20191209192623/ |work=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102091230/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/south-asian-games-baliyan-sheoran-win-gold-in-wrestling20191209192623/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Excelsior |first1=Daily |title=Union Sports Minister honours Wushu medallists, coaches |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/union-sports-minister-honours-wushu-medallists-coaches/ |work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |date=17 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Rijiju felicitates Wushu World Championships medal winners |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/sports/rijiju-felicitates-wushu-world-championships-medal-winners-581263 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Won Gold Medal in 9th Junior [[Asian Wushu Championships|Asian Wushu Championship]] held from 14 September to 21 September 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=यूपी के विक्रांत ने एशियन जूनियर वुशू प्रतियोगिता में जीता स्वर्ण |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/vikrant-of-up-won-gold-in-asian-junior-wushu-competition/articleshow/60786706.cms |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

India's Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports [[Kiren Rijiju]] Wushu World Championships medal winners [[2019 World Wushu Championships|World Wushu Championship 2019]] in Shanghai. Vikrant Baliyan was also included.<ref>{{Cite web |title=वुशु चैंपियनशिप में पदक जीतने वाले खिलाड़ियों पर हुई पैसों की बारिश |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/sports/more-sports/world-wushu-championship-medal-winners-honoured-by-sports-minister-kiren-rijiju-with-money-prize-115462.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=News Nation |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=खेलमंत्री ने वुशु विश्व चैम्पियनशिप पदक विजेताओं को किया सम्मानित |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/sports/other-sports/sports-minister-honored-wushu-world-championship-medalists/na20191114184625803 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=14 November 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 World Wushu Championships]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Sport}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baliyan, Vikrant}}
[[Category:Indian sanshou practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian male martial artists]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian wushu practitioners]]
[[Category:Wushu practitioners at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in wushu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

Malbazar railway station

2026-04-19T19:26:56Z

LizzieSugerman6: adding basic data w/ sources.

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Malbazar Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Malbazar Railway Station Board.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Malbazar Railway Station Board
| address = Mal Bazar Old Rail Station, Mal Municipality, Dist - Jalpaiguri
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.865794|88.737993|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|150.00|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MLBZ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Malbazar Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Malbazar Railway Station''' also known as Old Malbazar Railway Station<ref>{{Cite web|title=departures from Malbazar Railway Station (MLBZ)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/malbazar-mlbz/10495|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malbazar Railway Station (MLBZ)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/timeline/edits-malbazar-mlbz/10495|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MAL BAZAR (MLBZ) Railway Station|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/mal-bazar-mlbz-station|website=ndtv.com}}</ref> is one of the railway station that serves the Municipality of [[Malbazar]], [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], the other being [[New Mal Junction]]. The station lies on [[New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]], [[Alipurduar railway division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MLBZ / Malbazar|url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/mlbz/|website=totaltraininfo.com}}</ref>

==Trains==
{{external links|section|date=April 2023}}
Some local trains like
*{{Cite web|title=Siliguri Junction Bamanhat DEMU|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/160930}}
*{{Cite web|title=Siliguri Junction New Bongaigaon DEMU|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/48272}}
are available from this station. Other major trains are available from New Mal Junction railway station.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Jalpaiguri district]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Tadasana

2026-04-19T08:40:06Z

LizzieSugerman6: created some details initial version

{{Short description|Standing pose in modern yoga}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Tadasana - Yoga Art and Science.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Tadasana or Mountain pose]]
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Tadasana''' ({{langx |sa|ताड़ासन|translit=Tāḍāsana}}), '''Mountain pose''' or '''Samasthiti''' ({{langx|sa|समस्थिति}}; {{IAST-hi1|samasthitiḥ}}) is a [[Standing asanas|standing asana]] in modern [[yoga as exercise]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/492 |title=Yoga Journal - Mountain Pose |access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Saraswati |first= Swami Satyananda |author-link=Satyananda Saraswati |date=1969 |title= Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha |url= |location=Bihar|publisher=Yoga Publication Trust |page=142 |isbn=978-81-86336-14-4}}</ref> it is not described in medieval [[hatha yoga]] texts. It is the basis for several other standing asanas.

== Etymology and origins==

Tāḍāsana is from the Sanskrit words {{lang|sa|ताड}} {{lang|sa-Latn|tāḍa}}, "mountain" and {{lang|sa|आसन}} {{lang|sa-Latn|āsana}} meaning "posture" or "seat".{{sfn|Ranjini|2012|p=[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=Asana&script=&direction=SE&link=yes आसन entry]}}{{sfn|Sinha|1996|p=18}} Samasthitiḥ is from {{lang|sa|सम}} {{lang|sa-Latn|sama}} meaning "equal", "level", or "balanced";{{sfn|Ranjini|2012|p=[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=sama&trans=Translate&direction=AU समा entry]}}{{sfn|Steiner|2012|p=[http://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/asana-vinyasa-series/surya-namaskara-a-sun-salutation/item/samasthitih/ Samasthitih]}} and {{lang|sa|स्थिति}} {{lang|sa-Latn|sthiti}}, "standing".{{sfn|Ranjini|2012 |p=[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=sthiti&script=&direction=SE&link=yes स्थिति entry]}}

The pose was unknown in [[hatha yoga]] until the 20th century ''[[Light on Yoga]]'', but it appears in the 1896 ''Vyayama Dipika'', a manual of [[gymnastics]], as part of the "very old" sequence of ''danda'' (Sanskrit for "staff" or "stick") exercises. [[Norman Sjoman]] suggests that it was among the poses adopted into modern [[yoga as exercise]] in [[Mysore]] by [[Krishnamacharya]] to form the "primary foundation" for his [[vinyasa]]s with flowing movements between poses. The pose was then taken up by his pupils [[Pattabhi Jois]] and [[B. K. S. Iyengar]], into their worldwide [[Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga]] and Iyengar Yoga styles respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sjoman |first=Norman E. |author-link=Norman Sjoman |title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace |title-link=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1999 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=81-7017-389-2 |pages=54–55, 100–101}}</ref>

== Description ==

Tadasana is the basic [[standing asanas|standing asana]] on which many other poses are founded. The feet are together and the hands are at the sides of the body. The posture is entered by standing with the feet together, grounding evenly through the feet and lifting up through the crown of the head. The thighs are lifted, the waist is lifted, and the spine is elongated. The breathing is relaxed.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=41}} It is used in some schools of yoga in between other poses, to allow the body and consciousness to integrate the experience of the preceding asana and to prepare for the next.{{sfn|Fitz-Simon|2010|p={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006212728/http://www.yogaartandscience.com/poses/Standing%20Poses/Tadasana/tadas.html Standing Poses: Tadasana (Mountain Pose)]}} }}

== Variations ==

[[File:Mr-yoga-side bend.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Variations include the side bend Indudalasana, one of the asanas sometimes called [[Ardha chandrasana|Half Moon Pose]].]]
[[File:Mr-yoga-standing-locust-pose.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Standing in a back bend gives the Standing Locust Pose, Stiti [[Shalabhasana]].]]

Placing the feet wider is common in [[Ashtanga vinyasa yoga|vinyasa styles of yoga]] and provides a more stable base in this and other such standing asanas.{{sfn|Kaminoff|2007|p=39}}

Namaskarasana, [[Pranamasana]], or Prayer Pose has the hands in prayer position ([[Anjali mudra]]) in front of the chest.{{sfn|Ramaswami|2005|p=3}}

Pashchima Namaskarasana or Reverse Prayer Pose has the hands in prayer position behind the back.{{sfn|Ramaswami|2005|p=3}}

Urdhva [[Vriksasana|Vrikshasana]], also called Urdhva Hastasana or upward tree pose, has the hands stretched straight upwards, and the gaze is upward to the [[Drishti (Yoga)#Angusthamadhye|Angusthamadhye Drishti]] (thumbs). The pose occurs twice in Ashtanga Yoga's [[Surya Namaskar]].{{sfn|Steiner|2012|p=[http://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/asana-vinyasa-series/surya-namaskara-a-sun-salutation/item/urdhva-vrikshasana-426/ Urdhva Vrikshasana]}}

Parshvasana (Side Stretch Pose), also called Indudalasana, known from 1968, has the arms lifted and the body stretched over to one side.<ref name="Majumdar 1968">{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Sachindra Kumar |title=Yoga for physical and mental fitness|url=https://archive.org/details/yogaforphysicalm00maju |url-access=registration |year=1968 |publisher=Stravon Educational Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/yogaforphysicalm00maju/page/80 80]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rhodes |first=Darren |author-link=Darren Rhodes |title=Yoga Sequence for Change: 5 Steps to Parivrtta Paschimottanasana |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/blueprint-for-change |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |access-date=8 February 2019 |date=15 February 2013}}</ref>

Anuvittasana or Hasta Uttanasana (Standing Back Bend), has the arms raised and the back arched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kline |first1=Sarah |title=Standing Back Bend • Anuvittasana |url=https://www.yogatoday.com/poses/standing-backbend |publisher=Yoga Today |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> An extreme form of the pose is Tiryang Mukhottanasana, in which the back bend is sufficient to enable the hands to grasp the ankles.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacGregor |first=Kino |author-link=Kino MacGregor |title=The Power of Ashtanga Yoga II: A Practice to Open Your Heart and Purify Your Body and Mind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drgrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 |year=2017 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-0-8348-4124-6 |page=205}}</ref>

Some reclining asanas such as Supta Tadasana (Reclined Mountain Pose) stem from Tadasana.{{sfn|Fitz-Simon|2010|p={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080526085240/http://www.yogaartandscience.com/poses/recp/suptad/suptad.html Supta Tadasana]}} }}

=== Iyengar Yoga ===

[[Iyengar Yoga]] considers Tadasana pivotal as the foundation of most standing asanas. It teaches practitioners to balance the weight equally on the two feet.The feet are placed together, the shins and thighs are aligned, and the chest is lifted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=Geeta S. |author-link=Geeta Iyengar |title=Yoga in Action for Beginners |publisher=Yog |location=Mumbai |year=2000 |isbn=978-8187603016 |pages=13–14}}</ref> The pose is not distinguished from Samasthitih. The arms can be raised over the head or kept at the sides of the legs.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=41}} It appears in the 1st and 2nd weeks of Iyengar's āsana courses as detailed in ''[[Light on Yoga]]''.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=131 (Appendix: āsana courses)}}<ref name="Mehta 1990">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Silva |last2=Mehta |first2=Mira |author2-link=Mira Mehta |last3=Mehta |first3=Shyam |title=[[Yoga: The Iyengar Way]] |date=1990 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=New York |isbn=0-679-72287-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/yogaiyengarway0000meht/page/18 18] }}</ref>

=== Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga ===

In [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga]], Tadasana is performed on the toes, while Samasthitiḥ is flat footed. In this style of yoga the two āsanas are different.{{sfn|Ramaswami|2005|p=1-34}} Samasthitiḥ is the centerpiece of the standing sequence and the foundation for the:
* [[Hasta Vinyasas]] (arm vinyasas)
* Parsva Bhangi (side vinyasas)
* [[Uttanasana]] (forward bending vinyasas), and
* squatting/hip stretching asanas{{sfn|Ramaswami|2005|p=1-34}}
In the standing sequence, the final asana of the series (before [[Savasana]]) is Tadasana, performed on the toes.{{sfn|Ramaswami|2005|p=1-34}} In this school of yoga, Tadasana is the beginning and ending asana in the warm-up [[Surya Namaskar]] sequence. It is sometimes interspersed throughout Ashtanga Series when full vinayasas are used, and it is the foundational pose for all standing asanas.{{sfn|Maehle|2011|p=880}} The [[Drishti (Yoga)#Nasagra|Nasagra Drishti]] at the tip of the nose is considered the correct drishti for Tadasana. Sushumna drishti is encouraged to draw the awareness inward.{{sfn|Steiner|2012|p=[http://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/asana-vinyasa-series/surya-namaskara-a-sun-salutation/item/samasthitih/ Samasthitih]}} The school considers [[Uddiyana bandha]], [[Mula Bandha]] and [[Jalandhara Bandha]] appropriate for Tadasana.{{sfn|Ramaswami|2005|p=2}}

== See also ==
* [[List of asanas]]
* [[Kayotsarga]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|26em}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last1=Iyengar |first1=B. K. S. |author-link=B. K. S. Iyengar |title=Illustrated Light on Yoga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbx5AAAACAAJ |date=2005 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-81-7223-606-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinha |first=S. C. |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zzRvh1fRzEC&pg=PA18 |year=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-293-9 }}
* {{cite book | last=Kaminoff | first=Leslie |author-link=Leslie Kaminoff | title=Yoga Anatomy | year=2007 | publisher=The Breath Trust | isbn=978-0-7360-6278-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxNrxZ4navgC&q=Terminology%20Note&pg=PA39 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Ramaswami | first1=Srivatsa | author-link=Srivatsa Ramaswami | title=The Complete Book of Vinyasa Yoga | publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-56924-402-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/completebookofvi00rama }}
* {{cite book |last=Maehle |first=Gregor |year=2011 |title=Ashtanga Yoga Practice and Philosophy |publisher=[[New World Library]] |isbn=978-1-57731-986-3}}
* {{cite web |last=Steiner |first=Ronald P. |url=http://www.ashtangayoga.info/ |title=AshtangaYoga.info |year=2012}}
* {{cite web |last1=Ranjini |first1=V. V. |display-authors=etal |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/ |title=SpokenSanskrit Dictionary |year=2012}}
* {{cite web |last=Fitz-Simon |first=Witold |url=http://www.yogaartandscience.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013172834/http://yogaartandscience.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 October 2007 |title=Yoga Art and Science |year=2010}}

{{Asana}}
{{Yoga as exercise}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tadasana}}
[[Category:Standing asanas]]
[[Category:Surya Namaskar]]

Ghaziabad district

2026-04-18T07:21:27Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made Initial Place V1!

{{About|the district|the city page|Ghaziabad}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghaziabad district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1/2
| image1= Indirapuram.jpg
| image6 = New Academic Block & Library, IMT Ghaziabad.jpg
| image7 = Kaushambi.jpg
| image8 = Clock House.jpg
| image2 = Shipra Mall, Ghaziabad.jpg
| image4 = Hindon Airport.jpg
| image5 = দিল্লি মীরাট রোড.jpg
| image3 = Mahamaya mandir, Modinagar08.JPG
}}
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from Top: [[Indirapuram]] Skyline, Shipra Mall, Mahamaya Mandir, [[Modinagar]], [[Hindon Airport]], Delhi-Meerut road, [[Ghaziabad]], [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad|Institute of Management Technology]], [[Kaushambi, Ghaziabad|Kaushambi]] Skyline and Clock House
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Ghaziabad.svg
| map_caption = Location of Ghaziabad district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Meerut division|Meerut]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
#[[Ghaziabad]]
#[[Modinagar]]
#[[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]]
| area_total_km2 = 1034
| area_footnotes =
| population_total = 3343334
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 67.55%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 85%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 860 (2001)
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = 1. [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]] (shared with [[Meerut district]]) 2. [[Ghaziabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghaziabad]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 5
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH58, NH24, NH91
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
}}

'''Ghaziabad district''' ({{IPA|hns|ɣaːziːaːˈbaːd̪ ˈzɪla|pron}}) is a largely suburban [[districts of Uttar Pradesh|district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[northern India]]. It is also a core part of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]. The city of [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district is part of [[Meerut Division]]. It has become a major [[commuter town|bedroom community]] for [[Delhi]].

==History==
Before 1976, the area of Ghaziabad district was categorized as Ghaziabad Tehsil of [[Meerut district]]. On 14 November 1976, then [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[N.D. Tiwari]] declared it as a separate district with an area of 2550 km2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ghaziabad.nic.in/en/about-district/|title=About District|website=Ghaziabad District official page|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

The district was further reduced in size to 1933 km2 on 6 September 1997 when the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] carved out the [[Community development blocks in India|blocks]] of [[Dadri]] and [[Bisrakh]] to create [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gbnagar.nic.in/|title=About District|website=Gautam Buddh Nagar District official page|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

In September 2011, the [[tehsil|Hapur tehsil]] was split off (from Ghaziabad district) to form [[Hapur District]] by then Chief Minister [[Mayawati]], finally reducing the size of Ghaziabad district to 1273 km2 and the revised population is 1,422,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hapur-is-uttar-pradesh-s-74th-district/story-ARIvyVDmBfsXIWM00FywPP.html|title=Hapur is Uttar Pradesh's 74th district|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

===COVID-19 pandemic in Ghaziabad===
{{main|COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

The first positive case of [[COVID-19]] was confirmed on 5 March 2020 as a businessman resident of Raj Nagar Extension area of Ghaziabad city who returned from [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad-ncr-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghaziabad-businessman-after-traveling-from-tehran-shift-to-isolation-ward-20087993.html|title=Coronavirus confirmed in Ghaziabad businessman after travelling from Tehran|website=jagran.com|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

By June 30, Ghaziabad had highest number of active COVID-19 cases in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ghaziabad-has-highest-number-of-active-covid-19-cases-in-uttar-pradesh-total-count-touches-1-615/story-zC1CQF2CyPBl5Z7GSlIm1N.html|title=Ghaziabad has highest number of active Covid-19 cases in Uttar Pradesh; total count touches 1,615|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> As of August 21, it had a total of 7,049 confirmed COVID-19 cases, which included 5,846 patients (82.93%) discharged and 67 dead, apart from 1,136 active cases. It had 338 active containment zones in different parts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ghaziabad-district-to-be-divided-into-five-zones-for-better-covid-monitoring/story-xcepw4W16UlU5MK6rjqHVJ.html|title=Ghaziabad: District to be divided into five zones for better Covid monitoring|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
The district is bounded on the northwest by [[Baghpat District]], on the north by [[Meerut District]], on the east by [[Hapur District]], on the southeast by [[Bulandshahr District]], on the southwest by [[Gautam Buddha Nagar District]], and on the west by [[Delhi]] state across the [[Yamuna River]]. The [[Hindon River]] flows through the district.

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in residual Ghaziabad district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|75.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|22.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.56}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.49}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh|Jainism]]|pink|0.46}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.58}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
|width=290px}}

According to the 2011 Census, it is the third most populous district of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (out of [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|75]]), after [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]] and [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Ghaziabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1214/download/3870/DH_2011_0909_PART_A_DCHB_GHAZIABAD.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] of Ghaziabad district, it has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,681,645,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web |title=Country Comparison : Population|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01|website=Cia.gov | quote = Ireland: 4,670,976, July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=South Carolina: 4,625,364 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072426/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=21 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 28th highest in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 3967 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]]{{Failed verification|date=December 2018}} over the decade 2001–2011 was 41.66%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Ghaziabad has a [[sex ratio]] of 878 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 85%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

At the 2011 census, this district had a population of 4,661,452 (3rd highest in UP), with 2,481,803 males and 2,179,649 females. This is revised to 3,323,241 after Hapur district was split off. Ghaziabad district comprises 2.33% of the total population of UP. It has the highest density of population in the state with 4060 persons per square km. It is also second in population growth rate with a 40.66% rise. The average literacy rate in 2011 was 85%, which was the highest in UP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/up/Census2011UttarPradeshPaper1.pdf|title=Census of India 2011 : Provisional Population Totals|website=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2016-01-15}}</ref>

After bifurcation, residual Ghaziabad district has a population of 3,343,334. The sex ratio is 878 females per 1000 males. 2,752,800 (82.34%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes made up 480,053 (14.36%) of the population.<ref name="districtcensus"/>

===Language===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of residual Ghaziabad district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 94.21 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 3.90 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.89 |color3 = gray
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 94.21% of the population spoke [[Hindi]] and 3.90% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ghaziabad district}}
*[http://ghaziabad.nic.in/ Ghaziabad district website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111012041600/http://www.ghaziabadnet.com/ Ghaziabad community website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ghaziabad district
|North = [[Meerut district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Hapur district]]
|Southeast = [[Bulandshahr district]]
|South = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[North West Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]] [[North Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]] [[North East Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]] [[East Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]]
|Northwest = [[Baghpat district]]
}}

{{Ghaziabad district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|28.6667|N|77.4333|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=title}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Meerut division]]
[[Category:Ghaziabad district| ]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]

Mahesana Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:39Z

LizzieSugerman6: adding a pg w/ refs.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahesana
| mla = Patel Mukeshkumar D.
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Mahesana district|Mahesana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:280757}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 24
}}

'''Mahesana''', also spelled Mehsana, is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Mahesana district|Mahesana]] district, numbered as 15-Mahesana and is one of the seven Vidhan Sabha seats which fall under [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency]]. Its current MLA is [[Nitinbhai Patel]].

==Segments==
The assembly seat represents the following segments. This assembly seat represents the following segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

Mahesana Taluka (Part) Villages – Taleti, Tavadiya, Chitrodipura, Dela, Ucharpi, Dediyasan, Nagalpur, Lakhavad, Devrasan, Rampura (Kukas), Kukas, Heduva Hanumat, Palavasana, Hebuva, Kadvasan, Kherva, Punasan, Sanganpur, Mulsan, Padhariya, Dhandhusan, Gojhariya, Meu, Balvantpura, Akhaj, Bhakadiya, Geratpur, Kochva, Ditasan, Dholasan, Jetalpur, Chaluva, Langhnaj, Charadu, Saldi, Jamnapur, Jornang, Mandali, Navi Sedhavi, Juni Sedhavi, Hadvi, Vadasma, Mahesana (M), Ambaliyasan (CT).

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!Image !!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-08-02|title=મહેસાણા વિધાનસભા બેઠક પર વર્ષ 1990થી ભાજપનો દબદબો|url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/bjp-has-been-dominating-the-mehsana-assembly-seat-since-1990/204725.html|access-date=2021-10-18|website=NavGujarat Samay|language=gu}}</ref>
| Shantiben Bholabhai Patel ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=":0" />
| Kantilal J. Yagnik ||
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=":0" />
| Dayashankar V. Trivedi ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html|title = Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="2" |Bhavsinhji Zala ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=":0" />
|
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mehsana-gujarat-assembly-constituency|title=Mehsana Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency}}</ref>
|-
| 1981 (By Poll)<ref name=":0" />
| Rupkunwarba Bhavsinhji Zala ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=":0" />
| Manilal Patel ||
|-
| [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="3" |Khodabhai Patel || rowspan="3"|
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Anilkumar Patel]] || rowspan="2"|
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Nitinbhai Patel]] || rowspan="2"| [[File:Nitin_Patel_2018.JPG|75px]]
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/><ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Mukesh Patel]] ||
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahesana<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mukesh Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=98816|percentage=56.07|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P.K. Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=53022|percentage=30.09|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Patel Dishantbhai Dhanjibhai(Bhagat)<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=15211|percentage=8.63|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raval Anandkumar Manilal|party=Independent|votes=2722|percentage=1.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2449|percentage=1.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=25.98|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}-->
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:280634}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Mahesana<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nitinbhai Ratilal Patel]]
|votes = 90,235
|percentage = 49.06
|change = -6.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jivabhai Ambalal Patel]]
|votes = 83,098
|percentage = 45.18
|change = +4.84
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Amitkumar Vajesang Thakor
|votes = 1,945
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Amratji Baldevji Thakor
|votes = 941
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Sureshbhai Chhaganlal Raval
|votes = 787
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 686
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,137
|percentage = 3.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,83,914
|percentage = 70.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Mahesana]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nitinbhai Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 90,134
|percentage = 55.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Natvarlal Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,929
|percentage = 40.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,205
|percentage = 14.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,420
|percentage = 75.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2007]]: [[Mahesana]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anilkumar Patel]]
|votes = 66,886
|percentage = 53.22
|change = +2.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nareshkumar Raval
|votes = 50,577
|percentage = 40.24
|change = +3.9
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Vikramsinh Chauhan
|votes = 2,935
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 12.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 125673
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2002]]: [[Mahesana]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anilkumar Patel]]
|votes = 61,491
|percentage = 51.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jivabhai Ambalal Patel]]
|votes = 43,719
|percentage = 36.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Manubhai Khodidas Patel (Choksi)
|votes = 10,932
|percentage = 9.09
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 14.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,20,301
|percentage = 63.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mahesana district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Mehasana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|23.6|72.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Mehsana]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Yesubai Bhonsale

2026-04-07T18:26:08Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made Data

{{Short description| Queen of Swarajya from 1680 to 1689)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharani Yesubai Bhosale
| title = [[Maharani]] of [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Queen consort|Chief Queen Consort]] of the [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| reign = 20 July 1680 – 11 March 1689
| predecessor = [[Sai Bhosale|Saibai]] [[Soyarabai]]
| successor = [[Jankibai]] [[Tarabai]]
| birth_date = 1658
| birth_place = [[Shringarpur]], [[Konkan]]
| birth_name = Jivubai Shirke
| death_date = 1730
| death_place = [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]]
| consort = yes
| spouse = [[Sambhaji]]
| issue = Bhavani Bai [[Shahu I]]
| full name = Yesubai Sambhaji Bhonsale
| house = [[Shirke]] (by birth) [[House of Bhonsle|Bhonsle]] (by marriage)
| father = Pilajirao Shirke
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Maharani Yesubai Bhonsale''' was the wife of Chhatrapati [[Sambhaji]] Maharaj, and referred to as Maharani of the [[Maratha Kingdom]]. She was second officially crowned Queen of Swarajya. She was also mother of Chhatrapati [[Shahu I]]. Later on she became [[Rajmata]] in Chhatrapati Shahu I's reign. Chhatrapati Sambhaji had shared his power with Yesubai. When Chhatrapati Sambhaji was away from the maratha capital due to battles, all the political decisions were made by her.<ref>{{harv|Vaidya|2000|p=8-9, 101-127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gate|first=Smita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjI-AAAAMAAJ&q=maharani+yesubai|title=Development of Women: The Maharashtra Experience in Women's Policy Implementation|date=1998|publisher=Yeshwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Joshi|first=Pandit Shankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ngBAAAAMAAJ&q=maharani+yesubai|title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657-1689 A.D.|date=1980|publisher=S. Chand|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&dq=yesubai&pg=PA561|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-1015-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=G.S.Chhabra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&dq=Zeb-un-Nissa+and+shahu&pg=PA15|title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803)|date=2005|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=978-81-89093-06-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Soma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&q=maharani+yesubai+zeb|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|date=2001|publisher=Gyan Books|isbn=978-81-212-0760-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Parameswaran|first=Uma|title=Malgonkar, Manohar|date=2010-12-24|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444337822.wbetcfv3m004|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Fiction|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|doi=10.1002/9781444337822.wbetcfv3m004|isbn=9781444337822|access-date=2021-12-09|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Life ==
Yesubai was born AD 1660–61. She was the daughter of Pilaji [[Shirke|Shirkey]], who the prominent chief of Shringarpur. After [[Shivaji]] defeated the Shirkey Sardars and captured Shringarpur, Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]] married Yesubai.<ref>{{harv|Vaidya|2000|p=101}}</ref>

After [[Jijabai]], Yesubai was made Kulmuktyar (one who can interfere in the case of justice) of Swarajya as per custom {{fact|date=March 2025}}. After the [[execution of Sambhaji]] by the Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], she announced [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] as the next chhatrapati of swarajya.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
For nearly two decades {{fact|date=March 2025}}, Yesubai and Shahu were held captive in Mughal custody. During this time, she displayed immense patience and resilience, ensuring her son's survival and preparing him for his future role {{fact|date=March 2025}}. Eventually, in 1707, after Aurangzeb's death, a succession struggle within the [[Mughal Empire]] led to Shahu being released by [[Bahadur Shah I]].{{fact|date=March 2025}} This event marked the beginning of Shahu's rise to power and the expansion of the Maratha Kingdom.
<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |author1-link=Jadunath Sarkar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1426 |title=Maasir I Alamgiri (1658-1707) |date=1947 |pages=199, 200 |quote= "Before the capture of Sambha ‘Itiqad Khan had been sent to conquer fort Rairi, the home and treasurehouse of this villain; on Saturday, the 19th October /15th Muharram he captured the fort and made the mothers, wives, daughters, and sons of Sambha and of Rama [Rajaram] prisoners.".... "The Emperor graciously ordered that tents fit for holding Sambha’s mother (Shivaji’s wife) and other relatives of the deceased should be set up in the gulalbdr and they should be made to alight there with all respect and privacy. Close to the misl of ‘Umdat-ul-mulk, the misl of the Rani’s bazar was located for her servants and dependants to live in. Annual pensions were fixed on all of them according to their position. Shahu, the nine year old elder son of Sambha, was given the mansab of 7-hazari (same tr.), the title of Raja, and a robe, a jewelled dagger, arsi, horse, elephant, kettledrums, and standard."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |title=Dictionary of battles and sieges: a guide to 8500 battles from Antiquity through the twenty-first century |last2=Showalter |first2=Dennis Edwin |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood press |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |location=Westport (Conn.) |page=837 |quote=Emperor Aurangzeb executed Maratha King Sambhaji then dispatched Geenral Zulfiqar Khan against the new teenage King Rajaram at Raigarh (Rayyagad), southwest of Poona. Rajaram escaped and fled to Gingee (5 April). When Raigarh fortress eventually fell by treachery, Sambhaji's widow Yesu Bao and son Shahu were captured and held for 17 years (25 March-19 October 1689).}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Many actresses have portrayed Yesubai's life in various films and television shows produced in India. These include:

* Zillu in ''[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1925 film)|Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]'' (1925)
* Prajakta Gaikwad in [[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji|Swarajya Rakshak Sambhaji]] (2017–2020)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |date=1999 |publisher=London : British Film Institute |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-85170-669-6}}</ref>
* Mohini Potdar in ''[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji (2024 film)|Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]'' (2024)
* Ayesha Madhukar in ''[[Shivrayancha Chhava]]'' (2024)
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] in ''[[Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj: Chapter 1]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2024-10-04 |title='धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज' मध्ये अमृता खानविलकर साकारणार महाराणी येसूबाई; लूक होतोय व्हायरल |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/amruta-khanvilkar-playing-yesubai-in-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-psn14 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]] in ''[[Chhaava]]'' (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-28 |title=Rashmika Mandanna praises Chhaava co-star Vicky Kaushal, says he was 'warm and kind, except for the last day'; the Sam Bahadur actor reacts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-praises-chhaava-co-star-vicky-kaushal-says-he-was-warm-and-kind-expect-for-the-last-day-the-sam-bahadur-actor-reacts-9131712/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
== References ==
*{{Cite book|last=Vaidya|first=Sushila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVNuAAAAMAAJ&q=yesubai|title=Role of Women in Maratha Politics, 1620-1752 A.D.|date=2000|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|isbn=8185616671|language=en}}

[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1730 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Queens consort of the Maratha Empire]]

A. M. Babu

2026-04-01T02:15:55Z

LizzieSugerman6: creating a article - done

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. M. Babu
| honorific_prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 5 October 2016
| term_end = 26 October 2019
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor =
| nominator = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[St. Berchmans College]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanjirappally]], [[Kottayam]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/x_ambj.html|High Court of Kerala}}
}}
'''Aettupanku Mohammedkhan Babu''' (born 26 October 1957) is a retired judge of the [[Kerala High Court]]. The High Court of Kerala is the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. It is headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]]<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/x_ambj.html|title=Official Website of Kerala High Court|date=|via=High Court of Kerala|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref name="DOJ">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%205%20permanent%20Judges%20of%20the%20Kerala%20HC%20%2812.03.2018%29.pdf|title=Appointment order|date=2018-03-12|via=Department of justice - Government of India|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref name="SCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2018/03/20/appointment-of-5-permanent-judges-kerala-high-court/|title=Appointment of 5 Permanent Judges, Kerala High Court|date=2018-03-20|via=SCC Online|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref name="TRIBUNE">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/sc-collegium-recommends-new-judges-for-high-courts-548558|title=SC collegium recommends new judges for high courts|date=2018-02-23|via=Tribune India|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-new-judges-for-allahabad-rajasthan-kerala-gujarat-and-bombay-high-1816579|title=Supreme Court Collegium Recommends New Judges For High Courts|date=2018-02-24|via=NDTV|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref name="BARB">{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/nine-additional-judges-allahabad-kerala|title=Nine additional judges from Allahabad, Kerala HCs to be made permanent|date=2018-03-13|via=Bar & Bench|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref name="BS">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sc-collegium-recommends-new-judges-for-hcs-118022301225_1.html|title=SC Collegium recommends new judges for HCs|date=2018-02-23|via=Business Standard|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Babu was born at [[Kanjirappally]], [[Kottayam]], Kerala in 1957. Completed his schooling from St.Thomas High School, Keezhillam. Graduated from [[St. Berchmans College]], [[Changanassery]] and obtained a law degree from Udupi Law College, Udupi.<ref name="hc"/>

==Career==
Babu enrolled as an Advocate in 1981. He joined Kerala Judicial Service as [[District Munsiff Court|Munsiff]] in 1989, promoted as Sub-Judge in 1992 and as District Judge in 2002. Babu appointed as served as Additional Director, Kerala Judicial Academy, Kochi in 2010 and as Director on 12.04.2012. On 5 October 2016 he was appointed as additional judge of [[Kerala High Court]], became permanent from 16 March 2018 and demitted his office upon attaining age of superannuation on 26 October 2019.<ref name="hc"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, A. M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam]]

7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)

2026-03-29T17:06:52Z

LizzieSugerman6: creating stub

{{Short description|Historical naval fleet}}
[[File:Almeida armada of 1505 (Livro das Armadas).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Depiction of the 7th India Armada (Almeida, 1505), from the ''Memória das Armadas'', c. 1568]]
The '''Seventh [[Portuguese India Armadas|India Armada]]''' was assembled in 1505 on the order of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and placed under the command of D. [[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroy of the Indies]]. The 7th Armada set out to secure the dominance of the [[Portuguese Navy|Portuguese navy]] over the [[Indian Ocean]] by establishing a series of coastal fortresses at critical points – [[Sofala]], [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]], [[Anjediva]], [[Kannur|Cannanore]] – and reducing cities perceived to be local threats ([[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]], [[Mombasa]], [[Honnavar|Onor]]).

==Background==
{{main|Portuguese India Armadas}}
By 1504, the Portuguese crown had already sent six [[Portuguese India Armadas|armadas to India]]. The expeditions had opened hostilities with [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (''Calecute'', Kozhikode), the principal [[entrepôt]] of the [[Kerala]] [[Black pepper|pepper]] trade and dominant city-state on the [[Malabar coast]] of India. To counter the power of the ruling [[Zamorin]] of Calicut, the Portuguese forged alliances and established [[Factory (trading post)|factories]] in three smaller rival coastal states, [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi), [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (''Canonor'', Kannur) and [[Quilon]] (''Coulão'', Kollam).

When the [[Portuguese India Armadas]] were in India (August to January), the Portuguese position in India was safe – the Calicut fleet was no match against the superior Portuguese naval and cannon technology of the armada. But in the spring and summer months, when the armada was absent, the Portuguese factories were very vulnerable. The armies of the Zamorin of Calicut had nearly [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|overrun Cochin]] twice in the intervening years. The [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|Fifth Armada]] (1503) under [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] had erected a small timber fortress, (Fort Sant'Iago, soon to be renamed [[Fort Kochi|Fort Manuel]]), to protect the factory in Cochin. The [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|Sixth Armada]] (1504), under [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] had dropped off a larger Portuguese garrison and a small coastal patrol to harass Calicut and protect the allied cities. But this was not nearly enough against a Zamorin that could call on an army of tens of thousands. While the Zamorin's vast army had been humiliated at the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]], it was a close-run thing, and he might have better luck next time.

The Zamorin was quick to realize the urgency of rectifying the imbalance in naval and cannon power. To this end, he called on his old partners in the [[spice trade]]. The [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] had already dispatched a couple of military engineers to help the Zamorin forge European cannon. The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] had dispatched some shipments of firearms. But the critical missing factor was a fleet that could match the Portuguese at sea. This was something only the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mameluke sultanate of Egypt]] could provide. The Mameluke sultan had several [[Red Sea]] ports available (notably, [[Jeddah]], recently expanded) where a fleet could be built. But, despite the entreaties of the [[Zamorin]], the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian Republic]], the Sultan of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and the overseas Arab merchant community, the Mameluke sultan had been slow to react to the Portuguese threat in the Indian Ocean. It was really only in 1503 or 1504, when his own treasury officers reported that the disruptive Portuguese activities were beginning to make a dent in the Mameluke treasury (dwindling revenues from customs dues on the spice trade and pilgrim traffic), that the Mameluke sultan was finally roused to action. Secret preparations began for the construction of a coalition fleet in the [[Red Sea]] ports, to drive the Portuguese out of the Indian Ocean.

In September/October 1504 (or perhaps 1503?), the Mameluke sultan [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri]] of Egypt dispatched an embassy to [[Rome]], angrily demanding that the pope reign in the Portuguese, threatening to mete out the same treatment on Christian [[pilgrims]] to the [[Holy Land]] as the Portuguese had been handing Muslim pilgrims to [[Mecca]]. The sultan's complaint was forwarded to Lisbon by a worried [[Pope Julius II]]. But it only served to alert King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] that the sleeping Mameluke giant had been awakened, that something large was afoot, and that the Portuguese had better secure their position in the Indian Ocean before it was too late.<ref>The letter of the Mameluke sultan to the Pope is transcribed in [[Damião de Góis]]'s ''Chronica'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA124 pp. 124–125]. King Manuel I's reply to the pope, dated June 1505, is also transcribed. See also Barrros (Dec. I, Lib. 8, c. 2)</ref>

The Portuguese position was indeed precarious – not only in India, but also in East Africa. The Portuguese had an old reliable ally in [[Malindi]] (''Melinde''), but the stages up to Malindi were weak. The powerful city-state of [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa]] (''Quíloa''), which dominated the East African coast, was inherently hostile to the Portuguese interlopers, but had thus far restrained her hand for fear of reprisals. (Kilwa had been [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|forced to pay tribute]] by [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1502). But should a serious Muslim fleet challenge the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, Kilwa would likely take the opportunity for action. As putative overlord of the [[Swahili Coast]], Kilwa could probably close down all the Portuguese staging points in East Africa, including the all-important [[Island of Mozambique|Mozambique Island]] (the critical stop after the Cape crossing) and the attractive port of [[Sofala]] (the entrepot of the [[Monomatapa]] gold trade, which the Portuguese were trying to tap into). [[Mombasa]] (''Mombaça'') would only be too happy to overrun its neighbor and rival Malindi, depriving the Portuguese of their only ally in the region.

So the Almeida expedition of 1505, the 7th Armada to the Indies, had the double objective of securing the Portuguese position in India against Calicut and in East Africa against Kilwa, before the Egyptian-led coalition cobbled their naval strike force together.

== Appointment of Almeida ==
The 7th Armada was to be an expedition like no other before: it was going to establish a Portuguese government in the Indian Ocean, a [[Viceroy]] of the [[Portuguese India|Indies]]

This had been a long-gestating and controversial idea in the Portuguese court. When King [[John II of Portugal]] devised the plan of opening a sea-route to India, he thought primarily in terms of personal enrichment. An ambitious and centralizing monarch, John II saw wealth as a means to break the crown's dependence on the feudal nobility, and concentrate power in the king's hands. The spice trade was merely a means to build up the royal treasury. John II's successor, King [[Manuel I of Portugal]], was a more traditional monarch, happy in the company of high nobles, with a more Medieval outlook, including an eagerness to spread religion and pursue 'holy war'.<ref>Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 55)</ref>

For the first few years of Manuel's reign, the India armadas had been largely handled by the 'pragmatic' party inherited from John II. They saw the India run largely as he had – a commercial venture – and tailored the missions accordingly. But the success of the early Portuguese armadas had now attracted other parties. The 'Medievalists' in the Portuguese court, notably [[Duarte Galvão]], now wanted to give the India expeditions the glitter of a [[crusade]], presenting it as the opening of a 'new [[Front (military)|front]]' in a [[Religious war|holy war]] on [[Islam]], a resumption of the old ''[[reconquista]]''. Galvão openly romanticized about King Manuel personally conquering [[Jerusalem]] and even [[Mecca]].<ref>Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 55)</ref>

The old pragmatists naturally balked at the prospect of turning their lucrative cash-making enterprise into a [[quixotism|quixotic]] venture for holy glory. Court pragmatists like D. Diogo Lobo, Baron of Alvito, the powerful ''vedor da fazenda'', fought hard to keep the India armadas from being diverted into messianic pursuits by Duarte Galvão's clique.

The decision to establish a Portuguese '[[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Vice-roy' of the Indies]], to oversee all Portuguese establishments in the Indian Ocean, had been conceived as early as 1503. It represented something a victory for the Medievalists. In effect, it announced that the Portuguese would no longer be content to merely trade for spices, that they were going to establish a [[Portuguese India|Christian state in the east]], to spread religion, make alliances and launch a Holy War on the eastern flank of Islam. In Manuel & Galvão's vision, it would be a two-pronged Christian offensive that would converge on the [[Holy Land]] itself. The attack on the western flank was taken up by Manuel that very same year, with the resumption of expeditions against Morocco ([[Agadir]], [[Mogador]], etc.).

The establishment of a Portuguese state in India had a more practical reason: to help Portugal make formal treaties with Indian states. [[Portuguese India Armadas]], organized by the [[Casa da India]] (the royal commercial trading house), had been visiting India yearly since Vasco da Gama's first arrival in 1498. But their powers were unclear. They had been operating largely as visiting merchant convoys, buying spices and returning home. Although the captain-majors of Portuguese India armadas claimed to be ambassadors for a distant King of Portugal, and delivered royal letters of communication, Indian potentates doubted whether these captains actually represented anyone at all. Many suspected they were simply self-aggrandizing private merchants and pirates, trying to extract favorable trade terms for themselves by falsely claiming some exalted authority, to be speaking on behalf of some foreign potentate. The treaties struck with the annual captains, different every year, and terms often changing, did not feel like proper treaties but just temporary agreements while they filled their hulls. The Zamorin of Calicut had at one point demanded to send ambassadors to the royal court of King Manuel I of Portugal, since he didn't believe the armada captains really had any authority to negotiate treaties in his name. So the establishment of a permanent Portuguese state authority in the Indian Ocean in 1505, a "Estado da India", with explicit political authority, and a permanent local governor, superior to the armada captains in India, able to control their behavior and enforce terms, was essential to win the trust of Indian rulers, and enable Portugal to negotiate and conclude binding inter-state treaties of trade and alliance.

[[File:Retrato de D. Francisco de Almeida (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido.png|thumb|220px|right|D. [[Francisco de Almeida]]]]
The first designated vice-roy, the commander of the 7th armada, was decided around 1504 to be [[Tristão da Cunha]]. A powerful high noble, courtier and royal counselor of Manuel I, Cunha had sufficient pragmatic instincts to be acceptable to the older party (Cunha had participated in outfitting ships in previous armadas). However, in early 1505, Tristão da Cunha was struck by an affliction to his eyesight rendering him temporarily blind. As a result, the choice for his replacement fell upon ''Dom'' [[Francisco de Almeida]].

D. Francisco de Almeida was a younger son of the D. Lopo de Almeida, [[Count of Abrantes]]. The [[Count of Abrantes|Almeida family]] was one of the most powerful, resolute and vocal opponents of [[Manuel I of Portugal]] in these years, and the primary supporters of Manuel's main rival, D. [[Jorge de Lencastre, 2nd Duke of Coimbra|Jorge de Lencastre]]. But Francisco had always been a bit of a black sheep in the Almeida family. In his youth, he entered into at least two conspiracies against King [[John II of Portugal]] (to whom the Almeidas were devoted), and was even exiled for a spell.

Francisco de Almeida's ambivalent loyalties might have been regarded by Manuel as a political opportunity. If he cultivated the cadet, Manuel might yet lure the rest of the Almeida family over to his side, or at least weaken their opposition. Francisco de Almeida, bubbling with ambition, seemed prepared to do anything to receive the appointment. In January 1505, he scandalously abandoned Lencastre's [[Order of Saint James of the Sword|Order of Santiago]] to join Manuel's [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]]. He received his appointment letter from Manuel I shortly after, on February 27, 1505.

Manuel I designated D. Francisco de Almeida as captain-major of the 7th Armada, with the obligation to remain in India for three years. He would only be allowed to assume the title of 'Vice-Roy' upon the construction of four crown fortresses in India at [[Anjediva]], [[Kannur|Cannanore]], [[Cochin]] and [[Quilon]].<ref>Logan (1887: p. 312)</ref>

In the prelude, Almeida outlined his plan to King Manuel I in modest terms, steering clear away from Medievalist fantasies. Almeida's plan was to only open a few critical coastal and island fortresses at strategic locations, just enough to allow the Portuguese navy to range over the length and breadth of the [[Indian Ocean]], rather than attempt ruinous large territorial conquests. The king approved the plan and chose the locations of the fortresses himself.<ref>Cunha (1875: p. 301)</ref>

It is common to wonder why [[Vasco da Gama]] was overlooked for the position. Gama was available and, by royal letter, he was entitled to a say in Indies matters, so why wasn't he chosen for viceroy? In effect, he was just beaten to the prize. Like Almeida, Gama was connected to the opposition party, Santiago, etc., but had been too slow to switch over to the king's party and did not promise the king what he wanted to hear. Moreover, Almeida was of higher blood and patronizing the mighty Almeidas promised bigger political returns for the king than the lowly Gamas (even though the two families became connected after the marriage - in 1499 - of Vasco da Gama to Catarina de Ataíde, a first cousin of Francisco de Almeida). More pertinently, Gama's judgment was also questioned in whispers through the court. The [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] that Vasco da Gama had commanded to India in 1502 had not been a success. He had failed to bring the Zamorin to terms and, more egregiously, the coastal patrol he left behind, under his uncle [[Vicente Sodré]], had nearly cost the Portuguese their position in India. While the fault should be properly assigned to the Sodré brothers for dereliction of duty, there was a sense in the royal court that the patrol's failure was at least partly Gama's fault. He had insisted on the appointment of the Sodrés, he was their familiar and their superior, and could not have been wholly ignorant of their plans. Finally, Gama was a bit distracted – he was still trying to secure his hold on the granted town of [[Sines, Portugal|Sines]], and pestering the king to no end about it, with the result that Gama was not, at that moment, particularly welcome in Manuel's court.

== The Fleet ==

The Seventh Armada was the largest [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese armada]] yet sent to India — 21 ships (or 22, if ''Bom Jesus'' is counted separately), carrying 1500 armed men with 1000 in crew and others. (The following list should not be regarded as authoritative; it is a tentative list compiled from various conflicting accounts.)

{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Ship Name''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Captain'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Notes'''
|- valign = top
| '''Large ship''' ([[Nau (ship)|''Nau'']])
|- valign = top
| 1.''Bom Jesus'' || D. [[Francisco de Almeida]] || Uncertain if ship existed; could be nickname of ''S. Jerónimo''
|- valign = top
| 1a. ''São Jerónimo'' || Rui Freire de Andrade || 400t, could be flagship instead of 1. Andrade designated to return.
|-valign = top
| 2. ''São Rafael''|| Fernão Soares || carrying German Hans Mayr; designated to return
|- valign = top
| 3. ''Lionarda''|| Diogo Correia || 400t, carrying German Baltazar Sprenger, designated to return
|- valign = top
| 4. ''Judia''|| Antão Gonçalves || ''[[alcaide]]'' of [[Sesimbra]]; namesake (prob. son) of [[Antão Gonçalves|Henry-era explorer]] designated to return
|- valign = top
| 5. ''Botafogo''|| [[João Serrão]] || 400t. Serrão might only be pilot, captain unknown. Serrão designated to remain in India. poss. carrying D. Álvaro de Noronha, new captain for [[Cochin]]. It is known that Serrão's brother [[Francisco Serrão]] and their cousin, the young [[Ferdinand Magellan]] went to India with this fleet, although uncertain on which ship.<ref>Cameron (1973: p.19)</ref>
|- valign = top
| 6. ''Madalena''|| Lopo de Deus/Goes Henriques || Lopo Went as both captain and pilot. Prob. carrying D. Lourenço de Brito, future captain of [[Kannur|Cannanore]]
|- valign = top
| 7. ''[[Frol de la mar|Flor de la Mar]]''|| [[João da Nova]] || 400t. Veteran admiral of [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|3rd Armada (1501)]], designated to take over India patrol
|- valign = top
| 8. ''São Gabriel''|| Vasco Gomes de Abreu || Abreu was designated for [[Red Sea]] patrol
|- valign = top
| 9. ''Concepão''|| Sebastião de Sousa || carrying D. Manuel Paçanha, future captain of [[Anjediva]], flagship of 2nd squad
|- valign = top
| 10. ''Bella''|| Pêro Ferreira Fogaça || foundered near equator, future captain of [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]].
|- valign = top
| 11. ''Sant' Iago''|| [[Pêro de Anaia]] || 400t, future captain for [[Sofala]], foundered in [[Tagus]], did not depart; led separate Sofala squad later
|- valign = top
| '''Small Ships''' (''navetas'')
|- valign = top
| 12. ''São Miguel''|| Francisco de Sá/Fernão Deça || Killed at Mombasa. Passed to Rodrigo Rabello.
|- valign = top
| 13. ''Esphera'' || Felipe Rodrigues ||
|- valign = top
| 14. unknown|| Alonso/Fernão Bermudez || [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]]
|- valign = top
| 15. unknown || Lopo Sanchez || [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]]; ship lost near [[Quelimane]].
|- valign = top
| '''Caravels'''
|- valign = top
| 16. unknown || Gonçalo de Paiva || scout of 1st Squad
|- valign = top
| 17. unknown || [[Antão Vaz]] || Sometimes confused with António do Campo (who did not sail this year).
|- valign = top
| 18. unknown || Gonçalo Vaz de Goes || left as patrol ship in [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]]
|- valign = top
| 19. ''São Jorge'' || João Homem || Separated at [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]], rejoined at [[Malindi]], Provoked [[Quilon]] massacre, ship passed to Nuno Vaz Pereira
|- valign = top
| 20. unknown || Lopo Chanoca || Separated at [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]], rejoined at [[Malindi]]
|- valign = top
| 21. unknown || Lucas da Fonseca/d'Affonseca || Separated at [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]], did not cross until 1506 with Sofala naus.
|}

There is conflict between various chroniclers over the exact composition, or the names of ships and captains. [[João de Barros]] reports 22 ships and 20 captains;<ref>Barros Dec. I, Bk. VIII, c.3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA195 p.195] Barros does not give ship names in the list (although he will refer to a few by name after). He says there were 22 ships and names 20 captains – Barros forgets Felipe Rodrigues and omits the name of Pêro de Anaia from the main list (but goes on to note that 'Pero da Nhaya' led a squadron of 6 ships to Sofala). He refers to Ruy Freire de Andrade merely as 'Ruy Freire', to Fernão Bermudez as 'Bermum Dias, fidalgo castelhano', to Francisco de Sá as 'Fernando Deça de Campo Maior' and to Lucas da Fonseca as 'd'Affonseca'. Among the other name variations, Barros uses 'Lopo de Deos' and refers to Gonçalo Vaz de Goes as 'de Boes'.</ref> [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]] says 15 [[carrack]]s and 6 [[caravel]]s, 20 captains; [[Gaspar Correia]] 8 large carracks (''naus''), 6 small ships (''navetas''), 6 caravels, and 21 captains; ''Relacão das Naos'' 14 carracks, 6 caravels, 22 captains.<ref>See also Ferguson (1907: p.290-91)</ref>

[[File:Almeida armada of 1505 (Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Depiction of the 7th India Armada (Almeida, 1505), from the ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu'', c. 1565]]
The 11 large carracks (''naus'') were ships of 300-400t (or more), most designated to return. The small carracks (''navetas'') (150-250t) and caravels (under 100t) were designated to stay in the Indies in various patrol duties.

There is some confusion over the flagship of the fleet. Most sources suggest it was the ''São Jerónimo'', but some claim it was the ''São Rafael''. The confusion may be caused by the fact that Fernão Soares (''São Rafael'') was indeed designated to be the captain-major (''capitão-mor'') of the ''return'' fleet of early 1506. But, in the outward journey, it seems vice-roy Almeida was aboard the ''São Jerónimo''. A few sources identify the flagship as ''Bom Jesus'', but since a ship of this name is not given in most lists, that may just be a nickname for the ''S. Jeronimo''.

Some ship names are repeated from earlier fleets: the ''São Jeronimo'', known to be a carrack of large class (400t or more), may have been the same as the flagship of [[Vasco da Gama]] in the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada (1502)]]. The ''[[Frol de la mar|Flor de la Mar]]'', the renowned 400t beauty, and the ''Lionarda'', were veterans of that same expedition.

There was significant private participation in the Seventh Armada. At least two of the ships, ''São Rafael'' and ''Lionarda'', and very likely a third (the very flagship, ''São Jerónimo'') were privately owned and outfitted by foreign merchants. German financiers, representatives of the powerful silver merchant families of [[Augsburg]] and [[Nuremberg]], had begun arriving in Lisbon in 1500s, keen to enter into the Portuguese spice trade. They had been largely kept out of prior fleets, but with the crown now keen on assembling the largest armada possible for Almeida, the Germans finally secured contracts in late 1504.<ref>Lach (1965: p.108-09)</ref> A consortium of [[Welser]] and Vöhlin, represented by Lucas Rem (who had arrived in Lisbon in late 1503), sunk 20,000 cruzados in this expedition, another German consortium composed of [[Fugger]]s, [[Hochstetter]]s, [[Imhoff family|Imhof]]s, Gossembrods and Hirschvogels, entered with 16,000. An Italian consortium, primarily [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]], headed by the expatriate Florentine financier [[Bartolomeo Marchionni]], invested 29,400.<ref>Godinho (1963, vol. 3, p.58); Lach (1965: p.108-09)</ref> At least one ship, probably the ''Judia'' (alternatively, possibly the ''Botafago''), was outfitted by native consortium headed by the Lisbon merchant [[Fernão de Loronha]] (by natural transcription error, the ''Judia'' is sometimes recorded as ''India'').

The terms of private participation would become an item of contention. The private participants secured the crown's permission to send their own private [[Factor (agent)|factors]] to buy spices in India (rather than rely on the royal factor). But then, on January 1, 1505, after the contracts were signed and most of the money sunk, King Manuel I issued a decree requiring that henceforth all private participants, upon return, would sell their spice cargoes at fixed prices through the king's agents, rather than allow the merchants to sell it on the open market at their own discretion (that is, after paying the [[royal fifth|king's share]], the Belem ''vintena'' and other applicable customs duties, some 30% of the cargo's value).<ref>Lach (1965: p.109-10)</ref> The private outfitters of the Seventh Armada would launch a legal suit, claiming the decree should not apply retroactively to them.

The foundering of [[Pêro de Anaia]]'s ''Sant'Iago'' (sometimes referred to as the ''Nunciá'') in the [[Tagus]] harbour upon departure, prompted the immediate assembly of another six-ship fleet that set out a month later. Although it never caught up with Almeida's fleet, it is sometimes considered part of it. Pêro de Anaia was responsible for erecting a fortress in Sofala, and then, retaining two ships for a local patrol, to send the remaining four on to India to place themselves under D. Francisco de Almeida.

{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Ship Name''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Captain'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Notes'''
|- valign = top
| '''Naus''' || ||
|- valign = top
| 22. uncertain || [[Pêro de Anaia]] || flagship, captain of [[Sofala]]; Ship later taken by Paio Rodrigues de Sousa to India in 1506.
|- valign = top
| 23. ''Espírito Santo'' || Pedro Barreto de Magalhães|| 400t, found remnant of Sanchez crew at Quelimane. Designated to go to India, but ran aground on Kilwa banks.
|- valign = top
| 24. ''Santo António''||[[João Leite (sailor)|João Leite]] || Ship taken by Pedro Barreto de Magalhães to India in 1506.
|- valign = top
| '''Caravels'''
|- valign = top
| 25. ''São João'' || Francisco de Anaia || Designated to patrol in Sofala. Later lost near Mozambique.
|- valign = top
| 26. unknown || Manuel Fernandes (de Meireles) || Factor for Sofala. Ship taken to India by Jorge Mendes Çacoto in 1506
|- valign = top
| 27. ''São Paulo'' || João de Queirós || Designated to patrol in [[Sofala]]. Later lost near Mozambique.
|-
|}

Finally, a third small two-ship expedition was sent out from Lisbon in September (or November) 1505, under the command of Cide Barbudo. This was on a search-and-rescue mission to seek out the fates of three ships of earlier armadas thought to have been lost in South Africa. It was then to check up on the existing fortresses of the Indian Ocean and deliver letters from King Manuel I to the viceroy Almeida with further instructions.

{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Ship Name''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Captain'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Notes'''
|- valign = top
| 28. ''Julioa'' || Cide Barbudo || nau, went on to India in 1506.
|- valign = top
| 29. uncertain || Pedro Quaresma|| caravel; remained behind in Sofala.
|-
|}

So, overall, 29 ships left Portugal in 1505 for the Indian Ocean: 21 under Almeida, 6 under Anaia, and 2 under Barbudo.

== The Mission ==

The mission of the 7th fleet was nothing short of permanently securing the Portuguese position in the Indian Ocean, before the imminent Egyptian-led coalition fleet set to sea. That meant doing whatever was necessary to knock out the main regional threats to Portuguese power – specifically, the city-states of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (India) and [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (Africa). Simultaneously, the fleet should shore up regional Portuguese allies – Cochin, Canannore and Quilon in India, and Malindi and Sofala in Africa – and establish and garrison forts at the key staging posts (e.g. Angediva) to ensure the Portuguese navy could operate across the Indian Ocean.

As noted, D. [[Francisco de Almeida]] was given commissions as captain-major of the 7th Armada upon departure, with permission to assume the title of 'Viceroy of the Indies' (and associated privileges) only upon the erection of the fortresses.

Accompanying Almeida were several other nobleman, designated to serve as captains of the fortresses to be established. As per King Manuel I's instructions (''regimento''), these should be, in order:<ref>This summary of the regimento is drawn principally from [[Damião de Góis]] (v.2, p.150-51)</ref> (1) [[Pêro de Anaia]] for the fort in [[Sofala]], (2) Pêro Ferreira Fogaça for the fort in [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]], (3) Manuel Paçanha for the fort of [[Anjediva]] island and/or, if a fortuitous location could be found, a fortress to be established at the mouth of the [[Red Sea]]; (4) D. Álvaro de Noronha for the already-existing [[Fort Kochi|fort]] of [[Cochin]], (5) D. Lourenço de Brito for a fort to be erected in [[Quilon]] (not, as it ultimately turns out, [[Kannur|Cannanore]]).

The fleet also carried several figures for the central government in Cochin. The king arranged for a corps of one hundred [[halberd]]iers to serve as the vice-roy's personal guard, largely to allow Almeida to impress and match the ceremonial pomp of Indian princes. At Almeida's request, the King Manuel appointed the doctor of law Pêro Godins to serve as jurist (''ouvidor'') and legal adviser to Almeida. In addition to the vice-roy's private secretaries, Manuel decided (without consulting Almeida) to appoint Gaspar Pereira as an all-around [[secretary of state]] for Portuguese India (''''Secretário da Índia'''').<ref>Castello Branco (2006: p.60)</ref> The Secretary's exact authority and functions, however, were not clearly defined, with the result that the ambitious Pereira would try to carve out a large share of the government of Portuguese India for his office and clash frequently with Almeida.

The [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]] of 1504 had left Manuel Teles de Vasconcelos as captain of a small three (or four) ship India coastal patrol. The ten smaller ships (navetas and caravels) coming with the Seventh Armada were to be distributed between Africa and India. Without Almeida's knowledge, Manuel I gave [[João da Nova]] (the old Galician admiral of the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|3rd armada]] of 1501) a secret commission to take over the Indian coastal patrol from Manuel Teles. This infringed on Almeida's assumption that, as vice-roy, he had the right to fill that appointment with his own candidate – his son, [[Lourenço de Almeida]], who was coming along as a passenger. Vasco Gomes de Abreu had a commission to head a patrol off [[Cape Guardafui]], with instructions prey on Arab shipping around the mouth of the [[Red Sea]] and keep an eye out for the Egyptian fleet.

The Indian patrol is instructed to sail the length of the Indian coast up to [[Cambay]] and beyond, offering peace to any ruler who desires it in return for tribute. The East African patrols operating out of Sofala and Kilwa are to prey on all Muslim shipping (except Malindi), and to seize their cargoes, esp. of gold (under the excuse of the general 'holy war' between Muslims and Christians.) Almeida is also under instructions to collect the annual [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|tribute imposed in 1502]] from Kilwa, and to attack the city if refused. He is also (unlike his predecessor) authorized to make peace with the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], but only if sought by the Trimumpara Raja of [[Cochin]] and only on the condition that the Zamorin expel all expatriate Arabs ('Moors of Mecca'), from his cities and ports.

Part of the expedition was purely commercial, a conventional spice run. The ''S. Jeronimo'', ''S. Rafael'', ''Lionarda'', ''Judia'' and/or ''Botafogo'', were (at least in part) owned and outfitted by private merchants, the other large naus owned and outfitted by the royal [[Casa da India]]. In all, the eleven large carracks (naus) that set out with the Seventh Armada were expected to return immediately. Almeida had instructions to organize the return voyage of the merchant ships in groups of three, as they became filled with spices. Fernão Soares (''São Rafael'') was pre-designated as captain-major of the first return fleet.

Finally, Almeida was also instructed to begin arrange expeditions "to discover [[Ceylon]] and [[Pegu]] and [[Malacca]], and any other places and things of those parts."<ref>Ferguson (1907: p.288)</ref>

The foundering of [[Pêro de Anaia]]'s ship (''Sant'Iago'') at the mouth of the Tagus upon departure led to a slight revision of the plans. A new [[Portuguese expedition to Sofala (Anaia, 1505)|fleet of six ships under Anaia]] was quickly assembled and set out for Sofala separately, carrying material to build a fortress there. Two of those ships would remain behind on local African coastal patrol under Anaia's son Francisco de Anaia, while the remaining four were to be sent on to India for a spice run.

Finally, the end-of-year ships of Cide Barbudo and Pedro Quaresma, after conducting their search-and-rescue mission, were to check up on the fortresses and deliver letters with further instructions from the king to the fortress captains and viceroy Almeida.

== Outward Voyage ==

March 25, 1505 – The 7th Armada sets off from Lisbon. Immediately at departure. Pêro de Anaia's ship, the ''Sant'Iago'', founders at the mouth the Tagus, and has to be hauled back into Lisbon harbour. Rather than wait for it to be repaired, it was decided to allow Almeida to press on. A new squad of six ships will be assembled around Anaia, and depart later.<ref>In Barros (p.195) list of 22 ships and 20 captains, Anaia is one of the names conspicuously omitted. Barros does not mention the foundering, but merely notes that Anaia left later with his Sofala squad.</ref>

April 6, 1505 7th Armada sails through [[Colonial Cape Verde|Cape Verde]] and makes a brief stop at [[Petite Côte|Porto de Ale]] (Senegal) to resupply.<ref>Quintella, p.285</ref> Hearing of the massive India squadron, a local [[Wolof people|Wolof]] chieftain appears by the shore with his entourage. [[João da Nova]] is dispatched to parlay with the king and secures supplies, including fresh cattle beef, for the fleet.<ref>Barros, p.195</ref>

April 25, 1505 Departing Senegal, Almeida splits the armada into two separate squads. He assembles a fast squadron, composed of two naus, the ships of Sebastião de Sousa (''Concepção'') and Lopo Sanchez (unknown name), plus five caravels. Almeida appoints nobleman D. Manuel Paçanha (or Pessanha – a descendant of the famous [[Manuel Pessanha|Luso-Genoese admiral]])) as admiral of the fast squadron (it is said Almeida gave Paçanha that honor on the erroneous assumption that King Manuel had secretly designated Paçanha as Almeida's successor.)<ref>Barros [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA196 p.196] does not mention Pacanha, and says only that the second squadron was placed under Sebastião de Sousa, captain of the ''Concepção''</ref> The other slower squadron, to be led by Almeida himself, is composed of the other 12 naus and the remaining one caravel (that of Gonçalo de Paiva, which is to serve as forward lamp and scout for the slower ships).

May 4, 1505 Around the [[equator]], one of the ships in Almeida's squadron, the ''Bella'' (under captain Pêro Ferreira Fogaça) springs a leak and begins to founder.<ref>Barros, p.197</ref> The crew and cargo are distributed among other ships. Almeida's squadron is now reduced to 11 naus plus the caravel of Gonçalo de Paiva. The two squadrons at sea at this stage are summarized in the following table (fl = flagship, all large naus, except nta = naveta, cv = caravel)

{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''First Squadron''' ([[Francisco de Almeida]]) ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Second Squadron''' (Manuel Paçanha)
|-
| 1. Rui Freire de Andrade (''São Jerónimo'', fl) || 1. Sebastião de Sousa (''Concepcão'', fl)
|-
| 2. Fernão Soares (''São Rafael'') || 2. Lopo Sanchez (nta)
|-
| 3. Diogo Correia (''Lionarda'') || 3. [[Antão Vaz]] (cv)
|-
| 4. Antão Gonçalves (''Judia'') || 4. Gonçalo Vaz de Goes (cv)
|-
| 5. [[João Serrão]] (''Botafogo'') || 5. João Homem (''São Jorge '', cv)
|-
| 6. Lopo de Deus (''Madalena''),|| 6. Lopo Chanoca (cv)
|-
| 7. [[João da Nova]] (''Flor de la Mar'') || 7. Lucas da Fonseca (cv)
|-
| 8. Vasco Gomes de Abreu (''São Gabriel'')
|-
| 9. Francisco de Sá (''São Miguel'', nta)
|-
| 10. Felipe Rodrigues (''Esphera'', nta)
|-
| 11. Fernão Bermudez (nta)
|-
| 12. Gonçalo de Paiva (cv)
|-
|
|}

May 18, 1505 [[Pêro de Anaia]] sets out with six-ship fleet (3 naus, 3 caravels), which can be considered as a third squadron of the Seventh Armada. This squadron is destined for [[Sofala]]. (See [[Portuguese expedition to Sofala (Anaia, 1505)|Anaia's expedition to Sofala]])

June 26, 1505 – Almeida's squadron doubles the [[Cape of Good Hope]] with some difficulty, meeting a violent storm on the other side, during which some ships are separated.. He proceeds into the [[Mozambique Channel]] and lands at the Primeiras islands (off [[Angoche]]), where he repairs his masts and awaits the missing ships of his squadron. During this interlude, Almeida dispatches the caravel of Gonçalo de Paiva up to the Portuguese factory on [[Mozambique Island]] to collect any letters left by any Portuguese ships returning from earlier expeditions, which might contain the latest news about the situation in India.

[[File:Map of Almeida route in Africa, 1505.gif|thumb|440px|right|Route of 7th Armada in Africa in 1505; purple = main fleet of D. Francisco de Almeida; green = squadron of Pêro de Anaia]]
July 18, 1505 After a couple of weeks stay on the Primeiras, Almeida's squadron is reassembled. Of the 12 ships in his squadron, Almeida finds himself missing only two ships – [[João Serrão]] (''Botafogo'') and Vasco Gomes de Abreu (''São Gabriel''). Hearing of neither of them, nor of Gonçalo de Paiva (still on errand to Mozambique), nor, for that matter, any news of the squadron of Manuel Paçanha by July 18 Almeida decides to press on and sets sail north. Skirting past Mozambique, Almeida dispatches the naveta of Fernão Bermudez to the island to check on what has been delaying Paiva, while he proceeds with the rest of the fleet on towards [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]].

Manuel Paçanha's squadron is considerably less lucky in the Cape crossing. Of the seven ships, only three manage to stay together – the nau of Sebastião de Sousa (''Conceipção'') and the caravels of [[Antão Vaz]] and Gonçalo Vaz de Goes. The remaining four ships are scattered. Their fates, as was later discovered:

* The [[caravel]] of João Homem followed a very wide course around the Cape and stumbled upon an unknown small group of South African islands (which he promptly named 'Santa Maria da Graça', 'São Jorge' and 'São João').<ref>Damião de Góis (p.157)</ref> Then, somewhere on the other side of the Cape (possibly at [[Mossel Bay]]), Homem encounters the caravel of Lopo Chanoca, and they decide to proceed together. Caught by fast currents in the [[Mozambique Channel]], the pair are speedily swept together far up the East African coast (overtaking everybody else) to a small shoal-ridden bay just south of [[Malindi]].<ref>Chroniclers, e.g. Góis, p.157, report the name of the [[Kenya]]n bay to be 'St. Helena'.</ref> Their ships damaged, they decide to anchor there, and walk overland to [[Malindi]], to get help from the other ships. But as no one is there yet, they decide to wait.<ref>A nobleman first time at sea, João Homem famously ordered garlic and onions to be hung from the sides of his ship, to help himself (and the crew) differentiate [[starboard]] from [[Port (nautical)|port]] side. Homem's orders were barked 'to garlic' or 'to onions', much as red and green lights are used today.</ref>
* The caravel of Lopo Sanchez meets a more tragic fate. After crossing the Cape, it miscalculates the channel entry and runs aground somewhere around [[Cape Correntes]]. The ship is thoroughly shattered on the shoals. Lopo Sanchez orders the crew to rebuild the caravel, but about half the crew (some 60) refuses to obey. The 'sea lawyers' among them argue that the loss of the caravel has dissolved the authority of the captain over the crew (Sanchez's foreign (Castilian) nationality does not help his case.) The mutinous segment of the crew, some 60 sailors, decide to march overland to Sofala. But without supplies or clear directions, they have a harrowing journey. Most of them die on the way – from disease, hunger, exposure and clashes with the locals; one group is captured and thrown into a jail in [[Sofala]]; another finds its way to the outskirts of [[Quelimane]]. Nothing is known of the crew that stayed behind with Sanchez rebuilding the caravel. It is assumed they set sail again, and perished at sea.
* The [[caravel]] of Lucas da Fonseca (d'Affonseca) simply lost its bearings during the Cape crossing. No one is exactly sure where it roamed. It eventually finds its way to [[Mozambique Island]], but too late – the rest of the Seventh Armada had already departed and the [[monsoon]] winds have reversed for the season. Fonseca's caravel will be forced to linger around Mozambique, and only cross the next year (1506), with the Sofala naus.

=== Capture of Kilwa, Fort Sant'Iago ===

[[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|240px|right|City of [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (''Quíloa''), c. 1572]]
July 23, 1505 – Francisco de Almeida arrives on the island-state of [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (''Quíloa'') with only eight ships. Intent on collecting the annual tribute ([[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|imposed 1502]]) owed to the king of Portugal, Almeida fires his guns in salute, but, after receiving no reply for the courtesy, sends [[João da Nova]] to lead inquiries into why. Messages are shuttled back and forth between Francisco de Almeida and Kilwa's strongman ruler Emir Ibrahim (''Mir Habraemo''), the latter of whom seems to be doing his utmost to avoid a meeting. At length, Almeida decides to attack the city. Almeida lands 500 Portuguese soldiers in two groups, one under himself another under his son, [[Lourenço de Almeida]] on either side of the island, and march on the Emir's palace. There is little opposition – Emir Ibrahim flees the city, along with a good part of his followers.<ref>Theal (1907: p.248ff).</ref>

Once inside, Almeida sets about organizing the political settlement for Kilwa. As Emir Ibrahim (''Mir Habraemo'') was an usurper, a minister who had recently overthrown and murdered the rightful sultan al-Fudail (''Alfudail'', see [[Kilwa Sultanate]]), Almeida decides to impose his own ruler. His choice falls on Muhammad ibn Rukn ad Din (''Arcone'' or ''Anconi''), a wealthy Kilwan noble who had [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|earlier promoted]] a Portuguese alliance and more recently, during the message phase, secretly entered into contact with João da Nova. Muhammad Arcone accepts the position and agrees to honor the tribute to Portugal. Almeida even produces a golden crown (intended for Cochin) to conduct a formal coronation ceremony. But Muhammad Arcone, not being of royal blood, knows it is constitutionally improper for him to assume the [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa Sultan]]'s throne. As a result, he insists on appointing Muhammad ibn al-Fudail (''Micante'', son of the late sultan murdered by Emir Ibrahim) as his successor, claiming he, Arcone, is only holding the throne 'temporarily'.

That is good enough for Almeida. The Portuguese set about erecting a fortress in the city, which they name Fort Sant'Iago (or ''São Thiago'', now Fort Gereza) on Kilwa island.<ref>The original name is worth noticing, given that Almeida had abandoned his old [[Order of Saint James of the Sword|Order of Santiago]] that very January. But it was probably named because July 25, the day of Kilwa's capture, is also the [[James, son of Zebedee|Feast of St. James]], as noted by Barros.</ref> It is the first Portuguese fort in East Africa. Almeida installs a Portuguese garrison of 550 (half his men?) in Kilwa, under the command of Pêro Ferreira Fogaça (former captain of the shipwrecked ''Bella''), with Francisco Coutinho as magistrate. Fernão Cotrim is appointed [[Factor (agent)|factor]], with instructions to do what he can to tap into the inland gold trade.<ref>Theal (1907: 247)</ref>

While the final details are being arranged in Kilwa, Gonçalo de Paiva and Fernão Bermudes finally arrive from their side-trip to [[Mozambique Island]]. They bring the letters left behind by [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] of the returning [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]], with the latest news of conditions in India. It is probably from Lopo Soares's letters that Almeida learns of the recent Mombasan attack on Portuguese-allied Malindi (1503, broken up by [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|Ravasco and Saldanha]])

While in Kilwa, one of the missing ships of Almeida's squadron, [[João Serrão]] (''Botafogo'') arrives in Kilwa harbour. But Abreu's ''São Gabriel'' is still missing, and there is still no news of any of the ships of Manuel Paçanha's squadron.

Wary of the [[monsoon]] timing, Almeida makes up his mind to move on. He leaves behind a copy of his itinerary in Kilwa, so the missing ships can catch up with him. He also leaves behind instructions for Manuel Paçanha to leave one of his caravels in Kilwa to serve as a local patrol. The rest of the fleet leaves Kilwa on August 8.

=== Sack of Mombasa ===

August 13, 1505 – Almeida's fleet menacingly anchors before the island-city of [[Mombasa]] (''Mombaça''), the old rival of Portuguese-allied Malindi. The [[caravel]] of Gonçalo de Paiva, which had gone forth to [[Sounding line|sound]] the harbour, is fired upon by Mombasan coastal cannons (apparently salvaged from earlier Portuguese ship wrecks) <ref>Theal (1907: p.248)</ref> Return fire silences the cannons.

Almeida sends out an ultimatum to Mombasa, offering peace in return for vassalship and tribute to Portugal. This is rejected out of hand, replying that the "warriors of Mombasa are not the hens of Kilwa". Having heard of the attack on Kilwa, Mombasa had already mobilized its forces and hired large numbers of [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] archers from the mainland, who were already deployed around the city (and more soon expected).

[[File:City mombassa 1572.jpg|thumb|240px|right|City of [[Mombasa]] (''Mombaça''), c. 1572]]
Almeida initiates a shore bombardment to little effect on the defended city. A Portuguese raid on the docks (led by [[João Serrão]]) and another at the central beach (led by Almeida's son Lourenço) are thrown back, yielding up the first Portuguese casualties.

Frustrated, Almeida lays out a different plan of attack. At dawn the next day, young Lourenço once leads a large force on the central beach again, while simultaneously, a smaller force in a rowboats sneaks into the dock area and sets about raiding noisily there. It looks like a repeat of previous day's attacks, and Mombasan defenders are drawn to those two points. But it is a mere feint, allowing Francisco de Almeida himself to sail around and land the bulk of his assault force in a relatively undefended part of island-city.

Unlike at Kilwa, the Mombasans put up a fierce fight in the narrow streets of the city. But eventually Almeida reaches and seizes the sultan's palace (albeit finding it empty). The fighting dissolves soon after as the Bantu archers begin to withdraw back to the mainland, and the Mombasan population tries to flee with them. Great numbers of people are cut down in flight by Portuguese musket and crossbow perched on vantage points around the sultan's palace.

In the aftermath, Almeida gives the emptied city over to the [[Looting|sack]] by the Portuguese troops. Some 200 Mombasan captives (mostly women and children) are taken as [[slaves]] by the Portuguese.<ref>Chroniclers are eager to point out that Almeida also released 800 others he had captured, hailing it as a testament to Almeida's magnanimity, and contrast it to the cruel treatment usually meted out by other captains, esp. [[Vasco da Gama|Gama]] and [[Afonso de Albuquerque|Albuquerque]]. (Theal, 1907: p.251).</ref>

Although the plunder is plentiful, the Portuguese have also taken significant casualties – at least 5 are dead, and numerous wounded. Among the slain are Francisco de Sá (or Fernão Deça), captain of the caravel ''São Miguel''. His ship passes to the knight Rodrigo Rabello (or Botelho).

Unlike Kilwa, Almeida has no intention of holding Mombasa. But he is kept for a while in harbour by difficult winds. During this interlude, the last remaining ship of Almeida's squadron, Vasco Gomes de Abreu (''São Gabriel'') hobbles into Mombasa harbour, with a broken mast. Still no news of the Paçanha squadron, however.

Unable to visit Malindi himself, Almeida dispatches two captains, Fernão Soares (''São Rafael'') and Diogo Correia (''Lionarda''), to [[Malindi]] to pay his respects to the sultan and report the raid on Mombasa. They return shortly after, bringing not only fresh supplies and the Sultan of Malindi's congratulations and rewards, but, much to Almeida's surprise, also Lopo Chanoca and João Homem, captains of two of the caravels of Paçanha's squad. They report how they were swept into a bay near Malindi and made their way overland into the town, where Almeida's captains found them. Almeida orders the two caravels to be picked up from the bay and joined to his squadron for the Indian Ocean crossing.

August 27, 1505 Unwilling to wait any longer for the rest of the Paçanha squadron, Almeida sets sail on the Indian Ocean crossing with the 14 ships currently under his command.

== Almeida in India ==

=== Fort São Miguel of Anjediva ===

[[File:Forte de Anjediva.gif|thumb|300px|right| [[Anjediva]] (''Angediva'', Anjadip), c. 1865]]
September 13, 1505 – Almeida alights on the Indian coast at the island of [[Anjediva]] (''Angediva'', Anjadip). As per the orders received in Lisbon, Almeida immediately begins the construction of a Portuguese fortress on the island – Fort São Miguel of Angediva, principally with local stone and clay. He also erects the [[Church of Our Lady of Springs]] (''Nossa Senhora das Brotas'') (depending on exactly when the [[Cochin]] church was erected, this might very well be the first [[Roman Catholic]] church in Asia.)

During the construction, Almeida dispatches two caravels under João Homem to speed down the coast and visit the Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factories]] at [[Kannur|Cannanore]], [[Cochin]] and [[Quilon]] to announce the 7th Armada's arrival in India. Another two caravels, those of Gonçalo de Paiva and Rodrigo Rabello, are dispatched on a piratical mission in the vicinity, to seize any Calicut-bound vessels.

Anjediva island lies around the frontier between the large enemy states of Muslim [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] and Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]]. As a result, the area is a tense zone, littered with fortifications and pirates. Noticing that a new borderland fort was being erected on the mainland, Almeida dispatches a well-armed squadron under his own son, [[Lourenço de Almeida]], to inspect it and ensure it was not going to be a threat to Anjediva.

This gesture (and news of the fate of Kilwa & Mombasa) prompts the governors of [[Sadashivgad|Cintacora]]<ref>alt. 'Cincatora' or 'Cintacola', is described by Duarte Barbosa (p.78) as a port and fortress at the mouth of the 'Agali' river (prob. [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]], just a little north of Anjediva). As a result, Cincatora has been usually identified on the location of modern [[Sadashivgad]]. However, Cunha (1875:p.304) place it further south, at [[Ankola]]. This agrees with Varthema (p.120), who claims Cintacora was a subject of [[Bhatkal|Batecala]]</ref> and [[Honnavar|Onor]] (Honnavar) to quickly dispatch emissaries to Almeida at Angediva, with gifts and promises of a truce with the Portuguese.

[[File:Map of Almeida route in India, 1505.gif|thumb|340px|right|Arrival route of 7th Armada (D. Francisco de Almeida) on the [[Malabar Coast]] of [[India]], 1505]]
Late September/Early October – During the construction period, the remainder of Manuel Paçanha's Second Squadron – now reduced to two ships, Sebastião de Sousa's ''Concepção'' (carrying Paçanha) and [[Antão Vaz]]'s caravel – reaches Angediva. As per the instructions Almeida left back in Kilwa, Paçanha had left his third ship, Gonçalo Vaz de Goes's [[caravel]], on patrol in Kilwa. Naturally Paçanha is delighted to find two of his missing caravels – João Homem and Lopo Chanoca – are safely with Almeida, but there is still no news of the remaining two – Lopo Sanchez (aground near Quelimane) and Lucas da Fonseca (by now probably safely in Mozambique, but the monsoon season too late to allow him an ocean crossing)

Construction finished, Almeida appoints Manuel Paçanha as captain of Fort São Miguel of Anjediva, with a garrison of 80 troops, a galley and two brigantines (acquired locally?), under the command of [[João Serrão]]. He also leaves behind a factor Duarte Pereira.

=== Raid on Onor ===

October 16, 1505 As Almeida's fleet sets out of Angediva, he decides to take another look at [[Honnavar|Onor]] (Honnavar), at the mouth of the [[Sharavathi River]]. Onor was the homebase of the Hindu corsair known as [[Timoji|Timoja]] (or ''Timaya''), who had caused some trouble to earlier armadas, and whom Almeida feared might yet cause trouble for Anjediva.

Almeida believes his suspicions are confirmed when he sees a significant number of Arab ships, alongside Timoja's own, in Onor harbour. Almeida accuses Onor's rulers of breaking the proffered truce and orders an attack on the port city. Resistance is fierce, but the Portuguese manage to sack and burn the harbour and break into the city. As they approach the palace, the governor pleads for peace. Almeida, who had been wounded in the process, suspends the fighting.

In the aftermath, the corsair [[Timoji|Timoja]] and the governor of Onor (a vassal of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]])<ref>At least according to [[Ludovico di Varthema]] (p.121-22)</ref> agree to swear an oath of vassalage and promise not to molest the Portuguese in Anjediva.

=== Fort Sant'Angelo of Cannanore ===

[[File:City of Cannanore, 1572.jpg|thumb|240px|right| [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (''Canonor'', Kannur), c. 1572]]
October 24, 1505 – From Onor, Francisco Almeida sails south to [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and visits the old Portuguese factory. With the assistance of the old factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa, he secures permission from the [[Kolathiri]] Raja of Cannanore to build a Portuguese fort in the city.

[Timing is a bit difficult to determine. Ferguson (1907: p. 302) suggests that it was begun soon after their arrival in October 1505, but [[Gaspar Correia]] says it was only begun in May, 1506. As, according to [[Damião de Góis]] (p. 150), Almeida's ''regimento'' did not actually specify the construction of a fort in Cannanore, but rather of a fort in [[Quilon]], it is likely permission was not sought until ''after'' the Quilon events outlined below, that is, around November 1505.]

Upon the completion of [[St. Angelo Fort|Fort Sant' Angelo]] of Cannanore, Almeida hands it over to the captain pre-designated originally for Quilon, D. Lourenço de Brito (a high noble, apparently a [[cup-bearer]] of King Manuel I), and a new [[Factor (agent)|factor]] Lopo Cabreira (replacing the long-serving Gonçalo Gil Barbosa) and a certain [[Crown of Castile|Castillian]] nobleman known as 'Guadalajara' as magistrate (''[[alcalde|alcaide-mor]]'') of Cannanore.<ref>Barros (v.2, p.344-45)</ref> Almeida leaves Brito with a garrison of 150 men and two patrol ships, the navetas of Rodrigo Rabello (''São Miguel''?) and Fernão Bermudez.<ref>Barros (v.2, p.344-45)</ref>

At this point, having erected three fortresses (Kilwa, Anjediva, Cannanore), D. Francisco de Almeida formally opens the seal on his credentials and assumes the title of "[[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroy of the Indies]]", formally inaugurating his three-year term as the first governor of [[Portuguese India]].

While in Cannanore, Almeida receives an embassy from [[Viranarasimha Raya|Narasimha Rao]] (called ''Narsinga'' by the Portuguese), the ruler of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]], the Hindu empire in south India, with a proposal for a formal alliance between the Portuguese and Vijayanagar empires (to be cemented by a royal marriage).<ref>Logan (1887: 312-3)</ref> Having recently acquired a small stretch of the [[Malabar Coast]] around [[Bhatkal]] (''Batecala''), Narasimha Rao is probably anxious to ensure the Portuguese do not molest the importation of [[warhorse]]s from Arabia and Persia, so essential for his armies.

=== Quilon Massacre ===

October 1505 – While Almeida is busy in Onor and Cannanore, the advance caravel of João Homem arrives in [[Quilon]] (''Coulão'', Kollam), right into the middle of a quarrel between the local Portuguese factor António de Sá and the regents of Quilon. De Sá had been fruitlessly trying to persuade the Quilon authorities to freeze out a group of Muslim spice merchants that had recently arrived from [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], but to no avail. Seeing Homem's caravel arrive in harbour, de Sá quickly persuades the captain to assist him in a hare-brained scheme to board the Muslim ships in harbour and cut down their masts and sails. Homem readily agrees, and this is swiftly done, much to the shock of the Quilon authorities, whose orders not to molest the ships were blatantly ignored.

As soon as Homem sets sail out of Quilon harbour to rejoin Almeida, an anti-Portuguese [[riot]] erupts in Quilon. The Portuguese in the city, including the factor and his assistants barricade themselves in a local [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] church – but the church is burned down by the mob and the Portuguese are massacred.

October 30, 1505 – Leaving Cannanore, Almeida proceeds to [[Cochin]]. But immediately upon arrival, Almeida receives the dramatic news of the Quilon massacre, and the provocative role of João Homem in the events. The furious Almeida demotes João Homem, and passes his caravel, the ''São Jorge'', over to a new captain Nuno Vaz Pereira.<ref>Barros, p.350</ref>

Hoping to mend relations, Almeida immediately dispatches an expedition to Quilon under his 20-year-old son [[Lourenço de Almeida]], with three naus and three caravels, under instructions to pretend as if nothing has happened, and hopefully negotiate a resolution. But seeing the approach of the Portuguese squadron, the city of Quilon rallies its defenses and prevent the Portuguese from disembarking. Lourenço limits himself to bombarding the town and burning down the (mostly Calicut-owned) merchant ships in Quilon harbour, before returning sullenly to Cochin.

Quilon, one of the three principal Portuguese factories and allies in India, is now lost to the Portuguese. It is a tremendous blow, as Quilon, by its proximity to [[Ceylon]] and points east, had the best spice markets of the three. There is a strong likelihood that the construction of Fort Sant'Angelo of [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (see above) really only began now, after Quilon (the original fort destination) was no longer an option.

=== Coronation in Cochin ===

December 1505 – In the meantime, back in Cochin, Almeida reinforces [[Fort Kochi|Fort Manuel]] (erected in 1503) at Cochin, placing the garrison under D. Álvaro de Noronha, the new captain of Cochin (relieving Manuel Telles de Vasconcelos, who came with the [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]] in 1504). As the old factor Diogo Fernandes Correia is set to return to Lisbon, Almeida elevates Correia's long-serving assistant, Lourenço Moreno, as the new [[Factor (agent)|factor]] of Cochin.<ref>Castanheda, v.2, p.70</ref>

Almeida produces the golden [[Crown (headgear)|crown]] dispatched by [[Manuel I of Portugal]] as a gift for his loyal ally, the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin. But the old Trimumpara seems to have since abdicated by this time, so Almeida uses the golden crown in a formal coronation ceremony of his successor, whom Barros calls ''Nambeadora'', but probably the same person as Unni Goda Varda (''Candagora'') as [[Kingdom of Cochin|King of Cochin]], formally dissolving whatever remaining allegiance he might owe to the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref>Barros (v.2, p.351ff.) refers to the heir as 'Nambeadora'. But during the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]], the heir is referred to as 'Candagora'. In his coronation comments, Barros notes that there is indeed another unnamed but more legitimate heir the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin, but that he fought for the Zamorin and was disinherited (might that be Elcanol of Edapalli?)</ref>

== Anaia in Sofala, Fort São Caetano ==

{{Main|Portuguese expedition to Sofala (Anaia, 1505)}}

September 4, 1505, [[Pêro de Anaia]]'s six-ship Sofala fleet ('Third Squadron') doubles the [[Cape of Good Hope]], also with some difficulty. But it eventually anchors in Sofala harbour. One of his ships finds, near [[Quelimane]], five famished half-dead survivors of Lopo Sanchez's caravel, with their tale of woe.

[[File:City of Sofala, 1572.jpg|thumb|250px|right|City of [[Sofala]] (''Cefala''), c. 1572]][[Pêro de Anaia]] secures an audience with the elderly blind sheikh Isuf of [[Sofala]] (''Yçuf'' in [[João de Barros|Barros]] ''Çufe'' in [[Damião de Goes|Goes]]). Although formerly a vassal of the [[Kilwa Sultanate]], Isuf had been trying to chart an independent course, and had already signed a commercial treaty in 1502 with [[Vasco da Gama]] ([[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]]). Anaia now requests Isuf's permission to establish a permanent Portuguese factory and fortress in the city.

News of Almeida's attacks on Kilwa and Mombasa persuade the Isuf that a similar fate might await Sofala if he shows any sign of recalcitrance, so the deal is struck. As a sign of goodwill, Isuf hands over to Anaia another twenty Portuguese survivors of the Lopo Sanchez caravel he had collected.<ref>Barros, vol. 2, p.366</ref>

Construction immediately proceeds on the Portuguese [[Fort São Caetano]] in Sofala. As per their credentials, [[Pêro de Anaia]] assumes command as 'captain-major' of the fort of Sofala and Manuel Fernandes (de Meireles?) as [[Factor (agent)|factor]].

== Barbudo's search-and-rescue mission ==

In September (or November<ref>Barros (vol. 2, p. 360) asserts September; Ferguson (1907: p. 302) cites November 19, 1505 as the departure date.</ref>) 1505, the ships of Cide Barbudo (nau ''Julioa'') and Pedro Quaresma (caravel of uncertain name) left [[Lisbon]], carrying instruction letters from King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] for Anaia in Sofala and Almeida in India.

But before delivering these letters, the Barbudo and Quaresma were instructed to conduct a [[search and rescue]] operation on the South African coast. They were looking for three missing ships of the earlier armadas lost around [[Cape Correntes]] – specifically, the ships of Francisco de Albuquerque and [[Nicolau Coelho]] (both of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada (1503)]]) and the ship of Pêro de Mendonça (of the [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada (1504)]]).

The two rescue ships spent the next few months scouring the length of the South African coast, from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to [[Early history of Natal|Natal]]. They found what seemed like the burnt hull of Pêro de Mendonça's ship near [[Mossel Bay]], but no survivors. There were no traces of the other two ships.

== Return Fleets ==

As [[viceroy]], D. [[Francisco de Almeida]] is to remain in India for a three-year term; but the large ships of the 7th Armada are supposed to return to Lisbon with spice cargoes. Although the Quilon factory is now closed to them, the Portuguese ships nonetheless manage to find enough spices at [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and [[Cochin]] (and from piracy) to begin returning.

Almeida has ten large naus in India – nine that came with him, and one left behind by the [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]]. The instructions drafted in Lisbon recommended Almeida send them back in groups of three as they become loaded.

January 2, 1506 – '''1st Return Fleet''' – The first return fleet is ready to sail out of [[Cochin]]. Although there is some variation in the chronicles, it seems it is composed of five ships under the overall command of Fernão Soares:<ref>Exact return dates vary in the chronicles, e.g. Castanheda says November 26, etc. Here we are following the details as sorted by Ferguson (1907:295)</ref>

* 1. ''São Rafael'' – Fernão Soares
* 2. ''São Jerónimo'' – Rui Freire de Andrade
* 3. ''Judia'' – Antão Gonçalves
* 4. ''Concepção'' – Sebastião de Sousa
* 5. ''Botafogo'' – Manuel Telles de Vasconcelos

All are taken back by the same captains who brought them, with the exception of the ''Botafogo'', which is being taken back by the relieved Cochin captain Manuel Telles (installed by [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]] in 1504). The ''Botafogo'''s original captain, [[João Serrão]], stays behind in India, in command of a caravel of the Indian coastal patrol. Notice that of this fleet, two ships are German-owned (''São Rafael'' and ''São Jerónimo''), one is owned by [[Fernão de Loronha]] (prob. the ''Judia'', alternatively the ''Botafogo''), and two are owned by the crown (''Concepção'', and Botafogo/Judia – whichever one Loronha doesn't own).

January 21, 1506 – '''Second Return Fleet''' A couple of weeks after the first, the second return fleet set sail out of [[Kannur|Cannanore]], three ships under the overall command of Diogo Correia (''Lionarda'' – the third German ship). This fleet is carrying back the two old factors, Gonçalo Gil Barbosa of Cannanore (originally installed in Cochin by [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Second Armada]] in 1500) and Diogo Fernandes Correia of Cochin (installed by [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] in 1502 – not to be confused with the captain of the fleet).

* 6. ''Lionarda'' – captain Diogo Correia
* 7. ''Madalena'' – possibly captained by Lopo de Deus; carries ex-factor Diogo Fernandes Correia
* 8. uncertain (old 6th Armada nau) – captain also uncertain; Carrying ex-factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa

February 1506 '''Third Return Fleet''' Finally, the third Return fleet sets out. It is composed of two ships only, carrying D. Francisco de Almeida's official report to King Manuel I and a baby [[Indian Elephant|Indian elephant]].

* 9.''São Gabriel'' – Vasco Gomes de Abreu
* 10. ''Flor de la Mar'' – [[João da Nova]]

According to his instructions, both Vasco Gomes de Abreu and [[João da Nova]] should have remained on patrol duty. But Almeida cancelled Abreu's appointment to patrol the [[Red Sea]], with the justification that it was impractical until a permanent Portuguese base was established in that area. Almeida edged out João da Nova, who had a commission to take over the Indian coastal patrol, by noting that Nova's ship, the ''[[Frol de la mar|Flor de la Mar]]'', a 400t+ behemoth, was useless as an Indian patrol ship. It wouldn't be able enter the [[Vembanad]] lagoon or any of the [[Kerala backwaters]]. Almeida offers Abreu and Nova the option to remain in India themselves and sending their ships back under other captains. Both Abreu and Nova elected to return to Lisbon.

As a result, Almeida is left with around 9 or 10 small naus/caravels on coastal patrol in India without a patrol captain. In his capacity as viceroy, Almeida appoints his own energetic son, [[Lourenço de Almeida]], as ''capitão-mor do mar da India'', captain-major of the seas of India.

=== Arrival in Lisbon ===

The three return fleets arrive at different times in Lisbon in 1506, with different incidents.

May 23, 1506 – '''First Return Fleet''' under Fernão Soares arrives in Lisbon, to much sensation (partly for having arrived so quickly, partly because it was primarily well-loaded private ships, generating a lot of correspondence back to Germany and Italy). One of the ships, the ''Botafogo'' under Manuel Telles, who got separated earlier, will arrive in June. Another significant note is that the return fleet of Fernão Soares is said to have charted a homeward route ''east'' of [[Madagascar]] (''ilha de São Lourenço''). This makes it the first time the [[Portuguese India Armadas#Timing|outer route]] from the East Indies has been used on a return journey and possibly the first time the east coast of Madagascar was sighted and confirmed to be an island.<ref>Barros (v.2, p.359). The west coast of Madagascar was first sighted by [[Diogo Dias]] back in 1500; one (unreliable) chronicler ([[Gaspar Correia]] (p.418)) asserts that the outer route might have already been sailed on the outward journey of [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]] in 1503; but Fernão Soares's sighting of the east coast is the first to get wider confirmation.</ref>

November 15, 1506 – '''Second Return Fleet''' under Diogo Correia arrives in Lisbon. However, its third ship, the ''Madalena'' of Lopo de Deus, is delayed for repairs in [[Mozambique Island]] and will arrive only in January 1507.

December 1506 – '''Third return fleet''' arrives in Lisbon – actually, only nau ''São Gabriel'' of Vasco Gomes de Abreu, carrying Almeida's official report and the baby elephant. [[João da Nova]]'s ''Flor de la Mar'' encountered problems near [[Zanzibar]], where he is forced to stay for eight months for repairs. Nova will not return to Lisbon, but be picked up in February 1507 in Mozambique and annexed by the outbound 8th Portuguese India Armada of 1506.

Naturally, all three return fleets arrive too late to influence the outfitting of the next armada, the 8th India Armada, which set out under [[Tristão da Cunha]] in April 1506. Although scheduled to arrive in India that August, the 8th Armada will miss the [[monsoon]] winds and be forced to winter in Africa, arriving only in 1507.

== Aftermath ==

The 7th Armada of D. Francisco de Almeida placed the Portuguese in a strong position in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese now have five fortified strongpoints in the Indian Ocean: [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] and [[Sofala]] in Africa, and [[Anjediva]], [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and [[Cochin]] in India. A new Portuguese state had been erected in the Indian Ocean.

By and large, it had been a successful armada. Three new forts were erected, a couple of potential enemies knocked out (Kilwa, Mombasa), and the return fleets brought back substantial cargoes of spices.

But the seemingly smooth operation quickly developed wrinkles in 1506, as serious problems emerged in Cannanore, Anjediva, Sofala and Kilwa.

{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''City''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Ruler'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Establishment'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Captain'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Factor'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Patrol Captain'''
|- valign = top
| 1.'''[[Sofala]]''' (''Cefala'') || sheikh Isuf || [[Fort São Caetano]] (est. 1505) || [[Pêro de Anaia]] (? men) || Manuel Fernandes de Meireles || Francisco de Anaia (2 caravels)
|- valign = top
| 2.'''[[Mozambique Island|Mozambique]]''' (''Moçambique'') || sheikh Zacoeja? || (factory est. 1502) || N/A || Gonçalo Baixo || N/A
|- valign = top
| 3. '''[[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]]''' (''Quíloa'') || [[Kilwa Sultanate|sultan Muhammad Arcone]] || Fort Gereza (est. 1505) || Pêro Ferreira Fogaça (550 men) || Fernão Cotrim || Gonçalo Vaz de Goes (1 caravel)
|- valign = top
| 4. '''[[Malindi]]''' (''Melinde'') || Bauri sheikh || (factory est. 1500?) || N/A || João Machado || N/A
|- valign = top
| 5. '''[[Anjediva]]''' (''Angediva'') || N/A || [[Fort Anjediva|Fort São Miguel]] (est. 1505) || Manuel Paçanha (80 men) || Duarte Pereira || João Serrão (1 galley, 2 brigantines)
|- valign = top
| 6. '''[[Kannur|Cannanore]]''' (''Canonor'') || [[Kolathiri|Kolathiri Raja]] || [[St. Angelo Fort|Fort Sant' Angelo]] (factory 1502, fort 1505) || D. Lourenço de Brito (150 men) || Lopo Cabreira || Rodrigo Rabello & Fernão Bermudez. (2 navetas)
|- valign = top
| 7. '''[[Cochin]]''' (''Cochim'') || [[Kingdom of Cochin|Trimumpara Raja]] || [[Fort Kochi|Fort Manuel]] (factory 1500, fort 1503) || D. Álvaro de Noronha (? men) || Lourenço Moreno || [[Lourenço de Almeida]] (?)
|- valign = top
| 8. '''[[Quilon]]''' (''(Coulão'') || Regents for [[Travancore Royal Family|Govardhana Martanda]] || <del>(factory 1503)</del> || N/A || <del>António de Sá</del> || N/A
|- valign = top
|}

== See also ==
* [[Portuguese expedition to Sofala (Anaia, 1505)]]
* [[Portuguese India Armadas]]
* [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Governors of Portuguese India]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Francisco de Almeida]]
* [[First Luso-Malabarese War]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* [[Duarte Barbosa]] (c. 1518) ''O Livro de Duarte Barbosa'' [Trans. by M.L. Dames, 1918–21, ''An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants'', 2 vols., 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.]
* [[João de Barros]] (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''. [Dec. I, Lib 7.]
*[[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] (1551–1560) ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' [1833 edition]
* [[Gaspar Correia]] (c. 1550s) ''Lendas da Índia'', first pub. 1858–64, in Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
*[[Damião de Góis]] (1566–67) ''Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel''
* [[Jerónimo Osório]] (1586) ''De rebus Emmanuelis'' [trans. 1752 by J. Gibbs as ''The History of the Portuguese during the Reign of Emmanuel'' London: Millar]
* [[Ludovico di Varthema]] (1510) ''Itinerario de Ludouico de Varthema Bolognese'' (1863 translation by J.W. Jones,''The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema, in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508'', London: Hakluyt Society. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 online])

Secondary:

* Campos, J.M. (1947) ''D. Francisco de Almeida, 1° vice-rei da Índia'', Lisbon: Editorial da Marinha.
* Castello-Branco, T.M.S. de (2006) ''Na Rota da Pimenta''. Lisbon: Presença.
* Cunha, J.G. da (1875) "An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the Island of Angediva", ''Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Volume 11, p. 288-310 [https://books.google.com/books?id=tmgoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288 online]
* [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, F.C.]] (1894) ''The Portuguese in India, being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire''. 2 vols, London: Allen.
* Ferguson, D. (1907) "The Discovery of Ceylon by the Portuguese in 1506", ''Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. 19, No. 59 p. 284-400 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA284 offprint]
* Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães (1963) ''Os Descobrimentos e a economia mundial''. Second (1984) edition, four volumes. Lisbon: Editorial Presença.
* Lach, Donald F. (1963) ''Asia in the Making of Europe: Vol. 1 – the century of discovery''. 1994 edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Logan, W. (1887) ''Malabar Manual'', 2004 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* Mathew, K.S. (1997) "Indian Naval Encounters with the Portuguese: Strengths and weaknesses", in Kurup, editor, ''India's Naval Traditions''. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre.
* Newitt, M.D. (1995) ''A History of Mozambique''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
* Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839–40) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', 2 vols, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
* Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Theal, G.M. (1898) ''Records of South-eastern Africa collected in various libraries & archive departments in Europe – Volume 2'', London: Clowes for Gov of Cape Colony. [Engl. transl. of parts of Gaspar Correia]
* Theal, G.. M. (1902) ''The Beginning of South African History''. London: Unwin.
* Theal, G.M. (1907) ''History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi – Vol. I, The Portuguese in South Africa from 1505 to 1700'' London: Sonneschein.
* Whiteway, R. S. (1899) ''The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497-1550''. Westminster: Constable.

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese India Armada]]|before=[[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada (Lopo Soares de Albergaria, 1504)]]|after=8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha, 1506) |years= 7th Armada (1505)}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:1500s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1505 in India]]
[[Category:1505 in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]
[[Category:Calicut kingdom]]

Dharmaraja Ratha

2026-03-28T23:53:21Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made The Pg Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Dharmaraja Ratha
| image = Mamallapuram Dharmaraja Ratha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Dharmaraja Ratha
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| map_caption =
| other_names =
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| tamil =
| marathi =
| bengali =
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]],
| district = [[Kancheepuram district]]
| location = [[Mahabalipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
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| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
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| festivals=
| architecture =
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| inscriptions =
| year_completed = {{circa}} 650<ref>{{cite book|title=The Culture of India |isbn=9780852297629 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2010 |page=315 }}</ref> [[Common era]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Student Britannica India 7 Vols |page=5 |author=Indu Ramchandani |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=9780852297629 }}</ref>
| creator =
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}}
[[File:Dharmaraja's Ratha.png|thumb|Plan of Dharmaraja's Ratha]]
'''Dharmaraja Ratha''' is a monument in the [[Pancha Rathas]] complex at [[Mahabalipuram]], on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the [[Kancheepuram district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is an example of [[monolithic architecture|monolith]] [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]. Dating from the late 7th century, it is attributed to the reign of King [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–680 AD; also called Mamalla, or "great warrior") of the [[Pallava Kingdom]]. The entire complex is under the auspices of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). It is one of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] that were designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1984.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2007-03-03}}</ref>

Resembling a chariot (''ratha''), it is carved out of a single, long stone of pink granite.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=Plaque>{{Cite web|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Rathas,_Mahabalipuram.jpg|title= File:Five Rathas, Mahabalipuram.jpg| accessdate=9 April 2013|publisher=Archarological Survey of India, Chennai Circle}}</ref><ref name=ASI>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |accessdate=23 October 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> Though sometimes mistakenly referred to as a [[temple]], the structure was not consecrated because it was not completed<ref name="Marilyn Stokstad 2008 333">{{cite book|title=Art history |author=Marilyn Stokstad |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9780131577046 |page=333 }}</ref> following the death of Narasimhavarman I.<ref name=Plaque/><ref name=ASI/><ref name=architect>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410000331/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2013|title= Mahabalipuram|accessdate=30 December 2012|publisher=UCLA Education, South Asia}}</ref> The structure is named after the eldest of the [[Pandava|Pancha Pandavas]], of epic [[Mahabharata]] fame,<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=ASI/><ref name=Rathas>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html|title=The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]|accessdate=19 February 2013|publisher=Online Gallery of Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> though this nomenclature is not supported by its iconography.<ref name=Plaque/> It is dedicated to [[Shiva]].<ref name="Allen 1991">{{cite book|page=139 |title=Ornament in Indian Arch |author=Margaret Prosser Allen |year=1991 }}</ref>

==Geography==
The structure is located at Mahabalipuram (previously known as Mammallapuram) on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal in Kancheepuram district. It is approximately {{convert|35|miles}} south of [[Chennai]] (previously known as Madras), the capital city,<ref name=Gunther>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |accessdate=23 October 2012|work=art-and-archaeology.com|author=Michael D. Gunther}}</ref> while [[Chengalpattu]] is about {{convert|20|miles}} away.<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Pancha Rathas}}
Like the other four Pancha Rathas, Dharmaraja ratha was built from stone, a replica of a wooden version which preceded it.<ref name="MoffettFazio2003">{{cite book|last1=Moffett|first1=Marian|last2=Fazio|first2=Michael W.|last3=Wodehouse|first3=Lawrence|title=World History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFMohetegAcC&pg=PT75|accessdate=9 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-371-4|page=75}}</ref> Though the temple is named after the first of [[Pandava]] princes from [[Mahabharatha]], there is no history to ascertain the name. The temple was left incomplete and consecration was not performed due to the death of the king [[Narasimhavarman I]].<ref name="Rathas"/> Historians assign the date of construction to the period of two Pallava kings Narasimhavarman I (690-725) and [[Parameswaravarman I]]. The inscriptions of Parameswaravarman I are seen in the temple.<ref name=cave>{{cite book|title=Cave temples of India|year=2019|last1=Sharma|first1=Dr. K.K.|first2=Dr. Amit Rai|last2=Jain|isbn=978-93-85754-64-7|publisher=Kitabwale|location=New Delhi|page=83}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Elevation of Dharmaraja Ratha.png|thumb|Elevation of Dharmaraja's Ratha]]
[[File:Section of Dharmaraja Ratha.png|thumb|Section of Dharmaraja's Ratha]]
All the Pancha Rathas are aligned in a north–south direction and share a common plinth. They have no precedent in Indian architecture and have proved to be "templates" for building larger temples in both the South Indian tradition of Dravidian temple architecture, Central Indian tradition of Vesara temple architecture and North Indian tradition of Nagara temple architecture .<ref name="Rathas" /> Though cut out of monolithic rocks, they are carved in the form of structural temples in regular building form and hence termed as "quasimonolithic temple form.
[[File:Ratha mahabalipuram.JPG|thumb|Full reflection of the architectural complexity of the Dharmaraja Ratha]]

Dharmaraja Ratha is the most prominent architecturally of the five rathas and also the tallest and largest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chennai |author=Rina Kamath |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=121 |year=2000 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History & Civics IX |page=127 |publisher=Rachnar Sagnar }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Classified Dictionary of Hinduism |author=K. V. Soundara Rajan |publisher=Concept Publishing |year=2002 |page=260 }}</ref> The ratha faces west and is sculpturally very rich. It has three floors including the ground floor. The plan of the ground floor measure a square of {{Convert|28|ft}} and has a height of {{Convert|35|ft}} from ground level to the top of the roof. It is open on all four sides and the facade on all sides are supported by two pillars and two pilasters with the corners forming an integral part of the support system for the upper floors. Carved out from a single rock of pink granite,<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Railways |publisher=India Railway Board |volume=15 |year=1970 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Our Story So Far |volume=6 |isbn=9788131714942 |publisher=Pearson Education India |page=102}}</ref> along with other three rathas on a single block of stone oriented in a north–south direction,<ref name=ASI/> it is a [[trithala]] or three-story<ref>{{cite book|title=India: The Elephant's Blessing |author=Aline Dobbie |page=56 |publisher=Melrose Press |year=2006 |isbn=9781905226856 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |author=Roshen Dalal |isbn=9780143415176 |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=279 }}</ref> vimana,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |url=https://archive.org/details/bodygodemperorsp00huds_609 |url-access=limited |author= D. Dennis Hudson |year=2008 |isbn=9780195369229 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bodygodemperorsp00huds_609/page/n563 537] |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> square in plan, with open porches and a terraced pyramidal tower.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA636|accessdate=9 January 2013|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|page=636}}</ref> and an octagonal [[Sikhara|shikhara]] (pinnacle) at the top. Small-sized model shrines called ''[[Gavaksha|kudus]]'' make up the ornament of the upper part of the tower.<ref name="Allen 1991"/><ref>{{cite book|title=A World History of Art |author1=Hugh Honour |author2=John Fleming |year=2005 }}</ref> There are many sculptures on the corners of the sanctum, which depict Shiva;<ref>{{cite book|page=294 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |author=Roshen Dalal |isbn=9780143414216 |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 }}</ref> [[Harihara]], [[Brahma-Sasta]], [[Murugan|Skanda]], [[Brahma]], [[Ardhanarisvara]] (half Shiva half [[Parvati]])<ref>{{cite book|title=India Baedeker Guide |author1=Karen Schreitmüller |author2=Mohan Dhamotharan |author3=Beate Szerelmy |year=2012 |page=589 }}</ref> and [[Krishna]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |author=T. Padmaja |publisher=Abhinav Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=9788170173984 |page=110 }}</ref> are depicted alongside an inscribed portrait of a king, indicated to be [[Narasimhavarman I]],<ref name="Singh2008"/><ref name="asi">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_monolithic.asp|title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram – Monolithic Temples|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312100940/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_monolithic.asp|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Dharmarāja ratha & its sculptures, Mahābalipuram |author=K. R. Srinivasan |year=1975 |publisher=Abhinav Publications }}</ref> who commissioned the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pallava Antiquities – 2 Vols. |author=G. Jouveau-Dubreuil |year=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120605718 |page=63 }}</ref> The shafts of the pillars are supported by seated lions.<ref name="Singh2008"/>

The first floor contains twenty niches containing the images of Kankalamurthi, Vinadhara, dancing Shiva, Shiva with Candesha, Gangadhara, Vishnu, Kalari, Vrashabtikamurthi, Andhakasuramurthi, Krishna with figurines of women with offerings, Dvarapalas and priests of the temple.<ref name=cave/> The second floor contains rich imagery,<ref>{{cite book|title=Pallava rock architecture and sculpture |author=Elisabeth Beck |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences in association with East West Books (Madras) |year=2006 |isbn=9788188661466 |page=226 }}</ref> with further depictions of Shiva as [[Gangadara]] and [[Natesa]], and [[Vishnu]] resting on [[Garuda]] and [[Kaliya Mardhana]]. The second level contains a cell with the earliest of inscription of [[Somaskanda]].<ref name=cave/>

[[File:Ratha detail face.JPG|right|thumb|''[[gavaksha|Kudus]]'' (Horse-shoe shaped dormer windows) depicted on all side along the cornices]]

===Inscriptions===
On the Dharmaraja Rathas there are 16 inscriptions in [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and [[Nagari script]]s in [[Sanskrit]] inscriptions on which are royal [[cognomen]], single-word titles, most of them are attributed to Narasimhavarman I.<ref name=Front>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195340/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=A monumental effort |accessdate=30 December 2012 |date=8 November 2003 |publisher=Front Line India's National Magazine from the publishers of [[The Hindu]] }}</ref> On the top tier of the temple is an inscription which refers to it as Atyantakama Pallavesvaram; Atyantakama was one of the known titles of [[Paramesvaravarman I]]. Other inscribed titles for the king are Shri Megha and Trailokiya–vardhana-vidhi.<ref name="asi"/>

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}
{{Portal|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Pancha Rathas]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Dalcha

2026-03-28T23:30:15Z

LizzieSugerman6: update lead also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian culinary dish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Dalcha
| image = Dalcha.JPG
| caption =
| alternate_name = dal mai dooba hua mutton
| country = [[India]]
| region = Hyderabad ,Telangana
| creator = Shah Jahan
| course = Main course
| served = with rice
| main_ingredient = [[Mutton]], [[chana dal]], [[tamarind]]
| variations = [[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]]
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Dalcha''', is an Indian lentil-based [[stew]] originating from Hyderabad, Telangana. Its origins may lie with a similar middle eastern dish [[Harees]] which is more of a [[gruel]] with cooked meats. Primary ingredients are lentils, can be [[chana dal]] or sometimes [[tur dal]]. Vegetables or meats, both [[chicken]] or mutton may also be added to the stew, so if [[mutton]] is added it will be called a mutton dalcha. [[Bottle gourd]] is another key ingredient in a Dalcha. It is traditionally served with the rice dish called [[bagara khana]].

==History==
Despite being of Indian origin, Dalcha is commonly served at [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] weddings in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://singaporelocalfavourites.com/dalca-sayur-pengantin-vegetable-stew.html | website=singaporelocalfavourites.com|title=Dalca Sayur Pengantin (Vegetable Stew with Lentils)| date=16 January 2021 | access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sini.com.my/wap/lifeService/dining/diningdetails.xhtml?seqid=8215 | title=Istimewa di Majlis Perkahwinan. 10 Hidangan yang Wajib Ada! | language=ms | website=sini.com.my | access-date=29 March 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of lamb dishes]]
* {{portal-inline|Food}}

==References==
{{cookbook}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://great-swad.tripod.com/indiancuisine/id47.html Recipe on Tripod]
* [http://www.tajrecipe.com/indian/cooking/recipes/Lamb/Mutton-Dalcha_272.aspx Authentic Mutton Dalcha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205628/http://www.tajrecipe.com/indian/cooking/recipes/Lamb/Mutton-Dalcha_272.aspx |date=27 January 2019 }}

{{Legume dishes}}

[[Category:Hyderabadi cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian curries]]
[[Category:Lamb and mutton dishes]]
[[Category:Legume dishes]]

{{India-food-stub}}

Rabiul Alam Chowdhury

2026-03-22T18:57:21Z

LizzieSugerman6: reworked intro also and improved wording

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rabiul Alam Chowdhury
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
|constituency3 = [[Rejinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rejinagar]]
|constituency2 = [[Rejinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rejinagar]]
|constituency1 = [[Rejinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rejinagar]]
|predecessor1 =[[Humayun Kabir (West Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2016
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2016
| term_end2 = 2021
| office3 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2021
| term_end3 = 2026
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] until 2021
| alma_mater = [[S.R. Fatepuria College|SRF College]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Rabiul Alam Chowdhury''' was a [[West Bengal]] politician from [[Murshidabad district]]. He served as a [[Trinamool Congress]] [[M.L.A]] from 2021 to 2026. He also became an [[M.L.A]] from [[Rejinagar Assembly constituency]] on [[Indian National Congress]] ticket in 2013 & 2016. He is the nephew of 3 times former [[M.L.A]] of [[Beldanga Assembly constituency]] Nurul Choudhury.<ref>[https://www.prothomalo.com/international/article/1538806/%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%99%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b8-%e0%a6%98%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%9b%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9a%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9b%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%83%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%82%e0%a6%b2 পশ্চিমবঙ্গে দুর্দিনে কংগ্রেস, ঘর গোছাচ্ছে তৃণমূল]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=941&cid=70| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130528163625/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=941&cid=70| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 28 May 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2013 (Bye election)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/WB_RejiNagar.pdf |title = Form 21E Return of Elections}}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/westbengal2016/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default List of Winners in West Bengal 2016]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Rabiul Alam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Muhammad Shah

2026-03-21T17:42:09Z

LizzieSugerman6: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748}}
{{About||the ruler of Persia |Mohammad Shah Qajar|the Afghan warlord and later Nawab of Sardhana|Jan-Fishan Khan|other similarly named persons and places|Muhammad Shah (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Muhammad Shah محمد شاه
| title = [[Padishah]] [[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan Al-Azam]] Rangeela
| image = Nidha Mal Jharokha portrait of Muhammad Shah holding an emerald and the mouthpiece of a huqqa ca. 1730 The San Diego Museum of Art.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Emperor Muhammad Shah holding an emerald and a mouthpiece of a [[hookah|huqqa]], by Nidha Mal, {{circa|1730}}
| succession = [[Mughal Emperor]]
| reign = 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
| coronation = 29 September 1719
| predecessor = [[Shah Jahan II]] [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Jahangir II]] ([[Titular ruler|titular]])
| reg-type1 = Wazirs
| regent1 = {{ubl|[[Syed Brothers|Abdullah Khan II]] (1719–1720)|[[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]] (1720–1721)|[[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] (1721–1724)|[[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Itimad-ud-Daulah, Qamar-ud-Din Khan]] (1724–1748)
}}
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| successor = [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]
| birth_name = Roshan Akhtar<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1702|08|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazni]], [[Kabul Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1748|04|26|1702|08|07|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], Mughal Empire
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Badshah Begum]] |1721}}
| spouse-type = Consort
| issue = {{unbulletedlist|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]|Taj Mahmud Mirza<ref name="malik">{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Zahir Uddin|title=The reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719–1748|date=1977|publisher=Asia Pub. House|location=London|isbn=9780210405987|page=407}}</ref>|Shaharyar Mirza<ref name="malik"/>|[[Hazrat Begum]]|}}
| full name = Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Bahadur Ghazi
| father = [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]]
| mother = Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum<ref name="malik"/>
| signature = Genealogical seal of Muhammad Shah, 1133 A.H. (circa September–October 1721 C.E.).png
| signature_type = Seal
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}
| spouses = {{plainlist|
*[[Sahiba Mahal]]
*[[Qudsia Begum]]
*Fatehpuri Mahal<ref name="malik"/>
*Roshanabadi Mahal<ref name="malik"/>
}}
| spouses-type = Wives
| regnal name = Muhammad Shah
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| burial_place = Mausoleum of Muhammad Shah, [[Nizamuddin Dargah]], [[Delhi]], India
}}
{{Mughal}}

'''Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah''' (born '''Roshan Akhtar''';<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Muhammad Shah |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Shah |access-date=18 September 2017 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> 7 August 1702 – 26 April 1748)<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> was the thirteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] from 1719 to 1748.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=193}}</ref> He was son of [[Jahan Shah I|Khujista Akhtar]], the fourth son of [[Bahadur Shah I]]. After being chosen by the [[Sayyid brothers|Sayyid Brothers of Barha]], he ascended the throne at the young age of 18, under their strict supervision.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ&dq=rafi+ud+darajat+syed+brothers&pg=PA120 |title= The Wonder That Is Urdu| author= Krishna|page=121 |date= 2022 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 9788120843011}}</ref>

He later got rid of them with the help of [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] – [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Syed Hussain Ali Khan]] was murdered at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] in 1720 and [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha]] was captured in battle in 1720 and fatally poisoned in 1722.<ref name="Shaharyar_Begums_2000">{{cite book|title=The Begums of Bhopal|author=Shaharyar M. Khan|edition=illustrated|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2000|isbn=978-1-86064-528-0|page=18}}</ref> Muhammad Shah was a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments, he is thus often referred to as '''Muhammad Shah Rangila''' ({{lit|Muhammad Shah "the colourful"}}).<ref name="sn"/> His pen-name was "Sadrang" and he is also sometimes referred to as "Bahadur Shah Rangila" after his grand father [[Bahadur Shah I]].

Muhammad Shah's reign was marked by the rapid and irreversible decline of the Mughal Empire that was exacerbated by [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]] and the [[sack of Delhi|sacking of Delhi]] in 1739. This course of events not only shocked and mortified the Mughals themselves, but also other foreign powers, including the [[East India Company|British]].

==Early reign==
=== Removing the Sayyid Brothers ===
{{See also|Sayyid brothers|Battle of Balapur}}[[File:Chitarman II, Emperor Muhammad Shah with Falcon Viewing his Garden at Sunset from a Palanquin ca 1730 Metmuseum.jpg|thumb|left|The Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah with his [[Falcon]] visits the imperial garden at sunset on a palanquin.]]

On 9 October 1720, Syed Hussain Ali Khan Barha, the commander and chief of the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]], was assassinated in his encampment in [[Todabhim]] and Muhammad Shah took direct command of the army. Asaf Jah I was then dispatched to gain complete control of six Mughal provinces in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]] was assigned as the [[Mansabdar]] of 8000. He was sent to pursue the Mughal Grand vizier Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha, who was defeated at the battle of [[Hasanpur]] by Muhammad Amin Turani, [[Khan Dowran VII|Khan-i Dauran]], Sher Afkan Panipati, and Amin-ud-Din Sambhali. Hassan Khan Barha fought on the side opposing Khan-i-Dauran where the most danger was anticipated,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=hasanpur+khan+dauran&pg=RA1-PA82 |title= Later Mughal |page= 82 |author= William Irvine |date= 1971 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distri }}</ref> was captured on 15 November 1720 and executed two years later. The fall of the Sayyid Brothers would mark the beginning of the end of the Mughal Empire's direct control over its dominions in the Deccan.

=== Loss of Deccan ''subahs'' ===
[[File:Emperor Muhammad Shah LACMA AC1997.127.1.jpg|thumb|The Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and his family]]
On 21 February 1722, Muhammad Shah appointed Asaf Jah I as Grand Vizier. He advised Muhammad Shah to be "as cautious as [[Akbar]] and as brave as [[Aurangzeb]]". Asaf Jah used his influence with the emperor to fulfil his territorial ambitions in the Deccan. He lost the emperor's confidence when he appointed Hamid Khan, a relative to [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]] and his maternal uncle, to administer Gujarat after sending him on the pretext of restoring order to the province.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |date=2005 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated |isbn=9781932705546 |page=145}}</ref> Realising his loss of influence and trust from the emperor, Asaf Jah resigned as Grand Vizier and returned to the Deccan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ronald Vivian Smith |title=The Delhi that No-one Knows |date=2005 |publisher=DC Publishers |page=60}}</ref>

Asaf Jah I appointed Commander Ewaz Khan as the master of the garrison at [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], and much of his logistical duties were carried out by Inayatullah Kashmiri.<ref name="google2">{{cite book |author=Mehta, J.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated |year=2005 |isbn=9781932705546}}</ref> In 1723 he set out on an expedition to the Deccan, where he fought [[Mubariz Khan]], the Mughal [[Subahdar]] of the Deccan, who had kept the ravaging [[Maratha Empire]] at bay. Mubariz Khan was a former ally of the Barha Sayyids, who was appointed by Muhammad Shah to kill Asaf Jah I.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkRxDwAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+shah+appointed+mubariz+khan&pg=PA6 |title=A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to The Modern Times), 32e |date=2018 |publisher=S Chand Limited |isbn=9789352534340 |page=6}}</ref> Taking advantage of Mubariz Khan's conventional weaknesses, Asaf Jah I defeated and eliminated his opponent during the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]]. Asaf Jah I then established the [[Hyderabad State]] and appointed himself the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in 1725.

The Mughal-Maratha Wars (1728–1763)<ref>{{cite book |author=Tony Jaques |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-0313335372 |series=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century |volume=1 |page=xxxix}}</ref> would cause irreparable devastation to six Deccan ''[[Subah|subahs]]''–[[Khandesh]], [[Bijapur]], [[Berar Subah|Berar]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Hyderabad Subah|Hyderabad]] and [[Bidar]]. Asaf Jah would tell the Marathas to invade [[Malwa Subah|Malwa]] and the northern territories of the Mughal Empire to protect his newfound independence.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5VYH7FhoTsC&q=It+is+necessary+to+take+our+hands+off+Malwa.+God+willing,+I+will+enter+into+an+understanding+with+them |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona: Volumes 51–53 |date=1970 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |page=94 |quote=The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk. If it had the power, it would have crushed him. To save himself from the hostile intentions of the Emperor, the Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat. As revealed in the anecdotes narrated b Lala Mansaram, the Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army operating in Malwa and Gujarat as his own}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Finally+,+in+the+following+year+,+the+nizam+entered+into+a+secret+agreement+with+the+peshwa+by+which+he+offered+to&pg=PA549 |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |date=1957 |publisher=University Press |page=549}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Shripid Rama Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6Y9AAAAMAAJ&q=connived |title=Mughal Empire in India, 1526–1761: Volume 3 |date=1934 |publisher=Karnatak Printing Press}}</ref> The Nizam described the [[Maratha Army|Maratha army]] to be an instrument to be wielded to his own advantage in the ''Maasir-i Nizami'':<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=21}}</ref><blockquote>
"I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own and I will get my work done through them. It is necessary to take our hands off Malwa. God willing, I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the ''Mulukgiri'' (raiding) on that side of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] to them."
</blockquote>The ears of Muhammad Shah were possessed by the Amir-ul-Umara, Khan-i Dauran.<ref>{{cite book |author=William Irvine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=khan+dauran+ears+muhammad+shah&pg=RA1-PA336 |title=Later Mughals |date=1971 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |page=336}}</ref> Muhammad Shah appointed [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar-ud-Din Khan]] as Grand Wazir to succeed Asaf Jah. However, he was quickly dismissed in favour of [[Roshan-ud-Daulah|Roshan-ud-Daulah Turrah Baz Khan]], a native of Panipat,<ref>{{cite book |author=V D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDscEAAAQBAJ&dq=raushan+daulah+panipati&pg=PA13 |title=Modern Indian History |date=2020 |publisher=Publisher: S Chand & Company Limited |isbn=9789352836192 |page=13}}</ref> who was appointed the Grand Wazir, in order to reduce the influence of the Turani family.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jagadish Narayan Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dohDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+nephew+qamaruddin |title=A Study of Eighteenth Century India: Political history, 1707–1761 |date=1976 |publisher=the University of Virginia |page=31}}</ref>

Despite the loss of the Deccan ''subahs'' in 1724, the [[Nawab of Awadh]] [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Ali Khan]] and the Mughal ''subahdar'' Dilawar Khan (r. 1726–1756) remained loyal to the emperor and established a well-protected bastion on the [[Malabar Coast]].

===Cultural developments===
[[File:Zaban urdu mualla.png|thumb|The phrase {{transliteration|ur|''Zuban-i Urdū-yi Muʿallá''}} (literally "Language of the exalted [[Golden Horde|Horde]]", contextually the exalted Urdu Language) written in [[Nastaʿlīq script]].]]
[[File:Sketch from the book Aasar us Sanadeed, depicting Bagh e Naazir as it appeared in mid-19th century.jpg|thumb|[[Baagh e Naazir]] was built by Muhammad Shah the year 1748.]]

While [[Urdu]] (derived from ''Zuban-i Urdū-yi Muʿallá'' or in local translation ''[[Lashkari language|Lashkari Zaban]]'', shortened to ''Lashkari'') was already in use before Muhammad Shah's reign, it was during his reign that it became more popular among the people and he declared it as the court language, replacing Persian. During Muhammad Shah's reign, [[Qawwali]] was reintroduced into the Mughal imperial court and it quickly spread throughout [[South Asia]]. Muhammad Shah is also known to have introduced religious institutions for education such as [[Maktab (education)|Maktab]]s ( original arabic plural makātib ). During his reign, the [[Quran]] was translated for the first time into simple [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]]. Also, during his reign, the formal Turkic dress, normally worn by the high Mughal nobility since Mughals originally hailed from [[Samarqand]], was replaced by the [[Sherwani]]. However, Muhammad Shah's adoption of the Deccan-influenced dress to court would lead to derisive comments, such as "''See how the Deccan monkey dances!''"<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHgtAAAAMAAJ&q=mahratta |title=Notes on Punjab and Mughal India: Selections from Journal of the Punjab Historical Society |date=1988 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |page=381}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ishwari Prasad |title=A New History of India |date=1940 |publisher=Indian Press, Limited |page=334}}</ref>

Muhammad Shah was a patron of the performing arts, almost at the cost of administrative priorities, paving the way for the disintegration of governance. While Mughal political power did decline in his reign, the Emperor encouraged the arts, employing master artists such as Nidha Mal (active 1735–75) and Chitarman, whose vivacious paintings depict scenes of court life, such as [[Holi]] celebrations, hunting and hawking.<ref>[http://sites.asiasociety.org/princesandpainters/decline-of-power-pursuit-of-pleasure-muhammad-shah-1719-1748/ Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi, 1707–1857], Asia Society exhibition</ref> The Mughal court of the time had musicians such as Naimat Khan, also known as [[Sadarang]], and his nephew Firoz Khan (Adarang), whose compositions popularised the musical form of [[khyal]]. Naimat Khan composed khyal for his disciples and he never performed khyal.<ref name="Misra1991">{{cite book |author=Susheela Misra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utw9AAAAMAAJ&q=sadarang+never+performed+khyal |title=Musical Heritage of Lucknow |publisher=Harman Publishing House |year=1991}}</ref> This key component of [[Indian classical music]] evolved, ascended and received princely patronage at the court of Muhammad Shah.<ref>[[iarchive:lifeofmusicinnor00neum| The life of music in north India: the organization of an artistic tradition]], Daniel M. Neuman</ref>

He himself was a poet under the penname "Sadrang" and was also a composer of [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] [[raga]] songs in the [[Bhairav (raga)|bhairav]], [[Kafi (raga)|kafi]], [[Dhamar (music)|dhamar]] and [[malkauns]] genres. These included songs on the themes of love and the festival of [[Holi]].<ref name="sn">[https://sufinama.org/poets/muhammad-shah-rangila/profile Muhammad Shah Rangila]. ''[[Sufinama]]''.</ref>

===Scientific developments===
During the reign of Muhammad Shah, a significant scientific work known as the [[Zij-i Muhammad Shahi]] was completed by [[Jai Singh II of Amber]] between the year 1727 and 1735; it consisted of 400 pages.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&q=zij-i-muhammad+shahi&pg=PA278 |title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800 |date= 2011 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822349044 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Rebellious activities against Muhammad Shah===
In 1719, the Kolis of [[Mahi River]] were most rebellious against Mughal rule and plundering the villages, Mihir Ali Khan, who was acting as Viceroy of Gujarat at the place of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]], marched against the Koli rebels of [[Mahi Kantha Agency|Mahi]] who were committing piracy against Muslims and subdued them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashburner |first=Bhagvánlál Indraji (1839-1888) John Whaley Watson (1838–1889) Jervoise Athelstane Baines (1847–1925) L. R. |title=History of Gujarát |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=www.gutenberg.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 1721, Kasim Ali Khan, who was an officer of the Mughal Empire under Muhammad Shah employed against the Kolis of Kheda district to collect the fine but they refused to pay and there was a battle in Pethapur between the Kolis and the Mughal Army under Khan. Khan was killed by the Kolis and the Mughal army was defeated and retreated to base. <ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=James Macnabb |editor=[[James Macnabb Campbell]] |title=History of Gujarát |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=I(II) |year=1896 |publisher=The Government Central Press |chapter=Chapter I. Early Musalmán Governors.(A.D. 1297–1403.) and II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.) |page=303}}</ref>

In 1722, Muhammad Bahadur, son of Salabat Khan Babi, was placed in charge of Sadra and Virpur, with the title of Sher Khan. Shortly after his arrival the viceroy marched against and subdued the rebellious Kolis of the Chunval but was wounded deeply. After that Kolis of Modhera opposed Muhammad Shah and Modhera village was burnt down.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=304}}

In 1729, Mughal Viceroy of Sultan Muhammad Shah faced the challenge of anti-muslim activities of Kolis of Sorath, The viceroy marched against Kolis of Sorath and after destroying them, he took them to Ahmednagar.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=310}} After this, Jawan Mard Khan Babi who was the Governor of Petlad gave an order against rebellious Kolis of Balor, at probably Bhátod about fifteen miles east of Bharuch, but Jawan Marad Khan was killed by a man of the Koli tribe, and in revenge for his death the town of Balor was plundered. On the death of Jawán Mard Khan, at the request of Salabat Muhammad Khan Babi, his eldest son Kamal-ud-din Khan Babi received the districts of Sami and Munjpur and the title of Jawan Mard Khan.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=310 - 311}}

In 1738, Sher Khan Babi was in Junagadh appointed as governor of Sorath, Babi was obliged to march against a Koli chieftain Kanji Chunvalia of Chhaniar in Chunval because Kanji opposed and resisted the Mughal authority, but Sher Khan Babi was fiercely resisted by Kolis so Momin Khan was called with a large force and Chhaniar was burned down by the Mughal army.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=322 - 323}}

In 1739, Koli chieftain Jamaji of Thara, raised the Kolis of Kankrej against the Padishah and continually plundered Mughal territory. Jawan Mard Khan was ordered to march against the Koli chieftain but he was unable to maintain order, so he requested Fida-ud-din Khan to subdue the Kolis. After defeating the Koli chieftain, the Koli country was plundered by Mughal troops.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=323}}

In 1740, Kolis of Atarsumba, challenged Mughal authority and refused to pay any form of tax to the Mughal Padishah. Jawan Mard khan along with his brother Zorawar Khan Babi, marched against Kolis of Atarsumba but they strongly resisted resulting in a battle, Mughals defeated the Kolis and forced them to pay tax. But it was not for a long time, after some time, Kolis again refused to pay tax and Mughal troops were sent under Abdul Hussain Khan and Vajeram burning three Koli villages.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=323 - 324}}

In 1747, Rangoji a Maratha military leader returned to Áhmedábád, and Jawán Mard Khán had an interview with him a few miles from the city. Shortly after this, the Kolis of Mehmudabad and Mahudha rebelled, but the revolt was speedily crushed by Sháhbáz Rohilla.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=331}}

=== Bengal and Sikhs raids ===
[[File:Silver Rupee of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, struck in Muhammadabad Benaras Mint.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee issued by Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah for the Bengal Subah, struck in Muhammadabad Benaras Mint.]]
Muhammad Ali Khan the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Faujdar]] of [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] and his stern ally Deena Narayan were ambushed out of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] by Upendra Narayan a [[Hindu]] [[Bihari people|Bihari]] and Mipham Wangpo (r. 1729–1736) the [[Druk Desi|ruler]] of [[Bhutan]]. [[Ali Mohammed Khan]] had established the barons of [[Rohilkhand|Rohilakhand]]. In the [[Subah of Lahore|Punjab region]], the [[Misl|Sikhs]] were at war with local [[Mughals|Mughal]] [[Subahdar|''subahdars'']], devastating them with their hit-and-run tactics.

=== Loss of Gujarat and Malwa ''subahs'' ===
{{Main article|Bajirao I#March to Delhi (1737)|Battle of Bhopal}}

After decisively defeating Asaf Jah in February 1728 at the [[Battle of Palkhed]], [[Bajirao I]] and his brother [[Chimaji Appa]] re-invaded Malwa. The Mughal ''subahdar'' Giridhar Bahadur was defeated and killed at the battle of Amjhera in November 1729.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Raghubir |date=1947 |title=Fresh Light on the Battle of Amjhera: November 29, 1729 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137163 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=10 |pages=375–386 |jstor=44137163 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Chimnaji Appa then unsuccessfully attempted to besiege the remnants of the Mughal army at Ujjain.<ref name="books.google.com.pk">{{cite book |author=Jaques, T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780313335372}}</ref> [[File:Elephants pushing cannons drawn by bullocks.jpg|thumb|[[Elephant]]s pushing [[Mughal artillery]] [[cannon]]s drawn also by bullocks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elephants pushing cannons drawn by bullocks, Kota |url=http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/18thC/Elephants_pushing_cannons_drawn_by_bullocks_Kota-mid-18thC.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223222411/http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/18thC/Elephants_pushing_cannons_drawn_by_bullocks_Kota-mid-18thC.htm |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref>]]In 1731, Asaf Jah managed to secure the defections of influential Maratha leaders, such as [[Trimbak Rao Dabhade]] and Sanbhoji who threatened to abandon the Marathas and join the forces with the emperor Muhammad Shah. However, the defectors were overrun and killed by a large Maratha force led by Bajirao I and Chimnaji Appa during [[Battle of Dabhoi]].<ref name="books.google.com.pk" /> Bajirao I then attacked [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]] with his full force and drove out Sarbuland Khan by 1735.[[File:Mahout on an elephant; gouache on paper.jpg|thumb|left|An elephant and its mahout in service of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah.]]

Bajirao I defeated a well-trained Mughal army led by Amir Khan Bahadur at Rikabganj. He did not proceed with his victory although he could have taken the city unopposed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=C. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0E_AAAAMAAJ |title=Baji Rao I, the Great Peshwa |date=1961 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> He withdrew after receiving intelligence of the advancing forces of Wazir [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar-ud-Din Khan]]. Bajirao with his army retreated to the southeast at [[Badshahpur]], where he corresponded with the emperor Muhammad Shah, who ratified peace by agreeing the handover of [[Malwa]] to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref name="books.google.com.pk" />

== Invasion of Nader Shah ==
{{See main|Nader Shah's invasion of India}}
=== Invasion of Mughal empire ===
In May 1738, Nader Shah attacked northern Afghanistan and captured [[Ghazni]]. He captured Kabul in June and [[Jalalabad]] in September. By November, he had [[Battle of Khyber Pass (1738)|crossed]] the [[Khyber Pass]] and besieged and razed the [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|fortress]] of [[Peshawar]]. In January 1739, he captured [[Lahore]], after completely subduing the forces of the Mughal viceroy, [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]] and his 25,000 [[Sowar|''sowars'']],<ref name="google5">{{cite book |author=Chhabra, G.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1803) |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2005 |isbn=9788189093068}}</ref> by the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] river. The Afsharid forces soon encountered bands of [[Misl|Sikh rebels]] whom Nader Shah predicted would clearly benefit after his invasion.<ref name="google5" /> The Afsharids would capture [[Subah of Lahore|territory]] all the way up to [[Attock]], forcing Muhammad Shah and his court to realise that the Turkic Qizilbash Afsharid emperor would not be satisfied with the loot of a province. The cities of [[Wazirabad]], [[Eminabad]] and [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]] were not only sacked but razed to the ground. Near [[Larkana]], the Afsharids completely routed the Mughal army of the [[Kalhora dynasty|Nawab of Sindh]], [[Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro]], and later captured him and his two sons. [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] was then captured by the Afsharids in February 1739, opening the route towards the Mughal capital of Delhi.

=== Battle of Karnal ===
{{See main|Battle of Karnal}}[[File:Jahangusha-ye Naderi 12.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Muhammad Shah with the Turkic invader [[Nader Shah]], art from Nader's court historian [[Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi]], who was a firsthand witness of the encounter]]
[[File:Jahangusha-ye Naderi 11.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Muhammad Shah with an Afsharid prince, art from Nader's court historian [[Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi]], who was a firsthand witness of the encounter]]

Rao Bal Kishan of [[Rewari]], with his army of 5,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry and with the forces of Delhi, attempted a desperate defence of the city but was killed in battle and has been immortalized the name "''Vijay'' or "''Veergati''". Nadir Shah remarked to Emperor Muhammad Shah that "if your combined forces helped Rao Balkrishna of [[Rewari]], then I might not able to enter in Delhi. I had never seen any warrior like him brave, fierce and strong. Muhammed Shah commissioned a royal ''[[chhatri]]'' to pay tribute to Rao Bal Kishan.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXULggU0QMC |title=Realm and Region in Traditional India |publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia |year=1977 |isbn=9780916994129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNBSEAAAQBAJ&dq=rao+balkishan&pg=PA30 |title=Haryana Digdarshan |date=21 February 2021 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=9789325294486}}</ref>

After entering Delhi, [[Nader Shah]] claimed invasion and occupation of the [[Mughal Empire]] was borne out of religious devotion and that if ''"the wretched Marathas of the Deccan"'' moved towards Delhi, he might ''"send an army of victorious [[Qizilbash]] to drive them to the abyss of Hell."''<ref name="columbia">{{cite web |author=Frances Pritchett |title=part2_19 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html#n02 |access-date=17 January 2014 |publisher=columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>Muhammad Latif, The History of the Panjab (Calcutta, 1891), p. 200.</ref>
[[File:Rao Balkishan Chattri.jpg|thumb|Rao Bal Kishan Chhatri at Karnal]]

=== Sack of Delhi ===
[[File:THE FIRST SIGHT THAT MET HIS GAZE WAS THE BODIES OF HIS MURDERED COUNTRYMEN..gif|thumb|[[Nader Shah]] finds his troops had been killed in rioting. From {{cite book |last=Surridge|first=Victor |date=1909 |title=Romance of Empire: India}}]]

[[File:1740 Seutter Map of India, Pakistan, Tibet and Afghanistan - Geographicus - IndiaMogolis-seutter-1740.jpg|thumb|Provinces of the Mughal Empire in the year 1740]]

The occupation of Delhi was initially cordial, however, rumours spread throughout the city that Nader Shah was assassinated. The masses attacked the Afsharid force and killed some soldiers. Nader Shah became furious, ordered to massacre the populace, and leaving at least 30,000 dead. Muhammad Shah and [[Asaf Jah I]] had to beg Nader Shah for mercy and thus he stopped the massacre and turned to looting the Mughal treasury.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jagmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsDSGn8jLPAC&q=begged+nadir+shah+for+mercy&pg=PA298 |title=Soul and Structure of Governance in India |year=2005 | publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788177648317 |access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref> The famous [[Peacock Throne]], the [[Daria-i-Noor]] and [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamonds and unimaginable wealth was looted. In addition, elephants, horses and everything that was liked was taken. Muhammad Shah also had to hand over his daughter Jahan Afruz Banu Begum as a bride for Nader Shah's youngest son. [[Asaf Jah I]] retired to Deccan after installing his eldest son [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Intizam-ud-Daula]] as a major commander in the [[Mughal Army]].<ref>{{cite book |author=H. G. Keene |title=Moghul Empire |publisher=Allen &co Waterloo Place Pall Mall |year=1866 |author-link=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)}} [http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data2/upload/0055/654&first=1&last=302&barcode=4990010201502 Digital Library of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721192051/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=%2Fdata2%2Fupload%2F0055%2F654&first=1&last=302&barcode=4990010201502|date=21 July 2013}} Accessed 7 January 2012</ref>

== Later Maratha wars ==
In the year 1740, [[Dost Ali Khan]] to [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of the Carnatic]] and [[Chanda Sahib]] faced the task of expelling the Marathas under [[Raghoji I of Nagpur|Raghoji I Bhonsle]], authorised by Chhatrapati [[Shahu I]]. Dost Ali Khan was killed on 20 May 1740 at the [[Raghoji I of Nagpur|Battle of Damalcherry]] in defence of [[Arcot, Tamil Nadu|Arcot]], which was eventually looted and plundered. Chanda Sahib along with his garrison was captured and imprisoned in [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. [[Chanda Sahib]] and his forces ferociously defended their rightful reams during the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|Siege of Trichinopoly]] and almost all the territories of the Nawab of the Carnatic despite being outnumbered substantially by the Marathas, their daunting efforts soon attracted the attention of the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] official [[Joseph François Dupleix]].<ref name="google4">{{cite book |author=Jaques, T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P–Z |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780313335396}}</ref>

Dissatisfied by the Maratha occupation of the territories of the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of the Carnatic]], [[Asaf Jah I]] led an expedition to liberate the region. He was joined by [[Muhammed Saadatullah Khan II|Sadatullah Khan II]] and [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]] together they recaptured [[Arcot]] and initiated the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)]], which lasted five months and forced the Marathas led by [[Murari Rao Ghorpade]] to evacuate the Carnatic.<ref name="google4" />

In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji I Bhonsle, began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]] Alivardi Khan. During the Maratha invasion of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], its ''[[subahdar]]'' [[Mir Jafar]] completely withdrew all forces until the arrival of [[Alivardi Khan]] and the [[Mughal Army]] at the Battle of Burdwan where Raghoji I Bhonsle and his Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar. However, due to four years of continuous wars, Emperor Muhammad Shah was forced to cede [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] to the Marathas.<ref name="books.google.com.pk" />

==Foreign relations==
Following Nader Shah's invasion, the Ottoman Empire exploited the void that was created at their eastern borders as almost all Persian forces were deployed to India. During that period, Emperor Muhammad Shah tried to recover all territory lost to Persia until being attacked by the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]] at [[Battle of Manupur (1748)|Battle of Manupur]].<ref name="Mughal-Ottoman relations Muhammed Shah">{{cite book |last=Farooqi |first=Naimur Rahman |title=Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |year=1989 |asin=B0006ETWB8}}. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Muhammad+Shah Google Books search].</ref>

==Marriages==

Emperor Muhammad Shah had four wives. His first wife and chief consort was his first-cousin, Princess [[Badshah Begum]], the daughter of Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] and his first wife, Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum.<ref name="Sarkar97">{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Jadunath|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire.|date=1997|publisher=Orient Longman|location=Hyderabad|isbn=9788125011491|page=169|edition=4th}}</ref> They married after his accession, on 8 December 1721, at Delhi,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Awrangābādī|first1=Shāhnavāz Khān|last2=Prashad|first2=Baini|last3=Shāhnavāz|first3=ʻAbd al-Ḥayy ibn|title=The Maāthir-ul-umarā: being biographies of the Muḥammadan and Hindu officers of the Timurid sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D.|date=1979|publisher=Janaki Prakashan|page=652|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfG1AAAAIAAJ&q=muhmmad+shah+8+december+1721|language=en}}</ref> and he gave her the title ''Malika-uz-Zamani'' (Queen of the Age)<ref name="malik"/> by which she was popularly known. They had a son, Shahriyar Shah Bahadur, who died young in 1726.<ref name="malik"/> She died on 14 December 1789.

Muhammad Shah took a second wife, [[Sahiba Mahal]], and had a daughter [[Hazrat Begum]], who was married to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in 1757.<ref name="google6">{{cite book |author1=Hoiberg, D. |url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni03hoib |title=Students' Britannica India |author2=Ramchandani, I. |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) |year=2000 |isbn=9780852297605 |url-access=registration |issue=v. 1-5}}</ref>

His third wife was a dancing girl, [[Qudsia Begum, Begum of Bhopal]], who bore him his successor, [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] on 23 December 1725. Upon his birth, he was taken from her and was lovingly brought up by Badshah Begum, who considered him her own son. It was through Badshah Begum's efforts that Ahmad Shah was able to ascend the throne upon Muhammad Shah's death in 1748.<ref name="Latif">{{cite book|last=Latif|first=Bilkees I.|title=Forgotten|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780143064541|page=49}}</ref> He had another woman who hailed from [[Tawaif|''tawaif'']] origins, [[Nur Bai]], as a favorite.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=G. S. |title=The forgotten mughals: a history of the later emperors of the House of Babar: (1707-1857) |date=2005 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-601-8 |edition=First paperback edition |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Muhammad Shah Rangeela Grave Delhi 3.jpg|left|thumb|Tomb of Muhammad Shah, in the courtyard of the Nizamuddin Dargah.]]
The victory of the [[Mughal Army]] during the [[Battle of Manupur (1748)]] came with a heavy price as many fell in battle. Initially this was kept a secret. However, when the news reached the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, he could not speak, suddenly became sick, and did not come out of his apartments for three days. During this period he fasted. His guards could hear him crying out loud and saying: ''"How could I bring about anyone as faithful as he? ([[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamaruddin Khan]])"''. He died due to grief on 26 April 1748, his funeral was attended by visiting [[Imam]]s from [[Mecca]].<ref>name="Mughal-Ottoman relations Sharif of Mecca"</ref><ref name="google7">{{cite book|title=Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748|author=Farooqi, N.R.|year=1989|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Muhammad Shah's tomb is located in an enclosure within the [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] complex.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dadlani |first=Chanchal B. |title=From stone to paper : architecture as history in the late Mughal Empire |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-23317-9 |location=New Haven [CT] |pages=67–68 |oclc=1024165136}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In the 2010 historical TV series ''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' telecasted on [[DD National]], the character of Muhammad Shah is portrayed by Rishikesh Sharma.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Silver rupee of Muhammad Shah.jpg|A silver coin minted during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah.
File:Bombay Presidency rupee.jpg|A silver coin minted during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah from [[Bombay]].
File:Jaipur. temp. Isvari Singh AR Rupee (21mm, 11.32 g, 10h) In the name of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah. Sawau Jaipur mint. Dually dated AH 1157 and RY 27 of Muhammad Shah (AD 1744-5).jpg|Coinage of Jaipur from the time of [[Ishvari Singh]], in the name of Muhammad Shah. Sawau Jaipur mint, dated 1744–45 CE.
File:French issued rupee in the name of Mohammed Sha 1719 1758 for Northern India trade cast in Pondicherry.jpg|French-issued [[rupee]] in the name of Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) for Northern India trade, cast in Pondichéry.
File:Koh-i-Noor new version copy.jpg|[[Koh-i-Noor]]
File:Darya-e Noor Diamond of Iran.png|Darya-e-Noor
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Battle of Karnal]]
*[[Koh-i-Noor]]
*[[Peacock Throne]]
*[[Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
*[[Ahirwal]]
*[[Rewari]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Muhammad Shah}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
*[https://sufinama.org/poets/muhammad-shah-rangila/ Poetry of Muhammad Shah Rangila] at ''[[Sufinama.org]]''
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNBSEAAAQBAJ&dq=rao+balkishan&pg=PA30| isbn=9789325294486 | title=Haryana Digdarshan | year= 2021 | publisher=Arihant Publications India limited }}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]]|before=[[Shah Jahan II]]|after=[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]|years=1719–1748}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1702 births]]
[[Category:1748 deaths]]
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Timurid monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindustani-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]

Malabar rebellion

2026-03-15T11:30:38Z

LizzieSugerman6: page edit

{{Short description|Conflict in India in 1921–1922}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Malabar Rebellion
| image = [[File:South Malabar 1921.png|300px]]
| caption = [[South Malabar]] in 1921; areas in red show Taluks affected by the rebellion
| date = 1921–1922
| place = [[Malabar district]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| result = Rebellion suppressed
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj]]
* [[Madras Presidency]]
* [[Jenmi]] landlords
| combatant2 = [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslim]] Rebels
| commander1 = [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Rufus Isaacs]] {{small|([[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]])}} [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas]] {{small|([[List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras|Governor of Madras]])}} Thomas T. S. Hitchcock A. S. P. Amu
| commander2 = [[Ali Musliyar]]{{Executed}} [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]]{{Executed}} Sithi Koya Thangal Chembrasery Thangal{{Executed}} K. Moiteenkutti Haji{{Executed}} Kappad Krishnan Nair<ref name="Malabar Rebillion">{{cite book |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/malabar-kalapam/3761/ |last1=K. Madhavan Nair |title=Malabar Kalapam |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=978-81-8266-611-5 |page=207 |edition=2016}}</ref> Konnara Thangal{{Executed}} M. P. Narayana Menon<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Resurrecting-a-forgotten-freedom-fighter/article15475681.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Resurrecting a forgotten freedom fighter |date=8 October 2016 }}</ref> Pandiyatt Narayanan Nambeesan<ref name="Malabar Rebillion"/> Mozhikunnath Brahmadathan Nambudiripad<ref name="onmanorama.com">[https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/essential-kerala/2019/01/15/the-glorious-life-of-mozhikkunnam-to-be-preserved-for-posterity.html R Sasisekhar-Malayala Manorama 18 Jan 2019]</ref>
| casualties1 = '''Official figures:'''
43 combatants killed 126 wounded
| casualties2 = '''Official figures:'''
2,339 rebels killed 1,652 injured 45,404 imprisoned
| notes =
| partof = the [[Khilafat Movement]], the Mappila riots, and the [[Indian independence movement]]
}}
{{Keralahistory}}
The '''Malabar rebellion'''{{sfn|Kurup|1996}} of 1921 (also called '''Moplah rebellion,'''{{sfn|Nair|1923}} and '''Mappila rebellion''',{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977}} [[Malayalam]]: ''malabār kalāpam'') started as a resistance against the [[British Raj]] in certain places in the southern part of old [[Malabar district]] of present-day Kerala. The popular uprising was also against the prevailing feudal system controlled by Hindus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khilafat movement |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Khilafat-movement |access-date=9 October 2017 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977}}{{sfn|Kurup|1996}}

For the mappila side, the rebellion was primarily a [[peasant revolt]] against the colonial government.{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977}}{{sfn|Qureshi|1999|p=447}} During the uprising, the rebels attacked various symbols and institutions of the colonial state, such as telegraph lines, train stations, courts and post offices.<ref name="Daniyal">{{Cite web|last=Daniyal|first=Shoaib|title=Revolt against British or communal riot? Removal of Kerala mural revives debate on Moplah Rebellion|url=https://scroll.in/article/901670/revolt-against-british-or-communal-riot-removal-of-kerala-mural-revives-debate-on-moplah-rebellion|website=Scroll.in|date=13 November 2018 }}</ref>

There were also a series of clashes between the [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] Muslims and the Hindu landlords, the latter supported by the British colonial government, throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The heavy-handed suppression of the [[Khilafat Movement]] by the colonial government was met by resistance in the [[Eranad]] and [[Perinthalmanna taluk|Valluvanad]] ''[[taluk]]s'' of Malabar. The Mappilas attacked and took control of police stations, colonial government offices, courts and government treasuries.<ref name="gazette">
{{citation |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=Kerala District Gazetteers, Volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF0bAAAAIAAJ |pages=179–183 |year=1962 |publisher=Superintendent of Govt. Presses |author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon}}.
</ref>{{sfn|Panikkar|1979|p=622}}

For six months from August 1921, the rebellion extended over {{Convert|2000|sqmi}} – some 40% of the South Malabar region of the [[Madras Presidency]].{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977|p=58}} The British colonial government sent [[British Indian Army|troops]] to quell the rebellion and [[martial law]] imposed.<ref name="keralagov">http://www.kerala.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ |date=18 January 2006 }} -> History -> Malabar Rebellion.</ref> An estimated 10,000 people died,<ref name="menon">A short survey of Kerala History, [[A. Sreedhara Menon]], Vishwanathan Publishers 2006, p. 361.</ref> although official figures put the numbers at 2337 rebels killed, 1652 injured and 45,404 imprisoned. Unofficial estimates put the number imprisoned at almost 50,000 of whom 20,000 were deported, mainly to the [[Andaman Islands#British Occupation and Penal Colony|penal colony in the Andaman Islands]], while around 10,000 went missing.<ref name="Ansari">Malabar: ''Desheeyathayude idapedalukal'' ( Malabar: involvement of nationalism), MT Ansari, DC Books, p. 45.</ref> According to [[Arya Samaj]] about 600 Hindus were killed and 2,500 were forcibly converted to [[Islam]] during the rebellion.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite news |date=2020-07-05 |title=The Malabar rebellion is a layered story with multiple strands that defy simplistic narrations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dont-strip-malabar-rebellion-off-its-layers-6490428/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is also said during the rebellion, thousands of Hindus were murdered and forcibly converted to Islam.<ref name=":1" />

Contemporary colonial administrators and modern historians differ markedly in their assessment of the incident, debating whether the revolts were triggered by religious fanaticism or agrarian grievances.<ref>[[K. N. Panikkar]], Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 17, No. 20 (15 May 1982), pp. 823–824.</ref> At the time, the [[Indian National Congress - Freedom Era|Indian National Congress]] repudiated the movement and it remained isolated from the wider [[Indian Independence Movement|nationalist movement]].<ref>The labor of development: workers and the transformation of capitalism in Kerala, India, Patrick Heller, [[Cornell University]] Press, 1999, p. 67.</ref> However, some contemporary Indian evaluations now view the rebellion as a national upheaval against colonial rule and the most important event concerning the political movement in Malabar during the period.<ref name="menon"/>

In its magnitude and extent, it was an unprecedented popular upheaval, the likes of which has not been seen in [[Kerala]] before or since. While the Mappilas were in the vanguard of the movement and bore the brunt of the struggle, several non-Mappila leaders actively sympathized with the rebels' cause, giving the uprising the character of a national upheaval.<ref name="gazette"/> In 1971, the [[Government of Kerala]] officially recognized the active participants in the events as "freedom fighters".<ref name="brill">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|first=Uri M.|last=Kupferschmidt|date=1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=C. E. Bosworth |editor2=E. van Donzel |display-editors=etal |title=Mappila |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/06.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v6.Mah-Mid.Leid.EJBrill.1990.1991.#page/n481/mode/1up|page=460|year=1991 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Land ownership in Malabar ===
[[File:Freeman Freeman-Thomas by Henry Walter Barnett.jpg|thumb|[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]], Governor of [[Madras]] during the Rebellions and later Viceroy and [[Governor-General of India]]]]
Malabar's agricultural system was historically based on a hierarchy of privileges, rights and obligations for all principal social groups in what British administrator [[William Logan (Malabar Manual)|William Logan]] sometimes referred to as the "Father of Tenancy Legislation" in Malabar,<ref>Modern Kerala: studies in social and agrarian relations, K. K. N. Kurup, Mittal Publications, 1988, p. 80.</ref> describing it as a system of 'corporate unity' or joint proprietorship of each of the principal land right holders:<ref name="cooperjal">Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836–1982 By P Radhakrishnan – COOPERJAL, pp. 17–20.</ref><ref name="VVK">Tenancy legislation in Malabar, 1880–1970: an historical analysis, V. V. Kunhi Krishnan (Ph.D Thesis under Dr. K. K. N. Kurup, Calicut University ), Northern Book Centre, 1993, pp. 1–24.</ref>

====Jenmi====
The [[Jenmi]], consisting mainly of the [[Namboothiri Brahmins]] and [[Nair]] chieftains, were the highest level of the hierarchy, and a class of people given hereditary land grants (<nowiki>''janmam''</nowiki>) by the ''[[Naduvazhi]]s'' or rulers. The rights conveyed by this ''janmam'' were not a [[Freehold (law)|freehold]] in the European sense, but an office of dignity. Owing to their ritual status as priests ([[Nambudiri]]s), the jenmis could neither cultivate nor supervise the land but would instead provide a grant of ''kanam (a form of [[land tenure]])'' to a ''kanakkaran (holder of tenure)'' in return for a fixed share of the crops produced. Typically, a Jenmi would have a large number of ''kanakkarar'' under him.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

====Verumpattakkaran====
The Verumpattakkarar, generally [[Thiyya]] and Mappila classes, cultivated the land but were also its part-proprietors under the ''kanakkarar''. These classes were given a ''Verum Pattam'' (Simple Lease) of the land that was typically valid for one year. According to custom, they were also entitled to one-third or an equal share of the net produce.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

The net produce of the land was the share left over after providing for the ''cherujanmakkar'' or all the other birthright holders such as the village [[Carpentry|carpenter]], the [[goldsmith]] and agricultural [[Laborer|labourers]] who helped to gather, prepare and store produce. The system ensured that no Jenmi could evict tenants under him except for non-payment of rent. This land tenure system was generally referred to as the ''janmi-kana-maryada'' (customary practices).<ref name="cooperjal"/><ref name="VVK"/>

[[File:Madras map 1913.jpg|thumb|200px|Map of the Madras Presidency, after the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]].]]

{{Rebellions in British India}}

===Land reforms and Mappila outbreaks===

During the [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]], the Jenmi took refuge in neighbouring states. The tenants and the Nair army men who could not escape were converted into Islam, as described in William Logan's ''Malabar Manual''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TJFDwAAQBAJ|title=MALABAR MANUAL: With Commentary by VED from VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS|publisher=VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, DEVERKOVIL 673508 India www.victoriainstitutions.com}}</ref> Thus, [[Tipu Sultan]]'s Kingdom of Mysore, having driven the Jenmi out of Malabar, reached accord with the Muslim Kanakkars. A new system of land revenue was introduced for the first time in the region's history with the government share fixed on the basis of actual produce from the land.<ref name="DevReport">Kerala Development Report, Government of India Planning Commission, Academic Foundation, 2008, p. 53.</ref>

However, within five years, the [[East India Company]] [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|took over Malabar]], defeating Tipu Sultan and ending his reign over the region. This allowed the Jenmi to return to their homes and regain the lands lost during the Mysorean invasion, with the help of the [[Company rule in India|Company administration]] and its duly-constituted courts.<ref>Logan, 1951b:209-10.</ref> The Company introduced several [[Western world|Western]] juridical concepts, such as that of absolute property rights, into the existing legal system of Malabar. Up until then, such rights had been unknown in the region and as a result all land became the private property of the Jenmi. This legal recognition gave them the right to evict tenants, which was in turn enforced through the colonial civil courts.<ref name="VVK"/><ref name="DevReport"/> In the words of William Logan:
{{Blockquote|The [British] authorities, recognised the Janmi as absolute owner of his holding, and therefore free to take as big a share of the produce of the soil as he could get out of the classes beneath him... (Gradually) The British Courts backed up by Police and Magistrates and troops and big guns made the Janmi's independence complete. The hard terms thus imposed on the Kanakkaran had, of course, the effect of hardening the terms imposed by the Kanakkaran on those below him, the Verumpattakkar. The one-third of the net produce to which the Verumpattakkaran was customarily entitled, was more and more encroached upon as the terms imposed on the Kanakkaran became harder and harder. (Government of Madras. 1882, Vol. I: xvii, xxxi–ii)}}
As conditions worsened, rents rose to as high as 75–80% of net produce, leaving the Verumpattakkar cultivators largely "only straw".<ref name="DevReport"/> This caused great resentment among the Mappilas, who, in the words of Logan, were "labouring late and early to provide a sufficiency of food for their wives and children".<ref name="VVK"/> Resentment among the Muslim tenant population due to being vulnerable to rack renting, insecure tenancy, and eviction at the hands of Hindu landlords (jenmi) sustained by British courts, the Mappillas responded in a series of outbreaks, in which they wanted their own death, 29 in number, between 1836 and 1919 were suppressed.{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977|p=62}} These usually involved the violence against Nambudiri and Nair landlords.{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977|p=62}} During the nineteenth century conversions to Islam heightened dramatically as the backward caste{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977|p=59}} Cheruman serfs embraced Islam so that they got liberation from the caste system and support from fellow Muslims to protest against jenmi tyranny.{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977|pp=62–63}} The colonial government referred to the outbreaks as "Moplah outrages", but modern historians tend to treat them as religious outbreaks<ref>Mazumdar, 1973; Ravindran, 1973; Dale, 1980.</ref> or expressions of agrarian discontent.<ref>Houtart and Lemercinier, 1978; Namboodiripad, 1943:1–2; {{harvnb|Panikkar|1979|p=611}}; Wood, 1974.</ref> The outbreak of 1921–22 sustained this tradition of violence in Malabar with one crucial difference: this time it had also a political ideology and a formal organization.<ref name="brill"/>{{sfn|Qureshi|1999|p=447}}<ref name="cooperjal"/>

=== Khilafat Movement ===
{{main|Khilafat Movement}}
Diwan Bahadur C. Gopalan Nair in his book, ''The Moplah Rebellion 1921'',{{sfn|Nair|1923|pp=7–8}} writes thus:

{{Blockquote|text=...it was not mere fanaticism, it was not agrarian trouble, it was not destitution, that worked on the minds of Ali Musaliar and his followers. The evidence conclusively shows that it was the influence of the Khilafat and Non-co-operation movements that drove them to their crime. It is this which distinguishes the present from all previous outbreaks. Their intention was, absurd though it may seem, to subvert the British Government and to substitute a Khilafat Government by force of arms.(Judgement in Case No. 7 of 1921 on the file of the Special Tribunal, Calicut.) ...|title=|source=}}

Nair noted Ali Musliyar rose to prominence at the instance of a Khilafat conference held in Karachi. Furthermore, Musliyar was not a native of Tirurangadi. He had only moved in 14 years earlier. So, according to Nair, there was not class revolt he was handling. It was a Khilafat edifice prepared and passed from distant Karachi, possibly controlled by spiritual leaders of Islam.{{sfn|Nair|1923|p=8}}

The Khilafat movement was introduced into the district of Malabar on 28 April 1920, by a Resolution at the Malabar District Conference, held at Manjeri, the headquarters of Ernad Taluk. On 30 March 1921, there was a meeting at which one Abdulla Kutti Musaliar of Vayakkad lectured on Khilafat, in Kizhakoth Amsom, Calicut Taluk. And at a second meeting held the next day at Pannur Mosque, there was some unpleasantness between the Mappilas on one side, and Nairs and Tiyyar, who resented the Khilafat meeting, on the other. The Mappilas mustered the strength to attack the place of worship belonging to the Hindu Adhigari of the village.{{sfn|Nair|1923|p=8}}

=== Nature of attacks ===
The Malabar Rebellion witnessed many attacks on British officers in the region. The Madras High Court, which adjudicated in this matter, had passed judgements on each of the cases against the various Mappila rioters who were captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1778930/|title=Madras High Court|last=King|date=19 November 1935}}
</ref> The Madras High Court said on the matter,

{{Blockquote|text=It appears also that on the night of the 20th of August, at Nilambur 16 miles from Manjeri a police constable at Edavanna, were murdered and at Tiruvangadi in addition to Mr. Rowley and Lieutenant Johnston nine other persons were murdered. The police station at Manjeri was attacked on the night of the 21st; public officers at Manjeri on the 22nd. On the 24th of August Variyamkunnath Kunhahammad Haji who is described as the rebel leader arrived at Manjeri. All these incidents had occurred when the respondent made the speech already referred to, and it was in such dangerous surroundings that he made it and the reference to Tiruvangadi in that speech has a consequence, a particular significance. Subsequent events are that on the 26th of August a retired police inspector was murdered at Anakayam near Manjeri by Variyamkunnath Kunhahammad Haji and his followers and on the 25th of August his head was paraded on a spear; and it was common ground that the respondent was at Manjeri from the morning of the 21st of August until the 30th of August.|title=|source=}}

The District Magistrate stated that reliable information had been received about 180 forced conversions of Hindus and the actual total may run into thousands.<ref>Telegram No. 687, dated 8-11-1921 in G. Tottenham (ed.), {{cite book| title=The Malabar Rebellion 1921-1920 | location=Chennai | year= 1922 | page= 173}}</ref> [[Roland E. Miller]] estimates forced conversions as in the range of 200 and 2500.<ref name=":1">Roland E. Miller, {{cite book| title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: A Study in Islamic Trends | location=Chennai | year=1992 | page=148}}</ref>
In the aftermath of this violence, the Suddhi Movement was created by the Arya Samaj. They converted over 2,000 Hindus who had been forcibly converted to Islam by the Mappilas. Sumit Sarkar in ''Modern India'' quotes an Arya Samaj source that claimed about 600 Hindus were killed and 2,500 forcibly converted during the rebellion.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]] claimed to have killed the alleged British agents and spies responsible for the forced conversion of Hindus to [[Mohammedan|Mohammadanism]] and killing others.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=7 Dec 1921, Page 10 - Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=42670333&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjExOTIyMDg5OSwiaWF0IjoxNjQwNDA0NDk3LCJleHAiOjE2NDA0OTA4OTd9.5fw01wEiH1sCDi6-D2ytTWYsiUBuCD-owyTbDOTMk2k|website=Newspapers.com| date=7 December 1921 | page=10 }}</ref><ref name="Clipped From The Baltimore Sun">{{Cite news |date=1921-12-07 |title=Clipped From The Baltimore Sun |page=6 |work=The Baltimore Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88890874/the-baltimore-sun/ }}</ref> However, their leader, [[Swami Shraddhanand]]a was stabbed on 23 December 1926 by an Islamist at his Ashram. Some newspapers reported that certain districts were 'empty of Hindus.'<ref>{{Cite news |date=1921-10-08 |title=MOPLAH REBELLION. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69311090 |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=Advocate}}</ref>

=== Punishments of rebel leaders ===
The following were the various leaders of the movement, who were sentenced to death following the Malabar Rebellion:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1636228/|title=Paramban Mammadu And Ors. vs The King on 19 January, 1949|website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>
* Ali Musliyar, leader of the rebellion
* Kunhi Kadir, Khilafat Secretary, Tanur
* Variankunnath Kunhammad Haji
* Kunhj Koya, Thangal, President of the Khilafat Committee, Malappuram
* Koya Tangal of Kumaramputhur, Governor of a Khilafat principality
* Chembrasseri Imbichi Koya Thangal, notorious for his alleged killing of 38 men by slashing their necks and throwing them into a well
* Palakamthodi Avvocker Musaliar
* Konnara Mohammed Koya Thangal

== Timeline of events ==

=== Nagpur Resolution of Congress ===
The Khilafat Committee in Nagpur (in January 1921) headed by Syed of Ponnani Juma Masjid extended full support for the Nagpur Resolution of Congress that called for non-cooperation. Syed was the highest religious authorities for the Moplahs and called for complete support of non-cooperation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Deepak |first=J Sai |title=India, Bharat and Pakistan The Constitutional Journey of a Sandwiched Civilisation (Kindle Edition) |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-5435-452-6 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |page=924 }}</ref> However Gandhi's tenet of non-violence was not accepted by the committee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Conrad |title=The Moplah Rebellion of 1921–22 and Its Genesis |publisher=[[People's Pub. House]] |year=1975 |isbn=81-7007-045-7 |location=New Delhi |page=229 }}</ref>

=== Conference of Gandhi & Ali Brothers ===
In April 1921 a conference attended by Gandhi and Ali Brothers in Madras was attended in large numbers by Moplahs. Maulana Muhammad Ali of Ali Brothers made a statement that "if the Afghans invaded Bharat to evict the British, he would support them and fight the British and anyone else who opposed the Afghan invasion".<ref name=":0" />

=== Dispute between Nilambur Raja and V. Mohammad ===
A dispute between Nilambur Raja (a Namboodiri landlord) and V. Mohammad (a Moplah Khilafatist) in July 1921 lead to a police search of V. Mohammad. The situation escalated when hundreds of Moplahs and Khilaftists marched towards Raja's home carrying war knives, swords, and other weapons.{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977}} The mob was dispersed after the intervention of Khilafat Committee of Malappuram.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalan Nair |first=C. |title=The Moplah rebellion, 1921 |publisher=[[Voice of India]] |author2=Saradindu Mukherji |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-85485-22-0 |location=New Delhi |page=22 |oclc=1297039293}}</ref>

=== Request for Reinforcement by District Collector ===
District Collector E. F. Thomas request reinforcements of British Troop stating "it is with the deepest regret, that I inform Government that the situation is beyond the District officials".{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977}} The Governor of Madras wrote to Viceroy of India stating that "speeches on the Khilafat question combined with the resolutions of the recent All-India Khilafat Conference at Karachi have produced an impression on the mind of the Mappilla that the end of the British Raj is at hand".{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977}}<ref name=":0" />

==Rebellion and response==
[[File:Ali Musliyar.jpg|thumb|[[Ali Musliyar]] photographed during the uprising.]]On 1 August 1921,<ref>
Diwan C Gopalan Nair, [[iarchive:MoplahRebellion1921|The Moplah Rebellion, 1921]], p. 20 : "...at an anti-non-co-operationion Meeting held at Ponnani on 24th July..."
" p. 21 : "A week after the Ponnani meeting....."
</ref> the police attempted to arrest Vadakkevittil Muhammed, the secretary of the Khilafat Committee of Ernad at [[Pookkottur]], alleging that he had stolen the pistol of a Hindu ''[[Thirumulpad]]'' from a ''[[Kovilakam]]'' (manor) in [[Nilambur]]. A crowd of 2,000 Mappilas from the neighbourhood foiled the attempt. On 20 August 1921,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Malabar Rebellion, 1921 by R.H. Hitchcock |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/archives/history-malabar-rebellion-1921-rh-hitchcock |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=INDIAN CULTURE|page=35 |language=en}}</ref> a squad of police arrested a number of Khilafat volunteers and seized records{{additional citation needed|date=January 2022}} at the [[Mambaram, Malappuram|Mambaram]] Mosque in [[Tirurangadi]], leading to rumours that the building had been desecrated. A large crowd of Mappilas converged on Tirurangadi and besieged the local police station. The police opened fire on the crowd, triggering a furious reaction which soon engulfed the Eranad and [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]] Taluks along with neighbouring areas and continued for over two months.<ref name="keralagov" />
{{check quotation}}
Following the mosque incident, the rebels attacked and seized police stations, government treasuries, and entered the courts and registry offices where they destroyed records. Some even climbed into the judges' seats and proclaimed the advent of ''[[swaraj]]'' (self-rule).{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977|p=82}} The rebellion soon spread to the neighbouring areas of [[Malappuram]], [[Manjeri]], [[Perinthalmanna]], [[Pandikkad]] and [[Tirur]] under principal leaders [[Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji|Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]], Seethi Koya Thangal of Kumaranpathor and [[Ali Musliyar]]. On 25 August, the rebels declared independence from British India, forming an independent state known as the Malayala Rajyam.<ref>{{Cite web |page=para. 8 |title=Row in India over gov't move to erase colonial-era 'martyrs' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022022244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2021 |others=para. 3 |title=Variyamkunnan's rare photo surfaces on book cover {{!}} Kozhikode News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/variyamkunnans-rare-photo-surfaces-on-book-cover/articleshow/87377709.cms |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beware of Lies, Give Credit To 1921 Malabar Revolt Against British |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-beware-of-lies-give-credit-to-1921-malabar-revolt-against-british/304967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024164728/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-beware-of-lies-give-credit-to-1921-malabar-revolt-against-british/304967 |archive-date=2022-10-24 |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Led by Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, the state adopted its own passport, currency and taxation system.<ref name="Kayyalakkath-Abdulla">{{Cite web |last1=Kayyalakkath |first1=Aslah |last2=Abdulla |first2=Shaheen |title=Row in India over gov't move to erase colonial-era 'martyrs' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |access-date=2022-03-09 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> By 28 August 1921 colonial rule had virtually come to an end in Malappuram, Tirurangadi, Manjeri, and Perinthalmanna, which then fell into the hands of the rebels who established complete domination over the Eranad and Valluvanad Taluks. On 24 August 1921 Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji took over command of the rebellion from Ali Musliyar. Public proclamations were issued by Variyankunnath and Seethi that those Mappilas who resorted to looting would receive exemplary punishments.<ref name="gazette"/>{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977|p=82}}

[[File:Moplah prisoners.jpg|thumb|Captured Mappila prisoners taken after a battle with the [[British Indian Army|colonial army]].]]

During the initial stages of the rebellion, the colonial military and police were forced to withdraw from these areas but by the end of August, several contingents of colonial troops and [[Gurkha]] arrived. Clashes with the rebels followed, one of the most notable encounters taking place at [[Pookkottur]] (often referred to as the [[Battle of Pookkottur]]<ref>{{Cite book |location=Madras |publisher=Government Press |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023929700/page/n45/mode/2up |chapter=The Rebelion |title=The Mapilla Rebellion: 1921-1922 |date=1922 |page=37}}</ref>) in which colonial troops sustained heavy casualties and had to retreat to safety.<ref name="gazette"/>

During the early phase of the rebellion, the targets were primarily the [[Jenmi]] and the colonial government. Crimes committed by some of the rebels were accepted by leaders. After the proclamation of [[martial law]] and the arrival of government troops, when some members of the Hindu community were enlisted by the army to provide information on the rebels.<ref name="gazette"/>{{sfn|Panikkar|1979|p=622}}
It is alleged that once they had eliminated the minimal presence of the government, the Mappilas turned their full attention to attacking Hindus while Ernad and Valluvanad were declared "Khilafat kingdoms".<ref>{{cite book | title = Encyclopaedia of Political Parties: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: National, Regional, Local | author = O P Ralhan | publisher = Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. | year = 1996 | page = 297}}</ref> During the rebellion, a [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] gang under the leadership of Odayappurath Chekkutty from [[Kalpakanchery]] protected the ''Kizhake Kovilakam'' (a seat of the ruling family of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]) and the [[Arya Vaidya Sala]] at [[Kottakkal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Kalpakanchery |url=http://lsgkerala.in/kalpakancherypanchayat/history/ |website=lsgkerala.in |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715144758/http://lsgkerala.in/kalpakancherypanchayat/history/ }}</ref> [[Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier]], who is also the founder of renowned [[Arya Vaidya Sala]] and ''Kottakkal Natya Sangham'' at [[Kottakkal]], provided the entire shelter and protection for the orphaned [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] families when the British started to arrest [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] household men.<ref name="mal">{{Cite news|title=അമ്പതിന്റെ നിറവില്‍ മലപ്പുറം; മലപ്പുറത്തിന്റെ മാനവിക മഹാപൈതൃകം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/alamkode-leelakrishnan-writes-about-malappuram-1.3880292|last=Leelakrishnan|first=Alamkode|date=17 June 2019|work=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=7 May 2021|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507091729/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/alamkode-leelakrishnan-writes-about-malappuram-1.3880292}}</ref>

By the end of 1921, the situation was brought under control. The colonial government raised a special quasi-military (or Armed Police) battalion, the [[Malabar Special Police]], initially consisting of non-Muslims and trained by the [[British Indian Army|colonial army]]. The Special Police then engaged the rioters and eventually put an end to the riot.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Reactions and aftermath==
[[File:A letter related to Malabar rebellion 1921.png|thumbnail| A letter written by [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]] which appeared in the newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'' on 18 October 1921]]

Different people including [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]] criticised the atrocities against Hindus in the name of the movement, which Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji said were part of the British plot. Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji also states to have killed the British agents and spies responsible for this.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=2020-06-25 |title=Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From The Baltimore Sun|page=6|work=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88890874/the-baltimore-sun/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=7 Dec 1921, Page 10 - Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=42670333&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjExOTIyMDg5OSwiaWF0IjoxNjQxMjg1NjQ3LCJleHAiOjE2NDEzNzIwNDd9.BGRN-3LhRQykC7ZtD_Cu58LrnEGCoSuWw6sZfnXDBLc|website=Newspapers.com| date=7 December 1921 | page=10 }}</ref>

=== Message to Friends of Freedom for India ===
On 7 December 1921 two American newspapers ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' and ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' reported the message received by the Friends of Freedom for India from [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]] in a cablegram. Newspapers reports the message was preceded by the following sentence: "Charges that the Moplahs of Malabar have put to death many Hindus and forcibly converted others to [[Mohammedan]]ism were denied and characterized as part of a British plot to discredit the Moplah movement of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in a cablegram from [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]]..."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland on December 7, 1921 · 6|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/373284972/|website=Newspapers.com|date=7 December 1921 }}</ref><ref name="Clipped From Detroit Free Press">{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From Detroit Free Press|page=10|work=Detroit Free Press|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42670333/detroit-free-press/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209034838/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press/42670333/|archive-date=9 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the message he said: <blockquote>"A few cases of conversion of our Hindu brethren have been reported to me." the [[message]] said. "But after proper investigation we discovered the real plot. The vandals that were guilty of this [[crime]] were members of the British reserve [[police]] and British [[Intelligence agency|intelligence]] department, and they joined our forces as [[Patriotism|patriots]] to do such filthy work only to discredit our soldiers. There are [[Christians]], [[Hindus]] and Moplahs amongst these British agents and [[Spy|spies]].<ref name="Clipped From The Baltimore Sun"/> They have decidedly been put to [[death]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=7 Dec 1921, 6 - The Baltimore Sun at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=88890874&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjM3MzI4NDk3MiwiaWF0IjoxNjM4OTMwODc5LCJleHAiOjE2MzkwMTcyNzl9.-TmhxYBZ7YYPs8WeJjIjSyyP6FzErOzlKGIg6HKxgsA|website=Newspapers.com| date=7 December 1921 | page=6 }}</ref>

"We are at [[war]] with England. We are fighting for the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]], and we are doing exactly what the Americans did to free America from British domination. So anyone giving aid and comfort to the [[enemy]] will be se verely dealt with, irrespective of social position or religious affiliation.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Clipped From Detroit Free Press" />

"Let the great people of the great land of Washington postpone [[Judgement|judgment]] until they have a chance to know the full [[truth]] about the present [[war]] in Malabar." <ref name="auto" /><ref name="Clipped From Detroit Free Press" /></blockquote>[[B. R. Ambedkar]], who advocated for the formation of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carvalho |first=Brian |title=Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar was more iconoclast than icon |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/babasaheb-bhimrao-ambedkar-was-more-iconoclast-than-icon/articleshow/51858175.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-29}}</ref> in his book ''Pakistan or the Partition of India'' (1945),<ref name="scroll.in">{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Was Ambedkar anti-Muslim? |url=https://scroll.in/article/836748/was-ambedkar-anti-muslim |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Scroll.in |date=7 May 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> wrote on the rebellion:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pakistan or the Partition of India|last=Ambedkar|first=Bhimrao|pages=Chapter 6}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The blood-curdling atrocities committed by the Moplas in Malabar against the Hindus were indescribable. All over Southern India, a wave of horrified feeling had spread among the Hindus of every shade of opinion, which was intensified when certain Khilafat leaders were so misguided as to pass resolutions of congratulations to the Moplas on the brave fight they were conducting for the sake of religion". Any person could have said that this was too heavy a price for Hindu-Muslim unity. But Mr. Gandhi was so much obsessed by the necessity of establishing Hindu-Muslim unity that he was prepared to make light of the doings of the Moplas and the Khilafats who were congratulating them. He spoke of the Mappilas as the "brave God-fearing Moplahs who were fighting for what they consider as religion and in a manner which they consider as religious ".|sign=|source=}}

[[Annie Besant]], who wanted dominion status for India,<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/annie-besant-the-irish-activist-who-fought-for-india-4270415.html Annie Besant, The Irish Activist Who Fought For India] para. 3. "Conceived along the lines of the Irish Home Rule movement, the aim of the crusade was to attain Dominion status for India like Australia and Canada. The movement went on for two years...".</ref> opposed the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]], supported the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montague-Chelmsford reforms]], who had adverse effect on her popularity due to difference of opinion and later left the political field,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-01|title=A woman who showed the way|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/woman-showed-way-1502502940.html|website=The Statesman}}</ref> recounts in two separate articles in New India on 29 November 1921 and 6 December 1921 as to what happened to the Malabar Hindus at the hands of the Moplahs:<ref>{{Cite book|title="MALABAR'S AGONY." Annie Besant. New India. Quoted in "GANDHI AND ANARCHY." |last=Nair|first=C. Sankaran |pages= 133–6}}</ref>
{{Blockquote| Mr. [[Gandhi]]...can he not feel a little sympathy for thousands of women left with only rags, driven from home, for little children born of the flying mothers on roads in refuge camps? The misery is beyond description. Girl wives, pretty and sweet, with eyes half blind with weeping, distraught with terror; women who have seen their husbands hacked to pieces before their eye, in the way "Moplas consider as religious"; old women tottering, whose faces become written with anguish and who cry at a gentle touch...men who have lost all, hopeless, crushed, desperate...Can you conceive of a more ghastly and inhuman crime than the murders of babies and pregnant women?...A pregnant woman carrying 7 months was cut through the abdomen by a rebel and she was seen lying dead on the way with the dead child projecting out of the womb...Another: a baby of six months was snatched away from the breast of his own mother and cut into two pieces... Are these rebels human beings or monsters?}}

{{Blockquote|A respectable [[Nair|Nayar]] Lady at Melatur was stripped naked by the rebels in the presence of her husband and brothers, who were made to stand close by with their hands tied behind. When they shut their eyes in abhorrence they were compelled at the point of sword to open their eyes and witness the rape committed by the brute in their presence.}}

[[Annie Besant]], who once led a walk out in the fifth District Conference held at Manjeri, Ernad taluk after the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] was opposed in overwhelming support in a resolution in the conference,{{sfn|Hardgrave|1977|p=65}} said on the rebellion:<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Future of Indian Politics|last=Besant|first=Annie|publisher=Theosophical Publishing House|year=1922 |location=Madras|page=252}}</ref>
[[File:The Advocate (Tasmania), newspaper report on Malabar rebellion ,8 October, 1921.png|thumb|319x319px|The Advocate (Tasmania), newspaper report on Malabar rebellion, 8 October 1921]]
{{Blockquote|text="They established the Khilafat Raj, crowned a King, murdered and plundered abundantly, and killed or drove away all Hindus who would not apostatise. Somewhere about a lakh people were driven from their homes with nothing but the clothes they had on, stripped of everything."}}

Here is the text of Resolution No. 3 of the Ahmedabad session of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]], where [[Gandhiji]] was appointed as its sole executive authority, on 24 December 1921, in connection with the Moplah Riots:<ref name=DVG>{{Cite book|title=INDIAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS|last=Gundappa|first=D.V. |display-authors=etal |date=Dec 1921 – Jan 1922 |page=213}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|The Congress expresses its firm conviction that the Moplah disturbance was not due to the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-Co-operation]] or the [[Khilafat movement]], especially as the...Khilafat preachers were denied access to the affected parts by the District authorities for six months before the disturbance, but is due to causes wholly unconnected with the two movements and that the outbreak would not have occurred had the message of non-violence been allowed to reach them. Nevertheless, this Congress...is of the opinion that the...disturbance in Malabar could have been prevented by the Government of Madras accepting the proffered assistance of Maulana Yakub Hassan...}}

Here the rebuttal of [[D.V. Gundappa]] to INC's statement:<ref name=DVG/>
{{Blockquote|We need not...consider the propriety of the blameless [Congress]. We are concerned chiefly with the spirit in which the Congress viewed...responsibility. Firstly, is the period of six months the maximum term for which the seeds of disaffection sown into the mind of a notoriously fanatical population could remain potential? Is it not possible to argue...that the preaching done before six months must have been remarkably good if it could take so fierce...a form in so short a time? ... if the message of non-violence was not allowed to reach the Moplahs, was any other message allowed to reach them? And who delivered it? Thirdly, if it is claimed...that...non-violence can quell any kind of armed rising, does it not follow that it should have been conveyed five years ago to England and France and Germany? On the other hand, if the claim...[is that]...non-violence can succeed only with a people in religious frenzy, are not those who first put them in such frenzy answerable to those who suffer its consequences?}}

[[Swami Shraddhanand]] in the ''Liberator'' of 26 August 1926:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shraddanand|first=Swami|date=26 August 1926|title=The Liberator}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The original resolution condemned the Moplas wholesale for the killing of Hindus and burning of Hindu homes and the forcible conversion to Islam. The Hindu members themselves proposed amendments till it was reduced to condemning only certain individuals who had been guilty of the above crimes. But some of the Moslem leaders could not bear this even. Maulana Fakir and other Maulanas, of course, opposed the resolution and there was no wonder. But I was surprised, an out-and-out Nationalist like Maulana Hasrat Mohani opposed the resolution on the ground that the Mopla country no longer remained Dar-ul-Aman but became Dar-ul-Harab and they suspected the Hindus of collusion with the British enemies of the Moplas. Therefore, the Moplas were right in presenting the Quran or sword to the Hindus. And if the Hindus became Mussalmans to save themselves from death, it was a voluntary change of faith and not forcible conversion—Well, even the harmless resolution condemning some of the Moplas was not unanimously passed but had to be accepted by a majority of votes only.}}

The Viceroy, [[Lord Reading]]:{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

{{Blockquote|Their wanton and unprovoked attack on the Hindus, the all but wholesale looting of their houses in Ernad, etc, the forcible conversion of Hindus in the beginning of the Moplah rebellion and the wholesale conversion of those who stuck to their homes in later stages, the brutal murder of inoffensive Hindus without the slightest reason except that they are "Kafirs" or belonged to the same religion as the policemen, who their mosques, burning of Hindu temples, the outrage on Hindu women and their forcible conversion and marriage by the Moplahs.}}

The Rani of [[Nilambur]] in a petition to Lady Reading:{{sfn|Nair|1923|p=8}}

{{Blockquote|But it is possible that your Ladyship is not fully apprised of all the horrors and atrocities perpetrated by the fiendish rebels; of the many wells and tanks filled up with the mutilated, but often only half dead bodies of our nearest and dearest ones who refused to abandon the faith of our fathers;of pregnant women cut to pieces and left on the roadsides and in the jungles, with the unborn babe protruding from the mangled corpse; of our innocent and helpless children torn from our arms and done to death before our eyes and of our husbands and fathers tortured, flayed and burnt alive; of our hapless sisters forcibly carried away from the midst of kith and kin and subjected to every shame and outrage which the vile and brutal imagination of these inhuman hell-hounds could conceive of; of thousands of our homesteads reduced to cinder-mounds out of sheer savagery and a wanton spirit of destruction; of our places of worship desecrated and destroyed and of the images of the deity shamefully insulted by putting the entrails of slaughtered cows where flower garlands used to lie or else smashed to pieces; of the wholesale looting of hard-earned wealth of generations reducing many who were formerly rich and prosperous to publicly beg for a piece or two in the streets of Calicut, to buy salt or chilly or betel-leaf - rice being mercifully provided by the various relief agencies.}}

[[File:2nd Dorsets to deploy from Baird Barracks, Bangalore to Malabar.jpg|thumb|Second Dorsets to deploy from Bangalore to Malabar in 1921]]
A conference held at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] presided over by the [[Saamoothiri|Zamorin of Calicut]], the Ruler of Malabar issued a resolution:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd09AAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Freedom Movement in India|first=Ramesh Chandra|last=Majumdar|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|"That the conference views with indignation and sorrow the attempts made at various quarters by interested parties to ignore or minimise the crimes committed by the rebels such as: brutally dishonouring women, flaying people alive, wholesale slaughter of men, women, and children, burning alive entire families, forcibly converting people in thousands and slaying those who refused to get converted, throwing half-dead people into wells and leaving the victims to struggle for escape till finally released from their suffering by death, burning a great many and looting practically all Hindu and Christian houses in the disturbed areas in which even Moplah women and children took part and robbed women of even the garments on their bodies, in short reducing the whole non-Muslim population to abject destitution, cruelly insulting the religious sentiments of the Hindus by desecrating and destroying numerous temples in the disturbed areas, killing cows within the temple precincts putting their entrails on the holy image and hanging skulls on the walls and the roofs."}}

[[K. P. Kesava Menon]], who was the grandson of the ''Maharaja'' of [[Palakkad]], and had been a part of the [[Khilafat movement]] said:<ref>{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook - Malappuram - Part B (2011)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=11|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|"There is no doubt regarding the genesis of the rebellion in 1921. It was born out of police repression. Its chief cause was the excessive violence used by the authorities to suppress the [[Khilafat Movement]], and not any ''Jenmi-Kudiyan'' conflict, or dispute regarding the mosque. When police atrocities became unbearable, they gave up the vow of non-violence, and decided to meet the violence (by the British police) with violence itself."}}

The English translation of the letter written to the newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'' by [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]], as appeared in the newspaper on 18 October 1921:<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece|last=K. S. Sudhi|date=25 June 2020|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|"Honoured Editor, I request you to publish the following facts in your paper. According to the Press Reports from Malabar which you will have got, Hindu-Muslim Unity in Malabar has thoroughly ceased to exist. It appears that the report that Hindus are forcibly converted (by any men) is entirely untrue. Such conversions were done by the Government Party and Reserve Policemen in mufti mingling themselves with the rebels (masquerading as rebels.) Moreover, because some Hindu brethren, aiding the military, handed over to the military innocent (Moplahs) who were hiding from the military, a few Hindus have been put to some trouble. Besides, the Nambudiri, who is the cause of this rising, has also similarly suffered. The Hindus are compulsorily impressed for military service. Therefore, several Hindus seek protection in my Hill. Several Moplahs, too, have sought my protection. Now the chief military commander [of the government] is causing Hindus to evacuate from these Taluks. Innocent women and children of Islam, who have done nothing and possess nothing, are not permitted to leave the place. The Hindus are compulsorily impressed for military service. Therefore, several Hindus seek protection in my hill. Several Moplahs, too, have sought my protection. For the last one month and a half, except for the seizure and punishment of the innocent, no purpose has been achieved. Let all the people in the world know this. Let Mahatma Gandhi and Moulana know it. If this letter is not seen published, I will ask your explanation at one time."}}

[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] was formed by [[K. B. Hedgewar]] in the aftermath of the Hindu-Muslim riots during Khilafat Movement and particularly due to those during Moplah Riots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/881894/a-great-son-of-mother-india-heres-what-rss-founder-kb-hedgewar-said-about-muslims|title='A great son of Mother India'?: Here's what RSS founder KB Hedgewar said about Muslims|date=8 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Wagon Tragedy==
{{Main|Wagon tragedy}}

On 10 November 1921 when the uprising was near its end, almost 100 detained Muslim prisoners were sent by train from Tirur to the Central Prison, [[Bellary]] in the [[Madras Presidency]]. 64 of the 100 prisoners suffocated to death in the closed railroad wagon.<ref name="NYTimes1921">{{cite news |title=64 out of 100 Moplah prisoners suffocated in a closed car on train in India |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/22/103572143.pdf |agency=The New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=22 November 1921}}</ref> Few Hindus also include in the 70 people killed due to the Wagon Tragedy.<ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |last=Wood |first=Conrad |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34036/1/11015837.pdf |title=The Moplah Rebellion of 1921-22 and its Genesis |publisher=University of London |date=1975 |page=344|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00034036 }}</ref>

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of Taluka !! Corresponding Present-day Taluks (approximate) !! Total population (1921)<ref>{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=15–16|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref>!! Muslim population (1921) (Before rebellion)<ref name= "Census of India 1921">
{{cite book |first=Sreevidhya |last=Vattarambath |chapter=The Rebellion |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |year=2007 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/63444/9/09_chapter%202.pdf |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |page=7|hdl=10603/63444 }}
</ref>
!Percent
!Hindu population (1921)<ref name= "Census of India 1921"/>
!Percent
|-
! colspan="7"| Thalassery Revenue Division
|-
| Chirakkal || Payyanur, Taliparamba, and Kannur || 346,345 || 87,337 || 25.22
| 254,980 || 73.62
|-
| Kottayam || Thalassery and Iritty || 232,285 || 55,146 || 23.74
| 175,048 || 75.36
|-
| Wayanad || Mananthavady, Sulthan Bathery, and Kalpetta || 84,771 || 14,252 || 16.81
| 67,845 || 80.03
|-
! colspan="7"| Kozhikode Revenue Division
|-
| Kurumbranad || Vatakara and Koyilandy || 356,907 || 96,463 || 27.03
| 259,799 || 72.80
|-
| Calicut || Kozhikode and Thamarassery || 300,211 || 88,393 || 29.44
| 196,435 || 65.43
|-
! colspan="7"| Malappuram Revenue Division
|-
| Eranad || Nilambur, Eranad, Kondotty, and Tirurangadi || 401,101 || 237,402 || 59.19
| 163,328 || 40.72
|-
| Walluvanad || Perinthalmanna, Mannarkkad, and Ottapalam || 394,517 || 133,919 || 33.95
| 259,979 || 65.90
|-
! colspan="7"| Palakkad Revenue Division
|-
| Ponnani || Tirur, Ponnani, Pattambi, and Chavakkad || 533,252 || 229,016 || 42.95
| 281,155 || 52.72
|-
| Palghat || Palakkad, Alathur, and Chittur || 427,015 || 47,946 || 11.23
| 315,432 || 73.87
|-
! colspan="7"| Fort Cochin Revenue Division
|-
| Cochin || || 22,417 || 4,999 || 22.30
| 7,318 || 32.64
|-
| '''Total''' || || ''' 3,098,871''' || ''' 1,004,327 ''' || '''32.41'''
|''' 2,039,339 ''' ||'''65.81'''
|}
According to official records, the colonial government lost 43 troops with 126 wounded, while 2337 rebels were killed, another 1652 injured and 45,404 imprisoned.<ref>Papers by command: Volume 16, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons – 1922, p. 20.</ref> Unofficial estimates put the number at 10,000 civilian deaths, 50,000 imprisoned, of who 20,000 were deported (mainly to the [[Andaman Islands#British Occupation and Penal Colony|penal colony in the Andaman Islands]]) while around 1,000 went missing.<ref name="menon"/><ref name="Ansari"/> The number of civilian casualties is estimated at between 10,000 and 12,000.{{sfn|Qureshi|1999|p=447}}

[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]]'s statement given in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]] was that, "The Moplah rebellion is just over, but at least 2,500 Moplahs have been killed by our troops, at least 1,000 Hindus were murdered, and at least 1,000 more were forcibly converted to Mahommedanism. Temples and churches were defiled and damaged, and property to the value of £250,000 was destroyed."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1922/feb/14/india-1|title=INDIA. (Hansard, 14 February 1922)|website=api.parliament.uk|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref>

Within five years subsequent to the conflict the agricultural output was averaging slightly more than prior to it. Qureshi has said that, "In short, contrary to popular belief, Malabar did not suffer massive devastation, and even if it did the recovery was miraculous."{{sfn|Qureshi|1999|p=454}}

==Popular culture==
Renowned author [[Uroob]]'s masterpiece novel ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'' (''The Beautiful and the Handsome'') is set in the backdrops of Malabar Rebellion. The novel has about thirty characters belonging to three generations of eight families belonging to Malabar during the end of the [[Second World War]]. ''Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum'' won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]], India's most prestigious literary award, in 1960. It also received the Asan Centenary Award in 1973, a special award given by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] for the most outstanding work since Independence.

The 1988 Malayalam film [[1921 (1988 film)|''1921'']], directed by [[I. V. Sasi]] and written by [[T. Damodaran]], depicts the events of the rebellion. The film stars [[Mammootty]] as Khadir, a retired Mappila soldier, alongside [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as [[Ali Musliyar]]. The film won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]] in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|title=official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT OF KERALA|work=Kerala.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The 2023 film ''[[1921: Puzha Muthal Puzha Vare]]'' was based on the riots and [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]], written and directed by [[Ramasimhan]]. [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] portrayed Haji.<ref>{{cite news|author=Entertainment Bureau|title=Puzha Muthal Puzhavare To Hit The Silver Screen On March 3 This Year|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ramasimhan-directorial-1921-puzha-muthal-puzhavare-to-release-on-this-date-7166077.html|access-date=10 March 2023|work=[[CNN-News18]]|date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

The rebellion also spawned a large number of [[Mappila Songs]].<ref>''Asian journal of social science'', Volume 35, Issues 1–5, Brill, 2007, p. 452.</ref> Many of these describe the events surrounding the Khilafat movement in Malabar and offer a view of conditions in the area at the time. Ahmed Kutty composed the ''Malabar Lahala Enna Khilafat Patt'' in 1925, which describes the events of the rebellion. Many of rebel prisoners such as Tannirkode Ossankoya composed songs in their letters to relatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ1uAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ...|first=South Indian History|last=Congress|date=1 January 1988|publisher=The Congress}}</ref>

==Monuments==
[[File:Moplah Revolt Memorial.jpg|thumb|Memorial for the Officers and Men of the [[Dorset Regiment]], who died in the Moplah Revolt, at the [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore]]|299x299px]]
The officers and men from the [[Dorset Regiment]] who died while taking part in the suppression of the revolt are commemorated in a brass tablet at the [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore]].<ref name=IndiaToday>{{cite news|last1=David|first1=Stephen|title=200 years of Bangalore's oldest Christian landmark|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/200-years-of-bangalores-oldest-christian-landmark-36864-2009-01-09|publisher=India Today|date=9 January 2009}}</ref>

The Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji Memorial Town Hall in Malappuram Municipality<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081201880300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126033613/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081201880300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=The Hindu : Engagements / Palakkad: In Palakkad Today|work=HinduOnNet.com}}</ref> is named after the leader of the rebellion, while the Tirur Wagon Tragedy Memorial Town Hall commemorates the eponymous incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlp.kerala.gov.in/places.htm |title=Places to visit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204115653/http://www.mlp.kerala.gov.in/places.htm |archive-date=4 February 2012 }}</ref> The Pookkottur War Memorial Gate is dedicated to those killed in the Pookkottur battle.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/27/stories/2009082753890300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901075405/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/27/stories/2009082753890300.htm | archive-date=1 September 2009 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Battle of Pookottur commemorated | date=27 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.in/pookkotturpanchayat/about/%3Cbr%3Ehttp://lsgkerala.in/pookkotturpanchayat/history/|title=Pookkottur Grama Panchayat|work=lsgkerala.in|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref>

Along with these monuments, abandoned graves of British officers who died during the rebellion can be seen in Malabar. This includes that of Private F. M. Eley, Private H. C. Hutchings (both died of wounds received in action against the Mappilas at Tirurangadi on 22 July 1921), William John Duncan Rowley (Assistant Suprededent of Police, Palghat, killed at Tirurangadi by a mob of Mappilas at the outbreak of the rebellion on 20 August 1921 – aged 28).

==See also==
* [[Murder of Collector Connolly]]
* [[Khilafat Movement]]
* [[Malabar Special Police]]
* [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]]
* [[John Burnett-Stuart]]
* [[Dorset Regiment]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert L. |title=The Mappilla Rebellion, 1921: Peasant Revolt in Malabar |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=1977 |jstor=311886 |pages=57–99 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013226 |hdl=2152/24252 |s2cid=145692085 |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/24252/Hardgrave_RobertL_1977.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kurup |first=K.K.N. |title=The Malabar Rebelliion - An analysis of the impact |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=57 |year=1996 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44133348 |pages=440–445}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nair |first=C. Gopalan |title=The Moplah Rebellion, 1921 |publisher=Norman Printing Bureau |year=1923 |location=Calicut |url=https://archive.org/details/MoplahRebellion1921 |via=archive.org}}
* {{cite book |last=Panikkar |first=K. N. |chapter=Peasant Revolts in Malabar in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |editor-first=A. R. |editor-last= Desai |title=Peasant Struggles in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560803-8 |date=1979 |pages=601–630 |url=https://archive.org/details/peasantstruggles0000unse |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}
* {{citation |last=Qureshi |first=M. Naeem |title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924 |publisher=BRILL |year=1999 |isbn=978-90-04-11371-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1921]]
[[Category:20th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:1920s in British India]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:1921 in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Kerala]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts in India]]

Chandu (1958 film)

2026-03-12T23:20:42Z

LizzieSugerman6: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|1958 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chandu
| image =Chandu (1958).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Majnu
| producer = Roop K. Shorey
| writer =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Mehmood Ali]]|[[Om Prakash]]|[[Pran (actor)|Pran Krishan Sikand]]|[[Shashikala|Shashikala Om Prakash Saigal]]|[[Gope (Hindi actor)|Gope]]|[[Meena Shorey]]}}
| music = Bipin Babul [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]] Raj Baldev Raj (Lyrics)
| editing =
| studio = N. R. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1958|01|01}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Chandu''''' is a 1958 film directed by Majnu. It stars [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran Krishan Sikand]], [[Shashikala]] Om Prakash Saigal and [[Gope (Hindi actor)|Gope]].<ref name=muvyz>{{cite web|last1=staff|title=Chandu (1958)|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/kk308617|publisher=muvyz.com|accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref> The film's music was composed by Bipin Babul and the lyrics were by [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]], [[Kaifi Azmi]] and [[Raj Baldev Raj]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandu |url=http://myswar.co/album/chandu-1958 |accessdate= |website=MySwar}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=November 2014}}

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Mehmood Ali]]
* [[Om Prakash]]
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran Krishan Sikand]]
* [[Shashikala|Shashikala Om Prakash Saigal]]
* [[Gope (Hindi actor)|Gope]]<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulazāra|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT579|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|pages=579–}}</ref>
* Sunder
* Satish Batra
* Khwar Jama
* [[Meena Shorey]]
* Majnu
* Gulab
* Haroon
* Daljeet
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! #!!Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Gore Gore Galon Pe Kala Yeh Teel"<ref name=songs/>
| [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 2
| "Dhol Dhappa Dhayi Dhappa"<ref name=songs/>
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 3
| "Babuji Mujhe Dil Mein Chhupa Lo"<ref name=songs/>
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 4
| "Bheegi Bheegi Channi Hain"<ref name=songs/>
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 5
| "Do Nain Milakar Matwale"<ref name=songs/><ref name="Āʻẓmī2003">{{cite book|author=Kaifī Āʻẓmī|title=Merī āvāza suno|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdW0hec8M30C&pg=PA5|year=2003|publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan|isbn=978-81-267-0645-7|pages=5–}}</ref>
| Asha Bhosle, Agha Sarwar
|-
| 6
| "Nina Bina Natkhat Mina"<ref name=songs>{{cite web|url=http://hindigeetmala.net/movie/chandu.html|title=Chandu(1958 film) songs}}</ref>
| [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3173638}}
* [http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/cast-crew/chandu/10064 ''Chandu'' at the Bollywood Movie Database]

[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1958 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Neha Bhasin

2026-03-10T15:33:32Z

LizzieSugerman6: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Indian singer (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neha Bhasin
| image = Neha Basin at Audio release of Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi (1).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhasin in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|11|18}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/article/neha-bhasin-hot-photos-the-singing-sensations-steamy-hot-bikini-looks-will-leave-you-spellbound/682927|title=Neha Bhasin birthday: The singing sensations streamy hot bikini looks will leave you spellbound|work=Zoom TV|date=18 November 2020 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{Hlist | Singer | songwriter}}
| spouse = Sameer Uddin (m. 2016)
| children =
| website =
| awards = [[#Awards|Full list]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* pop
* [[Indian classical music]]
* rock
* [[Sufi]]
* [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Times Music]]
* Regional Music Centre
* [[Universal Music India]]
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Tips Industries|Tips]]
* [[Sony Music India]]
* [[Saregama]]
}}
}}
| years_active = 2005–present
}}
'''Neha Bhasin''' (born 18 November 1982) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] playback singer, popstar, performer and songwriter. She is known for her playback work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] cinemas and independent songs in the genre of [[Indian pop]] and [[Punjabi folk music]]. Bhasin has received seven [[Filmfare]] nominations across different languages and won two [[Filmfare Awards]] for her songs "[[Jag Ghoomeya]]" (Hindi) and "Paani Ravi Da" ([[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Punjabi]]).

==Early life==
Bhasin won her first singing competition after singing [[Mariah Carey]]'s song [[Hero (Mariah Carey song)|Hero]] at the age of 9. Since her childhood, she aspired to become a popstar.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Natasha Chopra|title=Vivacious|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDA1LzAxLzEyI0FyMDIxMDM=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|access-date=3 April 2015|work=Ahmedabad Times|date=12 January 2005|page=21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231255/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDA1LzAxLzEyI0FyMDIxMDM=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-date=11 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> She joined [[Shiamak Davar]]'s dance academy to learn various dance forms. She also trained in classical singing from Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neha Bhasin|url=http://www.beatfactorymusic.com/artists-2/neha-bhasin/|website=beatfactorymusic.com|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407153212/http://www.beatfactorymusic.com/artists-2/neha-bhasin/|archive-date=7 April 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/neha-bhasin-is-not-really-bothered-about-the-sad-reality-of-male-singers-dominating-bollywood/story-GKRwIlCpJ9NrtqEaJSmvWJ.html|title= Neha Bhasin is not really bothered about the 'sad reality' of male singers dominating Bollywood|date= March 19, 2018|work= Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Bhasin became an over-night sensation at age 18 when she was selected by Coke V popstars, a nationwide talent search conducted by Channel V to be a part of the 5-girl pop group Viva.{{Cn|date=October 2025}}

Bhasin studied at Kendriya Vidyalaya Sector 2 RK Puram New Delhi followed by [[The Frank Anthony Public School, New Delhi]], and at [[Lady Shri Ram College]], [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-08 |title=Delhi girl Neha Bhasin on her recent visit : The connect to this city is very nostalgic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/delhi-girl-neha-bhasin-on-her-recent-visit-the-connect-to-this-city-is-very-nostalgic-101638948320094.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Neha Bhasin married Sameer Uddin,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-01|title=Neha Bhasin's husband Sameer uddin on her connection with Pratik Sehajpal: 'Feels like they know each other for long'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/neha-bhasin-s-husband-sameerudin-on-her-bigg-boss-ott-connection-with-pratik-sehajpal-feels-like-they-know-each-other-for-long-101630494008657.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> a music composer, in a western wedding in [[Tuscany]], [[Italy]] on 23 October 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/eha-bhasin-music-composer-sameer-uddin-wedding-photos-italy-349604-2016-11-01 | title=SEE PICS: Singer Neha Bhasin marries music composer Sameer Uddin in Italy | date=31 October 2016 }}</ref>

==Career==
Bhasin was attending the [[Lady Shri Ram College]] in [[Delhi]] when she auditioned for [[Channel V India|Channel V]]'s Coke [V] Popstars in 2002. She went on to win the competition, with the winners forming India's first all-girls music group, [[Viva (band)|Viva]]. Other members of the band were Seema Ramchandani, Pratichee Mohapatra, Mahua Kamat and [[Anushka Manchanda]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

After the band broke up in 2004, Bhasin went on to sing for Bollywood films and the Tamil film music industry.

Her first breakthrough in Bollywood was the song "Kuch Khass Hai" in 2007, for which she was nominated for the [[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008 Filmfare Award]]. Bhasin's debut Tamil song "Pesugiren Pesugiren", composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], won her the [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] in 2008.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In 2021, she featured on [[Times Square]] billboard as artist of the month on [[Spotify]] for her song "Oot Patangi".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-08-19|title=Neha Bhasin features on Times Square Billboard as artist of the month on Spotify for her song 'Oot Patangi' : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/neha-bhasin-features-times-square-billboard-artist-month-spotify-song-oot-patangi/|access-date=2021-10-10|language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Film songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Song
! Film album
! Language
! Composer
! Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2005
| "Bullet – Ek Dhamaka"
| ''[[Bullet: Ek Dhamaka]]''
| rowspan="5"| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| [[Somesh Mathur]]
|
|-
| 2006
| "Ek Look Ek Look"
| ''[[Aryan (2006 film)|Aryan]]''
| [[Anand Raj Anand]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2007
| "I Wanna Rock Like Mummy Ji"
|rowspan="3"|''Mummy Ji''
|rowspan="3"|[[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
|
|-
|"Kudiye Pataka"
|
|-
|"Jashna Di Raat Ha"
|
|-
| "Pesugiren Pesugiren"
| ''[[Satham Podathey]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
| "Sei Yethaavathu"
| ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]''
|
|-
|"Gaonre Horu Horu Poduli"
|rowspan="3" |''[[Junda Iman Gunda]]''
|rowspan="3" |[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|rowspan="3" |Dr. Hitesh Baruah
|[[Zubeen Garg]], Jinti, Gargi, Zublee
|-
|"O Mama"
|Krishnamoni Chutia, Banjyotsna
|-
|"Xirote Xendur"
|Zubeen Garg, Zublee, Gargi, Jinti, Jitul Sonowal, Krishnamoni Chutia
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008
| "Hari Puttar"
| ''[[Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors|Hari Puttar]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Aadesh Shrivastava
|
|-
| "Kuchh Khaas"
|rowspan="2"|''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Mohit Chauhan]]
|-
| "Kuch Khaas" (Remix)
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2009
| "Om Shanthi Om"
| ''[[Muthirai]]''
| Tamil
| Yuvan Shankar Raja
|
|-
| "Atu Nuvve Itu Nuvve"
| ''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]''
| Telugu
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| "Yogi Yogi Thaan"
| ''[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]''
| Tamil
| Yuvan Shankar Raja
|
|-
| "Nasha"
| ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Hindi film)|Daddy Cool]]''
| rowspan=3 | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Gaurav Dayal
|
|-
|
| ''Kill Chabbra''
| [[Raghav Sachar]]
|
|-
| "You and Me"
| ''[[Pyaar Impossible]]''
| Salim–Sulaiman
|
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2011
| "Are Dhammare"
| ''[[Maharaja (2011 film)|Maharaja]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| D. Imman
|
|-
| "Poraney Poraney"
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
| [[M. Ghibran]]
|
|-
| "Dhunki"
| ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''
| Hindi
| [[Sohail Sen]]
|
|-
| "Hello Hello"
| ''[[Dhada]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| "Niharika"
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]''
|
|-
| "Dil Ki Hai Tamanna"
| ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]''
| Hindi
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| "I Wanna Rock Like Mummy Ji"
| rowspan=3| ''[[Mummy Punjabi]]''
| rowspan=3|Punjabi
| rowspan=3| [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
|-
| "Kudiye Pataka"
| Aadesh Shrivastava
|-
| "Jashna Di Raat Hai"
| [[Gurdas Mann]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012
| "Kaadhal Endhan Kaadhal"
| ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal]]''
| Tamil
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
| "Tha Tha Thamara"
| ''[[Nuvva Nena]]''
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|''[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]''
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014
| "Aww Tuzo Mogh Korta"
| ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| "Asalaam-e-Ishqum"
| ''[[Gunday]]''
|rowspan="3"|Hindi
| [[Sohail Sen]]
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|"Aakhein Milayenge Darr Se"
|''[[Neerja]]''
| Vishal Khurana
|
|-
| "Jag Ghoomeya (Female)"
| ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|
|-
|2016
|" Apple Beauty"
|''[[Janatha Garage]]''
|Telugu
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2017
| " Kaadhal Veesi"
| ''[[Indrajith (2017 film)]]''
| Tamil
| KP
|
|-
| "Paani Ravi Da"
| ''[[Lahoriye]]''
| Punjabi
| [[Jatinder Shah]]
|
|-
| "Swing Zara"
| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
| Telugu
| colspan="2"|Devi Sri Prasad
|-
| "Swag Se Swagat"
|rowspan="2"|''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]''
|rowspan="7"|Hindi
|rowspan="2"|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|-
|"[[Dil Diyan Gallan]]" (Unplugged)
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2018
|"Kaala Doreya"
| ''[[Kaalakaandi]]''
|Sameer Uddin
|
|-
|"Shuru Kar"
| ''[[Aiyaary]]''
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|[[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
|-
|"Heeriye"
| ''[[Race 3]]''
|[[Meet Bros]]
|Deep Money
|-
|"Swag Saha Nahi Jaaye"
|''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]''
|[[Sohail Sen]]
|Shahdab Faridi, Shivangi Bhanaya, Sohail Sen
|-
|2019
|"Chashni"
|''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|
|-
|2022
|"Catch Me"
|'' [[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|rowspan=2|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Jaspreet Jasz]]
|-
|2023
|"Lets Dance Chotu Motu"
| ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''
|rowspan=2|Hindi
|[[Salman Khan]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Devi Sri Prasad
|-
|2024
|"Rang Ishq Ka (Redux)"
|''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|
|}

=== Non-film songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Album
! Song(s)
! Language
! Composer
! Co-singer(s)
|-
|2002
!Viva!
|All Songs
|rowspan="2" |Hindi
|[[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]], [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]], [[Sandeep Chowta]], [[Raju Singh]]
|
|-
|2003
!Viva! Reloaded
|All Songs
|
|
|-
|2007
! Prithibir Rong
| "Mone"
| Assamese
| Alaap Dudul Saikia
| {{n/a}}
|-
|}

===International collaborations===
* Neha collaborated with Malaysian Hip Hop star [[:ms:Emcee Jesz|Emcee Jesz]] for the song "THANIYE". The song has over 300,000 views on YouTube alone. It was also nominated for "Best Collaboration" at the RADIO RAGA AWARDS in Malaysia (2008–09).<ref>{{cite web|title=Thaniye|url=http://www.pcds.co.in/celeb-neha-bhasin.php}}</ref>

==Filmography==

* Bhasin made her acting debut starring in the film [[Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi]]. She starred alongside [[Kay Kay Menon]] and [[Ranvir Shorey]] in the movie which released in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi Credits|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2327389/fullcredits/|publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref>
* Neha hosted Sa Re Ga Ma Hungama on [[Zing (TV channel)|Zee Music]] in 2008 (backstage hosting).<ref>{{cite web|title=Neha Bhasin hosts Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hungama on Zee Music |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20070514-neha-bhasin-viva-band-singer-hosting-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-748499-2007-05-13|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=14 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Song sung true|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/song-sung-true/article2256706.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* Neha played the role of an anchor and judge on the musical reality show [[Sitaron Ko Choona Hai|Sitaaron Ko Choona Hai]] that aired on [[Real (TV channel)|Real TV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sitaron Ko Choona Hai|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/release/y2k9/june/junerel84.php|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103234947/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/release/y2k9/june/junerel84.php|archive-date=3 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Neha was a wildcard entry on Jhalak Dikhla Jaa Season 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neha Bhasin Wild Card on Jhalak Dikhla Jaa|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/videos/view/id/1516156|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409065222/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/videos/view/id/1516156|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>
* Neha was a contestant on [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]] in 2021 and got evicted on Day 39.
* Neha was a wildcard contestant on [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]] in 2021. She entered on Day 35 and was evicted on Day 55.

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2002
| Coke [V] Popstars
|Contestant
|1st Place
|-
|2008
|''Sa Re Ga Ma Hungama''
|Backstage Host
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Sitaron Ko Choona Hai]]''
|Judge/Host
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 5)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]''
|Contestant
|Not selected
|-
|2017
|''Oye Firangi''
|rowspan="4" | Guest
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2021
|''[[Indian Pro Music League]]''
|
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]''
|rowspan="2" | Contestant
|6th place
|-
|| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
|13th place
|-
|2022
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra|The Khatra Khatra Show]]''
| Guest
|
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Song and Film !! Result
|-
| 2007 ||[[2nd Vijay Awards|Vijay TV Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Neha Bhasin|url=https://www.oklisten.com/nehabhasin|website=oklisten.com}}</ref>|| rowspan="3" | Best Playback Singer – Female || Pesugiren Pesugiren ([[Satham Podathey]]) – Tamil || {{Won}}
|-
| 2008||[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=54th Filmfare Awards 2008 Nominations|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/09/feb/17-54th-filmfare-awards-2008-nominations-020902.asp|website=glamsham.com|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214223724/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/09/feb/17-54th-filmfare-awards-2008-nominations-020902.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| Kuch Khaas Hai ([[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]) || {{nom}}
|-
| 2009 ||[[Mirchi Music Awards South|Music Mirchi Awards South Awards]]|| Atu Nuvve ([[Current (2009 film)|Current]]) – Telugu || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2011||[[Stardust Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=10 years of Max Stardust Awards|url=http://www.mxmindia.com/2012/02/10-years-of-max-stardust-awards/|website=mxmindia.com|date=21 February 2012 |access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>|| Musical Sensation of the Year || rowspan="5" | Dhunki ([[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]) || {{Won}}
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]|| rowspan="5" | Best Playback Singer – Female || {{nom}}
|-
|[[Star Guild Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Apsara Awards]]|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]|| {{nom}}
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards India|People's Choice Awards]]|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]|| Poraney Poraney (VAAGAI SOODA VA) – Tamil || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] || rowspan="2" | Hello Hello ([[Dhada]]) – Telugu|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Awards South|Music Mirchi Awards South]]|| Best Playback Singer – Female || {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>||[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]|| Dhunki (Mere Brother Ki Dulhan) || {{nom}}
|-
| 2014 ||[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)|Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)]] || Aww Tuzo Mogh Kortha ([[1: Nenokkadine|1 Nenokkadine]]) – Telugu|| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 ||[[Stardust Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Stardust Awards 2016 Winners|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-stardust-awards-2016/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 December 2016 }}</ref>|| Best Playback Singer – Female || rowspan="5" | [[Jag Ghoomeya]] ([[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]) – Hindi || {{Won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>|| Female Vocalist of The Year || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Awards]]|| rowspan="2" | good neha || {{Won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|ZeeCine Awards]]|| {{won}}
|-
|[http://www.femina.in/achievers/people/femina-women-awards-2017-winners-53702-3.html Femina Women Awards]|| Femina Women Jury Award in the Music and Performing Arts || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] || Swing Zara ([[Jai Lava Kusa]]) – Telugu|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards]]|| Best Female Playback Singer – Punjabi || Paani Ravi Da ([[Lahoriye]]) – Punjabi|| {{Won}}
|-
| 2020 ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Awards]]|| Best Playback Singer – Female || Chashni (Reprise) ([[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]) – Hindi || {{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Instagram}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackFemale}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhasin, Neha}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Singers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Diogo Fernandes Pereira

2026-03-08T23:34:21Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made Basic Article V1!

{{Short description|Early 16th-century Portuguese explorer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Diogo Fernandes Pereira
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 15th century
| birth_place = [[Setúbal]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| death_date = 16th century
| death_place = Unknown
| citizenship =
| occupation = Explorer, navigator
| known_for = First European to visit the island of [[Socotra]] in 1503 and the discoverer of the [[Mascarenes]] archipelago. First European to sail east of Madagascar island ('outer route' to the East Indies)
| signature =
}}
'''Diogo Fernandes Pereira''', sometimes called simply '''Diogo Fernandes''', was a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] 16th-century navigator, originally from [[Setúbal]], Portugal. Diogo Fernandes was the first known European captain to visit the island of [[Socotra]] in 1503 and the discoverer of the [[Mascarenes]] archipelago ([[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Rodrigues]]) in 1507.<ref>Clara Pinto Correia (2003) ''Return of the crazy bird: the sad, strange tale of the Dodo''. New York: Springer.</ref> He may also have been the first European to sail east of [[Madagascar]] island ('outer route' to the East Indies).

== Background ==

Diogo Fernandes Pereira's name is usually given simply as 'Diogo Fernandes'. He is sometimes referred to as Diogo Fernandes de [[Setúbal]] (his hometown), to distinguish him from another [[Indian Ocean]] adventurer of that period with a similar name, known as Diogo Fernandes de [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]]. In older chronicles, (e.g. [[Damião de Góis]]) his name is also written as Diogo Fernandes 'Piteira' or 'Peteira'.

Diogo Fernandes was a Portuguese seaman of obscure background. According to [[João de Barros]], he was "a native of Setúbal, a man used to the sea" (''muito usado no mar''). He served as [[Master (naval)|master]] on several ships - that is, as third officer, below the pilot and captain, a position which required trained navigational expertise, and may have served as pilot on other occasions.

==Outer Route and Socotra (1503)==

In 1503, Diogo Fernandes Pereira was appointed [[Master (naval)|master]] ''and'' [[Captain (nautical)|captain]] (a very unusual combination) of a [[Setúbal]] ship bound for India. How a master was elevated to captain of an India nau (usually a position reserved for nobles or wealthy men who 'paid' for the privilege) is uncertain. One possible conjecture is that the ship was not a crown ship, but a privately outfitted ship.

In some secondary accounts, it is said that Diogo Fernandes's ship was named ''Setúbal''. That is almost certainly incorrect. Known lists for the armada and the chronicles do not actually give his ship a name, but just call it "the ship from/of Setúbal", a strong suggestion that it might have been privately outfitted by the merchant community of the city of [[Setúbal]]. If so, that might better explain how Diogo Fernandes got to be captain - the merchants of Setúbal just naturally chose to entrust their capital in their most knowledgeable and experienced native son.

Diogo Fernandes's Setúbal ship was made part of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Portuguese India Armada]] of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].<ref>Quintella (1839: p.273); chronicler Gaspar Correia suggests, at various points (e.g. p.312, 320), that Fernandes may also have been on one of the ships of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|1502 armada]] of Vasco da Gama, although this is clearly a mistake as that armada did not return to Lisbon before the 5th Armada left.</ref> Fernandes was originally assigned to the third squadron of that fleet, under the vice-admiral [[António de Saldanha]]. But navigational errors (on Saldanha's part) led to the separation of the ships shortly after [[Cape Verde]]. Diogo Fernandes was forced to sail on alone.

The chronicler [[Gaspar Correia]] (p. 418) claims that after doubling the [[Cape of Good Hope]] by himself, Fernandes did not turn into the [[Mozambique Channel]], but rather pushed east, sailing ''under'' the island of [[Madagascar]], and then turned north, sailing up east of Madagascar. This would make him the first known ship to sail the '[[Portuguese India Armadas#Timing|outer route]]' to the East Indies. (Although there remains the possibility that [[Diogo Dias]] also did precisely that in 1500.)

Although Correia's account is not corroborated by other chroniclers, Diogo Fernandes Pereira seems to almost certainly have missed [[Mozambique Island]], the usual collection point for Portuguese ships, and where one of his squadron, [[Rui Lourenço Ravasco]], was known to be waiting. Instead, we next hear of Fernandes up near [[Cape Guardafui]], which strongly suggests that he did take the outer route, as, sailing north by that route, he would not have sighted African coast before the [[Horn of Africa|horn]].

Around [[Cape Guardafui]], Diogo Fernandes stumbled on the island of [[Socotra]] sometime in late 1503. Although the island was long known to eastern merchants (Socotra [[aloe]] was a highly valued balm in the markets of Arabia and India), it was unknown to the Portuguese. Diogo Fernandes was also surprised to encounter a strong [[Assyrian Church of the East|(Syriac) Christian]] community on the island (after all, this was a predominantly [[Muslim]] region). Diogo Fernandes spent the winter in Socotra, before crossing the Indian Ocean (again by himself) in early 1504.

Diogo Fernandes arrived in India just as the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] was launching an invasion of Portuguese-allied [[Cochin]]. During the ferocious [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]], the commander of the Portuguese garrison, [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], is said to have placed a certain 'Diogo Pereira' (possibly Diogo Fernandes?) in charge of the [[carrack|nau]] ''Concepção'', protecting the city.<ref>Costa (1973) suggests Diogo Fernandes Pereira only discovered Socotra in April, 1504 and left for India only in May, which would suggest he did not make it to Cochin before the battle was largely over, and so this 'Diogo Pereira' must be a different person. But chronicles are very ambiguous on that. Nor do they explain satisfactorily what Fernandes was doing in East Africa up to such a late date, and how he could have missed his comrades Saldanha & Ravasco, who were making a nuisance of themselves all over the area. Late 1503 seems the likelier date for the discovery & 'wintering' in Socotra.</ref>

== Mascarenes (1507) ==

Diogo Fernandes returned to Portugal in 1505. His report on Socotra generated much excitement in the Portuguese court. The strategic placement of the island at the mouth of the [[Red Sea]] made it an optimal location to station a Portuguese patrol. It could prey on Arab shipping and shut down the competing [[spice trade]] through that route. The existence of the isolated Christian community only made it even more appealing (the Portuguese had long hoped to find a Christian port of call in the Muslim-dominated [[Indian Ocean]]). Plans were immediately launched to outfit a squadron, under the command of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], to seize the island for Portugal.

The Socotra squadron was adjoined to the [[8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha, 1506)|8th Armada]] of 1506 led by [[Tristão da Cunha]]. Diogo Fernandes himself sailed on it, albeit only as a [[Master (naval)|master]] of Albuquerque's ship, the ''Cisne'' ('the Swan', usually transcribed as ''Cirné'').

In late 1506, when the 8th Armada made the usual stop in [[Mozambique Island]], the admiral Tristão da Cunha ordered a pause in the expedition to explore the island of [[Madagascar]] (then known as the ''ilha de São Lourenço''). During this interlude, it is speculated that Albuquerque (uninterested in such exploratory ventures) elected to stay in Mozambique, and temporarily passed his ship, the ''Cirné'', over to the command of the master Diogo Fernandes Pereira.<ref>Appendix in Le Guat (1891, v2.: 316)</ref>

[[Image:Van Keulen-Nieuwe Pascaert van Oost Indien-1680-1735-2 detail Mascareignes.png|300px|thumb|Detail of [[Mascarenes]] islands from a Dutch map of 1689, with some of the earlier names of the islands.]]
Diogo Fernandes is said to have struck a wide arc east of Madagascar and stumbled upon the island of [[Réunion]], which he promptly named ''ilha de Santa Apollonia'' (in honor of the [[Saint Apollonia|St. Apollonia]] whose day it was, February 9, 1507). He proceeded east to discover the island of [[Mauritius]], which he named ''ilha do Cirne'' (the name of his ship). From there Fernandes went further east and discovered the island now known as [[Rodrigues]], but which at the time was named on maps as the ''ilha de Diogo Fernandes'', ''Domigo Friz'' or ''Domingo Frias'' (the latter two probably just poor [[cartographic]] transcriptions or abbreviations of 'Diogo Fernandes'). He is said to have stopped for water at the first and third islands, before returning to Mozambique.<ref>Pinto-Correia (2003: 24)</ref>

Diogo Fernandes island ('Domigo Friz') was visited by [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]] in 1509 and the name 'Don Galopes' (another transcribed abbreviation) sometimes appears for that island in some maps.<ref>Appendix in Le Guat (1891, v.2: p.316)</ref> It went through its final name change, to Rodrigues island much later, after another Portuguese explorer [[Diogo Rodrigues]] visited the area in 1528.

The entire archipelago was named the [[Mascarenes]] islands, after D. [[Pedro Mascarenhas]], who visited the islands in 1512, following up on Sequeira's report.

== Afterwards ==

After returning from his Mascarene jaunt, Diogo Fernandes Pereira went on to participate with Albuquerque in the conquest of [[Socotra]] that summer. We have no more records of him afterwards. If Diogo Fernandes remained aboard the ''Cirne'' after Socotra, he would have participated in the battle of [[Ormus|Hormuz]] in the Fall of 1507, but we have no record of him there. More importantly, we have no record of his participation (or non-participation) in the mutiny against Albuquerque at Hormuz. We do know Albuquerque elevated a certain 'Dinis Fernandes' to replace one of the mutinous captains; and we also know a certain 'Diogo Pereira' was involved in presenting the mutinous captains' petition to the vice-roy in Cochin. But there is no evidence or suggestion that either of these men can be identified with Diogo Fernandes Pereira.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* [[Gaspar Correia]] (c. 1550s) ''Lendas da Índia'', pub. 1858-64, Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias
* Costa, J.P. (1973) "Socotorá e o Domínio Português No Oriente", Revista da Universidade de Coimbra, Vol.23 [https://books.google.com/books?id=MI5kWVtbqQwC&pg=PA3 offprint]
* Le Guat, François (1891) ''The voyage of François Le Guat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope, Vol. 2'', Engl. trans., London: Halykut Society
* Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.

==See also==
* [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)]]
* [[8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha, 1506)]]
* [[Exploration of Asia]]

{{Portuguese explorers|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes Pereira, Diogo}}
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese explorers]]
[[Category:Portuguese explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:People from Setúbal]]
[[Category:15th-century Portuguese people]]

Poothadi

2026-03-08T00:54:49Z

LizzieSugerman6: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poothadi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Paradevatha temple, Poothadi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Paradevatha Temple, Poothadi
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sultan Bathery]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14578
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673596
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-73]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Poothadi '''is a village in [[Wayanad district]], Kerala, India,<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |access-date=2008-12-10 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> with its headquarters at [[Kenichira]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 India census]], Poothadi had a population of 14,578, with 7,196 males and 7,382 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poothadi Village Population - Sulthanbathery - Wayanad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627310-poothadi-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />
==Notorious abduction==
Communist activists abducted Mr. V.N. Sasi of the Congress party to retain rule of the village's administration. The abduction occurred in the days preceding a non-confidence motion against the communist-elected president, as Sasi originally won the election under the communist party, but later joined the Congress party.

The abduction caused people to block the road at [[Kenichira]]. The division bench of the Kerala high court intervened. According to the police, a vehicle hired in [[Meenangadi]] was used for the abduction.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Search-on-for-panchayat-vice-president/article16620952.ece | title= Search on for panchayat vice-president | date=22 April 2009 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=31 December 2018 }}</ref>

==Transportation==
Poothadi is accessible through various roads. The nearest railway station and airport are 97km away, at Kozhikode. The Kannur and Bengaluru airports are 116km and 318km away respectively.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Valavayal.JPG|[[Valavayal]] village
File:Valavayal-school.jpg|Valavayal high school
File:Kenichira Hospital.jpg|Kenichira clinic
File:Valvayal.jpg|Valavayal post office
File:Poothadi Highschool.jpg|Poothadi high school
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Wayanad district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Sultan Bathery area]]
[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]
{{Wayanad-geo-stub}}

Gumastha (film)

2026-03-04T05:04:31Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made The Post From Scratch!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gumastha tamil film 1953 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = R. M. Krishnasami
| producer = V. C. Subburaman
| writer = [[A. T. Krishnasami]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Acharya Aatreya]]
| story = Acharya Aatreya
| starring = [[V. Nagayya]] [[Pandari Bai]] [[B. Jayamma]] [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]]
| music = [[C. N. Pandurangan|C. N. Pandurangam]] [[G. Ramanathan]] [[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]]
| cinematography = R. M. Krishnasami
| editing = P. V. Manikkam Bal G. Yadhav
| studio = Aruna Films
| distributor = Film Center Limited
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1953|04|03}}
| runtime = 184 minutes (Tamil) 187 minutes (Telugu)<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
}}
'''''Gumastha''''' ({{translation|Clerk}}) is a 1953 Indian film starring [[V. Nagayya]], [[R. S. Manohar]] and [[Pandari Bai]]. The film was produced in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language]]s under the same title. It is based on the play ''NGO'' (Non-Gazetted Officer) by [[Acharya Aatreya]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=24 October 2015 |title=Gumastha 1953 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gumastha-1953/article7800205.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170122052750/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gumastha-1953/article7800205.ece |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=30 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=332 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> The film was released on 3 April 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1953 – குமாஸ்தா –அருணா பிலிம்ஸ் (த-தெ) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails10.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127050410/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails10.asp |archive-date=27 January 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta |access-date=2 September 2024 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ranganathan is a government clerk struggling in life with a low salary and a big family. He has to support his aged father, his wife, two children, his brother Gopu and an unmarried sister, Susheela.

Though Gopu is a smart young man, he couldn't continue with his college education due to the financial situation in the family.
In the meantime, a rich man's son, Ravi meets Susheela and is attracted to her. Eventually, they both become lovers.
Ravi has a medical problem in the heart. The doctor advises him against marriage. But he dismisses it and marries Susheela. She learns of Ravi's medical condition and refuses to be intimate with him. However, one day Ravi forces and make love to her due to which she becomes pregnant.

People, who know about Ravi's medical condition, suspects Susheela as carrying someone else's child. She becomes distressed. Her old father, learning about her plight, dies of shock.

How the government clerk Ranganathan, her brother, solves the problems forms the rest of the story.<ref name="hindu" />

== Cast ==
''Cast adapted from the songbook''<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Gumastha_R.M.Krishnaswamy_1953/139.%20Gumastha_R.M.Krishnaswamy_1953.pdf |title=குமாஸ்தா |year=1953 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=2024-09-02 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male Cast
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Clerk Ranganathan
* [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]] as Brother Gopu
* [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]] as Ravi
* Friend Ramasami as Ravi's Friend
* T. N. Sivathanu as Ravi's Father
* M. L. N. Kaushik as Shankar
* C. V. V. Panthulu as Shankar's Father
* T. V. Sethuraman as Friend's Father
* V. K. Karthikeyan as Harmonium Player
* Karuppaiah as Astrologer
* P. Sundarabashyam Naidu as Ranganathan's Father
* Balan as Gupta
* V. T. Kalyanam as Homeowners's Clerk
* Bhairavan as Ranganathan's Son (Adult)
* P. Kalyanam as Ranganathan's Son's Friend
* Anil Kumar as Ranganathan's Son (Child)
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female Cast
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Ranganathan's Sister, Susheela
* [[B. Jayamma]] as Seetha
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Ravi's Mother
* [[M. Saroja]] as Pappi
* Menaka as Rani
* Angamuthu as Milkmaid
* Venu Bai as Shankar's Mother
* Baby Uma as Ranganathan's Daughter
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by V. C. Subburaman under the banner Aruna Films and was shot at Film Centre, [[Madras]].<ref name="hindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was scored by [[C. N. Pandurangan|C. N. Pandurangam]], [[G. Ramanathan]], [[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]] and while the lyrics were penned by [[A. Maruthakasi]] and [[S. D. S. Yogi]]ar.<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="songbook" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song || Singer(s) || Lyricist || Composer
|-
| "Aadhari Jegadheeswari Amba" || [[B. Jayamma]] || [[A. Maruthakasi|Maruthakasi]] || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan|C. N. Pandurangam]]
|-
| "Aiyavin Penndattikku" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], K. R. Chellamuthu || [[S. D. S. Yogi]]
|-
| "Aasaiye Veen Aanadhe!" || [[P. Leela]] || Maruthakasi || [[C. N. Pandurangan|Pandurangam]]
|-
| "Sopalangi Mappillaikku" || [[K. Rani (singer)|Rani]], G. Kasthoori & Party || Maruthakasi || [[G. Ramanathan]]
|-
| "Inbamo! Thunbamo! Edhuvume Nilladhe!" || [[A. M. Rajah|Raja]] || Maruthakasi || rowspan=4|[[C. N. Pandurangan|Pandurangam]]
|-
| "Theeradha Varumaiyudan" || B. Jayamma || Maruthakasi
|-
| "Hey Manidha! Enge Odugirai?" || Nagayya || [[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]]
|-
| "Dance Baby Dance!" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || Maruthakasi
|}

== Reception ==
According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the film performed average at the box office due its "predictable storyline".<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:1953 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1953 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1953 drama films]]
[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. N. Pandurangan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Nagayya]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi

2026-03-04T03:54:09Z

LizzieSugerman6: quick update

{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi
| image = Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shaheed Latif]]
| producer = [[Guru Dutt]]
| writer = [[Abrar Alvi]] {{small|(story, screenplay and dialogues)}}
| based_on = {{Based on|[[President (1937 film)|President]]|[[Nitin Bose]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Mala Sinha]] [[Tanuja]]
| music = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| cinematography = K. G. Prabhakar
| editing = Y. G. Chawhan
| studio = Guru Dutt Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1966}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi''''' ({{Translation|''Spring will still come''}}) is a 1966 Hindi-language romantic-tragedy film produced by [[Guru Dutt]] and directed by [[Shaheed Latif]]. It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Mala Sinha]] and [[Tanuja]] in the lead roles, supported by [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Deven Verma]] and [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]. The film's music is by [[O. P. Nayyar]] and lyrics by Sheven Rizvi, Aziz Kashmiri, and cinematography by K.G. Prabhakar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Amit |date=9 September 2018 |title=Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi was a 1966 film, but it speaks to the crisis in journalism today |url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/baharen-phir-bhi-aayengi-was-a-1966-film-but-it-speaks-to-the-crisis-in-journalism-today/114497/ |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=27 March 2016 |title=Films that are 50: When Dharmendra completed Guru Dutt's dream in 'Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/805698/films-that-are-50-when-dharmendra-completed-guru-dutts-dream-in-baharen-phir-bhi-aayengi |work=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213134510/https://scroll.in/reel/805698/films-that-are-50-when-dharmendra-completed-guru-dutts-dream-in-baharen-phir-bhi-aayengi |url-status=live }}</ref> It is an adaptation of the 1937 film ''[[President (1937 film)|President]]''.<ref name=PrintDutt/>

==Plot==
Jeetendra Gupta is a reporter working in a newspaper company in Calcutta, and lives with his older widowed sister, his niece and his best-friend Chunnilal. Jeetendra exposes dangerous working conditions in a mine owned by one of his employer's crooked creditors and consequently loses his job. Jeeten is out looking for another job when he comes across Sunita, who was about to commit suicide by jumping from the same train that night after a prank played by Vikram Verma. Jeeten prevents her from jumping and they take shelter in a hut nearby. They leave for their respective homes the next day after Sunita mistakenly thinks Jeeten's name was actually Chunnilal. When disaster strikes at the mine (as predicted by Jeeten), Amita, managing director of the newspaper and daughter of the paper's deceased founder realized her mistake and re-employs him as the editor of the newspaper. However, her interest in him is more than just journalism as she gradually starts developing feelings towards him.

Meanwhile, Sunita has started developing feelings for Jeeten (who she thinks is Chunnilal) and writes him a letter asking him to meet her. Jeeten finally meets Sunita and reciprocates Sunita's feelings for him and they fall in love with each other. They keep dating for some time. On one weekend, Jeeten comes to Sunita's house only to realise that Amita is Sunita's older sister.

Shortly afterwards, the Indo-China war takes place and Jeeten decides to travel to Tezpur to report about the Indian Army's bravery in holding off the Chinese forces there. Amita goes to find Jeeten only to see him and Sunita together in each other's arms. She becomes heartbroken but still wants her sister to be happy with Jeeten. Meanwhile, Jeeten finds a damaged bridge which broke within a year of its construction. He learns that the same people who financed the mine were behind this and gathers evidence to publish. The creditors are enraged and want Jeeten to be removed from the company. Mr. Verma, elder brother of Vikram, reveals to Jeeten that Amita owed lots of money to the same creditors and Jeeten, in order to save Amita, leaves his job. Amita becomes desperate to bring him back and when confronted by Mr. Verma, she reveals that she is in love with Jeeten. Sunita overhears this and is devastated. She leaves the house to marry Vikram in order to let her sister be with Jeeten. She even lies to Jeeten to make it easier for him to move on from her.

Amita gradually starts losing her mind to the point she became completely insane. She learns that Sunita knew about her love for Jeeten and that Sunita left to leave Jeeten for her. This makes her go completely crazy as she tried to stop Sunita from marrying Vikram, who she didn't approve of. She locks herself in her father's old office while speaking to herself. While at Vikram's house, Sunita finds a photo of Amita in Mr. Verma's room which made her realise that he was in love with Amita all this time. Meanwhile, the corrupt creditors along with the board of directors were on the verge of usurping the company from Amita. Jeeten, Sunita and Mr. Verma are searching for Amita but are too late as they found her laying on the floor after she suffered a heart attack. In her dying moments, she confessed to Jeeten that she loves him and that her father's old office was not leased to the creditors and it would serve as the foundation for their new company. After ensuring the union of Jeeten and Sunita, she dies in their presence.

==Cast==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Jeetendra Gupta "Jeeten" (Sunita's boyfriend)
* [[Mala Sinha]] as Amita (Sunita's elder sister and Jeetendra's boss)
* [[Tanuja]] as Sunita "Babli" (Amita's younger sister and Jeetendra's girlfriend)
* [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Mr. Verma
* [[Deven Verma]] as Vikram Verma
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Chunnilal (Jeetendra's friend)
* Rebecca Madhuri Premlata Putta (Madhavi) as Ruby Chatterjee
* [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Jeetendra's elder sister
* Badri Prasad as Mr. Shukla

==Production==
The film started with [[Guru Dutt]] in the lead. He was replaced by [[Dharmendra]] and the film was re-shot due to Dutt's death.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=20 April 2015 |title=[Photos] Rare glimpses of Guru Dutt's last unfinished movie 'Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/720318/photos-rare-glimpses-of-guru-dutts-last-unfinished-movie-baharen-phir-bhi-aayengi |work=Scroll.in |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

==Music and soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]]. The lyrics were penned by [[Aziz Kashmiri]], [[Kaifi Azmi]], [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]], [[S. H. Bihari]] and Shevan Rizvi.

[[S. D. Burman]] started out as the composer for this film. But he suffered a heart attack, due to which Guru Dutt replaced him with O. P. Nayyar. One of the songs, which Burman recorded in [[Mohammed Rafi|Mohammed Rafi's]] voice, was kept by Burman after his recovery, and it was not used in the film. Some years later, Burman rerecorded the song as 'Yeh Dil Na Hota Bechara' from ''[[Jewel Thief (1967 film)|Jewel Thief]]'' (1967) in the voice of [[Kishore Kumar]].<ref name=PrintDutt>{{cite news |author= |date=20 November 2023 |title=This Mohammed Rafi Song For Guru Dutt Was Canned By SD Burman And Then ... |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/this-mohammed-rafi-song-for-guru-dutt-was-canned-by-sd-burman-and-then-8669252.html |work=[[News18]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Badal Jaaye Agar Maali"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| "Aapke Haseen Rukh Pe"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Suno Suno Miss Chatterjee"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Dil To Pehle Hi Se Madhosh Hai"
| Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Koi Kehde Zamane Se Jaake"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Woh Hanske Mile Humse"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Badal Jaaye Agar Maali - Sad"
| Asha Bhosle
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0060145}}

[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Abrar Alvi]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by O. P. Nayyar]]
[[Category:1966 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]

Mama Bhanja

2026-03-03T23:27:07Z

LizzieSugerman6: minor edit

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mama Bhanja
| image = Mama Bhanja.png

| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = Naresh Kumar
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Randhir Kapoor]]|[[Shammi Kapoor]]|[[Parveen Babi]]}}
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1977|05|13|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mama Bhanja''''' is a 1977 [[Bollywood]] [[film]] directed by Naresh Kumar.

==Plot==
A dying mother leaves her son in the care of her only brother who brings up his nephew with lots of love and care. The nephew grows up with a lot of values and honesty.

One day the Uncle strikes it rich but then he is hounded by a greedy and horrible woman who seduces him for only his money. This is seen by the nephew who knows the woman is just a greedy woman but the Uncle does not or refuses to understand.

Now starts the job of the nephew to get this woman out of his uncles's life and show his uncle what kind of woman she really is.

==Cast==
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Shankar Lal
* [[Randhir Kapoor]] as Mohan Lal
* [[Parveen Babi]] as Madhu Malini
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Mousi
*[[Asha Sachdev]] as Roopa Mathur
*[[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] Kitty Mathur
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Police Inspector
*[[Ghansham Rohera]] as Ramesh
*[[Raj Kishore]] as Jolly Mathur

==Soundtrack==
The music is composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]], and the songs are written by [[Rajinder Krishan]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Suno Rani Tumne Der Laga Di"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Ek Baat Meri Hothon Tak Aake Palat Jaati Hai"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Baat Yeh Kaisi Keh Di Zaalim"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Meri Jhilmil Jhilmil Bindiya"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0357890|title=Mama Bhanja}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Entry (film)

2026-03-03T20:43:41Z

LizzieSugerman6: cleanup layout per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Entry
| image = Poster of Entry (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Rajesh Amanakara
| producer = Athulya Ashok
| writer =
| starring = [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] [[Ranjini Haridas]] [[Bhagath Manuel]] [[Sija Rose]]
| music = [[Mejo Joseph]]
| cinematography = Ram Thulasi
| editing = Donmax
| studio = Athulya Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|1|04|}}
| runtime = 107 min
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
}}
'''''Entry''''' is a 2013 [[Malayalam film]] directed by Rajesh Amanakara, starring [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Ranjini Haridas]], [[Bhagath Manuel]] and [[Sija Rose]] in the lead roles.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=December 2021}}
ACP Shreya and ACP Rishikesh are a married couple, who are on the brink of a divorce and live separately for unknown reasons. Meanwhile, a student named Arjun, works as a mechanic at a repair shop. He falls in love with Subaida, a girl whom Arjun had bumped his bike into. Arjun learns that he must steal bikes for a London-based underworld don <nowiki>''</nowiki>Lucifer<nowiki>''</nowiki> aka Palli Biju aka Valiya Vyali, who is known to have a past of selling pirated DVDs from Tamil Nadu. Palli Biju is need of 25 lakhs for going to a dinner at the [[River Thames]] . Rishikesh and Shreya must save Arjun and catch Biju.

==Cast==
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as ACP Rishikesh
* [[Ranjini Haridas]] as ACP P. Shreya
* [[Bhagath Manuel]] as Arjun
* [[Sija Rose]] as Subaida, Arjun's love interest
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Thampi, Arjun's mentor
* [[Jins Baskar]] as Don Lucifer (Palli Biju), a london based criminal
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Police Commissioner, Rishikesh and Sherya's senior officer
* Sandeep Menon as Dennis, Arjun's friend
*Mahima as Arjun's friend
* Deepika Mohan as Arjun's mother

==Release and reception==
Prior to release, the film was highly anticipated as it would mark the film debut of television anchor [[Ranjini Haridas]]. It was released on 4 January 2013. It received mostly negative reviews with critics panning the film due the poor acting skills and dialogue delivered by Ranjini. Veeyen of Nowrunning.com rated the film 1/5 and concluded that "Ranjini might be the only reason, why you might have walked into the theatre to see the film, in the first place. And 'Entry' should be a disappointment of gigantic proportions, for her fans and detractors alike."<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10437/malayalam/entry/4046/review.htm "Entry Review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111083407/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10437/malayalam/entry/4046/review.htm |date=11 January 2013 }}. nowrunning.com</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2939144}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mehandi Circus

2026-03-03T03:02:36Z

LizzieSugerman6: small edit

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by Saravana Rajendran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mehandi Circus
| image = Mehandi Circus.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Saravana Rajendran
| producer = [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
| writer = [[Raju Murugan]]
| starring = [[Madhampatty Rangaraj]] [[Shweta Tripathi]]
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| cinematography = [[Selvakumar S. K.]]
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| studio = [[Studio Green]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|04|19}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mehandi Circus''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language action [[Romantic drama film|romantic drama]] film written by [[Raju Murugan]] and directed by Saravana Rajendran who is also his elder brother on his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=2019-01-06 |title=அண்ணன் படத்துக்கு தம்பி செய்த உதவி {{!}} mehndi circus helps his brother movie |url=http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/74830/cinema/Kollywood/mehndi-circus-hepls-his-brother-movie.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183938/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/74830/cinema/Kollywood/mehndi-circus-hepls-his-brother-movie.htm |archive-date=10 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா |language=ta}}</ref> The film casts newcomer [[Madhampatty Rangaraj]] in main lead role and [[Shweta Tripathi]] on her Tamil film debut in female lead role while [[RJ Vigneshkanth]] and [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] play supportive roles. The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Sean Roldan]] while [[Selvakumar S. K.]] and [[Philomin Raj]] of ''[[Maanagaram]]'' fame are selected as cinematographer and film editor respectively. The film is produced [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] under his production studio banner [[Studio Green]]. This film had positive reviews from critics and general audience.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|section|date=August 2022}}
The story starts with a girl making plans to fulfill her sick dying mother Mehandi's ([[Shweta Tripathi]]) dying wish. Mehandi keeps asking to see someone one last time. Her family trashes her alcoholic father who abandoned both of them. The girl resolves to bring him back in time for her mother to see him and sets out. Meanwhile, in a bar in Kodaikanal, a drunk Jeeva ([[Madhampatty Rangaraj]]) is winning a game of “guess the singer”. He is unstoppable except for a song that was released post-1992. Someone makes a remark that the world stopped for him in 1992. When they play the [[Ilaiyaraaja]] song “Oh Paapa Laali” (from ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Idhayathai Thirudathe]]''), he walks away in anger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=Music to our ears |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20190528/282857962393648 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127052538/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20190528/282857962393648 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The next day, Mehandi’s daughter finds Jeeva, who is showing off his knife throwing skills to his friends. She tells him her mother’s dying and asks him to meet her mother one last time. Jeeva agrees and they set out to the village in Maharashtra where Mehandi is. Jeeva tells the daughter about the day he first saw Mehandi.

Jeeva runs a cassette shop in Kodaikanal dedicated mostly to Ilaiyaraaja’s songs. Mehandi and her family arrive in Kodaikanal with their circus troupe. Mehandi is part of the knife-throwing act as the target just like her mother was for her father and her grandmother for her grandfather. Mehandi and Jeeva fall in love over time. A villager sees them together and informs Jeeva’s father, a conservative and aggressive man who does not cross caste-lines, of their relationship. Mehandi’s father also sees them together around the same time and is unhappy about it. Jeeva’s father warns him to forget the girl. But Jeeva persists and asks Mehandi’s father for her hand in marriage. Mehandi’s father is not happy but agrees to it on the condition that Jeeva should perform the knife-throwing act with Mehandi as target. Jeeva agrees and asks Jadhav ([[Ankur Vikal]]), his friend from the same circus troupe, to train him. Jadhav agrees and after few weeks Jeeva goes back to Mehandi’s camp. But when he tries to aim the knife with Mehandi as the target, he is unable to throw the knife at her. He gives up, asks her father to keep Mehandi happy and leaves. That night, Mehandi and Jeeva run away from home to get married with the help of friends. They bump into Jadhav on their way out and Jadhav wishes them the best. While they stay the night at a friend’s place, Jeeva’s father catches them, beats up Jeeva and burns Mehandi’s circus. Mehandi’s family decides to go back to Maharashtra and Mehandi, with no other option, goes back with them. When Jeeva recovers, he tries to find Mehandi unsuccessfully. It's been many years now and Jeeva is still looking for Mehandi. He bumps into Jadhav in Bombay who tells him Mehandi is now happily married and even has a daughter. Jeeva resigns to his fate, asks Jadhav to not tell Mehandi about their conversation and he heads back home. He slowly slips into being an alcoholic.

Mehandi’s daughter tells Jeeva her mom told them all about her love for Jeeva and her frustration at her forced marriage. She then tells Jeeva the whole truth. Jadhav wanted Mehandi for himself the whole time. When he sees Jeeva and Mehandi elope, he informs Jeeva’s father of the elopement. After their circus tent is burned down and the whole troupe heads back home, Jadhav convinces Mehandi’s father to give her hand to him over drinks. Mehandi’s father emotionally blackmails her to marry Jadhav and she agrees. Her marriage with Jadhav is sadistic and abusive. When Jadhav comes back home after his chance encounter with Jeeva in Bombay, he even tells her that Jeeva is happily married and has a daughter. One night, Jadhav practices his knife-throwing act completely drunk, misses his mark and Mehandi is injured. After that incident, he abandons both Mehandi and their daughter and walks away forever. She tells Jeeva that he was the one Mehandi truly loved.

They reach Kolhapur and Mehandi and Jeeva meet, to the astonishment of Mehandi’s father. Mehandi whispers to her daughter to get something and then takes Jeeva to the local village fair. Her daughter gets her the knives from the knife throwing act. Mehandi tells Jeeva to throw the knife around her without fear as she is not afraid of dying. Jeeva, who has been practicing all these years, throws all the knives successfully and the last knife blindfolded. Jeeva and Mehandi hug in happiness while Mehandi’s father and daughter look on.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Madhampatty Rangaraj]] as Jeeva
* [[Shweta Tripathi]] as Mehandi
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Amaladass, a priest
* [[RJ Vigneshkanth]] as Jeeva's friend
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Raajangham
* [[Ankur Vikal]] as Jadhav
*Sunny Charles as Mehandi's father<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mehandi Circus Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Mehandi Circus by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mehandi-circus/movie-review/68918782.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Pooja Tambe as Mehandi and Jadhav's daughter
}}

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] of the film commenced during early parts of May 2018 and the post production of the film completed in around July 2018. The title teaser of the film unveiled in June 2018. Raju Saravanan also known as Saravana Rajendhiran who previously worked as an assistant director of Raju Murugan made his maiden directorial venture through this project, while the story and dialogues of the film were written by director Raju Murugan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raju Murugan's 'Mehandi Circus' is a hard-hitting romantic drama! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raju-murugan-s-mehandi-circus-is-a-hard-hitting-romantic-drama-news-tamil-sgzjdxidjdahh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626022258/http://www.sify.com/movies/raju-murugan-s-mehandi-circus-is-a-hard-hitting-romantic-drama-news-tamil-sgzjdxidjdahh.html |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=2018-12-27 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Debutant [[Madhampatty Rangaraj]] was chosen to play the male lead role and later [[Bollywood]] actress [[Shweta Tripathi]] was signed to play the female lead role whose role is assigned to be a stage circus performer in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-02 |title=Masaan actress Shweta Tripathi plays circus performer in her Tamil debut Mehandi Circus; film likely to release in September |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/masaan-actress-shweta-tripathi-plays-circus-performer-in-her-tamil-debut-mehandi-circus-film-likely-to-release-in-september-4643991.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227181606/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/masaan-actress-shweta-tripathi-plays-circus-performer-in-her-tamil-debut-mehandi-circus-film-likely-to-release-in-september-4643991.html |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Real-life circus performers in 'Mehandi Circus' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/real-life-circus-performers-in-mehandi-circus/articleshow/64710673.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104133149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/real-life-circus-performers-in-mehandi-circus/articleshow/64710673.cms |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=2018-12-27 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Shweta Tripathi made her Tamil film debut through this venture. The reports also revealed that an elephant has also been selected to feature in pivotal role of the film, as revealed by the film's title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2018-06-28 |title=Elephant plays a crucial role in Mehandi Circus |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280618/elephant-plays-a-crucial-role-in-mehandi-circus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227182602/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280618/elephant-plays-a-crucial-role-in-mehandi-circus.html |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-27 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

The director revealed that the real-life circus performers were hired to play other uncredited characters as part of the circus-related sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2018 |title=Filmmakers hire real circus performers for the film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mehandi-circus-feature-real-life-circus-performers-83676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230219/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mehandi-circus-feature-real-life-circus-performers-83676 |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-27 |website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Kodaikanal]] backdrop, but was also shot in [[Mumbai]], [[Dindigul]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raju Murugan scripts a romance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jun/24/raju-murugan-scripts-a-romance-1833062.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230208/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jun/24/raju-murugan-scripts-a-romance-1833062.html |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The official teaser of the film was released on 6 January 2018 by actor [[Karthi]] through social media.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This is when the teaser of 'Mehandi Circus' will be unveiled! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-is-when-the-teaser-of-mehandi-circus-will-be-unveiled/articleshow/67384510.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109044942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-is-when-the-teaser-of-mehandi-circus-will-be-unveiled/articleshow/67384510.cms |archive-date=9 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-04 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The background music of the film was composed by [[Sean Roldan]]. The official first single track (which is a folk melody) of the film titled ''Vellattu Kannazhagi'' was released on 26 December 2018 on the eve of [[Boxing Day]], which was well received by the audience and went viral on social media. The audio rights of the film were secured by [[Think Music]]. Sean Roldan was completely missing in 2018, after a stellar soundtrack like Power Paandi in 2017. With Mehandi Circus, he pitches his talent again strongly.<ref>{{Citation |title=Vellattu Kannazhagi - Sean Roldan - Download or Listen Free |date=26 December 2018 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mehandi-circus/mWuLd6QPRWc_ |access-date=2018-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230210/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mehandi-circus/mWuLd6QPRWc_ |archive-date=27 December 2018 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=செம லைக்ஸ் குவிக்கும் 'மெஹந்தி சர்க்கஸ்' சிங்கிள் டிராக் |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/mehandi-circus-single-track-1968347 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230255/http://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/mehandi-circus-single-track-1968347 |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-27 |website=NDTV Tamil Cinema |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-26 |title=வைரலாகும் 'மெஹந்தி சர்க்கஸ்' வெள்ளாட்டு கண்ணழகி |url=https://patrikai.com/first-song-release-mehandi-circus-film-social-media-viral/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227182911/https://patrikai.com/first-song-release-mehandi-circus-film-social-media-viral/ |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-27 |website=www.patrikai.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Mehandi Circus
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 January 2019 (Complete Playlist) 26 December 2018 (Vellattu- Single)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:11
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Sean Roldan
| prev_title = [[Kaathiruppor Pattiyal]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Raatchasi]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vellatu Kannazhagi
| length1 = 4:10
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = Sean Roldan
| title2 = Kodi Aruvi
| length2 = 4:23
| lyrics2 = Yugabharathi
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]], Nithyashree Venkatraman
| title3 = Love Polladhadhu
| length3 = 2:58
| lyrics3 = Yugabharathi
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title4 = Siragi Un Sirippaala
| length4 = 3:25
| lyrics4 = Yugabharathi
| extra4 = Sathyaprakash, Lalitha Sudha
| title5 = Aavoji
| length5 = 2:37
| lyrics5 = Sean Roldan
| extra5 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| title6 = Veyil Mazhayae
| length6 = 3:38
| lyrics6 = Saravanan Rajendran
| extra6 = Vignesh Ishwar, Susha
| total_length = 21:11
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt9665400}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films about elephants]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2019 action drama films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
[[Category:Studio Green films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shariq Hassan

2026-02-23T02:11:39Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made Post

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shariq Hassan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shariq Hassan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|12|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actor
| height =
| other_names = Shariq Hassan Khan
| years_active = 2010{{ndash}}present
| parents = [[Riyaz Khan]] (father) [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage | Maria Jennifer|2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-shariq-hassan-ties-the-knot-with-maria-jennifer/articleshow/112372734.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Shariq Hassan ties the knot with Maria Jennifer|work=[[Times Of India]]|date= |access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Kamala Kamesh]] (grandmother)
| children = 2
}}

'''Shariq Hassan''' (born 7 December 1994) is an Indian actor who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and television shows. He played the role of villain in the 2016 film ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/i-want-to-do-biopic-on-raghuvaran-sir-shariq-hassan/9d3eb3fdf7884|title=Shariq Hassan on his uncanny resemblance with Raghuvaran - 'I want to do a biopic on the late actor'|work=www.ottplay.com|date= |access-date=|language=en}}</ref> He is known for participating in ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]''.

==Early life and personal life==

Shariq Hassan was born on 7 December 1994,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Shariq Hassan thanks fans for their immense love on his birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-shariq-hassan-thanks-fans-for-their-immense-love-on-his-birthday/articleshow/66987030.cms?from=mdr |website=[[The Times of India]] |pages=22 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908054407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-shariq-hassan-thanks-fans-for-their-immense-love-on-his-birthday/articleshow/66987030.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to actors [[Riyaz Khan]] and [[Uma Riyaz Khan]].<ref name=DC20160513>{{cite news |last=Sivaram |first=Sravia |title=Riyaz Khan's son all set to make debut |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130516/riyaz-khan-s-son-all-set-to-make-debut.html |date=13 May 2016 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003125811/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130516/riyaz-khan-s-son-all-set-to-make-debut.html |archive-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2018 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2; Lesser known facts about Shariq Hassan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil//photostory/64866631.cms |access-date=22 March 2024 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425140750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil//photostory/64866631.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 August 2024, Shariq married his long-term girlfriend Maria Jennifer in a traditional [[Christian]] wedding.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shariq-hassan-to-get-married-on-august-8/articleshow/112280370.cms|title=Shariq Hassan to get married on August 8|work=[[Times Of India]]|date= |access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1359986|title=Riyaz Khan's son Shariq to get married; wedding rap song goes viral|work=keralakaumudi.com|date= |access-date=|language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, the couple welcomed a son.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2025 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Shariq Hassan and Maria Jennifer blessed with a baby boy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-shariq-hassan-and-maria-jennifer-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/122223528.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Hassan debuted in the 2016 Tamil film ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/100182.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125014519/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/100182.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2013 |title=Riyaz Khan's son to play supporting role in Pencil - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2013-11-21 |accessdate=2013-11-28}}</ref> and several critics felt that his performance was one of the film's highlights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140516/pencil-movie-review-enjoyable-in-parts.html|title=Pencil movie review: Enjoyable in parts|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=14 May 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pencil/movie-review/52265043.cms|title=Pencil Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He made his television debut in 2018 when he joined the second season of ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)|Bigg Boss]]'' as a contestant; he was evicted from the show on the 49th day.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 August 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 2 Tamil: Shariq gets ELIMINATED, his mother wants to enter the house to take revenge |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bigg-boss-2-tamil-sharik-gets-eliminated-his-mother-wants-to-enter-the-house-to-take-revenge-1253906/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=Bollywood Life |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044734/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bigg-boss-2-tamil-sharik-gets-eliminated-his-mother-wants-to-enter-the-house-to-take-revenge-1253906/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 fame Mumtaz thanks former co contestant Shariq Hassan for making her birthday special |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-tamil-2-fame-mumtaz-thanks-former-co-contestant-shariq-hassan-making-her-birthday-special-460382 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044735/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-tamil-2-fame-mumtaz-thanks-former-co-contestant-shariq-hassan-making-her-birthday-special-460382 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> In 2018, he signed up for the film ''Uggramm'' (still unreleased),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-08 |title=Shariq turns hero with a romantic action thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shariq-turns-hero-with-a-romantic-action-thriller/articleshow/66987021.cms |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908054409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shariq-turns-hero-with-a-romantic-action-thriller/articleshow/66987021.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2020 for ''[[Jigiri Dosthu]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2020-03-10 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil famed Shariq Hassan to be seen next in 'Jigiri Dosthu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Mar/10/bigg-boss-tamil-famed-shariq-hassan-to-be-seen-next-in-jigiri-dosthu-2114565.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318192101/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Mar/10/bigg-boss-tamil-famed-shariq-hassan-to-be-seen-next-in-jigiri-dosthu-2114565.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=Shariq Hassan's next, Jigiri Dosthu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/09/shariq-hassans-next-jigiri-dosth-17430.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044737/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/09/shariq-hassans-next-jigiri-dosth-17430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which released in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=8 December 2018 |title=Shariq turns hero with a romantic action thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shariq-turns-hero-with-a-romantic-action-thriller/articleshow/66987021.cms |access-date=22 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424082850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shariq-turns-hero-with-a-romantic-action-thriller/articleshow/66987021.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=22 December 2023 |title=Jigiri Dosthu Movie Review : A comedy thriller that tries but doesn't rise above generic beats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jigiri-dosthu/movie-review/106202596.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318192531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jigiri-dosthu/movie-review/106202596.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Hassan participated in the dance competition ''[[BB Jodigal]],'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]], and his duet with Anitha Sampath won the show.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila R |date=20 September 2021 |title=Bigg Boss Jodigal Grand Finale Title Winner: Shariq And Anitha Take Home The Trophy! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2021/bigg-boss-jodigal-grand-finale-title-winner-shariq-and-anitha-take-home-the-trophy-321262.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=FilmiBeat |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044735/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2021/bigg-boss-jodigal-grand-finale-title-winner-shariq-and-anitha-take-home-the-trophy-321262.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, he signed up for another film with [[Vishnu Vishal]], ''Mohandas''.<ref>{{cite news|title=New teaser of Vishnu Vishal's 'Mohandas' is here!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/new-teaser-of-vishnu-vishals-mohandas-is-here/articleshow/92953923.cms|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=18 July 2022|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/new-teaser-of-vishnu-vishals-mohandas-is-here/articleshow/92953923.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=7 March 2021 |title=Bigg Boss fame Shariq Hassan to play crucial role in Vishnu Vishal's Mohandas |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigg-boss-fame-shariq-haasan-to-play-crucial-role-in-vishnu-vishal-s-mohandas-1776513-2021-03-07 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=India Today |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044732/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigg-boss-fame-shariq-haasan-to-play-crucial-role-in-vishnu-vishal-s-mohandas-1776513-2021-03-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, he starred in ''[[Netru Indha Neram]]'' as the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ganesh.perumal |title=2 நாயகிகளுடன் பிக்பாஸ் ஷாரிக் நடித்துள்ள கிரைம் திரில்லர் படம் 'நேற்று இந்த நேரம்' - திகிலூட்டும் டிரைலர் இதோ |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/trailer/bigg-boss-fame-shariq-hassan-crime-thriller-movie-netru-indha-neram-trailer-gan-s61yaf |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' || Protestor || Uncredited ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2016 || ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' || Nithin || ||<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Pradeep |date=17 November 2020 |title=Shariq Hassan: 'People mistakenly think that 'Bigg Boss' helps them land film offers' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shariq-hassan-people-mistakenly-think-that-bigg-boss-helps-them-land-film-offers/article33113354.ece |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117125233/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shariq-hassan-people-mistakenly-think-that-bigg-boss-helps-them-land-film-offers/article33113354.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]''
| Teja || ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Jigiri Dosthu]]''
|Rishi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Jigiri Dosthu Movie Review: Shariq Hassan, Aran V's Comedy-Thriller Is Low On Logic |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/jigiri-dosthu-movie-review-shariq-hassan-aran-vs-comedy-thriller-is-low-on-logic-review-106190358 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314220613/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/jigiri-dosthu-movie-review-shariq-hassan-aran-vs-comedy-thriller-is-low-on-logic-review-106190358 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Netru Indha Neram]]''
|Nikhil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/netru-indha-neram/movie-review/108851380.cms|title=Netru Indha Neram Movie Review : This murder mystery fails to become a compelling watch|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || style="background:#ffc;"|''Resort'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}|| {{TBA}} ||||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shariq-raj-and-ananya-to-star-in-an-intense-survival-thriller/articleshow/109719731.cms|title=Shariq, Raj and Ananya to star in an intense survival thriller|website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2020
| ''Kaalam Neram Kadhal'' || Ron || [[YouTube]] || <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Shariq to play the lead in Kaalam Neram Kadhal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/29/shariq-to-play-the-lead-in-kaalam-neram-kadhal-21026.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408074004/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/29/shariq-to-play-the-lead-in-kaalam-neram-kadhal-21026.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-01 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Shariq Hassan to headline Kaalam Neram Kadhal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-shariq-hassan-to-headline-upcoming-web-series-kaalam-neram-kadhal/story-ra9n7Aqf1SgoBLNoITtBrN.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318192226/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-shariq-hassan-to-headline-upcoming-web-series-kaalam-neram-kadhal/story-ra9n7Aqf1SgoBLNoITtBrN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col" | Music
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2019
| ''Kannatti ''
| AH Kaashif
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Match Point Tamil |date=13 February 2019 |title=Kannatti {{!}} Official Song {{!}} A H Kaashif {{!}} Nakul Abhyankar {{!}} Shariq Hassan Bhavani Sre {{!}}{{!}} |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncIiURYzGNM |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en |via= |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319011338/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncIiURYzGNM |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="1"|2018 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)]]'' || Contestant ||[[Star Vijay]] || Evicted Day 49||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=5 August 2018 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction: Shariq eliminated; his fans say "they will miss him" |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-2-eviction-shariq-ponnambalam-will-be-eliminated-balaji-mahat-mumtaz-be-safe-776979 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=ib times |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410161055/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-2-eviction-shariq-ponnambalam-will-be-eliminated-balaji-mahat-mumtaz-be-safe-776979 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"|2021 || ''[[BB Jodigal]] (season 1)'' || Contestant ||[[Star Vijay]] || Winner||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2022 || ''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate (season 1)]]'' || Contestant ||[[Disney+ Hotstar]] || Evicted Day 21||<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila R |date=20 February 2022 |title=Bigg Boss Ultimate: Shariq & Abhinay Are Evicted; Kamal Haasan Bids Goodbye |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2022/bigg-boss-ultimate-shariq-abhinay-are-evicted-kamal-haasan-bids-goodbye-330068.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=FilmiBeat |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044733/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2022/bigg-boss-ultimate-shariq-abhinay-are-evicted-kamal-haasan-bids-goodbye-330068.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8139475}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hassan Khan, Shariq}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Sandeep Rehaan

2026-02-19T05:57:07Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made Stub

{{Short description|Indian record producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandeep Rehaan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sandeep Singh Rehaan
| birth_date = [[Jalandhar]], India
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Record producer|Producer]]
| title = Owner of Rehaan Records
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = Rehaan Records
| notable_works = Chitta Kurta, Kya baat Hain & Gangsta by [[Karan Aujla]], [[YG (rapper)]]
| website = {{Instagram|Sandeeprehaan85}}
}}
'''Sandeep Rehaan''' is an Indian [[Record producer|producer]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=19 Mar 2019|title=Chandigarh: Music producer gets Rs 20 lakh extortion call {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/chandigarh-music-producer-gets-rs-20-lakh-extortion-call/articleshow/68476640.cms|access-date=29 December 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Music producer Sandeep Rehaan talks about his struggles, bond with Karan Aujla & more|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/music-producer-sandeep-rehaan-talks-about-his-struggles-bond-with-karan-aujla-more-227513|access-date=29 December 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Report|first=Gulf News|title=‘Mexico Koka’ pair Karan Aujla, Sandeep Rehaan head to Dubai for music video shoot|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/music/mexico-koka-pair-karan-aujla-sandeep-rehaan-head-to-dubai-for-music-video-shoot-1.84205307|access-date=29 December 2021|website=Gulf News|language=en}}</ref> He is the owner of Rehaan Records.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2019|title=कनाडा में पंजाबी सिंगर करण औजला के साथी संदीप रेहान पर 24 घंटे में 2 बार अटैक|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/singer-karan-aujla-friend-sandeep-rehaan-was-attacked-twice-in-24-hours-in-canada-01565601.html|access-date=29 December 2021|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=शो करने कनाडा से आए पंजाबी प्रोड्यूसर को गैंगस्टर की व्हाट्सएप कॉल, मांगी 20 लाख की फिरौती|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/crime/threatening-call-on-whatsapp-to-canada-based-punjabi-producer-sandeep-rehaan-for-20-lakh|access-date=29 December 2021|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> He is best known for his works in [[Music of Punjab|the Punjabi music industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Punjabi singer Karan Aulja and producer Sandeep Rehaan ready with their new song 'Bhulekha'|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/punjabi-singer-karan-aulja-ready-with-new-song-bhulekha-345488|access-date=29 December 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musicians Sandeep Rehaan and Karan Aujla reunite for a new single, Bhulekha {{!}} Indulgexpress|url=https://m.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/dec/01/musicians-sandeep-rehaan-and-karan-aujla-reunite-for-a-new-single-bhulekha-37412.amp|access-date=29 December 2021|website=m.indulgexpress.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rehaan was born in Lambra, [[Jalandhar]]. He moved to [[Vancouver]], Canada in 2000.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rehaan began producing songs in 2017 with the song Soch by [[Karan Aujla]]. He owns Rehaan Records (music company). Singer Karan Aujla is associated with Rehaan and they are working together since 2017. Rehaan is best known for producing many single tracks, 14 of which have been featured in the UK Asian chart by [[Official Charts Company]], while seven have featured in the Global YouTube music chart. He has Produced songs like Don't Worry, [[Jhanjar|Jhanjhar]], Kya Baat Aa, [[Sheikh (song)|Sheikh]], Hint, [[Chitta Kurta]], Maxico and It Ain't Legal featured in various music charts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20181102/asian/|access-date=29 December 2021|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Produced songs ==
=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1"
|+
|-
!Title
!Year
!Singer
!Lyrics
!Music
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |UK Asian ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |UK Punjabi ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Hot]]
! colspan="5" scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |[[YouTube]] charts
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
! scope="row" |"Don't Worry"{{small|(featuring Gurlez Akhtar)}}
|2018
| rowspan="12" |[[Karan Aujla]]
| rowspan="12" |Karan Aujla|| [[Deep Jandu]] || 36 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || featuring Gurlez Akhtar || <ref>*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-dont-worry-sung-by-karan-aujla/videoshow/66290415.cms|title=Latest Punjabi Song Don't Worry Sung By Karan Aujla|date=20 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 October 2018}}
*UK Asian Music Chart - 36{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20181102/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"No Need"
| rowspan="6" |2019 || Deep Jandu || — || — || — || — || 89 || 60 || — || 42 || ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Music Charts|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/ca/20190215-20190221|access-date=10 June 2020|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Don't Look"
| Jay Trak|| 14 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || || <ref>
* UK Asian Music Chart - 14{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20190308/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Hair"
| Deep Jandu ||31|| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || Video by [[Sukh Sanghera]] || <ref>
* UK Asian Music Chart - 31{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20190621/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"2 AM
| Roach Killa ||20 || — || — || — || 43 || 24 || 45 || 24 || || <ref>
* UK Asian Music Chart - 20{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|access-date=8 October 2019}}
* YouTube charts
** AUS - 43{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/au/20190920-20190926|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** CAN - 24{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/ca/20190920-20190926|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** IN - 45{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in/20190920-20190926|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191222071449/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in/20190920-20190926|archive-date=22 December 2019|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=20 November 2019}}
** NZ - 24 {{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/nz/20190920-20190926|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Hint"
| Jay Trak || 13 || 5 || — || 75 || 14 || 9 || 27 || 5 || || <ref>
* UK Asian Music Chart - 13{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20191115/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|access-date=24 December 2019}}
* YouTube charts
** Global - 75{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20191108-20191114|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=24 December 2019}}
** AUS - 14{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/au/20191108-20191114|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** CAN - 9{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/ca/20191108-20191114|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** IN - 27{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in/20191108-20191114|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=24 December 2019}}
** NZ - 5{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/nz/20191108-20191114|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/india/total/2019-W46|title=India Top 100 Songs|website=www.top-charts.com|language=en|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Chitta Kurta]]"{{small|(featuring Gurlez Akhtar)}}
| Deep Jandu || 20 || — || — || 35 || 15 || 13 || 9 || 6 || featuring Gurlez Akhtar || <ref>
* UK Asian Music chart - 20{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20191220/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|access-date=23 February 2020}}
* YouTube charts
** Global - 35{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20191206-20191212|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** AUS - 15{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/au/20191206-20191212|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** CAN - 13{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/ca/20191206-20191212|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** IND - 9{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in/20191206-20191212|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** NZ - 6{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/nz/20191206-20191212|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Jhanjar]]"
| rowspan="5" |2020 || Desi Crew || 9 || 5 || — || 26 || 15 || 6 || 8 || 9 || || <ref>
* UK Asian Music chart - 9{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20200207/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|access-date=20 February 2020}}
* YouTube charts
** Global - 26{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20200117-20200123|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** AUS - 15{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/au/20200117-20200123|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** CAN - 6{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/ca/20200117-20200123|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** IN - 8{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in/20200117-20200123|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}
** NZ - 9{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/nz/20200117-20200123|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Sheikh (song)|Sheikh]]"
| Manna || 27 || 12 || — || — || 54 || 33 || 65 || 23 || ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20200501/asian/|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Let 'em Play"
| Yeah Proof || 15 || 5 || — || 79 || 21 || 10 || 16 || 9 || || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200605/asian/|access-date=9 July 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Music Charts|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20200529-20200604?hl=en-gb|access-date=9 July 2020|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20200614/punjabi/|access-date=9 August 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Haan Haige Aa"{{small|(featuring Gurlez Akhtar)}}
| Avvy Sra || 16 || 9 || — || 52 || 25 || 11 || 14 || 13 || || <ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Music Charts|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20200724-20200730|access-date=13 August 2020|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Kya Baat Aa"
| Desi Crew || 9 || 7 || — || 19 || 6 || 6 || 3 || 4 || || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200828/asian/|access-date=11 September 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="15" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rehaan, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Indian producers]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority

2026-02-07T17:55:53Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made New Post

{{Short description|Government agency of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority
| native_name =
| native_name_a =
| type =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|2003}}
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[M.K.Stalin]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| parent_department = [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Revenue and Disaster Management]]
| keydocument1 =
| website =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

'''Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority''' is a [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]] agency in the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Established in 2003, it is responsible for [[disaster management]], planning and recovery.

==History==
On 8 July 2003, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] issued an order (G.O.323) for the constitution of a state disaster management authority (SDMA) under the [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Revenue]]. The department was to be headed by the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] and would help in preparing, mitigation and response to disasters.<ref name="TNSDMA">{{Cite web|url=https://tnsdma.tn.gov.in/pages/view/introduction|title=TNSDMA, introduction|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> In December 2005, [[Government of India]] enacted the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]] which mandated the creation of state disaster management agencies with the chief minister of the state as the chairperson.<ref>{{Cite report|title=Disaster Management Act, 2005, [23rd December, 2005.] NO. 53 OF 2005|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/DM_Act2005.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home|access-date=30 July 2013|author=Parliament of India|date=23 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129071454/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/DM_Act2005.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordingly, On 26 September 2008, Government of Tamil Nadu issued an order (G.O.564) to reconstitute the SDMA with the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] as the chairperson for monitoring the disaster management activities in the state.<ref name="TNSDMA"/>

==Composition==
SDMA is constituted of a chairperson and ten members:<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/66656735-TAMIL-NADU-STATE-DISASTER-Policy-Inner.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu state disaster policy|year=2003|page=14|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Constituent
!Role
|-
|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
|Chairperson
|-
|[[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Revenue]]
|rowspan="10"|Member
|-
|[[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Secretary of Revenue
|-
|Secretary of Finance
|-
|Secretary of Home
|-
|Secretary of School Education
|-
|Secretary of Higher Education
|-
|State relief commissioner and Commissioner of Revenue Administration
|-
|Director, Centre for Disaster Management and Mitigation, [[Anna University]]
|-
|Head, Department of Civil Engineering, [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]
|}

==TN disaster response force==
Tamil Nadu disaster response force was planned to be set up on the lines of [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF).<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/disaster/state/ndma_tamil_nadu_Profile.pdf|title=NDMA Tamil Nadu, profile|page=17|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> In 2017, TN disaster response force (TNDRF) was setup as a special team of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] at [[Avadi]] with 1,000 people to be trained by NDRF.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-gets-exclusive-disaster-response-force/articleshow/61801888.cms|title=Tamil Nadu gets exclusive disaster response force|date=26 November 2017|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tn-avadi-disaster-management-gears-up-with-necessary-equipment-to-face-cyclone-michaung20231203150143/|title=TN: Avadi Disaster Management gears up with necessary equipment to face Cyclone Michaung|publisher=ANI news|date=3 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Natural disasters in India}}

[[Category:Emergency management in India]]
[[Category:Disaster Response Forces in India]]
[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]

Neelam (film)

2026-02-05T23:00:11Z

LizzieSugerman6: general correct layout per sources further and improved wording

{{Distinguish|Nilam (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neelam
| director = [[Venkatesh Kumar. G (Director)|Venkatesh Kumar. G]]
| producer = Blue Waves Entertainment (Renuka)
| writer = Venkatesh Kumar. G
| starring = Sree Esha Pavithra 
[[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] Vijay Kumar
| music = [[Satish Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = S. Ramalingam
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| studio = Blue Waves Entertainment
| released =
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
}}
'''''Neelam''''' ({{translation|Blue}}) is an unreleased Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Venkatesh Kumar. It is a Tamil film based in the context of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] and the rise of Tamil rebel groups including the [[LTTE|Tamil Tigers]]. The film was refused clearance and banned by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor board of India]] as it on the grounds it would damage ties with Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=2017-10-09 |title=Tamil film 'Neelam' on Sri Lankan civil war denied certification |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/Oct/28/tamil-film-neelam-on-sri-lankan-civil-war-denied-certification-1685292.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film features the song 'Alayae o Alayae' by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] which was his last song before his demise.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270617/a-film-on-the-rise-of-rebel-groups.html | title=A film on the rise of rebel groups | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=27 June 2017 | access-date=6 May 2018 | archive-date=6 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506112708/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270617/a-film-on-the-rise-of-rebel-groups.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040418/biopic-on-velupillai-prabhakaran-on-anvil.html | title=Biopic on Velupillai Prabhakaran on anvil | work=Deccan Chronicle | author=Anupama Subramnaian | date=4 April 2018 | access-date=6 May 2018 | archive-date=6 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506105214/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040418/biopic-on-velupillai-prabhakaran-on-anvil.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/neelam-director-goes-to-tribunal/article19973729.ece | title=Neelam director goes to tribunal | work=The Hindu | date=3 November 2017 | access-date=6 May 2018 | archive-date=9 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032737/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/neelam-director-goes-to-tribunal/article19973729.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/271017/film-neelam-denied-certification.html | title=Film 'Neelam' denied certification | work=Deccan Chronicle | author=S.Janani | date=27 October 2017 | access-date=6 May 2018 | archive-date=6 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506114746/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/271017/film-neelam-denied-certification.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/28/tamil-film-neelam-on-sri-lankan-civil-war-denied-certification-1685292.html | title=Tamil film 'Neelam' on Sri Lankan civil war denied certification | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=27 October 2017 | access-date=6 May 2018 | archive-date=25 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225174735/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/28/tamil-film-neelam-on-sri-lankan-civil-war-denied-certification-1685292.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cbfc-denies-certification-trailer-tamil-film-sri-lankan-civil-war-70710 | title=CBFC denies certification to trailer of Tamil film on Sri Lankan civil war | publisher=New Minute | date=28 October 2017 | access-date=6 May 2018 | archive-date=3 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103025122/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cbfc-denies-certification-trailer-tamil-film-sri-lankan-civil-war-70710 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/MSV%E2%80%99s-last-song/article14466911.ece | title=MSV's last song | work=The Hindu | date=2 July 2016 | access-date=6 May 2018 | archive-date=13 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113204914/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/MSV%E2%80%99s-last-song/article14466911.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* Sree as Siva
* Eesha
* Pavithra
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Nandu
* Vijay Kumar as Yara
* [[Bala Singh]] as Kuppathu Thalaivar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Films about the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Unreleased Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
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{{2010s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Mysore Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-30T21:24:03Z

LizzieSugerman6: adding initial article first draft.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Mysore
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Mysore.map}}
| map_caption = Mysuru Lok Sabha Constituency Map
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| incumbent_image = YKC Wadiyar.jpg
| incumbent_image_size =
|mp = [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]]
|latest_election_year = 2024
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|assembly_cons = [[Madikeri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Madikeri]] [[Virajpet Assembly constituency|Virajpet]] [[Periyapatna (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Periyapatna]] [[Hunasuru Assembly constituency|Hunasuru]] [[Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency|Chamundeshwari]] [[Krishnaraja Assembly constituency|Krishnaraja]] [[Chamaraja Assembly constituency|Chamaraja]] [[Narasimharaja Assembly constituency|Narasimharaja]]
|preceded_by=[[Pratap Simha]]
|reservation=None
|established=1952
}}
[[File:Mysore Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Mysore Lok Sabha Constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Mysore Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight legislative assembly segments:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|208
|[[Madikeri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Madikeri]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
|Dr. Mantar Gowda
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|209
|[[Virajpet Assembly constituency|Virajpet]]
|A. S. Ponnanna
|-
|210
|[[Periyapatna (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Periyapatna]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Mysore district|Mysore]]
|[[K. Venkatesh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|212
|[[Hunasuru Assembly constituency|Hunasuru]]
|[[G. D. Harish Gowda]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|215
|[[Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency|Chamundeshwari]]
|[[G. T. Devegowda]]
|-
|216
|[[Krishnaraja Assembly constituency|Krishnaraja]]
|T. S. Srivatsa
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|217
|[[Chamaraja Assembly constituency|Chamaraja]]
|[[K. Harish Gowda ]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|218
|[[Narasimharaja Assembly constituency|Narasimharaja]]
|[[Tanveer Sait]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

Madikeri and [[Virajpet Assembly constituency|Virajpet Legislative Assembly]] segments were earlier in the erstwhile [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada (Mangalore) Lok Sabha constituency]]. They were later added up to Mysore Lok sabha Constituency during Delimitation process in 2007 by [[Delimitation Commission of India]], which came into existence during [[2009 Indian general election]].

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[M. S. Gurupadaswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| N. Rachaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=7}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| M. Shankaraiya
|-
| [[S.M. Siddaiah]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| M. Shankaraiya
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tulasidas Dasappa]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Chandraprabha Urs]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[Srikanta Datta Narsimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Srikanta Datta Narsimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pratap Simha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Yaduveer Wadiyar]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== General Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|page=46|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. Shankaraiya|votes=97,949|percentage=42.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Ramaraj Urs|party=Swatantra Party|votes=40,043|percentage=17.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Thimmaiah|party=Praja Socialist Party|votes=39,167|percentage=17.14|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 57,906
|percentage = 25.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=240,484|percentage=55.52|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|page=42|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = H. D. Tulsidas Dasappa
|votes = 1,08,855
|percentage = 40.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = B. N. Kengegowda
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 93,566
|percentage = 34.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = T. N. Nagaraj
|party = Samyukta Socialist Party
|votes = 39,048
|percentage = 14.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 15,289
|percentage = 15.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,86,026
|percentage = 61.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1971 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|page=49|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = H. D. Tulsidas Dasappa
|votes = 2,13,724
|percentage = 74.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = M. L. Thimme Gowda
|party =
|votes = 68,219
|percentage = 23.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = M. L. Nanja Raj Urs
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 5,824
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,45,505
|percentage = 50.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,97,698
|percentage = 59.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|page=28|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = H. D. Tulsidas Dasappa
|votes = 1,95,657
|percentage = 53.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[M. S. Gurupadaswamy]]
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 1,53,989
|percentage = 42.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = S. Chikkamadu
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 10,798
|percentage = 2.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 41,668
|percentage = 11.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 3,64,491
|percentage = 62.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|page=38|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]
|votes = 1,95,724
|percentage = 49.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = H. D. Tulsidas Dasappa
|party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
|votes = 1,12,688
|percentage = 28.48
|change = -25.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[M. S. Gurupadaswamy]]
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 71,491
|percentage = 18.07
|change = -24.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Siddaramaiah]]
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|votes = 8,327
|percentage = 2.1
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 83,036
|percentage = 20.98
|change = +9.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 3,95,687
|percentage = 57.74
|change = -5.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1984 to the Eight Lok Sabha|page=43|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
|votes = 2,47,754
|percentage = 54.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = K. P. Shanthamurthy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,83,144
|percentage = 40.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = K. P. Vishwanath
|party =
|votes = 5,696
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 64,610
|percentage = 14.27
|change = -6.71
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 4,52,885
|percentage = 61.74
|change = +4.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|page=100|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
|votes = 3,84,888
|percentage = 55.65
|change = +0.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = D. Mandegowda
|party =
|votes = 1,35,524
|percentage = 19.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = P. Mallesh
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 1,31,905
|percentage = 19.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 2,49,364
|percentage = 36.05
|change = +21.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 6,91,602
|percentage = 69.74
|change = +8.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|page=67|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chandraprabha Urs]]
|votes = 2,25,881
|percentage = 39.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,08,999
|percentage = 36.52
|change = -19.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = D. Madegowda
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 1,17,471
|percentage = 20.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 16,882
|percentage = 2.95
|change = -33.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 5,72,232
|percentage = 54.10
|change = -15.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|page=100|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
|votes = 2,58,229
|percentage = 34.82
|change = -1.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = G. T. Deve Gowda
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 2,46,623
|percentage = 33.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Thontadarya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,62,630
|percentage = 21.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 11,676
|percentage = 1.57
|change = -1.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,41,726
|percentage = 62.54
|change = 8.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha|page=32|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|votes = 3,55,846
|percentage = 42.10
|change = +20.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[S. Chikkamadu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,52,822
|percentage = 29.91
|change = -4.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[GT Devegowda|G. T. Deve Gowda]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 2,23,385
|percentage = 26.43
|change = -6.82
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,03,024
|percentage = 12.19
|change = +10.62
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,45,219
|percentage = 69.22
|change = +6.68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +12.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|page=31|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
|votes = 3,38,051
|percentage = 37.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,24,620
|percentage = 36.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = B. S. Marilingaiah
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 1,90,207
|percentage = 21.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 13,431
|percentage = 1.49
|change = -10.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,99,492
|percentage = 69.05
|change = 0.17
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|page=44|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|votes = 3,16,442
|percentage = 33.05
|change = -3.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = A. S. Guruswamy
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 3,06,292
|percentage = 31.99
|change = +10.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,99,227
|percentage = 31.26
|change = -6.32
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 10,150
|percentage = 1.06
|change = -0.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,57,267
|percentage = 64.74
|change = -4.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: '''Mysore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title= Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=61|publisher= Election Commission of India|accessdate= 17 May 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
|votes = 3,54,810
|percentage = 36.43
|change = +5.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|votes = 3,47,119
|percentage = 35.64
|change = +2.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = B. A. Jivijaya
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 2,16,283
|percentage = 22.21
|change = -9.78
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 7,691
|percentage = 0.79
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,73,878
|percentage = 58.88
|change = -5.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +1.29
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mysore]]<ref>CEO Karnataka. ''[http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/ContestingCandidate/21-Mysore.pdf List of Contesting Candidates]''</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Karnataka - Mysore (constituency) results, 2014 |url= http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1021.htm?ac=21 |publisher= Election Commission of India |date= 16 May 2014 |accessdate= 16 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Simha]]
|votes = 5,03,908
|percentage = 43.45
|change = +7.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
|votes = 4,72,300
|percentage = 40.72
|change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Chandrashekaraiah
|votes = 1,38,587
|percentage = 11.95
|change = -10.26
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 31,608
|percentage = 2.73
|change = +1.94
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,59,628
|percentage = 67.30
|change = +8.42
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +1.76
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mysore]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Simha]]
|votes = 6,88,974
|percentage = 52.27
|change = +8.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,50,327
|percentage = 41.75
|change = +1.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. B. Chandra
|votes = 24,597
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 5,346
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,38,647
|percentage = 10.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,18,103
|percentage = 69.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mysore]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Yaduveer Wadiyar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,95,503
|percentage = 53.59
|change = +1.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Lakshman|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,56,241|percentage=44.21|change=+2.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=4,490|percentage=0.30|change=-0.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,39,262|percentage=9.38|change=-1.32}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,86,191|percentage=70.96|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing = +1.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Coorg Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Mysore district]]
* [[Kodagu district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/mysore/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Mysore lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.3|76.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]

KL University

2026-01-18T12:20:26Z

LizzieSugerman6: added content for clarity

{{Short description|University in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = KL University
| image = KL University logo.svg
| established = 1980
| type = [[Deemed to be University]]
| endowment =
| president = Koneru Satyanarayana<ref name=leadership/>
| chancellor = Koneru Satyanarayana
| vice_chancellor = G. Pardha Saradhi Varma<ref name=leadership>{{cite web |title=Leadership |url=http://klef.edu.in/leadership.aspx |website=klef.edu.in |publisher=KL Deemed to be University |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215172955/http://klef.edu.in/leadership.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| dean =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| address = Green Fields
| city = [[Vaddeswaram]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| postcode = 522502
| country = India
| campus = KLEF [[Vijayawada]]: {{convert|0.404686|km2|acre|0|abbr=on}} KLEF [[Hyderabad]] (temporary campus): {{convert|0.09290304|km2|acre|0|abbr=on}}
| former_names = Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Koneru Lakshmaiah College of Engineering
| other_names = K L Deemed to be University
| language = English
| free_label =
| free =
| colours = {{color box|darkred}} Red
| colors =
| sports_nickname =
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|http://kluniversity.in}}
| staff =
| faculty =
| coordinates = {{Coord|16|26|32|N|80|37|21|E|display=inline, title}}
}}

'''K L University''', formerly '''Koneru Lakshmaiah College of Engineering''' ('''KLCE''') and '''Koneru Lakshmaiah University''', is a higher educational institution [[Deemed to be University]], located in [[Vaddeswaram]], near [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. Established in 1980 as a college of engineering, it consists of eight schools, offering academic programs at UG, PG, doctoral, and post-doctoral industry-focused courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KLEF Deemed to be University |url=https://www.kluniversity.in/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.kluniversity.in}}</ref>

As of 2025, the university has been barred from [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] accreditation for 5 years after reports of [[NAAC rating bribery case|bribing the assessor team]] to receive favourable ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Week after CBI arrested 10 in NAAC 'bribery scam', Andhra university at centre of row barred from accreditation for 5 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/cbi-naac-bribery-scam-andhra-university-centre-accreditation-9824953/lite/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

KLEF was established in 1980 at [[Vaddeswaram]] as K L College of Engineering (KLCE). It became autonomous in 2006 and was recognized as [[deemed to be university]] in 2009, known as K L University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inception & History |url=http://klef.edu.in/inception-history.aspx |website=klef.edu.in |publisher=KL Deemed to be University |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215173434/http://klef.edu.in/inception-history.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]'s warning to 123 deemed institutes, not to use "university" in the name<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Neelam |title=UGC warning to institutes: Drop 'university' from name or lose 'deemed' status |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ugc-warning-to-educational-institutes-drop-university-from-name-or-lose-deemed-status/story-sp7sIXxOL4pPjWnIZvTi7H.html |access-date=16 December 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref> it was renamed Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF). In 2019, it was renamed K L Deemed to be University.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=UGC Issued Warning Against Deemed Universities: Use of word 'University' Prohibited, Check List of 127 Deemed Universities Recognised by UGC|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/ugc-issued-warning-against-127-deemed-universities-use-of-word-university-prohibited-check-list-1590581518-1|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Jagranjosh.com}}.</ref>

== Location ==
Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University is situated in a {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} site adjacent to [[Buckingham Canal]], and is about {{convert|8|km|mi}} from [[Vijayawada]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=K L UNIVERSITY · Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522303, India |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/K+L+UNIVERSITY,+Vaddeswaram,+Andhra+Pradesh+522303/@16.4418519,80.620358,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a35f0a2a073957d:0xe79d66babc83e470!8m2!3d16.4415213!4d80.6222849!16s/g/1hjh4_l12?entry=ttu |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=K L UNIVERSITY · Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522303, India |language=en}}</ref> in [[Krishna district]] and {{convert|33|km|mi}} from [[Guntur]]. The university is in [[Guntur district]].

==Schools==
KLEF includes the following schools:<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools A-Z |url=http://klef.edu.in/schools-az.aspx |website=klef.edu.in |publisher=KL Deemed to be University |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215173059/http://klef.edu.in/schools-az.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* K L College of Engineering
* K L School of Science & Humanities
* K L School of Architecture
* K L School of Management
* K L School of Fine Arts
* K L School of Commerce
* K L School of Pharmacy
* K L School of Law
* K L School of Agriculture
* Center for Distance and Online Education

== Rankings ==

In the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) 2024, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation has been ranked 40th overall in India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF INDIA 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html}}</ref> 22nd among universities,<ref>{{Cite web |title=university ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/UniversityRanking.html}}</ref> 79th in the management category,<ref>{{Cite web |title=management rankings 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ManagementRanking.html}}</ref> and 35th in engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF India Rankings 2024: Engineering |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html}}</ref>{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_E_2024=35|type=University}}

== Controversies ==

=== NAAC rating bribery case ===
KL University became the center of a [[NAAC rating bribery case|bribery investigation]] after the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] arrested the chairman and six members of a [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] Inspection Committee on 1 February 2025. The arrests were made over allegations that bribes were paid to secure a favorable NAAC accreditation rating. The CBI conducted raids across 20 locations in India, including Chennai, Bangalore, and New Delhi, recovering {{INRConvert|3700|k}} in cash, gold, mobile phones, and laptops.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2025-02-02 |title=KLEF management charged with colluding with NAAC team to get good ranking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/klef-management-charged-with-colluding-with-naac-team-to-get-good-ranking/article69172877.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The alleged bribery was traced back to office bearers of KL University, leading to the arrest of several key individuals linked to the institution, including:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-02-02 |title=KLEF top brass arrested in NAAC bribery case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2025/Feb/02/klef-top-brass-arrested-in-naac-bribery-case |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* G P Saradhi Varma – Vice-Chancellor, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Guntur
* Koneru Raja Hareen – Vice-President, KLEF
* A Ramakrishna – Director, KL University, Hyderabad campus

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.kluniversity.in/ Official website]

{{Universities in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1980]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Gigasaran

2026-01-09T19:31:10Z

LizzieSugerman6: updated page

{{Short description|Village and former petty state in Western India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{princely states topics}}
'''Gigasaran''' is a village (now called '''Gigasan''') and former petty [[princely state]] in [[Gujarat]], [[Western India]].

It lies in [[Sorath prant]], on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula.

== History ==
Gigasaran was a petty princely state in Western [[Kathiawar]], comprising solely the village, ruled by [[Kathi caste|Kathi]] Chieftains.

It had a population of 582 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 6,600 Rupees (1903–4, nearly all from land) and a paying no tribute.

== External links and Sources ==
History
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_175.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on dsal.uchicago.edu - Kathiawar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025111838/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_175.gif |date=25 October 2021 }}

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

{{coord|21.287387|N|70.950965|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Lag Ja Gale

2025-12-30T03:09:21Z

LizzieSugerman6:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{About|the television series|the song|Lag Jaa Gale}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lag Jaa Gale.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Sandiip Sikcand]]
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Namik Paul]]|Tanisha Mehta}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 95
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Fazila Allana Sandiip Sikcand
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = Sol Production Sandiip Films
| network = [[Zee TV]] [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|07|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|05|12|df=y}}
| director = Khwaja mughal
}}
'''''Lag Ja Gale''''' ({{Translation|Embrace Me}}) is an Indian television series that premiered on 7 February 2023 on [[Zee TV]]. Produced by [[Fazila Allana]] and Sandiip Sikcand under Sol Production and Sandiip Films, it stars [[Namik Paul]] and Tanisha Mehta.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/trying-hard-to-avoid-eye-candy-tag-says-qubool-hai-star-namik-paul-23268081 | title='Trying hard to avoid eye-candy tag', says 'Qubool Hai' star Namik Paul | first=Letty Mariam | last=Abraham | date=31 January 2023 | publisher=Mid-Day | accessdate=24 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/tanisha-mehta-on-playing-a-lead-character-in-lag-ja-gale-i-prepared-a-lot-to-get-this-role-im-very-excited/videoshow/97288720.cms | title=Tanisha Mehta on playing a lead character in Lag Ja Gale: I prepared a lot to get this role, I'm very excited | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Namik Paul]] as
** Shiv Dhoopar: Kiran's elder son; Aniket, Tina and Yash's brother; Ishaani's husband (2023)
** Aniket Dhoopar: Kiran's second son; Shiv, Tina and Yash's brother; (2023)(Dead)
* [[Tanisha Mehta]] as Ishaani Dhoopar (nee Kulkarni): Sulochana and Jagdish's niece; Pooja Neeti and Rachna's cousin; Aniket's love-interest; Shiv's wife (2023)

===Recurring===
==== Dhoopar family====
* Neelam Pathania Abrol as Kiran Dhoopar: Bhupen's younger sister; Shiv, Yash, Tina and Aniket's mother (2023)
* Deepali Kamat as Shashi Dhoopar: Shiv, Aniket Tina and Yash's paternal aunt (2023)
* Aryan Arora as Yash Dhoopar: Kiran's younger son; Shiv, Aniket and Tina's brother; Pooja's husband (2023)
* Tanvi Shewale as Pooja Dhoopar: Sulochana and Jagdish's elder daughter; Neeti and Rachna's sister; Ishani's cousin; Yash's wife (2023)
* Neeva Malik as Dimpy: Meena and Bhupen's daughter; Shiv, Aniket, Yash and Tina's cousin; Randeep's wife (2023)
* Trishaan Maini as Randeep: Dimpy's Husband (2023)

==== Kulkarni family====
* Snehal Reddy as Sulochana Kulkarni: Jagdish's wife; Pooja, Neeti and Rachna's mother; Ishani's aunt/foster mother (2023)
* Paritosh Pradhan as Jagdish Kulkarni: Sulochana's husband Pooja, Neeti and Rachna's father Ishani's foster father/ uncle (2023)
* Riya Soni as Rachna Kulkarni: Sulochana and Jagdish's younger daughter; Pooja and Neeti's sister; Ishani's cousin (2023)
* Kumkum Parmar as Neeti Kulkarni: Sulochana and Jagdish's second daughter; Pooja and Rachna's sister; Ishani's cousin
==== Taneja family====
* Sugandha Srivasta as Rohini Taneja: Rishi's wife; Bobby's mother (2023)
* Sandeep Sachdev as Rishi Taneja: Rohini's husband; Bobby's father (2023)
* Varsha as Tina Taneja: Kiran's daughter; Shiv Aniket and Yash's sister; Bobby's wife (2023)
* Aditya Deshmukh as Bobby Taneja: Tina's husband; Rohini and Rishi's son (2023)
==== Other rescuing cast====
* Gagan Anand as Bhupen: Kiran's elder brother; Meena's husband Dimpy's father; Shiv, Aniket, Yash and Tina's maternal uncle; Aniket's murderer (2023)
* Priyamvada Singh as Meena: Bhupen's wife; Dimpy's mother; Shiv, Aniket, Yash and Tina's maternal aunt; Aniket's murderer (2023)
* Vishal Singh as Sooraj: Ishani's friend (2023)
* Sumit Wadhwa as Sumit: Aniket's murderer (2023)
* Avyaan Tiwari as Party Boy

==Production==
===Development===
The show title is based on the song of the [[Lag Jaa Gale|same name]], from the 1964 film ''[[Woh Kaun Thi?]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} The series was announced on [[Zee TV]] by Sol Production.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-tv-to-strengthen-its-early-pre-primetime-with-two-new-shows-lag-ja-gale-and-maitree-1579740 | title=Zee TV to Strengthen Its Early Pre-Primetime with Two New Shows - Lag Ja Gale and Maitree | date=3 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/namik-paul-on-his-forced-break-and-returning-to-tv-with-a-new-show/articleshow/97316119.cms | title=Namik Paul on his forced break and returning to TV with a new show | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Trivedi | first1=Tanvi }}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Namik Paul]] was cast to portray the lead, Shiv Dhoopar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-new-show-lag-ja-gale-leads-namik-paul-tanisha-mehta-open-real-life-love-marriage-romance/ |title=Lag Ja Gale leads Namik Paul and Tanisha Mehta open up about real-life love, marriage, and romance |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=6 February 2023 }}</ref> Tanisha Mehta were signed as the lead Ishaani Kulkarni.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/taking-the-lead-475571 | title=Namik Paul and Tanisha Mehta come together for 'Lag Ja Gale' |access-date=5 February 2023 |work=Tribune}}</ref>

===Release===
The launch event for the series was held on 4 February 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/tv-shows-maitree-and-lag-ja-gale-launched-at-an-event/videoshow/97604658.cms | title=TV shows Maitree and Lag Ja Gale launched at an event | newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> It premiered on 7 February 2023 on [[ZEE TV]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tanishaa-mehtas-journey-from-new-zealand-to-tellyland-here/articleshow/97316514.cms | title=Tanishaa Mehta's journey from New Zealand to tellyland here | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Trivedi | first1=Tanvi }}</ref> It ended on 12 May 2023 due to extremely low ratings. It's SOL Productions second flop show in a row.

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Zee TV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/lag-ja-gale/0-6-4z5304958 ''Lag Ja Gale''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Rayhana bint Zayd

2025-12-29T09:39:59Z

LizzieSugerman6: update

{{Short description|Muhammad's concubine or twelfth wife (d. 631)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}
{{infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rayhana bint Zayd
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|ريحانة بنت زيد}}|rtl=yes}}}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{circa|631 CE}} (9 [[Hijri year|AH]])
| death_place = [[Medina]], Arabia
| resting_place = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], Medina
| known_for = Being widowed and taken captive during the [[Siege of Banu Qurayza]] in 627
| spouse = Al-Hakim (died 627) [[Muhammad]] (627–631)
| partner =
| family = [[Banu Nadir]] (by birth) [[Banu Qurayza]] (by marriage) [[Ahl al-Bayt]] (marriage)
}}
'''Rayhana bint Zayd''' ({{langx|ar|ريحانة بنت زيد|translit=Rayḥāna bint Zayd}}; died {{Circa|631 CE}}) was a [[List of converts to Islam from Judaism|Jewish convert to Islam]] from the [[Banu Nadir]]. Through marriage, she was also a part of the [[Banu Qurayza]], another local [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribe]].<ref>Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, S. (2005). The Sealed Nectar. Darussalam: Darussalam Editing, p. 201.</ref><ref>Abdul-Rahman, M. S. (2009). Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz’ 21 (Part 21): Al-Ankabut 46 To Al-Azhab 30. Londra: MSA Publication Limited, p. 213.</ref> During the [[siege of Banu Qurayza]] in 627, she was widowed and taken captive by the [[early Muslims]] and subsequently became a [[concubine]]<ref>Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions. (2018). Tyskland: Brill. p.90</ref> and according to some also a [[Wives of Muhammad|wife]] of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{citation |last=Tabari |first=Al |title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn) |date=25 September 1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA119 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780887066917}}</ref><ref name="rod213">Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', p. 213.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{citation |last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri |first=Safiur |title=The Sealed Nectar |page=189 |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA189 |publisher=Darussalam Publications |isbn=9798694145923 }} ([http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html |date=23 June 2011 }}).</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C229nbjq8TMC&pg=PA221 |title=Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam |date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05917-7 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> Their relationship produced no children and in 631 she died while in her home city of [[Medina]].

== Biography ==
The 9th century Arab historian [[Ibn Sa'd]] wrote that Rayhana went on to be manumitted and subsequently married to [[Muhammad]] upon her conversion to [[Islam]] from [[Judaism]].<ref>[[Alfred Guillaume|Guillaume, Alfred]]. ''The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah'', p. 466. Oxford University Press, 1955. {{ISBN|0-19-636033-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Ibn Sa'd| title = Tabaqat | pages= vol VIII, pg. 92–3| no-pp = true}}</ref>

It has been a subject of much speculation and controversy if Muhammed married Rayhana,<ref>Piven, J. S. (2003). Eroticisms: Love, Sex, and Perversion. USA: iUniverse. p.116</ref> and her status as a wife have been contested.<ref>Mernissi, F. (1987). Beyond the Veil, Revised Edition: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. Storbritannien: Indiana University Press.p.55</ref>
Rayhana has been referred to as one of the concubines of Muhammad,<ref>The Annual of Psychoanalysis, V. 31: Psychoanalysis and History. (2013). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p.216</ref> as well as a wife, and may have been a wife or a concubine.<ref>Stowasser, B. F. (1996). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p.87</ref> Different sides have put forward different arguments.

The 11th-century Persian religious scholar [[Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi]] agreed that she became one of [[Wives of Muhammad|Muhammad's wives]] and cited evidence that he had paid ''[[mahr]]'' for her. The 15th-century Egyptian religious scholar [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]] makes reference to Muhammad giving Rayhanah a home upon their marriage.<ref>Ibn Hajar. ''Isabaha''. Vol. IV, pg. 309.</ref> [[Antonie Wessels]] of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] suggested that Muhammad married Rayhana for political reasons, particularly in light of her direct affiliation with two of the region's [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribes]]—the [[Banu Nadir]] and the [[Banu Qurayza]]—while British-American author [[Lesley Hazleton]] felt it was evidence of Muhammad creating alliances.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ostle|first=R. C.|date=1974|title=Antonie Wessels: A modern Arabic biography of Muḥammad: a critical study of Muḥhammad Ḥusayn Haykal's Hayāt MuḤammad. xii, 272 pp. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972. Guilders 50.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00127673|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=37|issue=3|pages=689–690|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00127673|s2cid=161497336 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hazleton|first=Lesley|title=The first Muslim : the story of Muhammad|date=2013|isbn=978-1-101-60200-3|location=New York|oclc=858946813}}</ref> Conversely, Indian religious scholar [[Barakat Ahmad]] felt such rationale to support the notion of Rayhana and Muhammad's marriage was "meaningless" after both Jewish tribes were wiped out, in accordance with [[Talmudic law]], following their betrayal of the [[early Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Barakat|title=Muhammad and the Jews : a re-examination|date=1979|publisher=Vikas|others=Indian Institute of Islamic Studies|isbn=0-7069-0804-X|location=New Delhi|oclc=6330142}}</ref>

Similar to the status of the Egyptian woman [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]]—who, along with her sister [[Sirin bint Shamun]], was gifted to Muhammad by the Egyptian governor [[Al-Muqawqis]] in 628—there is no universal consensus among Muslim scholars as to whether Rayhanah was one of Muhammad's wives.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Bennett|editor1-first=Clinton|title=In Search of Muhammad|date=1998|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9780304704019|page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/251 251]|edition=reprint|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/251}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Fred James Hill|author2=Nicholas Awde|title=A History of the Islamic World|date=2003|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=9780781810159|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/24 24]|edition=illustrated|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jerome A. Winer|editor1-last=Winer|editor1-first=Jerome A.|editor2-last=Anderson|editor2-first=James W.|title=The Annual of Psychoanalysis, V. 31: Psychoanalysis and History|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134911820|page=216}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=David S. Powers|title=Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet|date=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812205572|page=8}}</ref>
It was said that she did not convert, and hence Muhammed did not marry her but kept her as a concubine.<ref>Piven, J. S. (2003). Eroticisms: Love, Sex, and Perversion. USA: iUniverse. p.116</ref> She is mentioned alongside Maria al-Qibtiyya as a slave-concubine.<ref>Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions. (2018). Tyskland: Brill. p.90</ref>
[[Hafiz ibn Minda]]{{Who|date=March 2024}} and Indian religious scholar [[Shibli Nomani]], for example, believed that she returned to the Banu Nadir upon her manumission.<ref name="Nomani">Nomani, Shibli (1979). ''The Life of the Prophet''. Vol. II, pg. 125–6</ref>

[[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah|Abu ‘Ubaydah]] said about Muhammed:

{{Blockquote|text=He had four [concubines]: [[Maria al-Qibtiyya|Mariyah]], who was the mother of his son [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibraaheem]]; Rayhaanah; another beautiful slave woman whom he acquired as a prisoner of war; and a slave woman who was given to him by [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]]."<ref>Zaad al-Ma’aad, 1/114</ref> }}

Rayhanah died in [[Medina]] in 631, eleven days after ''[[hajj]]'' and one year before Muhammad's death. She was buried in the city's [[al-Baqi Cemetery]], like other members of Muhammad's family, known as ''[[Ahl al-Bayt]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أَهْل البَيْت, [[Literal translation|lit.]] 'people of the house or household')''.<ref>{{cite book| last = al-Halabi| first = Nur al-Din| title = Sirat-i-Halbiyyah | publisher = Idarah Qasmiyyah Deoband | pages= vol 2, part 12, pg. 90 |location = Uttar Pradesh| no-pp = true}} Translated by Muhammad Aslam Qasmi.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wives of Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Banu Nadir]]
[[Category:7th-century Arabian Jews]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad]]
[[Category:7th-century women]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]]
[[Category:Jewish Saudi Arabian history]]
[[Category:Muslim female saints]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab slaves]]
[[Category:Slave concubines]]

List of museums in Kerala

2025-12-25T15:21:37Z

LizzieSugerman6: basic enhance citations based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

The '''list of museums in [[Kerala]]''' encompasses museums defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Also included are non-profit art galleries and exhibit spaces. Closed museums and museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., [[virtual museum]]s) are not included.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Museum Name
! Location
! Type 
! Established
! Jurisdiction
! Collections/Attractions
|-
| [[Napier Museum]]<ref name="mus_napier">{{cite web|url=http://www.museumandzoo.kerala.gov.in/index.php/napier-museum|accessdate=24 October 2017|title=Napier Museum
|publisher=Department of Museums and Zoos, Government of Kerala}}</ref>
[[File:Napier Museum in Trivandrum.JPG|100px|Napier Museum]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Museum#Art museums|Art]] and [[Museum#Natural history|Natural history]]
| 1855
| Department of Museums and Zoos, Government of Kerala
| The museum houses a rare collection of archaeological and historic artefacts, bronze idols, ancient ornaments, a [[Temple car|temple chariot]] and ivory carvings. It also contains the [[Sree Chitra Art Gallery]], which contains works from [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and [[Nicholas Roerich]], as well as examples of [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] and [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] art. The Museum grounds also hold the [[Trivandrum Zoo]], which is one of the oldest in India.
|-
|[[Indo-Portuguese Museum]]
|[[Kochi]]
|
|1910
|
|
|-
|[[Keralam - Museum of History and Heritage]]<ref name="keralatourism">{{cite web|title=Keralam - Museum of History and Heritage
|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/keralam-museum-history-thiruvananthapuram/540|website=Kerala Tourism|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="museum_official_website">{{cite web|title=KERALAM - Museum of history and heritage|url=http://www.museumkeralam.org/|website=Keralam - Museum|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref>

|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Heritage center]]
|
|[[Kerala Tourism]], [[Kerala State Department of Archaeology]][[Government of Kerala]]
| The Keralam museum aims to document the continuous history and heritage of Kerala that spans over 3000 years as per available prehistorical and historical evidence. Exhibits include Iron Age artifacts, [[Roman currency|Roman]] [[Denarius|Dinari]], Sanskrit/Malayalam [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]]s written on [[palm leaves]], 17th Century [[mural]]s, 14th Century [[Brahma]] Sculpture and Yoga [[Narasimha]] Murthy, 16th Century [[Nataraja]] Sculpture and more. This museum uses modern interactive technologies such as [[touch-screen]] counters and [[multimedia]] systems for explanation and displaying narrative documentaries.
|- id="Beecraft Honey Museum"
| Beecraft Honey Museum, or "Honey Museum Wayanad"
| Old Vythiri, [[Vythiri]], [[Wayanad]]
| Natural history
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DST0hrx9qTo |title=Honey Museum Wayanad}} Youtube video accessed 23 February 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sw-ke.facebook.com/100063863113818/videos/beecraft-honey-museum/716107175724861/ |title=Beecraft Honey Museum}} in [[Malayalam]], Facebook site accessed 23 February 2023.</ref>
|-
|[[Thrissur Zoo|Kerala State Museum and Zoo Thrissur]]
|[[Chembukkavu]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|Art, Natural history, and zoo
|1885
|Department of Culture, Government of Kerala
|-
|[[Archaeological Museum, Thrissur|Archaeological Museum Thrissur]]

|[[Chembukkavu]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[Historic site|Historical site]], Art and Archaeology
|Built 1938
Converted 1975
|Department of Archaeology, Government of Kerala
|-
|[[Shakthan Thampuran Palace]]
|[[Chembukkavu]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[Historic site|Historical site]], Archaeology
|Built 1795
Converted 2005
|Department of Archaeology, Government of Kerala
|-
|[[Vallathol Museum]]
|[[Cheruthuruthi]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[Historic house museum]]
|Unknown
|
|-
|[[:de:Kerala_Folklore_Museum|Kerala Folklore Museum]]
|[[Kochi]]
|Architecture, ethnography and anthropology of Kerala
|Built 2009
|Private. Founded by George Thaliath
|-
|[[Teak Museum]]
|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|[[Teak]] planatation and museum of teak wood
|Built 1995
|[[Kerala Forest Research Institute]]
|-
|[[Kerala Museum]]
|[[Kochi]]
|Contains galleries of dolls, modern art, and the history of Kerala.
|Built 1984
|Founded by Madhavan Nayar Foundation
|-
|District Heritage Museum
|Palakkad
|District museum featuring five galleries containing musical instruments, fashion, and history.
|Built 2021
|[[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)]]
|-
|[http://photomuse.in/ PhotoMuse Museum of Photography]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/photomuse-a-museum-of-photography-in-kerala/article19698328.ece</ref>
[[File:PhotoMuse Museum of Photography.jpg|thumb]]
|Thrissur
|Public museum dedicated to the art, history and science of Photography.
|Built 2014
|Public charitable trust Better Art Foundation, founded by Dr. Unni Krishnan Pulikkal S.
|PhotoMuse is India's first public museum dedicated to the art, history and science of Photography. Through the pursuit of photography and photographic history, PHOTOMUSE documents, interprets and promotes the natural and cultural inheritance of humanity. With photography-based outreach and educational programs, the museum emphasizes education, conservancy and India’s photographic legacy.
|-
|[https://lovemuseum.life/ Art Museum of Love]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/photomuse-kodakara-art-museum-of-love-unni-krishnan-pulikkal-reimagining-museums-2025/article69452470.ece</ref>
[[File:Art Museum of Love, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb]]
|Thrissur
|A private museum featuring paintings, photographs, sculptures, textiles, books, and other collectibles centered around the theme of love.
|Built 2024
|[Private museum|Founded by [http://www.unnipulikkal.art Dr. Unni Krishnan Pulikkal S.]
|The museum holds a broad collection of art and literary works that express the emotion of love in its various forms - in Indian traditional art, contemporary art, textiles and popular motifs, with a dedicated gallery of the history of erotic art.
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of museums in India]]
*[[International Museum Day]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Museums in Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of museums in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Kerala|Museums]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Kerala|Museums]]

Digvijay Stadium

2025-12-23T15:42:13Z

LizzieSugerman6: add page to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Sports stadium in Rajnandgaon, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Digvijay Stadium
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Digvijay Stadium
| former_names =
| location = [[Rajnandgaon]], Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates =
| broke_ground = 1988
| built =
| opened = 1988
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Digvijay College]]
| operator = Digvijay College
| surface =
| scoreboard =
| cost = ₹54.69 crores
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 12,000
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions = {{convert|150 x 150|m}}
| acreage =
| volume =
| embedded =
| website =
| public_transit =
}}

'''Digvijay Stadium''' (''[[Hindi]]'': दिग्विजय स्टेडियम) is an international multi-sports stadium in [[Rajnandgaon]], India. The ground is mainly used for organizing matches of football, cricket and other sports.

The stadium was later demolished for major renovations; and then was inaugurated to public on October 4, 2018.

== Match history ==
The stadium has hosted four [[First-class cricket|first-class]] cricket matches <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1193_f.html First-class matches]</ref> in 1988 when [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]] played against [[Rajasthan cricket team]] .<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50631.html Scorecard]</ref> The ground hosted three more first-class matches from 1997 to 1999. The stadium also hosted a [[List A]] matches<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1193_a.html List A matches]</ref> when [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]] played against [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team]]<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/64/64742.html Scorecard]</ref> but since then the stadium has not hosted any cricket matches.<ref>[http://www.icbse.com/colleges/shri-ram-siksha-mahavidyalaya-digvijay-stadium-campus-rajna/15332/2 Shri Ram Siksha Mahavidyalaya Digvijay Stadium Campus, Rajnandgaon]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rajnandgaon International Hockey Stadium]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1193.html cricketarchive]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58406.html ESPNcricinfo]
* [https://wikimapia.org/704636/Digvijay-Stadium-Campus Wikimapia]

{{coord|21|5|40|N|81|1|14|E|type:landmark_scale:2000_region:NL|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rajnandgaon]]
[[Category:Defunct cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Neo-Advaita

2025-12-14T19:15:31Z

LizzieSugerman6: adding basic pg w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Religious movement}}
{{Distinguish|Neo-Vedanta}}
{{Advaita}}
{{Spirituality sidebar}}
'''Neo-Advaita''', also called the '''Satsang-movement''',{{sfn|Caplan|2009|p=17}} is a [[new religious movement]], emphasizing the [[Sudden awakening|direct recognition]] of the non-existence of the "I" or "ego," without the need of preparatory practice. Its teachings are derived from, but not authorised by, the teachings of the 20th century sage [[Ramana Maharshi]],<ref group=web name="Frawley">[http://www.vedanet.com/2012/06/misconceptions-about-advaita/ David Frawley, ''Misconceptions about Advaita''. The Mountain Path, Sri Ramanashram]</ref> as interpreted and popularized by [[H. W. L. Poonja]] and several of his western students.{{sfn|Swartz|2008|p=306-307}}

It is part of a larger religious current called ''[[Immediatism (spirituality)|immediatism]]'' by [[Arthur Versluis]],{{sfn|Versluis|2014}}<ref group=web name="AV-7Q">{{cite web|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/sacredmatters/2015/01/12/seven-questions-for-arthur-versluis/|title=''American Gurus: Seven Questions for Arthur Versluis''|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417164207/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/sacredmatters/2015/01/12/seven-questions-for-arthur-versluis/|archive-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> which has its roots in both western and eastern spirituality.{{sfn|Versluis|2014}} Western influences are western esoteric traditions like Transcendentalism, and "[[New Age|New Age millennialism]], self-empowerment and self-therapy".{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=108-109}}{{sfn|Versluis|2014}}

Neo-Advaita makes little use of the "traditional language or cultural frames of [[Advaita Vedanta]]",{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=109}} and some have criticised it{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=110}}{{sfn|Lucas|2014}}{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=233}} for its lack of preparatory training,{{sfn|Davis|2010|p=48}}{{sfn|Yogani|2011|p=805}}{{refn|group=note|Alan Jacobs: "What Neo-Advaita presents is the seductive formula that 'there is nothing you can do or need to do, all you have to know is that there is no one there.'",{{sfn|Jacobs|2004|p=81}}}} and regard enlightenment-experiences induced by Neo-Advaita as superficial.{{sfn|Marek|2008|p=10, note 6}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2004|p=82}}{{refn|group=note|Frawley: "[I]nstead of looking into the background and full scope of Ramana’s teachings, there is often only a focus only on those of his teachings that seem to promise quick realization for all."<ref group=web name="Frawley"/>}}

==Teachings==
The basic practice of neo-Advaita is [[self-inquiry]], via the question "Who am I?",{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=96}} or simply the direct recognition of the non-existence of the "I" or "ego." This recognition is taken to be equal to the Advaita Vedanta recognition of the identity of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and [[Brahman]], or the recognition of the "Formless Self." According to neo-Advaitins, no preparatory practice is necessary, nor prolonged study of religious scriptures or tradition: insight alone suffices.<ref group=web name="JF">[http://www.lifewithoutacentre.com/writings/the-birth-and-death-of-fundamentalism-in-nonduality-and-advaita-teachings/ Jeff Foster, ''The birth and death of fundamentalism in non-duality and Advaita teachings.'']</ref><ref group=web name="trap" /><ref group=web name="Frawley"/><ref group=web name=Conway/>

Poonja, who is credited as one of the main instigators of the neo-Advaita movement, saw this realization as in itself liberating from karmic consequences and further rebirth. According to Poonja "karmic tendencies remained after enlightenment, [but] the enlightened person was no longer identified with them and, therefore, did not accrue further karmic consequences."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} According to Cohen, Poonja "insisted that the realization of the Self had nothing to do with worldly behavior, and he did not believe fully transcending the ego was possible."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} For Poonja, ethical standards were based on a dualistic understanding of duality and the notion of an individual agent, and therefore were not indicative of "non-dual enlightenment:{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} "For Poonja, the goal was the realization of the self; the illusory realm of relative reality was ultimately irrelevant."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}}

==History==
{{See also|Ramana Maharshi|Self-enquiry}}

According to Lucas{{sfn|Lucas|2011}} and [[David Frawley|Frawley]],<ref group=web name="Frawley"/> the spiritual root of neo-Advaita is Ramana Maharshi, whose teachings, and method of self-inquiry could easily be transposed to North America’s liberal spiritual subculture.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=93}} Popular interest in Indian religions goes as far back as the early 19th century, and was stimulated by the American [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalists]]{{sfn|Versluis|2014}} and the [[Theosophical Society]].{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=185-188}}{{sfn|Sinari|2000}} In the 1930s Ramana Maharshi's teachings were brought to the west by [[Paul Brunton]], a Theosophist, in his ''A Search in Secret India''.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=99}} Stimulated by [[Arthur Osborne (writer)|Arthur Osborne]], in the 1960s Bhagawat Singh actively started to spread Ramana Maharshi's teachings in the USA.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=99}}

Since the 1970s western interest in Asian religions has seen a rapid growth. Ramana Maharshi's teachings have been further popularized in the west via [[H. W. L. Poonja]] and his students.{{sfn|Swartz|2008|p=306-307}}{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=94}} Poonja, better known as Papaji, "told, inferred, or allowed hundreds of individuals to believe they were fully enlightened simply because they'd had one, or many, powerful experiences of awakening."{{sfn|Caplan|2009|p=16-17}} It was those students who initiated the "neo-Advaita", or "satsang" movement,{{sfn|Caplan|2009|p=16-17}} which has become an important constituent of popular western [[spirituality]].{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=109}}{{sfn|Versluis|2014}} It is being spread by websites and publishing enterprises, which give an easy access to its teachings.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=109}}

==The "Ramana effect"==
{{Main|Ramana Maharshi|Advaita Vedanta|Nondualism}}
{{See also|Charismatic authority}}

Lucas has called the popularisation of Ramana Maharshi's teachings in the west "the Ramana effect".{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=96}} According to Lucas, [[Ramana Maharshi]] was the greatest modern proponent of Advaita Vedanta, well known for emphasizing the enquiry of the question "Who am I?" as a means to attain awakening.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=96}} According to Lucas, following Thomas Csordas, the success of this movement is due to a "portable practice" and a "transposable message".{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=96}} Ramana Maharshi's main practice, self-inquiry via the question "Who am I?", is easily practiceable in a non-institutionalized context.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=96}} His visitors and devotees did not have to adopt the Vedantic culture, nor to commit themselves to an institution or ideology, to be able to practice self-inquiry.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=96}} Ramana's teachings are transposable into a western context. Ramana Maharshi himself did not demand a shift in religious affiliation, and was himself acquainted with western religions, using quotes from the Bible.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=96}} Neo-Advaita teachers have further deemphasized the traditional language and worldframe of Advaita, using a modern, psychologized worldframe to present their teachings as a form of self-help, which is easily accessible to a larger audience.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=97}}

==Western discourses==
{{See also|New Age|Perennial philosophy|Orientalism|Nondualism}}

The western approach to "Asian enlightenment traditions"{{sfn|Gleig|2011|p=9}} is highly eclectic, drawing on various Asian traditions, as well as "numerous Western discourses such as psychology, science, and politics."{{sfn|Gleig|2011|p=9}} Neo-Advaita uses western discourses, such as "[[New Age|New Age millennialism]], [[Zen]], self-empowerment and self-therapy"{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=108-109}} to transmit its teachings. It makes little use of the "traditional language or cultural frames of Advaita Vedanta,"{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=109}} and is framed in a western construction of experiential and perennial mysticism,{{sfn|Gleig|2011|p=5}} "to the disregard of its social, ethical and political aspects."{{sfn|Gleig|2011|p=5}} This "modern experiential and perennialist mystical framework" emphasizes [[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]], the idea that there is a common, mystical core to all religions, which can be empirically validated by [[Religious experience|personal experience]]. It has pervaded the western understanding of Asian religions, and can be found in [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]'s [[Neo-Vedanta]], but also in the works of [[D.T. Suzuki]] and his "decontextualized and experiential account" of [[Zen Buddhism]].{{sfn|Gleig|2011|p=5}} It can also be found in the [[Theosophical Society]], and the contemporary [[New Age]] culture, with influences like [[Aldous Huxley|Aldous Huxley's]] ''[[The Perennial Philosophy]]'' and ''[[The Doors of Perception]]'', and writers like [[Ken Wilber]].{{sfn|Gleig|2011|p=5-6}}{{refn|group=note|See also Sharf's "Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience".{{sfn|Sharf|1995}}}}

Gregg Lahood also mentions Neo-Advaita as an ingredient of "cosmological hybridization, a process in which spiritual paradises are bound together",{{sfn|Lahood|2010|p=31}} as exemplified in American Transcendentalism, [[New Age]], [[transpersonal psychology]] and the works of [[Ken Wilber]] are examples:{{sfn|Lahood|2010|p=33}} Brown and Leledaki place this "hybridization" in a [[Structuralism|"structurationist"]] approach,{{sfn|Brown|Leledaki|2010|p=127}} pointing out that this is an "invented tradition", which is a response to a novel situation, although it claims a continuity with a "historic past", which is "largely facticious."{{sfn|Brown|Leledaki|2010|p=127}} Brown and Leledaki see these newly emerging traditions as part of western [[Orientalism]], the fascination of western cultures with eastern cultures, but also the reduction of "Asian societies, its people, practices and cultures to essentialist images of the 'other'".{{sfn|Brown|Leledaki|2010|p=129}} Brown and Leledaki also note that this Orientalism is not a one-way affair, but that "there has been a dynamic interaction between Asian and Western representatives of various religious traditions over the last 150 years," and that this "blending of thought and practice" is a co-creation from modernist religious movements in both East and West.{{sfn|Brown|Leledaki|2010|p=131}}{{refn|group=note|See also the influence of the [[Theosophical Society]] on Theravada Buddhism and the [[Vipassana movement]],{{sfn|Gombrich|1996}} and the influence of the Theosophical Society and western modernism on [[Buddhist modernism]],{{sfn|McMahan|2008}} especially [[D. T. Suzuki]].}}

According to [[Arthur Versluis]], neo-Advaita is part of a larger religious current which he calls ''immediatism'',{{sfn|Versluis|2014}}<ref group=web name="AV-7Q"/> "the assertion of immediate spiritual illumination without much if any preparatory practice within a particular religious tradition."<ref group=web name="AV-7Q"/> Its origins predate American [[Transcendentalism]].<ref group=web name="AV-7Q"/> In ''American Gurus: From Transcendentalism to New Age Religion'', Versluis describes the emergence of immediatist gurus: gurus who are not connected to any of the traditional religions, and promise instant enlightenment and liberation.{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=1,2}} These include [[Eckhart Tolle]], and [[Andrew Cohen (spiritual teacher)|Andrew Cohen]].{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=1}} "Immediatism" refers to "a religious assertion of spontaneous, direct, unmediated spiritual insight into reality (typically with little or no prior training), which some term 'enlightenment'."{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=2}} According to Versluis, immediatism is typical for Americans, who want "the fruit of religion, but not its obligations."<ref group=web name="AV-7Q" /> Although immediatism has its roots in European culture and history{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=2}} as far back as [[Platonism]],{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=3}} and also includes [[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]],{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=4}} Versluis points to [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] as its key ancestor,{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=2}} who "emphasized the possibility of immediate, direct spiritual knowledge and power."{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=3}}

==Criticism==
Neo-Advaita has been called a "controversial movement,"<ref group=web name="ConwayNondualSpirituality">[http://www.enlightened-spirituality.org/nondual-spirituality.html Timothy Conway, ''Nondual Spirituality or Mystical Advaita'']</ref>{{sfn|Michaelson|2009|p=79}} and has been criticized,{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=110}}{{sfn|Lucas|2014}}{{refn|group=note|Lucas: ... serious critiques leveled at Neo-Advaitins by more traditional Advaitins in India and North America. Disputes over the authenticity of a transposed tradition are a commonplace in the history of missionization and the spread of traditions across cultures.{{sfn|Lucas|2011|p=110}}}}{{sfn|Versluis|2014|p=233}} for its emphasis on insight alone, omitting the preparatory practices.<ref group=web name=Conway>[http://www.enlightened-spirituality.org/neo-advaita.html Timothy Conway, ''Neo-Advaita or Pseudo-Advaita and Real Advaita-Nonduality'']</ref><ref group=web name=Swartz>[http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/trad_neo/neo_vedanta_swartz.htm James Swartz, ''What is Neo-Advaita?'']</ref>{{refn|group=note|David Frawley: "The teachings of Ramana Maharshi are often the starting point for neo-Advaitic teachers, though other influences also exist in the movement. However, instead of looking into the background and full scope of Ramana’s teachings, there is often only a focus only on those of his teachings that seem to promise quick realization for all."<ref group=web name="Frawley"/>}} It has also been criticised for its references to a "lineage" of Ramana Maharshi, whereas Ramana never claimed to have disciples{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} and never appointed any successors.<ref group=web name="jd6" /><ref group=web name="MilchCow" />

===Insight and practice===

====Insight alone is not enough====
{{See also|Kenshō#Training after kenshō|l1=Post-satori training|Four stages of enlightenment}}

Some critics say that seeing through the [[Ahamkara|'illusion of ego']] is the main point of neo-Advaita, and that this does not suffice.<ref group=web name="trap">[http://www.spiritualteachers.org/neo_advaita_article.htm Spiritualteachers.org (Author unknown), ''"Neo-Advaita Demystified"'']</ref>{{refn|group=note|"Traditional Advaita says that the ego is an illusion. The ‘Satsang Prophets’ emphasize this as THE starting point, completely omitting that this realization may only occur at the end of years of self-inquiry and work on oneself (and not necessarily with any certainty). Once this premise is understood and the self-cheating is engaged, one obtains a constant very pleasant feeling of superiority and invulnerability. This is what they regard as being the ultimate accomplishment."<ref group=web name="trap" />}} According to Caplan, the enlightenment-experiences induced by these teachers and their satsangs are considered to be superficial.{{sfn|Caplan|2009|p=17}}

====Practice is necessary====
{{See also|Indian philosophy|Jnana Yoga|Self-enquiry}}

According to Dennis Waite, neo-Advaita claims to remove ignorance, but does not offer help to remove ignorance.<ref group=web name=Waite>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130415125054/http://www.nondualitymagazine.org/nonduality_magazine.denniswaite.interview.htm Non-Duality Magazine, ''Dennis Waite. Interview with Non-Duality Magazine'']}}</ref> According to Caplan, traditional Advaita Vedanta takes years of practice, which is quite different from the neo-Advaita claims.{{sfn|Caplan|2009|p=17}} Classical Advaita Vedanta uses the [[Jnana Yoga|"fourfold discipline"]] (''sādhana-catustaya''){{sfn|Puligandla|1997|p=253}} to train students and attain [[moksha]]. Years of committed practice is needed to sever or destroy the "occlusion"{{sfn|Jacobs|2004|p=84}} the so-called "[[Vāsanā|vasanas]],<ref group=web name=Swartz/> [[Sanskara (Hinduism)|samskaras]], [[Kosha|bodily sheaths]] and [[vritti]]s", and the "granthi{{refn|group=note|See [http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/durga/heartknot_durga.htm The Knot of the Heart]}} or knot forming identification between [[Brahman|Self]] and mind,"{{sfn|Jacobs|2004|p=85}} and prepare the mind for the insight into non-duality.<ref group=web name=Swartz/>{{refn|group=note|Swartz: "Traditional Vedanta completely [...] insists that a person be discriminating, dispassionate, calm of mind, and endowed with a ‘burning’ desire for liberation along with other secondary qualifications like devotion, faith, perseverance and so on. In other words it requires a mature adult with a one-pointed desire to know the Self."<ref group=web name=Swartz/>}} After awakening, "post awakening sadhana," or [[post-satori practice]] is necessary: "all of the great ones had a post awakening sadhana, including Ramana Maharishi, who spent many years sitting alone in Samadhi before he ever accepted his first student."<ref group=web name=Muzika/>{{refn|group=note|Jacobs: "The main Neo-Advaita fallacy ignores the fact that there is an occlusion or veiling formed by vasanas, samskaras, bodily sheaths and vrittis, and there is a granthi or knot forming identification between Self and mind, which has to be severed [...] The Maharshi's remedy to this whole trap is persistent effective [[Self-enquiry]], and/or complete [[Bhakti|unconditional surrender]] of the 'phantom ego' to Self or God, until the granthi is severed, the vasanas are rendered harmless like a burned out rope.{{sfn|Jacobs|2004|p=84-85}} Ramana Maharshi:"Therefore, leaving the corpse-like body as an actual corpse and remaining without even uttering the word 'I' by mouth, if one now keenly enquires, 'What is it that rises as "I"?’ then in the Heart a certain soundless sphurana, 'I-I', will shine forth of its own accord. It is an awareness that is single and undivided, the thoughts which are many and divided having disappeared. If one remains still without leaving it, even the sphurana – having completely annihilated the sense of the individuality, the form of the ego, 'I am the body' – will itself in the end subside, just like the flame that catches the camphor. This alone is said to be liberation by great ones and scriptures. (The Mountain Path, 1982, p. 98)."<ref group=web name="deathexp2">[http://sri-ramana-maharshi.blogspot.nl/2008/06/more-on-bhagavans-death-experience.html David Godman (23 June 2008), ''More on Bhagavan's death experience'']</ref>}} After realization, further practice is necessary 'to ripen the fruit', as stated by Nisargadatya Maharaj: "the fruit falls suddenly, but the ripening takes time."{{sfn|Maharaj|1987|p=p.169 (talk 38); see also p.99 (talk 26)}} Ed Muzika refers to Nisargadatta Maharaj, stating
{{quote|He met his teacher in 1933 and had his awakening in 1936. He then traveled as a wandering monk for two years visiting many shrines, temples, and teachers across India, until he recognized there was no difference in his beingness no matter where he was. So he returned home to his wife and business in 1938. Apparently he spend many years discussing all aspects of consciousness and the absolute with another disciple of his teacher, wherein they both worked out the concepts he put forward in the book “I Am That.” He did not accept students for another 13 years, in 1951. You see, he was still maturing, learning, changing, even though he already had a firm grasp on the absolute.<ref group=web name=Muzika>Ed Muzika, [http://www.wearesentience.com/awakening-vs-liberation.html Edward Muzika, ''Awakening versus Liberation'']</ref>}}

===Lineage===
{{See also|Sampradaya|Guru-shishya tradition}}

Western critics object to the perceived relation between Ramana Maharshi and Neo-Advaita,{{refn|group=note|James Swartz: "Then in the Eighties the Western spiritual world became reacquainted with Ramana Maharshi [...] The rediscovery of Ramana roughly coincided with the rise of ‘Neo-Advaita.’ Neo-Advaita is basically a ‘satsang’ based ‘movement’ that has very little in common with either traditional Vedanta or modern Vedanta or even its inspiration, Ramana [...] except the doctrine of non-duality."<ref group=web name=Swartz/>}} noting that Ramana never promoted any lineage,{{refn|group=note|"There have been many senior devotees of Bhagavan who, in their own right, had both the ability and authority to teach in his name. Muruganar, Sadhu Natanananda and Kunju Swami are some of those who immediately spring to mind. None of them to my knowledge ever claimed pre-eminence and the prerogative to teach. They knew two things. One, there would be many who would bow to their superior knowledge and set them up as an independent source, but secondly, they also knew that to abrogate for themselves the privilege would run contrary to Bhagavan’s mission or purpose."}} did not publicize himself as a guru,{{sfn|Forsthoefel|2005|p=37}} never claimed to have disciples,{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} and never appointed any successors.<ref group=web name="jd6">[http://davidgodman.org/rteach/jd6.shtml John David, ''An Introduction to Sri Ramana's Life and Teachings''. David Godman talks to John David. Page 6]</ref><ref group=web name="MilchCow">[http://www.arunachala-ramana.org/articles/article_sage_or_milch_cow.htm arunachala-ramana.org, ''Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi – Great Sage or Milch cow?'']</ref>{{refn|group=note|"In actuality each of us is privy to his knowledge and blessing without any intermediary if we are open and receptive to the teachings. Each of us legitimately can claim lineage from Bhagavan although he himself was not part of any succession but stood alone, and in that sense of linear continuity he neither received nor gave initiation. But that is not the point, because though we each have the right to receive his grace, it is entirely different when it comes to assuming authority to disseminate the teachings. It is here we need to be very clear and separate the claims of wannabe gurus from the genuine devotees who are grateful recipients of grace."}} Despite this, there are numerous contemporary teachers who assert, suggest, or are said by others, to be in his lineage.{{sfn|Lucas|2011}}<ref group=web>[http://www.advaita.org.uk/teachers/ramana_parampara.htm Advaita Vision, ''Disciples of Ramana Maharshi'']</ref><ref group=web name="rs2">[http://davidgodman.org/interviews/rs2.shtml Rob Sacks, ''An Interview with David Godman. By Rob Sacks for Realization.org. Page 2'']</ref><ref group=web name="MilchCow" />{{refn|group=note|Most of them are connected with Ramana Maharshi via [[H. W. L. Poonja]], who has been criticised for too easily sending students out to "teach".{{sfn|Caplan|2009|p=16-17}} See, for examples, [[Andrew Cohen (spiritual teacher)|Andrew Cohen]],{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} [[Gangaji]],<ref group=web>[http://www.gangaji.org/index.php?modules=content&op=lineage Gangaji.orgg, ''The Lineage'']</ref> Other examples are Sri Lakshmana and Mathru Sri Sarada.<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://taoism.about.com/od/Advaita_Vedanta/a/No-Mind-I-Am-Self-1.htm |title=Elizabeth Reninger, ''Guide Review: David Godman's "No Mind, I Am The Self" The Lives & Teachings Of Sri Lakshmana Swamy & Mathru Sri Sarada''. About.com Taoism |access-date=2013-04-10 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130657/http://taoism.about.com/od/Advaita_Vedanta/a/No-Mind-I-Am-Self-1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|The reference by those teachers to Ramana fits into [[Peter L. Berger|Berger's]] notion of [[Legitimation|legitimacy]], which is part of the [[plausibility structure]], the socio-cultural context in which a set of beliefs and assumptions is accepted as "real" (see .{{sfn|Berger|1990|p=29–51}} Ramana's "lineage" lends legitimacy to the position and teachings of those teachers.}} These assertions have been disputed by other teachers,<ref group=web name=Swartz/><ref group=web name=Conway/> stating that there is no lineage from Ramana Maharshi.{{refn|group=note|Timothy Conway: "...there's NO LINEAGE FROM MAHARSHI and most of these figures are NOT fully enlightened or liberated in any really meaningful sense of the term.<ref group=web name=Conway/>}} Critics have also noted that Ramana and like-minded teachers like [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]]<ref group=web name=Conway/> did not charge fees or donations.<ref group=web name=Conway/>

==See also==
* [[Hinduism in the West]]
* [[Sociological classifications of religious movements]]
* [[Spiritual bypass]]ing

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==

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{{lacking ISBN|date=August 2023}}
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{{refend}}

===Web-sources===
{{self published|date=August 2023}}
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | year =2000 | title =The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion | journal =Journal of Consciousness Studies | volume =7 | issue =11–12 | pages =267–87 | url =http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf | access-date =2015-09-14 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104227/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf | archive-date =2013-05-13 | url-status =dead | ref=none }}

==External links==

{{Portal bar|India|Religion}}

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[[Category:Advaita]]
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[[Category:Ramana Maharshi]]

Chung, India

2025-11-26T16:09:18Z

LizzieSugerman6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
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| postal_code = 143114
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 01852
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-46
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chung''' is a historical village in ([[Bhikhiwind]]), just 33 km from [[Tarn Taran Sahib]] in [[Patti, Punjab|Patti tehsil]] of [[Tarn Taran district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Before 1947, it was part of Kasur tehsil of [[Lahore district]]. Rice and wheat are the most cultivated crops.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7q1AAAAIAAJ&q=Kasur |title = Kukas of Note in the Punjab: Document 1881|year = 1985}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

Chung has been a predominantly Waraich village for three centuries. The population numbers 2,137 people, including 866 in [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]], across 432 households. It has a lower literacy rate compared to Punjab as a whole. In 2011, the literacy rate of the village was 54.87% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. Male literacy stands at 60.38% and female literacy at 48.33%.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India 2011 Punjab, District Census Hand Book, Tarn Taran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-villages-tarntaran.php?cityid=038088 | title=Chung (Patti, Tarn Taran District, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information}}</ref>

==History==

During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period, the Mirza clan of Muslims were Mughal ''faujdars'' of the Patti area. Chung was founded by landlord Mirza Shujayat Allah Beg who partially inherited it from his in-laws and partially purchased it. Initially, its name was Fatehpur Aman Allah. At that time, Waraich [[Jats|Jatt]] was a ''addana malik'' (tenant). The village was deserted when Mughal authority ended in the area in the mid-18th century. The village remained under the [[Bhangi Misl]] until the end of eighteen century. During this time, [[Sardar Chuhar Singh]] and Rai Singh Bhangi of the village took part in the [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]] against Mughal Governor [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]].

During the reign of [[Nau Nihal Singh]] (1839–40), more Waraich Jatt migrated there. They changed the name of the village to Chung, as Chung is another name for the Waraich clan. Since then the village has never been deserted.<ref>{{cite book|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Amritsar, 1976}}</ref>

The village was electrified in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkRaAAAAIAAJ&q=chung+village+patti | title=Debates: Official report| year=1974}}</ref>

== Guru Nanak Dev University College, Chung==

On a sprawling campus, the college occupies lush green surroundings. It was established in 2011 as a constituent college of [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar]]. The college offers degree classes in commerce and science. It operates under the new scheme of the Punjab Government with the special purpose of raising the standard of higher education, especially in the rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.icbse.com/colleges/guru-nanak-dev-university-college-chung-khemkaran-road-ne-w541e0 |title = Guru Nanak Dev University College, Chung, Khemkaran Road, Near Bhikhiwind, Tarn Taran - Address, Admissions, Reviews and Fees 2019}}</ref>

==''Mela'' Pir Rodey Shah==
Two km from the village is a ''tykya'' of Pir Rodey Shah, where an annual ''mela'' is held on every 4–5 July. A major attraction is the ''dangal'' wrestling show among the local Pehwans. Invited Punjabi folk singers perform.

== Transport==
Two highways{{which?|date=July 2021}} provide access to Chung. These roads intersect at [[Bhikhiwind]].

==Notables==

* [[Sardar Chuhar Singh]].<ref>Chiefs and families of note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat divisions of the Panjab (1890) by Massy, Charles Francis, 1845-[https://archive.org/details/chiefsfamiliesof00massrich/page/221?q=%E2%80%9CSardar+Jawala+Singh+Jarauli%E2%80%9D#search/%20Jarauli%E2%80%9D]</ref>
* Sardar Rai Singh Bhangi, an eighteen-century [[Sikhs|Sikh]] warrior.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259/page/n51?q=chaumak |title = History of the Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii|year = 1944}}</ref>
* Pir Baba Rodey Shah.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tarn Taran district]]

Vasan Bala

2025-10-30T19:13:10Z

LizzieSugerman6: Made Entry

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vasan Bala
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|20 July 1978}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| nationality = 
| years_active =
| spouse =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|}}
| known_for =
}}

'''Vasan Bala''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. He wrote the scripts for the period crime drama ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015) and the psychological thriller ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' (2016). Bala made his directorial debut with the crime thriller [[Peddlers (film)|''Peddlers'']] in 2012, which earned him a nomination for the Golden Camera Award at Cannes. He's also worked as an assistant director on films like ''[[Dev.D]]'' (2009), [[Gulaal (film)|''Gulaal'']] (2009), and [[Trishna (2011 film)|''Trishna'']] (2011). As a dialogue writer, he's contributed to ''[[The Lunchbox]]'' (2013) and [[Rukh (film)|''Rukh'']] (2017). In 2019, he released the film ''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]].'' His latest directorial was [[Dharma Productions]]' ''[[Jigra]]'' (2024), starring [[Alia Bhatt]].

== Early life ==
Bala hails from [[Mumbai]], India. After spending several years working at a bank, he decided to leave his job and pursue a career as a director. He gained hands-on experience by learning directly from renowned filmmakers [[Anurag Kashyap]] and [[Michael Winterbottom]], before eventually directing his debut feature film, [[Peddlers (film)|''Peddlers'']] (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasan Bala |url=https://www.semainedelacritique.com/en/directors/vasan-bala |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Semaine de la Critique}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bala began his film career working in close collaboration with directors like [[Anurag Kashyap]]. He initially gained recognition as a screenwriter for ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' (2016) and ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015).

His directorial debut, [[Peddlers (film)|''Peddlers'']] (2012), was screened at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. The film dealt with themes of urban isolation and the struggles of the youth in Mumbai, mixing crime and drama.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Deborah Young |date=2012-05-21 |title=Peddlers: Cannes Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/peddlers-cannes-review-327285/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

His major breakthrough as a director came with ''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]'' (2018), a quirky action-comedy about a young man who feels no pain due to a rare medical condition. The film was well-received for its homage to [[martial arts]] films and its unique storytelling, winning the People's Choice Award at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Suhani Singh |date=2018-09-17 |title=Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota wins audience award at TIFF |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-wins-audience-award-at-tiff-1341857-2018-09-17 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Times of India |date=2018-09-17 |title=Vasan Bala's 'Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota' creates history at TIFF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vasan-balas-mard-ko-dard-nai-hota-creates-history-at-tiff/articleshow/65841257.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Namrata Joshi |date=2018-09-21 |title=TIFF 2018: Vasan Bala’s Mard Ko Dard... is his ode to action-comedy films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tiff-2018-vasan-balas-mard-ko-dard-is-his-ode-to-action-comedy-films/article25006421.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2022, Bala directed ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'', a neo-noir crime comedy. Known for its humor and retro feel, the film features a mix of Bollywood nostalgia and intricate murder mystery, and was lauded for its style and storytelling.<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=2022-11-14 |title=The women of Monica, O My Darling live, laugh and lie; and dare you not to take them seriously |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-women-of-monica-o-my-darling-dare-you-not-to-take-them-seriously-101668433219603.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2024, he directed [[Dharma Productions]]' ''[[Jigra]]'', starring [[Alia Bhatt]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Alia Bhatt announces her next film Jigra, to co-produce the action movie with Karan Johar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-announces-her-next-film-jigra-to-co-produce-the-action-movie-with-karan-johar-8956582/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Alia Bhatt’s ‘Jigra,’ directed by Vasan Bala, gets a new release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alia-bhatts-jigra-directed-by-vasan-bala-gets-a-new-release-date/article68285150.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Devansh Sharma |date=2024-09-08 |title=Jigra teaser: Alia Bhatt vows to become Amitabh Bachchan to protect her brother Vedang Raina. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jigra-teaser-alia-bhatt-vows-to-become-amitabh-bachchan-to-protect-her-brother-vedang-raina-watch-101725772988471.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics and ended up being commercially unsuccessful, for which Bala held himself responsible.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vasan Bala says Jigra's box office performance was his responsibility: ‘Alia Bhatt trusted me with that choice’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vasan-bala-says-jigras-box-office-performance-was-his-responsibility-alia-bhatt-trusted-me-with-that-choice-101729482941307.html |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Jigra' director Vasan Bala holds himself responsible for the film's failure at the box office; Read here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jigra-director-vasan-bala-holds-himself-responsible-for-the-films-failure-at-the-box-office-read-here/articleshow/114419695.cms |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vasan-bala-takes-responsibility-for-alia-bhatts-jigra-box-office-failure-something-people-didnt-buy-9631734/ |title=Vasan Bala takes responsibility for Alia Bhatt’s Jigra box office failure: ‘Something people didn’t buy’|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
|-
|2012
|[[Peddlers (film)|''Peddlers'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|2015
|''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|[[Rukh (film)|''Rukh'']]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|2021
|[[83 (film)|''83'']]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|2022
|''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|2024
|''[[Jigra]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|}
*

=== As an actor ===
* [[Aamir (film)|''Aamir'']] (2008)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bala, Vasan}}
{{Authority control|qid=Q117860491}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

List of Indian state trees

2025-09-28T10:19:54Z

LizzieSugerman6: edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''India''', officially the '''Republic of India''' is a country in [[South Asia]], consisting of [[States and union territories of India|28 states and eight union territories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/|title=States and Union Territories|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=21 April 2024|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205154934/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=live}}</ref> All Indian states and some of the union territories have their own elected government and the union territories come under the jurisdiction of the [[Government of India|Central Government]]. India has its own [[National symbols of India|national symbols]].<ref name="Symbol">{{cite web|title=National Symbols|url=https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols|access-date=14 August 2022|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501093137/https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the [[national symbol]]s, the states and union territories have adopted their own seals and symbols including trees listed below.

== States ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Indian state Trees
! [[States and union territories of India|State]]
! [[Common name]]<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|title=State symbols of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922102907/https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
! [[Binomial name]]<ref name="Name">{{cite web|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/scientific/|title=Scientific names|publisher=A-Z animals|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517031141/https://a-z-animals.com/animals/scientific/|url-status=live}}</ref>
! Image
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Neem]]
| ''[[Azadirachta indica]]''
| [[File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Dipterocarpus macrocarpus|Hollong]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Dipterocarpus macrocarpus]]''
| rowspan="2"|[[File:Sapling of Hollong tree (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), the state tree of Assam.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Assam]]
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| [[Ficus religiosa|Sacred fig]]
| ''[[Ficus religiosa]]''
| [[Image:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Shorea robusta|Sal]]
| ''[[Shorea robusta]]''
| [[Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- old leaf at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 122.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Goa]]
| [[Coconut]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Coconut palm declared State tree of Goa |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 August 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coconut-palm-declared-state-tree-of-goa/article19409874.ece|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
| ''[[Cocos nucifera]]''
| [[Image:Starr 031209-0059 Cocos nucifera.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Banyan]]
| ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]''
| [[File:Ficus-Benghalensis-Coral-Gables.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| [[Sacred fig]]
| ''[[Ficus religiosa]]''
| [[Image:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]]
| ''[[Cedrus deodara]]''
| [[Image:Cedrus deodara Himalajazeder.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| [[Shorea robusta|Sal]]
| ''[[Shorea robusta]]''
| [[Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- old leaf at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 122.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Indian Sandalwood|Sandalwood]]
| ''[[Santalum album]]''
| [[Image:Sandal leaf.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| [[Coconut]]
| ''[[Cocos nucifera]]''
| [[Image:Starr 031209-0059 Cocos nucifera.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Banyan]]
| ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]''
| [[File:Ficus-Benghalensis-Coral-Gables.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Mango]]
| ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| [[Image:Mangifera indica. Tropical Brazil.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| [[Phoebe hainesiana|Uningthou]]
| ''[[Phoebe hainesiana]]''
| [[File:Phoebe hainesiana north Bengal AJTJ.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| [[White teak]]
| ''[[Gmelina arborea]]''
| [[Image:Gmelina arborea bark I IMG 3543.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| [[Iron wood]]
| ''[[Mesua ferrea]]''
| [[Image:MesuaFerrea IronWood.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| [[Alder]]
| ''[[Alnus nepalensis]]''
| [[Image:Alnus incana rugosa leaves.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Odisha]]
| [[Ficus religiosa|Sacred fig]]
| ''[[Ficus religiosa]]''<ref>{{cite report|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/bluelay.pdf|title=Blue Jay|publisher=Orissa Review|page=87|date=2005|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://rprcbbsr.in/View/Downloads/Ficusreligiosa18_11_2014.pdf |title=Pipal (Ficus religiosa) – The State Tree of Odisha|publisher=RPRC|access-date=1 December 2023|date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| [[Indian rosewood]]
| ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]''
| [[File:Dalbergia sissoo.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Khejri]]
| ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]''
| [[Image:Jhand (Prosopis cineraria) at Hodal W IMG 1191.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Sikkim]]
| [[Rhododendron]]
| ''[[Rhododendron niveum]]''
| [[File:Rhododendron niveum - University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden - DSC07606.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Palmyra palm|Palm]]
| ''[[Borassus]]''
| [[Image:Borassus flabellifer.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Prosopis cineraria|Jammi]]
| ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]''
| [[Image:Jhand (Prosopis cineraria) at Hodal W IMG 1191.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| [[Agarwood|Agar]]
| ''[[Aquilaria malaccensis|Aquillaria agallocha]]''
| [[File:Agarwood.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Ashoka tree|Ashoka]]
| ''[[Saraca asoca]]''
| [[Image:Sita-Ashok (Saraca asoca) leaves & flowers in Kolkata W IMG 2272.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| [[Burans]]
| ''[[Rhododendron arboreum]]''
| [[File:Rhododendron in full bloom! (8620051426).jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[Alstonia]]
| ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]''<ref>{{cite report|url=http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/pdf/occasional%20paper5.pdf|title=Occastional Paper-5, Plant Wealth of The Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|date=March 2008|page=16|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]| access-date=23 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719075808/http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/pdf/occasional%20paper5.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[File:Alstonia scholaris.jpg|100px]]
|}

== Union territories ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Indian state trees (Union territories)
! [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
! [[Common name]]<ref name="ENVIS"/>
! [[Binomial name]]<ref name="Name"/>
! Image
|-
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| [[Pterocarpus dalbergioides|Andaman redwood]]
|''[[Pterocarpus dalbergioides]]''
| [[File:Andaman padauk 02.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]
| [[Mangifera indica|Mango]]<ref>{{cite report|url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/pdf/forest-state-abft.pdf|title=State Animal, Bird, Tree and Flower of Chandigarh|pages=1|publisher=[[Government of Chandigarh]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| [[File:Starr 070221-4713 Mangifera indica.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Delonix regia|Flamboyant]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://dashamlav.com/kb/india/states-union-territories/delhi/|title= Delhi: Area, Population, Languages and Other Details|work=Dashamlav|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Delonix regia]]
| [[File:Royal Poinciana.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| [[Platanus orientalis|Chinar]]<ref name="Voice of Ladakh"/>
| [[Platanus orientalis]]
| [[File:Platanus orientalis tree.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Ladakh]]
| [[Juniperus semiglobosa|Juniper]]<ref name="Voice of Ladakh">{{cite news|title=Ladakh Designates Juniper Tree as State Tree, Embracing Cultural and Environmental Heritage| url=https://www.voiceofladakh.in/2023/10/ladakh-designates-juniper-tree-as-state-tree-embracing-cultural-and-environmental-heritage|date=25 October 2023|work=Voice of Ladakh|access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>
| ''[[Juniperus semiglobosa]]''
|
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]
| [[Bread fruit]]
| ''[[Artocarpus altilis]]''
| [[Image:Uru-tahiti1.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| [[Bael fruit tree|Bael]]
| ''[[Aegle marmelos]]''
| [[Image:Bael (Aegle marmelos) tree at Narendrapur W IMG 4116.jpg|100px]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Symbols of Indian states}}

[[Category:States and union territories of India-related lists|Trees]]
[[Category:Lists of trees|Indian state trees]]
[[Category:Trees of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian state symbols|Trees]]

Flag of Pandya

2025-08-28T03:00:47Z

LizzieSugerman6: rework formatting based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Flag of Pandya''' ({{IPA|ta|pɑːɳɖɪjər koɖɪ}}) was used by the [[Pandyan Dynasty]] and consisted of the single fish or twin fish.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2010_11_08_A.htm | title=Masterpieces in metal | publisher=Institute For Oriental Study, Thane | accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9r12rNV8T0YC&q=flag+of+pandya+kingdom&pg=PA57 | title=Political History of the Madura Country | publisher=Asian Educational Services | author=Nelson, J.H.| year=1989 | isbn=9788120604254 }}</ref> There is no reference or description about the flag. Therefore, any Pandya flags used in media are created for the purpose of illustration. There are flags with double fish or single fish as per archaeological findings and historians's illustration.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJrKcKqJGuEC&q=Fish+flag+of+pandyan&pg=PA86 | title=Ceylon Coins and Currency | publisher=Asian Educational Services | author=Walter Codrington, Hubert| year=1975 | isbn=9788120609136 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpBEEetgUnwC&q=flag+of+pandya+kingdom&pg=PA67 | title=History & Civics For Vi (Tn) | date=March 2005 | publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education | isbn=9780070597525 | authorlink=Tmh}}</ref>
[[File:Chola coin with legend "Uttama".png|thumb|right|150px|The Pandyan twin fish engraved on a coin of [[Uttama Chola]]]]

12th-century [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[court poet]] [[Ottakoothar]] wrote a verse mentions about the Pandyan flag while comparing to Chola flag.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/l4330/l4330pd1.jsp?bookid=264&pno=176 | title=எட்டுத் தொகையும் தமிழர் பண்பாடும் | work=[[Tamil Virtual Academy]] | accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref>
{{cquote|''வெற்றிப் புலிக்கொடிக்கு மீனமோ அம்மானே''
| author = [[Ottakoothar]]
}}

Literal Meaning: ''Can the flag of the [[Pandya|Pandyas]] match the flag of the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]]?''

== Legend ==
[[File:Double fish Pandyan relief, Koneswaram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pandya king [[Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I]]'s double fish carp black granite [[Relief|bas-relief]] in [[Koneswaram temple]] – [[Trincomalee]], Sri Lanka]]
According to legend, an [[avatar]] of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Devi|Goddess]], [[Meenakshi]], who has fish shaped eyes, was born as the daughter of a Pandya king. [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandya]] emblem was a fish and it represented the dynasty, including in coins, etc. The word ''Meenatchi'' (Meen+Aatchi ) is a mix of the Tamil words ''Meen'' (Fish) and ''Aatchi'' (Rule), which means Fish Rule.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindumandirmn.org/AboutTemple/SRIMEENAKSHI(PARVATHI).aspx | title=Sri Meenaatchi (Parvathi) | publisher=Hindu Society of Minnesota | accessdate=13 May 2014 | archive-date=3 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092514/http://www.hindumandirmn.org/AboutTemple/SRIMEENAKSHI(PARVATHI).aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Flags of Tamils]]
* [[Flag of Chola]]
* [[Flag of Pallava]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}

[[Category:Pandyan dynasty]]
[[Category:Flags of Tamils|Pandya]]
[[Category:Obsolete national flags|Pandya]]
[[Category:Flags displaying animals|Pandya]]

Raychak

2025-08-13T02:53:04Z

LizzieSugerman6: adding new data w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raychak
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Raichak, riverside in South 24 Parganas 02.jpg
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = Raichak, riverside
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2187|N|88.1218|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Diamond Harbour II]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.58
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 8
| population_total = 1243
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743368
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3174
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Raychak''' is a village within the jurisdiction of the [[Diamond Harbour]] police station in the [[Diamond Harbour II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|12|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Diamond Harbour subdivision (including Falta, Diamond Harbour I & II, Kulpi CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|18|50|N|88|14|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Hasimnagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Hasimnagar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|18|50|N|88|15|50|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Baneshwarpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Baneshwarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|17|10|N|88|9|30|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Chandpala |labela3 = Anantapathpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chandpala Anantapathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|17|8|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Fatepur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Fatepur, Falta]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|18|35|N|88|7|42|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Falta| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Falta, South 24 Parganas]] (R)|shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|17|58|N|88|11|3|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Harindanga| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Harindanga, Falta]] (R)|shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|8|23|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Punya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Punya, Falta]] (R)|shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|15|27|N|88|9|40|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Patdaha| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patdaha]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|13|07|N|88|7|18|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Raychak| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Raychak (R)|shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|15|30|N|88|11|24|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10= Sarisha| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sarisha]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|5|28|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Ramnagar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ramnagar, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|12|15|N|88|8|15|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Parulia| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Parulia, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color12=#0048BA
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|14|35|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhushna| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhushna]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|20|N|88|12|8|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Diamond Harbour| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Diamond Harbour]] (M) |shape-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|15|41|N|88|14|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Masat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Masat, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|14|51|N|88|15|10|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Sangrampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Sangrampur, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|13|42|N|88|10|45|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Mohanpur| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Mohanpur, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|12|0|N|88|12|50|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Durganagar| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Durganagar, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|46|N|88|15|34|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Netra| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Netra, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|4|53|N|88|14|41|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Kulpi| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Kulpi]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|9|30|N|88|14|59|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Berandari|labela21= Bagaria| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Berandari Bagaria]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|2|18|N|88|17|52|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Dhola| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Dhola, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|11|55|N|88|9|40|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23=Deulpota| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Deulpota]] (H)| shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|8|22|N|88|13|51|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Harinarayanpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|2|0|N|88|12|0|E}} |label25=Hooghly | label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-75| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|5|0|N|88|12|25|E}} |label26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none}}

===Area overview===
Diamond Harbour subdivision is a rural subdivision with patches of urbanization. Only 14.61% of the population lives in the urban areas and an overwhelming 85.39% lives in the rural areas. In the western portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 11 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the western part, located on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is covered by the Kulpi Diamond Harbour Plain, which is 5–6 metres above sea level. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Deulpota]] and [[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi|Harinarayanpur]], on the bank of the Hooghly River indicate the existence of human habitation more than 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Raychak is located at {{coord|22.2187|N|88.1218|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|m}}.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Indian Census]], Raychak had a total population of 1,243, of which 630 were males and 613 were females. There were 125 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Raychak was 823, which constituted 66.2% of the population with male literacy of 72.2% and female literacy of 60.0%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Raychak was 73.6%, of which male literacy rate was 80.4% and female literacy rate was 66.7%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 1,133 and 3 respectively. Raychak had 282 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Raychak |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=377451 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Tourism===
The fort at Raychak gradually fell into ruins and was converted to a lively 5-star hotel, Raichak on Ganges, formerly Radisson Fort.
[[File:Raichak, riverside in South 24 Parganas 01.jpg|thumb|a view of Raichak village from Bhagirathi river]]
There is a scenic view of the river. Those who are adventurous can also use the Raychak jetty or the nearby Nurpur jetty and take a ferry across the river to go to [[Kukrahati]] in [[East Midnapore]] district or [[Gadiara]] in [[Howrah district]].

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Raychak to the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

=== Bridge proposal ===
From 2003 to 2007, there was a proposal to bridge the Hooghly River from Raychak to Kukrahati. The proposal went through many phases, with support being sought from Malaysian and Japanese companies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who will help Haldia make this highway?|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=40659&usrsess=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926214833/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=40659&usrsess=1 |archive-date=26 September 2007|access-date=6 September 2007|publisher=The Statesman, 21 May 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bridge feasibility study next month|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=146570&usrsess=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926213928/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=146570&usrsess=1 |archive-date=26 September 2007|access-date=6 September 2007|publisher=The Statesman, 7 June 2006}}</ref> In the final version of the proposal, the Indonesian [[Salim Group]] would have handled construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bridge of dreams|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=3&id=155386&usrsess=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105258/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=3&id=155386&usrsess=1 |archive-date=29 September 2007|access-date=6 September 2007|work=Editorial|publisher=The Statesman, 29 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2006|title=Will WB lose its largest FDI investor?|publisher=The Economic Times, 12 August 2006|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1882697.cms|access-date=6 September 2007}}</ref>

The Salim Group had also agreed to construct the Eastern Link Highway, which would have been 100 km long and 100 m wide and spread over {{convert|2500|acre|km2}}. The road would have linked [[Barasat]] with Raychak, ultimately terminating at [[Nandigram]]. The projects were to be implemented by New Kolkata International Development Private Ltd, a special purpose company that had been promoted by the Salim Group, the Universal Success Group and Unitech.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengal inks pact with Indonesian group|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/08/01/stories/2006080104042100.htm|access-date=6 September 2007|publisher=The Hindu Business Line, 1 August 2006}}</ref>

The entire project and associated programmes were abandoned by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government after the [[Nandigram violence]] in 2007. There were suggestions in 2012 that the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] was considering reviving the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trinamool Congress revives jinxed bridge project|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Trinamool-Congress-revives-jinxed-bridge-project/articleshow/12644198.cms|access-date=25 June 2016|publisher=The Times of India, 13 April 2012}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Sarisha Block Primary Health Centre at [[Sarisha]], with 15 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Diamond Harbour II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =25 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Raichak}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]