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Alchi Monastery

2026-05-06T22:05:23Z

LizetteGoble: put up initial entry initial version

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Alchi, Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Alchi Monastery
|image = Alchi.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Alchi Monastery
|map_type = India Ladakh#India
|coordinates = {{coord|34|13||N|77|10||E|type:landmark_region:IN-JK|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location in Ladakh
|map_size = 250
|location=[[Alchi]], [[Leh District|Leh]], [[Ladakh]], India
|founded_by =Rinchen Zangpo (958-1055 CE)
| established = 958 - {{start date and age|1055}}
|date_renovated =
|sect =
|lineage=
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|no._of_monks =
|architecture = Tibetan Architecture
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}

'''Alchi Monastery''' ({{bo|t=ཨ་ལྕི་ཆོས་འཁོར།}}) or '''Alchi Gompa''' ({{bo|t=ཨ་ལྕི་དགོམ་པ།}}, also '''Alci''') is a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] monastery, known more as a monastic complex (chos-'khor) of temples in [[Alchi]] village in the [[Leh District]], under the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council]] of the [[Union Territory]] of [[Ladakh]], India. The complex comprises four separate settlements in the Alchi village in the lower Ladakh region with monuments dated to different periods. Of these four hamlets, Alchi monastery is said to be the oldest and most famous. It is administered by the [[Likir Monastery]].<ref name=Luczanits>{{Cite book|last= Luczanits|first= Christian|title= Buddhist sculpture in clay: early western Himalayan art, late 10th to early ...|work= The Alchi Group of Monuments|pages=125–127|access-date=2010-01-21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcytSDwuWLwC&q=Alchi+Monastery&pg=PA127|publisher=Serindia Publications, Inc|year=2004|isbn=1-932476-02-4}}</ref><ref name=Behl>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2122/stories/20041105000106500.htm|title=Trans-Himalayan Murals|author=Benoy K. Behl|access-date=2010-01-17|magazine=The [[Frontline (magazine)|Front Line]]: [[The Hindu]]|volume=21 |issue=22|date=23 October – 5 November 2004| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100129234526/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829000206600.htm| archive-date= 29 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=choskor>{{Cite web|url=http://www.univie.ac.at/itba/pages/sites/Alchi/Choskhor.html|title=Alchi Monastery: Chos-'khor|access-date=2010-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418162705/http://www.univie.ac.at/itba/pages/sites/Alchi/Choskhor.html|archive-date=18 April 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is 60 west of Leh on Leh-Kargil Highway.

[[Alchi]] is also part of the three villages (all in lower [[Ladakh]] region) which constitute the ‘Alchi group of monuments’; the other two villages adjoining Alchi are the [[Mangyu temple complex|Mangyu]] and [[Sumda Chun]]. The monuments in these three villages are stated to be of "unique style and workmanship’, but the Alchi monastic complex is the best known.<ref name=Luczanits/><ref name=Behl/>

The Dukhang, or Assembly Hall and the Main Temple (gTsug-lag-khang), which is a three-storied temple called the Sumtseg (gSum-brtsegs, literally 'three-storied'), are built in the Kashmiri style as seen in many monasteries; the third temple is called the Manjushri Temple ('Jam-dpal lHa-khang). [[Chortens]] are also an important part of the complex.<ref name=Luczanits/><ref name=Behl/>

The monastery complex was built, according to local tradition, by the great translator Guru [[Rinchen Zangpo]] between 958 and 1055. However, inscriptions in the preserved monuments ascribe the Sumtseg to a Tibetan noble called Kal-dan Shes-rab, and more recent translations of inscriptions in the Sumtseg and Dukhang suggest the Dukhang was built (and thus the complex founded) by an unnamed uncle of patron Tsültrim Ö about a generation prior, no earlier than 1140 CE.<ref name="Behl" /><ref name=":0">Rizvi (1996), p. 243.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luczanits |first=Christian |title=Alchi: Ladakh's hidden Buddhist sanctuary |last2=Goepper |first2=Roger |last3=Poncar |first3=Jaroslav |date=2023 |publisher=Serindia Publications |isbn=978-1-932476-97-2 |location=Chicago}}</ref>

The artistic and spiritual details of both [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and the [[Hindu]] kings of the time in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are reflected in the wall paintings in the monastery. These are some of the oldest surviving paintings in Ladakh. The complex also has huge statues of the Buddha and elaborate wood carvings and art-work comparable to the [[baroque]] style.<ref name=Behl/><ref name="Schettler, Margaret 1981 p. 104">Schettler, Margaret & Rolf. (1981), p. 104.</ref> Shakti Maira has vividly explained the beauty of this small monastery.<ref name=high/>

==History==
[[File:Alchi03.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Alchi Monastery]]
The history of the monuments in the Alchi complex and in the other two villages in the Alchi group is not precise, in spite of many inscriptions and texts displayed on the walls.<ref name=Behl/><ref name=choskor/><ref name= "Luczanits p.127">Luczanits p.127</ref> One inscription refers to the foundation of the monastery by a king and a queen, who may appear in [[:File:Royal drinking scene in the Dukhang at Alchi Monastery, circa 1200 CE.jpg|the royal drinking scene]] from the murals at the entrance of the Dukhang, and dated to circa 1200 CE.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |pages=228–229 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254}}</ref>

[[File:Royal drinking scene in the Dukhang at Alchi Monastery, circa 1200 CE.jpg|thumb|Royal drinking scene in the Dukhang at Alchi Monastery, circa 1200 CE. The king wears a decorated [[Qaba|Qabā']], of [[Turco-Persian]] style. It is similar to [[:File:Royal drinking scene at the entrance of the western monastery at Manguy, 11th to 13th century CE.jpg|another royal scene]] at nearby [[Mangyu Monastery]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |pages=231–243 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254}}</ref>]]
[[File:Alchi Rajputs.jpg|thumb|left|Alchi, Mural paintings - Alchi, gsum brtsegs temple, royal falcon scene on the dhotī of a monumental clay sculpture.]]

Traditionally, the creation of the Alchi complex is attributed to the famous scholar-translator [[Rinchen Zangpo]] (958–1055) in the 10th century, along with the [[Lamayuru Monastery]], the Wanla, the Mang-gyu and the Sumda. During the tenth century, the [[Tibet]]an lama-king [[Yeshe-Ö]] of [[Guge]], in order to spread Buddhism in the Trans Himalayan region, took the initiative by allocating 21 scholars to the region. However, due to harsh climatic and topographic conditions, only two survived, one of them the esteemed scholar and translator Rinchen Zangpo who established Buddhist activity in the Ladakh region and other areas of India including [[Tabo Monastery|Tabo Gompa]] in [[Spiti]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Sikkim]]. During his sojourn there, he also went to the neighbouring countries of [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and Tibet. Zangpo became known by the epithet "Lochen," "Lotsawa Chenpo" or the "Great Translator"; he is credited with building 108 monasteries in the trans-Himalayan region in his quest to disseminate Buddhism. He institutionalized Buddhism in the region; these monasteries are considered the mainstay of [[Vajrayana]] [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. Zangpo engaged [[Kashmir|Kashmiri]] artists to create wall paintings and sculptures in the monasteries he is credited with building; only a few of these have survived. Out of these, the Alchi complex is remarkably well-preserved in terms of both art and architecture, and provides a rich history of both representative not only of Tibetan Buddhist tradition but of Persian styled courtly art. <ref name=Behl/><ref name=Handa>{{Cite book|last=Handa|first=O.C|title= Buddhist Monasteries of Himachal|work=Preface|pages=11–16|access-date=2010-01-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbeRDnz8h7oC&q=Alchi+Monastery&pg=PA165|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2004|isbn=81-7387-170-1}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi 1996, pp. 219-220">Rizvi (1996), pp. 219-220.</ref>

Despite local tradition typically crediting [[Rinchen Zangpo|Zangpo]] with Alchi's construction, this narrative is disputed based on cross-referenced inscriptions found throughout buildings of the complex. In the Sumtseg (Three-story temple), a partially damaged inscription known as the ''Garland of Butter Lamps'' (translated in full for the first time by Luczanits in 2023, based on Jaroslav Poncar's photographs), details the patrilineal genealogy of Sumtsek patron Tsültrim Ö, including references to an unnamed patrilineal uncle who the Sumtsek is dedicated to. A strikingly similar inscription in both prose and content, mentioning the same paternal uncle, is found in the Dukhang assembly hall, with the inscription itself attributed to Tibetan noble Kal-den Shes-rab. The genealogy found in these sets of inscriptions, corroborated by mentions of the king Wangdé, the late 11th century monarch of [[Guge]], suggests that the Dukhang at Alchi was constructed by the uncle of Tsültrim Ö about a generation prior to the building of the Sumtseg, dating Alchi to (at very earliest) 1140 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Luczanits |first=Christian |title=Alchi: Ladakh's hidden Buddhist sanctuary |last2=Goepper |first2=Roger |last3=Poncar |first3=Jaroslav |date=2023 |publisher=Serindia Publications |isbn=978-1-932476-97-2 |location=Chicago |pages=781-785}}</ref>

Since the monasteries of this period did not belong to any of the established Tibetan schools, they were initially brought under the control of the [[Kadampa]] order. When the condition of the monasteries deteriorated, they were mostly taken over by the [[Gelukpa]] order, with the exception of Lamayuru which was placed under the [[Drikung Kagyu|Drikungpa]] sect. After worship at Alchi monastery ceased for unknown reasons in the fifteenth century, it later came under the Gelugpa sect controlled from [[Likir]].<ref name="Rizvi 1996, pp. 219-220" />

==Geography and visitor information==
Alchi is located on the south bank of the [[Indus River]] at an altitude of {{convert|3100|m|ft}} and {{convert|65|km|mi}} outside of [[Leh]] (to its west). Leh is connected by air from [[Delhi]]. The road approach to Leh starts at [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], a route that is accessible from May or June to October, depending on the snow fall conditions in the valley.<ref name=choskor/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/print/travel-planner/india/ladakh-text |title=Alchi |access-date=2010-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914152332/http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/print/travel-planner/india/ladakh-text |archive-date=2009-09-14 }}</ref> The village is in the high altitude rain shadow area of Ladakh. It is laid out in four settlements on the banks of a tributary of the Indus River. The monastic complex is separate from the other village settlements.<ref name= Luczanits/><ref name=high>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/23/stories/2005012300610800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207131915/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/23/stories/2005012300610800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-02-07|title=High altitude art |access-date=2010-01-23|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-01-23}}</ref>

==Structures==
[[File:Image of Kannon in Ladakh 001.jpg|thumb|An image of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] in Alchi Monastery]]
The monastery complex has three major shrines: the Dukhang (Assembly hall), the Sumtsek and the Temple of [[Manjushri]], all dating from between the early 12th and early 13th centuries. [[Chortens]] are also an important part of the complex. In addition, the Alchi complex has two other important temples, the Translator's temple called the 'Lotsawa Lakhang' and a new temple called the 'Lakhang Soma'.<ref name= Luczanits/> This collection of four small shrines in the Alchi village has been described by ''[[The Hindu]]'':<ref name=high/> {{blockquote|... as a jewel of colours and forms that is so utterly beautiful that the normal state of breathlessness in this high altitude becomes a deep gasp.<ref name=high/>}}
[[File:Sand Mandala, Alchi Monastery, near Leh.jpg|thumb|Sand Mandala, Alchi Monastery, near Leh]]
The artistic and spiritual details of both [[Buddhism]] and the [[Hindu]] kings of that time in Kashmir are reflected in the wall paintings in the monastery complex. These are some of the oldest surviving paintings in Ladakh. The complex also has huge statues of the Buddha and "lavish wood carvings and art-work — almost baroque in style."<ref name=Behl/><ref name="Schettler, Margaret 1981 p. 104"/> [[Shakti Maira]] vividly explains the beauty of this small monastery as "stylistically rendered in an eclectic mix of Tibetan and Kashmiri faces and clothes."<ref name=high/>

===Dukhang===
[[File:Alchi02Manjushri.jpg|thumb|Entrance door portal of [[Manjushri]] temple]]
[[File:Alchi Monastery 07.jpg|thumb|upright|Sculpture in Alchi Monastery]]
[[File:Fresco in Alchi Monastery 04.jpg|thumb|Detail of a fresco]]
Dukhang or the Assembly Hall is at the heart of the monastery complex, where monks perform worship and ceremonies. It is large and ancient, and the original wooden door frame is retained. Many additions were made to the ancient structure during the 12th and 13th centuries. The colonnaded veranda leads to the hall from a front courtyard and frescoes of one thousand Buddhas are depicted in the passageway. The [[Wheel of Life]] and [[Mahakala|Mahakal]] can be seen at the outer gate. The walls of the Dukhang, dedicated to Panch [[Tathāgata]]s, are painted with six different [[mandalas]] that surround the [[Vairochana]], the main deity worshipped in the hall. The mandalas are set among by many paintings of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, goddesses, fierce divinities and guardians of [[dharma]], and also lesser divinities.<ref name= Luczanits/>

===Sumtseg===
The Alchi Sumtseg in the Alchi complex is one of the most outstanding, but its purpose is not clearly established.<ref name="Luczanits p.128">Luczanits p.128</ref> The Sumtseg (''gSum-brtsegs'') means a three storied building, though small, was built with loam and natural stone (reflected in the bland exterior) in the Tibetan building tradition. However, the luxuriant woodwork columns, facades, walls, clay images and paintings in the interior of the monastery were made by Kashmiri artists.<ref name=high/> The sanctum in the ground floor and the first floor measures {{convert|5.4|m|ft}}x{{convert|5.8|m|ft}} with the niches of {{convert|2.1|-|2.7|m|ft}} width and {{convert|4|m|ft}} height (niches in the main wall are larger in size vis-a-vis the side walls). The niches depict the main images of three [[Bodhisattva]]s (all in standing posture and about {{convert|4|m|ft}} in height) and its associate secondary deities (four in each niche) with two flying goddesses in each niche. Except for the main wooden door on the top floor, which is dilapidated, the rest of the Sumtseg is well preserved in its original form, as built in the early 13th century. The second floor of the building is more in the form of a balcony with a lantern mounting. Image of Maitreya, the largest in size ({{convert|4.63|m|ft}}), is deified on the back wall and flanked by the images of [[Avalokiteshwara]] to its right and Manjushri to its left. An interesting aspect of the elegant drapery ([[dhoti]]s) worn by the deities is the display of different themes printed in different textile patterns; Maitreya's dhoti depicts the life of Buddha, the Avlokiteshwara's dhoti shows holy places and royal palaces and Manjushri's dhoti has adepts (of 84 [[Mahasiddhas]]) printed on it. Iconographically, the deities have a single head with four arms but differently portrayed. Each deity is identified to a different Buddha. Maitreya has a five Buddha crown representing [[Vairochana]]. Avalokiteshwara's crown represents Amitabha and Manjushri's crown represents [[Akshobhya]]. An inscription in the main niche states that the three images are reliquaries representing body, speech and mind-compared to the three bodies of the Buddha-namely, Maitreya denoting the Buddha body of reality, Avolokiteshwara representing pure rapture and Manjushri representing emanational body. In simple terms, they represent the Buddhist concepts of Compassion, Hope and Wisdom.<ref name= Luczanits/><ref name=high/><ref name=Sumsteg>{{Cite web|url=http://www.univie.ac.at/ITBA/pages/sites/Alchi/gSumTseg.html |title=Alchi Sumtseg |access-date=2010-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040205170318/http://www.univie.ac.at/ITBA/pages/sites/Alchi/gSumTseg.html |archive-date=5 February 2004 }}</ref>

Further, depiction of Buddha's life in textile prints on the dhoti is a unique representation of the cycle of the life of Buddha that is arranged in a reverse sequence. It is in medallion form painted red, with each medallion measuring {{convert|15|cm|in}} over a blue background. 48 scenes representing 41 episodes with five preaching scenes and two scenes of [[punarnirvana]] – all are arranged in pre-determined sequence representing the events in Buddha's life between the last journey in [[Tushita]] heaven and the first sermon in [[Sarnath]].<ref name=Sumsteg/>

Dating of the Sumtseg has been made on the basis of the names of the priests inscribed on the top floor of the structure. The last name inscribed is that of the [[Drigungpa]] school of Drigungpa or Jigten Gonpo (1143–1217) from which it is inferred that Sumsteg was established in the early 13th century.<ref name= "Luczanits p.153">Luczanits p.153</ref>

===Manjushri Temple===
From various analysis of the iconography of the temple compared with that of the Sumtseg and Sumda Assembly hall, it has been inferred that the temple dates to around 1225 AD.<ref name= "Luczanits p.153-156">Luczanits p.153-156</ref>
Manjushri Temple, also called 'Jampe Lhakhang', is built around the four central images of Manjushri (seated back to back) seen on a common platform that is {{convert|5.7|m|ft}} square. Four pillars form the enclosure for the images; the pillars are supported with cross bracing connected to the painted wood ceiling. The paintings on the wooden ceiling are similar to those in the Sumtseg and the two chortens, but are unrefined. Located close to the Indus river, the temple is not well preserved except for wood carvings on the doors and pillars. The Lhotsava or Lotsawa temple to its left side is a later addition. The Manjushri images are on a common pedestal ({{convert|85|cm|in}} high), painted recently to give an overall picture of fright since the decorative scrolls are derived from the tails of [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] surrounded by images of animals, gods and symbols. The normal colour attributed to Manjushri images is orange, but in this temple they are depicted with different colours.<ref name= "Luczanits p.153-154">Luczanits p.153-154</ref>

Each of the four images is single-headed with four arms that are adorned with a sword, a book on top of a lotus, a bow and an arrow. Each wall in the shrine is dedicated to a Buddha image. Manjushri is depicted on the main wall, seated on a lion throne; the side walls have images of [[Amitabha]] on the right and [[Aksharabhya]] on the left. The images are set around the central image of Manjushri in a niche in the wall. Manjushri is adorned with jewellery (pearls and other moulded forms) and a crown made of a flower band. In the base of the throne on which the Manjushri image is deified, is a depiction of 'Seven Jewels' and 'Eight Suspicious Symbols' (flanked by lions) enclosed in a square frame that is distinctive. The top of the throne frame has [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]] mountings.

===Chortens===
[[File:Alchi, Chorten, Ladakh, India.jpg|right|thumb|Alchi [[chorten]]]]
[[File:Alchi Monastery (Ladakh), 13th-century chorten interior painted ceiling, 2008.jpg|right|thumb|Photo is of painted ceiling of chorten in the complex, paintings supposed to be of 12th/13th century AD.]]
The earliest recorded Chortens are the Great Chorten and the Small Chorten (stupa) to the early 13th century, following the building of the Sumtseg. These chortens are decorated gateways known locally as 'Kakani Chörten' and 'Ka-ka-ni mchod-rten' that are considered unique to Alchi with historical link to other monuments. More chortens were added between the 13th and 14th centuries. In the Alchi complex, there are also three other chortens, which have ancient paintings.<ref name=choskor/><ref name="Luczanits p.128"/>

==See also==
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

* [[Three hares]]
* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Kapadia, Harish. (1999). ''Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya''. Second Edition. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7387-093-4}}.
*Janet Rizvi. (1996). ''Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia''. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}.
*Cunningham, Alexander. (1854). ''LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries''. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977).
*Francke, A. H. (1977). ''A History of Ladakh''. (Originally published as, ''A History of Western Tibet'', (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
*Francke, A. H. (1914). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.
*Sarina Singh, et al. ''India''. (2007). 12th Edition. Lonely Planet. {{ISBN|978-1-74104-308-2}}.
*Schettler, Margaret & Rolf. (1981) Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar. Lonely Planet, South Yarra, Vic., Australia.
*Tucci, Giuseppe. (1988). ''Rin-chen-bzan-po and the Renaissance of Buddhism in Tibet Around the Millennium''. First Italian Edition 1932. First draft English translation by Nancy Kipp Smith, under the direction of Thomas J. Pritzker. Edited by Lokesh Chandra. English version of ''Indo-Tibetica II''. Aditya Rakashan, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-85179-21-2}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
*[https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/12/05/the-ravishing-art-of-alchi/ The Ravishing Art of Alchi] at NYRB, 2018
*[https://www.rangan-datta.info/Likir%20Alchi.htm Travel article on Likir & Alchi Monastery]
*''[https://ladakhstudies.org/2024/06/10/new-comprehensive-publication-alchi-ladakhs-hidden-buddhist-sanctuary-available-online-open-access/ Alchi, Ladakh’s Hidden Buddhist Sanctuary],'' 2 vols. Open Access via the International Association for Ladakh Studies
{{Ladakh}}
{{good article}}
{{TibetanBuddhism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]

Agara, Bengaluru Rural district

2026-05-05T21:09:24Z

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#REDIRECT [[Agara, Bengaluru South district]]

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Singam

2026-05-01T13:46:40Z

LizetteGoble: Stub

{{other uses}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Singam
| image = Singam poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| producer = [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
| writer = Hari
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Suriya]]|[[Anushka Shetty]]|[[Prakash Raj]]}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Priyan]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = {{unbulleted list|[[Reliance BIG Entertainment|Reliance BIG Pictures]]|[[Studio Green]]}}
| distributor = [[Sun Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|5|28}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}15 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2010 |title=Romancing the remake |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/romancing-the-remake/731169/3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150318123748/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/romancing-the-remake/731169/3 |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}90 crore<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2020 |title=#DecadeOfRoaringSINGAM: Here are some interesting facts about Suriya's action-packed cop drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/decadeofroaringsingam-here-are-some-interesting-facts-about-suriyas-action-packed-cop-drama/articleshow/76063205.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530100046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/decadeofroaringsingam-here-are-some-interesting-facts-about-suriyas-action-packed-cop-drama/articleshow/76063205.cms |archive-date=30 May 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Singam''''' ({{translation|Lion}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]]. Produced by [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]'s [[Studio Green]] and [[Reliance BIG Entertainment]], and distributed by [[Sun Pictures]], it is the first installment in the [[Singam (film series)|''Singam'' film series]]. The film stars [[Suriya]] in the main lead role, alongside [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Prakash Raj]], and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2009 |title=Singam- Suriya's 25th film! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14884561 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503215824/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14884561 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was Suriya’s 25th film and his first film of the new 2010s decade.

''Singam'' was released on 28 May 2010 and became the third highest-grossing Tamil film at the time, only behind ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' and ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''. It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]]'', in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Singham (2011 film)|Singham]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2011 |title=Kempegowda, Singam, Yamudu: The many faces of 'Singham' |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/kempegowda-singam-shotru-yamudu-the-many-faces-of-singham-799645-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807053236/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/kempegowda-singam-shotru-yamudu-the-many-faces-of-singham-799645-1.html |archive-date=7 August 2019 |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> in Bengali as ''[[Shotru]]'',<ref name=":">{{cite web |title=Tollywood Hero JEET in Raj Chakraborty's SHATRU Bengali Movie Remake of SINGAM Tamil Hit |url=http://www.dhoperchop.com/content/1185310-tollywood-hero-jeet-raj-chakrabortys-shatru-bengali-movie-remake-singam-tamil-hit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903140848/http://www.dhoperchop.com/content/1185310-tollywood-hero-jeet-raj-chakrabortys-shatru-bengali-movie-remake-singam-tamil-hit |archive-date=3 September 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=Dhoperchop.com}}</ref> and in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as ''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2010 |title=Shankare Gowda To Remake Singam in Kannada As Kempe Gowda |url=http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/08/shankare-gowda-remake-singam-kannada-kempe-gowda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411043100/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/08/shankare-gowda-remake-singam-kannada-kempe-gowda.html |archive-date=11 April 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=Realbollywood.com}}</ref><ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{Cite web |title=Rohit Shetty to remake Tamil film Singam with Ajay Devgn |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105120449/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/11/04/14893/index.html |archive-date=5 November 2010 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood Hero JEET in Raj Chakraborty's SHATRU Bengali Movie Remake of SINGAM Tamil Hit |url=http://www.dhoperchop.com/content/1185310-tollywood-hero-jeet-raj-chakrabortys-shatru-bengali-movie-remake-singam-tamil-hit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903140848/http://www.dhoperchop.com/content/1185310-tollywood-hero-jeet-raj-chakrabortys-shatru-bengali-movie-remake-singam-tamil-hit |archive-date=3 September 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=Dhoperchop.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi remake of 'Singham' has a release date |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/punjabi-remake-of-singham-has-a-release-date/738428.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703102440/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/punjabi-remake-of-singham-has-a-release-date/738428.html |archive-date=3 July 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> It was followed by the sequels titled ''[[Singam II]]'' and ''[[Singam 3|Si3]]''.<ref name="singam2">{{Cite web |last=12.48 pm IST 26 April 2012 |date=26 April 2012 |title=Suriya will romance two leading ladies in 'Singam 2' |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/suriya-will-romance-two-leading-ladies-in-singam-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624064924/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/suriya-will-romance-two-leading-ladies-in-singam-2/ |archive-date=24 June 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |website=Bollywoodlife.com}}</ref><ref name="singam3">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2017 |title=TamilRockers back in a different domain; Singam makers' efforts to shut torrent site goes in vain |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamilrockers-back-different-domain-singam-makers-efforts-shut-torrent-site-goes-vain-716283 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216115016/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamilrockers-back-different-domain-singam-makers-efforts-shut-torrent-site-goes-vain-716283 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |website=IB Times}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] Duraisingam "Singam", an honest police officer, lives in Nallur, a small village in [[Thoothukudi district]] in [[Pandya Nadu|southern Tamil Nadu]], and is assisted by his bumbling colleague Erimalai. Singam belongs to Nallur with his father, Soundarapandi, having a respectable status in the village. His family business is [[Convenience store|provision stores]], and Singam wants to join it, but he joined the police force due to Soundarapandi's wishes. Singam resolves most of the problems in his village with [[non-violence]] and mutual counselling. He uses force only when the situation demands it, thereby earning great respect and affection from the villagers.

Mahalingam, an industrialist in [[Chennai]] and a friend of Soundarapandi, arrives at the village with his daughters Kavya and Divya. Singam initially assumes Kavya is a prankster when she is about to prank her cousin by wearing a tiger costume. While roaming around the village, Singam accidentally slaps Kavya, but later apologizes to her. Kavya gets moved by this and slowly falls in love with him. After some hilarious incidents, Kavya professes her love to Singam. Initially taken aback, Singam reciprocates Kavya's love.
Mayil Vaaganam, a [[Chennai]]-based thug infamous for extortion and kidnapping, who often earns money by blackmailing industrialists about their black money to the income tax. One day, Mayil threatens an old industrialist with payment of extortion money, otherwise trapping him in a fake rape case. The old man commits sucide and for that, Mayil is required to travel to Nallur to sign a conditional bail.
Mayil instead sends one of his allies to do the formalities, enraging Singam. Singam demands that Mayil sign the bail in person. A humiliated Mayil reaches Nallur, but is unable to take any revenge on Singam, fearing the immense love and devotion of the entire village towards Singam. Using his political contacts, Mayil gets Singam transferred to Chennai to teach him a lesson. Unaware of Mayil's hand behind his transfer, Singam joins [[Thiruvanmiyur|the Thiruvanmiyur]] police station. His co-worker, SI Ravi, hates Mayil for his crimes, but is unable to take any action because of Mayil's political powers. Singam's senior Rajendran is on Mayil's payroll and takes care in concealing and eliminating evidence of Mayil's crimes.

The police commissioner does not help Singam because there is a lack of evidence against Mayil. Rajendran warns Singam to stay away from Mayil's case. Unable to take on Mayil in his stronghold, Singam wants to return to his village, but is stopped by Kavya, who encourages him to fight against Mayil and end his crime network. Being mentally tortured by Mayil, Singam decides to quit the job but is motivated by Kavya and as a result, Singam
arrests Mayil's brother, Vaikuntam, in a fake case of illegally smuggling [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]]. He thwarts Rajendran in full view of the public when Rajendran, bound by his duties to Mayil, tries to protect the henchmen. Mayil kidnaps Divya for ransom. Singam rescues her with unexpected help from [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise (Tamil Nadu)|Home Minister]] Ramanathan.

Singam successfully traces the origins of the kidnapping racket to Mayil and also gets promoted to [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] of the specially-formed Anti-Kidnapping [[Special Task Force (India)|Task Force]]. Mahalingam, who was hostile to Singam following an altercation with Soundarapandi back at Nallur, softens up and agrees to give him Kavya's hand in marriage. The entire police force, including the police commissioner and Rajendran, is now on Singam's side and helps him to fight Mayil. They manage to kill Mayil's henchmen in an encounter at a hospital and begin to target everyone and everything related to Mayil. In retribution, Mayil starts targeting everyone close to Singam, including Kavya, but is saved by Singam and Ravi, who is hacked to death by Mayil. To escape from getting arrested, Mayil kidnaps the daughter of [[Karnataka|the Karnataka]] Home Minister.

Mayil falsely tells Singam that he is going to [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] with her, but he is going to [[Nellore]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] to put the police off the track. However, Singam manages to pursue them till [[Gudur]] near [[Nellore]], where he rescues her and kills Mayil in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]]. Singam resigns from his job publicly in a felicitation function organised for him, where he heads back to Nallur with Kavya. Singam is stopped briefly by Ramanathan, who offers an undercover mission, to which he willingly agrees.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Suriya]] as Durai Singam
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Kavya Mahalingam, Singam's love interest
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Mayil Vaaganam
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Erimalai, Head Constable and Singam's colleague
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]] as Vaikuntam, Mayilvaganam's brother
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Home Minister Ramanathan
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Rajendran, Assistant Commissioner of Police
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Soundarapandi, Singam's father
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Mahalingam, Kavya's father
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Kalyani Soundarapandi, Singam's mother
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Bharathi Mahalingam, Kavya's mother
* Priya Atlee as Divya Mahalingam, Kavya's younger sister
* [[Yuvarani]] as Dhanalakshmi, Singam's sister
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Pattamma, Kavya's grandmother
* [[Delhi Kumar]] as Ganesan, Kavya's grandfather
* [[Ajay Ratnam]] as K.Sekar IPS, Commissioner of Chennai
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Sub-Inspector Ravi
* [[Manobala]] as Mayil's lawyer
* [[Kaajal Pasupathi]] as Police Officer
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Maarichaamy
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Harbour Shanmugam
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Palani
* [[Besant Ravi]] as goon in theater
* [[Bharathi Kannan]]
* Subash Chander as Vengai Swami
* Vanaja as Sumathi
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Mumbai Rowdy
* Soundhar
* [[Suryakanth]]
* Nandha Saravanan as Mayil Vaaganam's henchman
* Jayamani
* Jayakanthan
* Karnaa Radha
* Vengaiya Balan
* Sakthivel
* Bobby
* Minor Yogi
* [[Rathan Mouli]] as Jaishankar
* [[Kabali Vishwanth|Vishwanth]] as Lover
* Kadhal Saravanan as Farmer
* [[Pei Krishnan]]
}}

==Production==

===Development===
After [[Suriya]] had finished [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s ''[[Aadhavan]]'', discussions regarding his subsequent project, notably his 25th film, were held. Initially, reports emerged that it was going to be directed by [[Prabhu Deva]].<ref name="Prabhu Deva">{{Cite web |title=Suriya in Singam |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-08-02/surya-12-05-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610222433/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-08-02/surya-12-05-08.html |archive-date=10 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2011}}</ref> At the launch of his film ''[[Seval]]'' in May 2009, however, director [[Hari (director)|Hari]] announced officially that he would direct Suriya's 25th film titled ''Singam'' and that he had finished penning the script.<ref name="Prabhu Deva" /> Becoming Suriya's third film with Hari following ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' and ''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'', it was announced that the project would release in July 2010.<ref name="behindwoods.com">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2009 |title=Singam gets underway |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-09-03/singam-18-07-09.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904212002/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-09-03/singam-18-07-09.html |archive-date=4 September 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Suriya's cousin, K. E. Gnanavel Raja was announced as the producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What impressed Suriya |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-04/suriya-singam-hari-25-05-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110013105/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-04/suriya-singam-hari-25-05-10.html |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Devi Sri Prasad]] was chosen as the music director, thus becoming his third venture with Suriya. Suriya was revealed to play a police officer in the film, the second time in his career after ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]''. [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]] was chosen to play the female lead after her second Tamil film [[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]].<ref name="behindwoods.com" /> Priyan was chosen as the lead camera man and V.T. Vijayan as the editor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2009 |title=Suriya's Kakka Kakka sequel? |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-09-05/suriya-30-04-09.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017205015/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-09-05/suriya-30-04-09.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

===Filming===
After completing ''Seval'', Hari joined the cast and crew to start the filming in 2009. The shooting began in [[Thirunelveli]] district and was carried on in southern parts of [[Tamil Nadu]]. A scene from the song "Stole my Heart" was shot in Creek Park in [[Dubai]] that was choreographed by [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2005 |title=Singam team at Muscat for a duet song |url=http://www.talkkolly.com/?p=321 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204023825/http://www.talkkolly.com/?p=321 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=talkkolly}}</ref> Afterwards, some scenes where shot in [[Karnataka]]. The main scenes were shot in [[Thiruvanmiyur]], [[Chennai]]. During December, Hari announced that the film wouldn't have a formal audio launch as per his previous films and that the shooting would get over quickly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No audio release for 'Singam' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53079.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118092338/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53079.html |archive-date=18 January 2010 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The trailers were released on 24 February. [[Sun Pictures]] acquired the distribution rights,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2005 |title=Sun Pictures acquires marketing rights of Singam |url=http://www.talkkolly.com/?p=962 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911184156/http://www.talkkolly.com/?p=962 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=talkkolly}}</ref> and [[Sony Music]] bought the music for a hefty price.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2005 |title=Sony Pictures Acquires Singam Music Rights from SUN Pictures |url=http://www.talkkolly.com/?p=1069 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203111017/http://www.talkkolly.com/?p=1069 |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=talkkolly}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Singam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 May 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Namo Venkatesa]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Manmadan Ambu]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
{{Music ratings
| rev1 = Behindwoods
| rev1Score = *{{rating|2|5}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singam Music Review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/singam-suriya-anushka.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905053729/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/singam-suriya-anushka.html |archive-date=5 September 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
}}

The film's soundtrack, released on 9 May 2010, was scored by Devi Sri Prasad, marking his third collaboration with Suriya after ''[[Maayavi]]'' and ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' and with Hari for second time after ''Aaru''.

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Singam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4ohjDk7P8EaMERRY82Z9l5 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naane Indhiran | extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]] & [[Manicka Vinayagam]] | length1 = 5:33 | lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| title2 = En Idhayam | extra2 = [[Suchitra]] & [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] | length2 = 4:34 | lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title3 = Stole My Heart (Unplugged) | extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] | length3 = 2:19 | lyrics3 = Hari
| title4 = Stole My Heart | extra4 = Shaan, [[Megha (singer)|Megha]] | length4 = 3:37 | lyrics4 = Viveka
| title5 = Singam | extra5 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]] | length5 = 4:21 | lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar, Megha
| title6 = Kadhal Vandhale | extra6 = [[Baba Sehgal]] & [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]] | length6 = 4:22 | lyrics6 = Viveka
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Yamudu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yamudu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Devi Sri Prasad & Sasank Venelakanti on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/yamudu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1166774497}}</ref>
| all_lyrics=Sahithi.
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nene Indrudai | extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]] & [[Manicka Vinayagam]] | length1 = 5:33 |
| title2 = Naa Hrudayam | extra2 = [[Suchitra]] & [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] | length2 = 4:34 |
| title3 = Stole My Heart (Unplugged) | extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] | length3 = 2:19 |
| title4 = Stole My Heart | extra4 = Shaan, [[Megha (singer)|Megha]] | length4 = 3:37 |
| title5 = Simham | extra5 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]] | length5 = 4:21 |
| title6 = Oole Oolele | extra6 = [[Baba Sehgal]] & [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]] | length6 = 4:22 |
}}

==Release==
''Singam'' was released on 28 May 2010 in 850 screens worldwide.

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
''[[Sify]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Singam is a predictable entertainer that follows the age old formula, which might appeal to viewers who finds comfort in mass masala entertainers."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Singam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/singam-review-review-tamil-14943277.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708235804/http://www.sify.com/movies/singam-review-review-tamil-14943277.html |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Singam is an unapologetic entertainer and has Suriya in every frame. Lovers of commercial potpourri will definitely get their money's worth."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2010 |title=Singam, the mother of all masala films |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/28/south-tamil-review-singam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018083842/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/28/south-tamil-review-singam.htm |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=27 September 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Bhama Devi Ravi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Even with a sleepy narration in the first 30 minutes or so, ''Singam'' is worth a watch."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Singam movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Singam/movie-review/5987899.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105071943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Singam/movie-review/5987899.cms |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=3 February 2012 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Singam'' was the third highest grossing Tamil film of the year in Chennai, collecting more than {{INR}}5.38 crore there.<ref name="Singam Behinwood">{{Cite web |title=2010 – TOP 20 MOVIES IN CHENNAI BOX OFFICE |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/box-office-2010/singam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925194256/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/box-office-2010/singam.html |archive-date=25 September 2013 |access-date=19 September 2013 |website=Behinwoods}}</ref> In [[Malaysia]] and the United Kingdom, the film collected $1,471,508 and $12,956 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singam Box Office Mojo |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&wk=2011W9&id=_fSINGAM01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925122404/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&wk=2011W9&id=_fSINGAM01 |archive-date=25 September 2013 |access-date=19 September 2013 |website=Box office Mojo}}</ref>

== Remakes and dubbed versions ==
''Singam'' was remade in multiple different languages; in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Singham]]'' (2011),<ref name="Singam TOI">{{Cite web |title=It's Ajay Devgn v/s Sudeep for Singam remake |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-05/news-interviews/28658418_1_singam-sudeep-kannada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405082746/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-05/news-interviews/28658418_1_singam-sudeep-kannada |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=19 September 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> in [[Kannada]] as [[Kempe Gowda (film)|''Kempe Gowda'']] (2011), in Bengali as ''[[Shotru]]'',<ref name=:"BengaliSingam">{{cite web |url=http://www.dhoperchop.com/content/1185310-tollywood-hero-jeet-raj-chakrabortys-shatru-bengali-movie-remake-singam-tamil-hit |title=Tollywood Hero JEET in Raj Chakraborty's SHATRU Bengali Movie Remake of SINGAM Tamil Hit |website=Dhoperchop.com |access-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903140848/http://www.dhoperchop.com/content/1185310-tollywood-hero-jeet-raj-chakrabortys-shatru-bengali-movie-remake-singam-tamil-hit |archive-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as ''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Parmish Verma excited to play Punjabi 'Singham' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/parmish-verma-excited-to-play-punjabi-singham-2225367.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807053235/https://zeenews.india.com/people/parmish-verma-excited-to-play-punjabi-singham-2225367.html |archive-date=7 August 2019 |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

It was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the title ''Yamudu'', and was released on 2 July 2010. Despite the [[Hindi]] remake, the film was dubbed in Hindi under the title ''The Fighterman Singham''.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=Yamudu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/yamudu/movie-review/6124540.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118031223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/yamudu/movie-review/6124540.cms |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Sequels==
{{main|Singam (film series)}}
The film's success lead to two sequels: ''[[Singam II]]'' (2013) and ''[[Singam 3]]'' (2017).<ref name="singam2" /><ref name="singam3" />

==Awards==
===Filmfare Awards South===
*Winner of [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]] – [[Baba Bhaskar]] for "Kadhal Vandhale"
*Nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil - Suriya

== In other media ==
Vivek, [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] parodied Suriya's character in the Malayalam film ''Oru Nunakkadha'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Oru Nunakkadha - Full Movie | Jagathy, Suraj, Indrans, Riyaz Khan, Vivek | Malayalam Comedy Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2-oxGrB6i4&t=1894s |via=YouTube}}</ref> ''[[Vellore Maavattam]]'' (2011) and ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' (2013), respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Santanam comedy from Vellore Maavattam |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ybgfi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202031124/https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ybgfi |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Dailymotion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVjUOr4zUyA&t=341s |title=Sivakarthikeyan - Soori Comedy {{!}} Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam Comedy Scenes {{!}} Part 1 {{!}} Sri Divya |last=AP International |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/OVjUOr4zUyA |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The famous line in the film, "Ongi Adicha Ondra Tonne Weight da!" (My hit is of one and half [[tonnes]] in force!) was used in "The Punch Song", a song from the film, ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=18 January 2014 |title=After punch dialogues, it's punch song in Kollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-punch-dialogues-its-punch-song-in-Kollywood/movie-review/28954703.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-punch-dialogues-its-punch-song-in-Kollywood/movie-review/28954703.cms |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1655607|Singam}}

{{Hari (director)}}
{{Singam}}

[[Category:Singam (film series)]]
[[Category:2010 action films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 masala films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari (director)]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Oman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Studio Green films]]

Kumbar Veerabhadrappa

2026-05-01T04:28:33Z

LizetteGoble: stub

{{short description|Indian Kannada writer and critic (born 1953)}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Veerabhadrappa Kumbar
| image = File:KumVeerabhadrappa.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym = KumVee
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|10|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]], [[Mysore State]], India
| occupation = Teacher, novelist, poet, critic
| language = [[Kannada]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = M.A
| genre = Fiction, poetry, drama, essays
| subject =
| movement =
| notablework =''Aramane''
| awards = {{awards|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]|2007}}
| spouse = Annapoorna
| children = 3
| signature =
}}

'''Veerabhadrappa Kumbar''', (born 1 October 1953), popularly known by the pen name '''KumVee''', is an Indian novelist, poet, story writer and critic in the [[Kannada]] language. He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2007 for his work ''Aramane''.

== Early life ==

KumVee was born on 1 October 1953 in [[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]], a town in the [[Bellary]] District of Karnataka, to Kumbar Halappa and Kotramma.<ref name="Parishat"/> KumVee's family includes his wife Annapoorna, and three sons: Purarava (the eldest), Shalivahana, and Pravara (the youngest).

== Career ==

KumVee taught Kannada in many schools for 35 years in the neighboring state of Andhra Pradesh. After retirement, he moved back to his native Kotturu with his family.

== Writing style ==

He uses the local Ballary dialect of Kannada in his writings to convey the sensitivities of the life he has experienced. This is the main strength of KumVee's writing.<ref name="sallapa"/>

==Books==
=== Collection of poems ===

* ''Divi seemeya Haadu''
* ''Rajanaramanege Kavya''

=== Story/ collection of stories ===
*''Raayalaseema''
*''Nigi Nigi Hagalu''
*''Manne Modalu''
*''Koole''
*''Koormavathara''
*''Doma Mattitara Kathegalu''
*''Bhaalare Vichitram''
*''Inaadaroo Saayabeku''
*''Kumvee Ayda Kathegalu''
*''Bhagavathi Kaadu''
* ''Karivemala''
*''Apoorva Chintamani Kathe''
*''Sushile Emba Naayiyoi Vaagili Emba Graamavoo''
*''Enter the Dragon''
* ''KumVee Bareda Kathegalu''
* ''Idu Bari Katheyallo Anna''
* ''Kum Vee 70 Kathe 50''

=== Novels ===

*''Hemareddy mallammana Katheyu''
*''Ekaambara''
*''Kappu''
*''Beli mattu Hola''
*''Aasthi''
*''Kotra Highschoolige Seriddu''
*''Yaapillu''
*''Shyamanna''
*''Kendada Male''
*''Bete''
*''Pakshigalu''
*''Pratidwandi''
*''Hanuma''
*''Aramane''
*''Beliya Hoogalu''
*''Aarohana''
*''Nijalinga''
* ''Kattegondu Kaala''
* ''Kilubu''
* ''Shwaanaavalambanakari''
* ''Ello Jogappa Ninnaramane''
* ''Encounter''
* ''Jai Bhajarangabali''

=== Biographies ===

*''Chaplin''
*''Rahula saakrutsayana''
*''Neetaji Subhasha Chandra Bose''
*''Subhadramma mansur''
*''Sri Krishna Devaraya''

=== Autobiography ===

* Gandhi Classu

===Translation===
*''Chinnda tene''
* Telugu Kathegalu
*''Ondu Peeligeya Telugu Kathegalu''
*''Tanna maarga'' ( Stories of Dr Abburi Chayadevi)

All the above four translations have been published by "[[Sahitya Akademi]], [[New Delhi]]". In addition to this, KumVee has translated more than 300 stories from many languages.

===Edits===

* Kathegalu-1989

== Work in visual media==

* ''[[Manamechhida Hudugi]]''
* ''[[Dore (film)|Dore]]''
* ''Kotreshi Kanasu''
* ''Kendada Male''
* ''[[Koormavatara]]''
* ''Bhagavati Kaadu''
* ''Beli mattu Hola''

== Noted awards==
* [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]
* Honorary Doctorate from Karnataka University of [[Dharwad]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2007) - Returned in October 2015 on protest for intolerance in India.<ref name="News18"/>
* [[Nrupatunga Award]]<ref name="TheHindu"/>
* [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award]] Awarded Thrice.
* [[Nadoja Award]]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nadoja-for-former-judge-writer-and-hindustani-vocalist/article69403842.ece</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Parishat">{{cite web |url=http://kannadasahithyaparishattu.in/?p=1297 |title= Kum Veerabhadrappa |author= |date= |website= |publisher= Kannada Sahitya Parishat |access-date= }}</ref>
<ref name="sallapa">{{cite web |url=http://www.sallapa.com/2013/10/blog-post.html |title=Kum Veerabhadrappa |author= |date= |website= |publisher=sallapa |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
<ref name="News18">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-writer-kum-veerabhadrappa-returns-his-sahitya-akademi-award-1152279.html |title=Kannada writer Kum Veerbhadrappa returns his Sahitya Akademi award |author=|date=15 October 2015 |website=News18 |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>
<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/award-for-kum-veerabhadrappa/article6601214.ece |title= Award for Kum Veerbhadrappa|last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=15 November 2014 |website=The Hindu |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veerabhadrappa, Kum.}}
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2004]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]

V. Srinivas

2026-04-24T19:41:50Z

LizetteGoble: Post

{{Short description|Chief Secretary of Rajasthan}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Voruganti Srinivas
| image = Voruganti Srinivas (IAS).jpg
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| office = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 17 November 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sudhansh Pant]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] Ministry of Pension, Administrative Reforms and Grievances
| term_start1 = 1 December 2021
| term_end1 = 16 November 2025
| successor1 = Nivedita Shukla Verma
| predecessor1 = Sanjay Kumar Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|09|1}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) ([[Master of Technology|M.Tech]]) [[Osmania University]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= Curriculum Vitae V. Srinivas|url=https://landrevenue.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/landrevenue/boardofrevenue/pdffiles/CV%20of%20V.Srinivas%20IAS%20Chairman%20Board%20of%20Revenue%20for%20Rajasthan.pdf |access-date= 20 November 2025|website= [[Government of Rajasthan]]|language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Voruganti Srinivas'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/v-srinivas-takes-charge-as-rajasthan-chief-secretary/article70290931.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |date= 3 June 2025|title= Voruganti Srinivas (India) Elected President of the IIAS (2025–2028)|url=https://iias-iisa.org/news/shri-srinivas-voruganti-india-elected-president-of-the-iias-20252028/ |access-date= 6 February 2026|website=[[International Institute of Administrative Sciences]]|language=en}}</ref>''' (born 1 September 1966<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>) is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer belonging to 1989 batch officer of the [[Rajasthan]] cadre and is currently serving as [[List of chief secretaries of Rajasthan|Chief Secretary of Rajasthan]] from 17 November 2025 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=V Srinivas appointed Rajasthan's new Chief Secretary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/v-srinivas-appointed-rajasthan-s-new-chief-secretary-101763274198137.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He has served in various key posts in both [[Government of India|Union]] and [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan governments]]. Also, he served as [[President (corporate title)|President]] [[International Institute of Administrative Sciences]] from 2025 till 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat24Live |title=कौन हैं IAS वी. श्रीनिवास? जो होंगे राजस्थान के नए मुख्य सचिव, केंद्र सरकार से मिली मंजूरी |url=https://bharat24live.com/news/who-is-ias-officer-v-srinivas-who-will-be-the-new-chief-secretary-of-rajasthan |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=bharat24live.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-11-16 |title=V Srinivas appointed Rajasthan's new chief secretary |url=https://theprint.in/india/v-srinivas-appointed-rajasthans-new-chief-secretary/2785299/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=V. Srinivas Appointed New Chief Secretary of Rajasthan |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/special-news/v-srinivas-appointed-new-chief-secretary-of-rajasthan-20105626 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं आईएएस वी. श्रीनिवास? जो बने राजस्थान की ब्यूरोक्रेसी के मुखिया, जानिए |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/ias-v-srinivas-becomes-chief-secretary-of-rajasthan-know-his-profile/articleshow/125362736.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=The BuckStopper |date=2025-11-14 |title=V Srinivas all set to be the next chief secretary of Rajasthan |url=https://www.thebuckstopper.com/v-srinivas-all-set-to-be-the-next-chief-secretary-of-rajasthan/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The BuckStopper |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, V}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]

{{India-gov-stub}}
{{India-bio-stub}}

Panjpeer Shrine

2026-04-24T18:54:45Z

LizetteGoble: creating post...

The '''Panjpeer''' (literally: five [[pir (Sufism)|peer]]s) shrine in [[Abohar]], [[Punjab, India]] is a [[dargah]] dedicated to the five [[pir (Sufism)|peer]]s who are said in local legends to have destroyed the ancient city of Abunagar that formerly occupied the place now known as Abohar. The shrine is considered holy by members of various religions.

==Legend==
{{Further|Panj peer}}
In the twelfth century, King Hari Chand was the ruler of Abunagar. The king fell ill with [[leprosy]], and was advised that only the holy blood of the horses of the Panjpeers of [[Multan]] could cure his disease. With the king was on the verge of death, his only daughter decided to go to the Panjpeers. She stole the 81 horses of the Panjpeers and brought them back to Abunagar. Unfortunately, the king had succumbed to the disease before she could return. The Panjpeers sent requests that their horses be returned, but the princess refused, so the Panjpeers traveled in person to Abunagar to plead for their return. Again, in spite of many humble requests by the Panjpeers, the princess refused to give back the horses. Thus angered, the Panjpeers destroyed the place with their holy powers. Due to their curse the region became deserted.

==Devotions==
Devotees offer [[kheer]], ''chaddar'', salt and milk. A huge fair is held every year on the 15th of [[Sawan]].

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://www.99mustsee.com/India/Panj-Peer-Tibba-Shrine-Abohar-Punjab-Attractions-1733 Panj Peer Tibba Shrine, Abohar] at 99MustSee.com
* [http://www.hoparoundindia.com/punjab/abohar-attractions-history-of/panj-peer-tibba-shrine.aspx History of the Panj Peer Tibba Shrine] at HopAroundIndia.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131016212401/http://apnaabohar.com/nj1.html City of Abohar]
{{Refend}}

{{Punjabi folk religion}}
[[Category:Islam in India]]

Pratima Kumari Das

2026-04-23T09:32:39Z

LizetteGoble: creating new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratima Kumari Das
| image =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Raja Pakar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raja Pakar]]
| term_start = 2020
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = [[Shiv Chandra Ram]]
| successor = '''Mahendra Ram'''
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|09|13|df=yes}}
}}
'''Pratima Kumari Das''' (born 13 September 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She is a former MLA from [[Raja Pakar Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for SC community in [[Vaishali district]], representing [[Indian National Congress]] Party. She won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] but lost in the next election in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Raja Pakar Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Pratima Kumari of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/raja-pakar-election-result-2020-live-updates-raja-pakar-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3062249.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumari is from [[Kumhrar]], Bihar. She is born to Prabhu Narayan and Rajkumari Devi. She married Birendra Kumar. She is an advocate. She completed her B.Sc. from B.R.A.U. Gaya, Bihar and later, did her L.L.B. at [[Magadh University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratima Kumari(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RAJA PAKAR (SC)(VAISHALI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12214 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumari won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Raja Pakar Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] Party. She polled 54,299 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Mahendra Ram of [[Janata Dal (United)]], by a margin of 1,796 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar Election Results 2020: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-election-results-2020-live-updates-jdu-bjp-rjd-ljp-7039361/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Raja Pakar Election Results, Raja Pakar विधानसभाचुनाव परिणाम 2023 - NDTV MPCG |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2020/raja-pakar |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> She lost to Ram in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. Contesting again on Congress ticket she polled 48,069 and lost by 48,189 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-15 |title=Bihar Assembly election result 2025: Winners and losers from NDA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-assembly-election-result-2025-the-winners-and-the-losers-from-nda/articleshow/125323050.cms |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Before the election, she felt that the grand old party should contest all the 243 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramashankar |date=2025-02-12 |title=Bihar: Congress MLA says party must fight in all 243 seats |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Feb/12/bihar-congress-mla-says-party-must-fight-in-all-243-seats |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratima Kumari, Das}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Vaishali district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]

Kamlesh Thakur

2026-04-19T22:20:56Z

LizetteGoble: started

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamlesh Thakur
| office = [[Spouse]] of the [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]]
| status = [[Incumbent]]
| term_label = Assumed role
| term_start = 11 December 2022
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu
| predecessor = Sadhana Thakur
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|04|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dera Gopipur|Dera]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list| Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications from Chandigarh|M.A. (Political Science), from [[Himachal Pradesh University]]}}
| term_start1 = 13 July 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Hoshyar Singh]]
| constituency1 = [[Dehra Assembly constituency|Dehra]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| occupation = Politician
| children = 2
}}

'''Kamlesh Thakur''' (born 2 April 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. As a member of [[Indian National Congress]], she is the incumbent MLA from [[Dehra Assembly constituency|Dehra]].<ref>https://hpvs.neva.gov.in/Member/Details/526?AssemblyID=14
</ref> She is the wife of the chief minister of [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Himachal CM Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu's wife set for poll debut: Who is Kamlesh Thakur? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/himachal-pradesh-sukhvinder-singh-sukhu-wife-kamlesh-thakur-dehra-bypoll-9400478/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamlesh Thakur: Himachal Chief Minister's Wife Who Made Strong Poll Debut |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kamlesh-thakur-dehra-bypoll-results-2024-himachal-chief-minister-sukhvinder-singh-sukhus-wife-who-won-on-political-debut-6096281 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=NDTV.com | date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==
Thakur was born 2 April 1970 in [[Dera Gopipur|Dehra]], [[Kangra district|District Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Her parents were Roshni Devi and the Bachitter Singh. She completed her master's of arts degree in Political Science from [[Himachal Pradesh University]] and holds a post-graduate diploma in Computer Applications from [[Chandigarh]]. She is married to [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]], the [[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]], and they have two daughters. Kamlesh Thakur is an agriculturist and social worker.

== Political career ==
Thakur has been a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee]] since 2007. She was elected to the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Dehra Assembly constituency|Dehra constituency]] for the first time in a by-election on 13 July 2024, where she defeated two-time MLA [[Hoshyar Singh]] by a margin of 9,399 votes. She is currently a member of the Public Accounts, Rural Planning, and Members Amenities Committees.

== Interests and activities ==
Her interests include reading newspapers, writing, traveling, and gardening. She enjoys interacting with people and listening to music in her free time. She speaks Hindi, English, and a local dialect.

== Social and cultural work ==
Thakur is involved in social activities, particularly in teaching children about the importance of forests and encouraging them to plant more trees. She is also dedicated to the development of education, social welfare, and the promotion of sports.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

{{HimachalPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Virundeeswarar Temple

2026-04-19T16:22:21Z

LizetteGoble: New

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Mandir

| alt =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|00|16|N|76|57|41|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| location = K.Vadamadurai, [[Thudiyalur]], [[Coimbatore]].
| elevation_m =
| deity = Virundeeswarar ([[Shiva]])
}}

[[File:Viruntheeswarar_koil,_Vadamadurai_(coimbatore).jpg|thumb]]
Thiruthudisaimpathy '''Virundeeswarar Temple''' (['''விருந்தீஸ்வரர்''') <ref>{{Cite web |title=Virundeeswarar Temple : Virundeeswarar Temple Details {{!}} Virundeeswarar- Vadamadhurai {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} விருந்தீஸ்வரர் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=60 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilamurugan |date=2022-01-08 |title=Tamilnadu Tourism: Virundheeswarar Temple, Vadamadurai, Coimbatore |url=https://tamilnadu-favtourism.blogspot.com/2022/01/virundheeswarar-temple-vadamadurai-coimbatore.html |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Tamilnadu Tourism}}</ref> is located in Vadamadurai near [[Thudiyalur]] on Mettupalayam road in the State of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Earlier it was called Thiruthudisaimpathy, and later Thudiyalur. It is an ancient temple, more than 1300+ years old. It is one of the most important Siva Temples in [[Coimbatore]]. It is believed to have been constructed by [[Chola dynasty|Chozha]] kings in the 7th century.

The Lord [[Shiva]] is depicted as Swayambumurthy. Two Lingams are in the sanctorum- one (Swayambumurthy) is at the back and a small one is in the front. The temple faces East.

The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==History==
As per Sthala Puranam, one Sundaramurthy Nayanar was travelling in this area. After having ''darshan'' at [[Avinashi]], he was tired and hungry. He prayed to the Lord to rescue him. At that time, an elderly couple fed him food mainly made with drumstick leaves and fruits. When Sundarar's hunger was satisfied, he learned that the couple were Shri [[Parvati|Parvathi]] and Parameswarar. As the Lord offered Virundhu (feast or food), he is called Virundeeswarar. He is the presiding deity of this temple together with his consort [[Parvati]], who is known as Viswanayaki.

Lord [[Nataraja]] is generally depicted as dancing with long hair flying, however in this temple his hair is well dressed. Lord Shiva granted equal power to Nandhi at this temple, hence this Nandi is called Adhikara Nandi. The concept of Adhikara Nandi originated from this temple. The Adhikara Nandi concept in other temples came into existence after this temple.

This temple began celebrating Maha-Kumbhabhishekam on 11-July-2019.

==Events==
* The Sun falls on Lord Virundeeswarar every 17th of [[Panguni]].
* [[Maha Shivratri]]
* [[Pradosha]]m
* [[Sankashti Chaturthi|Sankatahara Chaturthi]]
* [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]
* [[Thaipusam]]
* [[Bhairava Ashtami|Kala Bhairavar Ashtami]]
* [[Thiruvathira|Arudhra Darisanam]]
* [[Hanuman Jayanti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Coimbatore district]]

Anthrenus zhantievi

2026-04-04T15:27:18Z

LizetteGoble: put up the page more to come

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Anthrenus
| parent = Florilinus
| species = zhantievi
| authority = Háva & Kadej, 2006<ref name="Hava Kadej 2006e"/>
}}

'''''Anthrenus (Florilinus) zhantievi''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] native to Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Hava Kadej 2006e">{{cite journal|last1=Háva|first1=Jiří|last2=Kadej|first2=Marcin|title=Description of three new species of Anthrenus O. F. Müller, 1764 from Botswana, India and China (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)|journal=Mitt. internat. entomol. Ver. Frankfurt a.M.|volume=31|issue=3/4|pages=119–130|date=24 November 2006|issn=1019-2808|url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Mitt-Int-Ent-Ver_31_2006_0119-0130.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624073315/https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Mitt-Int-Ent-Ver_31_2006_0119-0130.pdf|archive-date=2024-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q673274}}

[[Category:Anthrenus|zhantievi]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 2006]]
[[Category:Fauna of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]

{{Anthrenus-stub}}

Faisal Khan

2026-03-27T04:29:25Z

LizetteGoble: fixed article additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian Bollywood actor (born 1966)}}
{{for|the dancer|Faisal Khan (dancer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption = 28 August 2019 18:09:16 IST
| name = Faisal Khan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|08|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bombay, Maharashtra, India
| other names =
| occupation = Actor, singer
| years_active = 1988–2005, 2015–2022
| spouse =
| father = [[Tahir Hussain]]
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Khan–Hussain family (of Nasir Hussain)|Khan–Hussain family]]
}}

'''Mohammad Faisal Hussain Khan''' (born 3 August 1966) is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films. He is famous for his role as Shankar Shane in ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]''.

==Family background==
Khan is the son of producer [[Tahir Hussain]]. His brother is [[Aamir Khan]], who is an actor, director and producer, and he has two sisters, [[Nikhat Khan]], who is a producer and actor, and Farhat Khan. His paternal uncle [[Nasir Hussain]] was a film producer and director. His nephew [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] is a former actor. He is a great-grandnephew of [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dream-to-make-a-film-on-maulana-azad-aamir-khan/|title=Dream to make a film on Maulana Azad: Aamir Khan|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 January 2014|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502054359/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dream-to-make-a-film-on-maulana-azad-aamir-khan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Khan made his first film appearance at the age of three in his uncle Nasir Hussain's 1969 film ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]'', playing [[Shashi Kapoor]]'s role as a child. He made his film debut as an adult in 1988, playing a minor role as a villain in his brother Aamir's film ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''. He worked as an assistant director in his father's 1990 film ''[[Tum Mere Ho]]'' and his cousin [[Mansoor Khan]]'s ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander]]'' (1992), both starring Aamir in the leading role.<ref name=":0" />

Khan got his first leading role in the 1994 film ''[[Madhosh (1994 film)|Madhosh]]'', which was produced by his father and directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]]. The film was a box office failure. In 2000, he made his comeback starring alongside his brother in ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]'' which was also a box office bomb. Director [[Dharmesh Darshan]] did however praise Faisal's performance in the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mela-director-claimed-aamir-khan-inputs-diluted-the-film-said-faisal-khan-was-better-than-aamir-8166276/lite/ | title=When Mela director claimed Aamir Khan's inputs 'diluted' the film, said Faisal Khan 'was better than Aamir' in some scenes | date=22 September 2022 }}</ref>

Faisal went on to appear in a few B-grade films that fared poorly at the box office.<ref name="IT TV"/> From 2003 to 2004, he appeared in the TV serial ''[[Aandhi (TV series)|Aandhi]]''.<ref name="IT TV">{{cite web|title=Faisal Khan to debut in 'Chausath Panne'|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov113.htm|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|access-date=2011-07-27|author=Indiantelevision.com Team|location=Mumbai|date=14 November 2003|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113542/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov113.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> After appearing in the 2005 film ''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]'', he went on a decade long hiatus.

In 2015, it was announced that he would be making his comeback and star in the film ''[[Chinar Daastaan-E-Ishq]]'', a film produced by Rajesh Jain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khans-brother-Faisal-Khan-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/21158880.cms|title=Aamir Khan's brother Faisal Khan to make a comeback|work=The Times of India|date=20 July 2013 |access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930100343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khans-brother-Faisal-Khan-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/21158880.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, he starred in ''[[Danger (2017 film)|Danger]]'', a [[Horror (genre)|horror]] film directed by [[Faisal Saif]]. The film remains unreleased.

In 2021, he made his directorial debut and starred in the psychological thriller film ''[[Faactory (2021)|Faactory]]'' as well as singing a song for the film. In 2022, he made his debut in [[Kannada film|Kannada]] films with ''[[Oppanda]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-09 |title='Aamir Khan locked me up for a year': Actor's brother Faissal Khan claims he was fed medicines, not allowed to leave |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-locked-brother-faissal-khan-at-home-for-a-year-he-claims-family-was-against-him-101754704866374.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2007, Khan was reported missing for two days. He had filed a report to the police several days earlier accusing his brother [[Aamir Khan|Aamir]] of keeping him confined in his home because Aamir thought that Faisal was mentally ill.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aamir-Khans-mentally-ill-brother-goes-missing/articleshow/2456312.cms|title=Aamir Khan's mentally ill brother goes missing|work=The Times of India|date=14 October 2007 |access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317145626/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aamir-Khans-mentally-ill-brother-goes-missing/articleshow/2456312.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was eventually traced to Pune and brought back to Mumbai where he went through a medical examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/15faisal.htm|title=Aamir's brother found|publisher=Rediff.com|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203183730/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/15faisal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His brother Aamir and their father were in a custody battle over Faisal that garnered much press coverage. Faisal's custody was awarded to his father, Tahir.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khilnani|first=Rohit|title=Aamir and Faisal: fall out of two brothers|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/aamir-and-faisal-khan-the-fall-out-of-two-brothers/51734-8.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=2011-07-27|location=Mumbai|date=5 November 2007|archive-date=12 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612173119/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/aamir-and-faisal-khan-the-fall-out-of-two-brothers/51734-8.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | 1969
| ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]''
| Young Sunder
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1988
| ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''
| Member of Baba's gang
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1992
| ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]''
| College Student
| Uncredited
|-
! scope="row"|1994
| ''[[Madhosh (1994 film)|Madhosh]]''
| Suraj
|
|-
! scope="row"|2000
| ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]''
| Shankar Shane
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|2002
| ''Kaaboo''
| Raja
|
|-
|''[[Dushmani (film)|Dushmani]]''
|
|Unreleased
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|2003
| ''[[Border Hindustan Ka]]''
| Raj
|
|-
| ''[[Basti (film)|Basti]]''
| Satish Kulkarni
|
|-
! scope="row"|2003–2004
| ''[[Aandhi (TV series)|Aandhi]]''
| Siddharth
| TV series
|-
! scope="row"|2005
| ''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]''
| Rahul Mehta
|
|-
! scope="row"|2015
|''[[Chinar Daastaan-E-Ishq]]''
| Jamaal
|
|-
! scope="row"|2017
| ''[[Danger (2017 film)|Danger]]''
|
| Unreleased; also director
|-
! scope="row"|2021
| ''[[Faactory (2021)|Faactory]]''
| Yash Kadam
| Also director and playback singer
|-
! scope="row" |2022
| ''[[Oppanda (2022 film)|Oppanda]]''
|
| Kannada film
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0451207}}
*[https://indianexpress.com/about/faisal-khan/ Faisal Khan] at [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Faisal}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Khan–Hussain family|Faisal Khan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Aamir Khan]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

Nilkant Halarnkar

2026-03-26T05:58:48Z

LizetteGoble:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nilkant Halarnkar
| image = Nilkant Halarnkar.png
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Halarnkar in 2024
| office = [[Government of Goa|Minister of Fisheries of Goa]]
| term_start = 9 April 2022
| office1 = [[Government of Goa|Minister of Factories and Boilers of Goa]]
| term_start1 = 9 April 2022
| office2 = [[Government of Goa|Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services of Goa]]
| term_start2 = 9 April 2022
| office3 = Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Tivim Assembly constituency|Tivim]]
| term_start3 = 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Kiran Kandolkar]]
| term_end3 =
| successor3 =
| term_start4 = 2007
| term_end4 = 2012
| predecessor4 = [[Sadanand Tanavade]]
| successor4 = [[Kiran Kandolkar]]
| appointer = [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| predecessor = [[Babu Kavlekar]]
| successor = 
| appointer1 = P. S. Sreedharan Pillai
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = Pramod Sawant
| predecessor1 = Babu Kavlekar
| successor1 = 
| appointer2 = P. S. Sreedharan Pillai
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = Pramod Sawant
| predecessor2 = [[Mauvin Godinho]]
| successor2 = 
}}

'''Nilkant Halarnkar''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tivim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Tivim]] in the [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] , [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and
[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref> He was one of the ten members of [[Indian National Congress]] who joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in July 2019.<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/goa/10-former-goa-congress-mlas-who-joined-bjp-to-meet-amit-shah-today-2218359.html 10 former Goa Congress MLAs, who joined BJP, reach Delhi to meet Amit Shah]</ref><ref>[https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/congress-splits-in-40-member-goa-assembly-10-of-15-mlas-may-join-bjp-1562771258050.html In fresh jolt to Congress in Goa, 10 party legislators switch to BJP]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halarnkar, Nilkanth}}
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}

Arun Khetarpal

2026-03-19T06:51:48Z

LizetteGoble: minor enhance formatting for clarity additionally and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Decorated Indian army officer (1950–1971)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Second Lieutenant]]
| name = Arun Khetarpal
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| birth_date = {{birth-date|14 October 1950}}
| death_date = {{death-date and age|16 December 1971|14 October 1950}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]])
| alma_mater = *[[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]]
*[[National Defence Academy]]
*[[Indian Military Academy]]
| death_place = [[Barapind]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| image = Arun_Khetarpal_PVC.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| servicenumber = IC-25067
| unit = [[File:Current Regimental Cap Badge 2014-06-11 06-48.jpg|20px]] [[The Poona Horse|17th Poona Horse]]
| serviceyears = 1971 (6 months)<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Khetarpal.html |title=2nd Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal |access-date=2012-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417212745/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Khetarpal.html |archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>
| rank = [[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Second Lieutenant|2nd Lieutenant]]
| commands =
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
** [[Battle of Basantar]]{{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]] (posthumous)
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}

[[Second Lieutenant]] '''Arun Khetarpal''', {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVC}} (14 October 1950 – 16 December 1971) was an [[Indian army]] [[officer]] and a Tank commander, who is recognized as the Indian tank [[List of aces of aces|ace of aces]], credited with 10 confirmed tank kills. A posthumous recipient of India's highest military decoration, the [[Param Vir Chakra]], which he was awarded for his valour in face of the enemy. He was killed in action in the [[Battle of Basantar]] during the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]] where his actions earned him the PVC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=2017-12-14 |title=Battle of Basantar: When a 21 YO Braveheart Single-Handedly Defeated 7 Pak Tanks |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/124098/battle-of-basantar-arun-khetarpal-param-vir-chakra-indian-army/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=The Better India |language=en}}</ref>
A biopic on Arun Khetrapal, titled [[Ikkis]], is released, with Agastya Nanda in the lead role.

==Early life==
Arun Khetarpal was born in Pune, [[Maharashtra]] on 14 October 1950 to a [[Punjabi Hindu Khatri]] family.<ref name="Reddy2007">{{cite book|last=Reddy|first=Kittu|title=Bravest of the Brave: Heroes of the Indian Army|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlAi5sWYOe8C&pg=PA52|year=2007|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=978-81-87100-00-3|pages=52–54}}</ref> His family belonged to [[Sargodha]] in western Punjab and had migrated to India after [[Partition of India|partition]] as refugees.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlAi5sWYOe8C&q=national+defence+academy|title=Bravest of the Brave (Heroes of the Indian Army): Heroes of the Indian Army|last=Reddy|first=Kittu|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-87100-00-3|pages=52|language=en}}</ref> His father [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Lt Col]] (later [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]) M. L. Khetarpal was an officer serving in the Indian Army's [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]].<ref name=PVC/> His family traced a long history of military service, with his grandfather having fought in [[WW1]] and great-grandfather having served in the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]].<ref name="Reddy2007"/>

Attending [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]] and [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]], he distinguished himself both as an able student and sportsman and was the school prefect.<ref>[http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGallery.aspx?MnId=PkzxLGPd+OocqkPcna19bA%3d%3d&ParentID=g1clzpR61Rz%2fTnVN7IyOYQ%3d%3d Arun Khetarpal] on Indian army's site, indianarmy.nic.in</ref> Khetarpal joined the [[National Defence Academy]] in June 1967.<ref name="Reddy2007"/> He belonged to Foxtrot Squadron where he was the Squadron Cadet Captain of the 38th Course. Under his watch, Foxtrot Squadron became the champions. His NDA No was 7498/F/38. He subsequently went on to join the [[Indian Military Academy]]. In his final term at the Indian Military Academy, he was given the privilege of carrying the President's colours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/veterans-from-the-born-to-battle-course-pay-tribute-to-war-heroes/articleshow/87376889.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|title= Veterans from the 'Born to battle' course pay tribute to war heroes|date=30 October 2021 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref> On 13 June 1971,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1272 |date=2 September 1972|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0036-58882.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Khetarpal was commissioned into the [[Poona Horse|17 Poona Horse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/india/30458331_1_alma-mater-statue-second-lieutenant-arun-khetarpal |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707015309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/india/30458331_1_alma-mater-statue-second-lieutenant-arun-khetarpal |archive-date=2012-07-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Lawrence School to get Khetarpal's statue |access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref>

==1971 War==
{{Main|Battle of Basantar}}
During the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]], the [[The Poona Horse|17 Poona Horse]] was assigned to the command of the 47th Infantry Brigade of the Indian Army. Through the duration of the conflict, the 47th Brigade saw action in the [[Shakargarh]] sector in the [[Battle of Basantar]].

== Battle of Basantar ==
Among the tasks set for the 47th Brigade was to establish a bridgehead across the River Basantar. By 21:00 hours on 15 December, the brigade had captured its objectives. However, the area was extensively mined, which prevented the early deployment of the tanks of the Poona Horse, and the engineers clearing the mines were only halfway through their work when Indian troops at the bridge-head reported heavy and alarming enemy armour movement, requesting immediate armour support. At this critical juncture, the 17 Poona Horse decided to push through the minefield despite the risks. The regiment successfully linked up with the infantry at the bridge-head by first light the following day.[10]

Several modern defence reports — notably a detailed field account published by *ThePrint* — document the presence and contribution of Sowar Parag (Prayag) Singh, Sowar Nand Singh and Sowar Nathu Singh of Hodson’s Horse (4th Horse), who were operating in coordination with the troop that included 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal during this phase of the battle.<ref>ThePrint. "Famagusta & its unsung heroes: Story of fierce tank battle that turned the tide in the 1971 India-Pakistan war." 2025.</ref> According to these accounts, Parag Singh relayed real-time enemy tank movement, terrain visibility and positional cues that assisted Khetarpal’s crew in making rapid engagement decisions as Pakistani Patton tanks attempted multiple thrusts toward the newly established bridgehead.

The same reports note that Sowar Nand Singh and Sowar Nathu Singh, operating in adjacent supporting tanks, maintained coordinated fire and relayed movement cues while holding their positions under heavy shelling. Their contributions, alongside those of Parag Singh, formed part of the broader armoured resistance that enabled Khetarpal’s troop to counter repeated enemy armour assaults. All three crewmen continued to provide supporting fire and battlefield assessments until their tanks were disabled by direct hits during the height of the battle. Although their actions do not appear prominently in official citations, independent war correspondence identifies Parag Singh, Nand Singh and Nathu Singh as “unsung crewmen” whose efforts contributed to stabilising the situation during the engagement.

=== Unsung crew members ===
Independent veteran testimonies and recent defence reportage highlight the contributions of several lesser-known tank crewmen who supported the armoured operations during the Battle of Basantar. Modern accounts identify Sowar Parag (Prayag) Singh, Sowar Nand Singh and Sowar Nathu Singh of Hodson’s Horse (4th Horse) among the soldiers who played significant operational roles alongside the troop that included 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal during the critical stages of the engagement.<ref>ThePrint. "Famagusta & its unsung heroes: Story of fierce tank battle that turned the tide in the 1971 India-Pakistan war." 2025.</ref>

According to these reports, Parag Singh provided rapid assessments of enemy tank positions, visibility conditions and local terrain, which contributed to the situational awareness of the troop. Sowar Nand Singh and Sowar Nathu Singh, operating in adjacent supporting tanks, are noted for maintaining coordinated fire, relaying movement cues and holding their positions under intense incoming fire as Pakistani armour attempted multiple thrusts toward the bridgehead.

The report notes that all three crewmen continued their support roles until their tanks were disabled by direct hits during the height of the battle. Although their actions do not appear prominently in official gallantry citations, independent war correspondence places Parag Singh, Nand Singh and Nathu Singh among the “unsung crewmen” whose efforts formed an integral component of the broader armoured resistance at Basantar.

===Bridge-head===
At 08:00 hours on 16th December, Pakistani armour launched the first of their counter-attacks under the cover of a smokescreen at the pivot of the 17th Poona Horse at Jharpal. At 08:00 hours, the Pakistani [[13th Lancers]], equipped with the then state-of-the-art US-made 50 ton [[Patton tank|Patton tanks]], relaunched the first of their counter-attacks under the cover of a smokescreen at 'B' Squadron, The Poona Horse, at Jharpal. Its squadron commander urgently called for reinforcements. Arun Khetarpal, who was in 'A' squadron and was stationed close by with his [[Centurion tank]] troops, responded with alacrity, as did the rest of his regiment. The first counter-attack was decimated by accurate gunnery, coolness by Indian tank troops and individual tank commanders from the CO, [[Lt Col]] [[Hanut Singh (soldier)|Hanut Singh]] down to its troop leader, Arun Khetarpal. The [[13th Lancers]] desperately launched two more squadron-level counter-attacks and managed to achieve a breakthrough.

Khetarpal rushed to meet the Pakistani armour and launched right into the Pakistani attack. With his [[troop]], he was able to run over the enemy advance with his tanks. However, the commander of the second tank was killed in this attack. Alone in the charge, Khetarpal continued his attack on the enemy strongholds. Disappointed by his failure so far, he desperately attacked the incoming Pakistani troops and tanks, knocking out a Pakistani tank in the process. However Pakistani forces regrouped and counter-attacked. In the ensuing tank battle, Lt. Arun Khetarpal with his 2 remaining tanks bravely fought off and destroyed 10 Pakistani Patton tanks before he was shot and killed in action.

===Death===
The skirmish however took its toll on the lieutenant as he was hit by enemy fire, but instead of abandoning the tank, he fought on, thus destroying one final tank before he was finally overwhelmed. However, his actions had denied a vital breakthrough for Pakistani forces and instead put the Indians in a stronger position in the Shakargarh bulge. His final words over the radio to a superior officer who had ordered him to abandon his burning tank were,
{{Cquote
| quote = "No, Sir, I will not abandon my tank. My main gun is still working and I will get these bastards."<ref name=PVC/>
| author = Arun Khetarpal
}} Then he set about destroying the remaining enemy tanks. The last enemy tank which he shot was barely 100 metres from his position.<ref name=PVC/> At this stage, his tank received a second hit and he was seriously injured. The officer met his death trying to deny the [[Pakistani Army]] its desired breakthrough.

Khetarpal's body and his tank, named "Famagusta", were later captured by Pakistan and eventually returned to the Indian military. This tank is on display in India now.

For his conspicuous bravery and extreme gallantry in the face of fierce and unrelenting attacks and assaults by the enemy (the Pakistani military), Khetarpal was honoured with India's most-prestigious and highest-standard military medal for courage and gallantry, the Param Vir Chakra, posthumously.

Arun Khetarpal's body was cremated on 17-December near [[Samba district]] and his ashes were sent to his family, who were unaware of his death until 26 December.

The crew of the ''Famagusta'' was Sowar Prayag Singh (the driver), Sowar Nand Singh (the radio operator), Sowar Nathu Singh (the gunner) and 2nd/Lt. Arun Khetarpal, the tank's commander. Nand Singh was first casualty (killed in action; KIA) when the tank was fatally hit in the final encounter with Pakistani Army Major Nasser's Patton tank. Arun was the second one to be killed after he sustained severe injuries when his tank was knocked out and eventually succumbed to his wounds. Both Prayag Singh and Nathu Singh were also badly wounded but survived and were captured by Pakistani troops who seized the ''Famagusta''.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==Param Vir Chakra Citation==
The [[Param Vir Chakra]] citation on the Official [[Indian Army]] Website reads as follows:
{{Quotation|{{center|
'''CITATION''' 
'''SECOND LIEUTENANT ARUN KHETARPAL POONAHORSE (IC-25067)'''
}}
On 16 December 1971, the Squadron Commander of 'B' Squadron, the Poona Horse asked for reinforcement as the Pakistani Armour which was superior in strength, counter attacked at Jarpal, in the Shakargarh Sector. On hearing this transmission, Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal who was in 'A' Squadron, voluntarily moved along with his troops, to assist the other squadron. En route, while crossing the Basantar river, Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal and his troops came under fire from enemy strong points and RCL gun nests that were still holding out. Time was at a premium and as critical situation was developing in the 'B' Squadron sector, Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal, threw caution to the winds and started attacking the impending enemy strong points by literally charging them, overrunning the defence works with his tanks and capturing the enemy infantry and weapon crew at pistol point. In commander of his troop was killed. Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal continued to attack relentlessly until all enemy opposition was overcome and he broke through towards the 'B' Squadron position, just in time to see the enemy tanks pulling back after their initial probing attack on this squadron. He was so carried away by the wild enthusiasm of battle and the impetus of his own headlong dash that he started chasing the withdrawing tanks and even managed to shoot and destroy one. Soon thereafter, the enemy reformed with a squadron of armour for a second attack and this time they selected the sector held by Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal and two other tanks as the points for their main effort. A fierce tank fight ensured ten enemy tanks were hit and destroyed of which Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal was severely wounded. He was asked to abandon his tank but he realised that the enemy though badly decimated was continuing to advance in his sector of responsibility and if he abandoned his tank the enemy would break through, he gallantly fought on and destroyed another enemy tank. At this stage, his tank received a second hit which resulted in the death of this gallant officer.

Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal was dead but he had, by his intrepid valour saved the day; the enemy was denied the breakthrough he was so desperately seeking. Not one enemy tank got through.

Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal had shown the best qualities of leadership, tenacity of purpose and the will to close in with the enemy. This was an act of courage and self-sacrifice far beyond the call of duty.<ref name=PVC>{{citation|url=http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=NCvnix4zLfQhf90l3OuEBw%3d%3d&ParentID=1tHir3NYQjroCJ9AgypEwg%3d%3d|access-date=28 August 2014|title=The Param Vir Chakra Winners (PVC) |publisher=Official Website of the Indian Army}} "Profile" and "Citation" tabs.</ref>}}

==Legacy==
[[File:Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|Khetarpal's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]
[[File:Arun Kheterpal.jpg|thumb|Relief Mural at [[Balidan Stambh]], [[Jammu]]]]
[[File:Sculpture of Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Arun Khetarpal in [[Shaheedi Park]], Delhi]]
[[Balidan Stambh]], the war memorial in [[Jammu]] in 2009 paid tribute to him by inscribing his name on the pillars erected in semi circumference for the martyrs of the 1971 war. His name is displayed near the eternal flame and as relief mural on the semi circumference wall with the Param Vir Chakra awardees who attained martyrdom in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Monument of Sacrifice|date=20 July 2019 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-monument-of-sacrifice-2/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>
{{Cquote
| quote = "The only occasion when a breakthrough could have occurred was when two squadrons of 13 Lancers attacked together in the afternoon, but a gallant last ditch lone stand by 2/Lt Arun Khetarpal of Poona Horse averted the danger."
| author = Maj AH Amin (Retd) (Pakistan Armoured Corps – Columnist and Historian)
}}The Commander of the Pakistan tank battalion is said to have met the Indian battalion commander after the battle and made enquiries about 2nd Lieutenant Khetarpal's tank since he was very impressed with the gallantry of this particular tank's commander.

In 2001, Brigadier M. L. Khetarpal wanted to visit his birthplace at Sargodha, now in Pakistan. At [[Allama Iqbal International Airport|Lahore airport]], Brigadier M. L. Khetarpal was met by Brigadier Khwaja Mohammad Naser, who became Brigadier M.L. Khetarpal's host and guide.

Brigadier M. L. Khetarpal was overwhelmed by the extreme kindness, deference, courtesy and respect bestowed upon him by Brigadier Naser and by all the members of his family and his many servants. However Brigadier Khetarpal felt something was amiss but could not make out what it was, either the long silences that punctuated their conversation or the look of compassion in the women of the family. He could not make out but was sure he was being treated as someone very special.

Finally, on the last night before Brigadier M.L. Khetarpal's departure, Brigadier Naser said: {{Cquote
| quote = Sir, there is something that I wanted to tell you for many years but I did not know how to get through to you. Finally, fate has intervened and sent you to me as an honoured guest. The last few days we have become close to one another and that has made my task even more difficult. It is regarding your son who is, of course, a national hero in India. However, on that fateful day, your son and I were soldiers, unknown to one another, fighting for the respect and safety of our respective countries. I regret to tell you that your son died in my hands. Arun's courage was exemplary and he moved his tank with fearless courage and daring, totally unconcerned about his safety. Tank casualties were very high till finally there were just two of us left facing one another. We both fired simultaneously. It was destined that I was to live and he was to die.

It was only later that I got to know how young he was and who he was.I had all along thought that I would ask your forgiveness, but in telling the story I realize that there is nothing to forgive. Instead I salute your son for what he did at such a young age and I salute you too, because I know how he grew into such a young man. In the end it is character and values that matter."
}}

Brigadier M. L. Khetarpal was silent as he did not know how to react. He was confused that they were enjoying the hospitality of the person who had killed his son. However being a soldier himself he genuinely admired the chivalry of an officer whose complete squadron was decimated by his son. Both the Brigadiers retired for the night deep in thought.

The next day photographs were taken and Brigadier M. L. Khetarpal returned to Delhi. Later the photos reached Delhi along with a note from Brigadier Naser that said:<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/respecting-a-soldiers-code-of-honour-158193|title=Respecting a soldier's code of honour|first=Bhopinder |last=Singh|work=Millennium Post |access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref>

{{Cquote
| quote = "With Warmest regards and utmost sincerity, To: Brigadier M.L. Khetarpal, father of Shaheed Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal, PVC, who stood like an unsurmountable rock, between the victory and failure, of the counterattack by the 'SPEARHEADS' 13 LANCERS on 16 December 1971 in the battle of "Bara Pind' as we call it and battle of "Basantar" as 17 Poona Horse remembers.
| author = --Khawja Mohammad Naser, 13 Lancers, 2 March 2001, Lahore, Pakistan.
}}

Khetrapal is an iconic figure in the ethos of the Indian Army with prominent constructions being named after him. The parade ground at NDA is named Khetarpal Ground while the auditorium and one of the main gates bear his name at the IMA.

His Centurion tank was called Famagusta Jx 202. It was restored after the war and is presently preserved in the Armoured Corps Centre and School in [[Ahmednagar]].

==In popular culture==
* The fourteenth episode on [[DD National]] of the [[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Vir Chakra TV series]] reprised his character in 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Independence Day Special: 8 Patriotic Indian TV Serials That Were Way Better Than the Present Saas-Bahu Saga |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/independence-day-2021-top-5-tv-patriotic-shows-to-watch-on-this-special-day/ |work=Lokmat Times}}</ref>
*A [[graphic novel]] titled ''Param Vir Chakra by Amar Chitra Katha'' dedicated their fourteenth story written by Sanjana Kapur and drawn by Arijit Dutta Chowdhury in 2015.<ref>{{cite book|last=Puri|first=Reena|title=Param Vir Chakra|url=https://us.amarchitrakatha.com/products/param-vir-chakra?srsltid=AfmBOoqWTSyUiI7Eg2DFYy6uviDWA_GL1zCjrXvBMIo1-wpCmS6UZKg7|year=2015|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha|pages=38–47|isbn=9789350858424|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
*A graphic novel titled ''Param Vir Chakra Arun Khetarpal'' by Roli Books written by [[Ian Cardozo]] and drawn by Rishi Kumar in 2019.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardozo|first=Ian|title=Param Vir Chakra Arun Khetarpal |url=https://rolibooks.com/product/param-vir-chakra-arun-khetarpal/|publisher=Lotus|isbn=|access-date= 30 December 2024}}</ref>
*A graphical novel titled ''Ikkis'' by ''Amar Chitra Katha,''written by Sanjana Kapoor and drawn by Arijit Dutta Chowdary
*[[Allu Sirish]] reprised Arun Khetarpal's character as Lt Chinmay in the 2017 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] [[1971: Beyond Borders]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/1971-beyond-borders-movie-review-this-mohanlal-film-is-ill-conceived-powerless-4603497/|title=1971 Beyond Borders movie review: This Mohanlal film is ill-conceived, powerless}}</ref>
*A biopic titled ''[[Ikkis]]'' ({{Langx|hi|इक्कीस|Ikkīsa|Twenty-one}}, the age at which Khetarpal achieved martyrdom) was released on {{Date|Jan 1, 2026|DMY}}, where his character is reprised by [[Agastya Nanda]]. [[Dharmendra]] played the role of his father, [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] M. L. Khetarpal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1600813295274930177 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Twitter |language=en|title=taran adarsh on X: 'DHARMENDRA - AGASTYA NANDA TO STAR IN SRIRAM RAGHAVAN - DINESH VIJAN'S 'IKKIS'… Post #Badlapur, #NationalAward winning director #SriramRaghavan teams up with #DineshVijan for #Ikkis… Stars #Dharmendra and #AgastyaNanda [grandson of #AmitabhBachchan]. / X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[The Poona Horse]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426122408/http://southasianidea.com/uncategorized/a-deathless-hero-2lt-arun-khetrapal-pvc-posthumous/ A Deathless Hero 2Lt Arun Khetrapal, PVC..]
* [http://indianarmy.nic.in/ Indian Army webpage]
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}

{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khetarpal, Arun}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]

Salanpur railway station

2026-03-16T11:29:44Z

LizetteGoble: New

{{Short description|Railway station in Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|SALANPUR}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Salanpur Railway Station.jpg
| caption =
| address = [[Salanpur]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.76226|N|86.87495|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|166|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad Gauge
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platforms = 3
| parking = No
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SLS
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''NSG-6'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_dot_label = Salanpur railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| line = * [[Asansol–Patna section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Patna section}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Salanpur railway station''' (station code: '''SLS)''' is a railway station on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] under the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=List of Stations on Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918055842/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salanpur Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/salanpur-sls/3538 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is situated between [[Rupnarayanpur railway station|Rupnarayanpur]] and [[Sitarampur Junction railway station|Sitarampur]] railway station in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] of [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salanpur (SLS) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/salanpur-sls |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=SLS / Salanpur Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Salanpur |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/sls/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |language=en}}</ref> Only Passenger and MEMU trains have scheduled halts here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Trains at SALANPUR (SLS) Railway Station : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/station/Salanpur-SLS/live |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The station has three platforms, which are linked by a foot overbridge. Basic passenger facilities include a ticket counter, platform sheds and a drinking water supply. However, amenities such as retiring rooms are not available as of yet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-10-16 |title=Enhanced platform lighting improves safety for passengers |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/enhanced-platform-lighting-improves-safety-for-passengers-1503499660.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The station falls under the administrative control of the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Asansol railway division]]. Its station code is '''SLS'''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=SALANPUR SLS Railway Station |url=https://www.makemytrip.com/railways/salanpur-sls-railway-station.html |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=makemytrip.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Asansol railway division]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

{{India-railstation-stub}}

Khalid Hussain Qasmi

2026-03-14T20:53:49Z

LizetteGoble: done

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar, mufti and writer (b. 1978))}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Mufti
| name = Mohammad Khalid Hussain Qasmi
| image = Mufti Mohammad Khalid Hussain Qasmi Nimvi at the 34th Fiqhi Seminar, Jamshedpur (2025) 2.jpg
| caption = Qasmi at the 34th Seminar of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)]], held in [[Jamshedpur]], Jharkhand
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1978}}
| birth_place = Neema, [[Begusarai district]], Bihar, India
| occupation = Islamic scholar, writer, teacher
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]
| known_for = Urdu language advocacy, Islamic scholarship
| awards = [[National Awards for Teachers|National Award to Teachers]] (2013)
}}

'''Mohammad Khalid Hussain Qasmi''' (born 1978), commonly known as '''Mufti Khalid Nimvi''', is an Indian Islamic scholar, educator, and writer from Bihar. He is noted for his contributions to Urdu literature, Islamic jurisprudence, and religious education in India.

== Early life and education ==
Mohammad Khalid Hussain Qasmi was born in 1978 in Neema, a village in the [[Begusarai district]] of Bihar, India.<ref name="badrul">{{Cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Badrul Islam|date=November 2024|title=Kya Shakhs Zamane Se Utha|volume=2|edition=1st|location=Deoband|publisher=Maktabah al-Noor|page=496|language=ur}}</ref> He began his Islamic education at local madrasas and later joined [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], graduating in 1996. He completed a specialization in Islamic jurisprudence (Ifta) in 1997 and teacher training in 1998. He also earned a B.A. from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], Hyderabad.<ref name="badrul"/>

== Career ==
=== Teaching and administration ===
Qasmi began his teaching career at Darul Uloom Deoband as an assistant teacher. In 2000, he was appointed as the first ''Sadr Mudarris'' (Head Teacher) at Darul Uloom Islamia of
[[Imarat-e-Shariah]], Patna, where he served until 2006.<ref name="ilmamal">{{Cite web |last=Darbhangvi |first=Amir Muawiya Qasmi |date=2024-01-09 |title=Hazrat al-Ustadh Mufti Khalid Husain Nimvi Qasmi Bahaisiyat Ek Kamyab Morabbi |trans-title=Mufti Khalid Nimavi as a Successful Mentor |url=https://alamir.in/hazratul-ustad-mufti-khalid-husain-nimvi-qasmi-bahaisiyat-ek-kamyab-morabbi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212083916/https://alamir.in/hazratul-ustad-mufti-khalid-husain-nimvi-qasmi-bahaisiyat-ek-kamyab-morabbi/ |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Ilm-o-Amal |language=ur}}</ref> He is currently serving as the principal of Madrasa Badr al-Islam in Begusarai.<ref name="badrul"/>

He has been involved in teacher training workshops and educational reforms, particularly in combining traditional and modern teaching methodologies.<ref name="ilmamal"/>

===International participation===
In 2023, Qasmi participated in the general assembly of the [[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] in Doha, Qatar. He represented India and addressed themes related to religious education and Islamic identity.<ref name="qatardoha">{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first='Ain al-Haq Amini |title=Mufti Mohammad Khalid Hussain Nimavi ki Doha Qatar ke General Assembly mein Shirkat |trans-title=Mufti Khalid Nimavi's Participation in General Assembly at Doha, Qatar |url=https://sailerawan.com/elementor-10051/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108110548/https://sailerawan.com/elementor-10051/ |archive-date=2024-01-08 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Sail-e-Rawan |language=ur}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Qasmi was one of the recipients of the [[National Awards for Teachers|National Award to Teachers]] in 2014 for the year 2013 in the category of Arabic/Persian educators. The award was conferred by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on Teachers’ Day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-19 |title=List of teachers who were awarded National Award on Teachers Day 2014 – Curriculum Magazine |url=https://curriculum-magazine.com/list-of-teachers-who-were-awarded-national-award-on-teachers-day-2014/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Curriculum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="educationgovt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.education.gov.in/list-awardee-teachers-national-award-teacher-2013-updated-1-9-2014 |title=List of Awardee Teachers for National Award to Teacher 2013|publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of India|date=1 September 2014|access-date=30 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="thehinduaward">{{Cite web|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=156457565|title=Arabic/Persian teacher Mufti Mohammad Khalid Hussain Qasim from Bihar receiving National Award for Teachers from President Pranab Mukherjee, in New Delhi on Friday, September 05, 2014|website=The Hindu Images|author=Sandeep Saxena|date=5 September 2014|access-date=30 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress" />

== Views ==
In 2014, Qasmi commented on a case in Bihar where a Muslim woman was reportedly expelled from her home for attending an Independence Day function. He stated that such participation is not against Islamic law and criticized the misuse of Shariah in the case.<ref name="thehinducase">{{Cite news |date=2014-08-30 |title=Husband deserts Muslim woman for attending I-Day function |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/husband-deserts-muslim-woman-for-attending-independence-day-function/article6364674.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020246/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/husband-deserts-muslim-woman-for-attending-independence-day-function/article6364674.ece |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In an interview published by ''[[The Indian Express]]'' on Teachers' Day 2014, Qasmi expressed his desire to instill a sense of social and national responsibility among students. He emphasized that Muslim students have enthusiasm to contribute to the nation and urged that they be provided appropriate platforms to realize their potential.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite news |date=5 September 2014 |title=‘If I had a magic wand…and if PM visited my school’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/if-i-had-a-magic-wand-and-if-pm-visited-my-school/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906020004/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/if-i-had-a-magic-wand-and-if-pm-visited-my-school/ |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
== Literary works ==
Qasmi began writing while still a student. His first article, ''Islami Qanoon ki Jami'iyat'', was published in ''[[Magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband#Ayina-e-Darul Uloom|Ayina-e-Darul Uloom]]''.<ref name="qaumitanzeem">{{Cite journal|last=Qasmi|first='Ain al-Haq Amini|title=Khalid Nimvi: Harf Harf Roshni|journal=Qaumi Tanzeem|location=[[Patna]]|date=2 September 2020|volume=60|issue=141|page=10|language=ur}}</ref>

He has authored articles on jurisprudence, Islamic history, and socio-religious topics. Some of his notable essays discuss legal issues such as annulment of marriage due to discord (''Shiqāq Bain al-Zawjain''), modern issues in fasting, and the status of currency notes in Islamic law.<ref name="qaumitanzeem"/>

His published books include:
* ''Khawateen ki Azmat aur unke Huqooq Islam ki Nazar mein'' (Women’s Rights in Islam), published by the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]<ref name="aimplb">{{Cite web|url=https://aimplboard.org/urdu/publications.html|title=Fahrist-e-Matbu'āt Board|trans-title=List of Board Publications|publisher=[[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]|language=ur}}</ref>
* ''Ahadith al-Nawahi''
* ''Jamhuri Nizam mein Intikhabat se Mutalliq Masa'il'' (Elections in a Democratic System: Shari‘ah Perspectives)
* ''Tafsir wa Usool al-Tafsir: Ek Ta'aruf'' (Introduction to Tafsir and its Principles)
* ''Tadrees mein Tasheel aur Asbab ka Istemaal'' (Facilitating Education and Use of Tools)<ref name="qaumitanzeem"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Mohammad Khalid Hussain}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:People from Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]

Josh (app)

2026-03-14T04:11:00Z

LizetteGoble:

{{Short description|Indian social media service}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox software
| title = Josh
| name = Josh
| logo =
| logo_size =
| screenshot =
| screenshot size =
| collapsible = no
| caption =
| author =
| developer = VerSe Innovation Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|9}}
| discontinued = No
| ver layout = stacked
*[[iOS]]
*[[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| operating system = {{plainlist|
*[[iOS]]
*[[Android (operating system)|Android]]}}
| size = {{plainlist|
*124.3 [[Megabyte|MB]] ([[iOS]])
*Varies with device ([[Android (operating system)|Android]])}}
| language = {{hlist|
[[Hindi]]| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]| [[Kannada]]| [[Malayalam]]| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]| [[Odia language|Odia]]| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]| [[English language|English]]}}
| language count = 12
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Social Media]]
*[[Video sharing]]
}}
| licence = [[Freeware]]
| website = {{URL|https://myjosh.in/}}
}}

'''Josh''' (stylized as '''JOSH''') was a video-sharing social networking service but it has since evolved into a live call and chat application owned by VerSe Innovation – an Indian technology company based in [[Bangalore]], [[India]].<ref name="2022 Funding">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=Dailyhunt and Josh apps parent firm raises $805 million at $5 billion valuation |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/05/dailyhunt-and-josh-apps-parent-firm-raises-805-million-at-5-billion-valuation/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Josh was an Indian short video app that was launched in immediately after the [[Restrictions on TikTok|Indian Government banned TikTok]] and other Chinese apps in June 2020.<ref name="TikTok Ban">{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Saritha |title=Short video app Josh, born after India's TikTok ban, gets over Rs 6,000 crore funding |url=https://theprint.in/economy/short-video-app-josh-born-after-indias-tiktok-ban-gets-over-rs-6000-crore-funding/904839/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[The Print]] |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> The founders of the platform have promoted the app as the “[[Instagram]] for Bharat” referring to their focus on the Indian audience that speaks its own regional and state languages.<ref name="Founders Interview">{{cite news |last1=MOORTHY |first1= SWATHI| last2=SRIKANTH | first2=CHANDRA R |title=My competition is with users' time spent on mobile phones: DailyHunt founder Virendra Gupta |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/my-competition-is-with-users-time-spent-on-mobile-phones-dailyhunt-founder-virendra-gupta-8321841.html |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=MoneyControl |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Josh was among the top 10 most downloaded apps social and entertainment apps in India of 2021 and had 150 million monthly active users as per April 2022.<ref name="2022 Funding" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sekhose |first1= Marcia |title=India accounts for the highest number of social app downloads globally: App Annie |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/mx-takatak-instagram-josh-moj-and-snapchat-are-most-downloaded-social-and-entertainment-apps-in-india-as-per-app-annie/articleshow/86003516.cms |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

The word 'Josh' translates to fervour or passion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1= Saritha |title=India's TikTok Alternative Thrives After Ban on Chinese Apps|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-13/josh-app-surges-in-india-as-tiktok-replacement |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=14 April 2022}}</ref> The app was launched under the aegis of the [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] campaign and to compete with the duopoly of Google and Facebook in India.<ref name="Founders Interview 2" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1= Simran |title=DailyHunt launches Josh app with push for Aatmanirbhar Bharat |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/dailyhunt-launches-josh-app-with-push-for-aatmanirbhar-bharat-3146379.html |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=[[One India]] |date=9 September 2020}}</ref> Josh's parent company VerSe Innovations Pvt. Ltd. owns another startup [[Dailyhunt]], which a content and news aggregator application. Both Dailyhunt and Josh are a part of the VerSe's focus on the "next billion" regional language users of India.<ref name="TikTok Ban" /> Founders Virendra Gupta and Umang Bedi conceptualised Josh as a short-video platform that made content creation accessible to vernacular language users, essentially the non-English speaking audience in India.<ref name="Founders Interview 2">{{cite news |last1=Sridhar |first1= Vijayalakshmi |title="Kept growing the core business"|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/kept-growing-the-core-business/106024 |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Fortune India]] |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="DH Launches Josh">{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1= Soumya |title=Dailyhunt Launches 'JOSH' App: Creator-First, Consumer-Focused And Content-Forward|url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Dailyhunt-launches-JOSH-app-Creator-first-consumer-focused-and-content-forward/11-09-2020-318555/ |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=[[Business World]] |date=10 September 2020}}</ref>

== Features ==
Josh is currently available in 12 Indian languages and allows users to upload, share, remix bite-sized videos of up to 120 seconds. There are various categories across the video section including viral, trending, glamour, dance, devotion, yoga and cooking among others. Similar to [[Instagram]] and [[TikTok]], it has a video feed which is curated for individuals on the basis of their app behaviour. The app hosts many daily, weekly and monthly social media challenges.<ref name="DH Launches Josh" />

== Funding ==
In December 2020, within 3 months of its launch, Josh's parent app VerSe Innovation raised more than $100 million from investors including [[Alphabet Inc]]'s [[Google]] and [[Microsoft]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravikumar |first1= Sachin |last2=Aich |first2=Rashmi |title=Indian TikTok clone gets Google, Microsoft backing in $100 mln fund raise|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/indian-tiktok-clone-gets-google-microsoft-backing-100-mln-fund-raise-2020-12-22/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=22 December 2020}}</ref> In February 2021, VerSe Innovation raised $100 million in Series H funding from [[Qatar Investment Authority]], the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar, and Glade Brook Capital Partners.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahaskar |first1= Abhijit |title=Dailyhunt, Josh creators raise $100 million in series H funding |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/dailyhunt-josh-creators-raise-100-million-in-series-h-funding-11612764607918.html |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=8 February 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, VerSe raised over $450 million in its Series I financing round with a valuation of $1 billion. Investors included [[Canada Pension Plan Investment Board]] (CPPIB), Siguler Guff, [[Baillie Gifford]], Carlyle Asia Partners Growth II affiliates, and others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=Dailyhunt, Josh parent raises $450 million at nearly $3 billion valuation |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/dailyhunt-josh-parent-raises-450-million-at-nearly-3-billion-valuation-11628747700125.html |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The startup announced its plan to expand overseas and broaden its ecommerce play for both [[Dailyhunt]] and Josh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramaniam |first1=Nikhil |title=VerSe Innovation Raises $450 Mn; Eyes Global Push For DailyHunt, Josh |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/verse-innovation-raises-450-mn-eyes-global-push-for-dailyhunt-josh/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[inc42]] |date=12 August 2021}}</ref> In April 2022, VerSe announced that it has raised $805 million in funding from investors at a valuation of nearly $5 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DailyHunt & Josh Parent Co To Raise $805mn – StartUp Central|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/et-now/shows/dailyhunt-josh-parent-co-to-raise-805mn-startup-central-video-90689497|work=[[Times Now]]| date= 7 April 2022}}</ref>
ByteDance Offloads Stake In Josh Parent VerSe, Exits At 56% Discount <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thathoo |first=Chetan |date=June 4, 2022 |title=ByteDance Offloads Stake In Josh Parent VerSe, Exits At A Discount Of 56% |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/bytedance-offloads-stake-in-josh-parent-verse-exits-at-a-discount-of-56/ |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

== Partnerships ==
In February 2021, [[Saregama]] and Josh signed a music licensing deal, wherein Josh expanded its musical library with 1.3 lakh songs from Saregama in 25 different languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Josh app expands its musical library with 1.3 lakh songs from Saregama in 25 different languages|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/josh-app-expands-its-musical-library-with-1-3-lakh-songs-from-saregama-in-25-different-languages/articleshow/80647880.cms|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

To improve their user experience, Josh partnered with computer vision company D-ID in August 2021. The company helped Josh introduce photo-to-video features, live portrait technology, animate their photos etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Josh joins hands with D-ID to bring new feature to the platform |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/josh-joins-hands-with-d-id-to-bring-new-feature-on-the-platform/2305758/ |access-date=9 April 2022| work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]| date=6 August 2021}}</ref>

In order to solidify their efforts in enhancing Josh, VerSe acquired Indian social networking platform GolBol in October 2021. The move came as an effort by the startup to strengthen their discovery initiatives on the platform and classify content at scale and understand the core behaviour of Indian regional audiences.<ref>{{Cite news| last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=VerSe acquires GolBol in bid to enhance Josh|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/verse-innovation-acquires-social-networking-app-golbol-11634115904260.html|work=[[LiveMint]]| date= 13 October 2021}}</ref>

Josh has also announced its plans to include live commerce as a potential revenue stream through its partnership with multiple large e-commerce players.<ref>{{Cite news| last1=Moorthy |first1=Swathi |title=Exclusive: Dailyhunt's short video app Josh readies live commerce feature, partners with e-commerce players|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/exclusive-dailyhunts-short-video-app-josh-readies-live-commerce-feature-partners-with-e-commerce-players-8214461.html|work=Money Control| date= 10 March 2022}}</ref>

== Notable campaigns ==
*Say No To Dowry – In association with Josh, the [[Kerala]] Police partook in the #SayNo2Dowry online social media campaign that was started to highlight and stop the [[dowry|social evil]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Kerala Police team up with Josh app for #SayNo2Dowry |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/aug/06/kerala-police-team-up-with-josh-app-for-sayno2dowry-2340757.html |work=[[New Indian Express]]| date= 6 August 2021| access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>
*Salute India – Josh entered the [[Guinness World Records]] by creating the largest online video album of people saluting (29,529). It organised an online campaign #SaluteIndia on the app during the 75th Independence Day of India during 10–15 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Josh creates new Guinness World Record of 'largest online video of people saluting' National Anthem |url=https://www.sify.com/news/josh-creates-new-guinness-world-record-of-largest-online-video-of-people-saluting-national-anthem-news-national-vjyn4tgccahga.html |work=[[Sify]]| date= 24 September 2021| access-date=9 April 2022}}{{dead link|date=October 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dailyhunt]]
*[[Roposo]]
*[[Likee]]
*[[Koo (social network)|Koo]]
*[[TikTok]]
*[[Triller (app)|Triller]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Social networking services]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mobile applications]]

Adam in Islam

2026-03-13T07:04:49Z

LizetteGoble: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|First man and Prophet in Islam}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = [[Adam|Ādam]]
| honorific prefix = [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]
| honorific suffix = [[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]]
| office1 = [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet of Islam]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Seth#Islam|Sheth]]
| native name = آدم
| native name lang = ar
| image = [[File:Adam and Hawwa being expelled from Paradise.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Adam and Hawwa being nakedly expelled from the Garden.
| spouse = [[Eve in Islam|Ḥawwāʾ]]
| children = [[Cain and Abel in Islam|Qābīl and Hābīl]], [[Seth#Islam|Sheth]], [[ʿAnāq (daughter of Adam)|ʿAnāq]]
| known_for = *First human being
*First settler on Earth
*Father of humanity
*First [[Muslim]]
*[[Khalifa]]
}}
{{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}}
'''Adam''' ({{langx|ar|آدم|ʾĀdam}}), in [[Islamic theology]], is believed to have been the [[List of protoplasts|first]] [[human being]] on Earth and the first [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet]] ({{langx|ar|نبي}}, ''nabī'') of [[Islam]]. Adam's role as the father of the human race is looked upon by Muslims with reverence. Muslims also refer to his wife, ''Ḥawwāʾ'' ({{langx|ar|حَوَّاء}}, [[Eve in Islam|Eve]]), as the "mother of mankind".<ref>''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', Wheeler, ''Adam and Eve''</ref> Muslims see Adam as the first [[Muslim]], as the [[Quran]] states that all the Prophets preached the same faith of Islam ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=submission to God}}).<ref>''Concise Encyclopedia of Islam'', C. Glasse,
Aadam = Adam = Man = Mankind = Early humans. His wife = Woman = Allegorically, early women. Udma = Ability to live together as a community. Aadam from Udma thus, indicates humankind. The word 'Eve' or 'Hawwa' is not mentioned in the Quran. She is described with dignity as Mer’a-til-Aadam = Wife of Adam = Mrs. Adam.</ref>

According to Islamic belief, Adam was created from the material of the earth and brought to life by God. God placed Adam in a paradisical Garden. After Adam sinned by eating from the forbidden tree (Tree of Immortality) after God forbade him from doing so, paradise was declined to him and he was sent down to live on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Prophet Adam (as) |url=https://myislam.org/prophet-adam/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=My Islam |language=en-US}}</ref> The ''[[Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ]]'' ({{Langx|ar|قصص الأنبياء|lit=Tales of the Prophets}}) adds that Adam and ''Ḥawwāʾ'', when cast out of paradise, were cast down far apart and eventually met each other at [[Mount Arafat]].<ref name=wheeler /> Mankind would have learned planting, harvesting, baking, repenting from Adam.<ref name="wheeler" />

The Quranic story of Adam is seen as both literal as well as an [[allegory]] for human relationship towards God. Islam does not necessarily adhere to [[young Earth creationism]], and most Muslims believe that life on Earth predates Adam. Adam does not feature as a prophet or a male human being only, but also encapsulates the idea of an ideal human archetype.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Shari'a: History, Ethics and Law |year=2018 |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=91 |isbn=978-1-78831-316-2 }}</ref>

== Quranic narrative ==
{{See also|Biblical narratives in the Quran}}[[File:British Library, Oriental 11837, fol 9v All angels prostrate before Adam, except Iblis.jpg|thumb|All angels prostrate before Adam, except Iblis (top-right corner).]]
The [[Quran]] describes Adam in two different scenarios.<ref>Eichler, Paul Arno. "Die Dschinn, Teufel und Engel im Koran." (1928).</ref> In the first, Adam is created in heaven and the angels are commanded to prostrate themselves before him by [[God in Islam|God]]. In the second scenario, Adam dwells in a [[Garden of Eden|paradisical Garden]] with his wife identified as ''[[Eve|Ḥawwāʾ]]'' in Islamic tradition.<ref name=wheeler>{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Brannon M.|title=Introduction to the Quran: stories of the prophets|year=2001|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|isbn=0-8264-4957-3}}</ref> The Quran usually mentions God creating Adam from "earth" or "clay" ({{Transliteration|ar|ṭīn}},{{sfn|Reynolds|2018|pp=220, 352}} although one verse suggests "dust" or "dirt" ({{Transliteration|ar|turāb}})){{sfn|Reynolds|2018|pp=125, 220}}<ref>[[Q3:59]] {{cite Quran|3|59}}</ref> and breathing His own spirit into him,{{sfn|Reynolds|2018|p=407}} then depicts the angels as doubting the creation of Adam;{{sfn|Reynolds|2018|p=35}}{{cite Quran|2|30}}

<blockquote>When your Lord said to the angels, "I am indeed going to set a viceroy on the earth," they said, "Will You set in it someone who will cause corruption in it and shed blood, while we celebrate Your praise and proclaim Your sanctity?" He said, "Indeed, I know what you do not know."
</blockquote>

The Quranic narrative continues that God "taught Adam the Names, all of them," and that Adam presented the names to the angels,{{sfn|Reynolds|2018|p=36}}{{cite Quran|2|31}} God then commands the angels to bow down to Adam, but [[Iblis]] refuses, saying that he is better than Adam because he was created from fire and Adam from clay.{{sfn|Reynolds|2018|p=251}}

The creation of Eve is not specified in the Quran, but several verses imply the traditional Genesis account by stating "created you [humanity] from a single soul, and created its mate from it".{{sfn|Reynolds|2018|p=152}}{{cite Quran|4|1}} In the Quran, God then tells Adam and his unnamed wife to live in paradise but not to approach a certain tree, which Satan calls the "tree of immortality".{{sfn|Reynolds|2018|p=502}} In the story of the Garden, God tells Adam and ''Ḥawwāʾ'' that they are not allowed to consume the fruit of the "tree of immortality" (which Islamic tradition identifies with [[wheat]]).<ref>Moreen, Vera B. "The Legend of Adam in the Judeo-Persian Epic" Bereshit [Nāmah]"(14th Century)." Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. American Academy of Jewish Research, 1990.</ref> By promising immortality and "a kingdom that never decays", the [[Iblis]] (later equated with the {{Langx|ar|شَيْطَان|translit=šayṭān}}) convinced them to taste it nonetheless:<ref>Baeq, Daniel Shinjong. "Intertextuality of Adamic Narratives in the Qur’ān and the Bible." Prophets in the Qur'ān and the Bible (2022): 39.</ref> "He said, "Your Lord has forbidden this tree to you only to prevent you from becoming angels or immortals."" (7:21) Whereupon Adam and his wife are sent to earth, condemned to "live and die", but God is willing to forgive them.<ref>Stieglecker, H. (1962). Die Glaubenslehren des Islam. Deutschland: F. Schöningh.</ref>

== Theological and mystical interpretations ==
Since God has forgiven Adam's transgression, humans are not viewed as inherently sinful or in need of redemption. Instead, Adam (or humanity) is viewed as being created from a relationship to God through learning and development.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khodayarifard |first1=Mohammad |first2=Bagher |last2=Ghobari-Bonab |first3=Saeed |last3=Akbari-Zardkhaneh |first4=Saeid |last4=Zandi |display-authors=1 |title=Positive psychology from Islamic perspective |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=29–34 |doi= |url=https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67938.html }}</ref> The story of Adam's creation evokes the idea of Adam as the "[[Adam Kadmon|Primordial Man]]" to whom the angels need to prostrate themselves as a sign of respect. In a comment on [[Tafsir al-Baydawi]], [[Gibril Haddad]] explains "he is also an archetype for the Attributes of Allah Most High such as His life, knowledge and power, although an incomplete one." All angels bowed down, except [[Iblis]] ({{Langx|ar|إِبْلِيسْ|translit=Iblīs}}), and he is cast down from heaven and becomes the enemy of Adam and his offspring.<ref>Baeq, Daniel Shinjong. "Intertextuality of Adamic Narratives in the Qur’ān and the Bible." Prophets in the Qur'ān and the Bible (2022): 40.</ref>

[[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi|Suhrawardi]] ({{Circa|1145}} – 1234) discusses the nature of human's soul as a mixture between ''Adam'' and ''Hawwa''; ''Adam'' referring to the heavenly attributes and ''Hawwa'' to earthly animalistic passion. Through a mixture of both, the [[nafs|human soul]] ({{Langx|ar|نَفْس|lit=self|translit=nafs}}) is fashioned and becomes a personal animal soul. He based his anthropology on Quranic verses such as "He who has created you [all] out of one living entity, and out of it brought into being its mate, so that man might incline [with love] towards the woman" ([[Al-A'raf|7:189]]).

According to ''[[Tafsir al-Baydawi]]'' (d.1319), Adam might stand for an original pattern for all of the spiritual and the corporeal existence or serving as a way for angels to obtain their allotted perfections by submitting to God's command to prostrate before him.<ref name="Baydawi-2016">{{cite book |translator-first=Gibril Fouad |translator-last=Haddad |author=ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUmar al-Baydawi |date=2016 |title=The Lights Of Revelation And The Secrets Of Interpretation |publisher=Beacon Books and Media Limited |isbn=978-0-992-63357-8 }}</ref>{{rp|p=508}} [[Ibn Arabi]] explains that only Adam can comprehend all the names of God, thereby referring to the perfected heavenly Adam as a reflection of God's names.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobie |first=R. J. |year=2010 |title=Logos and Revelation: Ibn 'Arabi, Meister Eckhart, and Mystical Hermeneutics |location= |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |isbn=978-0-8132-1677-5 }}</ref> When Iblis failed to submit to God's command, he attributed injustice to the [[Haqq|reality]] ({{Langx|ar|ٱلْحَقُّ|translit=al-haqq}}).<ref name="Sharpe">{{cite thesis |last=Sharpe |first=Elizabeth Marie |title=Into the realm of smokeless fire: (Qur'an 55:14): A critical translation of al-Damiri's article on the jinn from "[[Hayat al-Hayawan al-Kubra]]" |publisher=University of Arizona |year=1992 |type=Master's thesis |hdl=10150/291386 }}</ref>

=== Adam versus angels ===
[[File:Paris BnF Supplément Persan 1559 fol 10v All angels except Iblis bow to Adam uncropped.jpg|left|thumb|Islamic illustration of all angels except Iblis bowing to Adam from a 1575 Shiraz manuscript]]
The story of angels prostrating before Adam gave rise to various debates about whether humans or angels rank higher. Angels bowing down before Adam is mentioned as evidence for human superiority over the angels. Others hold that the prostration does not imply such a thing, but was merely a command or test for the angels.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chipman |first=Leigh |title=Adam and the Angels: An examination of mythic elements in Islamic sources |journal=Arabica |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=2002 |pages=429–455 |doi=10.1163/15700580260375407 }}</ref> A position, especially found among [[Mu'tazilites]] and some [[Asharites]], holds that angels are superior due to their lack of urges and desires.<ref name="houtsma 191">{{cite book |first1=M. Th. |last1=Houtsma |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |volume=5 |publisher=Brill |date=1993 |isbn=978-9-004-09791-9 |page=191}}</ref> [[Maturidism]] generally does not regard any of these creatures is superior to the other, and that angels' and prophets' obedience derive from their virtues and insights to God's action, but not as their original purity.<ref name="ISBN_9789004100237_p54-56">{{cite book |first=Ulrich |last=Rudolph |title=Al-Māturīdī und Die Sunnitische Theologie in Samarkand |language=de |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |isbn=90-04-10023-7 |pages=54–56 }}</ref>

In the Quranic version of Adam's fall, Satan tempted them with the promise to become immortal angels. [[Al-Qushayri]] comments on 7:20, that Adam's fall is for his wish to be like an angel, while angels' fall is because when they desired to be like human. Adam desired an angelic state of no passion and avoiding the fate of death, while [[Harut and Marut]] desired the freedom of choice and to rejoice in extravagance.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Gallorini |first=Louise |title=The Symbolic Function of Angels in the Qurʾān and Sufi Literature |year=2021 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=American University of Beirut |hdl=10938/22446 }}</ref>

=== {{Lang|ar-latn|‘Iṣmah}} ===
Muslim scholars can be divided into two groups regarding Adam's infallibility ({{Langx|ar|عِصْمَة|translit='Ismah}}): One argues that Adam only became a prophet after he was cast out of paradise. They adhere to the doctrine that {{Lang|ar-latn|‘iṣmah}} only applies to prophets after they were sent to a mission. But since there was no population to whom Adam could have been sent, he could not have been a prophet and therefore ''{{Lang|ar-latn|‘iṣmah}}'' did not apply until he left paradise.<ref name=dogma>{{rp|p=194}} Stieglecker, H. (1962). Die Glaubenslehren des Islam. Deutschland: F. Schöningh. p. 194 (German)</ref> These arguments are, however, rejected by those who argue that prophethood does not start with preaching God's word and instead begins at birth itself. According to the second point of view, Adam was predestined by God to eat from the forbidden tree because God planned to set Adam and his progeny on earth from the beginning and thus installed Adam's fall.<ref name=dogma />{{rp|p=194}} In that regard, Adam would not have truly disobeyed, but acted in accordance with God's will to his best ability. For that reason, many Muslim exegetes do not regard [[Fall of man|Adam and Eve's expulsion from paradise]] as punishment for disobedience or a result from abused free will on their part,<ref name="Lange-2016">{{cite book |last= Lange|first= Christian|author-link= |date= 2016|title= Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions|url= |location= Cambridge United Kingdom|publisher= Cambridge University Press|page= |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3}}</ref>{{rp|p=171}} but as part of [[Hikmah|God's wisdom]] ({{Langx|ar|حكمة|translit=hikmah}}) and plan for humanity to experience the full range of his attributes, his love, forgiveness, and power to his creation.<ref name="Lange-2016"/> By their former abode in paradise, they can hope for return during their life-time.

Some Muslim scholars view Adam as an image for his descendants: humans sin, become aware of it, repent ({{Langx|ar|توبة|translit=tawbah}}), and find their way back to God. Adam embodies humanity and his fall shows humans how to act when they sin.<ref name=dogma />{{rp|p=194}} Unlike Iblis (Satan), Adam asked for forgiveness for his transgression.<ref>Latif, Amer. Quranic narrative and Sufi hermeneutics: Rūmī's interpretations of Pharaoh's character. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2009.</ref>

==Genealogy of Adam==
[[File:Muhammad 3.jpg|thumb|Adam and Eve with their thirteen twin children, miniature from ''Zubdat al-Tawarikh''. As the text indicates, all of Adam's children were twins and each son had to marry the twin sister of a brother. Abel was asked by his father to wed Cain's twin sister, who happened to be the most beautiful, and thus Cain wanted to keep her. This is how the dispute started between the two brothers. Islamic artists, when illustrating the story of Adam and Eve, usually showed the couple in paradise but never placed them with their children, nor represented this version of the dispute between Cain and Abel.]]
[[Al-Tabari|Ibn Jarir at-Tabari]] reported that Hawwa’ bore Adam 120 sets of twins. The first of them were Qabil and his twin sister Qalima, and the last of them was ‘Abd al-Mughith and his twin sister Amat al-Mughith. [[Ibn Ishaq]] meanwhile was quoted as saying Hawwa’ bore Adam a total of 40 children, male and female, in sets of twins from 20 pregnancies. And he said: The names of some of them have come down to us, and the names of others have not."<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Tabari |first=Muhammad |title=[[History of the Prophets and Kings|Tarikh at-Tabari]]: Tarikh al-Umam wa'l-Muluk |pages=1/98}}</ref>

Islamic scholar [[Sayyid Mumtaz Ali]], while commenting on whether Adam or Eve was made first, says that "the fact that Adam was created first is nothing but childish. To begin with, we are tempted to assert that this is so because it was not acceptable to God that a woman is left without a companion for even a second. Therefore, it is for her sake that he created Adam first. But as a matter of fact, the belief that Adam was created first and then came Eve is part of the Christian and Jewish faith. This is not at all part of the Islamic creed. There is no mention in the Quran about who was created first, Adam or Eve."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deobandi |first1=Sayyid Mumtaz Ali |author-link1=Sayyid Mumtaz Ali |title=Huquq-e-Niswan |publisher=Rifah-e-Aam Press |location=[[Lahore]] |pages=21–22 |edition=1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/HuqooqENiswan |access-date=22 August 2020 |language=ur |quote=Adapted from [[Javed Anand]]'s translation to the piece| chapter-url=https://www.sabrang.com/cc/archive/2009/oct09/cover1.html| chapter=The Supremacy Myth |year=1898 }}</ref>

== Creation myth comparison of Adam ==
[[Hadith|''Hadīths'']], incorporated in both ''[[tafsīr]]'' and [[Qisas al-Anbiya|''qaṣaṣ ul-anbiyāʾ'']], offer detailed descriptions about the creation of Adam. Although they vary in detail, the following components are essential:<ref name="Chipman 2001">Chipman, Leigh NB. "Mythic Aspects of the Process of Adam's Creation in Judaism and Islam." Studia Islamica (2001): 5-25.</ref>
# God orders the angels to collect dust from the earth to create Adam.
# Dust is taken from various places, influencing Adam's descendants.
# Mythological meaning behind the name of the first human
# Adam lies immobile for forty years and Adam hastily tries to rise up unable to do so.
# Adam sneezes and says ''al-hamdu li-allah'' ({{Langx|ar|ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ|lit=All praise is for Allah}})
Some of these components appear in both [[Judeo-Islamic|Jewish and Islamic traditions alike]]. The idea that God orders angels to collect dust from earth is, however, unique to Islam. It is only later adapted in the ''[[Chronicles of Jerahmeel]]''.<ref name="Chipman 2001"/> Islam usually has [[Azrael]] being successful, taking the earth despite earth's pleads not to do so. For his merciless withstanding, he earns his position as the angel of death. This further shows that life and death are intertwined.<ref name="Chipman 2001"/> Only in one brief reference by al-Tabari, it is Iblis, not Azrael who collects dust from earth, leading to his claim to be superior.<ref name="Chipman 2001"/>

Both Jewish and Muslim sources agree that dust for the creation of Adam's body was taken from the entire world, and often a specific sacred place. However, they differ in regards the identity of the sacred places and the meaning of the gathering of dust from the world.<ref name="Chipman 2001"/> While Jewish tradition identifies sacred places from Israel or the altar of the Temple, Muslim sources identify the place with Mecca or the [[Ka'aba]].<ref name="Chipman 2001"/> According to the Muslim interpretation, dust collected from all around the earth explains the differences among humankind, such as skin-color, but insist that humanity as a whole is united and stems from the ancestry of Adam.<ref name="Chipman 2001"/>

== Modern debates and discussions ==
[[File:Spencer Coll. Persian MS. 46 fol 9v Adam and Hawwa enthroned.jpg|left|thumb|Drawing on the theological significance of Adam's relation to God he and his consort are at times depicted as rulers of the Garden in Islamic art]]
It is evident from the Quran that Adam was the father of contemporary humanity.<ref name=dogma />{{rp|p=21}} The conflict between the literal reading of the story and positive scientific branches such as [[human evolution]] and [[paleoanthropology]] caused great turmoil and debate in the Islamic world,{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} and ways of escaping from the visible and rigid understanding were sought.{{refn|group=note|Some [[hadith]]s mentions Adam's resemblance, the height and the plan with which he created; "Allah the exalted and Glorius, created Adam in his image with his {{sic|?|lenght}} of sixty cubits (30-35 m) tall."<ref>https://sunnah.com/search?q=allah+created+adam+in+his+image</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kizil | first1=Fatma | title=The Height of Prophet Adam: At the Crossroads of Science & Scrpiture | journal=İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi | date=2023 | pages=1–7 | doi=10.26570/isad.1325141 | url=https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1325141 | doi-access=free }}</ref>}}

According to some views, God created an Adam thirty times, every 1000 years. After the downfall of each humanity, God left the world uninhabited for 50,000 years, then 50,000 inhabited, and then a new Adam was created.<ref name=dogma />{{rp|p=195}} Unlike many Shiite scholars<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kocsenda |first=Karim Gabor |date=2022-06-02 |title=SHĪʿĪ READINGS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION: ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ TO ḤAYDARĪ |url=https://www.zygonjournal.org/article/id/14830/ |journal=Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |page=420 |doi=10.1111/zygo.12781 |issn=1467-9744}}</ref> the majority of Sunni scholars, however, reject this opinion, but they agree that the [[jinn]] and animals have lived on earth before. According to the ''[[Majallat Al Azhar]]'', nowhere within Islamic texts is it prescribed how long humans existed and every Muslim is free to think that is right, and that the notion of a young earth derives from biblical reports ({{Lang|ar-latn|Israʼiliyyat}}).<ref name=dogma />{{rp|p=196}} [[Süleyman Ateş]] used Quranic verses to disprove creationist interpretations of the Adam narrative.<ref>Kaya, Veysel. "Can the Quran support Darwin? an evolutionist approach by two Turkish scholars after the foundation of the Turkish Republic." The Muslim World 102.2 (2012): 357-370.</ref>

In the [[Persianate world]] and Shiite circles more broadly debates around evolution and [[young earth creationism]] began in the 1880s and have since then led to a variety of scholarly positions on the question of life before Adam and evolution. Notable scholarly support for strict creationism comes from scholars such as [[Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]] and [[Hossein Nasr]], while support for a rejection of young earth creationism and support for scientific evolution comes from scholars such as [[Yadollah Sahabi]]. There exists a broad spectrum of Shiite positions in between these two extremes from support for [[Lamarckism]] to human exceptionalism—seeing non-human life as evolved but human life as created—and Adamic exceptionalism seeing all life except Adam as evolved. Scholars championing these different positions commonly stress that none of these readings are implied by the Quran or that divergence from them is necessarily heretical.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kocsenda |first=Karim Gabor |date=2022-06-02 |title=SHĪʿĪ READINGS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION: ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ TO ḤAYDARĪ |url=https://www.zygonjournal.org/article/id/14830/ |journal=Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science |language=en|volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=419-421, 425-426, 437 |doi=10.1111/zygo.12781 |issn=1467-9744}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Adam Kadmon]]
* [[Adam's Peak]]
* [[Legends and the Quran]]
* [[Muhammad in Islam]]
* [[Prophets of Islam]]
* ''[[Stories of The Prophets]]''

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Bibliography==

===Quran references===
*Creation of Adam, the command to the angels to prostrate while Iblis' refusal being a jinn, Adam’s fall after Satan’s temptation, his repentance and guidance from God, honour and dignity granted to humanity and divine commandments: [https://quran.com/al-baqarah/30-39 2:30-39], [https://quran.com/al-araf/11-35 7:11-35], [https://quran.com/al-isra/61-70 17:61-70], [https://quran.com/al-kahf/50-51 18:50-51], [https://quran.com/taha/115-126 20:115-126], [https://quran.com/ya-sin/60-61 36:60-61]
*God chose Adam, Noah, the family of Abraham, and the family of Imran above others of their time and Adam being among the prophets favoured and guided by God: [https://quran.com/ali-imran/33 3:33], [https://quran.com/maryam/58 19:58]
*Comparison between the creation of Jesus to that of Adam: [https://quran.com/ali-imran/59 3:59]
*Adam's son Cain killing his brother Abel: [https://quran.com/al-maidah/27-31 5:27–31]
*Humanity's primordial covenant acknowledging God as their Lord: [https://quran.com/al-araf/172-173 7:172–173]
*Humanity created from a single soul and its mate: [https://quran.com/al-araf/189 7:189]

===Others===
* {{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Gabriel Said|year=2018|title=The Qurʾān and the Bible: Text and Commentary | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFNPtAEACAAJ | publisher=Yale University Press | isbn = 978-0-300-18132-6 | access-date=August 19, 2020}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.omeriqbal.com/a/54 Islamic Concept of Adam's Creation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618145328/http://www.omeriqbal.com/a/54 |date=2012-06-18 }}

{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}
{{Qur'anic people}}
{{Adam and Eve}}
{{Adam to Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adam and Eve]]
[[Category:Prophets of the Quran]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible prophets of the Quran]]

Parmeet Sethi

2026-03-11T00:26:38Z

LizetteGoble: further expand citations for accuracy and updated info

{{short description|Indian actor and filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parmeet Sethi
| image = Parmeet sethi.jpg
| caption = Sethi in 2009
| birth_date = 11 December <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/archana-puran-singhs-special-gift-to-hubby-parmeet-sethi-on-his-birthday-check-out-her-post/articleshow/79676391.cms |title=Archana Puran Singh's special gift to hubby Parmeet Sethi on his birthday |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=Times of India |date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/archana-puran-singhs-special-gift-to-hubby-parmeet-sethi-on-his-birthday-check-out-her-post/articleshow/79676391.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Archana Puran Singh]] |30 June 1992}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Niki Aneja Walia]] (cousin)
| years_active = 1995–present
}}

'''Parmeet Sethi''' is an Indian actor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Juhi |date=31 October 2020 |title=Parmeet Sethi: I may not have been the number one actor but have no regrets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/parmeet-sethi-i-may-not-have-been-the-number-one-actor-in-bollywood-but-i-have-no-regrets/story-FcGdCrePtON0OwM0UCrHsJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011819/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/parmeet-sethi-i-may-not-have-been-the-number-one-actor-in-bollywood-but-i-have-no-regrets/story-FcGdCrePtON0OwM0UCrHsJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He is best known for portraying Kuljeet Singh in his debut in [[Aditya Chopra]]'s directorial debut ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995).<ref>{{cite news |title=DDLJ turns 25: Parmeet Sethi recalls how SRK insisted on climax fight scene |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ddlj-turns-25-parmeet-sethi-recalls-srk-insisted-climax-fight-scene-1502930647.html |work=The Statesman |agency=IANS |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327125902/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ddlj-turns-25-parmeet-sethi-recalls-srk-insisted-climax-fight-scene-1502930647.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sethi has also acted in films such as ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' (2000), ''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]'' (2002), ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]'' (2006), ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015), ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' (2016), ''[[Laila Majnu]]'' (2018) and ''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/parmeet-sethi/9568/filmography|title=Parmeet Sethi filmography|website=Book My Show|accessdate=19 April 2020|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115174241/https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/parmeet-sethi/9568/filmography|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from films, he is also active in television shows and has appeared in ''[[Dastaan (1995 TV series)|Dastaan]]'' (1995–1996) and ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' (2003–2006), ''Detective Omkar Nath'' (2006), ''[[Sujata (TV series)|Sujata]]'' (2008), ''[[Pehredaar Piya Ki]]'' (2017), ''[[My Name Ijj Lakhan]]'' (2019), ''[[Special OPS]]'' (2020) and '' [[Hundred (Indian TV series)|Hundred]] '' (2020).

He made his directorial debut with ''[[Badmaash Company]]'' (2010) which earned him a nomination for the Best Debutante Director at [[Zee Cine Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-parmeet-sethi-gets-candid-with-fans/20100507.htm|title=It's very difficult to compare Badmaash Company to any film says Parmeet Sethi|website=Rediff.com|date=7 May 2010|accessdate=6 October 2013|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705045251/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-parmeet-sethi-gets-candid-with-fans/20100507.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Sethi married actress [[Archana Puran Singh]] on 30 June 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo|title= Parmeet Sethi-Archana Puran Singh: Their love story will give you relationship goals|website= Mid Day India|date= 14 October 2020|access-date= 10 November 2021|archive-date= 10 November 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211110052637/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo|url-status= live}}</ref> He is seven years younger than his wife Archana.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xqQboRDmQA |title=AAAP Ka Parivaar Ka Har Kadam Par Ek Kissa — Saanp Seedhi Special {{!}} @ArchanaPuranSingh_Official |date=13 January 2025 |last=Archana Puran Singh |access-date=17 September 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> They have two sons.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 June 2021|title=Archana Puran Singh says her elder son has given 'many auditions': 'He is struggling to get good work'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/archana-puran-singh-says-her-elder-son-has-given-many-auditions-he-is-struggling-to-get-good-work-101625041722213.html|access-date=14 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630084355/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/archana-puran-singh-says-her-elder-son-has-given-many-auditions-he-is-struggling-to-get-good-work-101625041722213.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the cousin of television actress [[Niki Aneja Walia]].<ref name="siblings">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/siblings.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's Special Report: Sibling revelry |work=Indian Television Dot Com |access-date=8 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524061711/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/siblings.htm |archive-date=24 May 2010 |url-status=live |date=27 May 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/actor/niki.htm|title='I believe in understanding the heart of the character' : Niki Aneja|date=25 November 2006|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204183151/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/actor/niki.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Oliviera|first=Roshni K. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Niki-is-back/articleshow/4414057.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023185533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-18/tv/28044982_1_astitva-london-saas-bahu-soaps |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=Niki is back! |date=18 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Sethi made his [[Bollywood]] debut in the award-winning film ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995), portraying the role of Kuljeet Singh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=What if Simran married Kuljeet instead of Raj in DDLJ? Parmeet Sethi answers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/what-if-simran-married-kuljeet-instead-of-raj-in-ddlj-parmeet-sethi-answers-6789501/ |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607234911/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/what-if-simran-married-kuljeet-instead-of-raj-in-ddlj-parmeet-sethi-answers-6789501/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-begged-aditya-chopra-to-give-me-a-chance-in-ddlj/20141212.htm|title=I begged Aditya Chopra to give me a chance in DDLJ|author=Sonil Dedhia|website=Rediff|date=12 December 2014|accessdate=18 October 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906023633/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-begged-aditya-chopra-to-give-me-a-chance-in-ddlj/20141212.htm|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> The movie went onto became a commercially and critically acclaimed film.<ref name="salon">{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2004/06/17/ddlj/ |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |last=Taylor, Charles |date=17 June 2004 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906023633/http://www.salon.com/2004/06/17/ddlj/ |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=14 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/movie/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/AA4G6k9 |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge: Critics' Reviews |date=24 October 2011 |publisher=[[MSN]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103221/http://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/movie/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/AA4G6k9 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, he starred in ''[[Diljale]]'' (1996) as Captain Ranveer with [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Sonali Bendre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54497|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725180758/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54497|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 July 2012|title=Diljale|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> He also starred in the critically acclaimed [[Punjabi language]] film ''[[Des Hoyaa Pardes]]'' (2004).<ref name=ti>{{cite news |title='No more romantic leads' |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040211/cth1.htm#3 |newspaper=The Tribune |date=11 February 2004 |access-date=4 June 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318072019/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040211/cth1.htm#3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film won a [[National Film Awards|National Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]].<ref>[[52nd National Film Awards]]</ref>

In 2005, he participated in the first season of [[India]]n television dance reality show '' [[Nach Baliye]] ''with his wife [[Archana Puran Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/16sld3.htm|title=Parmeet Sethi and wife Archana in Nach Baliye Season 1 in 2005|website=Rediff|accessdate=11 November 2016|archive-date=27 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427063427/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/16sld3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Then in 2006, he hosted another television dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' with his wife.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cyril |first1=Grace |title=Archana Puran Singh calls hubby Parmeet her best friend on 29th wedding anniversary. Read |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/archana-puran-singh-calls-hubby-parmeet-her-best-friend-on-29th-wedding-anniversary-read-1821207-2021-06-30 |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=30 June 202 |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301161913/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/archana-puran-singh-calls-hubby-parmeet-her-best-friend-on-29th-wedding-anniversary-read-1821207-2021-06-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, he tried his first directorial venture, [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj's]] ''[[Badmaash Company]]'' starring [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Meiyang Chang]], which was a success at box office earning 530 million [[Indian rupee]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Badmaash Company Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badmaash-company/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=1 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301161914/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badmaash-company/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sethi wrote its entire script with dialogues in just six days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-four-characters-of-badmaash-company-picked-from-real-life/608785/ |title=The four characters of 'Badmaash Company' picked from real life |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=15 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231192259/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-four-characters-of-badmaash-company-picked-from-real-life/608785 |archive-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it a rating of 3 out of 5, saying; "On the whole, ''Badmaash Company'' is a watchable experience for various reasons, the prime reason being it offers solid entertainment, but doesn't insult your intelligence."<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Badmaash Company: Movie Reviews |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14138/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311034320/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14138/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=2 June 2023 }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave the movie 1.5 out of 5 and claimed it to be "outrageously silly".<ref>{{cite web |title=Masand: 'Badmaash Company', outrageously silly |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-badmaash-company-outrageously-silly/114820-8-84.html |publisher=Ibnlive.in |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510055846/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-badmaash-company-outrageously-silly/114820-8-84.html |archive-date=10 May 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref> Gaurav Malani of ''Indiatimes'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 saying "Badmaash Company is a good entertainer. Worth a watch!" and praising Shahid Kapoor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badmaash Company: Movie Review |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Badmaash-Company-Movie-Review/moviereview/5902575.cms |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=7 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510022049/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Badmaash-Company-Movie-Review/moviereview/5902575.cms|archive-date=10 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Komal Nahta]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5, praising the performance of Kapoor and called ''Badmaash Company'' "an entertainer".<ref>{{cite web |title=Komal Nahta's Review: Badmaash Company |date=7 May 2010 |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/movie-review/bollywood-reviews/review-badmaash-company/ |publisher=Koimoi.com |access-date=16 January 2011 |archive-date=15 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215112646/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/movie-review/bollywood-reviews/review-badmaash-company/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''rediff'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars saying Sethi's directorial debut starts out with cocksure confidence and zing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Badmaash Company really THAT bad? |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/10/is-badmaash-company-really-that-bad.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=16 January 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504061900/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/10/is-badmaash-company-really-that-bad.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of the ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, "Indeed, ''Badmaash Company'' does have a bunch of riveting scenes, although the story does follow a very predictable line of crime and punishment/repentance."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=Badmaash Company: Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Badmaash-Company/movie-review/5902462.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=7 May 2010 |date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104103045/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Badmaash-Company/movie-review/5902462.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''DNA'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 saying, "This company is worth keeping."<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: This company is worth keeping |date=8 May 2010 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-this-company-is-worth-keeping_1380402 |publisher=DNA |access-date=8 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510002504/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-this-company-is-worth-keeping_1380402 |archive-date=10 May 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' called it a "staggeringly tedious film" while Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff]]'' said, "There's not a single scene in the film that actually works". Mayank Shekhar of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' criticised the film as half-written; he only liked the film until the interval and gave it 2 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayank Shekhar's Review: Badmaash Company |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Badmaash-Company/Article1-540670.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510002142/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Badmaash-Company/Article1-540670.aspx |archive-date=10 May 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref> The film received an aggregate rating of 4/10 at ''ReviewGang''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reviewgang.com/movies/58-Badmaash-Company-Reviews |title=Badmaash Company Reviews |publisher=Reviewgang.com |access-date=8 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510080811/http://www.reviewgang.com/movies/58-Badmaash-Company-Reviews |archive-date=10 May 2010| url-status= dead}}</ref>

In 2008, after his appearance in the film named ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' (2007),<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Silva |first1=Elvis |title=Some decent Kahaaniyan |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/07dus.htm |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=Rediff.com |date=7 December 2007 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205093316/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/07dus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dus Kahaniyan Movie Review {3.5/5} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dus-kahaniyan/movie-review/2605436.cms |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=The TImes of India |date=6 April 2016}}</ref> he took a break from acting to focus on writing and direction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/took-a-break-from-acting-to-focus-on-direction-parmeet-sethi-119012600057_1.html|title=I took a break from acting to focus on direction|newspaper=Business Standard India|author=IANS|location=New Delhi|date=26 January 2019|accessdate=28 January 2019|archive-date=26 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126111155/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/took-a-break-from-acting-to-focus-on-direction-parmeet-sethi-119012600057_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, he made his comeback after seven years as an actor in the [[Zoya Akhtar]]-directorial ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zoya-akhtar-brings-back-parmeet-sethi-from-a-seven-year-hiatus/articleshow/39475887.cms|title=Zoya Akhtar brings back Parmeet Sethi from a seven year hiatus|website=Times of India|author=Mumbai Mirror Vicky Lalwani|date=2 August 2014|access-date=10 November 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110130923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zoya-akhtar-brings-back-parmeet-sethi-from-a-seven-year-hiatus/articleshow/39475887.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He has also directed some episodes of sitcom ''[[Sumit Sambhal Lega]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=25 May 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/namit-das-and-manasi-parekh-starrer-sumit-sambhal-lega-returns-to-television-1681626-2020-05-25 |title=Namit Das and Manasi Parekh-starrer Sumit Sambhal Lega returns to television |magazine=India Today |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112073053/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/namit-das-and-manasi-parekh-starrer-sumit-sambhal-lega-returns-to-television-1681626-2020-05-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Everybody loves Sumit|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/everybody-loves-sumit/|last=|first=|date=10 August 2015|website=The Indian Express|access-date=|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112182912/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/everybody-loves-sumit/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, he again directed another television [[sitcom]] ''[[Har Mard Ka Dard]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/parmeet-sethi-har-mard-ka-dard-new-comedy-show-tv-news-17905174|title=Parmeet Sethi:- Liked the concept of Har Mard Ka Dard|website=Mid Day India|author=IANS|date=12 January 2017|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111051432/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/parmeet-sethi-har-mard-ka-dard-new-comedy-show-tv-news-17905174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/180045-Parmeet-Sethi-to-direct-Life-OKs-HarMardka-Dard|title=Parmeet Sethi to direct Life OK's Har Mard Ka Dard|website=5Dariyan News|date=18 January 2017|author=Web Desk|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017081542/https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/180045-Parmeet-Sethi-to-direct-Life-OKs-HarMardka-Dard|url-status=live}}</ref> It starred Faisal Rashid in the lead.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/said-yes-for-har-mard-because-of-parmeet-sethi-mantra/articleshow/57465608.cms|title=Said yes for Har Mard Ka Dard because of Parmeet Sethi|website=Times of India|author= IANS|date=4 March 2017}}</ref> In 2020, Sethi appeared in [[Neeraj Pandey]]-directed [[Hotstar]] Original web series ''[[Special OPS]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} In 2021, he made his [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] television debut with a show named ''Akhiyaan Udeek Diyan'', which was aired on [[Zee Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parmeet-sethi-all-set-to-make-his-punjabi-debut-on-tv/articleshow/81193403.cms|title=Parmeet Sethi all set to make his Punjabi debut on television|website=Times of India|date=24 February 2021|accessdate=29 October 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110052149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parmeet-sethi-all-set-to-make-his-punjabi-debut-on-tv/articleshow/81193403.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===

{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Year !!Title !!Role !!Note
|-
| 1995
!scope=row |''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''
| Kuljeet Singh
| Debut film
|-
|1996
!scope=row | ''[[Diljale]]''
| Captain Ranveer ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Diljale |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/09sld2.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|1998
!scope=row | ''[[Hero Hindustani]]''
| Rohit ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1999
!scope=row | ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''
| Singer
| Special appearance
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
| Yeshwant Kumar
|
|-
!scope=row |''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]''
|Raj Kalra
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taliculam |first1=Sharmila |date=6 March 1999 |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The review of Laawaris |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/06lawa.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2000
!scope=row | ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
| Bob ||
|-
!scope=row |''[[Khauff]]''
|Samrat ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Aparajita |title=Dangerous liaisons |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/03khauf.htm |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Rediff |date=3 March 2000 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427063830/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/03khauf.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]''
| Surendra Pratap Singh|| Special appearance
|-
|2001
!scope=row |''[[Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi]]''
| Ranjeet Uncle ||
|-
|2002
!scope=row | ''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]''
| Shekhar Malhotra ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priyanka |date=19 July 2002 |title=Why did Anupam Kher make such a film? |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/19om.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2003
!scope=row | ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]''
| Nicki's lawyer ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2004
!scope=row |''[[Turn Left at the End of the World]]''
| Roger Talkar ||Israeli film
|-
!scope=row |''[[Des Hoyaa Pardes]]''
| Darshan Singh || Punjabi film
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''
| Major Shahbaaz Humdani ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
!scope=row | ''[[Fareb (2005 film)|Fareb]]''
|Siddharth Sardesai
|
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]''
| Forest Officer Khan ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
!scope=row | ''[[Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai]]''
|Rana
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Priyanka |date=24 February 2006 |title=Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai: Predictable |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/24humko.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''
| Khushi ||
|-
|2007
!scope=row | ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]''
| Lover ||
|-
|2008
!scope=row | ''[[Thodi Life Thoda Magic]]''
|Aditya Singhania
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Swati R. |date=27 June 2008 |title=No Magic in Thodi Life |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/life/20080627.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
!scope=row|''Vighnaharta Shree Siddhivinayak''
|Manav Mehta
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vighnaharta Shree Siddhivinayak |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1073 |website=Box Office India |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|''Bad Luck Govind''
|
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news.html/photo/bad-luck-govind-the-power-of-the-positive-361314-2009-04-23|title=Bad Luck Govind - The power of the positive|magazine=India Today|access-date=27 January 2024|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127002840/https://www.indiatoday.in/news.html/photo/bad-luck-govind-the-power-of-the-positive-361314-2009-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
!scope=row | ''[[Badmaash Company]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Director and screenwriter only
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
!scope=row |''[[Wedding Pullav]]''
| Kumar ||
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| Lalit Sood ||
|-
|2016
!scope=row | ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]''
| Rear Admiral Prashant Kamath ||
|-
|2017
!scope=row | ''Call For Fun''
| Dev Mehra ||
|-
|2018
!scope=row | ''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
| Masood ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Sneha |date=7 September 2018 |title=Laila Majnu: Old wine in new bottle |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-laila-majnu-old-wine-in-new-bottle/20180907.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2019
!scope=row |''[[Phir Ussi Mod Par]]''
| Shahid Khan ||
|-
|2020
!scope=row | ''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]''
| Jaggi's father ||
|-
|2021
!scope=row | ''Tuesdays & Fridays''
| Dr. Vikrant Malhotra ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tuteja |first1=Joginder |date=20 February 2021 |title=Tuesdays & Fridays review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tuesdays--fridays-review/20210220.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2022
!- scope="row" | ''[[Sharmaji Namkeen]]''
| Robbie
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Mission Majnu]]''
| [[R. N. Kao]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tumse Na Ho Payega (2023 film)|Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''
| Investor
|
|-
|2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Aabeer Gulaal]]''
|Suresh
|
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1994–1996
!scope=row | ''Kurukshetra''
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=SUPER SMOOCH |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940831-super-smooch-755452-1994-08-30 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |date=31 August 1994 |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127002749/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940831-super-smooch-755452-1994-08-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1995–1996
!scope=row | ''[[Dastaan (Zee)|Dastaan]] ''
| Karan Kapoor
|
|-
| 1995–1996
!scope=row | '' Tujhpe Dil Qurbaan ''
| Major Vikram Ali
| Lead role
|-
|rowspan=2|2001
! scope=row |''Samandar''
|Rakesh
|
|-
!scope=row | ''Aasman Say Tapki''
|{{n/a}}
|Writer<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Arnab |date=8 March 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parmeet-sethi-evolves-on-small-screen/story-Kq6v8tLh8SL63KH7Uif8UM.html|title=Parmeet Sethi evolves on small screen |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427064456/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parmeet-sethi-evolves-on-small-screen/story-Kq6v8tLh8SL63KH7Uif8UM.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2002–2003
!scope=row | '' Zindagi Teri Meri Kahani ''
| Rahul
|
|-
| 2002
!scope=row | ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]] ''
| Ghost
| Episode: Shart
|-
| 2003
!scope=row | ''Samne Wali Khidki''
| {{n/a}}
|Writer and producer<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819064138/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2003–2006
!scope=row | ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]] ''
| Raj Malhotra<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Spectrum - Parmeet's feats |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040613/spectrum/tv.htm |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Tribune |date=13 June 2004 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011900/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040613/spectrum/tv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004
!scope=row | ''[[Ruby Duby Hub Dub]] ''<ref name="auto"/>
| Deepak Malhotra
|
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Saara Akaash]] ''
| Squadron Leader Srinivas Rao
|
|-
| 2005
!scope=row | ''[[Nach Baliye]] ''
| Himself
| Contestant
|-
| rowspan="3"|2006
!scope=row | ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]] ''
| Rowspan="2"|Detective Omkar Nath (D.O.N)
| Special appearance
|-
!scope=row | ''Detective Omkar Nath (D.O.N)''
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Arnab |title=Parmeet Sethi evolves on small screen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parmeet-sethi-evolves-on-small-screen/story-Kq6v8tLh8SL63KH7Uif8UM.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 March 2006 |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427064456/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parmeet-sethi-evolves-on-small-screen/story-Kq6v8tLh8SL63KH7Uif8UM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]] ''
| Host/presenter
|<ref>{{cite news |title=rediff.com: Now, dancing with our stars |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/24slide1.htm |work=Rediff |date=24 August 2006 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2007–2009
!scope=row | ''[[Maayka]] ''
| Prem
|
|-
| 2008
!scope=row | ''[[Sujata (TV series)|Sujata]] ''
|
|
|-
| 2015–2016
!scope=row | ''[[Sumit Sambhal Lega]]''
| {{n/a}}
|Director
|-
|rowspan=2| 2017
!scope=row | ''[[Har Mard Ka Dard]]''
| {{n/a}}
|Director
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Pehredaar Piya Ki]] ''
| Maan Singh
|
|-
| 2019
!scope=row | ''[[My Name Ijj Lakhan]] ''
| Dasharath
|
|-
| 2020–2025
!scope=row | ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special Ops]]''<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Juhi |date=31 October 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/parmeet-sethi-i-may-not-have-been-the-number-one-actor-in-bollywood-but-i-have-no-regrets/story-FcGdCrePtON0OwM0UCrHsJ.html |title=Parmeet Sethi: I may not have been the number one actor but have no regrets |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516070201/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/parmeet-sethi-i-may-not-have-been-the-number-one-actor-in-bollywood-but-i-have-no-regrets/story-FcGdCrePtON0OwM0UCrHsJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Naresh Chaddha
|
|-
| 2020
!scope=row | ''[[Hundred (Indian TV series)|Hundred]]''<ref name="auto2"/>
| Anshuman Goswami
|
|-
| Rowspan="2"|2021
!scope=row | ''[[Akhiyan Udeek Diyan]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Parmeet Sethi all set to make his Punjabi debut on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parmeet-sethi-all-set-to-make-his-punjabi-debut-on-tv/articleshow/81193403.cms |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116000258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parmeet-sethi-all-set-to-make-his-punjabi-debut-on-tv/articleshow/81193403.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
| Punjabi language serial
|-
!scope=row | ''[[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story]]''
| Naresh Chaddha
|
|-
|2023
|''Hack Crimes Online''
|{{n/a}}
|Director<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/video/parmeet-sethi-riddhi-kumar-vipul-gupta-on-shooting-hack-crimes-online-deepfake-videos-trolls-and-more-2464550-2023-11-18 |title=Parmeet, Riddhi, Vipul on shooting 'Hack Crimes Online', deepfake videos, trolls and more |magazine=India Today |date=18 November 2023 |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118154458/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/video/parmeet-sethi-riddhi-kumar-vipul-gupta-on-shooting-hack-crimes-online-deepfake-videos-trolls-and-more-2464550-2023-11-18 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[The Magic Of Shiri]]''
|Randeep
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0786033}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|parmeet-sethi}}
* {{Instagram|iamparmeetsethi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethi, Parmeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chaakara (film)

2026-03-03T20:56:18Z

LizetteGoble: brief expanded content for consistency and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chaakara
| image = Chaakara (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. G. Viswambharan]]
| producer =
| writer = Gopinath Panangad [[Thoppil Bhasi]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Thoppil Bhasi
| starring = [[Jayan]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] [[Srividya]] [[Sukumaran]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = C. Ramachandra Menon
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = Thushara Films
| distributor = Thushara Films
| released = {{Film date|1980|10|18|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Chaakara''''' is a 1980 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. G. Viswambharan]]. The film stars [[Jayan]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Srividya]] and [[Sukumaran]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]]. The movie catapulted actor [[Jayan]] to superstardom. The movie is based on Gopinath Panangad's novel which appeared in Manorajyam. The film was shot in Chavakkad and various other parts in Thrissur district. The scenes of the beach were fully shot in Chavakkad where the shooting unit halted for more days. The movie also features the evergreen Malayalam song "Suhasiniee Subhashinee".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1117|title=Chaakara|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2473|title=Chaakara|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016081042/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2473|archivedate=16 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/chaakara-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016033526/http://spicyonion.com/title/chaakara-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Chaakara|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sethu Madhavan returns from jail to take his vengeance on Shaji who had falsely implicated him. He is repudiated by his family except his younger sister and finds shelter in an abandoned boat house on the beach -waiting for his chance to kill his enemies. He is stayed by the thought that Nimmi the woman he had loved in College -and incidentally Shaji's wife now -would be devastated if he murders Shaji. Rani is the irrepressible, cheeky daughter of a fisherwoman and working at Shaji's factory. She takes an interest in Sethu Madhavan after he comes to her help in fending off Shaji's unwelcome attention. The two grow closer and she frankly admits her love for him. He is persuaded by Nimmi and Rani to give up his vengeance after Head Constable Kuttan Pillai, the other man on his list to be murdered turns up mad. It seems fate is dealing with his enemies, especially with the arrival of a sympathetic new S.I, Devarajan in town. But Shaji is not about to give up, especially after Nimmi his own wife bears witness against him.

==Cast==
*[[Jayan]] as Sethu Madhavan
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Rani
*[[T. G. Ravi]] as Shaji, Nimmi's husband
*[[Srividya]] as Nimmi
*[[Sukumaran]] as Devarajan, new Sub Inspector
*[[Jalaja]] as Gigi, Sethu's Sister
*[[K. P. A. C. Azeez]] as Sivaraman Nair, former Sub Inspector
*[[Kunjandi]] as Shankaran Master
*[[Santha Devi]] as Sethu's mother
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kuttan Pillai, Head Constable
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Kochu Pillai
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Narayanan, Constable

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by G. K. Pallath.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Anjana Sreedhara" || [[P. Madhuri]] || ||
|-
| 2 || "Kuliru Kuliru" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Madhuri || G. K. Pallath ||
|-
| 3 || "Suhaasini Subhaashini" || K. J. Yesudas || G. K. Pallath ||
|}

==Box office==
The film was a major blockbuster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14945617|title=Veteran Malayalam director P G Viswambharan dead|work=[[Sify]]|date=16 June 2010|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204919/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14945617|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/P.G.-Viswambharan-dead/article16249364.ece/|title=P.G. Viswambharan dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enigma of Malayalam legend Jayan lives on|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/enigma-of-malayalam-legend-jayan-lives-on-1.5209353|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0331931|Chaakara}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. G. Viswambharan]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Aadi Dampatulu

2026-03-03T19:00:27Z

LizetteGoble: added references

{{short description|1986 film directed by Dasari Narayana Rao}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadi Dampatulu
| image = Aadi Dampatulu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| screenplay = Dasari Narayana Rao
| story = Keshav Rathod Bhishetty Lakshmana Rao
| producer = Nitin D. Kapoor
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Jayasudha]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = B. Krishnam Raju
| editing = P. S. Selvaraj
| based_on = ''[[Ghar Dwaar]]'' (1985)
| studio = JSK Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|6|20}}
| runtime = 147 Mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aadi Dampatulu''''' ({{translation|'''''Beginning Couple'''''}}) is a 1986 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced by Nitin D. Kapoor under the JSK Combines banner and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Jayasudha]] with music composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref name="Aadhidampathulu (1986) IndianCine.Ma">{{cite web |title=Aadhidampathulu |url=https://indiancine.ma/AAOJ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110074201/https://indiancine.ma/AAOJ/info |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 1985 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Ghar Dwaar]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam|first=Param|title=BollySwar: 1981–1990|publisher=Mavrix Infotech|year=2020|isbn=9788193848227|pages=567}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with an ideal couple, Shankar Rao and Parvati. Shankar Rao has three siblings: Mohan, Sagar, and Kamala. For their nurture, the couples give up their progeny, and Shankar Rao aims and strives hard to civilize his brothers.

Discerning it, the younger Sagar feigns illness and molds Mohan, an engineer. Eventually, Mohan loves and knits vainglory Uma, the daughter of multimillionaire Sulochana Devi. Soon after, she becomes hostile towards the family and swears to ruin their happiness, which works, leading to detachment. Afterwards, Uma departs to her mother's house along with Mohan, where he is humiliated, so he quits and walks on to Dubai to have a career. Sagar also steps out because of Uma's mortification.

After that, Shankar Rao sacrifices his job and home to perform Kamala's nuptial with her love interest, Bujji. Following this, Uma admits her guilt and forwards for Mohan. Midway, she is attacked by goons when Sagar secures her. Simultaneously, Mohan returns, searching for Shankar Rao and Parvati. Later, they discover they are terminally ill. Finally, the two departs together, showing they are immortal.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]—Shankar Rao
*[[Jayasudha]]—Parvathi
*[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]—Collector D. N. Rao
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]—Mohan
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]—Sagar
*[[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]]—Dharma Rao
*[[Suthi Velu]]
*Tilak—Bujji
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]—Uma
*[[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]]—Kamala
*[[Raja Sulochana]]—Sulochana Devi
*[[Jaya Malini]]—[[item number]]
*[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Master Harish]]—young Shankar Rao

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]. It was released through the SEA Records music label.<ref name="Aadhidampathulu (1986) IndianCine.Ma" />

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 40:02
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kadalinigani Vadivadiganu
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]]
| title2 = Saagincharaa Maavaa
| lyrics2 = Appalacharya
| extra2 = Madhavapeddi Ramesh, Manjula
| length2 = 4:01
| title3 = Satya Harischandra
| lyrics3 = [[Gurram Jashuva]], Kondaveeti Venkatakavi, [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], P. Susheela, [[Jayasudha]]
| length3 = 9:58
| title4 = Ennaallu Inkennellu
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Chelli Anu Pilupu
| lyrics5 = Dasari Narayana Rao
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, [[G. Anand]]
| length5 = 4:25
| title6 = Egiregiri Vasthondi
| lyrics6 = Dasari Narayana Rao
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length6 = 4:35
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 drama films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Kauravudu

2026-03-03T18:06:56Z

LizetteGoble: started

{{Short description|2000 Telugu film by V. Jyothikumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kauravudu
| image = Kauravudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = V. Jyothi Kumar
| producer = K. Padmaja
| writer = V. Jyothi Kumar
| starring = [[Konidela Nagendra Babu|Nagababu]] [[Ramya Krishna]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = Mohan Chand
| editing = K. Rango Paul Reddy
| studio = Sai Varun Tej Arts [[Anjana Productions]] {{small|(presenter)}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|7|27|df=yes}}
| language = Telugu
| country = India
}}

'''''Kauravudu''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by V. Jyothikumar. The film stars [[Nagendra Babu]] and [[Ramya Krishna]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kouravudu (2000) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ARFO/info |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> It was produced by K. Padmaja under the banners of Sai Varun Teja Arts and [[Anjana Productions]]. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], with cinematography by Mohan Chand and editing by K. Rango Paul Reddy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Movie Review - Kouravudu |url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kou.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film was a remake of Kannada film ''[[Kowrava]]'', which itself was inspired by the Tamil film ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'', which was remade in Telugu as ''[[Aradhana (1987 film)|Aradhana]]''. ''Kauravudu'' was not successful at the box office.<ref name="IB">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2000 |title=Interview with Nagababu by Jeevi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_nagababu.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Zamindar Surya (Naga Babu) who harbours a deep hatred for women is feared by the villagers. His resentment stems from painful experiences: his brother was betrayed by his lover, and his wife, who was involved in an illicit affair, committed suicide after the affair was exposed. Sasi (Ramya Krishna), a newly posted school teacher, learns of the reasons for Surya's animosity towards women through his mother, Santhamma (Annapurna). Determined to change his perspective, Sasi sets out to transform his view of women.

Sasi's opportunity arises when she saves Surya's son, Chandu, from a dangerous accident at school, risking her own life in the process. Surya, moved by her courage, begins to appreciate her, leading to a romantic relationship between them. However, Sasi is already in love with Rahul (Achyuth), and when a gang led by Dattu (Ramaraju) attempts to assault her, Surya arrives just in time to save her. Dattu, harboring resentment against Surya, manipulates Sasi into believing that Surya orchestrated the attack to gain her admiration, causing her to distance herself from him and leave town.

Surya, seeking redemption, becomes the target of Dattu's gang once more and is nearly killed by a crazed bull. His son, Chandu, is severely injured in the attack and taken to a city hospital. Chandu, who is fond of Sasi, asks to see her, believing she can save him. Surya convinces Sasi to meet him, but she remains skeptical of his intentions. With the help of Sasi's father (Subbaraya Sarma), the misunderstanding between Sasi and Surya is cleared. Sasi rushes to the hospital, and Chandu recovers. Meanwhile, Rahul's true character is revealed, and Sasi ultimately agrees to marry Surya, leading to a happy conclusion.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Konidela Nagendra Babu|Nagababu]] as Surya
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Sasi
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Santhamma
* [[Achyuth]] as Rahul
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Sivaji Raja]]
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Dattu's henchman
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Subbaraya Sarma]] as Sasi's father
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]]
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Ramaraju]] as Dattu
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Dattu's henchman
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Dattu's henchman (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
''Kauravudu'' was produced by K. Padmaja and features a story and screenplay by the [[Anjana Productions]] Unit. The film includes fight choreography by [[Kanal Kannan]] and editing by K. Rango Paul Reddy.<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], with lyrics written by [[Chintapalli Ramana]].<ref name=":0" /> The track list is as follows:<ref>{{Citation |title=Kauravudu - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kauravudu/rI-lpOWmK5g_ |access-date=20 October 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> The song "Ku Ku" was remade from song of same name from Kannada film ''Kowrava''.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Chintapalli Ramana]].
| title1 = Ku..Ku..Ku
| length1 =
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Amma Padani
| length2 =
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra
| title3 = Rayanti Raraju
| length3 =
| extra3 = [[Gopika Poornima]]
| title4 = Mammeluko
| length4 =
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Dharma Teja
| title5 = Antha Naa Istam
| length5 =
| extra5 = Muralidhar, Dharma Teja
| title6 = Ku..Ku..Ku (Balu)
| length6 =
| extra6 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title7 = Dingudongu
| length7 =
| extra7 = Radhika
}}

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' described ''Kauravudu'' as a routine story with a slick screenplay and entertaining performances, highlighting its appeal to fans and smaller audiences rather than urban viewers.<ref name=":0" /> ''Andhra Today'' reviewed ''Kauravudu'' as a disappointing film, criticizing its weak story, poor casting choices, and portrayal of the hero, though acknowledging Naga Babu's performance and Mohan Chand's cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Kouravudu Review |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/kouravudu.htm |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Andhra Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011223214049/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/kouravudu.htm |archive-date=23 December 2001 }}</ref> ''Fullhyderabad'' noted that the film features an entertaining first half filled with comedy but becomes overly melodramatic in the second half, also praising [[M. S. Narayana]]'s performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kauravudu Movie review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/kauravudu/telugu/kauravudu-movie-reviews-368-2.html |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=FullHyderabad}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0201935}}

[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]

Kaamyaab

2026-03-02T21:40:45Z

LizetteGoble: basic corrected references based on references also based on references

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language drama film by Hardik Mehta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaamyaab
| image = Kaamyaab_Poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hardik Mehta]]
| producer = [[Gauri Khan]] [[Manish Mundra]] Gaurav Verma
| writer = Radhika Anand
| story = Hardik Mehta
| starring = [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] [[Deepak Dobriyal]] [[Isha Talwar]] Nasirr Khan
| music = [[Rachita Arora]]
| cinematography = Piyush Puty
| editing = Prashanth Ramachandran Jayalaxmi
| studio = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] [[Drishyam Films]]
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|10|5|[[Busan International Film Festival|Busan]]|2020|03|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes <ref name=TOI>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/har-kisse-ke-hisse-kaamyaab/movie-review/74446645.cms|title=Har Kisse Ke Hisse: Kaamyaab Movie Review: This one's for all the 'sidekicks' in Bollywood|date=2019-03-06|website=Times of India|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Kaamyaab''''' ({{Translation|'''''Successful'''''}}, English title: '''''Round Figure''''') is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed and written by [[Hardik Mehta]], and produced by [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and [[Drishyam Films]]. The film stars [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] and [[Deepak Dobriyal]] with [[Isha Talwar]], Nasirr Khan and Sarika Singh appearing in supporting roles. It is the story of a washed up “side-actor” of Hindi movies, who wants to make a comeback with a memorable role so that he can complete a record figure of acting in 500 films.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=November 2020}}

Kaamyaab is the journey of Sudheer, a washed up side actor from the heyday of Bollywood. Years after his retirement, he realises that he ‘retired’ on the verge of accomplishing a unique record. He decides to come out of his retirement to complete the round figure of 500 and get that one substantial role for which he will be remembered forever.

==Cast==
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Babulal Chandola / Sudheer
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Gulati
* [[Isha Talwar]] as Isha
* [[Nasirr Khan]] as Director Barot
* Sarika Singh as Bhavna, Babu's daughter
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Himself
* [[Viju Khote]] as Himself
* Manmauji as Himself
* [[Guddi Maruti]] as Herself
* Anil Nagrath as Himself
* Birbal as Himself
* [[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]] as Himself
* Devas Dixit as Casting Assistant
* Akashdeep Arora as Shibu Sunder Das
* Devika Vatsa as Casting Assistant
* Kaurwakee Vasistha as Anu
* [[Shehzad Khan]] as Himself
* [[Vikas Verma]] as Rahul Chopra

==Marketing and release==
The official announcement for Har Kisse Ke Hisse... Kaamyaab was made by Red Chillies Entertainment on 31 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-to-back-sanjay-mishra-starrer-kaamyaab-about-struggling-character-actors-report/story-vbzkgXDzaSaXzTLPQ0W37J.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan to back Sanjay Mishra-starrer Kaamyaab about struggling character actors: report|date=2020-01-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref> Presented by Red Chillies Entertainment, a Drishyam Films production, the film is produced by [[Gauri Khan]], Manish Mundra and Gaurav Verma, and directed by Hardik Mehta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/shah-rukh-khan-to-produce-sanjay-mishra-starrer-film-about-struggling-character-actors-called-kaamyaab-584554|title=Shah Rukh Khan to produce Sanjay Mishra starrer film about struggling character actors called Kaamyaab|last=Taneja|first=Parina|date=2020-01-31|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

The film had its world premiere at the [[Busan International Film Festival|23rd Busan International Film Festival]] on 5 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/kaamyaab-director-hardik-mehta-on-sanjay-mishra-busan-film-festival-2018|title=Meet the Man Whose Debut Film Is Premiering at Busan Film Festival|date=2018-09-29|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref> It was released theatrically in India on 6 March 2020.<ref name=TOI/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaamyaab
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rachita Arora]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 February 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/har-kisse-ke-hisse---kaamyaab/TWE-GJ1FLmI_|title=Kaamyaab - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=26 February 2020 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018–19
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:54
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|OoWYUZjlfvs|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The film's songs are composed by [[Rachita Arora]], with lyrics written by [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]].

{{Track listing
| headline=Track listing
| total_length= 11:54
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| title1 = Tim Tim Tim
| extra1 = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| lyricist1 = [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| length1= 4:32
| title2 = Paaon Bhaari|
| extra2 = [[Ash King]]
| lyricist2 = [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Sikandar
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| lyricist3 = [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| length3 = 2:53
}}

==Reception==

===Critical response===
Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave 4.5/5 rating and termed it as an 'ode to Bollywood'. She found the tonality of the narrative light, subtle, funny and emotional. Praising
writer-director [[Hardik Mehta]] for his writing, and the ensemble cast for their performance she concluded that the film was about ability to fulfill dreams, even when the things are not going your way.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/har-kisse-ke-hisse-kaamyaab/movie-review/74446645.cms|title=Har Kisse Ke Hisse: Kaamyaab Movie Review: This one's for all the 'sidekicks' in Bollywood|website=Times of India|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Awards and nominations ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[66th Filmfare Awards|2021]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Hardik Mehta]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite news|title= 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021: Check out the complete list of nominees|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 March 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021-check-out-the-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/81691822.cms|publisher= timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==Home media==
The film was made available for streaming on [[Netflix]] on 3 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/10-upcoming-new-shows-movies-on-netflix-releasing-may-2020/|title=10 new shows and movies on Netflix that are releasing in May 2020|date=4 May 2020|website=GQ India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7881550}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|kaamyaab}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Red Chillies Entertainment}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:2018 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Marwar

2026-03-01T18:57:54Z

LizetteGoble: refined content based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Region in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Distinguish|Mewar}}
{{About|the historical region|the historic kingdom known as Marwar|Kingdom of Marwar|the villages in Iran|Marvar|and|Morvar}}
{{other uses|Marwari (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marwar
| native_name = मारवाड़
| type = Historical and cultural region
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type3 = Districts
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[Pali district|Pali]] & [[Jalore district|Jalore]]
*Greater Marwar
[[Bikaner district|Bikaner]] & [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Jodhpur]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Regional Language or dialect
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] ([[Rajasthani Language|Rajasthani]])
| anthem =
| image_map = {{Photo montage
| photo1a = Marwar within Rajputana.jpg
| photo2a =Marwar Region(RAJ.) Suresh Godara.jpg
| size = 250
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 3
| color_border = #808080
| text =
| text_background = #F5F5F5
}}
| map_caption = '''Top''': [[Kingdom of Marwar]] within [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]] c.1907-1909 
'''Bottom''': Marwar region in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = [[Marwari people|Marwari]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2
| image1 = Jaisalmer Fort.jpg
| caption1 = [[Jaisalmer Fort]], Jaisalmer
| image2 = Mehrangarh Fort sanhita.jpg
| caption2 = [[Mehrangarh]] Fort, Jodhpur
| image3 = India Bikaner Junagarh Fort.jpg
| caption3 = [[Junagarh Fort]], Bikaner
| image4 =Thar desert Rajasthan India.jpg
| caption4 = [[Thar Desert]]
}}
| founder =
| named_for =
}}
'''Marwar''' ({{ipa|mwr|maːɾwaːɽ|lang}}, also called '''Jodhpur region''', {{ipa|mwr|d͡ʒoːd̪ʱpʊɾ|lang}}) is a cultural and historical region in the western part of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. The [[Thar Desert]] is located in this region of Rajasthan and stretches westward into [[Pakistan]]'s [[Sindh]] province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan |title=A History Of Rajasthan |pages=27}}</ref> The language of this region is known as [[Marwari language|Marwari]], which is the most widely spoken language of the [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani family of languages]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verbeke |first=Saartje |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63iC56LeJ_MC&dq=marwari+language&pg=PA213 |title=Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2013-03-22 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-029267-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goswami |first1=Rashmika |last2=Shougrakpam |first2=Dhanapati |date=2024-09-28 |title=Recollection of Myths and Linguistic Construction of the Marwari Identity |url=https://journals.asianresassoc.org/index.php/ijll/article/view/2591 |journal=Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=49–61 |doi=10.54392/ijll2435 |issn=2582-9726|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In its most contracted definition, Marwar refers to the area governed by the erstwhile [[Jodhpur State|princely state of Jodhpur]], comprising present-day districts of [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]], [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[Jalore district|Jalore]], [[Nagaur]], and [[Pali district|Pali]]. Although the former [[Kingdom of Bikaner|kingdoms of Bikaner]] and [[Jaisalmer state|Jaisalmer]] were independent of the Marwar state, they are often included in the broader Marwar region due to geographical and cultural affinities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan |title=A History Of Rajasthan |pages=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Govt. of India |url=http://archive.org/details/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-17 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol 17 |date=1908 |pages=213}}</ref>

The region has lent its name to the Marwaris, also known as Marwari [[Bania (caste)|Banias]]—a historically enterprising trading community that migrated across India, and came to play a significant role in the country's commercial and financial spheres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Govt. of India |url=http://archive.org/details/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-17 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol 17 |date=1908}}</ref>

Historically, the term 'Marwar' referred to a geographical entity spanning a cultural area across nearly all of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jal |first1=Murzban |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCs9EAAAQBAJ |title=The Imbecile's Guide to Public Philosophy |last2=Bawane |first2=Jyoti |last3=Ali |first3=Muzaffar |date=2021-09-19 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-44041-6 |language=en |quote=The historical Marwar, until the late 1800s, remained a formidable but a somewhat elusive geographical entity spanning a cultural area across nearly all of Rajputana. The geographical imagination of Rajputana was absent and what emerged was a political imagination of the region.}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Marwar is commonly believed to derive from the [[Sanskrit]] word "Maru" (मरु), meaning desert, and a regional suffix "wār" or "vāra", meaning region or land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maru |url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=Maru&dir=au |website=learn Sanskrit.cc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Allan R. Bomhard |url=http://archive.org/details/turner-a-comparative-dictionary-of-the-indo-aryan-languages-1966-1969 |title=Turner - A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages (1966-1969)}}</ref> Thus, Marwar can be interpreted as “the region of the desert”. Historically, the area was also referred to as "Maru-bhumi" (मरुभूमि) and "Marusthali" (मरुस्थली) meaning desert land, and also has been interpreted as ‘land of death and thirst’ in folklore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Govt. of India |url=http://archive.org/details/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-17 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol 17 |date=1908 |pages=213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan |title=A History Of Rajasthan |pages=26}}</ref>

The use of the term Marwar became more prominent during the medieval period, particularly under [[Rajput]] rule, as the [[Rathore dynasty]] consolidated their control over the region. The Persian-influenced form “Marwar” likely evolved from the earlier Sanskritized names through linguistic adaptations common during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan |title=A History Of Rajasthan}}</ref>

==Geography==
In 1901, the region (Jodhpur state) had an area of {{convert|93,424|km2|mi2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukhdev |date=2023-08-06 |title=History of Marwar: Rathore Dynasty and its family tree |url=https://studentera.net/history-of-marwar/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Marwar''' is a sandy plain lying northwest of the [[Aravalli Range]], which runs southwest-northeast through Rajasthan state. The Aravallis wring much of the moisture from the [[southwest monsoon]], which provides most of India's rainfall. Annual rainfall is low, ranging from 10 cm to 40 cm. Temperatures range from 48 to 50 degrees Celsius in the summer, to below freezing point in winter. The [[northwestern thorn scrub forests]] lie next to the Aravalli Range, while the rest of the region lies in the [[Thar Desert]].

The [[Luni River]] is the principal feature of the Marwar plains. It originates from the Pushkar valley of [[Ajmer district]], and the main river flows through Marwar in a south-westerly direction until it finally disappears into the seasonal wetland of the [[Rann of Kutch]] in Gujarat. It is fed by tributaries that flow from the Aravallis. Irrigation from the river, and from wells near the river, support crops of wheat and barley.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 211 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_217.gif|access-date=2020-09-17|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922091352/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_217.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The sandy tracts of [[Thar Desert]] in western Marwar ([[Maru Pradesh]]) are characterised by a harsh physical geography and a fragile ecology. High wind velocity, shifting [[sand dunes]] and very deep and saline water sources pose a challenge to sustained human habitation in the Thar.

The area is prone to devastating droughts. The Thar Desert is one of the most inhospitable landscapes on earth. Apart from the huge distances between hamlets and settlements here, the landscape is constantly shifting with the sand, as wind and sandstorms re-arrange the landscape. This, added to the lack of water in such an arid region, means that the villagers often find themselves migrating on foot across hundreds of miles towards neighbouring states in search of water.

==History==
{{See also|Kingdom of Marwar}}
[[Xuanzang|Hieun Tsang]] described a kingdom in [[Rajasthan]], which he calls ''Ku-cha-lo'' (or [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]]), largely because the whole of the ''Marwar'' area of Rajasthan was more or less identified with the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]], as early as the 6th or 7th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash felicitation volume|author=Satya Prakash|author2=Vijai Shankar Śrivastava|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1981|isbn=9780391023581|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&pg=RA1-PA149}}</ref> The [[Gurjara Pratihara]],<ref>{{cite book
| title =A historical review of Hindu India: 300 B. C. to 1200 A. D.
| author=Panchānana Rāya
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHEBAAAAMAAJ&q=Gurjar+parihar
| publisher=I. M. H. Press
| year =1939
| page =125
}}</ref> established a kingdom in the Marwar region in the 6th century, with a capital at [[Mandore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justicekansingh.org/the_mandore.htm |title=New Page 1 |access-date=2007-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916090608/http://www.justicekansingh.org/the_mandore.htm |archive-date=16 September 2007 }}</ref> 9 km from present-day [[Jodhpur]]. The ruined city of [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]], or Ossian, 65 km from Jodhpur, was an important religious centre of the Pratihara period.
[[File:Cenotaphs in Mandore Gardens at Mandore, Rajasthan 24.jpg|thumb|300px|Cenotaphs at [[Mandore]] Gardens.]]

The royal Rathore family of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] are the descent from the famous [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].<ref name="India p.41">India: The Peacock's Call by Aline Dobbie p.41</ref> On the fall of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] they migrated north to [[Kannauj]].<ref name="India p.41"/> After the sacking of [[Kannauj]] by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1194, and its capture by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the early 13th century, the Rathores fled west. The Rathore family chronicles relate that Rao Siha, grandson of [[Jai Chandra]], the last Gahadvala king of Kannauj, came to Marwar on a pilgrimage to [[Dwarka]] in Gujarat. On halting at the town of [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] he and his followers settled there to protect the [[Brahmin]] community from the raids of marauding bands. The brahmans of Pali requested Siha to settle in Pali and become their King. [[Rao Chunda|Rao (king) Chunda]], tenth in succession from Siha, finally wrested control of [[Mandore]] and much of Marwar from the Turks with help of the Partiharas. The Jodhpur state was founded in the 13th century by the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]<ref name="Tod1829">{{cite book
|last=Tod
|first=James
|year=1829–32
|title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan
|volume=1
|publisher=Smith, Elder and Co.
|location=London
|edition=Public domain, via Project Gutenberg
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57374/57374-h/57374-h.htm
|pages=
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SBS |first=Rajasthani |date=22 Feb 2024 |title=Marwar Dynasty |url=https://sbsrajasthani.com/marwar/the-marwar-dynasty-saga-of-splendor/ |website=SBS Rajasthani |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227140348/https://sbsrajasthani.com/marwar/the-marwar-dynasty-saga-of-splendor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> clan of [[Rajput]]s. The city of Jodhpur, capital of the Rathore state and now a district administrative centre, was founded in 1459 by Rao Chanda's successor [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]].

In 1561 the kingdom was invaded by the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]. Parganas of Jaitaran and Merta were captured by Mughals. After a war for almost two decades and the death of Rao [[Chandrasen Rathore]] in 1581, Marwar was brought under direct Mughal administration and remained so till its administration was handed over to [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Raja Udai Singh]] in 1583.

In 1679 CE, when [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] whom Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] had posted at [[Jamrud]] at the mouth of the [[Khyber Pass]], died at that place, leaving no son to succeed him; his widowed ''Ranis'' (Queens) at [[Lahore]] gave birth to two sons. One died and the other survived to secure the throne of Marwar and to stir up the sentiments of his co-religionists against the Muslim Monarch. The family of the late Raja had left Jamrud without the permission of the emperor and killed an officer at [[Attock]] when the officer had asked them about their identity. This was a sufficient ground for incorporating Marwar in the Mughal Empire, or reducing it to a state of dependency under a capable ruler.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} So the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] invaded Marwar in 1679. [[Durgadas Rathore]] led a rebellion against the Mughals which lasted for 31 years. After the death of Aurangzeb, Durgadas captured Jodhpur and evicted the Mughal garrison from Marwar.

All the Rajput clans united due to the aggressive behaviour of the Mughal emperor. A triple alliance was formed by the states of [[Jodhpur]] kingdom, [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]] ([[Mewar]]) and [[Jaipur State|Jaipur Kingdom]] to become independent from the [[Mughal Empire]].

[[File:The rulers of Jodhpur, Amber and Udaipur.jpg|thumb|300px|A Mewari painting showing the alliance between Maharaja [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]], Maharana [[Amar Singh II]] of Mewar, Maharaja [[Jai Singh II]] of Amer and [[Durgadas Rathore]]]]

Internecine disputes and succession wars disturbed the peace of the early years of the century, until in January 1818 Jodhpur was brought under [[British India|British]] control. Jodhpur became a [[princely state]] of [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] Clan of Rajputs in the [[Rajputana Agency]] of [[British India]].

The state was bounded on the north by [[Bikaner]] state, on the northeast by [[Jaipur]] state, on the west by the British province of [[Ajmer]], on the southeast by [[Mewar]] (Udaipur) state, on the south by [[Sirohi]] state and the [[Banas Kantha Agency]] of [[Bombay Presidency]], on the southwest by [[History of Sindh|Sind]] Province, and on the west by [[Jaisalmer State]]. The Rathore Maharaja was the head of state, with an aristocracy of [[Jagirdar]]s, [[Zamindar|Zamindars]] and Thakurs. There were 22 [[parganas]] and 4500 villages in the state.

In 1843, when Maharaja Man Singh (ruled 1803–1843) died without a son and without having adopted an heir. The nobles and state officials were left to select a successor from the nearest of kin. Their choice fell upon Raja [[Takht Singh]] of [[Ahmednagar]]. Maharaja Takht Singh, who supported the British during the [[Revolt of 1857]], died in 1873. His successor, Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh II]], who died in 1896, was a very enlightened ruler. His brother, [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Sir Pratap Singh]], conducted the administration until his nephew, Sardar Singh, came of age in 1898. Maharaja Sardar Singh ruled until 1911. The imperial service cavalry formed part of the reserve brigade during the Tirah campaign.

Marwar suffered more severely than any other part of Rajputana from the famine of 1899–1900. In February 1900 more than 110,000 people were in receipt of famine relief. The kingdom had a population of 1,935,565 in 1901, a 23% decline from the 1891, largely due to the results of the famine.

Its ruler, the [[Maharaja]] of Jodhpur, expressed a wish to join the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] but [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] warned him that his subjects were mostly [[Hindu]]s and his accession to Pakistan would create problems. As a result, Jodhpur, too, acceded to India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharajajodhpur.com/hh/hist_hanwant.htm |title=HH the Maharaja |access-date=2014-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825024650/http://www.maharajajodhpur.com/hh/hist_hanwant.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013 }}</ref>

In 1949 [[Hanwant Singh|Maharaja Hanwant Singh]] acceded to the [[Government of India]]; in 1950 [[Rajputana]] became the state of [[Rajasthan]].

==Marwari horses==
Marwar is well known across India for its [[Marwari horse]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1988876,prtpage-1.cms|title=Marwari horses find new home in India|journal=The Times of India|access-date=19 May 2009|date=14 September 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506083755/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1988876,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=6 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:BILD0982.JPG|thumb|300px|A Marwari Stallion ]]

==See also==
*[[Mewar]]
*[[Shekhawati]]
*[[Bagar (region)|Bagar]]
*[[Dhundhar]]
*[[Hadoti]]
*[[Vagad]]

==References==
{{EB1911 |wstitle=Jodhpur |volume=15 |pages=427–428}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*Rosemary Crill Marwar Paintings: A History of the Jodhpur Style, India Book House, Mumbai, 1999 {{ISBN|81-7508-139-2}}
*Bakshi, S.R. et al. (Eds.) Marwar and its Political Administration; Delhi, 2000 {{ISBN|81-7629-224-9}}
*[[D. K. Taknet]]: "Heroes of a Desert Land" in B.M.Birla: A great visionary, Indus, New Delhi, 1996
*Mohanram Maruka: "Marwar ka Itihas" in Jat Samaj, Agra (January–February, 1998)
*Illan Cooper: "What is in a name", Marwar: A chronicle of Marwari History and Achievement, Arpan Publications, Mumbai, 1996
*Illan Cooper: "A painted History", Marwar: A chronicle of Marwari History and Achievement, Arpan Publications, Mumbai, 1996
*Dr. Natthan Singh: Jat-Itihas, Jat-Samaj Kalyan-Parishad, Gwalior, 2004
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajasthan Rajasthan | History, Map, Culture, Capital, & Government ]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642283 Institutionalization and Style in Rajasthan politics by J.Richard]
*Justice [[Kan Singh Parihar]]: SOUVENIR-1998 of Parivar Parichay, page 47, published by the souvenir sub committee of Parivar Parichay, 4/28, Lodi Colony, New Delhi – 110003

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20170917193431/http://www.marwaris.com/
* http://www.marwad.com

{{Princely states of India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Marwar| ]]
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Regions of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]

Poomala Bhagavathy

2026-02-20T10:14:02Z

LizetteGoble: creating new data...

{{short description|Hindu god}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Kuttamath poomala bhagavathy temple Cheruvathur 01.jpg
| caption = Shrines of poomala bhagavathy and poomaruthan at Kuttamath poomala bhagavathy temple Cheruvathur, Kasaragod district
| name = Poomala Bhagavathy
| god_of =
| affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| mantra =
| weapon =
| consort =
| children =
| abode =
| mount =
| spouse =
| region = [[North Malabar]], [[Kerala]], India
}}
'''Poomala Bhagavathy''' also known as '''Aryapoomala''' is a female deity worshipped in [[North Malabar]] region in [[Kerala]], India. Poomala is worshiped as the kuladevata of the [[Thiyya]] community. The main temples of this deity is spread over [[Kannur district|Kannur]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts.

==Myth==
According to the myth, Poomala [[Devi]] was enjoying the heavenly garden with her friends. she wanted to pick flowers, but the devine guards of the garden stopped it. Poomala sought the help of one of the guard, who was [[shiva]] origin, and was resting inside a blossoming flower, in the form of wind.<ref name="Asianet">{{cite news |title=തീരത്തൊരു കപ്പലുകണ്ടു, കനല്‍ക്കുന്നില്‍ നിന്നിറങ്ങി കടലിലേക്ക് ഓടി തെയ്യം! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/culture-magazine/story-of-theyyam-running-to-sea-at-oriyarakkavu-sree-vishnu-moorthi-kshethram-rlebpf |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |access-date=2023-02-18 |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218094916/https://www.asianetnews.com/culture-magazine/story-of-theyyam-running-to-sea-at-oriyarakkavu-sree-vishnu-moorthi-kshethram-rlebpf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rider |first1=Tiger |last2=Vengara |first2=Santhosh |last3=Madapat |first3=Saji |last4=Mavericks |first4=E. P. M. |last5=Muragan |first5=Puli |title=THEYYAM! Gods of God's Own Country: Confessions of a Monkey-Trapped Prodigal Son of The God's Own Country |date=2 October 2022 |publisher=EPM Mavericks LLC |isbn=978-1-958260-76-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdyREAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2+%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF&pg=PT321 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321072747/https://books.google.com/books?id=fdyREAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2+%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF&pg=PT321 |url-status=live }}</ref> Devi called him by his nickname 'Poomarutha' (in Malayalam, 'Poo' means flower and 'maruthan' means wind).<ref name="Asianet"/> Thus, he became Aryapoomala's brotherly friend. Then Poomala and Poomaruthan came to earth and reached Aryapoonkavu in Arya Nadu. There they wanted to see [[Malabar Coast|Malanad]].

One morning Aryapoonkani, the daughter of the Arya king, was gathering flowers to offer to [[Kamadeva]], the god of fertility, when she fainted for no apparent reason. Aryapoonkani who were performing 'Pooram vratam' (a type of divine fasting to please the god kamadeva), was possessed by the goddess. As per the custom, the king consulted the [[Astrology|astrologer]] and he found out that the princess was possessed by the deity, who wished to see the beauty of Malanadu.

Vishwakarmas were summoned before the King. A huge wooden ship was needed, the king demanded. Vishwakarma cut enough sandalwood and saffron and prepared a ship. The whole of the ship, which was forty-one cubits long and twenty-one cubits wide, was beautified with silk cloths.<ref name="Asianet"/> The ship headed for Malanadu with Poomala and Poomaruthan. The ship approached the Oriyara estuary in [[Cheruvathur]].<ref name="Asianet"/> Myth says the [[Vishnumurthy]], the god of Oriyara temple, welcomed Poomala and Poomaruthan giving them tender coconut water.<ref name="Asianet"/>

Another myth says, Poomala landed at Kuruvanthata in [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala]] and caught up in the beauty of the countryside She avoided going back to her native land and decided to stay there.<ref>{{cite news |title=കാഴ്ചക്കാരെ പരിച കൊണ്ട് തട്ടി മാറ്റും; ആർപ്പുവിളികളുമായി പൂമാരുതൻ തെയ്യത്തിന്റെ വെള്ളാട്ടം |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2022/04/22/kasargod-poomaruthan-theyyam.html |work=Manoramanews |language=ml |access-date=2023-02-18 |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218095949/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2022/04/22/kasargod-poomaruthan-theyyam.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rider |first1=Tiger |last2=Vengara |first2=Santhosh |last3=Madapat |first3=Saji |last4=Mavericks |first4=E. P. M. |last5=Muragan |first5=Puli |title=THEYYAM! Gods of God's Own Country: Confessions of a Monkey-Trapped Prodigal Son of The God's Own Country |date=2 October 2022 |publisher=EPM Mavericks LLC |isbn=978-1-958260-76-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdyREAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2+%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF&pg=PT321 |language=en |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321072750/https://books.google.com/books?id=fdyREAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2+%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF&pg=PT321 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="truecopy">{{Cite web |last=Anil Kumar |first=V. K. |title=ആവീരെ നീരും കൈതേരെ തണലും വെളുത്ത മണലും കുളുത്ത പടലും {{!}} വി. കെ. അനില്‍കുമാര്‍ {{!}} TrueCopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/vk-anilkumar-asralan-theyyam-part-2 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=truecopythink.media |language=ml |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226052944/https://truecopythink.media/vk-anilkumar-asralan-theyyam-part-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hence Kuruvantatha and Ramanthali are believed to be the first Poomala shrines in Kerala.<ref name="truecopy"/>

==Worship==
Poomala is worshiped mainly by the [[Thiyya]] community North Malabar.<ref>{{cite news |title=തീയ്യൻമാർ ഈഴവരല്ല... മോരും മുതിരയും പോലെ വ്യത്യസ്തം, തീയ്യനെന്ന് തന്നെ വിളിക്കണം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/kannur/thiyyas-are-not-ezhavas-says-theeyyakshemasabha/articleshow/80742726.cms?story=5 |work=Samayam Malayalam |publisher=Times of India |language=ml |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226001445/https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/kannur/thiyyas-are-not-ezhavas-says-theeyyakshemasabha/articleshow/80742726.cms?story=5 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pooram is celebrated in the temple in [[Malayalam calendar|Meenam]] month of Malayalam calendar.<ref name="janmabhumi">{{cite news |last1=santhosh |first1=u. p. |title=ഇത് പൂരം വേറെ |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/varadyam/up-santhosh-on-poorakkali |work=[[Janmabhumi]] |language=en |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226002140/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/varadyam/up-santhosh-on-poorakkali |url-status=live }}</ref> In this, Kamadeva the god of love and fertility is being worshipped by girls who have not reached puberty.<ref name="janmabhumi"/> during this time [[Poorakkali]] is also performed in the temple.<ref name="janmabhumi"/>

==Theyyam==
Arya Poomala Bhagwati's brother Poomaruthan is performed as [[Poomaruthan Theyyam]].<ref name="Theyyam">{{cite book |last1=DR. M. V. VISHNU |first1=NAMBOODIRI |title=Theyyam - A Ritual Art Form of Malabar |date=2015 |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |isbn=9789385313493}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=കാഴ്ചക്കാരെ പരിച കൊണ്ട് തട്ടി മാറ്റും; ആർപ്പുവിളികളുമായി പൂമാരുതൻ തെയ്യത്തിന്റെ വെള്ളാട്ടം |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2022/04/22/kasargod-poomaruthan-theyyam.html |work=Manoramanews |language=ml |access-date=2023-02-18 |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218095949/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2022/04/22/kasargod-poomaruthan-theyyam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> But Arya poomala does not have [[theyyam]] form.<ref name="Theyyam"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Poomala, Bhagavathy}}
[[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]

Ghulam Mohammed Khan

2026-02-13T23:04:08Z

LizetteGoble: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian equestrian (1946–2021)}}
{{for multi|the Lok Sabha member|Ghulam Mohammad Khan|the Indian ruler|Ghulam Muhammad Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|[[equestrianism|Equestrian]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1982 Asian Games|1982 New Delhi]]|[[Equestrian at the 1982 Asian Games|Team eventing]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1982 Asian Games|1982 New Delhi]]|[[Equestrian at the 1982 Asian Games|Individual eventing]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]]|[[Equestrian at the 1986 Asian Games|Team dressage]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]]|[[Equestrian at the 1986 Asian Games|Team eventing]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Gulam Mohammad Khan''' (11 July 1946 – 1 May 2021)<ref>[https://pragativadi.com/former-asian-games-gold-medallist-gm-khan-passes-away/ Former Asian Games Gold Medallist GM Khan Passes Away]</ref> was an Indian national [[equestrianism|equestrian]]. He competed in [[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|two events]] at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Olympedia|12223}}</ref> He won the gold medal at [[1982 Asian Games]] in ‘Three Days Event’. He was honoured with an [[Arjuna Award]] in 1984. He hailed from [[Rajasthan]] state. He served in the [[Indian army]] and was decorated with VSM. Khan also served as international [[Federation Equestre International|FEI]] judge in [[Jumping]] and [[Dressage]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.fei.org/Person/Detail.aspx?p=599C764F714609885C4C3DC2AB6BDB92 | title=Person Detail }}</ref>

Khan died on May 1, 2021, after contracting [[COVID-19]] amid the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. He was 74 years old.<ref>[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1107418/ghulam-mohammed-khan Four-time Asian Games equestrian medallist Khan dies of COVID-19 in India]</ref>

His Son Riyaz Khan studied in Central School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi during 1982.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Mohammed}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male equestrians]]
[[Category:Equestrians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian dressage riders]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in equestrian]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in equestrian]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in equestrian]]
[[Category:Equestrians at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Equestrians at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Olympic equestrians for India]]
[[Category:Equestrians at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

{{India-equestrian-bio-stub}}

Joseph David Beglar

2026-02-11T15:09:33Z

LizetteGoble: stub

{{Short description|Armenian-Indian archaeologist (1845–1907)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joseph David Beglar
| image = Ruins at Stupa 1 Sanchi Joseph Beglar 1875.jpg
| caption = Ruins of the Southern Gateway, [[Sanchi]] in 1875, photographed by Joseph David Beglar.
| birth_date = 1845
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 1907
| death_place =
| occupation = Engineer, archaeologist
| known_for = Archaeological Survey of India surveys and excavations
| employer = Archaeological Survey of India
| notable_works = Archaeological surveys in Bengal, Bihar and Central India
}}

'''Joseph David Beglar''', or Joseph David Freedone Melik Beglar (1845–1907), was an [[Armenians in India|Armenian-Indian]] engineer, archaeologist and photographer working in [[British Raj|British India]] and reporting to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], known for his images of temples and religious art. He was an assistant of [[Alexander Cunningham]].<ref>Armenians in India, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, by Mesrovb Jacob Seth [https://books.google.com/books?id=BlreO8bmK30C&pg=PA309 p.309]</ref><ref>'Archaeologizing' Heritage?: Transcultural Entanglements by Michael Falser, Monica Juneja [https://books.google.com/books?id=EVY_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 p.42]</ref>

==Works==
*[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Report_of_a_Tour_through_the_Bengal_Provinces Report of a Tour through the Bengal Provinces] (1878) {{ISBN|978-1021861993}}
*''Report of Tours in the South-eastern Provinces in 1874-75 and 1875-76'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=qM8OAAAAQAAJ Google Books] {{ISBN| 978-0666185358}}
*''Report of a Tour in Bundelkhand and Malwa, 1871-72: And in the Central Provinces, 1873-74'' {{ISBN|978-1148070674}}
*''Report for the Year 1871-72- Delhi and Agra'' {{ISBN|978-0483641693}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
KITLV 88205 - Unknown - Sculpture of a woman Kichang in British India - 1897.tiff|Life-size statue of a woman at Kichang Singhbhum District in British India.
KITLV 87946 - Unknown - Pataini temple in British India - 1897.tif|Pataini temple in British India.
KITLV 88133 - Unknown - Buddha sculpture, Rajaona in British India - 1897.tif|Buddha sculpture, Rajaona in British India.
KITLV 88134 - Unknown - Hindu sculptures at Rajaona in British India - 1897.tif|Statue of four-armed goddess with child.
KITLV 88145 - Unknown - Buddha sculpture at Ghenjan in British India - 1897.tif|Buddha sculpture at Ghenjan in British India.
KITLV 88196 - Unknown - Temple at Telkupi in British India - 1897.tif|Temples of Hooghly District
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Hubert Marshall]]
* [[Edward Clive Bayley|Sir Edward Clive Bayley]]
* [[Sir Alexander Cunningham]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Joseph David Beglar}}
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beglar, Joseph David}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1907 deaths]]
[[Category:Archaeological Survey of India people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Archaeologists from British India]]

Malwa Express

2026-02-05T04:36:03Z

LizetteGoble: basic enhanced information and corrected details

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Malwa Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| logo = Malwa Express TB.png
| image = Mlwexp.jpg
| caption = Malwa Express At [[Karnal railway station]]
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] & [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1984|04|02}}
| last =
| start = {{stnlnk|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar}} (DADN)
| stops = 47
| end = {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}} (SVDK)
| distance = {{convert|1641|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours 40 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 12919 / 12920
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| speed = {{convert|54|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Malwa Express (Indore - Jammu Tawi) Route map.png|250px]]
}}

The 12919 / 12920 '''Malwa Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train service of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar}} of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}} of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is currently being operated with 12919/12920 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dewas-dewas-train-1177557| title=1 जून से कटरा तक जाएगी मालवा एक्सप्रेस| trans-title=From June st, Malwa Express will run up to Katra| website=jagran.com| date=30 May 2017| language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/indore-jammu-tawi-malwa-express-train-to-run-till-mata-vaishno-devi-katra-from-june-1-1-930836.html| title=1 जून से कटरा तक जाएगी मालवा एक्सप्रेस| trans-title=Malwa Express from 1 June to Katra| website=India Today| date=23 May 2017| language=hi}}</ref>

The name [[Malwa]] signifies the region of [[Madhya Pradesh]] where the city of [[Indore]] is located.

== History ==

This train was originally introduced between {{stnlnk|Indore Junction}} and [[New Delhi]] and was then extended to {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}. It was the first Indian train to reach Pakistan as a diplomatic gesture.
In mid 1982 contemporaneous Member of Parliament from Indore [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]] became Railway Minister for a short time, Sectioned Indore New Delhi Express which is named Malwa Express.

On 22 October 1985, it terminated at [[Lahore]] in Pakistan running as '''Indore–Lahore Special''', but the service was withdrawn after 55 days due to controversies.

In June 2017, Malwa Express was extended up to {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}} from Jammu Tawi.

It is the 5th train in India and [[Madhya Pradesh]] to get an ISO certificate, after the [[Bhopal Express]], [[Rewanchal Express]] and [[Ahilyanagari Express]].

In January 2019, Malwa Express was extended up to Dr. Ambedkar Nagar (Mhow) from Indore Junction.

In March 2020 it gets [[LHB coach]].

==Coach composition==

The train consists of 22 coaches:
* 1 First AC
* 2 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 2 AC Economy
* 6 Sleeper class
* 1 Pantry car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 SLRD
* 1 EOG
* There are 4 dedicated rakes for this train.

==Service==

*The 12919/Malwa Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1641 km in 29 hrs 20 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/malwa-sf-express-12919/1048/12254/10091|title=12919/Malwa SF Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
*The 12920/Malwa Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1641 km in 30 hrs 20 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/malwa-sf-express-12920/1049/10091/12254|title=12920/Malwa SF Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Indore Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dewas Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Maksi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vidisha}}
* {{stnlnk|Bina Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Lalitpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dholpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}
* {{stnlnk |Faridabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}
* {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
* {{stnlnk|Sonipat Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Panipat Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kurukshetra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalandhar Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Pathankot Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Kathua}}
* {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}
* {{stnlnk|Martyr Captain Tushar Mahajan Udhampur||MCTM Udhampur}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}}'''

==Placing of coaches==

Placing of coach for 12919 Malwa Express.

Loco-EOG-H1-A1-A2-B1-B2-B3-B4-M1-M2-PC-S1-S2-S3-S4-S5-S6-GEN-GEN-GEN-GEN-SLR-UJN

Vice Versa for 12920 Malwa Express

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival tme !! Arrival dy
|-
| 12919 || DADN || Dr. Ambedkar Nagar || 11:50 AM || Daily || Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra || Second day 05:10 PM || Daily
|-
| 12920 || SVDK || Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra || 08:35 AM || Daily || Dr. Ambedkar Nagar || Second day 02:30 PM || Daily
|}

==Reversals==

The train is reversed twice at:

* {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive between [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar railway station|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar]] and [[Bhopal Junction railway station|Bhopal Junction.]] After Bhopal Junction, both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive upto [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra]] and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Indore–Jammu Tawi Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Indore–Chandigarh Weekly Express]]
* [[Indore–Dehradun Express]]
* [[Indore–Amritsar Express]]
* [[Indore–New Delhi Intercity Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[http://runningstatus.in/status/12919 Train status]

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malwa Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Transport in Mhow]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Anindya Das

2026-02-03T23:38:54Z

LizetteGoble: put up basic article v1

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Anindya Das
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Physics]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (2022)
}}
'''Anindya Das''' is an Indian physicist who works in experimental condensed matter physics. He was awarded one of the twelve across<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=After a year's hold-up, Centre announces top national science prize for young talent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-awards-2022-winners-8934745/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> seven scientific fields [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prizes for Science and Technology]] for the year 2022 in Physical Sciences, a prize awarded to a scientist under 45 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Recipients |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/WriteReadData/LatestUpdates/202309110115561846131SSBPrize2022Website.pdf |website=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize (SSB) for Science and Technology 2022 |publisher=CSIR Human Resource Development Group, New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. N. Kalaiselvi, DG, CSIR announces Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for S&T 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1956672 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

Das completed his B.Sc. from [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira]] under [[Calcutta University]] and M.Sc. and Ph.D. from [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He held a postdoctoral position at [[Weizmann Institute]] before joining the [[Indian Institute of Science]], where he is currently an associate professor.<ref>{{cite web |title="Website of Prof. Anindya Das's Laboratory" |url=http://www.physics.iisc.ac.in/~anindya/ |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quantum Transport Lab |url=http://www.physics.iisc.ac.in/~anindya/people-all/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-09-12 |title=Four from Bengaluru bag Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/four-from-bengaluru-bag-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize/article67298945.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Anindya}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]

{{India-physicist-stub}}

Eastern Sporting Union

2026-01-21T20:48:40Z

LizetteGoble: Creating new entry and citations

{{Short description|Indian association football club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Eastern Sporting Union
| image = Eastern Sporting Union.svg
| fullname = Eastern Sporting Union
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1946|03|14}}<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India – List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref>
| ground =
| capacity =
| owntitle =
| owner =
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle =
| manager =
| league = [[Indian Women's League]] [[Manipur Women's League]]
| season = [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]]
| position = IWL, Semifinalists

| pattern_la1 = _ESU_home_2017_18
| pattern_b1 = _ESU_home_2017_18
| pattern_ra1 = _ESU_home_2017_18
| pattern_sh1 = _ESU_home_2017_18
| pattern_so1 = _ESU_home_2017_18
| leftarm1 = _ESU_home_2017_18
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 =
| socks1 =
| pattern_la2 = _ESU_away_2017_18
| pattern_b2 = _ESU_away_2017_18
| pattern_ra2 = _ESU_away_2017_18
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website =
}}

'''Eastern Sporting Union''', known as '''ESU''', is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]. Its women's team competed in the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AIFF launches maiden Indian Women's League|url=http://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3045266/aiff-launches-maiden-indian-womens-league|publisher=espn.in|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202221453/http://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3045266/aiff-launches-maiden-indian-womens-league|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AIFF launches professional league for women footballers|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-launches-professional-league-for-women-footballers-4489784/|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085656/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-launches-professional-league-for-women-footballers-4489784/|url-status=live}}</ref> Eastern Sporting Union is one of the most successful women's football club in [[India]], and was the champion of the inaugural Indian Women's League.

==History==
Founded on 14 March 1946, Eastern Sporting Union by the public leaders of East Imphal tehsil under the patronage of HH [[Bodhchandra Singh]] is one of the oldest clubs in Manipur. Their U15 youth boys' team competed in [[Manchester United Premier Cup|Manchester United Premier Cup of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007mupc-u15.html|title=Manchester United Premier Cup (U15) India Finals 2007 — From 10 upto 13 January 2007 in Mumbai, Maharashtra.|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=2007|work=IndianFootball.de|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726030555/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007mupc-u15.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Team records==
===Seasons===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan=7 class="unsortable" | League
! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable" | Top Scorer(s)
|-
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player(s)
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
| [[2016–17 Indian Women's League season|2016–17]]
| 10
| 9
| 0
| 1
| 42
| 8
| 1st
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yumnam Devi|Kamala Devi]]
| 15
|-
| [[2017–18 Indian Women's League season|2017–18]]
| 8
| 5
| 3
| 0
| 14
| 6
| 2nd
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Irom Prameshwori Devi
| 4
|}

==Women's squad==
{{updated|24 April 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/10642/11|title=Hero Indian Women's League Squad|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430103451/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/10642/11|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Elangbam Panthoi Chanu]]}}
{{fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Mayangmayum Achoubi}}
{{fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Heirangkhongjam Linda Chanu}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Phanjoubam Nirmala Devi}}
{{fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kangabam Anita Devi}}
{{fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sultana Ms.}}
{{fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Moirangthem Mandakini Devi]]}}
{{fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Yumnam Kamala Devi]]}}
{{fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Baby Chiinngainuam Mate}}
{{fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nandeibam Gitanjali Chanu}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Chandam Anjali Devi}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Thiemlalnei}}
{{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lhingdeikim}}
{{fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Naorem Monika Devi}}
{{fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Rabina Thoudam}}
{{fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Salam Rinaroy Devi]]}}
{{fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Naobi Chanu Laishram}}
{{fs end}}

==Technical staff==
{{updated|24 April 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-champs-overcome-fund-crunch-in-bid-to-add-to-iwl-glory/articleshow/99780186.cms |title=Former champs overcome fund crunch in bid to add to IWL glory |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 April 2023 |date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426071628/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-champs-overcome-fund-crunch-in-bid-to-add-to-iwl-glory/articleshow/99780186.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Lourembam Ronibala Chanu
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} S. Premjit Meitei
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic tournaments===
====Cup====
*'''[[Churachand Singh Trophy]]'''
**Champions (3): 1967, 1972, 2002–03<ref>{{cite web|title=Roll of Honour at Sir Churachand Singh, KCSI, CBE Memorial Football Tournament — From 1950|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.61st_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2018.Roll_of_Honour_at_Sir_Churachand_Singh_Memorial_Football_Tournament_from_1950|website=e-pao.net|publisher=E-Pao News Manipur|date=20 December 2015|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709223424/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.61st_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2018.Roll_of_Honour_at_Sir_Churachand_Singh_Memorial_Football_Tournament_from_1950}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-02 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Churachand Singh Invitation Football Trophy |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/churachandsinghtrophy.html |access-date=2021-12-20 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002195550/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/churachandsinghtrophy.html |archive-date=2 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): 1974
*'''[[Shirui Lily Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): 2004<ref>{{Cite web|title=ESU pip YSWA to retain Shirui cup|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..191204.dec04|publisher=E-Pao|date=18 December 2004}}</ref>
*'''Kohima Royal Gold Cup'''
**Runner-up (1): 1992<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/royalgoldcup.html|title=List of winners and runners-up of the Kohima Royal Gold Cup|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006211011/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/royalgoldcup.html|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Women's team===
*'''[[Indian Women's League]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2016–17 Indian Women's League season|2016–17]]
**Runners-up (1): [[2017–18 Indian Women's League season|2017–18]]
* '''[[Manipur Women's League]]'''
** Champions (4): 2014, 2017, 2021, 2022–23

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/team-details.htm?id=161 Team profile] at [[All India Football Federation]]

{{Football in Manipur}}
{{Indian Women's League}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Manipur]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1946]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]
[[Category:Imphal]]

Anand Swarup

2026-01-18T17:05:23Z

LizetteGoble:

{{Short description|Fifth Sant Satguru of Radhasoami Faith and Founder of Dayalbagh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Anand Swarup
| image =
| alias = Param Purush Puran Dhani Sahab Ji Mahraj, Huzur Sahab Ji Maharaj
| location = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| religion = Sant SatGuru Of [[Radha Soami]] Sect
| sect = Sant Mat Radhasoami
| title = Spiritual Teacher (Sant [[Satguru]])
| period = (1913-1937)
| predecessor = [[Kamta Prasad Sinha]]
| successor = [[Gurcharan Das Mehta]]
| birth_date = 6 August 1881
| birth_place = [[Ambala]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 24 June 1937 (aged 55)
| death_place = [[Agra]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
}}
'''Anand Swarup''' (6 August 1881 – 24 June 1937), honorifically known as '''Param Guru Huzur Sahab Ji Maharaj''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm|title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith|website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> was the founder of [[Dayalbagh]] and the fifth revered leader, or Sant [[Satguru]] of Radhasoami faith also known as [[Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh]] and Spiritual Head of [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radhasoami Satsang Sabha]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Juergensmeyer|first1=Mark|title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith|date=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691010922}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir In Commemoration Of The First Centenary Of The Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref> He succeeded [[Kamta Prasad Sinha|Sarkar Sahab]] in 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radhasoamidayal.net/Guru4.html|title=Guru|accessdate=29 August 2017|archive-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531172605/http://radhasoamidayal.net/Guru4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dei.ac.in/dei/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84:brief-history&catid=24:about-dei&Itemid=102|title=Historical Perspective|publisher=Dayalbagh Educational Institute|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> He also laid the foundation of Radha Soami Educational Institute (REI),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dei.ac.in/dei/admission/index.php/important-links/153-rei-intermediate-college-dayalbagh-agra|title=REI Intermediate College, Dayalbagh, Agra|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> a co-educational middle school which opened in 1917 and later expanded and developed as [[Dayalbagh Educational Institute]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dei.ac.in/ |title=Home |website=dei.ac.in}}</ref>(Deemed University).
[[File:Anand Swarup.jpg|thumb|Anand Swarup alias Hazur Sahab Ji Maharaj]]
He was knighted in the [[1936 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34238 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date= 31 December 1935}}</ref> for founding Dayalbagh.

== Early life ==
He was born on 6 August 1881 in a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[Ahluwalia (surname)|Ahluwalia]] mercantile family belonging to Ambala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lorenzen |first=David N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7nYvxCiAQcC&dq=Ahluwalia+caste&pg=PA85 |title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action |date=9 November 1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1126-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC&dq=Ahluwalia+caste&pg=PA49 |title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01092-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Literature ==
He wrote many holy books on the Radha Soami sect, explaining the concepts of [[Surat Shabd Yoga]] and objectives of Radha Soami in general. A composition of beautiful and inspiring Hymns named 'PREM BILAS' was brought out during His life time.A magazine named 'PREM PRACHARAK' was also published from Dayal Bagh. It contained the day-to-day discourses of Param Guru Sahabji Maharaj and other activities of Satsang. Lists of his Holy Books published by [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radhasoami Satsang Sabha]] :

# ''Prem Bilas''
# ''Radhasoami Mat Darshan''
# ''Prem Sandesh''
# ''Bhagvad Geeta Ke Updesh''
# ''Amrit Bachan''
# ''Satsang Ke Updesh''
# ''Jigyasa''
# ''Yatharth Prakash''
# ''Sharanashram Ka Shapoot''
# ''Swarajy''
# ''Sansar Chakr''
# ''Deen Va Duniya'' <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.freehindipdfbooks.com/download-now/radhaswami-mat-darshan-jo-mutlashiyo-ke-liye-hindi-book/ |title=Radhaswami Mat Darshan : Mutlashiyo Ke Liye |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827212303/https://www.freehindipdfbooks.com/download-now/radhaswami-mat-darshan-jo-mutlashiyo-ke-liye-hindi-book/ |archive-date=27 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Publications |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/publications/publication_files/Publication.html |access-date=29 August 2017 |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref>{{ref|radha}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Login – Dayalbagh Press & Publications Pvt. Ltd. |url=https://dbpress.dayalbagh.org.in/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fdbpress.dayalbagh.org.in%2Fholy-books-by-our-revered-sant-satgurus%2Fparam-guru-sahabji-maharaj%2F |access-date=16 February 2025 |language=en-US|url-access=registration}}</ref>

== Teachings ==
Huzur Sahabji Maharaj founded Dayalbagh - Garden of the Merciful, the Spiritual Home of ''Satsangis'' which is an envy of the heavens on 20 January 1915 on [[Vasant Panchami|Basant Panchami]] Day. He spread the Message of Satsang to the four corners of the country and showed that it is possible to bring about fusion of traditional [[mysticism]] and modern science and technology. He told us that '''''Better Worldliness''''' rather than unworldliness should be our ideal. We should not become unmindful of our social responsibilities and duties as a citizen in our religious pursuits. We should follow the ideal of '''''Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of Man''''' if we want peace in the world. He composed Prem Bilas and Yathartha Prakasa and Bhagwad Gita ke Updesh clarified the true meaning of our old scriptures and how they are in line with the concepts and philosophy of [[Sant Mat]].He left for His Heavenly Abode on 24 June 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Inspiration |url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/rei/index.php/about-us/our-inspiration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Radhasoami Satsang Sabha (Dayal Bagh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eg9zwEACAAJ |title=Souvenir in Commemoration of the First Centenary of the Radhasoami Satsang, 1861-1961: A Brief Account of the Progress of the Radhasoami Satsang During 100 Years Ended on Basant Day, 21st January 1961 |date=1975 |publisher=Radhasoami Satsang Sabha |language=en}}</ref>

== Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh ==
Located at: [[Dayalbagh]], Agra. Lineage: [[Shiv Dayal Singh]] (Soami Ji Maharaj)- [[Salig Ram]](Huzur Maharaj)— [[Maharaj Sahab|Brahm Shankar Misra]](Maharaj Sahab) — [[Kamta Prasad Sinha]](Sarkar Sahab) — Anand Swarup (Sahab Ji Maharaj, Founder of Dayalbagh) — [[Gurcharan Das Mehta]](Mehta Ji Maharaj) — [[Makund Behari Lal]](Lal Sahab) — [[Prem Saran Satsangi]](Satsangi Sahab). Dayalbagh was founded by Anand Swarup, Kt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ |title=Home |website=dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> The present Guru<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> [[Prem Saran Satsangi]]<ref name="auto"/> is an emeritus professor, physicist and system scientist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapters - Sysi.org |url=https://www.sysi.org/chapters.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=www.sysi.org}}</ref> of [[IIT Delhi]]. The 200th birth anniversary of Shiv Dayal Singh was celebrated in [[Dayalbagh]] from August 2017 to 24 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/agra-temple-113-years-in-the-making-inches-towards-completion/articleshow/59040687.cms|title=Agra: Agra temple, 113 years in the making, inches towards completion | Agra News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bicentennial Celebration Closing Function August 24, 2018 Flyer |url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/files/events/2017/Bicentennial_Celebration_Closing_Function_August_24_2018_Flyer.pdf |website=www.dei.ac.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh]] lineage
*;* [[Shiv Dayal Singh|Param Guru Soami Ji Maharaj]] '''(1818–1878)'''
*;* [[Salig Ram|Param Guru Huzur Maharaj]] '''(1829–1898)'''
*;* [[Maharaj Sahab|Param Guru Maharaj Sahab]] (1861–1907)
*;* [[Kamta Prasad Sinha|Param Guru Sarkar Sahab]] (1871–1913)
*;* Param Guru Sahab Ji Maharaj (1881–1937)
*;* [[Gurcharan Das Mehta|Param Guru Mehta Ji Maharaj]] (1885–1975)
*;* [[Makund Behari Lal|Param Guru Lal Sahab]] (1907–2002)
*;* [[Prem Saran Satsangi|Param Guru Satsangi Sahab]] (1937 – present
*[[Contemporary Sant Mat movements]]
*[[Sant Mat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.radhasoamisatsang.org/chronology.htm Radhasoami Satsang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817235747/http://www.radhasoamisatsang.org/chronology.htm |date=17 August 2017 }}
*[http://radhasoamidayal.net/GuruIntro.html Radhasoami Dayal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011015448/http://radhasoamidayal.net/GuruIntro.html |date=11 October 2017 }}
*[http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf Sant Mat - Radhasoami Mat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829075559/http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf |date=29 August 2017 }}
*[http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ Official site]

==Notes==
{{note|radha}} ''Radha Soami Sect – History and Tenets''. Radha Soami Satsang (Publisher), 2nd ed, Agra, 1988

{{DEFAULTSORT:Param Guru Huzur Sahab Ji Maharaj}}
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]

Idea Cellular

2026-01-17T16:21:37Z

LizetteGoble: further correct structure as per guidelines also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Former Indian telecommunications company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{About|the previous Indian mobile telecommunications company supported by [[Aditya Birla Group]]|the successor (and current) company|Vodafone Idea}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Idea Cellular Limited
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| former_name = Birla Communications Limited (1995-1996) Birla AT&T Communications Limited (1996-2001) Birla Tata AT&T Communications Limited (2001-2002)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list
|{{BSE was|532822}}
|{{NSE was|IDEA}}
}}
| fate = [[Mergers and acquisitions|Merged]] with [[Vodafone India]] into [[Vodafone Idea]]
| successor = [[Vodafone Idea]]<ref name="NCLT nod" />
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Kumar Mangalam Birla]] {{Small|([[Chairman]])}}
|Himanshu Kapania {{Small|([[Managing director]])}}
}}
| ISIN = INE669E01016
| industry = [[Telecommunications industry|Telecommunications]]
| products = [[Mobile telephony]], [[wireless broadband]]
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|36162.54|c}} (2016)<ref name="Idea 2016">{{cite web |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/idea-cellular-ltd_idea/financials-yearly |title=Consolidated Result 2016-17}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|12180.67|c}} (2016)<ref name="Idea 2016" />
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|2728.13|c}} (2016)<ref name="Idea 2016" />
| assets = {{up}}
{{INRConvert|98577.16|c}} (2016)
| equity = {{up}}
{{INRConvert|27262.46|c}} (2016)
| owner = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Aditya Birla Group]] (49.05%)
|[[Axiata]] (19.96%)
|[[Providence Equity Partners]] (10.60%)
}}
| members = 220.00 million
| members_year = June 2018
| parent = [[Aditya Birla Group]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1995}}
| founder = [[Aditya Birla Group]]
| defunct = {{End date|2018|08|31}} (as a [[company]])
{{End date|2020|09|07}} (as a [[brand]])
| location = [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]], India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ideacellular123.com/IDEA.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=IDEA_Page_IVContact |title=Idea Cellular – Cell Phone Services |access-date=28 June 2012 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}

'''Idea Cellular''' was an [[India|Indian]] [[telecommunications company]] based at [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Idea Cellular – Cell Phone Services {{!}}3G, Prepaid, Postpaid & Wireless Internet |url=http://www.ideacellular.com/aboutus/aboutidea |access-date=2014-07-29 |website=www.ideacellular.com |language=en}}</ref> It was an integrated [[GSM]] [[Mobile Network Operator|operator]] and had 220.00 million subscribers as of June 2018.<ref name="Dec17">{{cite web|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.23_TSD_Eng_16022018.pdf|title=Press Release No. 23/2018|date=16 February 2018|publisher=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>

In 2018 Idea Cellular [[Mergers and acquisitions|merged]] with [[Vodafone India]] into [[Vodafone Idea]].<ref name="VI">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/idea-vodafone-say-merger-complete-now-indias-largest-telco-with-408-million-active-users/articleshow/65619297.cms?from=mdr|date=31 August 2018|title=Idea-Vodafone say merger complete, now India's largest telco with 408 million active users|website=Indiatimes}}</ref>

==History==
Idea Cellular was [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] as Birla Communications in 1995 after [[GSM]] licenses were won in [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] circles. The [[Company naming|company name]] was changed to Idea Cellular and the [[brand]] Idea was introduced in 2002 after a series of name changes following [[Mergers and acquisitions|mergers]] and [[Joint venture|joint ventures]] with [[Grasim Industries]], [[AT&T Corporation]] and [[Tata Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Idea Cellular – Cell Phone Services {{!}}3G, Prepaid, Postpaid & Wireless Internet |url=http://www.ideacellular.com/aboutus/history |access-date=2014-07-29 |website=www.ideacellular.com |language=en}}</ref> Following the exit of AT&T Corporation and Tata Group from the joint venture in 2004 and 2006 respectively, Idea Cellular became a [[Subsidiary company|subsidiary]] of [[Aditya Birla Group]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Cingular Allows Agreement to Sell Stake in Indian Wireless Service Provider to Expire | website=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1130452/000095014405006486/g95844exv99w1.htm | access-date=2015-06-07}}</ref> [[Malaysia]] based [[Axiata Group Berhad|Axiata]] had bought around 20% [[Equity (finance)|stake]] in the [[company]] in 2008 for US$2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=www.ETTelecom.com |title=Malaysian Telco Axiata may soon exit Vodafone Idea as stock continues its slide - ET Telecom |language=en |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/malaysian-telco-axiata-may-soon-exit-vodafone-idea-as-stock-continues-its-slide/74367060 |access-date=2020-06-14}}</ref>

Idea previously bought a 40.8% stake in [[Spice Telecom]], for over {{INR}}2,700 crore.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/spice-telecom-buy-to-leave-idea-cellular-richer/story-4rnJnPMlFa4EiXEUsLswhP.html |title=Spice Telecom buy to leave Idea Cellular richer |last=Kumar|first=Arun|date=2008-06-30|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref>

===Merger with Vodafone India===
The entry of [[Jio]] in 2016 had led to various [[List of telecom companies in India#Defunct operators|mergers and consolidations]] in the Indian [[Telecommunications industry|telecom sector]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/rws5uR2FeOti3o3nU7AirL/The-shakeup-in-Indias-telecom-sector.html|title=The shakeup in India's telecom sector|last=Raj|first=Amrit|date=2017-10-21|work=www.livemint.com|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> It was announced in March 2017 that even Idea Cellular and [[Vodafone India]] would be merged. The merger got approval from [[Department of Telecommunications]] in July 2018. On August 30, 2018, [[National Company Law Tribunal]] gave the final nod to the Vodafone-Idea merger <ref name="NCLT nod">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/nclt-gives-go-ahead-to-idea-vodafone-merger/articleshow/65616161.cms |title=NCLT gives go-ahead to Idea-Vodafone merger |last1=Parbat |first1=Kalyan |date=2018-08-31 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2018-09-01 |last2=Sengupta |first2=Devina}}</ref> The merger was completed on 31 August 2018, and the newly merged entity was named [[Vodafone Idea]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Vodafone Idea Limited {{!}} Campaign |url=https://www.vodafoneidea.com/stronger-together |access-date=2019-07-24 |website=www.vodafoneidea.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Idea approves merger with Vodafone India, to create India's largest telco|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/companies-a-z/corporate-trends/idea-approves-merger-with-vodafone-india-to-create-indias-largest-telco/articleshow/57726194.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=20 March 2017|last1=Guha|first1=Romit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kurup|first1=Rajesh|title=Idea Cellular board approves merger with Vodafone India; shares tank 9%|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/idea-cellular-board-approves-merger-with-vodafone-india/article9591707.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=20 March 2017|language=en|date=20 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="BSE Disclosure">{{cite web |title=Disclosure under Regulation 30 of SEBI (LODR) Regulations, 2015 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/30efb0f1-67b4-40d7-b7e8-d1c60104dd50.pdf |website=BSE |access-date=31 August 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The merger created the largest [[Telecommunications company|telecom company]] in India by subscribers and by revenue. Under the terms of the deal, the [[Vodafone Group]] holds a 45.2% stake in the combined entity, the Aditya Birla Group holds 26% and the remaining [[Share (finance)|shares]] will be held by the public.<ref name="BSE Disclosure" />

On 7 September 2020, Vodafone Idea unveiled this new [[brand identity]], Vi, which involved the integration of the company's erstwhile separate brands Vodafone India and Idea Cellular into one unified brand.

== Operations ==

In the 2010 [[3G]] [[spectrum auction]], Idea paid {{INRConvert|57.68|b}} for spectrum in 11 circles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-3g-auction-india-ends-provisional-winners/ |title=India's 3G Auction Ends; Operator And Circle-Wise Results |first=Nikhil |last=Pahwa |work=[[MediaNama]] |date=19 May 2010}}</ref> After the launch of [[Mobile number portability|MNP]] in India, Idea further strengthened its customer base because it was the [[mobile network]] with most net port-ins.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/five-years-on-idea-vodafone-airtel-emerge-top-gainers-in-mnp-kotak/articleshow/51808066.cms|title=Five years on, Idea, Vodafone, Airtel emerge top gainers in MNP: Kotak|last=Abbas|first=Muntazir|date=2016-04-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref>

===Radio frequency summary===

Idea Cellular owned spectrum in 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2300 MHz and 2500 MHz bands across the country.<ref>{{citation |url=http://telecomtalk.info/india-spectrum-data-sheet/134245/|publisher=Telecom Talk|access-date=15 July 2018|title=Pan India 2016 spectrum holding data sheet (updated)}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | [[Telecom circle]] coverage
! scope="col" | [[E-GSM]] 900MHz [[GSM frequency bands|Band 8]]
! scope="col" | [[GSM]] / [[LTE-FDD]] 1800MHz [[LTE frequency bands|Band 3]]
! scope="col" | [[UMTS]] 2100MHz [[UMTS frequency bands|Band 1]]
! scope="col" | [[LTE-TDD]] 2300MHz [[LTE frequency bands|Band 40]]
! scope="col" | [[LTE-TDD]] 2500MHz [[LTE frequency bands|Band 41]]
|-
|[[Delhi]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Mumbai]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Kolkata]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Telangana]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Gujarat]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Karnataka]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{na|color=}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra]] & [[Goa]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{na|color=}}
|-
|[[Haryana]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Kerala]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]

|-
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Eastern Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh (East)]]|| {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Western Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh (West)]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[West Bengal]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Assam]] || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Bihar]] & [[Jharkhand]] || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]] || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[North East India|North East]] || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Odisha]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|}
'''Note:''' The above table contains [[Vodafone Idea]] radio frequency details because they used to share their networks with each other via ICR (intra-circle roaming agreement) in some circles. For example, Idea had started giving its customers in Delhi access to [[4G]] services in May 2018 via the [[Vodafone India|Vodafone]] network.<ref>{{citation |url=http://telecomtalk.info/idea-cellular-4g-delhi/177190/|publisher=Telecom Talk|access-date=15 July 2018|title=Idea Cellular 4G Services Now Live in Delhi Via ICR With Vodafone}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/idea-to-launch-volte-in-march-inks-4g-icr-agreement-with-vodafone/62634564|publisher=ET Telecom|access-date=15 July 2018|title=Idea to launch VoLTE in March, inks 4G ICR agreement with Vodafone}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Aditya Birla Group]]
* [[AT&T Corporation]]
* [[Axiata]]
* [[Grasim Industries]]
* [[Spice Telecom]]
* [[Tata Group]]
* [[Vodafone Idea]]
* [[Vodafone India]]
{{Portal bar|Companies|India|Telecommunications}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://data.conferenceworld.in/IEEERAJSHREE/P150-156.pdf Liquidity and Profitability Tradeoff (a study of Idea Cellular Limited)]

==External links==
* {{Official website|}}

{{Telecommunication companies of India}}
{{Axiata Group}}
{{Aditya Birla Group}}
{{Asia Mobility Initiative}}
{{Major telecommunications companies}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]
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Sambalpuri sari

2026-01-10T03:55:06Z

LizetteGoble: enhanced lead also and updated info

{{short description|Type of Sari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Sambalpuri saree1.jpg|thumb|alt=sambalpuri saree design|right|200px|An intricate ''bandha'' ([[Odisha Ikat|Ikat]]) weave of Sambalpuri sari]]
[[File:Sambalpuri saree pallu.jpg|thumb|alt=mayur design sambalpuri saree pallu|right|200px|An intricate weave of Sambalpuri sari pallu]]
A '''Sambalpuri sari''' is a traditional handwoven ''bandha'' ([[Odisha Ikat|ikat]]) [[sari]] (locally called ''"sambalpuri bandha"'' sadhi or saree) wherein the warp and the weft are tie-dyed before weaving. It is a [[handloom sari]] produced in the [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Balangir district|Balangir]], [[Boudh district|Boudh]] and [[Sonepur district|Sonepur]] districts of [[Odisha]], India. Sambalpuri saris incorporate traditional motifs like [[shankha]] ([[Conch]]), [[chakra]] (wheel), phula ([[flower]]), all of which have deep symbolism with the native Odia culture. The colours red, black and white represents Lord Kaalia [[Jagannath|(Jagannatha)]]'s face colour.

The sari is a traditional female garment in the [[Indian subcontinent]] consisting of a strip of unstitched cloth ranging from four to nine meters in length that is draped over the body in various styles.<ref name= Roshan>Alkazi, Roshan (1983) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage; Ghurye (1951) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay); Boulanger, Chantal; (1997)</ref>

These saris first became popular outside the state when the late Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] started wearing them. In the 1980s and 1990s they became popular across India.<ref>[https://www.urmiweaves.com/blogs/news/how-sambalpuri-cotton-sarees-are-suitable-for-all-seasons"How sambalpuri sarees are suitable for all season"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113164102/https://www.urmiweaves.com/blogs/news/how-sambalpuri-cotton-sarees-are-suitable-for-all-seasons |date=13 January 2022 }} ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 5 September 2009.</ref> The handloom silk saris manufactured in [[Sambalpur]] and [[Berhampur]] (Berhampur Patta) in [[Odisha]] were included in the [[Government of India]]'s [[Geographical Indication]]s (GI) registry to protect the livelihoods of the artisans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091314/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030850440200.htm "'Sambalpuri saree' and 'Berhampuri pattu' to get GI recognition soon"] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 8 March 2009.</ref><ref>[http://nopr.niscair.res.in/contents/jipr_toc/2006/JIPR%2011%282%29%20%28IPR%20News%29.pdf "Sambalpuri saree set to be protected"] [[NISCAIR]] Online Periodicals Repository, March 2006.</ref>

==Variations==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Jaya Jagannatha.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = 1 icon of Jagannath Jaganath Jagannatha, abstract Krishna of Hinduism.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Two versions of Jagannath iconography
}}
[[File:Sambalpuri bandha.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Sambalpuri baandha sari]]
[[File:Sambhalpuri Saree (Blue).jpg|thumb|Sambhalpuri Saree]]

Varieties of the Sambalpuri sari include Sonepuri, Pasapali, Bomkai, Barpali, and Bapta saris, which are in high demand. Most of them have been named after their places of origin and are popularly known as ''Pata''.
Paintings on Tussar saris depicting [[Mathura]] Vijay, Raslila and [[Ayodhya]] Vijay owe their origin to ‘Raghurajpur patta paintings’.
== Fabric and design ==
[[File:Sambhalpuri Saree (Red).jpg|thumb|Sambhalpuri Saree (Red)]]
Baandha fabric is created using a [[tie-dye]] technique. The yarns are tied according to the desired patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bsmjsambalpuri.in/2023/02/a-glimpse-at-sambalpuri-saree-of-odisha.html|title = A glimpse at Sambalpuri Saree of Odisha}}</ref> The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called 'Baandha'. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both sides of the fabric. Once the fabric is dyed it can never be bleached into another colour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nidhishekhawat.hatenablog.com/entry/2020/02/13/170702|title = The History of Indian Sarees: A Legacy for Centuries| date=13 February 2020 }}</ref>

The salient feature of these saris is the traditional craftsmanship of the 'Bandhakala'- the [[Tie-dye]] art reflected in their intricate weaves, also known as Sambalpuri "[[Ikkat]]". In this technique, the threads are first tie-dyed and later woven into a fabric, with the entire process taking many weeks.

This versatile technique enables a craftsman to weave colourful designs, patterns and images into a fabric capable of inspiring a thought or conveying a message. Traditionally, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently,{{When|date=February 2011}} new types of Baandha depicting portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed.

It is believed that this art migrated to Western Odisha along with the Bhulia community who fled [[Northern India]] in the year [[1192 AD]] after the fall of the [[Chouhan]] empire at the hands of the [[Mughals]]. Since then and up to the year 1925 it flourished in [[Western Odisha]] in a limited number of designs and in vegetable colours and consisted mostly of saris used by the womenfolk of the [[Odisha]].

== Production ==
{{promotional|section|date=February 2020}}
Today the Baandha fabric is popularly known by its geographical and cultural name ''[[Sambalpur]]<nowiki/>i'' owing to the pioneering efforts of Sri Radhashyam Meher, who brought about a radical improvement in the skills of the craftsmen and the quality of the products. Other master craftsmen who contributed to the development of Sambalpuri textiles were [[Padma Shri|Padmashree]] [[Kailash Chandra Meher]], Padmashree [[Kunja Bihari Meher]], ''Padmashree Chatrubhuja Meher'' and ''Padmashree Krutharth Acharya'', Handloom Technologist Mr. Ramkrishna Meher. Sambalpuri textiles today include furnishing materials, dress materials and saris in silk, cotton and [[mercerised cotton]] in a variety of colours and many different designs. Baandha craftsmen are also masters of the 'extra warp' and 'extra weft' style of designing which can be seen in almost all forms of Baandha textiles.

The factory production of Sambalpuri saris has negatively impacted traditional handloom artisans.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=It Takes A Month to Weave, But A Day to Print: Existential Angst Of Sambalpuri Saree Weavers |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/sambalpur-odisha-weavers-cry-foul-as-machine-made-low-cost-fabric-replace-handwoven-products-enn25020605115 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |date=6 February 2025}}</ref>

== Important handloom clusters of Odisha ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:225px;"|Serial No.
! style="width:225px;"|Category of cluster
! style="width:225px;"|Name of district
! style="width:225px;"|Name of cluster
! style="width:225px;"|Number of clusters
|-
|1 || A || Bargarh || Attabira, Bargarh, Bheden, Barpali, Bijepur, Padampur, Sohela, Bhatli
|| 8
|-
|2 || A || Subarnapur/Sonepur || Birmaharajpur, Sonepur, Ulunda, Binika
|| 4
|-
|3 || A || Boudh || Boudh || 1
|-
|4 || B || Balangir || Patnagarh, Agalpur, Bangamunda || 3
|-
|5 || B || Nuapada || Khariar (Sinapali)
|| 1
|-
|6 || B || Sambalpur || Rengali || 1
|}

==Further reading==
* ''The Orissan art of weaving'', by Kesabachandra Mehera, Publisher: Keshab Chandra Meher, 1995.
* ''Indian ikat textiles'', [[V & A Museum]] Indian Art Series. by Rosemary Crill, Victoria and Albert Museum. V & A Publications, 1998. {{ISBN|1851772421}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sambalpuri sari}}
* [https://www.urmiweaves.com/blogs/news/how-sambalpuri-cotton-sarees-are-suitable-for-all-seasons]

{{Saree}}
{{Odia culture}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Western Odisha}}
{{coord |21.515076|83.916572|display=title}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Figured fabrics]]
[[Category:Handloom sarees]]
[[Category:Bargarh district]]
[[Category:Subarnapur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sambalpur]]

Hindu mythology

2025-12-09T13:18:32Z

LizetteGoble: expanded formatting and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva seated on lotuses with their consorts, ca1770.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Trimurti]] ([[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]]) seated on lotuses with their consorts, the [[Tridevi]] ([[Saraswati]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Parvati]]).]]
{{Hindu mythology}}
[[File:Krishna and Rukmini as Groom and Bride in a Celestial Chariot Driven by Ganesha LACMA M.74.13.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Krishna]] elopes with Princess [[Rukmini]]]]
[[File:1150 CE Hoysaleswara temple Halebidu Karnataka, Gajasurasamhara Shiva.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Shiva]] slays [[Gajasura]]]]
[[File:Matsya Avatar, ca 1870.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]]'s [[Matsya]] avatar, a prominent Hindu myth.]]
{{Mythology}}

'''Hindu mythology''' refers to the collection of [[myth|myths]]{{efn|{{Myth FAQ}}}} associated with [[Hinduism]], derived from various [[Hindu texts]] and traditions. These myths are found in sacred texts such as the [[Vedas]],{{sfn|Macdonell|1978|p=1–9}} the [[Itihasas]] (the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]''),{{sfn|Washburn Hopkins|1986|pp=1–3}} and the [[Puranas]].{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|p=90–101}} They also appear in regional and ethnolinguistic texts, including the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Mangal-Kāvya|''Mangal Kavya'']] and the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' and [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|''Divya Prabandham'']]. Additionally, Hindu myths are also found in widely translated [[Fable|fables]] like the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' and the ''[[Hitopadesha]]'', as well as in [[Southeast Asia]]n texts influenced by Hindu traditions.{{sfn|Olivelle|1999|p=xii–xiii}}{{sfn|Waldau|Patton|2009|p=186, 680}}

== Meaning of "myth" ==
'''Myth''' is a [[genre]] of [[folklore]] or [[theology]] consisting primarily of [[narrative]]s that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or [[origin myth]]s. For folklorists, historians, philosophers or theologians this is very different from the use of "myth" simply indicating that something is not true. Instead, the truth value of a myth is not a defining criterion.<ref>Deretic, Irina. “Why are myths true: Plato on the veracity of myths.” Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies (2020): vol. 36, issue 3, pp. 441–451.</ref> Hindus see this as not just tales, but their history and tradition passed on in literary form.

Hindu myths can be found in the [[Vedas]], the [[itihasa]] ([[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]), and the major [[Puranas]]. Other sources include the Bengali literature, such as [[Mangal-Kāvya]], and the [[Tamil literature]], such as [[Divya Prabandham]], [[Tirumurai]] and the [[Five Great Epics]]. These narratives play a crucial role in the Hindu tradition and are considered real and significant within their cultural and spiritual context, offering profound insights into the beliefs and values of Hinduism.

== Origins and development ==

=== Indus Valley Civilisation ===
{{See also|Religion of the Indus Valley civilization}}

According to [[Joseph Campbell]], the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley]] (2600–1900 BCE) may have left traces in the beliefs and traditions of Hinduism. Artefacts have revealed motifs that are also employed and revered by Hindus today, such as primary male deities worshipped by a ruling elite, mother goddesses, nature spirits, [[Nāga|snake]] worship, as well as the reverence of other theriomorphic (animal-shaped) beings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Opler |first1=Morris E. |last2=Campbell |first2=Joseph |date=January 1962 |title=The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |volume=75 |issue=295 |pages=82 |doi=10.2307/537862 |jstor=537862 |issn=0021-8715 }}</ref> These themes would be maintained by the [[Dravidian folk religion]] even after the decline of its parent civilisation around 1800 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1300 BCE) |url=https://www.science.smith.edu/climatelit/decline-of-the-indus-river-valley-civilization-c-3300-1300-bce/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Climate in Arts and History |language=en-US |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731074042/https://www.science.smith.edu/climatelit/decline-of-the-indus-river-valley-civilization-c-3300-1300-bce/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Vedic Period ===
{{Main articles|Historical Vedic religion}}

A major factor in the development of Hinduism was the Vedic religion. The [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo-Aryan migration]] brought their distinct beliefs to the Indian subcontinent, where the [[Vedas]] were composed around 1500 BCE. The Indo-Aryans [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic pantheon of deities]] included the chief god [[Indra]], the sun deity [[Surya]], [[Ushas]], as well as [[Agni]].{{sfn|Williams|2003|pp=6-7}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonell |first=Arthur Anthony |title=Vedic mythology |date=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=0-8426-0674-2 |edition=Reprint, 1995 |location=Delhi |oclc=1951729}}</ref>

=== Brahmanical Period ===
{{Main articles|Brahminism}}
This period saw the composition of commentaries referred to as the [[Brahmana]]s.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=7}}

=== Upanishad Period ===
{{See also|Upanishads}}
According to Williams, from 900 to 600 BCE, the protests of the populace against sacrifices made towards the Vedic gods and rebellions against the Brahmin class led to the embrace of reform by the latter and the composition of the [[Atharvaveda|fourth Veda]] and the [[Vedanta]] texts. About half of the Upanishads were mystical and unitive, speaking of experiencing the divine as the one (ekam), while the other half promoted devotion to one or more deities. New gods and goddesses were celebrated, and devotional practices began to be introduced.<ref name=":0"/>

===Sramanic movements===
Elements such as those emerging from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] made their "heteroprax" contributions to later Hindu mythology, such as temples, indoor shrines, and rituals modeled after service to a divine king. Renunciate traditions contributed elements that questioned sacrifices and the killing of animals, and promoted asceticism and vegetarianism. All of these themes would be incorporated by the Brahmin classes into the later [[Hindu synthesis]], which developed in response to the sramanic movements between ca. 500–300 BCE and 500 CE, and also found their way into Hindu mythology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |date=2004-05-01 |title=Handbook of Hindu mythology |pages=10 }}</ref>

=== Epic Period ===
{{Main articles|Ramayana|Mahabharata}}
The era from 400 BCE to 400 CE was the period of the compilation of India’s great epics, the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]]. These were central manifestations of the newly developing Hindu synthesis, contributing to a specific Hindu mythology, emphasising divine action on earth in [[Vishnu]]'s incarnations and other divine manifestations. The lore of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[asura]]s expanded. Epic mythology foreshadowed the rich polytheism of the next two periods. The Mahabharata contained two appendices that were extremely important sources for later mythological development, the [[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad Gîta]] and the [[Harivamsa]].

=== Puranic Period ===
{{Main articles|Puranas}}

According to Williams, the mythology of the [[Puranas]] can be broken into three periods (300–500; 500–1000; 1000–1800), or the whole period may simply be referred to as the Hindu Middle Ages. This age saw the composition of the major Puranic texts of the faith, along with the rise of sectarianism, with followers amassing around the cults of [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], or [[Devi]]. The three denominations within this period help locate in time historical developments within the sectarian communities, the rise and decline of Tantrism and its influence on mainstream mythology, the tendencies in Puranic mythologising of subordinating Vedic gods and past heroes to ever-increasing moral weaknesses, going on to be identified as a period of exuberant polytheism. However, this was also accompanied with the belief in monotheism, the idea that all paths lead to the Ultimate Reality, [[Brahman]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Tantric Period ===
{{See also|Tantras (Hinduism)}}

According to Williams, during the Tantric period from 900 to 1600 CE, the mythology of [[Tantra]] and [[Shaktism]] revived and enriched blood sacrifice and the pursuit of pleasure as central themes. Tantra’s stories differed radically in meaning from those of epic mythology, which favored devotion, asceticism, and duty. There was either a revival or emphasis that was placed on the shakti or the cosmic energy of goddesses, a concept that had emerged during the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref name=":0" />

=== Modern Period ===
In the contemporary era, the mythologies of the dominant traditions of [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]], and [[Shaktism]] prevail.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bishara |first=Azmi |title=Ibn Khaldun's 'Asabiyya and Sects |date=2021-08-01 |work=Sectarianism without Sects |pages=199–220 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197602744.003.0007 |isbn=978-0-19-760274-4 }}</ref> Several myths were found or invented to make tribals or former "outcastes" Hindus and bring them within the cultural whole of a reconstructed Hindu mythological community.

==Mythical themes and types==
[[File: Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology.jpg|thumb|Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology]]

Academic studies of [[mythology]] often define mythology as deeply valued stories that explain a society's existence and world order: those narratives of a society's creation, the society's origins and foundations, their god(s), their original heroes, mankind's connection to the "divine", and their narratives of [[eschatology]] (what happens in the "after-life"). This is a very general outline of some of the basic sacred stories with those themes. In its broadest academic sense, the word ''myth'' simply means a traditional story. However, many scholars restrict the term "myth" to sacred stories.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/defmyth.htm#SACRED |title=What is a Myth? |access-date=2007-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807181158/http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/defmyth.htm#SACRED |archive-date=2007-08-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Folklorists]] often go further, defining myths as "tales believed as true, usually sacred, set in the distant past or other worlds or parts of the world, and with extra-human, inhuman, or heroic characters".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/defmyth.htm#DEFINING%20MYTH |title=Defining myth |access-date=2007-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807181158/http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/defmyth.htm#DEFINING%20MYTH |archive-date=2007-08-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Ancient Greek language|classical Greek]], ''muthos'', from which the English word ''myth'' derives, meant "story, narrative." Hindu mythology does not often have a consistent, monolithic structure. The same myth typically appears in various versions, and can be represented differently across different regional and socio-religious traditions.{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|1998}} Many of these legends evolve across these texts, where the character names change or the story is embellished with greater details.{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|1998}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1975|p=11, 21–22}} According to Suthren Hirst, these myths have been given a complex range of interpretations.{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|1998}} While according to Doniger O'Flaherty, the central message and moral values remain the same.{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1975|p=11, 21–22}} They have been modified by various philosophical schools over time, and are taken to have deeper, often symbolic, meaning.{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|1998}}

== Cosmology ==
{{Main|Hindu cosmology}}
{{Expand section|date=May 2021}}
{{div col}}
* [[Brahman]] The Ultimate Reality in [[Hinduism]]
* [[Satyaloka]] The abode of Brahma
* [[Hiranyagarbha]] The golden egg from which creation emerges
* [[Vaikuntha]] The abode of Vishnu
* [[Goloka]] The abode of Radha Krishna
* [[Kailasa]] The abode of Shiva
* [[Bhūmi|Bhumi]] The Hindu name for Earth.
* [[Patala]] The netherworld
* [[Svarga]] The Hindu concept of "heaven", but not strictly related to afterlife, but more like "utopia" in real world.
* [[Naraka (Hinduism)|Naraka]] The Hindu concept of "hell", but not a site of permanent damnation

{{div col end}}

=== Deities ===
{{Expand section|date=July 2021}}
'''[[Pantheism]]'''
*[[Brahman]] The Ultimate Reality

'''[[Vaishnavism]]''' (Vishnu-centric)
*[[Vishnu]] The God of Preservation
*[[Lakshmi]] The Goddess of Prosperity
*[[Dashavatara]] Ten incarnations of Vishnu, chiefly [[Krishna]] and [[Rama]]

'''[[Shaivism]]''' (Shiva-centric)
*[[Shiva]] The God of Destruction
*[[Parvati]] The Goddess of Power
*[[Ganesha]] The God of Auspiciousness
*[[Kartikeya]] The God of Victory and War

'''[[Shaktism]]''' (Goddess-centric)
*[[Mahadevi]] Supreme Goddess
*[[Saraswati]] Goddess of Wisdom
*[[Lakshmi]] Goddess of Prosperity
*[[Parvati]] Goddess of Power
*[[Durga]] Goddess of War
*[[Kali]] Goddess of time and destruction

'''[[Henotheism]] and [[Polytheism]]'''
* [[Brahma]] The God of Creation
* [[Vishnu]] The God of Preservation
* [[Shiva]] The God of Destruction
* [[Indra]] The King of the Devas and Svarga
* [[Saraswati]] The Goddess of Wisdom
* [[Lakshmi]] The Goddess of Prosperity
* [[Parvati]] The Goddess of Power
* [[Ganesha]] The God of Auspiciousness
* [[Krishna]] The God of love and protection
* [[Radha]] The goddess of love, chief consort of Krishna
* [[Rukmini]] The first queen consort and principal wife of Krishna<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vemsani |first=Lavanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |date=2016-06-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |pages=91 |language=en |access-date=2 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164823/https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Satyabhama]] The third queen consort of Krishna
* [[Kalindi|Yamuna]] one of the main sacred river goddesses in Hinduism and the fourth queen consort of Krishna
* [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]] Goddess of the Earth
* [[Kartikeya]] (Murugan) God of Victory and War
* [[Rama]] The seventh incarnation of [[Vishnu]]
* [[Kali]] A terrible aspect of [[Parvati]]
* [[Durga]] A principal aspect of Mahadevi
* [[Ashvins]] Twin gods of medicine
* [[Agni]] God of Fire
* [[Rudra]] God of the storm
* [[Shakti]] Personification of power
* [[Vayu]] God of the wind
* [[Surya]] God of the Sun
* [[Varuna]] God of the oceans
* [[Lakshmana]] Younger Brother of Rama
* [[Hanuman]] Highest devotee of Rama
* [[Sita]] Consort of Rama and incarnation of Lakshmi
* [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] An incarnation of the goddess [[Shakti]]
* [[Kubera]] God of Wealth
* [[Parshurama]] The sixth incarnation of [[Vishnu]]
* [[Yama]] God of Death and the Underworld
* [[Chandra]] God of the Moon
* [[Balrama|Balarama]] incarnation of [[Shesha]] and in some traditions an avatar of Vishnu
* [[Prajapati]] Creator deity
* [[Kalki]] Prophesied final incarnation of Vishnu
* [[Dashavatara]] (Ten Incarnations of [[Vishnu]])
* [[Narada]] Divine sage, messenger of gods
* [[Sundaravalli]] Daughter of Vishnu, consort of Murugan
* [[Devasena]] Daughter of Vishnu, consort of Murugan
* [[Kamadeva]] The God of love and desire
* [[Rati]] The Goddess of love and desire
* [[Shani]] Divine Personification of the planet saturn
''[[Dravidian folk religion]]''' (Indigenous Dravidian faith)

* [[Mariamman]] Mother goddess
* [[Aiyanar|Ayyanar]] Guardian deity
* [[Ayyappan]] God of Dharma

=== Connections to other belief systems ===
{{Expand section|date=July 2021}}
[[Hinduism]] shares [[mytheme]]s with [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Sikhism]].

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
{{div col|small=yes}}
* [[Dashavatara]]
* [[Greek mythology]]
* [[Hindu cosmology]]
* [[Hindu deities]]
* [[Hindu eschatology]]
* [[Hindu scriptures]]
* [[Meitei mythology]]
* [[Proto-Indo-European religion]]
* [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion]]
* [[Puranic chronology]]
* [[Saga]]
* [[Vedic mythology]]
* [[Myth=Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General sources ==
{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite book|last=Bonnefoy|first=Yves|year=1993|title=Asian Mythologies|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033253/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|url-status=live}}

* {{Citation | last =Doniger O'Flaherty | first =Wendy | year =1975 | title =Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit | publisher =Penguin | isbn =978-0140449907}}

* {{cite book|last=Washburn Hopkins|first=Edward|year=1986|title=Epic Mythology|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0227-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ingAMQAACAAJ|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033307/https://books.google.com/books?id=ingAMQAACAAJ|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book | last =Macdonell | first =Arthur Anthony | year =1978 | title =Vedic Mythology | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | edition =(reprint) | isbn =978-81-208-1113-3 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC | access-date =28 December 2017 | archive-date =24 April 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC | url-status =live }}

* {{cite book | last =Olivelle | first =Patrick | author-link =Patrick Olivelle | year =1999 | title =Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-283988-6 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC }}

* {{Citation | last =Suthren Hirst | first =Jacqueline | author-link =Jacqueline Suthren Hirst | year =1998 | chapter =Myth and history | editor-last =Bowen | editor-first =Paul | title =Themes and Issues in Hinduism | publisher =Cassell}}

* {{cite book|last1=Waldau|first1=Paul|last2=Patton|first2=Kimberley|year=2009|title=A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13643-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k6rAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=George M. |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Bhairav |first1=J Furcifer |author2=Rakesh Khanna |year=2020 |title=Ghosts, Monsters, and Demons of India |url=https://www.blaft.com/collections/new-arrivals/products/ghosts-monsters-and-demons-of-india |publisher=Blaft Publications Private Limited |isbn=9789380636467 |oclc=1259298225}}
* {{cite book |last=Brockington |first=J. L. |title=The Sanskrit Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C |year=1998 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-10260-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=J. A. B. van |last2=Dimmitt |first2=Cornelia |year=1978 |title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=0-87722-122-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Campbell |year=2003 |title=Myths of Light: Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWdqt29UDGYC |location=Novato, Calif. |publisher=New World Library |isbn=1-57731-403-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |year=2010 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Dallapiccola |first=Anna L. |year=2002 |title=[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]] |isbn=0-500-51088-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Dimitrova |first=Stefania |year=2017 |title=The Day of Brahma: The Myths of India—Epics of Human Destiny |publisher=Alpha-Omega |isbn=978-954-9694-27-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |year=1888 |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature |url=https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft#page/n27/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Trubner & Co.}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |author-link=Nanditha Krishna |year=2009 |title=The Book of Vishnu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306762-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |year=2010 |title=Sacred Animals of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306619-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Macdonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |year=1995 |title=Vedic Mythology |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-1113-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC}}
* {{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik |year=2003 |title=Indian Mythology: Tales, Symbols, and Rituals from the Heart of the Subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC |publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear & Company |isbn=0-89281-870-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |year=1914 |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |volume=1: Part I |location=Madras |publisher=Law Printing House}}
* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author) |year=1968 |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism |location=London |publisher=Allen & Unwin}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilkins |first=W. J. |year=1882 |title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Purānic |url=https://archive.org/details/hindumythologyv00wilkgoog |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co.}}
* Goldberg, Philip. ''American Veda''. Harmony Books, 2010

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org Clay Sanskrit Library] publishes classical Indian literature, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, with facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org Sanskrit Documents Collection]: Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.
* [https://www.kidsgen.com/fables_and_fairytales/indian_mythology_stories/ Hindu Mythology Stories from Ancient India]

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu mythology| ]]

Mohanlalganj

2025-12-08T17:07:08Z

LizetteGoble: done

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohanlalganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mohanlālganj
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Populated place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Mohanlalganj block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Mohanlalganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.67985|N|80.98237|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/1262915/mohanlalganj.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Mohanlālganj''|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 125
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mohanlalganj''' is a [[tehsil]] and [[community development block]] in [[Lucknow district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lucknow, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=203-221 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> It has historically constituted part of the village of [[Mau (Mohanlalganj)|Mau]].<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Lucknow - A Gazetteer |date=1904 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=247-55 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48095 |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
The eponymous market, called Mohanlalganj, was established in 1859 by Raja Kashi Parshad and named after his father-in-law, Mohan Lal, from whom he had received his estate.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Kashi Parshad had spent 50,000 [[rupee]]s to finance its construction, and later additions costing a further 30,000 rupees were made, including drains and masonry [[veranda]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> At the turn of the 20th century, the Mohanlalganj bazaar was described as an important commercial center, mainly for grain and cloth, and its entrances were marked by two grand archways.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Kashi Parshad also built a 250-foot-tall temple for one [[lakh]] (100,000) rupees; the temple was built from brick and given a [[Masonry veneer|veneer]] of marble and black stone.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

Mohanlalganj historically was the seat of a [[pargana]], having succeeded [[Amethi, Lucknow|Amethi]] in this capacity.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

== Villages ==
Mohanlalganj block comprises the following 113 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Sarthuwa]] || 225.4 || 1,194
|-
| [[Mohiuddinpur, Lucknow|Mohiuddinpur]] || 91.7 || 807
|-
| [[Shivdhara]] || 151.2 || 975
|-
| [[Puranpur, Lucknow|Puranpur]] || 151.4 || 981
|-
| [[Daudnagar, Lucknow|Daudnagar]] || 223.7 || 1,192
|-
| [[Perehta]] || 382.6 || 3,435
|-
| [[Dahiyar, Lucknow|Dahiyar]] || 228.2 || 2,444
|-
| [[Khujauli]] || 692.6 || 4,666
|-
| [[Harikansh Garhi]] || 106.7 || 738
|-
| [[Dalauna]] || 232 || 1,252
|-
| [[Purseni]] || 815.9 || 5,037
|-
| [[Inderjeet Khera]] || 177.8 || 610
|-
| [[Dharmawat Khera]] || 56.2 || 599
|-
| [[Dharamgad Khera]] || 132.5 || 546
|-
| [[Mau (Mohanlalganj)|Mau]] ''(contains block headquarters)'' || 956.2 || 13,655
|-
| [[Rambhan Khera]] || 233.3 || 1,514
|-
| [[Khujehra]] || 529.4 || 2,310
|-
| [[Dehwa]] || 357.6 || 2,781
|-
| [[Bhasanda]] || 498.5 || 3,358
|-
| [[Uttaar Gaon]] || 565.2 || 3,518
|-
| [[Bhaudhari]] || 690 || 3,227
|-
| [[Dhanuwa Sand]] || 448.8 || 2,310
|-
| [[Bhadeshwa]] || 658.6 || 2,902
|-
| [[Kodara Raypur]] || 343.7 || 2,252
|-
| [[Sisandi]] || 747.7 || 6,804
|-
| [[Sulsamau]] || 544.5 || 2,775
|-
| [[Minapur]] || 290.4 || 936
|-
| [[Bhilampur]] || 98.2 || 779
|-
| [[Devareya (Bharsawa)]] || 407.6 || 2,659
|-
| [[Miranpur, Lucknow|Miranpur]] || 219 || 1,377
|-
| [[Gobindpur, Lucknow|Gobindpur]] || 643.8 || 2,440
|-
| [[Jabrauli]] || 998.9 || 4,107
|-
| [[Gautam Khera]] || 228.3 || 919
|-
| [[Paraspur Thaththa]] || 345.4 || 1,236
|-
| [[Kushmaura]] || 406 || 2,095
|-
| [[Barbaliya]] || 427.8 || 1,775
|-
| [[Gaura, Lucknow|Gaura]] || 655.9 || 5,160
|-
| [[Atrauli, Lucknow|Atrauli]] || 358.6 || 2,971
|-
| [[Hulas Khera]] || 811.1 || 5,049
|-
| [[Dada Sikandarpur]] || 128.7 || 902
|-
| [[Gadiyana]] || 73.2 || 859
|-
| [[Bindaua]] || 204 || 1,378
|-
| [[Ahmadpur Khalsa]] || 131.7 || 711
|-
| [[Kura, Lucknow|Kura]] || 483.4 || 1,784
|-
| [[Gaureya Khurd]] || 181 || 738
|-
| [[Dewati]] || 827.2 || 2,358
|-
| [[Kubhara]] || 243.9 || 1,654
|-
| [[Tamoriya]] || 612 || 2,086
|-
| [[Madarpur, Mohanlalganj|Madarpur]] || 262 || 512
|-
| [[Karora, Lucknow|Karora]] || 505.9 || 3,289
|-
| [[Achalikhera]] || 362.5 || 1,959
|-
| [[Jamalpur Daduri]] || 361.5 || 1,451
|-
| [[Balsingh Khera]] || 363.1 || 1,777
|-
| [[Mehdauli]] || 339.2 || 1,507
|-
| [[Garhi, Mohanlalganj|Garhi]] || 320.3 || 3,427
|-
| [[Kankaha]] || 935.8 || 6,460
|-
| [[Madapur]] || 132 || 966
|-
| [[Mastipur]] || 109.3 || 1,472
|-
| [[Tikara]] || 87.4 || 692
|-
| [[Mangteya]] || 438.1 || 2,692
|-
| [[Bhajmar Mau]] || 87.5 || 285
|-
| [[Dayal Pur, Lucknow|Dayal Pur]] || 723.6 || 4,877
|-
| [[Baddhi Khera]] || 85.3 || 459
|-
| [[Sirsa, Lucknow|Sirsa]] || 508.8 || 4,173
|-
| [[Harnam Khera]] || 121.2 || 11
|-
| [[Madari Khera]] || 91.6 || 535
|-
| [[Raghunath Khera]] || 286.2 || 1,688
|-
| [[Akbarpur Beniganj]] || 202.9 || 1,125
|-
| [[Rati, Lucknow|Rati]] || 439.5 || 2,190
|-
| [[Birsinghpur, Lucknow|Birsinghpur]] || 312 || 1,592
|-
| [[Kamalpur Bichlika]] || 374 || 2,138
|-
| [[Utrawan]] || 1,139.2 || 8,316
|-
| [[Dedhari]] || 158.9 || 1,309
|-
| [[Patauna]] || 577.8 || 2,274
|-
| [[Samesi]] || 2,143.1 || 11,646
|-
| [[Shahmohammadpur Apaeya]] || 201.3 || 1,482
|-
| [[Ahmadpur Ajamli]] || 151.1 || 497
|-
| [[Nagram]] || 1,282 || 3,485
|-
| [[Kakorwa]] || 207.3 || 1,391
|-
| [[Amba Muratajapur]] || 248.3 || 1,505
|-
| [[Aslam Nagar]] || 166.7 || 1,104
|-
| [[Katra Nagram]] || 231.5 || 1
|-
| [[Abbas Nagar]] || 353.5 || 1,133
|-
| [[Garna, Lucknow|Garna]] || 192.4 || 1,414
|-
| [[Meerakh Nagar]] || 550.8 || 4,260
|-
| [[Kata Karaudi]] || 308.6 || 2,174
|-
| [[Salempur Achaka]] || 429.5 || 1,576
|-
| [[Chhatauni]] || 333 || 2,037
|-
| [[Kaneri, Lucknow|Kaneri]] || 301.6 || 1,671
|-
| [[Hasanpur, Lucknow|Hasanpur]] || 132.8 || 1,368
|-
| [[Bhawa Khera]] || 121 || 1,703
|-
| [[Uday Pur]] || 268.6 || 1,270
|-
| [[Brahmedas Pur]] || 177.1 || 1,093
|-
| [[Rampur Garhi Jamuni]] || 286.2 || 2,001
|-
| [[Karan Pur]] || 171.9 || 1,464
|-
| [[Bairisal Pur]] || 111.8 || 1,840
|-
| [[Nigohan]] || 639.9 || 6,474
|-
| [[Sherpur Lawal]] || 503 || 2,901
|-
| [[Adhaeya]] || 154.4 || 1,056
|-
| [[Harihar Pur Par--Sa]] || 186.7 || 669
|-
| [[Amleha Khera]] || 84.9 || 337
|-
| [[Bhagwan Pur]] || 106.5 || 1,331
|-
| [[Lalpur, Mohanlalganj|Lalpur]] || 162.3 || 1,217
|-
| [[Ratana Pur]] || 100.8 || 909
|-
| [[Bhatwara]] || 141.4 || 603
|-
| [[Nadauli]] || 276.8 || 1,511
|-
| [[Khuddi Khera]] || 60.9 || 488
|-
| [[Puraheya]] || 294.7 || 2,113
|-
| [[Dakhena Sekhpur]] || 219.1 || 1,784
|-
| [[Badhauna, Lucknow|Badhauna]] || 160.8 || 1,113
|-
| [[Jamoriya]] || 52.4 || 105
|-
| [[Ramdas Pur]] || 277.5 || 1,375
|-
| [[Natauli]] || 240.7 || 5,380
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lucknow district]]

Francis D'Souza (politician)

2025-11-25T06:01:09Z

LizetteGoble: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer (1954–2019)}}
{{about|Indian politician|British politician|Frances D'Souza, Baroness D'Souza|Canadian TV news anchor|Francis D'Souza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Francis D'Souza
| birth_name = Francisco Casimiro Jerónimo Agnelo Pinto de Souza
| image = Francis D'Souza at press conference on 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI), in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| caption = D'Souza at [[47th International Film Festival of India|IFFI 2016]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|10|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mapuçá]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2019|02|14|1954|10|04}}
| death_place = [[Panaji, Goa]], India
| office = [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Goa|Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]]
| constituency = [[Mapusa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mapusa]]
| term_start = 9 March 2012
| term_end = 14 March 2017
| predecessor = [[Wilfred de Souza]]
| successor = [[Sudin Dhavalikar]] [[Vijai Sardesai]]
| office1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Mapusa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mapusa]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Surendra Sirsat]]
| successor1 = [[Joshua D'Souza]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2002–2019)
| otherparty = [[Goa Rajiv Congress Party]] (1999–2002)
| spouse =
| children = [[Joshua D'Souza]] (son)
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|politician}}
| resting_place = St Jerome's Church cemetery, [[Mapusa, Goa]], India
}}

'''Francisco Casimiro Jerónimo Agnelo Pinto de Souza''' (4 October 1954<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=58 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> – 14 February 2019), better known as '''Francis D'Souza''', was an Indian lawyer, politician, and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who served as the [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Goa|Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]] from March 2012 to March 2017. He had first unsuccessfully contested in the [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Mapusa Assembly constituency]] as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate.

==Political career==
D'Souza was first elected to the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] in 1999 as the [[Goa Rajiv Congress Party]]'s candidate and later in 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 as the [[BJP]] candidate from the [[Mapusa]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member-election-detail.php?id=67&flag=CM |title=Shri. Francis Dsouza Previous Election Details {{!}} Goa Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211324/http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member-election-detail.php?id=67&flag=CM |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was appointed Deputy Chief Minister when BJP formed a government in 2012 under [[Manohar Parrikar]]'s leadership and remained [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Goa|Deputy Chief Minister]] when [[Laxmikant Parsekar]] became the Chief Minister. He was also front-runner to succeed [[Manohar Parrikar]] as the chief minister.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/goa-deputy-chief-minister-francis-dsouza-threatens-to-quit-if-not-made-chief-minister-226285-2014-11-07 Goa Deputy Chief Minister Francis D'Souza threatens to quit if not made CM]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/francis-dsouza-falls-in-line-parsekar-is-new-bjp-goa-cm/ | title=Laxmikant Parsekar sworn in as new Goa CM, Francis D'Souza falls in line | date=9 November 2014 | first=Shalini | last=Nair | newspaper=The Indian Express | accessdate=27 November 2018 }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In July 2014, he landed into a controversy after publicly declaring that [[India]] is a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nation]] and he was a ''Christian-Hindu''.<ref>{{cite news|title=India is already a Hindu nation: Goa Deputy CM Francis D'Souza|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/india-is-already-a-hindu-nation-goa-deputy-cm-francis-dsouza/|accessdate=27 July 2014|agency=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=25 July 2014}}</ref>

== Death==
D'Souza died on 14 February 2019 at the age of 64 following a battle with cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-15|title=Former Goa Dy CM Francis D'Souza dies at 64|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-goa-dy-cm-francis-dsouza-dies-at-64-5584546/|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* 1985 – Elected as the Councillor of Mapusa Municipal Council.
* 1986–1988 – President of Mapusa Municipal Council.
* 1995 – Elected as the Councillor of Mapusa Municipal Council.
* 1998–2000 Chairman of Mapusa Municipal Council.
* 1999 – Cabinet Minister of Law, Election and Urban Development
* 2000–2002 – Cabinet Minister of Judiciary and Labour & Employment
* 2002–2005 – Cabinet Minister of Information Technology, Law & Judiciary, Legislative Affairs and Craftsmen Training.
* 2012–2014 – Cabinet Minister of Urban Development, Revenue and Craftsmen Training
* 2014–2019 – Deputy Chief Minister, Cabinet Minister of Health, Revenue, Town and Country Planning, Urban Development and Law, Legislative Affairs
* 2017–2019 – Cabinet Minister of Urban Development, Law and Judiciary, Legislative Affairs and Provedoria.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, Francis}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Goa]]
[[Category:People from Mapusa]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Goa Rajiv Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]

Sabka Sai

2025-11-13T00:23:47Z

LizetteGoble:

{{Short description|Upcoming Hindi Web Series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Mythological]]
| based_on =
| creator =
| director = Ajit Bhairavkar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Raj Arjun]]
*[[Mohammad Samad]]
*Akash Sinha
*[[Gulki Joshi]]
*[[Rohit Phalke]]
*Manoj Kolhatkar
*[[Asheesh Kapur]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| screenplay =
| editor =
| network = [[MX Player]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|08|26|df=yes}}
| company =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Bobby Bedi
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
}}

'''''Sabka Sai''''' is an Indian web series directed by Ajit Bhairavkar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXLCUSIVE: Director Ajit Bhairavkar on OTT and the projects he looks forward to doing on the platform|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exlcusive-director-ajit-bhairavkar-ott-and-the-projects-he-looks-forward-doing-the-platform|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref> The series stars [[Raj Arjun]], [[Mohammad Samad]], Akash Sinha, [[Gulki Joshi]], [[Rohit Phalke]] and Manoj Kolhatkar. The series was released on 26 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seta|first=Keyur|title=Sabka Sai trailer: Raj Arjun shines in the role of Sai Baba in this MX Player show|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/aug/18/30935|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819160333/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/aug/18/30935|url-status=live|archive-date=19 August 2021|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=MX Player drops Sabka Sai Trailer that decodes the phenomenon of India's greatest Sufi Saint - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/mx-player-drops-sabka-sai-trailer-that-decodes-the-phenomenon-of-indias-greatest-sufi-saint/articleshow/85457852.cms|access-date=2021-08-19|website=The Times of India|date=19 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Raj Arjun]] as [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shirdi Sai Baba]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=EXCLUSIVE: Raj Arjun on his upcoming web series Sabka Sai and preparation for the role|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-raj-arjun-his-upcoming-web-series-sabka-sai-and-preparation-the-role-210819|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mohammad Samad]] as Young Sai Baba<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=EXCLUSIVE! Mohammad Samad, Gulki Joshi and Akash Sinha to JOIN Raj Arjun in Ajit Bhairavkar's Sabka Sai on MX Player|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-mohammad-samad-gulki-joshi-and-akash-sinha-join-raj-arjun-ajit-bhairavkars-sabka|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Aakash Sinha as Jagya
* [[Gulki Joshi]] as Kajri<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Gulki Joshi opens up on her show Sabka Sai and her character in the series|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-gulki-joshi-opens-her-show-sabka-sai-and-her-character-the-series-210818|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Phalke]] as Om
* Manoj Kolhatkar as Vaidyaraj Kulkarni
* [[Asheesh Kapur]] as Toddywala

==Release==
The official trailer of the web series was launched on 17 August 2021 by [[MX Player]] on [[Amazon Prime]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=Sabka Sai trailer: MX Player series follows Sai Baba's life|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sabka-sai-trailer-mx-player-series-sai-baba-7458331/|access-date=2021-08-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt15251018}}

[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Young Chef Olympiad

2025-11-09T07:33:00Z

LizetteGoble: Info

{{Short description|International culinary arts competition for young chefs spearheaded by Suborno Bose}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup-reorganize|date=July 2018}}
{{COI|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Young Chef Olympiad
|established = 2015
|genre = Cooking competition
|founder_name = Dr. Bose Suborno
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|country = India {{flagicon|India}}
|website = {{URL|ycolympiad.com}}
}}

'''Young Chef Olympiad''' is an International Cooking Competition based in India founded by Dr. Suborno Bose. It is currently in its 10th season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young champ of 10th International IIHM Young Chef Olympiad hopes to inspire girls to become chefs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/young-champ-of-10th-international-iihm-young-chef-olympiad-hopes-to-inspire-girls-to-become-chefs/cid/1998807 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Season 1==

'''The International Young Chef Olympiad 2015''' was held in the city of Kolkata, India. The [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]], [[Government of India]] supported the world’s first such event.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227052757/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/travel-tourism/iihm-to-host-first-international-young-chef-olympiad-in-kolkata-2/30788/ "IIHM to host first International ‘Young Chef Olympiad’ in Kolkata"]. ''The Indian Express Ltd''. By: feonline | 16 January 2015 4:22 pm. Retrieved 2015-02-09.</ref> The event was declared open at the City Centre (Salt Lake City, Kolkata) on 29 January 2015. All the participating countries namely United States, UK, Spain, France, Switzerland, China, [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[Kenya]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]] and India, marched in to the arena with their country flags, supported by their teams and to unceasing applause from the crowd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227053119/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/16-24-06@02@2015-1001.html "The Opening Ceremony of The Young Chef Olympiad Presented By IIHM in Association with T2"]. ''The Telegraph (T2 Calcutta Edition, Page-16)''. Friday, 6 February 2015. Retrieved 2015-02-07.</ref>

India was represented by Ms. Dhriti Verma, 3rd year student of IIHM Jaipur. Chief Guest for the evening, Mr. Scott Furssedonn Wood, the British Deputy High Commissioner in Kolkata, wished luck to the participants. Dr. Suborno Bose, founder of Young Chef Olympiad concept and chairman of the organizing committee of the event and Chief Mentor of [[International Institute of Hotel Management]] unveiled the YCO trophy and declared the Olympiad open.

The YCO oath was taken by Dhriti of India on behalf of all the participants. The Olympiad torch was carried to the arena by Garima Poddar, winner of the Young Chef India Schools 2014 contest held in [[London]], and along with all the contestants lit up the main torch positioned on the top of the cake under the supervision of the Culinary Director of IIHM Chef Sanjay Kak. The lighting of the flames was followed by the cake cutting ceremony.

The 15 participants were Dylan from USA, Leo from France, Marcin from Spain,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227053447/http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=20917&sid=1 "Student from Les Roches International comes second at Young Chef Olympiad 2015"]. ''hospitalitybizindia.com''. By: HBI Staff | New Delhi | Friday, 6 February 2015, 12:15 Hrs[IST]. Retrieved 2015-02-11.</ref> Marlon from China, Sumaiya from Bangladesh, Ian from Kenya, Indra from Bhutan, Tadiwa from Zimbabwe, Harsha from Sri Lanka, Ryan Ogier from Switzerland, Jennipha from Thailand, Tajinder from UK, Htoo from Myanmar, Ashwin from Malaysia and Dhriti from India. They had to compete against each other for the top 8 positions on 30 January in the preliminary and elimination round. They had to cook with the given ingredients, within a specified time. They were marked on creativity, hygiene, taste and optimum utilization of the ingredients.

The team of judges was headed by Prof. David Foskett – Head, London School of Hospitality and Tourism, [[University of West London]], UK along with Chef [[Kunal Kapur]] of the Master Chef India fame, noted food critic and writer – Chef Karen Anand, Italian Master Chef Roberto Boggio, and Chef Shaun Kenworthy.

The final was a contest between Spain, Malaysia, Switzerland, Thailand, UK, Kenya, France and India.

In the competitive finals the contestants were asked to cook vegetarian dishes which was challenging for contestants from France and Spain as they were not trained to cook such dishes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227053758/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/10-24-05@02@2015-1001.html "15 Countries. One Winner. 12 Ingredients. One Winning Dish. Moments from the IIHM Young Chef Olympiad in Association with T2"]. ''The Telegraph (T2 Calcutta Edition, Page-10)''. Thursday, 5 February 2015. Retrieved 2015-02-07.</ref>

The winner was Ashwin from Malaysia, followed by 1st runner up Marcin from Spain and 2nd runner up Tajinder from UK. Judges introduced an award for the Outstanding Dish as well and was given to Ian from Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054006/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/17-24-06@02@2015-1001.html "...And Moods & Moments from The Closing Ceremony at the Nalban Food Park"]. ''The Telegraph (T2 Calcutta Edition, Page-17)''. Friday, 6 February 2015. Retrieved 2015-02-07.</ref>

Ashwin, the 2015 Young Chef Olympiad winner, was awarded a cash prize of $10,000 USD, the YCO trophy and a gold medal.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054112/http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=20946&sid=1 "IIHM Kolkata hosts first Young Chef Olympiad, Budding Chefs from 15 countries take part in YCO"]. ''hospitalitybizindia.com''. By: HBI Staff | New Delhi | Saturday, 14 February 2015, 10:00 Hrs[IST]. Retrieved 2015-02-17.</ref>

==Season 2==

'''The 2nd International Young Chef Olympiad 2016''', supported by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]], [[Government of India]], organized by International Institute of Hotel Management was held across 4 cites, [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kolkata]] and saw a participation from over 50 countries around the world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160209061826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160131/jsp/t2/story_66648.jsp/ "The battle of stir and fry begins at Young Chef Olympiad 2016"]. ''The Telegraph (T2 Story) '' Sunday, 31 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-15.</ref> [[File:YCO 16 Opening Ceremony.jpg|thumb|YCO 16 Opening Ceremony at the Talkatora Stadium, Delhi.]]

The opening ceremony was held at the [[Talkatora Stadium]], Delhi on 27 January 2016. Students from various Delhi schools performed at the opening ceremony of YCO 2016.

The countries were divided into 3 groups for the round 1 of the competition. Round 1 at Delhi was held on 28 January 2016 at the IIHM, Delhi Campus and Group 2 and 3 flew to Mumbai and Bangalore for their Round 1 which was held on 29 January 2016. Round 1 at Mumbai was held at the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]], [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] and Bangalore Round 1 was held at the Royal Orchid Hotel. Round 2 & the Grand Finale was held at the IIHM, Salt Lake campus, Kolkata.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160209061933/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160123/jsp/t2/story_65300.jsp/ "Young Chef Olympiad-Calcutta gets ready to host the world’s biggest Young Chef Olympiad "]. ''The Telegraph (T2 Story)''. Saturday, 23 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-15.</ref>

There was a distinguished panel of Judges to judge the competition headed by Dr. David Foskett, who has been the dean and head of the London School of Hospitality and Tourism at the University of West London, and is the chairman of the YCO jury.

The jury also had Chef [[Sanjeev Kapoor]] who is the principal judge and YCO mentor. Other panel members were Chef [[Kunal Kapur]], Chef Andreas Muller, Chef Udo Leick, Chef Manjit Singh Gill, Chef Karen Anand, Chef Abhijit Saha and Chef Shaun Kenworthy.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160209061631/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160128/jsp/calcutta/story_66190.jsp/ "World war for best young chef"]. ''The Telegraph (Calcutta Story)''. Thursday, 28 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-15.</ref>

After Round 2, 11 countries were selected for the final. They were UAE, Finland, Switzerland, France, Mexico, Kenya, Canada, Mauritius, Romania, USA & Hong Kong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160209061530/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/167118-5947605.html/ "Super Score: Eleven on Ten!"]. ''The Telegraph (Calcutta Story)''. Monday, 1 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-15.</ref> [[File:Dr. Suborno Bose & the panel of judges presenting the winner trophy to the YCO 16 winner Daniella Garmond.jpg|thumb|left|Dr. Suborno Bose & the panel of judges presenting the winner trophy to the YCO 16 winner Daniella Garmond.]]

The Award & Closing Ceremony was held at the Wet-O-Wild ground of Nicco Park. [[Usha Uthup]] was the star performer of the night. The joint second runner-up was Johan Kurkela from [[Finland]] & Fernando Andres Guajardo Moguel from Mexico. The first runner-up was Gabriela Aleksandrova Hristova from [[UAE]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160209060831/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/14-24-09@02@2016-1001.html/ "YOUNG CHAMPS, HAPPY JUDGES, SONG & DANCE — A FITTING FINALE TO OLYMPIAD"]. ''The Telegraph, P-14''. Tuesday, 9 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-15.</ref>

The winner of the 2nd International Young Chef Olympiad 2016 was Daniella Garmond from Canadian Food & Wine Institute, [[Ontario]], Canada. The trophy and cash prize of USD 10,000 was presented by [[Suborno Bose|Dr. Suborno Bose]]. The panel of Judges and Chef [[Ranveer Brar]] was present while the award was given.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160209061419/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160203/jsp/calcutta/story_67180.jsp/ "Super Score: Eleven on Ten!"]. ''The Telegraph (Calcutta Story)''. Wednesday, 3 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-15.</ref>

Commenting on the event, [[Suborno Bose|Dr. Suborno Bose]], Chairman of the Young Chef Olympiad and CEO-IIHM, said, ''“We are delighted at the global participation this year. It is a fantastic event that will reach out globally to as many countries as possible. Food has always been the biggest unifier and continues to be so in today’s day and age. YCO has connected talent across borders from the best culinary colleges under one roof making it a truly global event. Connecting the students from India with world class chefs from across the globe will not only bridge bonds but will also lay foundation of a global connect that will go a long way in each of their careers. The YCO will not only produce and refine the best talent amongst the young chefs but will also give the young talent a platform to learn, teach, showcase and network with.”''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160329042348/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/food-drink/2866-temperatures-rising-young-chef-olympiad/ "Temperatures rising at the young chef olympiad"]. ''sundayguardianlive.com''. By: Rahul Dean | 30 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-29.</ref>

==Season 3==

'''The 3rd International Young Chef Olympiad 2017''', supported by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]], [[Government of India]], organized by International Institute of Hotel Management was held across 4 cites, [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kolkata]] and saw a participation from over 45 countries around the world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170206043634/http://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/young-chef-olympiad-chefs-from-world-over-to-compete-for-the-top-spot-in-india/story-Ey4aXiJrEsWp8aMn6IdrJO.html/ "Young Chef Olympiad: Chefs from world over to compete for the top spot in India"]. ''Hindustan Times'' Tuesday, 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-06.</ref>

The opening ceremony was held at the [[Talkatora Stadium]], Delhi on 28 January 2017. Students from various Delhi schools performed at the opening ceremony of YCO 2017. The young chefs were divided into 3 groups and they battled it out in 3 rounds across 4 cities of Delhi, Bangalore, Pune & Kolkata.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233028/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/11-16-30@01@2017-1001.htmll/ "Young Chefs Start Food Fight"]. ''The Telegraph Calcutta''. Monday, 30 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-02.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081929/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/12-24-16@02@2017-1001.html/ "Flashback to the surprises in round two"]. ''The Telegraph T2''. Thursday, 16 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-02.</ref>

The ten finalist countries, after completing 3 rounds, were Australia, Canada, England, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore and Sri Lanka.<ref name=TD2>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170302055112/http://www.traveldailynews.asia/news/article/64111/ "Singapore wins 3rd edition of Young Chef Olympiad, 2017"]. ''traveldailynews.asia''. Thursday, 9 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-02.</ref>

Tham Jiajun Mathew from Sunrice Global Chef Academy, Singapore was the winner of Young Chef Olympiad 2017.

Padma Shri [[Sanjeev Kapoor]] with [[David Foskett (academic)|Prof. David Foskett]] and Dr. Suborno Bose presented the Trophy and a cash prize of $10,000 to Tham Jiajun Mathew at the closing ceremony in Kolkata on 2 February 2017.

1st runner up was Andrew Ou Kai Peng from Malaysia and 2nd runner up was Selah Schmoll from Canada.

Tham Jiajun Mathew, Singapore said, “I want to thank everybody who has been through this journey with me. Especially my chef and my family. They helped me a lot. When I first came here, I just came to do what I do best."<ref name=TD2 />

His mentor, Satish Madaan commented, “I am happy that IIHM in India organized such a big event where these students can show their talent and learn from each other across the world, we are really happy for Matthew, he followed all the techniques we taught him. We will definitely be coming back next year."<ref name=TD2 />

Luigi Amaduzzi from Alma La Scuola Internazionale Di Cucina Italiana, Italy was awarded the Dr. Zenobia Nadirshaw Award for the 'Most Inspiring Young Chef'. Puja Mishra of IIHM, India won the Late Shrimati Shakuntala Devi Award for the Best Vegetarian Dish which also carried a cash prize of $500. Jack Gameson from University College Birmingham, England won the Morde Best Dessert Award. Tham Jiajun Mathew also won the award for Best Hygiene Practice.

Dr. Suborno Bose, Founder & Chief Mentor of IndiSmart Group & IIHM, said, "Young Chef Olympiad was conceptualized as a platform for young chefs-in-training from around the world to interact and showcase their talent. We are very glad to see a great response from the international community, who have come together to make this event such a great success over the past 3 editions. We have put India in the center of the culinary map in the world. We intend to make Young Chef Olympiad bigger, with over 100 countries for our next edition."<ref name=TD2 />

[[Padma Shri]] Sanjeev Kapoor who is the Mentor and Principal Judge of YCO said, “When we were studying, we didn't even know something like this existed. I am happy that students today can come here and experience something like Young Chef Olympiad. We will continue to welcome them to our country. To the international students, I say our fraternity of chefs from India will always be with you for anything you want to know about India or Indian food. I hope next year, we have 100 countries participating in Young Chef Olympiad."<ref name=TD2 />

Celebrity chef and technical judge, Chef [[Ranveer Brar]] said, “This year, the 3rd season of YCO was a vast leap from the earlier season in terms of organization, quality of talent, and to the overall blend of the competition. The stress was mainly on technique and culinary basics."<ref name=TD2 />

The celebrity mascot of YCO 17 was Masterchef Junior 2014, USA winner [[Logan Guleff]].
<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170221074510/http://zeenews.india.com/gourmet/international-young-chef-olympiad-begins_1971598.html/ "International Young Chef Olympiad begins"]. ''Zee News '' Sunday, 29 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-21.</ref>

Padma Shri Sanjeev Kapoor, Chef Boris Leung Yee Chung, Chef Ranveer Brar, Chef Michele Prevedello, Chef Andreas Muller, Chef Karen Anand, Chef Avijit Ghosh, Chef Abhijit Saha and Prof. David Foskett were some of the notable judges of the Young Chef Olympaid 2017.<ref name=TD2 />

17 participating International Culinary Institutes from 17 countries signed MOU with IIHM, India for exchange of ideas, students and faculty.<ref name=TD2 />

==Season 4==

'''The 4th International Young Chef Olympiad 2018''', supported by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]], [[Government of India]], organized by International Institute of Hotel Management was launched on 9 November 2017 at The Hilton Double Tree Hotel in London. The launch ceremony was attended by the judges of The 4th International Young Chef Olympiad 2017. They are Chef Chris Galvin, Chef John Wood and Chef Enzo Oliveri. The adjudicators Zenobia Nadirshaw and Ron Scott along with Prof David Foskett, the chairman of the jury was also present, Dr Suborno Bose, the chairman of the Young Chef Olympiad 2018 Committee said, ''“The Young Chef Olympiad was conceptualised as a platform for young chefs-in- training from around the world to interact and showcase their talent. We are glad to see a great response from the international community, who have come together to make this event a great success over the past three editions. We have put India at the centre of the culinary map of the world. In future, we intend to make Young Chef Olympiad bigger with over 100 countries participating in our next edition.''" Participating countries was divided into number of groups in the launch ceremony.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054425/http://businessworld.in/article/The-Launch-of-Young-Chef-Olympiad-2018/08-12-2017-134104/ "The Launch of Young Chef Olympiad 2018"]. ''businessworld.in''. Friday, 8 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-11.</ref>

The 4th International Young Chef Olympiad 2018, supported by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]], [[Government of India]], organized by International Institute of Hotel Management was held from 28 January to 2 February across 4 cites, [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kolkata]] and saw a participation from over 50 countries around the world. The opening ceremony was held at the Talkatora Stadium, Delhi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091023/http://www.businessworld.in/article/International-Young-Chef-Olympiad-YCO-2018-Kickstarts-on/29-01-2018-138519/ "International Young Chef Olympiad (YCO) 2018 Kickstarts on"]. ''Business World'' Tuesday, 30 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-09.</ref>

Th United World of Young Chef was held on 31 January 2018 evening at the Hyatt Regency, Kolkata as a fun event where all the participating countries cooked their national disk.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180219045703/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/14-24-19@02@2018-1001.html#/ "T2 dined under the stars at the United World of Young Chefs"]. ''The Telegraph India'' Monday, 19 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-09.</ref>

The final top 10 countries were Bangladesh, Mauritius, Bhutan, Hongkong, Ireland, Malayasia, Iceland, New Zealand, South Korea and India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063401/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/14-24-07@02@2018-1001.html/ "Fight for a spot in the YCO 2018 Final"]. ''The Telegraph India'' Wednesday, 7 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-09.</ref>

The 4th Young Chef Olympiad was won by Lai Jia Yi from Malaysia and Surya Sekhar Roy Choudhury was the runner up. Lai Jia Yi won a cash price of USD 10,000 handed over by Padmashree Chef Sanjeev Kapoor, Chairman of Jury Prof. David Foskett and Chief Mentor of IIHM Dr. Suborno Bose. The world's biggest culinary competition was judged by eminent celebrity chefs and Michelin-starred winners including Padmashree Sanjeev Kapoor, Ranveer Brar, John Wood, Chris Galvin, Scott Baechler, and Enzo Oliveri.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180205080649/http://www.asianage.com/newsmakers/030218/malaysian-chef-wins-international-young-chef-olympiad-2018.html/ "Malaysian chef wins International Young Chef Olympiad 2018"]. ''The Asian Age'' Saturday, 3 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-09.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://ycolympiad.com}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:YCOlympiad}}
[[Category:Hospitality industry in India]]
[[Category:Competitions in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Tourism (India)]]

Changattu Sree Bhagavathy Temple

2025-11-09T03:57:02Z

LizetteGoble: redirect created

#redirect[[Kallambalam#Houses of worship]]

Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh

2025-09-29T16:57:50Z

LizetteGoble:

{{Short description|State governing body of association football in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh
|abbrev = UPFS
|native name = ''उत्तर प्रदेश फुटबॉल संघ''
|logo = Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh.svg
|sport = [[Association football|Football]]
|jurisdiction = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|founded =
|aff = [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF)
|headquarters = [[Varanasi]]
|membership =
|president = Arvind Menon
|secretary = Mohd Shahid
|url =
}}

The '''Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh ('''abbr: '''UPFS)''' is the governing body of [[association football|football]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It operates the [[Uttar Pradesh football team]]. It is affiliated with the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/523 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh News, latest updates, information |url=https://khelnow.com/football/governingbody/uttar-pradesh-football-sangh |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=khelnow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-22 |title=Soccer suffers as UP Football Sangh mired in power play |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/soccer-suffers-as-upfs-mired-in-power-play/articleshow/81622081.cms |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The UPFS sends state teams for [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].

==State teams==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
===Men===
*[[Uttar Pradesh football team]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh under-20 football team]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh under-15 football team]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh under-13 football team]]
{{col-2}}

===Women===
*[[Uttar Pradesh women's football team]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh women's under-19 football team]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh women's under-17 football team]]
{{col-end}}

==Competitions==
===Men's===
*Uttar Pradesh Super League (proposed)

==See also==
*[[List of Indian state football associations]]
*[[Football in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Indian state football associations}}

[[Category:Football governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Football in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Roy-Jamna

2025-09-20T06:49:47Z

LizetteGoble: creating new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Roy-Jamna
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|09|10|N|88|13|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| nickname =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 1433
| population_as_of = 2011
| male_population =
| male_population_percentage =
| female_population =
| female_population_percentage =
| child_population =
| child_population_percentage =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712134
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03213
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Roy-Jamna''' (often called Jamna) is a village in [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]], India.
The village is 13 meters over sea-level. Its post office is in Roy-Jamna, its police station is in Pandua. Its pincode is 712134 and Bengali is the local language. The village is surrounded by villages named [[Piragram]], Gahami, [[Baidyapur]], etc. This village is about 5 km apart from region's main town [[Boinchi]].

==Transport==
Bainchigram and [[Boinchi]] are the nearest railway stations to Roy-Jamna; however, the nearest major railway station is at [[Bardhaman]], 43 km away.

==Festivals==
[[Durga Puja]], [[Lakshmi Puja]], [[Sarswati Puja]] is the main festivals here.‍

==Economy==
Most of the villagers are cultivators.

==Population==
Jamna is a medium size village with total 354 families residing. The Jamna village has population of 1433 of which 717 are males while 716 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Jamna village population of children with age 0-6 is 123 which makes up 8.58% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Jamna village is 999 which is higher than West Bengal state average of 950. Child Sex Ratio for the Jamna as per census is 836, lower than West Bengal average of 956.

Jamna village has higher literacy rate compared to West Bengal. In 2011, literacy rate of Jamna village was 87.63% compared to 76.26% of West Bengal. In Jamna Male literacy stands at 92.62% while female literacy rate was 82.73%.

===Caste Factor===
Jamna village of Hugli has substantial population of Schedule Caste. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 26.24% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 17.79% of total population in Jamna village.

===Work Profile===
In Jamna village out of total population, 543 were engaged in work activities. 37.02% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 62.98% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 543 workers engaged in Main Work, 43 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 80 were Agricultural labourer.

==River==
The river blows beside it named Gangur.

==References==
#http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/324760-jamna-west-bengal.html

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]

Daayan (TV series)

2025-07-26T06:48:12Z

LizetteGoble: Creating a post from scratch

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Daayan TV series.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Supernatural]] [[Horror and terror|Horror]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| developer = Ekta Kapoor
| story = Amitabh Mishra Veerendra Sahni Mohd Zeeshan Mahipal Saini
| screenplay = Ritu Goyal Rechal Navare '''Dialogues''' Aparna Nadig
| director = Jitu Arora
| creative_director = Chloe Ferns Qureshi Riti Sahani
| starring = [[Tina Datta]] [[Priya Bathija]] [[Mohit Malhotra]]
| theme_music_composer = Lalit Sen Nawab Arzoo
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 66
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| cinematography =
| editor = Vikas Sharma Vishal Sharma Sandip Bhatt
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[&TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|12|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|7|28|df=y}}
}}

'''''Daayan''''' (English: ''Witch'') is an Indian [[paranormal romance]] drama series created by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]]. It premiered on 15 December 2018 on [[&TV]] and starred [[Tina Datta]], [[Mohit Malhotra]] and [[Priya Bathija]].<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/mohit-malhotra-to-star-opposite-adaa-khan-in-ekta-kapoor-s-daayan-1386295-2018-11-11|title=Mohit Malhotra to star opposite Adaa Khan in Ekta Kapoor's Daayan|date=11 November 2018|access-date=10 December 2018 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series revolves around two people who are madly in love with each other and how their lives change when a ''[[daayan]]'' enters their lives and creates havoc. The young Janvi Maurya, a well-educated and family-oriented girl from [[Ujjain]], stumbles upon a dangerous ploy by an evil force as many unusual and mysterious happenings occur in her hometown. With her life on the line, she must unmask the identity of a ''daayan'' who is someone close to her. Accompanying her in this mission is her childhood friend and love interest, the wealthy and chivalrous Aakarsh Chaudhary. Janvi and Aakarsh marry with an intent to finish the ''daayan''.

Later it is revealed that Asha, the maid, is Aakarsh's real mother and Aakarsh is the ''daayan''. Due to her son's love, Asha is unable to kill Janvi. She joins hands with Saptroopa who erases Aakarsh's memory so that he forgets Janvi, his love, and marries Saptroopa instead. The ''daayan'' uses this opportunity to kill Janvi and offer her as a sacrifice to make herself immortal.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Tina Datta]] as
** Jhanvi Maurya: Narendra and Yamini's daughter; Manvi and Harsh's sister; Akarsh's wife (2018–2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/daayan-promo-tina-dattas-upcoming-supernatural-show-will-have-you-on-the-edge-of-your-seat-watch-video-tv-news/350368|title=Daayan promo: Tina Datta's upcoming supernatural show will have you on the edge of your seat|access-date=8 July 2019|website=Times Now|date=19 January 2019 }}</ref>
** Kundani Roy: Popular actress; Jhanvi's look-alike; Viraj's wife (2018)
*[[Mohit Malhotra]] as Akarsh Chaudhary: a male [[daayan]]; owner of ''The Fort''; Asha and Veerendar's son; Jhanvi's husband (2018–2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohit-malhotra-is-excited-to-be-part-of-daayan/articleshow/67143634.cms|title=Mohit Malhotra is excited to be part of 'Daayan'|date=18 December 2018|website=Times of India}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*[[Priya Bathija]] as Asha Chaudhary: [[Daayan]]; Kaalnemi's sister; Veerendar's wife; Akarsh's mother (2018–2019)
*[[Aashka Goradia]] as Saptroopa: [[Enchantress (paranormal)|Enchantress]] and [[vampire]] who was trapped within a redstone since 500 years; Akarsh's one-sided obsessive lover (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/an-emotional-goodbye-from-tinaa-datta-to-aashka-goradia-on-daayan/21226156|title=An emotional goodbye from Tinaa Datta to Aashka Goradia on Daayan|date=26 June 2019|website=Mid-day}}</ref>
*Anupama Solanki as Vaitalini: Queen of the devils; Asha's [[guru]] (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anupama-solanki-juggles-three-shows-at-a-time/articleshow/70074066.cms |title=Anupama solanki in &TV's Daayan|date=16 June 2019|website=Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Aman Gandhi (actor)|Aman Gandhi]] as Veer Singh Chauhan: Jhanvi's best friend; Prachi's husband (2018)
* Afreen Nasir Dastani as Prachi Mourya: Sonali and Ballabh's daughter; Prithvi's sister; Veer's wife (2018)
* Garima Goel as Manvi Mourya: Narendra's daughter; Jhanvi and Harsh's sister; Dibang's wife; Rimpi's mother (2018–2019)
* [[Yash Pandit]] as Dibang Bhasin: Manvi's husband; Rimpi's father (2018–2019)
* Nitanshi Goel as Rimpi Bhasin: Manvi and Dibang's daughter (2018–2019)
*[[Aakash Talwar]] as Harshvardhan "Kaaju" Mourya: Narendra's son; Manvi and Jhanvi's brother; Jananta's husband (2018–2019)
*[[Rishika Nag]] as Jananta "Kishmish" Mourya: Harsh's wife (2018–2019)
*[[Hiten Tejwani]] as Viraj Roy: Kundani's husband (2019)
*Prabhat Bhattacharya as Prithvi Mourya: Sonali and Ballabh's son; Prachi's brother; Vishakha's husband (2018–2019)
*Ekta Saraiya as Vishakha Mourya: Prithvi's wife (2018–2019)
*Amit Singh Thakur as Narendra Mourya: Ballabh's brother; Manvi, Harsh and Jhanvi's father (2018–2019)
*[[Kanika Shivpuri]] as Sonali Mourya: Ballabh's widow; Prithvi and Prachi's mother (2018–2019)
*[[Urfi Javed]] as Nandini Mehra: Chandrika's sister; Akarsh's manager (2018–2019)
*[[Pavitra Punia]] as Chandrika Mehra: a restoration agent; Nandini's sister (2018–2019)
*Mala Salariya as Paatalini: Queen of the [[Underworld]] (2019)
*Neelu Dogra as Menka Raichand: Kartik's sister; Akarsh's foster mother; Asha's lackey (2018–2019)
*Abhinav Kohli as Kartik Raichand: Menka's brother; Asha's lackey (2019)
*[[Mishmee Das]] as Tanya Sharma: Jhanvi's friend (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-actress-mishmee-das-bags-vital-role-in-hindi-tv-show-daayan/articleshow/67021870.cms|title=Bengali actress Mishmee Das bags vital role in Hindi TV show Daayan|date=10 December 2018|website=Times of India}}</ref>
* Rohan Mehra as Rakesh Purohit: Jhanvi's friend (2018)
* Vimarsh Roshan as King Veerendar: a 500-year old [[Wizard (paranormal)|wizard]]; Asha's husband (2019)
* [[Giriraj Kabra]] as Kaalnemi: Asha's brother; Akarsh's uncle; a male ''daayan'' (2019)

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi horror shows]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://balajitelefilms.com/ Official page] on [[Balaji Telefilms|BalajiTelefilms.com]]
* {{IMDb title|tt9297484}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/daayan/0-6-1202 Daayan] streaming online on [[ZEE5]]

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]

Battle of Malakand Pass

2025-07-25T17:39:11Z

LizetteGoble: put up initial details needs work

{{Short description|1895 battle between a British expeditionary force and Chitrali tribesmen}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Malakand Pass
| partof = the [[Chitral Expedition]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 3 April 1895
| place = [[Malakand Pass]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| result = British victory
| casus =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|British Raj}}
| combatant2 = [[Chitralis]]

| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Maj. Gen. [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|Robert Low]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Brig. Gen. [[Bindon Blood]]
| commander2 = [[Umra Khan]]
| strength1 = {{circa}} 16,000
| strength2 = 12,000+ tribesmen
|units1 = 1st [[Gordon Highlanders]] 1st [[Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment|Bedford Regiment]] [[37th Dogras]] Pro-British Chitralis
|units2 = Tribesmen
| casualties1 = 11 killed, 51 wounded
| casualties2 = 500+ killed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onwar.com/data/chitral1895.html|title=British Intervention in Chitral 1895|work=onwar.com}}</ref>
}}

The '''Battle of Malakand Pass''' pass took place in the [[Malakand Pass]] between a British expeditionary force commanded by [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|Robert Low]], a General of the [[British Indian Army]] against tribal [[Chitralis]] during the [[Chitral Expedition]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=sir%2520bindon%2520blood%2520chitral&pg=PA55|title=A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898|last1=Fincastle|first1=The Viscount|last2=Eliott-Lockhart|first2=P. C.|date=2012-02-02|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781515518|page=55|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvB8J_AvbVgC|title=The Story of the Malakand Field Force|last=Churchill|first=Winston|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486474748|page=61|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC|title=The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History|last=Raugh|first=Harold E.|date=2004-01-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576079256|page=48|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8wsAwAAQBAJ|title=The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan|last=Churchill|first=Winston|date=1902-01-01|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486447858|page=213|language=en}}</ref>
== Background ==
{{main article|Chitral Expedition}}
Following the siege on [[Chitral Fort]] by Chitrali forces led by [[Umra Khan]], British authorities in India organised a military relief force, numbering at around 16,000 British and Indian soldiers, to push back the rebel tribesman laying siege to the fort. In order for the relief force to reach the fort, they had to cross over the Malakand Pass to reach into the [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Jandol State|Jandol]] areas. The British had limited geographical information on the area and had to travel over mountain paths to reach their destination, encountering hostile tribesmen along the way.<ref name=BritBat>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-of-india/siege-and-relief-of-chitral/|title=Siege and Relief of Chitral|work=BritishBattles.com}}</ref>

== The Battle ==
British forces had encamped below the Malakand pass by early April. Initially, the pass was defended by only a few rebel tribesmen. However, once the British intention became clear, considerable numbers of additional tribesmen made their way to the mountain pass, numbering in the thousands.<ref name=BritBat/>

The battle took place over the course of five hours on 3 April 1895, when British and Indian forces began to fight their way up the mountain pass, with artillery supporting their movements from nearby mountain tops. By this time, an estimated 12,000 tribesmen, half of which were armed with firearms, were defending the pass. Over the course of five hours, 11 British soldiers and over 500 tribesmen were killed.<ref name=BritBat/>

== Aftermath ==
Following the battle, the tribal forces retreated to the [[Swat District|Swat valley]] and were pursued by the British Bedford regiment and the British-Indian 37th Dogras regiment as far as Khar, [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]].<ref name=BritBat/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1890s conflicts]]
[[Category:1895 in British India]]

K. V. Raju

2025-07-14T09:26:06Z

LizetteGoble: stub

{{Short description|Indian film director (1954–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. V. Raju
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1954
| birth_place =
| death_date = 24 December 2021
| death_place = Bengaluru, India
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter, dialogue writer
| organization =
| known_for = Kannada cinema and Bollywood films
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''K. V. Raju''' (1954 – 24 December 2021) was an Indian film director, screenwriter and dialogue writer who worked in [[Kannada cinema]] and [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Noted Kannada film director K V Raju dies at 67|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/12995927_Noted-Kannada-film-director-K-V-Raju-dies-at-67.html}}</ref>

He started his career in Kannada film industry in 1982 as an associate director in ''[[Baadada Hoo]]'' directed by his brother K. V. Jayaram and debuted as a director and scriptwriter in 1984 film ''Olave Baduku''. He directed many acclaimed Kannada films in the 1980s and 1990s. He debuted in Hindi film industry in 1991 as the director of ''[[Indrajeet]]'' and his other two Hindi films are ''[[Udhaar Ki Zindagi]]'' and ''Khooni Jung''.<ref name=":0" />

Raju died from a heart attack at his Rajaji Nagar residence in [[Bengaluru]] on 24 December 2021, at the age of 67.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|title=Veteran director KV Raju no more|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/veteran-director-kv-raju-no-more/articleshow/88481771.cms|access-date=2021-12-25|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|title=Veteran Kannada director K.V. Raju passes away|url=https://ianslive.in/news/veteran_kannada_director_k_v_raju_passes_away-837377/ENTERTAINMENT/15|access-date=2021-12-25|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
|1987||''[[Sangrama (film)|Sangrama]]''||
|-
|1987||''Bandha Muktha'' ||
|-
|1988|| ''Navabharatha''||
|-
|1989||''[[Indrajith (1989 film)|Indrajith]]''||
|-
|1989||''[[Yuddha Kaanda]]''||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Sundarakanda (1991 film)|Sundarakanda]]''||
|-
|1991|| ''Kadana''||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Indrajeet]]'' ||Hindi film
|-
|1992|| ''[[Belli Modagalu]]''||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Belli Kalungura]]''||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Police Lockup]]''||
|-
|1993|| ''Abhijith''||
|-
|1993|| ''Bombat Hudga''||
|-
|1994|| ''[[Udhaar Ki Zindagi]]'' ||Hindi film
|-
|1994|| ''O Gandasare Neeveshtu Olleyavaru''||
|-
|1996|| ''[[Huliya (film)|Huliya]]''||
|-
|1997|| ''Yuddha''||
|-
|1998|| ''Number 1''||
|-
|2001|| ''Prema Rajya''||
|-
|2001|| ''Rashtrageethe''||
|-
|2004|| ''Nija''||
|-
|2006|| ''Pandavaru''||
|-
|}

===Writer only===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Director||Notes
|-
|1985||''Shwetha Gulabi'' || ||
|-
|1986|| ''[[Hosa Neeru]]''|| ||
|-
|1989|| ''[[C.B.I. Shankar]]''|| ||
|-
|1989||''Jayabheri'' || ||
|-
|1996||''Kempu Mugilu'' || ||
|-
|1997||''CBI Durga'' || ||
|-
|2001||''Avaran Bit Ivaran Bit Avar Yaaru'' || ||
|-
|2004|| ''[[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]]'' || ||
|-
|2004||''Bhagavan''|| ||
|-
|2008|| ''[[Gaja (film)|Gaja]]''|| ||
|-
|2010|| ''[[Shourya (2010 film)|Shourya]]''|| ||
|-
|2010||''Deadly 2'' || ||
|-
|2010||''Kari Chirathe'' || ||
|-
|2011 ||''[[Rajadhani (2011 film)|Rajadhani]]'' || ||
|-
|2012|| ''[[Dashamukha]]''|| ||
|-
|2013|| ''[[Brindavana]]'' || ||
|-
|2014||''Ragini IPS'' || ||
|-
|2017|| ''[[Tiger Galli]]''|| ||
|-
|2019|| ''[[Kempegowda 2]]''|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/kv-raju/31437 ''K. V. Raju''] at the Book My Show
* {{IMDB name|0707494}}

[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]

Raipur–Naya Raipur Expressway

2025-06-27T06:56:48Z

LizetteGoble: further corrected structure after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Road in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Raipur–Naya Raipur Expressway
| map =
| map_notes =
| cities = [[Raipur]], [[Naya Raipur]]
| alternate_name =
| length_km = 12.7
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = Fafadih, [[Raipur]]
| junction =
| terminus_b = Shadani darbar, [[Naya Raipur]]
| photo = Naya Raipur Capitol complex road.png
| photo_notes = Naya Raipur Capitol complex road
| maint = [[Government of Chhattisgarh|PWD, Government of Chhattisgarh]]
}}
The '''Raipur–Naya Raipur Expressway''', also known as '''Atal Path Expressway''', is an [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled]], six-lane, {{convert|12.7|km|mi|adj=on}} expressway connecting [[Raipur]] to [[Naya Raipur]] in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] in [[India]]. It is done along with a bigger project of [[Raipur–Visakhapatnam Expressway]], a six lane road. for the economic corridor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-17 |title=Work on Koraput section of Raipur-Visakhapatnam economic corridor 70% over |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/work-on-koraput-section-of-raipur-visakhapatnam-economic-corridor-70-over/articleshow/117334205.cms |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

It has been made to ease the traffic in the GE road, or [[National Highway 53 (India)|NH-53]],<ref>https://housing.com/news/national-highway-53-facts-route-realty-impact/</ref> and provide faster access to [[Dhamtari]] road from [[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur Junction Railway Station]]. It serves 4 flyovers and 1 elevated corridor crossing over the GE road in between two ends of expressway.

As part of the [[Smart city|Smart City]], Atal Nagar (Naya Raipur) is also being developed in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raipur-Visakhapatnam expressway, Metrolite, and Naya Raipur projects to reshape the capital city |url=https://propnewstime.com/getdetailsStories/MTY5NDE=/raipur-visakhapatnam-expressway-metrolite-and-naya-raipur-projects-to-reshape-the-capital-city |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=propnewstime.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of state highways in Chhattisgarh#Expressways|Expressways in Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Expressways in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raipur-Naya Raipur Expressway}}
[[Category:Roads in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Expressways in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Transport in Raipur district]]
[[Category:Transport in Raipur, Chhattisgarh]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Binjhia people

2025-05-05T05:13:49Z

LizetteGoble: Creating the entry w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Ethnic group found in Odisha and Jharkhand}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Binjhia
| image =
| total = 25,823 (2011)
| total_ref = <ref name="census 2011">{{cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212310/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region1 = Odisha
| pop1 = 11,419
| ref1 = <ref name="census 2011" />
| region2 = Jharkhand
| pop2 = 14,404
| ref2 = <ref name="census 2011" />
| languages = [[Binjhwari language|Binjhwari]], [[Sadri language|Sadri]], [[Odia language|Odia]]
| religions = Hinduism, Autonomous Tribal Religion<ref name="scstrti-Binjhia">{{cite web | title=Binjhia | website=Home | url=http://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/tribes/91-tribes/156-binjhia | access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>
| related =
}}

The '''Binjhia''' (also known as '''Binjhoa''', '''Binjhawar''')<ref name="Mhaiske Patil Narkhede 2016 p. 168">{{cite book | last1=Mhaiske | first1=V.M. | last2=Patil | first2=V.K. | last3=Narkhede | first3=S.S. | title=Forest Tribology And Anthropology | publisher=Scientific Publisher | year=2016 | isbn=978-93-86102-08-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbs4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 | access-date=2020-06-23 | page=168}}</ref><ref name="Das 2012 p.396 ">{{cite book | last=Das | first=N.K. | title=Odisha | publisher=Seagull Books | series=Odisha | issue=pt. 1 | year=2012 | isbn=978-81-7046-293-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sz7m_yM-hJsC | access-date=2020-07-08 | page=396}}</ref> is an ethnic group found in [[Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="scstrti-Binjhia"/><ref name="Minz Hansda 2010 p.47 ">{{cite book | last1=Minz | first1=D. | last2=Hansda | first2=D.M. | title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand | publisher=Kalpaz Publications | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-7835-121-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA47 | access-date=2020-07-08 | page=47}}</ref> The 2011 census showed their population to be around 25,835. They are classified as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] by the Indian government.<ref name="census 2011"/>

== Etymology ==
According to some sources the name Binjhia is derived from the word Vindhyas meaning Vindhya Hills.<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 1998 p.497 ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | author2=Anthropological Survey of India | title=India's Communities | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=People of India | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-07-08 | page=497}}</ref>

==Origin==
The Binjhias believe that their original home was Kolanagari in the Vindhya valley.<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 2008 p.187 ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | author2=Anthropological Survey of India | title=People of India | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | series=People of India | issue=v. 16, pt. 1 | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-7046-302-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw8wAQAAIAAJ | access-date=2020-07-08 | page=187}}</ref> From Vindhya hills they moved east-wards to Chhotnagpur, Keonjhar, Sundargarh and Barasombar. Long time ago they called themselves as Vindhyaniwasi. But after settling down at Chhotnagpur, gradually they were called as Binjhia by the local people.<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 1998 p.498 ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | author2=Anthropological Survey of India | title=India's Communities | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=People of India | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-07-08 | page=498}}</ref>

==Subgroups==
The Binjhia are divided into four subgroups. They are Asur-Binjhia, Agaria-Binjhia, Pahariya Binjhia and Dand-Binjhia. These subgroups are further divided into a number of septs.<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 1998 p.498 "/>

== Culture ==
The Binjhia settlements are large and homogeneous. They do not practise clan exogamy. However consider each village as an exogamous unit. Adult marriage is preferred in some groups. Where as child marriage is common in others. They also allow cross-cousin marriage, levirate, sororate, remarriage of widows and divorcees. They practise both burial and burning of the dead. There are separate burial grounds reserved for different lineages.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Minz | first1=D. | last2=Hansda | first2=D.M. | title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand | publisher=Kalpaz Publications | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-7835-121-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA48 | access-date=2020-07-08 | page=48}}</ref>

They worship a number of benevolent and malevolent spirits along with Hindu gods and goddesses such as [[Jagannath]]. Their village deity is named Budharaja. They have the cult of ancestor worship – pitru puja at the clan and lineage levels. They still use barter system at the village community level and the weekly markets. Women are an important part in all forms of socio-economic transactions. The structure of clan starts at level of an extended family called {{Transliteration|hne|dibiris}}. A cluster of {{Transliteration|hne|dibiris}} comprising a local group of families up to three generations form a {{Transliteration|hne|jama}} - a minor lineage. Several {{Transliteration|hne|jamas}} in a village constitute a {{Transliteration|hne|khumuri}}, a major lineage. The latter make a small clan, a {{Transliteration|hne|barga}}. The clan is composed of {{Transliteration|hne|bargas}} and headed by a {{Transliteration|hne|gauntia}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Tribes of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Scheduled tribes in Odisha}}
{{Reservation in India}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Odisha]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jharkhand]]

Summadevi railway station

2025-03-21T20:13:23Z

LizetteGoble:

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Summadevi railway station
| type = [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]], [[Summadevi]], [[Srikakulam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.808897|84.467259|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| elevation = {{cvt|58|m}}
| line = [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| entrances =
| parking =
| opened = 1899
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SUDV
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Coast Railway
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[East Coast State Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Mandasa Road|right=Palasa|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}
{{ Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section|collapse=y}}

'''Summadevi railway station''' is a railway station on the [[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section]], part of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] under the [[Khurda Road railway division]] of the [[East Coast Railway zone]]. It is situated beside [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]], at [[Summadevi]] in [[Srikakulam district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=karthik|title=Summadevi Railway Station Map/Atlas ECoR/East Coast Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/summadevi-sudv/5861|access-date=2020-08-17|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Summadevi Railway Station (SUDV) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/summadevi-sudv-station|access-date=2020-08-17|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

==History==
Between 1893 and 1896, the coastal railway track from [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack]] to [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]] was built and opened to traffic by the [[East Coast State Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=South Eastern Railway|date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=2013-04-01}}</ref> The route was electrified in several phases. The Khurda–Visakhapatnam section was completely electrified by 2002 and the Howrah–Chennai route was fully electrified in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html|title=Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 7|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1899]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

1996–97 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2024-12-10T12:20:54Z

LizetteGoble: put up first article from scratch

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1996/97 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/|title=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1996/97 score, Match schedules, fixtures, points table, results, news|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|image=
|caption=
|date=28 September - 1 October 1996
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India Seniors
|player of series=
|team1=India Seniors
|team2=India A
|team3=India B
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anil Kumble]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Woorkeri Raman]]
|runs1= [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (219)
|runs2= [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] (112)
|runs3= [[Woorkeri Raman]] (210)
|wickets1= [[Javagal Srinath]] (6)
|wickets2= [[Anil Kumble]] (3)
|wickets3= Sandeep Sharma (4)
|previous= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1995-96|1995–96]]
|next= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1997-98|1997–98]]
}}

The 3rd [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] was an [[Limited overs cricket|Indian domestic cricket]] tournament that was held in [[Mohali]] from 28 September to 1 October 1996. The series involved the domestic and national players from India allocated in India Seniors, India A, and India B. India Seniors won the Challenger trophy after defeating India B by 8 wickets in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND_IND-B_CHLNGR-FINAL_01OCT1996.html|title=India Seniors are the winners of Challenger Trophy|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

== Squads ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_1996-97_SQUADS.html|title=India Seniors Squad - India Seniors Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1996/97 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India A <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_1996-97_SQUADS.html|title=India A Squad - India A Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1996/97 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India B <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_1996-97_SQUADS.html|title=India B Squad - India B Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1996/97 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nayan Mongia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
* [[Sourav Ganguly]]
* [[Vinod Kambli]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Ajay Jadeja]]
* [[Sunil Joshi]]
* [[Narendra Hirwani]]
* [[Javagal Srinath]]
* [[Venkatesh Prasad]]
* [[Aashish Kapoor]]
|
* [[Anil Kumble]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Vikram Rathour]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Gagan Khoda]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
* [[Saba Karim]]
* [[David Johnson (cricketer, born 1971)|David Johnson]]
* [[Paras Mhambrey]]
* [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]]
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
* [[Sanjay Raul]]
|
* [[Woorkeri Raman]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sujith Somasunder]]
* [[Pankaj Dharmani]]
* [[Abhijit Kale]]
* [[Sridharan Sharath]]
* [[Rajeev Nayyar]]
* [[Divakar Vasu]]
* [[Sairaj Bahutule]]
* [[Salil Ankola]]
* [[Sameer Dighe]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* Sandeep Sharma
* [[Utpal Chatterjee]]
|}

== Points Table ==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|winpoints=2
|nrpoints=1
|show_tie=no
|showteam={{{team}}}

|team1=India Seniors|team2=India B
|team3=India A

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India Seniors=2 |loss_India Seniors=0 |nr_India Seniors=0 |nrr_India Seniors=+0.890
|win_India B=1 |loss_India B=1 |nr_India B=0 |nrr_India B=-0.550
|win_India A=0 |loss_India A=2 |nr_India A=0 |nrr_India A=-0.382

|name_India Seniors={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Seniors'''
|name_India B={{flagicon|IND}} '''India B'''
|name_India A={{flagicon|IND}} '''India A'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

== Matches ==
=== Group stage ===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 28 September 1996
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 212/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 213/5 (46.5 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Gagan Khoda]] 82 (128)
| wickets1 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 2/35 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 48 (69)
| wickets2 = [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] 2/46 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 5 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND_IND-A_CHLNGR_28SEP1996.html|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India A 1996/97 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[CK Sathe]] (IND) and [[Devendra Sharma (umpire)|Devendra Sharma]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India Seniors 2, India A 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 29 September 1996
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 188/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 190/0 (35.5 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Abhijit Kale]] 46 (82)
| wickets1 = [[Narendra Hirwani]] 2/50 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 104* (112)
| wickets2 =
| result = India Seniors won by 10 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND_IND-B_CHLNGR_29SEP1996.html|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India B 1996/97 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Vijay Chopra]] (IND) and [[S. Choudhary|Shekhar Choudhary]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India Seniors 2, India B 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 30 September 1996
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 232/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 233/2 (46 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India B
| runs1 = [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] 91 (116)
| wickets1 = [[Salil Ankola]] 2/36 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sujith Somasunder]] 105* (133)
| wickets2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 2/32 (10 overs)
| result = India B won by 8 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND-A_IND-B_CHLNGR_30SEP1996.html|title=Full Scorecard of India A vs India B 1996/97 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[CK Sathe]] (IND) and [[Devendra Sharma (umpire)|Devendra Sharma]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India B 2, India A 0
}}

== Final ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 October 1996
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 228/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 232/3 (43.3 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Woorkeri Raman]] 96 (123)
| wickets1 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 5/47 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 113 (122)
| wickets2 = Sandeep Sharma 2/36 (9 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 8 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cricket.data4sports.com/scorecard/165941.html|title=Full Scorecard of Final India Seniors vs India B 1996/97 - Score Report |work=data4sports}}</ref>
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Vijay Chopra]] (IND) and [[S. Choudhary|Shekhar Choudhary]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = India Seniors became the winners of NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1996/97.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1996-97}}
[[Category:1996 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1997 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1996–97]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

State Highway 6 (Madhya Pradesh)

2024-08-25T19:56:04Z

LizetteGoble: Done

{{Short description|State highway in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| state = Madhya Pradesh
| type = SH
| route = 6
| maint =
| length_km =
| direction_a = East
| terminus_a = [[Shivpuri]]
| junction = Pohari, Karahal
| direction_b =West
| terminus_b = Goras ([[Rajasthan]] Border)
}}

'''Madhya Pradesh State Highway 6''' ('''MP SH 6''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Road |url=http://mprdc.gov.in/map.pdf |website=mprdc.gov.in |publisher=MPRDC |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> is a State Highway running from [[Shivpuri]] till Goras town near Madhya Pradesh - Rajasthan border.

A portion of this highway used to extend to [[Sheopur]] from Goras also but it has now been notified as a part of [[National Highway 552 (India)|National Highway 552]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|website=morth.nic.in |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of state highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:State highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

Kawade

2024-07-08T12:35:14Z

LizetteGoble: post

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kawade
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1155322|N|72.8810859|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 47
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3127
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551568
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kawade''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kawade has 536 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 41.56%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3127 || 1495 || 1632
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 591 || 290 || 301
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 3116 || 1489 || 1627
|-
| Literates || 1054 || 661 || 393
|-
| Workers (all) || 1428 || 784 || 644
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1327 || 696 || 631
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 1122 || 597 || 525
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 89 || 16 || 73
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 115 || 83 || 32
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 101 || 88 || 13
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 8 || 7 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 34 || 32 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 59 || 49 || 10
|-
| Non-workers || 1699 || 711 || 988
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

Panchigaon

2024-07-07T20:46:48Z

LizetteGoble: creating a pg...

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=July 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panchigaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = অসমীয়া
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Federal parliamentary
constitutional republic
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 977 (508 are males & 469 are females)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 784180
| website =
}}

'''Panchigaon'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?q=Panchi+Gaon,+Assam+784180&ftid=0x3744edefe0c72d33:0x3a89f94dee6bafef&hl=en&gl=us|title=Panchi Gaon|website=Panchi Gaon}}</ref> is a village in [[Sonitpur district]], in the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]]. The village is located at the north bank of [[Brahmaputra River]] towards the town of [[Jamugurihat]].

== Introduction ==
Panchigaon is a Village situated in Na-duar block tehsil of [[Sonitpur District]] . Which is located few kilometers North of [[Brahmaputra River]] & 6th edition of Kaziranga National Park. There are about 195 family resident in the Village.

The PWD Road to The 6th edition of Kaziranga National Park & to the end of the North Bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]] passes through the Village, Panchigaon.
The Village Has a [[Namghar]] (literally Name House are places for congregational worship associated with the [[Ekasarana]] religion of [[Assam]]), a Library named Panchigaon Poothi Bhoral, One auditorium stage, (which is spelt Rangamancha in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]), 8 Shops ([[Assamese language|Assamese]] term Dokan, about 60% of Paddy fields (excluding the residential place), Some Ancient & Society Pool, there are mainly 5 ways that connects all communities to the PWD Road between [[Jamugurihat]] town & the North bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]], and Several Others.

== History ==
The History Of Panchigaon is absorbing & Atmospheric. Its Name, Its Economy, Its Environment, Its Culture & Its Politics Refers its Colourful History & Status.

== History of its name ==
{{confusing|section|date=July 2019}}
Some definitions of its name are dubious. A lot of different Incredible explanations have occurred to different minds But according to the elderly of the village, it has been assuming certainly their Opinions on The Name of the Village Panchigaon.
They Said that the reason that the Village obtained the Name Panchigaon was only because of, there were only 5 (five=Assamese term Panch ) Residence on its nascent. ( Panch/Panchi means five '5' & Gaon means Village)*

==See also==
*[[Jamugurihat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Jamugurihat]]