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Dharmakirti

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LinnieHammonds: made first info basic info

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist philosopher (fl.c.600–670)}}
{{For|the 10th century teacher from Suvarṇadvīpa|Dharmakīrtiśrī}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Dharmakīrti
|image = Tibet, c. 15th-16th century - Portrait of Dharmakirti - 2010.474 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif
|caption = Portrait of Dharmakirti in silver, {{circa|15th–16th century}}, at the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].
|alias =
|dharma name = Buddhism
|birth_date = {{circa|600 CE}}
|birth_place = South India
|death_date = {{circa|670 CE}}
|death_place =
|nationality =
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|title =
|location =
|education = [[Nalanda]]
|reincarnation of =
|teachers = [[Dharmapala of Nalanda]]
|students = [[Vajrabodhi]]
|spouse =
|children =
}}
{{SpecialChars}}
{{buddhism}}
'''Dharmakīrti''' (fl. {{Circa|600–670 CE}}<ref name="Lopez2014">{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald |title=Dharmakīrti |journal=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2014 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-1211}}</ref>) was an influential [[History of Buddhism in India|Indian Buddhist]] philosopher who worked at [[Nalanda|Nālandā]].<ref name=tillemanssep>Tom Tillemans (2011), [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dharmakiirti/ "Dharmakirti"], ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''</ref> He was one of the key scholars of [[epistemology]] ([[pramāṇa]]) in [[Buddhist philosophy]], and is associated with the [[Yogachara|Yogācāra]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1rTNRb5uA4C |year=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-49324-4 |pages=133 }}</ref> and [[Sautrāntika]] schools. He was also one of the primary theorists of [[Buddhist atomism]].<ref name="Nakamura301"/> His works influenced the scholars of [[Mīmāṃsā]], [[Nyaya]] and [[Shaivism]] schools of [[Hindu philosophy]] as well as scholars of [[Jainism]].{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}}

Dharmakīrti's ''[[Pramanavarttika|Pramāṇavārttika]]'', his largest and most important work, was very influential in India and Tibet as a central text on pramana ('valid knowledge instruments'), and was widely commented on by various Indian and Tibetan scholars. His texts remain part of studies in the [[gompa|monasteries]] of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref name=liberman2007p52/>

==History==
Little is known for certain about the life of Dharmakīrti.<ref name=tillemanssep/> As per John Taber, the only reliable information that we have about his life was that he was a teacher at [[Nalanda]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edelglass |first1=William |title=The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |date=2023 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9781351030885 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqh2EAAAQBAJ&q=routledge+handbook+of+indian+buddhist+philosophy}}</ref> The Chinese monk, [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]], who was a resident at Nalanda between the years of 675 and 685 CE, refers to Dharmakīrti as a “recent” teacher. [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] also mentioned that a Chinese traveller called Wuxing, was studying Dharmakīrti's teachings at the [[Telhara monastery]] which is just a short distance away from Nalanda which indicates that Dharmakīrti had attained fame as a logician in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] around 650–660 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vincent |first1=Eltschinger |title=Dharmakīrti |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-buddhism/dharmakirti-COM_2022?s.num=0&s.rows=20&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-buddhism&s.q=dharmakirti}}</ref>

Tibetan hagiographies suggest that Dharmakīrti ([[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]]: ཆོས་ཀྱི་གྲགས་པ་; [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''chos kyi grags pa'') was born into a [[Brahmin]] family of South India<ref name=lmjoshi146/> and was the nephew of the [[Mīmāṃsā]] scholar [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa]]. When he was young, Kumārila spoke abusively towards Dharmakīrti as he was taking his Brahminical garments. This led Dharmakīrti to take the robes of the [[bhikkhu|Buddhist order]] instead, resolving to "vanquish all the heretics." As a student of Buddhism, he first studied under Isvarasena,<ref>{{cite book|author=Hajime Nakamura|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC&pg=PA301 |year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0272-8 |pages=301 }}</ref> and later moved to [[Nalanda]] where he interacted with the 6th century Buddhist scholar [[Dharmapala of Nalanda|Dharmapala]].<ref name=tillemanssep/><ref name=lmjoshi146>{{cite book|author=Lal Mani Joshi|title=Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC |year=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0281-0|pages=146–147}}</ref>

However, the accuracy of the Tibetan hagiographies is uncertain, and scholars place him in the 7th century instead. This is because of inconsistencies in different Tibetan and Chinese texts, and because it is around the middle of 7th century, and thereafter, that Indian texts begin discussing his ideas,<ref name=tillemanssep/><ref>{{cite book|author=Kurtis R. Schaeffer|title=Sources of Tibetan Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buDN9BdRkN8C&pg=PA372 |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13599-3 |pages=372 }}</ref><ref name=liberman2007p52>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Liberman|title=Dialectical Practice in Tibetan Philosophical Culture: An Ethnomethodological Inquiry into Formal Reasoning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9O57AB42yoC |year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-7686-5 |pages=52 }}</ref> such as the citation of Dharmakīrti verses in the works of [[Adi Shankara]].<ref name="Nakamura301">{{cite book|author=Hajime Nakamura|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC&pg=PA301 |year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0272-8 |pages=301 with footnotes}}</ref> Dharmakīrti is believed by most scholars to have lived between 600 and 660 CE, but a few place him earlier.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}}

Dharmakīrti is credited with building upon the work of [[Dignāga]], the pioneer of [[Buddhist logic]], and Dharmakīrti has ever since been seen as influential in the Buddhist tradition.<ref name=liberman2007p52/> His theories became normative in Tibet and are studied to this day as a part of the basic monastic curriculum.<ref name=liberman2007p52/>

The Tibetan tradition considers that Dharmakīrti was ordained as a Buddhist monk at [[Nālandā]] by [[Dharmapala of Nalanda|Dharmapāla]].<ref name="tillemanssep" /> In his writings, we find the statement that no one will understand the value of his work and that his efforts would soon be forgotten.<ref name=tillemanssep/><ref name="collins">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC&q=plunder&pg=PA177 | title=The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Volume 30, Issue 2 of Philosophy of the Social Sciences. | publisher=Harvard University Press | author=Collins, Randall | author-link=Randall Collins | year=2000 | pages=240 | isbn=978-0-674-00187-9}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
{{Asian philosophy sidebar}}

===Historical context===
The Buddhist works such as the ''[[Yogacarabhumi-sastra]]'' and the ''Mahāyānasūtrālaṅkāra,'' composed before the 6th century, on ''hetuvidyā'' (logic, dialectics) are unsystematic, whose approach and structure are heresiological, proselytical and apologetic.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}} They aimed were to defeat non-Buddhist opponents ([[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Ājīvika|Ājīvikism]], [[Charvaka]] ([[Materialism|materialists]]), and others), defend the ideas of Buddhism, develop a line of arguments that monks could use to convert those who doubted Buddhism and to strengthen the faith of Buddhists who began to develop doubts.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}} Around the middle of the 6th century, possibly to address the polemics of non-Buddhist traditions with their [[pramana]] foundations, the Buddhist scholar [[Dignāga]] shifted the emphasis from dialectics to more systematic [[epistemology]] and logic, retaining the heresiological and apologetic focus.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}} Dharmakīrti followed in Dignāga's footsteps, and is credited with systematic philosophical doctrines on Buddhist epistemology, which Vincent Eltschinger states, has "a full-fledged positive/direct apologetic commitment".{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}} Dharmakīrti lived during the collapse of the [[Gupta Empire]], a time of great insecurity for Buddhist institutions. The role of Buddhist logic was seen as an intellectual defense against Hindu philosophical arguments formulated by epistemically sophisticated traditions like the [[Nyaya]] school. However, Dharmakīrti and his followers also held that the study of reasoning and its application was an important tool for [[soteriological]] ends.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}}

===Epistemology===
[[File:2 Pramana Epistemology Buddhism.svg|thumb|Buddhist epistemology holds that perception and inference are the means to correct knowledge.]]
Dharmakīrti's philosophy is based on the need to establish a theory of logical validity and certainty grounded in causality. Following [[Dignāga]]'s ''Pramāṇasamuccaya'', Dharmakīrti also holds that there are only two instruments of knowledge or 'valid cognition' (''[[pramāṇa]]''): "perception" ([[Pramana#Hinduism|pratyaksa]]) and "inference" ([[anumāṇa]]). Perception is a non-conceptual knowing of particulars that is bound by causality, while inference is reasonable, linguistic, and conceptual.<ref name=tillemanssep/> In the ''Pramāṇavārttika'' Dharmakīrti defines a pramana as a "reliable cognition". What it means for cognition to be reliable has been interpreted in different ways. Following commentators like Dharmottara, who define it as meaning that cognition can lead to the obtaining of one's desired object, some modern scholars such as Jose I. Cabezon have interpreted Dharmakīrti as defending a form of [[Pragmatism]].<ref>Cabezón, José I., 2000, "Truth in Buddhist Theology," in R. Jackson and J. Makransky, (eds.), ''Buddhist Theology: Critical Reflections by Contemporary Buddhist Scholars.'' London: Curzon, 136–154.</ref> Tillemans sees him as holding to a weak form of [[correspondence theory]], which holds that to "confirm causal efficacy" (''arthakriyāsthiti'') is to have a justification that an object of cognition has the causal powers we expected.<ref name=tillemanssep/> That justification comes through a certain kind of non-conceptual perception (''pratyakṣa'') which is said to be an "intrinsical source of knowledge" (''svataḥ prāmāṇya'') which is ultimately reliable. Dharmakīrti sees a cognition as being valid if it has a causal connection with the object of cognition through an intrinsically valid, un-conceptual perception of the object which does not err regarding its functionality. As Dharmakīrti says: "A pramāṇa is a reliable cognition. [As for] reliability, it consists in [this cognition's] compliance with [the object's capacity to] perform a function" (''Pramāṇavārttika'' 2.1ac).{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}}

Dharmakīrti also holds that there were certain extraordinary epistemic warrants, such as the words of the Buddha, who was said to be an authoritative/reliable person (''pramāṇapuruṣa'') as well as the 'inconceivable' perception of a yogi (''yogipratyakṣa''). On the role of scriptural authority, Dharmakīrti has a moderate and nuanced position. For Dharmakīrti, scripture (Buddhist or otherwise) is not a genuine and independent means of valid cognition. He held that one should not use scripture to guide one on matters that can be decided by factual and rational means and that one is not to be faulted for rejecting unreasonable parts of the scriptures of one's school. However, scripture is to be relied upon when dealing with "radically inaccessible things", such as the laws of karma and [[soteriology]]. However, according to Dharmakīrti scripture is a fallible source of knowledge and has no claim to certainty.<ref name=tillemanssep/>

Dharmakīrti made significant contributions to Buddhist epistemology by refining the theory of inference, which addresses a central problem left unresolved by his predecessor, Dignāga. Dharmakīrti's approach ensures that the evidence (e.g. smoke) must always be present when the predicate (e.g. fire) is present, thereby providing a stronger foundation for inferential reasoning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunne |first=John D |url=http://archive.org/details/dharmakirtifoundationsofdharmakirtisphilosophyjohndunned.wisdompublications_620_z |title=Dharmakirti, ''Foundations Of Dharmakirti's Philosophy'' John Dunne D. Wisdom Publications |pages=148–151}}</ref>

===Metaphysics===
According to Buddhologist [[Tom Tillemans]], Dharmakīrti's ideas constitute a [[nominalist]] philosophy which disagrees with the [[Madhyamaka]] philosophy, by asserting that some entities are real. Dharmakīrti states that the real is only the momentarily existing particulars (''svalakṣaṇa''), and any universal (''sāmānyalakṣaṇa'') is unreal and fiction. He criticized the Nyaya theory of [[Universal (metaphysics)|universals]] by arguing that since they have no causal efficacy, there is no rational reason to posit them. What is real must have powers (''śakti''), fitness (''yogyatā''), or causal properties which is what individuates a real particular as an object of perception. Dharmakīrti writes "whatever has causal powers (''arthakriyāsamartha''), that exists (''paramārthasat'')."<ref name=tillemanssep/> This theory of causal properties has been interpreted as a form of [[Trope (philosophy)#Trope theory in philosophy .28metaphysics.29|trope theory]].<ref name=tillemanssep/> ''Svalakṣaṇa'' are said to be part-less, undivided, and property-less, and yet they impart a causal force which give rise to perceptual cognitions, which are direct reflections of the particulars.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}}

Dharmakīrti's ultimately real (''paramārthasat'') particulars are contrasted with conventionally real entities (''saṃvṛtisat'') as part of his presentation of the Buddhist [[Two truths doctrine]]. The conventionally real for him are based on linguistic categories, intellectual constructs, and erroneous superimpositions on the flow of reality, such as the idea that universals exist.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}} According to Dharmakīrti, cognitive distortion of the direct perception of particulars occurs during the process of recognition (''pratyabhijñāna'') and perceptual judgment (''niścaya'') which arises due to latent tendencies (''vāsanā'') in the mind left over from past impressions of similar perceptions. These latent dispositions come together into constructed representations of the previously experienced object at the moment of perception, and hence it is an imposed error on the real, a pseudo-perception (''pratyakṣābhāsa'') which conceals (''saṃvṛti'') reality while at the same time being practically useful for navigating it.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}} Ignorance (''[[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avidyā]]'') for Dharmakīrti is conceptuality, pseudo-perception and superimposition overlaid on the naturally radiant (''prabhāsvara'') nature of pure perception. By correcting these defilements of perception through mental cultivation as well as using inference to gain "insight born of (rational) reflection" (''cintāmayī prajñā'') a Buddhist yogi is able to better see the true nature of reality until his perception is fully perfected.{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}}

Dharmakīrti, again following [[Dignāga]], also holds that that things as they are in themselves are "ineffable" (''avyapadeśya''). Language is never about the things in themselves, only about conceptual fiction, hence they are [[nominalists]].<ref name=tillemanssep/> Due to this theory, the main issue for Dharmakīrti becomes how to explain that it is possible for our arbitrary and conventional linguistic schemas to refer to perceptual particulars that are ineffable and non-conceptual. To explain this gap between conceptual schema and perceptual content, Dharmakīrti takes up Dignāga's theory of "exclusion" (''apoha''). Dignāga's view is that "a word talks about entities only as they are qualified by the negation of other things."<ref name=tillemanssep/> Dharmakīrti's unique take on this nominalist theory, which underlies his entire system, is to reinterpret it in terms of causal efficacy—''arthakriyā'' (which can also be translated as 'telic function', 'functionality', and 'fulfillment of purpose').{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}}

Dharmakīrti developed his philosophical system to defend Buddhist doctrines, so it is no surprise that he developed many of the arguments for [[Reincarnation|rebirth]], the [[Four Noble Truths]], the authority of the Buddha, [[karma]], [[anatta]], and compassion as well as attacking Brahminical views such as the authority of the [[Vedas]].{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}}

Dharmakīrti also defended the Buddhist theory of momentariness (''kṣaṇikatva''), which held that dharmas spontaneously perish the moment they arise. Dharmakīrti came up with an argument for the theory which stated that since anything that exists has a causal power, the fact that its causal power is in effect proves it is always changing. For Dharmakīrti, nothing could be a cause while remaining the same, and any permanent thing would be causally inert.<ref name=tillemanssep/>

===Philosophy of mind===
Dharmakīrti defends Dignāga's theory of consciousness being non-conceptually reflexive (''svasamvitti'' or ''[[svasaṃvedana]]''). This is the idea that an act of intentional consciousness is also aware of itself as aware.<ref name=tillemanssep/> Consciousness is said to illuminate itself like a lamp that illuminates objects in a room as well as itself. Dharmakīrti also defends the Yogācāra theory of "awareness-only" (''[[Yogachara#Vij.C3.B1apti-m.C4.81tra|vijñaptimātratā]]''), which holds that 'external objects' of perception do not exist.<ref name=tillemanssep/> According to Dharmakīrti, an object of cognition is not external or separate from the act of cognition itself. This is because the object is "necessarily experienced simultaneously with the cognition [itself]" (''Pramāṇavārttika'' 3.387).{{Sfn| Eltschinger|2010}} The view that there is a duality (''dvaya'') between an object (''grāhya'') and a subjective cognition (''grāhaka'') arises out of ignorance.

Dharmakīrti's ''Substantiation of Other Mindstreams'' (''Saṃtānāntarasiddhi'') is a treatise on the nature of the [[mindstream]] and Buddhist response to the [[problem of other minds]]<ref>Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101110082146/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/3_phil/buddh/bsa059_u.htm] (accessed: Wednesday 28 October 2009). There is an English translation of this work by Gupta (1969: pp.81–121) which is a rendering of [[Fyodor Shcherbatskoy|Stcherbatsky]]'s work from the Russian: Gupta, Harish C. (1969). ''Papers of Th. Stcherbatsky''. Calcutta: Indian Studies Past and Present. (translated from Russian by Harish C. Gupta).</ref> Dharmakīrti held the mindstream to be a beginning-less yet also described the mindstream as a temporal sequence, and that as there are no true beginnings, there are no true endings, hence, the "beginningless time" motif that is frequently used to describe the concept of mindstream.{{sfn|Dunne|2004|p=1}}

===Affiliation===
There is disagreement among Indian and Tibetan doxographers as to how to categorise Dharmakīrti's thoughts. The [[Gelug]] school asserts that he expressed Yogācāra views, most non-Gelug Tibetan commentators assert that he expressed Sautrāntika views and, according to one Tibetan source, several of renowned later Indian Madhyamikas asserted that he expressed [[Madhyamaka]] views.<ref>Ngawang Palden in the Sautrantika chapter of his ''Explanation of the Conventional and the Ultimate in the Four Systems of Tenets'' (''Grub mtha' bzhi'i lugs kyi kun rdzob dang don dam pa'i don rnam par bshad pa legs bshad dpyid kyi dpal mo'i glu dbyangs'', New Delhi: Guru Deva, 1972, 39.5–39.6) says that some such as Prajñakaragupta, Suryagupta, [[Śāntarakṣita|Shantarakshita]], Kamalashila, and Jetari interpret Dharmakīrti's ''Commentary on [Dignaga's] Compendium of Valid Cognition'' (''Tshad ma rnam 'grel'', ''Pramanavarttika'') as a Madhyamika treatise. ''Dependent-Arising and Emptiness: A Tibetan Buddhist Interpretation of Madhyamika Philosophy Emphasizing the Compatibility of Emptiness and Conventional Phenomena'' [[Elizabeth Napper|Napper, Elizabeth]]. Boston: Wisdom Publications. p. 685, note 142</ref>

Among modern scholars, some like Tillemans argue that Dharmakīrti represented the Yogācāra school, while Amar Singh argues that he was a Sautrāntika.<ref>Singh, Amar, ''The Heart of Buddhist Philosophy: Dinnaga and Dharmakīrti,'' New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1984. xvi + 168 pp. Appendices, glossary, bibliography and indices.</ref> For Christine Mullikin Keyt, Dharmakīrti represents a "synthesis of two schools of Indian Buddhism, the Sautrantika and the Yogacara."<ref>Keyt, Christine Mullikin, ''Dharmakīrti's Concept of the Svalakṣaṇa,'' 1980, https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/5723</ref> Likewise, Dan Arnold argues that Dharmakīrti's alternating philosophical perspectives of Sautrāntika and Yogācāra views are ultimately compatible and are applied at different levels of his 'sliding scale of analysis.'<ref>Arnold, Dan ''Buddhist Idealism, Epistemic and Otherwise: Thoughts on the Alternating Perspectives of Dharmakīrti'' 2008</ref>

There is also a tendency to see Dignāga and Dharmakīrti as founding a new type of Buddhist school or tradition, which is known in Tibetan as "those who follow reasoning" ({{transliteration|xct|rigs pa rjes su 'brang ba}}) and sometimes is known in modern literature as ''pramāṇavāda''.

==Writings and commentaries==
Dharmakīrti is credited with the following major works:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Epistemology and Argumentation in South Asia and Tibet (EAST) |title=Dharmakīrti |url=https://east.ikga.oeaw.ac.at/data/7/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=east.ikga.oeaw.ac.at}}</ref>

*''Sambandhaparīkṣā'' and ''Sambandhaparīkṣāvṛtti'' (''Analysis of Relations'')
*''Sambandhaparīkṣāvṛtti'' (''Analysis of Relations'' ''auto-commentary'')
*''Pramāṇaviniścaya'' (''Ascertainment of Valid Cognition'')
*''[[Pramanavarttika|Pramāṇavārttika]]-kārika'' (Commentary on Dignāga's ''[[Pramāṇa-samuccaya|Pramāṇasamuccaya]]'')
*''Pramāṇavārttikasvavrtti'' (auto-commentary on the above text)
*''Nyāyabinduprakaraṇa'' (''Drop of Logic'')
*''Hetubindunāmaprakaraṇa'' (''Drop of Reason'')
*''Saṃtānāntarasiddhināmaprakaraṇa'' (''Proof of Others' Mindstreams'')
*''Vādanyāyanāmaprakaraṇa'' (''Reasoning for Debate'')

There are various commentaries by later thinkers on Dharmakīrti, the earliest commentators being the Indian scholars Devendrabuddhi (ca. 675 CE.) and Sakyabuddhi (ca. 700 C.E.).{{sfn|Dunne|2004|p=4}} Other Indian commentators include Karṇakagomin, [[Prajñakaragupta|Prajñākaragupta]], Manorathanandin, Ravigupta and [[Śaṅkaranandana]].<ref>Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context" of the University of Heidelberg, http://east.uni-hd.de/buddh/ind/7/16/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708015205/http://east.uni-hd.de/buddh/ind/7/16/ |date=8 July 2017 }}</ref>

He was extremely influential in Tibet, where Phya pa Chos kyi Seng ge (1182-1251) wrote the first summary of his works, called "Clearing of Mental Obscuration with Respect to the Seven Treatises on Valid Cognition" (''tshad ma sde bdun yid gi mun sel''). [[Sakya Pandita]] wrote the "Treasure on the Science of Valid Cognition" (''tshad ma rigs gter'') and interpreted Dharmakīrti as an anti-realist against Phya pa's realism.<ref>''Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations,'' (Suny: 1997), page 23-24</ref> These two main interpretations of Dharmakīrti became the foundation for most debates in Tibetan epistemology.

==See also==
* [[Dignāga]]
* [[Hetucakra]]
* [[Trairūpya]]
* [[Buddhist logic]]
* [[Pramana]]
* [[Buddhist atomism]]
* [[Epistemology]]
* [[William of Ockham]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last = Dreyfus |first = Georges | title = Recognizing Reality: Dharmakīrti's Philosophy and Its Tibetan Interpretations |year = 1997 |
publisher = State University of New York Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7914-3098-9}} extensive discussion of the Dharmakirti's Tibetan reception
*{{cite book |title=Foundations of Dharmakīrti's Philosophy |last=Dunne |first=John D. |year=2004 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |location=Somerville, Mass. |isbn=978-0-86171-184-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1p4V4_lnY4C }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite journal|last= Eltschinger|first= Vincent| year= 2010|title= Dharmakīrti: Revue internationale de philosophie|number= 253|journal =Buddhist Philosophy|volume=2010.3| url=http://www.cairn-int.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=E_RIP_253_0397| pages= 397–440}}
* Pecchia, C. (ed., with the assistance of Pierce P.). (2015). ''Dharmakīrti on the Cessation of Suffering. A Critical Edition with Translation and Comments of Manorathanandin's Vṛtti and Vibhūticandraʼs Glosses on Pramāṇavārttika II.190-216''. Leiden, Brill.
* [[Fyodor Shcherbatskoy|Shcherbatskoy, Fyodor]] (1932) ''Buddhist Logic'', introduced the West to Buddhist logic, and more specifically to Dignaga. Although pioneering, this work is now regarded as outdated by some Buddhist scholars. — [[David Loy]] complains about viewing Buddhist philosophy "through the categories of another system – Stcherbatsky's Kant, Murti's [[Vedanta|Vedānta]], Gudmundsen's [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]] – which (as with earlier interpretations of [[Nirvana|nirvāṇa]]) reveals more about the interpreter than the interpreted." ({{cite journal|last1=Loy|first1=David|title=How not to criticize Nāgārjuna|journal=Philosophy East and West|date=1984|volume=34|issue=4|pages=437–445|doi=10.2307/1399177|jstor=1399177}}).
* {{cite book |title=Scripture, Logic, Language: Essays on Dharmakirti and His Tibetan Successors |last=Tillemans |first=T. J. F. |author-link=Tom Tillemans |year=1999 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |location=Somerville, Mass. |isbn=978-0-86171-156-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fWSdQmCRT0C }}

==External links==
*[https://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/spiritual-teachers/dharmakirti Dharmakirti from Study Buddhism]
*{{cite SEP |url-id=dharmakirti |title=Dharmakirti |last=Tillemans |first=Tom}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Yogācāra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:7th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Atheist philosophers]]
[[Category:Atomists]]
[[Category:7th-century Buddhists]]
[[Category:Buddhist logic]]
[[Category:Buddhist writers]]
[[Category:Idealists]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Indian logicians]]
[[Category:Srivijaya]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Yogacara scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:7th-century educators]]

List of Telugu film actresses

2026-05-04T12:53:15Z

LinnieHammonds: Added A Info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
This is a list of notable actresses who have played key roles in the [[Telugu cinema]], primarily based in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sharada to Keerthy Suresh: Telugu film actresses who triumphed at the National Film Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharada-to-keerthy-suresh-telugu-film-actresses-who-triumphed-at-the-national-film-awards/photostory/103027780.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreeja |first=Addla |date=2022-12-09 |title=12 Tollywood actresses & their educational backgrounds |url=https://www.siasat.com/12-tollywood-actresses-their-educational-backgrounds-2462321/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreeja |first=Addla |date=2023-03-08 |title=Money Talks: TOP 10 highest paid south Indian actresses 2023 |url=https://www.siasat.com/money-talks-top-10-highest-paid-south-indian-actresses-2023-2542650/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreeja |first=Addla |date=2022-12-09 |title=12 Tollywood actresses & their educational backgrounds |url=https://www.siasat.com/12-tollywood-actresses-their-educational-backgrounds-2462321/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Telugu Actresses of 2010 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-telugu-actresses-of-2010/20101220.htm |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>


{{multiple image
| title = Prominent actresses of Telugu cinema across decades
| border = infobox(little)
| total_width = 320
| image_style =
| perrow = 5
| caption_align = right
| image1 = Anjali Devi in Mangaiyarkarasi 1949.jpg
| caption1 = 1940s: [[Anjali Devi]]
| image2 = Savitri 2011 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = 1950s: [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| image3 = Vanisri.jpg
| caption3 = 1960s: [[Vanisri]]
| image4 = Sridevi.jpg
| caption4 = 1970s: [[Sridevi]]
| image5 = Ramya Krishnan.jpg
| caption5 = 1980s: [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]]
| image6 = Tabu in 2024.jpg
| caption6 = 1990s: [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| image7 = Anushka at the trailer launch of Baahubali (cropped).jpg
| caption7 = 2000s: [[Anushka Shetty]]
| image8 = Samantha At The Irumbu Thirai Trailer Launch.jpg
| caption8 = 2010s: [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu| Samantha]]
| image9 = Mrunal Thakur snapped at the grand celebration of Maddock Films’ remarkable journey in cinema (cropped).jpg
| caption9 = 2020s: [[Mrunal Thakur]]
}}

==1930s==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
|1935
|[[Kanchanamala]]
|''Srikrishna Thulabhaaram''
|
|-
|1939
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|''[[Vara Vikrayam (film)|Vara Vikrayam]]''
|''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' (1949), ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]'' (1966)
|-
|}

==1940s==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
|1947
|[[Anjali Devi]]
|''[[Gollabhama]]''
|''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963), ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]'' (1966), ''[[Alladin and the Wonderful Lamp (1957 film)|Allauddin Adhbhuta Deepam]]'' (1957)
|-
|}

==1950s==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
|1950
|[[Sowcar Janaki]]
|''[[Shavukaru]]''
|''[[Kanyasulkam (film)|Kanyasulkam]]'' (1955)
|-
|1951
|[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
|''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]''
|''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953), ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Pooja (1975 film)|Pooja]]'' (1975)
|-
|1952
|[[T. R. Rajakumari]]
|''[[Naa Illu]]''
|
|-
|1953
|[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
|''Puttilu''
|
|-
|1955
|[[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]]
|''[[Kanyasulkam (film)|Kanyasulkam]]''
|''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]'' (1971), ''[[Justice Chowdary]]'' (1982), ''[[Amma Rajinama]]'' (1991)
|-
|rowspan=2|1957
|[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
|''[[Suvarna Sundari]]''
|
|-
|[[Vijaya Nirmala]]
|''[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]''
|
|}

==1960s==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
|1960
|[[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]]
|''[[Rani Ratnaprabha]]''
|
|-
|1962
|[[Vanisri]]
|''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]''
|''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]'' (1973)
|-
|}

==1970s==
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 6
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Jaya Prada graces Perfect Pati TV serial launch (03).jpg
| caption1 = [[Jaya Prada]]
| image2 = Sumalatha (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Sumalatha]]
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
|1970
|[[Sridevi]]
|''Maa Nanna Nirdoshi''
|''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' (1978), ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' (1981), ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' (1990)
|-
|1972
|[[Jayasudha]]
|''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]''
|''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]'' (1986)
|-
|rowspan="2" |1974
|[[Jaya Prada]]
|''[[Bhoomi Kosam]]''
|''[[Yamagola]]'' (1977)
|-
| [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
| ''Harathi''
| ''[[Maga Maharaju]]'' (1983), ''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]'' (1984), ''[[Stri]]'' (1995)
|-
|1978
|[[Sumalatha]]
|''[[Karunamayudu]]''
| ''[[Justice Chakravarthy]]'' (1984), ''[[Janani Janmabhoomi]]'' (1984), ''[[Agni Gundam]]'' (1984)
|-
|}

==1980s==
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 6
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Vijayashanti in 1986.jpg
| caption1 = [[Vijayashanti]]
| image2 =
| caption2 = [[Silk Smitha]]
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
|1980
|[[Vijayashanti]]
|''Khiladi Krishnudu''
|''[[Sangharshana]]'' (1983), ''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]'' (1986), ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Karthavyam]]'' (1990)
|-
|1981
| [[Silk Smitha]]
| ''[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]''
| ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' (1983), ''[[Agni (1989 film)|Agni]]'' (1989), ''[[Aditya 369]]'' (1991)
|-
|1982
|[[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|''Prema Moortulu''
|''[[Simhasanam (1986 film)|Simhasanam]]'' (1986), ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' (1988)
|-
|1983
|[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|''[[Siripuram Monagadu]]''
|''[[Muta Mestri]]'' (1993), ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1997 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]'' (1997), [[Drushyam]] (2014)
|-
|1984
|[[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]]
|''Kanchu Kagada''
|''[[Allari Priyudu]]'' (1993), ''[[Gharana Bullodu]]'' (1995), ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' (1997)
|-
|1984
|[[Bhanupriya]]
|''Sitara''
|''[[Anveshana]]'' (1985), ''[[Swarnakamalam]]'' (1988), ''[[Gudachari 117]]'' (1989)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1987
|[[Amala Akkineni]]
|''[[Kirayi Dada]]''
|''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]'' (1990)
|-
|[[Gautami]]
|''Dayamayudu''
|''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' (1987), ''[[Chakravyuham]]'' (1992), ''[[Manamantha]]'' (2016)
|-
|[[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]]
| ''[[Kaboye Alludu]]''
| ''[[Maharshi (1987 film)|Maharshi]]'' (1987), ''[[Agni (1989 film)|Agni]]'' (1989), ''[[Simha Swapnam]]'' (1989)
|-
|1988
|[[Vani Viswanath]]
|''Chinni Krishnudu''
|''[[Simha Swapnam]]'' (1989), ''[[Prema Yuddham]]'' (1990), ''[[Gharana Mogudu]]'' (1992)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
| [[Rupini]]
| ''[[Ontari Poratam]]''
| ''[[Gandeevam]]'' (1994)
|-
| [[Nirosha]]
| ''[[Muddula Mavayya]]''
| ''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]'' (1990), ''[[Stuartpuram Police Station]]'' (1991), ''[[One by Two (1993 film)|One by Two]]'' (1993)
|-
|}

==1990s==
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 4
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Heroine Nagma.jpg
| caption1 = [[Nagma]]
| image2 = Rambha quick gun murugun.jpg
| caption2 = [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| image3 = Simran in 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
| image4 = Anjala Zaveri at the premiere of Aashayein (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Anjala Zaveri]]
| image5 = Shilpa Shetty snapped at a press conference (cropped).jpg
| caption5 = [[Shilpa Shetty]]
| image6 = Raveena-Tandon-snapped-at-the-airport-963-3 (cropped).jpg
| caption6 = [[Raveena Tandon]]
| image7 = Preity Zinta by Ash Gupta.jpg
| caption7 = [[Preity Zinta]]
| image8 = Deepti Bhatnagar at SAB TV revamp launch (03).jpg
| caption8 = [[Deepti Bhatnagar]]
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
|1990
|[[Divya Bharti]]
|''[[Bobbili Raja]]''
|''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'' (1991), ''[[Rowdy Alludu]]'' (1991), ''[[Tholi Muddhu]]'' (1993)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1991
|[[Nagma]]
|''[[Peddintalludu]]''
|''[[Gharana Mogudu]]'' (1992), ''[[Allari Alludu]]'' (1993), ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]'' (1994)
|-
|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
|''[[Sisindri]]'' (1995), ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]'' (1996), ''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]'' (2002)
|-
|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
| ''[[Prema Thapassu]]''
| ''[[Muta Mestri]]'' (1993), ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994), ''[[Subhalagnam]]'' (1994)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
|[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
|''[[Aa Okkati Adakku]]''
|''[[Rowdy Annayya]]'' (1993), ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' (1997), ''[[Choosoddaam Randi]]'' (2000)
|-
|[[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|''[[Bhadram Koduko]]''
|''[[Swayamvaram (1999 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' (1999), ''[[Kodanda Ramudu]]'' (2000), ''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]'' (2001)
|-
| rowspan="5" |1993
|[[Aamani]]
|''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]''
|''[[Mister Pellam]]'' (1993), ''[[Subha Lagnam]]'' (1994), ''[[Subha Sankalpam]]'' (1995)
|-
|[[Soundarya]]
|''Manavarali Pelli''
|''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'' (1994), ''[[Intlo Illalu Vantintlo Priyuralu]]'' (1996), ''[[Raja (1999 film)|Raja]]'' (1999)
|-
|[[Raveena Tandon]]
|''Ratha Saradhi''
|''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]'' (1993), ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]'' (2001), ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]'' (2014)
|-
|[[Sakshi Shivanand]]
|''Anna Vadina''
|''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]'' (1997), ''[[Seetharama Raju]]'' (1999), ''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' (2000)
|-
|[[Sanghavi]]
|''Kokkoroko''
|''[[Sarada Bullodu]]'' (1996), ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (1998), ''[[Sandade Sandadi]]'' (2002)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|[[Shilpa Shetty]]
|''[[Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya]]''
|''[[Veedevadandi Babu]]'' (1997), ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' (2000), ''[[Bhalevadivi Basu]]'' (2001)
|-
|[[Deepti Bhatnagar]]
|''[[Pelli Sandadi]]''
|''[[Auto Driver]]'' (1998), ''[[Maa Annayya]]'' (2000), ''[[Kondaveeti Simhasanam]]'' (2002)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997
|[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
|''Abbai Gari Pelli''
|''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' (2000), ''[[Nuvvu Vastavani]]'' (2000), ''[[Narasimha Naidu]]'' (2001)
|-
|[[Anjala Zaveri]]
|''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]''
|''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' (1999), ''[[Devi Putrudu]]'' (2001), ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' (2012)
|-
|[[Sangeetha Krish]]
|''Circus Sattipandu''
|''[[Khadgam]]'' (2002), ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]'' (2004), ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' (2020)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|[[Isha Koppikar]]
|''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]''
|
|-
|[[Preity Zinta]]
|''[[Premante Idera]]''
|''[[Rajakumarudu]]'' (1999)
|-
|1999
|[[Preeti Jhangiani]]
|''[[Thammudu]]''
|''[[Narasimha Naidu]]'' (2001), ''[[Adhipathi]]'' (2001), ''[[Yamadonga]]'' (2007)
|}

==2000s==
{{multiple image
| border = infobox(little)
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 4
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Shriya Saran at Jackky Bhagnani’s Diwali bash, 2019 (28).jpg
| caption1 = [[Shriya Saran]]
| image2 = Genelia dsouza love big and cbs press meet.jpg
| caption2 = [[Genelia D'Souza]]
| image3 = Trisha Krishnan at PS1 pre release event (3) (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Trisha Krishnan]]
| image4 = Tamannaah Bhatia attends the screening of Do Baaraa at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
| image5 = Ileana D'Cruz grace the trailer launch of Raid (16).jpg
| caption5 = [[Ileana D'Cruz]]
| image6 = Kajal Aggarwal graces Deepika-Ranveer's Mumbai reception (47) (cropped).jpg
| caption6 = [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
| image7 = Asin10.jpg
| caption7 = [[Asin]]
| image8 = Bhumika Chawla at 60th Filmfare Awards South (cropped).jpg
| caption8 = [[Bhumika Chawla]]
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
|[[Bhumika Chawla]]
|''[[Yuvakudu]]''
|''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' (2001), ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003), ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'' (2003)
|-
|[[Reema Sen]]
|''[[Chitram]]''
|''[[Adrustam]]'' (2002), ''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]'' (2004), ''[[Bangaram (film)|Bangaram]]'' (2006)
|-
|[[Amisha Patel]]
|''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]''
|''[[Naani]]'' (2004), ''[[Narasimhudu]]'' (2005), ''[[Parama Veera Chakra]]'' (2011)
|-
| rowspan="6" |2001
|[[Shriya Saran]]
|''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]''
|''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]'' (2002), ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' (2005), ''[[RRR]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Sonali Bendre]]
|''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''
|''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' (2002), ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' (2002), ''[[Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.]]'' (2004)
|-
|[[Aarthi Agarwal]]
|''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]''
|''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' (2002), ''[[Vasantam]]''(2003), ''[[Veede]]''(2003)
|-
|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|''[[Priyamaina Neeku]]''
|''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' (2001), ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]'' (2005), ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' (2006)
|-
|[[Anita Hassanandani]]
|''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
|''[[Sreeram]]'' (2002), ''[[Thotti Gang]]'' (2002), ''[[Nenu Pelliki Ready]]'' (2003)
|-
|[[Gajala]]
|''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]''
|''[[Student No: 1]]'' (2001), ''[[Kalusukovalani]]'' (2002), ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' (2004)
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
|[[Nikita Thukral]]
|''[[Hai (film)|Hai]]''
|''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]''(2003), ''[[Sambaram]]''(2003), ''[[Kushi Kushiga]]''(2004)
|-
|[[Charmy Kaur]]
|''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]''
|''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'' (2007), ''[[Manorama (film)|Manorama]]'' (2009), ''[[Kavya's Diary]]'' (2009)
|-
|[[Sadha]]
|''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]''
|''[[Avunanna Kadanna]]'' (2005), ''[[Veerabhadra (film)|Veerabhadra]]'' (2006), ''[[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]]'' (2007)
|-
|[[Rakshita]]
|''[[Idiot (2002 film)|Idiot]]''
|''[[Sivamani (film)|Sivamani]]'' (2003), ''[[Andhrawala]]'' (2004), ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' (2005)
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003
|[[Jyothika]]
|''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]''
|''[[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]'' (2004), ''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]'' (2006), ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' (2006)
|-
|[[Asin]]
|''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]''
|''[[Sivamani (film)|Sivamani]]'' (2003), ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004), ''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]'' (2005)
|-
|[[Genelia D'Souza]]
|''[[Satyam (2003 film)|Satyam]]''
|''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006), ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' (2007), ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' (2008)
|-
|[[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha krishnan]]
|''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]''
|''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' (2004), ''[[Athadu]]'' (2005), [[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule|Aadavari Matalaku Arthlale Verule]] (2007), ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' (2008), [[Teen Maar]] (2011)
|-
|[[Priyamani]]
|''[[Evare Athagadu]]''
|''[[Yamadonga]]'' (2007), ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]'' (2010), ''[[Narappa]]'' (2021)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|[[Meera Jasmine]]
|''[[Ammayi Bagundi]]''
|''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' (2004), ''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]'' (2007), ''[[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Gorintaku]]'' (2008)
|-
|[[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
|''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2005
|[[Anushka Shetty]]
|''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]''
|''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' (2008), ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' (2013), ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017)
|-
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|''[[Sree (film)|Sree]]''
|''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' (2007), ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' (2011), ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015)
|-
|[[Swathi Reddy]]
|''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]''
|''[[Ashta Chamma]]'' (2008), ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' (2013), ''[[Month of Madhu]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Poonam Bajwa]]
|''[[Modati Cinema]]''
|
|-
|[[Madhu Shalini]]
|''[[Andarivaadu]]''
|''[[Oka V Chitram]]'' (2006), ''State Rowdy'' (2007), ''Karalu Miriyalu'' (2011)
|-
|[[Raai Laxmi]]
|''[[Kanchanamala Cable TV]]''
|
|-
|[[Kamna Jethmalani]]
|''[[Premikulu]]''
|
|-
|[[Sanjjanaa Galrani]]
|''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]''
|
|-
|[[Sameera Reddy]]
|[[Narasimhudu]]
|''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' (2005), ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]'' (2006), ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]'' (2012)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]
|''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]''
|''[[Pokiri]]'' (2006), ''[[Jalsa]]'' (2008), ''[[Julayi]]'' (2012)
|-
|[[Nayanthara]]
|''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]''
|''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]'' (2007), ''[[Adhurs]]'' (2010), ''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]'' (2010)
|-
|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
|''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]''
|''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013), ''[[Balupu]]'' (2013), [[Geethanjali (2014 film)|''Geethanjali'']] (2014)
|-
| rowspan="5" |2007
|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''
|''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009), ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' (2010), ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'' (2010)
|-
|[[Hansika Motwani]]
|''[[Desamuduru]]''
|''[[Kandireega]]'' (2011), ''[[Denikaina Ready]]'' (2012), ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' (2017)
|-
|[[Sonia Deepti]]
|''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]''
|
|-
|[[Vedhika]]
|''[[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]]''
|''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]'' (2019), ''[[Bangarraju]]'' (2022), ''[[Razakar (film)|Razakar]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Shamna Kasim]]
|''[[Sri Mahalakshmi]]''
|''[[Seema Tapakai]]'' (2011), ''[[Avunu (film)|Avunu]]'' (2012), ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]'' (2015)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|[[Sonal Chauhan]]
|''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]''
|''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' (2014), ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'' (2014), ''[[F3: Fun and Frustration]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Shraddha Das]]
|''[[Siddu from Sikakulam]]''
|
|-
|[[Bindu Madhavi]]
|''[[Avakai Biryani]]''
|''[[Bumper Offer]]'' (2009), ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]'' (2010), ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' (2011),
|-
|2009
|[[Nyrraa M Banerji]]
|''[[Aa Okkadu]]''
|''[[Saradaga Kasepu]]'' (2010), ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' (2015)
|}

==2010s==
{{multiple image
| border = infobox(little)
| total_width = 323
| image_style =
| perrow = 4
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Shruti_Haasan_at_the_special_screening_of_the_short_film_Devi_(32).jpg
| caption1 = [[Shruti Haasan]]
| image2 = Nithya Menen at the trailer launch of her film 'Mission Mangal'.jpg
| caption2 = [[Nithya Menen]]
| image3 = Raashi Khanna at the Big C launch, Hyderabad (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Raashii Khanna]]
| image4 = Pooja Hegde at Beast Telugu press meet.jpg
| caption4 = [[Pooja Hegde]]
| image5 = Keerthy Suresh at Bhola Shankar pre release event (1) (cropped).jpg
| caption5 = [[Keerthy Suresh]]
| image6 = Rakul-Preet-Singh-snapped-promoting-her-film-I-love-you (cropped).jpg
| caption6 = [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| image7 = Sai Pallavi at Mca-pre-release-event.jpg
| caption7 = [[Sai Pallavi]]
| image8 = Photos-Rashmika-Mandanna-snapped-promoting-Goodbye-in-Juhu-2 (cropped).jpg
| caption8 = [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]''
|''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011), ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' (2018), ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|''[[Keratam]]''
|''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]'' (2013), ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' (2016), ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016)
|-
|[[Taapsee Pannu]]
|''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]''
|''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' (2011), ''[[Gundello Godari]]'' (2013), ''[[Mishan Impossible]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Pranitha Subhash]]
|''Em Pillo Em Pillado''
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013), ''[[Rabhasa]]'' (2014), ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Radhika Apte]]
|''[[Rakta Charitra]]''
|
|-
|rowspan=4 |2011
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''
|
|-
|[[Shruti Hassan]]
|''[[Once Upon a Warrior|Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]''
|''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2014), ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' (2015), ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Amala Paul]]
|''[[Bejawada (film)|Bejawada]]''
|
|-
|[[Isha Chawla]]
|''[[Prema Kavali]]''
|
|-
|rowspan=6 |2012
|[[Regina Cassandra]]
|''[[Siva Manasulo Sruthi]]''
|''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' (2015), ''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]'' (2018), ''[[Saakini Daakini]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Lavanya Tripathi]]
|''[[Andala Rakshasi]]''
|
|-
|[[Eesha Rebba]]
|''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''
|
|-
|[[Monal Gajjar]]
|''[[Sudigadu]]''
|
|-
|[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]
|''[[Ee Rojullo]]''
|
|-
|[[Chandini Chowdary]]
|''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''
|
|-
|rowspan=4 |2013
|[[Catherine Tresa]]
|''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]''
|''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' (2013), ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' (2017), ''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
|''[[Kaalicharan]]''
|''[[Kiraak]]'' (2014), ''Chitram Bhalare Vichitram'' (2016), ''[[Ram Asur]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Ritu Varma]]
|''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
|
|-
|[[Avika Gor]]
|''[[Uyyala Jampala]]''
|
|-
|rowspan=6 |2014
|[[Kriti Sanon]]
|''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
|''[[Dohchay]]'' (2015), ''[[Adipurush]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Raashii Khanna]]
|''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
|''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' (2014), ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'' (2015), ''[[Venky Mama]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Pooja Hegde]]
|''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]''
|''[[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' (2017), ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' (2018), ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020)
|-
|[[Hebah Patel]]
|''[[Ala Ela]]''
|''[[Kumari 21F]]'' (2015), ''[[24 Kisses]]'' (2018), ''[[Odela Railway Station]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Seerat Kapoor]]
|''[[Run Raja Run]]''
|
|-
|[[Mishti Chakraborty]]
|''[[Chinnadana Nee Kosam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|[[Pragya Jaiswal]]
|''[[Mirchi Lanti Kurradu]]''
|''[[Kanche]]'' (2015), ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' (2017), ''[[Akhanda]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Pooja Jhaveri]]
|''[[Bham Bolenath]]''
|''[[Dwaraka (film)]]'' (2017), ''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'' (2018), ''[[Bangaru Bullodu (2021 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Malvika Nair]]
|''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''
|''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' (2016), ''[[Taxiwaala]]'' (2018), ''[[Phalana Abbayi Phalana Ammayi]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Tridha Choudhury]]
|''[[Surya vs Surya]]''
|''[[Manasuku Nachindi]]'' (2018), ''[[Anukunnadi Okati Ayinadi Okati]]'' (2020)
|-
| rowspan="10" |2016
|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]
|''[[A Aa]]''
|''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' (2018), ''[[Karthikeya 2]]'' (2022), ''[[Tillu Square]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Nivetha Thomas]]
|''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]''
|''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' (2017), ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' (2017), ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Anu Emmanuel]]
|rowspan=2"|''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]''
|''[[Kittu Unnadu Jagratha]]'' (2017), ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018), ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Riya Suman]]
|''[[Paper Boy]]'' (2018), ''[[Top Gear (film)|Top Gear]]'' (2022), ''[[MenToo (film)|#MenToo]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
|rowspan=2|''[[Nenu Sailaja]]''
|''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018), ''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' (2022), ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Chitra Shukla]]
|''[[Maa Abbayi]]'' (2017), ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' (2018), ''[[Pakka Commercial]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Nandita Swetha]]
|''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]''
|''[[Bluff Master (2018 film)|Bluff Master]]'' (2018), ''[[Kapatadhaari]]'' (2021), ''[[Akshara (film)|Akshara]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Mehreen Pirzada]]
|''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]''
|''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' (2017), ''[[Raja the Great]]'' (2017), ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Pujita Ponnada]]
|''[[Oopiri]]''
|''[[Darsakudu]]'' (2017), ''[[Odela Railway Station]]'' (2022), ''[[Jorugaa Husharugaa]]'' (2023)

|-
|[[Komalee Prasad]]
|''Nenu Seetha Devi''
|''[[Napoleon (2017 film)|Napoleon]]'', ''[[Sebastian P.C. 524]]'' (2022), ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' (2022)

|-
| rowspan="6" |2017
|[[Sai Pallavi]]
|''[[Fidaa]]''
|''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' (2017), ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]'' (2021), ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Megha Akash]]
|''[[Lie (film)|Lie]]''
|''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]'' (2018), ''[[Dear Megha]]'' (2021), ''[[Ravanasura]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Nivetha Pethuraj]]
|''[[Mental Madhilo]]''
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020), ''[[Red (2021 film)|Red]]'' (2021), ''[[Paagal]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Dimple Hayathi]]
|''[[Gulf (film)|Gulf]]''
| ''[[Eureka (2020 film)|Eureka]]'' (2020), ''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]'' (2022), ''[[Ramabanam]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Sreeleela]]
|''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]''
|''[[Pelli SandaD]]'' (2021), ''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]'' (2022), ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Rukshar Dhillon]]
|''[[Aakatayi]]''
|''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' (2018), ''[[ABCD: American Born Confused Desi (2019 film)|ABCD: American Born Confused Desi]]'' (2019),
|-
| rowspan="10" |2018
|[[Nabha Natesh]]
|''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]''
|''[[iSmart Shankar]]'' (2019), ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' (2021), ''[[Maestro (2021 film)|Maestro]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Kiara Advani]]
|''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]''
|''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019), ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
|''[[Sammohanam]]''
|''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]'' (2018), ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' (2020), ''[[Maha Samudram]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|''[[Chalo]]''
|''[[Geetha Govindam]]'' (2018), ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' (2020), ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Neha Shetty]]
|''[[Mehbooba (2018 film)|Mehbooba]]''
|''[[Gully Rowdy]]'' (2021), ''[[DJ Tillu]]'' (2022), ''[[Bedurulanka 2012]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Payal Rajput]]
|''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]''
|''[[RDX Love]]'' (2019), ''[[Disco Raja]]'' (2020), ''[[Anaganaga O Athidhi]]'' (2020)
|-
|[[Ruhani Sharma]]
|''[[Chi La Sow]]''
|''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' (2020), ''[[Dirty Hari]]'' (2020), ''[[Saindhav]]'' (2024)
|-
|Priyanka Sharma
|''Tharuvatha Evaru''
| ''[[Savaari (2020 film)|Savaari]]'' (2020), ''[[Bommala Koluvu (film)|Bommala Koluvu]]'' (2022), ''[[Tantiram]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Priya Vadlamani]]
|''[[Premaku Raincheck]]''
|''[[Husharu]]'' (2018), ''[[Mukhachitram (Telugu film)|Mukhachitram]]'' (2022), ''[[Manu Charitra]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Nidhhi Agerwal]]
|''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]''
|''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' (2019), ''[[iSmart Shankar]]'' (2019), ''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]'' (2022)
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
|[[Ananya Nagalla]]
|''[[Mallesham]]''
|''[[Play Back]]'' (2021), ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' (2021), ''[[Anveshi]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Ammu Abhirami]]
|''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]''
|''[[FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik]]'' (2021), ''[[Narappa]]'' (2021), ''[[Ranasthali (film)|Ranasthali]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Shivathmika Rajashekar]]
|''[[Dorasaani]]''
|''[[Panchathantram]]'' (2022), ''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]''
|''[[World Famous Lover]]'' (2020), ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' (2021), ''[[Republic (film)|Republic]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Priyanka Mohan]]
|''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]''
|''[[Sreekaram]]'' (2021), ''[[They Call Him OG]]'' (2024), ''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Shraddha Srinath]]
|''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''
|''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' (2019), ''[[Saindhav]]'' (2024), ''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Mirnalini Ravi]]
|''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]''
|''[[Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu]]'' (2023), ''[[Mama Mascheendra]]'' (2023)
|}

==2020s==
{{multiple image
| border = infobox(little)
| total_width = 330
| image_style =
| perrow = 4
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Varsha Bollamma (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Varsha Bollamma]]
| image2 = Meenakshi Chaudhary at Miss Diva 2018 Sub contest (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
| image3 = Sree Leela 2021.png
| caption3 = [[Sree Leela]]
| image4 = Krithi Shetty in 2022.jpg
| caption4 = [[Krithi Shetty]]
| image5 = Ketika Sharma.png
| caption5 = [[Ketika Sharma]]
| image6 = Faria Abdullah.png
| caption6 = [[Faria Abdullah]]
| image7 = Samyuktha Menon.png
| caption7 = [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]
| image8 = Racha Ravi Kavya Kalyanram and Roopa Lakshmi (cropped).jpg
| caption8 = [[Kavya Kalyanram]]
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Notable films
|-
|2020
|[[Varsha Bollamma]]
|''[[Choosi Choodangaane]]''
|''[[Middle Class Melodies]]'' (2020), ''[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|Swathi Muthyam]]'' (2022), ''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona]]'' (2024)
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|[[Krithi Shetty]]
|''[[Uppena]]''
|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' (2021), ''[[Bangarraju]]'' (2022), ''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Priya Prakash Varrier]]
|[[Check (film)|Check]]
|''[[Ishq (2021 film)|Ishq]]'' (2021), ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
|''[[Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu]]''
|''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]'' (2022), ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' (2022), ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]'' (2024)
|-
| [[Shivani Rajashekar]]
| ''[[Pelli SandaD]]''
| ''[[Adbhutham]]'' (2021), ''[[WWW (film)|WWW]]'' (2021), ''[[Kota Bommali PS]]'' (2023)
|-
| [[Ketika Sharma]]
|''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]''
| ''[[Lakshya (2021 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2021), ''[[Ranga Ranga Vaibhavanga]]'' (2022), ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Faria Abdullah]]
|''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
|''[[Bangarraju]]'' (2022), ''[[Like, Share & Subscribe]]'' (2022), ''[[Aa Okkati Adakku (2024 film)|Aa Okkati Adakku]]'' (2024)
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|[[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha]]
|''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
|''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]'' (2022), ''[[Sir (2023 film)|Sir]]'' (2023), ''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
|''[[Godse (film)|Godse]]''
|''[[Ammu (2022 film)|Ammu]]'' (2022), ''SYG - Sambarala Yeti Gattu'' (2025)
|-
| [[Mrunal Thakur]]
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
| ''[[Hi Nanna]]'' (2023), ''[[The Family Star]]'' (2024)
|-
| [[Kavya Kalyanram]]
| ''[[Masooda]]''
| ''[[Balagam (film)|Balagam]]'' (2023), ''[[Ustaad (2023 film)|Ustaad]]'' (2023)
|-
|rowspan=3|2023
|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]
|''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|''[[Love Me (2024 Indian film)|Love Me If You Dare]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]
|''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (film)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]]''
|''[[Bhimaa]]'' (2024), ''[[Zebra (film)|Zebra]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Ashika Ranganath]]
|''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]''
|''[[Naa Saami Ranga]]'' (2024), ''[[Vishwambhara]]'' (2025)
|-
|2024
|[[Janhvi Kapoor]]
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|''[[Peddi]]'' (2026), ''[[AA22xA6]]'' (2027)
|-
|2025
|[[Srinidhi Shetty]]
|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|''[[Telusu Kada]]'' (2025)
|}

==Accolades==
Actresses in the Telugu film industry have been recognized through various awards at the national, state and industry levels. These include the [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]], [[Nandi Award for Best Actress]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]], [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] and others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=Sharada to Keerthy Suresh: Telugu film actresses who triumphed at the National Film Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharada-to-keerthy-suresh-telugu-film-actresses-who-triumphed-at-the-national-film-awards/photostory/103027780.cms |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Other notable==
Other notable actresses who have appeared in fewer than three Telugu films include [[Twinkle Khanna]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Priyanka Chopra Jonas]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Ananya Pandey]] but these weren't their debut roles. [[Disha Patani]] started her career with ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]'' in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-25 |title=From Deepika Padukone to Priyanka Chopra: Bollywood actresses who made their acting debut with South films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-deepika-padukone-to-priyanka-chopra-bollywood-actresses-who-made-their-acting-debut-with-south-films/photostory/74282728.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Telugu cinema]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi film actresses]]
*[[List of Kannada film actresses]]
*[[List of Tamil film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons =
|commons-search = Category:Telugu film actresses
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Lists
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tollywood actresses}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian actresses]]

List of architecture schools in India

2026-05-03T14:53:35Z

LinnieHammonds: Added A Info

{{Short description|none}}
{{morefootnotes|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
This is a list of Architecture Schools in India recognised by the [[Council of Architecture]] for providing architectural education, resulting in the awarding of degrees in [[Bachelor of Architecture|Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch)]] and [[Master of Architecture|Master of Architecture (M.Arch)]].<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Directory of Schools of Architecture in Commonwealth |date=2023-05-03 |url=https://issuu.com/comarchitect.org/docs/230501_verified_schools_of_architecture_in_the_co |publisher=[[Commonwealth Association of Architects]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Council of Architecture |author-link=Council of Architecture |title=List of COA approved Institutions (Undergraduate course) |url=https://ecoa.in/academic/public/institution-approval |publisher=Council of Architecture |place=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |title=List of COA approved Institutions (Postgraduate course) |url=https://ecoa.in/academic/public/Apporved-Institution-Pg-List |publisher=Council of Architecture |publication-place=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

== Architectural education ==
{{transcluded section|source=Architectural education in India}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Architectural education in India|Overview}}}}

== List ==
NIRF Rank 2024 denotes the rank of the school in [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] under the category of Architecture and Planning.<ref name=":7" />

{{colorbox|#cceeff|border=silver|*}} Denotes architecture school is affiliate member of [[Indian Institute of Architects|the Indian Institute of Architects]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliated Colleges/Institutes |url=https://indianinstituteofarchitects.com/colleges-institutes-affiliated-with-iia/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Indian Institute of Architects}}</ref>
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Architecture and Planning Schools in India<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=National Institutional Ranking Framework 2024 (Architecture and Planning) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ArchitectureRanking.html |website=[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
|-
!Name of the School
!Degree-awarding University
!Programmes Offered
!Location
!State
! data-sort-type="number" | NIRF Rank 2024
|-
|AU College of Engineering 
|[[Andhra University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradhesh]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|JSAA
|[[O.P. Jindal Global University]] 
|B.Arch
|[[Sonipat]]
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|ANU College of Architecture & Planning 
|[[Acharya Nagarjuna University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Guntur]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradhesh]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |GITAM School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Visakhapatnam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradhesh]]
| rowspan="2" |39
|-
|M.Arch in Sustainable Architecture
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="5" |[[School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada|SPA Vijayawada]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Schools of Planning and Architecture]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="5" |[[Vijayawada]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradhesh]]
| rowspan="5" |16
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|B.Plan
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Environmental Planning Management
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Transportation and Infrastructure Planning
|-
|MRK College of Architecture
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Veeravasaram]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradhesh]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|KLEF School of Architecture
|[[KL University|Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation]]
|B.Arch
|[[Guntur]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradhesh]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|Chadalawada Aruna School of Architecture 
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Chittoor]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradhesh]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|School of Planning and Architecture
|Dr. YSR Architecture and Fine Arts University
|B.Arch
|[[Kadapa]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradhesh]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Guwahati College of Architecture]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Assam Science and Technology University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Guwahati]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Assam]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|-
|Royal School of Architecture 
|[[Royal Global University|The Assam Royal Global University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[National Institute of Technology, Patna|NIT Patna]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Patna]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bihar]]
| rowspan="2" |27
|-
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|-
|School of Architecture 
|[[Bihar Engineering University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Patna]]
|[[Bihar]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|[[National Institute of Technology, Raipur|NIT Raipur]] 
|[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Raipur]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|36
|-
|Amity School of Architecture and Planning 
|[[Amity University, Raipur]]
|B.Arch
|[[Raipur]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|Department of Urban Planning
|[[Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]]
|M.Plan in Urban Planning
|[[Bhilai]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandigarh College of Architecture]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Panjab University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" |30
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="6" |[[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi|SPA New Delhi]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Schools of Planning and Architecture|School of Planning and Architecture]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="6" |[[New Delhi]]
| rowspan="6" |[[New Delhi]]
| rowspan="6" |5
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Environmental Planning
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Housing
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Regional Planning
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Transport Planning
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Urban Planning
|-
|Vastu Kala Academy 
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|B.Arch
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics
| rowspan="2" |[[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Milia Islamia]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[New Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[New Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" |7
|-
|M.Plan
|-
| rowspan="3" |University School of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="3" |[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[New Delhi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[New Delhi]]
| rowspan="3" |29
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|-
|[[MBS School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi|MBS School of Planning and Architecture]]
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|B.Arch
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Department of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[New Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[New Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Plan in Urban Planning
|-
|Department of Architecture and Planning 
|[[Netaji Subhas University of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Goa College of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[Goa University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Panaji]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Goa]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Sustainable Habitat
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="2" |Faculty of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Vadodara]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="6" |CEPT Faculty of Architecture
| rowspan="6" |[[CEPT University|Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="6" |[[Ahmedabad]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="6" |6
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|B.Plan
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Plan in Urban Planning
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Plan in Housing
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Plan in Infrastructure
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Plan in Transport Systems
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Arvindbhai Patel Institute of Environmental Design]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sardar Patel University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Vallabh Vidyanagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|-
| rowspan="3" |Sarvajanik Institute of Design, Planning and Technology
| rowspan="3" |Sarvajanik University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Surat]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|-
|College of Architecture 
|[[Sardar Patel University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Vallabh Vidyanagar]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Indubhai Parekh School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Saurashtra University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajkot]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|-
|Institute of Architecture 
|[[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|Shri Gijubhai Chhaganbhai Patel Institute of Architecture, Interior Design and Fine Arts 
|[[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Surat]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Anant National University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Ahmedabad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |37
|-
|M.Arch
|-
|School of Design and Architecture 
|[[Navrachana University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Parul Institute of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Parul University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Vadodara]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|-
|Institute of Design, Environment and Architecture 
|Indus University
|B.Arch
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bhagwan Mahavir College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagwan Mahavir University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Surat]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Plan
|-
| rowspan="2" |L.J. School of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[L. J. Institute of Engineering and Technology|L.J. Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Ahmedabad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Plan in Urban and Regional Planning
|-
|Raman Bhakta School of Architecture 
|[[Uka Tarsadia University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Surat]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Institute of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="3" |[[Nirma University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Ahmedabad]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="3" |19
|-
|B.Plan
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Swarrnim Institute of Design
| rowspan="2" |Swarrnim Startup & Innovation University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Gandhinagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Plan in Urban Planning
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sal School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Ahmedabad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|[[National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur|NIT Hamirpur]] 
|[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|32
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sushant School of Art and Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Sushant University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Gurgaon]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Haryana]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="3" |Faculty of Architecture, Urban and Town Planning
| rowspan="3" |[[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Sonipat]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Haryana]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Sustainable Architecture
|-
|Master of Urban and Rural Planning
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ganga Institute of Architecture and Town Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharshi Dayanand University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Rohtak]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Haryana]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Hindu College of Design, Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Sonipat]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Haryana]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|Master of Urban and Rural Planning
|-
|Department of Architecture and Planning 
|[[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]]
|B.Arch
|[[Ranchi]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|20
|-
|[[School of Architecture & Landscape Design, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University|School of Architecture and Landscaping]]
|[[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|31
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="2" |Manipal School of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Udupi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |28
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Arch in Urban Design and Development
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="2" |BMS College of Architecture, Design and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |23
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Arch in Habitat Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dayananda Sagar College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Interior Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Malik Sandal Institute of Art & Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bagalkote|Bagalkot]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Project Management
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramaiah Institute of Technology|M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |21
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |R.V. College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |School of Planning and Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Mysore]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mysore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |BMS School of Architecture, Yelahanka
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |38
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |SJB School of Architecture and Planning 
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Project Management
|-
| rowspan="2" |Impact School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Digital Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Gopalan School of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Project Management
|-
| rowspan="2" |Wadiyar Centre For Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mysore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Sustainable Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[REVA University|Reva University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="2" |School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Christ University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design and Development
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="3" |[[College of Engineering, Trivandrum|Trivandrum College of Engineering]]
| rowspan="3" |[[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]
|B.Arch 
| rowspan="3" |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kerala]]
| rowspan="3" |18
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Environmental Design
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |MES School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Sustainable Architecture
|-
|[[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT Calicut]] 
|[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Kerala]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" |Devaki Ammas Guruvayurappan College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Calicut]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Malappuram]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Asian School of Architecture and Design Innovations
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Kochi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Advanced Architecture
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|[[Sir J. J. College of Architecture|Sir J.J. College of Architecture]]
|[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|[[L S Raheja School of Architecture|L.S. Raheja School of Architecture]]
|[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|Rachana Sansad Academy of Architecture
|[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|[[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur|Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]] 
|[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Nagpur]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|10
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathwada Institute of Technology]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Aurangabad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Shivaji College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Shivaji University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Kolhapur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Architectural and Construction Project Management
|-
| rowspan="2" |Marathwada Mitra Mandals College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Design and Project Management
|-
| rowspan="3" |Jawahar Lal Nehru Engineering College
| rowspan="3" |MGM University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Aurangabad]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |MVP Samajs College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Nashik]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bharati Vidyapeeths College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Navi Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Project Management
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="2" |Kamala Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for Architecture and Environmental Studies
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |D.Y. Patil School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Navi Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Pillai College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Navi Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Rizvi College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |Bharati Vidyapeeth University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Sustainable Architecture
|-
| rowspan="3" |Shrimati Manoramabai Mundle College Of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Nagpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
|M.Arch in Architecture Education
|-
| rowspan="4" |Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture
| rowspan="4" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="4" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="4" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Architecture
|-
|M.Arch in Digital Architecture
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Appasaheb Birnale College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Shivaji University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Sangli]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="3" |Priyadarshini Institute of Architecture and Design Studies
| rowspan="3" |[[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Nagpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
|M.Arch in Industrial Design
|-
| rowspan="3" |IES College of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Project Management
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dr. Baliram Hiray College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Project Management
|-
| rowspan="4" |Padmabhushan Dr. Vasantdada Patil College of Architecture
| rowspan="4" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="4" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="4" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Management
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Allana College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |Dr. P.A. Inamdar University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Project Management and Entrepreneurship
|-
| rowspan="2" |Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Management
|-
| rowspan="3" |Sinhgad College of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Architectural Conservation
|-
|M.Arch in Computer Application
|-
| rowspan="2" |Balwant Sheth School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[SVKM's NMIMS|NMIMS University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="2" |Institute of Design Education & Architectural Studies
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Nagpur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dr. DY Patil School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Aayojan School of Architecture and Design
| rowspan="2" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |BRICK School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Design and Project Management
|-
| rowspan="2" |Aditya College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Project Management
|-
| rowspan="2" |D.Y. Patil School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |D.Y. Patil University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |CTES College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Project Management
|-
| rowspan="2" |Shrimati Kashibai Navale College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[MIT Art, Design and Technology University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Traditional Indian Architectural Knowledge Systems
|-
| rowspan="3" |Vivekanand Education Society College of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[University of Mumbai]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|[[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology]] 
|[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|17
|-
| rowspan="2" |IPS Academy
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Indore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
|[[School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal|SPA Bhopal]] 
|[[Schools of Planning and Architecture|School of Planning and Architecture]]
|B.Arch
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|12
|-
| rowspan="2" |Faculty of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |RKDF University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhopal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="2" |Piloo Mody College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Cuttack]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Odisha]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Habitat Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |KIIT School of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhubaneswar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Odisha]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|[[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela|NIT Rourkela]] 
|[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Rourkela]]
|[[Odisha]]
|9
|-
|Chitkara School of Planning and Architecture 
|[[Chitkara University, Punjab|Chitkara University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Patiala]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|35

|-
| rowspan="2" |Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhaddal
| rowspan="2" |[[I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University|I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Rupnagar|Ropar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lovely School of Architecture and Design
| rowspan="2" |[[Lovely Professional University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Phagwara]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| rowspan="2" |24
|-
|M.Arch (Executive)
|-
| rowspan="2" |University Institute of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandigarh University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohali]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| rowspan="2" |13
|-
|M.Arch
|-
|[[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology]] 
|[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|15
|-
| rowspan="2" |Aayojan School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajasthan Technical University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaipur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajasthan]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Architectural Conservation
|-
|School of Architecture and Design 
|[[Manipal University Jaipur|Manipal University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|33
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University School of Architecture and Planning|School of Architecture and Planning]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |34
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Plan
|-
|[[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli|NIT Tiruchirappalli]] 
|[[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|8
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|[[Adhiyamaan College of Engineering|Adhiyamman College of Engineering]]
|[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Hosur]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="2" |SRM School of Architecture and Interior Design, Kattankullathur
| rowspan="2" |[[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |11
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Arch in Architectural Design
|-
| rowspan="3" |Bharath School of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
| rowspan="4" |Hindustan School of Planning, Architecture and Design Excellence
| rowspan="4" |[[Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="4" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="4" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch (Executive)
|-
|M.Arch in Housing
|-
|M.Plan
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="3" |Sathyabama School of Building and Environment
| rowspan="3" |[[Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Arch in Building Management
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Arch in Sustainable Architecture
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|[[Thiagarajar College of Engineering]] 
|[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|25
|-
| rowspan="2" |Periyar Maniammai School of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology|Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Thanjavur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="3" |MEASI Academy of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Arch
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|M.Arch in Real Estate Development
|-
| rowspan="2" |McGans Ooty School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Ooty]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Meenakshi School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="3" |Faculty of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[Karpagam Academy of Higher Education]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Coimbatore]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Advanced Design
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Town and Country Planning
|-
| rowspan="2" |EXCEL College of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|SRM School of Environment, Architecture and Design, Ramapuram
|[[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]
|B.Arch
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="2" |[[Crescent School of Architecture]]
| rowspan="2" |[[B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |40
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="2" |Mohamed Sathak A.J. Academy of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch 
| rowspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Architectural Conservation
|-
| rowspan="2" |MARG Institute of Design and Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="3" |Rajalakshmi School of Architecture
| rowspan="3" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
|M.Arch in Digital Architecture
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="2" |RVS Padmavathy School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruvallur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="4" |Faculty of Architecture
| rowspan="4" |Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="4" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="4" |22
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Project Management
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
|M.Arch in Interior Architecture
|-
| rowspan="2" |Coimbatore Institute of Engineering and Technology
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Coimbatore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="2" |Sigma College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanyakumari]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kalasalingam School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Virudhunagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Habitat Design
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|Kongu School of Architecture
|[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Erode]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="2" |VIT School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Vellore Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch; 
| rowspan="2" |[[Vellore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Digital Technology in Buildings
|-
| rowspan="2" |San Academy of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Coimbatore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|Nehru School of Architecture 
|[[Anna University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="2" |Saveetha College of Architecture and Design
| rowspan="2" |[[Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences|Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences]]
|B.Arch; 
| rowspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Sustainable Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="3" |CSI Institute of Technology
| rowspan="3" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Secunderabad]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Telangana]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Management
|-
|M.Arch in Interior Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sri Venkateswara College of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Interior Design
|-
| rowspan="3" |Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies
| rowspan="3" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Secunderabad]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Telangana]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Landscape Architecture
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Management
|-
| rowspan="3" |JBR Architecture College
| rowspan="3" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Hyderabad]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Telangana]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Design
|-
|M.Arch in Interior Design
|-
| rowspan="3" |Aurora Design Academy
| rowspan="3" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Hyderabad]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Telangana]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
|M.Arch in Interior Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ashoka School of Planning and Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Construction Management
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
| rowspan="2" |[[IIT Roorkee]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Roorkee]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttarakhand]]
| rowspan="2" |1
|- bgcolor=#cceeff
|Master of Urban and Rural Planning
|-
| rowspan="3" |Faculty of Architecture and Planning
| rowspan="3" |[[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="3" |[[Lucknow]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
|M.Arch in Environmental Architecture
|-
|Faculty of Architecture 
|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|B.Arch
|[[Aligarh]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|14
|-
| rowspan="2" |Apeejay Institute of Technology
| rowspan="2" |[[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Noida]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="2" |Amity School of Architecture and Design
| rowspan="2" |[[Amity University, Noida|Amity University, Uttar Pradesh]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Noida]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="2" |SDGI School of Architecture, Planning and Design
| rowspan="2" |SDGI Global University
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghaziabad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIEST, Shibpur|IIEST Shibpur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology|Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Howrah]]
| rowspan="2" |[[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" |4
|-
|M.Plan
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="4" |[[IIT Kharagpur]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="4" |[[Kharagpur]]
| rowspan="4" |[[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="4" |2
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Sustainable Habitat
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in Regional Planning
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Plan in City Planning
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
| rowspan="2" |Jadavpur Faculty of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Jadavpur University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Kolkata]]
| rowspan="2" |[[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|- bgcolor="#cceeff"
|M.Arch in Urban Design
|-
| rowspan="2" |Om Dayal School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Howrah]]
| rowspan="2" |[[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch in Urban Development
|-
| rowspan="2" |Techno India School of Architecture
| rowspan="2" |[[Techno India University]]
|B.Arch
| rowspan="2" |[[Kolkata]]
| rowspan="2" |[[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|500|—}}
|-
|M.Arch
|-
|Amity School of Architecture and Planning 
|[[Amity University, Kolkata]]
|B.Arch
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|25
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://issuu.com/comarchitect.org/docs/230501_verified_schools_of_architecture_in_the_co Directory of Schools of Architecture in Commonwealth], Commonwealth Association of Architects.
* [https://ecoa.in/academic/public/Apporved-Institution-Ug-List List of COA approved Institutions (Undergraduate course)], New Delhi, India: Council of Architecture.
* [https://ecoa.in/academic/public/Apporved-Institution-Pg-List List of COA approved Institutions (Postgraduate course)], New Delhi, India: Council of Architecture.
*{{Citation |title=Bachelor and Master Programme in Planning Recognised by Indian Institute of Town Planners|date=2024-08-13 |url=https://itpi.org.in/uploads/pdfs/list-of-school-institution-and-universities-recognized-by-itpi.pdf|publisher= The Indian Institute of Town Planners}}
* [https://jgu.edu.in/jsaa/ JSAA (Jindal School of Art and Architecture)], Sonipat, Haryana, India: Architecture School.

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India|Architecture]]
[[Category:Architecture schools in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of architecture schools|India]]
[[Category:Architectural education in India]]

2021–2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-elections

2026-05-01T13:22:40Z

LinnieHammonds: made the details added tags

==2021 by-polls==
AITC MLA [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]] from Bhabanipur resigned after the election to allow Mamata Banerjee to contest a by-election in the constituency.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 May 2021|title=WB CM Mamata Banerjee To Contest By-Election From Bhawanipore After TMC MLA's Resignation|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/mamata-banerjee-fight-bhawanipore-election-tmc-sovandeb-chattopadhyay-resignation-position-of-mla-1459420|url-status=live|access-date=4 September 2021|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521232801/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/mamata-banerjee-fight-bhawanipore-election-tmc-sovandeb-chattopadhyay-resignation-position-of-mla-1459420 |archive-date=21 May 2021 }}</ref>

In the beginning of September, the ECI announced that general elections for Jangipur and Samserganj assembly seats and by-election for Bhabanipur seat would be held on 30 September and votes would be counted on 3 October. The time limit for filing nominations was set from 6 September until 13 September for Bhabanipur only.<ref name=adjourned_poll>{{cite web |date=4 September 2021|title=Schedule to fill casual vacancy and adjourned poll in the Assembly Constituencies – regarding|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13681-schedule-to-fill-casual-vacancy-and-adjourned-poll-in-the-assembly-constituencies-regarding/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=bypoll>{{cite news |title=EC announces bypoll schedule for 3 West Bengal seats, relief for Mamata Banerjee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-commission-of-india-to-hold-by-election-in-bhabanipur-assembly-constituency-on-september-30/articleshow/85921418.cms|url-status=live|access-date=4 September 2021|website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904075845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-commission-of-india-to-hold-by-election-in-bhabanipur-assembly-constituency-on-september-30/articleshow/85921418.cms |archive-date=4 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=4 September 2021|title=EC announces bypoll for Bhabanipur Assembly constituency in Bengal|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/election-commission-announces-bypoll-for-bhabanipur-assembly-constituency/article36286426.ece|access-date=4 September 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee filed hers on 10 September.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee files nomination for upcoming by-election in Bhabanipur Assembly constituency|url=https://newsonair.com/2021/09/10/mamata-banerjee-files-nomination-for-upcoming-by-election-in-bhabanipur-assembly-constituency/|access-date=15 September 2021|website=NewsOnAir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 September 2021|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee files papers for crucial bypoll, BJP pits gritty lawyer against her|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-assembly-bypolls-bjps-priyanka-tibriwal-to-contest-from-bhabanipur-against-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/86089326.cms|access-date=15 September 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A total of 12 candidates contested in Bhabanipur by-poll.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 September 2021|title=Yoga trainer, pickle seller among 11 to take on Mamata in bypoll|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/yoga-trainer-pickle-seller-among-11-to-take-on-mamata-in-bypoll/articleshow/86356796.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 September 2021|title=Bhabanipur by election: From yoga trainer to pickle seller… know who is contesting against Mamta Banerjee from Bhawanipur seat and why?|url=https://www.indiannation.in/bhabanipur-by-election-from-yoga-trainer-to-pickle-seller-know-who-is-contesting-against-mamta-banerjee-from-bhawanipur-seat-and-why/|work=The Indian Nation|access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> Kishor enrolled himself as a voter from Bhabanipur, but he did not cast his vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2021|title=Bengal Assembly Bypolls: Prashant Kishor Enrolled As Voter From Bhabanipur; BJP Calls Him 'Bahiragato'|url=https://www.india.com/west-bengal/bengal-assembly-bypolls-prashant-kishor-enrolled-as-voter-from-bhabanipur-bjp-calls-him-bahiragato-4982172/|website=india.com|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 September 2021|title=Prashant Kishor enrolls himself as voter from Mamata's Bhabanipur constituency; triggers controversy|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/prashant-kishor-enrolls-himself-as-voter-from-mamatas-bhabanipur-constituency-triggers-controversy-316452|work=The Tribune|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

A total of 52 central forces companies were deployed to the three poll-bound Assembly constituencies' booths.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2021|title=BJP plea: Central forces in booths of three constituencies|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bjp-plea-central-forces-in-booths-of-three-constituencies/cid/1830648|access-date=17 September 2021|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2021|title=Assembly bypolls: 52 companies of central forces may be deployed|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/assembly-bypolls-52-companies-central-forces-may-deployed-1503007346.html|access-date=17 September 2021|website=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2021|title=Election Commission to deploy central forces for Bengal bypolls|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/central-forces-for-bengal-bypolls/cid/1830751|access-date=20 September 2021|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=the_wall>{{cite web |date=27 September 2021|title=ভবানীপুর, সামশেরগঞ্জ, জঙ্গিপুর-কোথায় কত ভোটার, থাকছে কত বাহিনী, জানুন বিস্তারিত|url=https://thewall.in/news/election-in-bengal-on-thursday-will-see-52-companies-of-central-force/|work=The Wall|language=bn|access-date=29 September 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008120816/https://thewall.in/news/election-in-bengal-on-thursday-will-see-52-companies-of-central-force/|url-status=live}}</ref> Section 144 was enforced in Bhabanipur on 28 September.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2021|title=Section 144 imposed in Bengal's Bhabanipur from today till end of bypoll|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/section-144-bengal-bhabanipur-from-today-tilll-bypoll-ends-1858305-2021-09-28|work=India Today|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2021|title=Bhabanipur bypolls: Section 144 imposed in 200-metre radius of polling stations till voting ends on September 30|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bhabanipur-bypolls-section-144-imposed-in-200-metre-radius-of-polling-stations-till-voting-ends-on-september-30|work=The Free Press Journal|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref> On the eve of polling, the Commission deployed an additional 20 companies of central forces in Bhabanipur.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2021|title=Security beefed up for Bhabanipur bypoll, 20 additional CAPF companies to be deployed|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bhabanipur-bypoll-20-additional-companies-of-capf-to-be-deployed-1858790-2021-09-29|work=India Today|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2021|title=Unprecedented Security Arrangements Made For Bhabanipur Bypoll|url=https://ommcomnews.com/india-news/unprecedented-security-arrangements-made-for-bhabanipur-bypoll|work=Ommcom News|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2021|title=Bhabanipur Bypolls Tomorrow: More Than 20 Additional Companies Of CAPF Deployed {{!}} Details Here|url=https://www.india.com/west-bengal/bhabanipur-bypolls-tomorrow-more-than-20-additional-companies-of-capf-deployed-details-here-4992622/|website=india.com|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>

On 28 September, the ECI announced that remaining by-polls would be held on 30 October and votes counted on 2 November.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2021|title=Schedule for Bye-elections in Parliamentary/Assembly Constituencies of various States – reg|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13715-schedule-for-bye-elections-in-parliamentaryassembly-constituencies-of-various-states-reg/|access-date=28 September 2021|work=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2021|title=Three Lok Sabha, 30 Assembly Seats to Go for By-elections on Oct 30: Election Commission|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/three-lok-sabha-30-assembly-seats-to-go-for-by-elections-on-oct-30-ec-4257263.html|access-date=28 September 2021|work=News18}}</ref>

On 30 September the first report of violence came from Samserganj, and Congress candidate Jaidur Rahaman was accused of carrying out a bombing in this constituency.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2021|title=West Bengal by-polls: Congress leader accused of bombing in Samserganj area, TMC calls it 'bid to intimidate voters'|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/west-bengal-by-polls-congress-jaidur-rahman-accused-of-bombing-in-samserganj-area-tmc-calls-it-a-bid-to-intimidate-voters/videoshow/86633646.cms|access-date=30 September 2021|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> TMC activists raised "go back" slogans surrounding him while he inspected booths on polling day. Central forces were accused of kicking TMC leader Habibur Rahman, the outgoing councilor of Ward 20 of Dhulian Municipality under Samserganj Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2021|title=Samserganj Jangipur By Election: ভোটারদের মাস্ক দিতে গিয়ে কেন্দ্রীয় বাহিনীর লাথি খেলেন বিদায়ী কাউন্সিলর! বৃদ্ধ নেতার চোখ ছলছল|url=https://tv9bangla.com/west-bengal/murshidabad/central-forces-army-allegedly-kicks-a-tmc-leader-in-murshidabad-samserganj-jangipur-by-election-day-427517.html|work=TV9 Bangla|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2021|title=Jangipur and Samsherganj Poll: বৃষ্টি নিয়েই বিক্ষিপ্ত অশান্তির ভোট জঙ্গিপুর এবং শমসেরগঞ্জে, প্রতীক্ষা রবিবারের|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/jangipur-and-samsherganj-election-polling-have-completed-at-both-assembly-constituencies-of-murshidabad-district-dgtld/cid/1306504|work=Anandabazar Patrika Online|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Priyanka Tibrewal, BJP candidate of Bhabanipur, was accused of violating the [[Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct|ECI's model code of conduct]] by travelling across the area with many cars and people at once.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 September 2021|title=WB Bypolls 2021: ভোটারদের 'ভোট দিতে বাধা' দিচ্ছে BJP, দেবেন্দ্র ঘোষ রোডে বিক্ষোভে বাসিন্দারা{{!}}|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3--USp8UwNI|publisher=ABP ANANDA|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 September 2021|title=ভবানীপুর কেন্দ্রে বুথ পরিভ্রমণে প্রিয়াঙ্কা টিব্রেওয়ালের বিরুদ্ধে অভিযোগ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1upPn6cDLIs|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|Kolkata Tv]]|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> After she claimed to have caught fake voters, Firhad Hakim pointed out that as a candidate she had no right to check their identities.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 September 2021|title=WB Bypolls 2021: 'ভুয়ো ভোটার ধরার প্রিয়ঙ্কা টিবরেওয়ালের অধিকার নেই', মন্তব্য ফিরহাদের{{!}} Bangla News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOZY_StA7ig|publisher=ABP ANANDA|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> BJP leader Kalyan Chaubey's car was allegedly vandalised in Bhabanipur and BJP blamed TMC for the act.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 September 2021|title=বিজেপি নেতা কল্যান চৌবের গাড়ি ভাঙচুর|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1adZ0Nxb_s|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|Kolkata Tv]]|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Police released CCTV footage of the incident, claiming it had nothing to do with politics.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 September 2021|title=WB By Poll 2021: গাড়ি ভাঙচুরে রাজনৈতিক কোনও সম্পর্ক নেই, সিসিটিভি ফুটেজ প্রকাশ করে দাবি পুলিশের|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRK54cI6m50|publisher=ABP ANANDA|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 September 2021|title=বিজেপি নেতা কল্যান চৌবের গাড়ি ভাংচুরের সিসিটিভি ফুটেজ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqltUKobR5s|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|Kolkata Tv]]|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> BJP claimed that Chaubey was their candidate's [[election agent]] but according to Commission sources, he was the agent of a [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] candidate. The vehicle he used to get to the polling constituency was not registered by the EC. BJP lodged a total of 23 complaints against TMC over the voting process in Bhabanipur, but the ECI dismissed all of them.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2021|title=বঙ্গের ৩ বিধানসভা আসনে ভোট: সামসেরগঞ্জের ৯ কেন্দ্রে ফের ভোটের দাবি কংগ্রেসের|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/west-bengal-congress-demands-repoll-at-9-booths-in-samsergunj/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> A total of 697,164 voters were eligible to cast their votes in the three constituencies.<ref name=bartaman_159>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=আজ ভোট মমতার {{!}} নির্বাচন জঙ্গিপুর ও সামশেরগঞ্জেও|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=321893&P=1&nPID=20210930|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=ndtv_159>{{cite web |date=30 September 2021|title=Bhabanipur Bypoll Highlights: Moderate Turnout Recorded in Bengal's Bhabanipur|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bhabanipur-bypoll-live-updates-bypolls-to-bhabanipur-2-other-bengal-seats-today-2558490|work=NDTV|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=news18_056>{{cite web |title=Samserganj Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Samserganj Constituency, Vidhan Sabha|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/samserganj-election-result-s25a056/|work=News18|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=news18_058>{{cite web |title=Jangipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Jangipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/jangipur-election-result-s25a058/|work=News18|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> The voter turnout for Samserganj, Jangipur, and Bhabanipur was recorded at 79.92%, 77.63%, and 57.09% respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 October 2021|title=Bengal polls: Over 57% voting in Bhabanipur, highest in Samserganj|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/bengal-polls-over-57-voting-in-bhabanipur-highest-in-samserganj-121100100846_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2021|title=West Bengal: 57% turnout at Bhowanipore bypoll, highest polling in Chetla|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/57-turnout-at-bhowanipore-bypoll-highest-polling-in-chetla/articleshow/86692000.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>

Results were announced on 3 October, with TMC winning the three seats.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2021|title=TMC bags all three seats as Mamata Banerjee wins big from Bhabanipur|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/tmc-bags-all-three-seats-as-mamata-banerjee-wins-big-from-bhabanipur-319562|work=The Tribune|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee won the Bhabanipur Assembly seat by a margin of 58,835 votes over the BJP candidate.<ref name=Constituencywise>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003142939/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Roundwise>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174241/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=partywise>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174612/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|url-status=live}}</ref> TMC led in all wards of Bhabanipur, including wards 70 and 74, where BJP led in the last assembly polls.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2021|title=শোভনদেবের পিছিয়ে থাকা দুই ওয়ার্ডেই বাজিমাত মমতার|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/politics/mamata-banerjee-is-leading-at-70-and-74-no-ward-at-bhabanipur-contituency-359454/|work=The Indian Express Bangla|language=bn|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> On the same day, TMC officially announced a list of candidates for upcoming assembly by-elections to four seats.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2021|title=West Bengal Assembly by-elections: TMC announces candidates for four seats|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/west-bengal-assembly-by-elections-tmc-announces-candidates-for-four-seats-2399466.html|work=Zee News|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref>

The Model Code of Conduct was imposed in Nadia, Cooch Behar, Khardaha, and Gosaba.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 October 2021|title=আচরণবিধি শুধু দু'টি বিধানসভা কেন্দ্রেই|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=323480&P=5&nPID=20211008|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> The ECI initially deployed 27 companies of central forces for the remaining by-elections.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2021|title=Election Commission orders 27 companies of CAPF for West Bengal bypolls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-orders-27-companies-of-capf-for-west-bengal-bypolls-1862813-2021-10-09|work=India Today|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2021|title=Bengal to get 27 companies of central forces for Oct 30 bypolls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-to-get-27-companies-of-central-forces-for-oct-30-bypolls/articleshow/86901994.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> A week before the by-elections, an additional 53 companies entered the state.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2021|title=WB by-polls: EC orders to deploy additional 53 companies of CAPF|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/wb-by-polls-ec-orders-to-deploy-additional-53-companies-of-capf20211019030516|work=ANI|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> Later, the ECI decided to deploy a total of 92 CAPF companies.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021|title=92 CAPF companies for Bengal bypolls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/92-capf-companies-for-bengal-bypolls/articleshow/87194117.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>

On the last day of the Dinhata by-election campaign, Dilip Ghosh and Sukanta Majumdar met the [[deputy inspector general of police]], Shailendra Kumar Singh, at the [[Border Security Force]] sector headquarters of Sonari in Cooch Behar. This was controversial because the Chief Minister could not even hold administrative meetings with Cooch Behar district officials, as the model code of conduct was in effect. Reacting to this, Hakim said "Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs has increased the jurisdiction of BSF to 50 km.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-10-13|title=BSF now has uniform 50 km jurisdiction in border states for arrest, search, seizure|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bsf-now-has-uniform-50-km-jurisdiction-in-border-states-for-arrest-search-seizure20211013150514|work=ANI|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-10-13|title=BSF now has uniform 50 km jurisdiction to arrest, search, seize in border states|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bsf-now-has-uniform-50-km-jurisdiction-to-arrest-search-seize-in-border-states/articleshow/87002107.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-10-19|title=Changes in BSF Law to Bring One-Third Area in West Bengal Under Central Agency|url=https://thewire.in/rights/changes-in-bsf-law-to-bring-one-third-area-in-west-bengal-under-central-agency|work=The Wire|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref> Taking advantage of this, the BJP leaders went to pull the BSF chief over to their side." TMC lodged a complaint with the ECI.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 October 2021|title=Silip Ghosh: বিএসএফের ডিআইজির সঙ্গে বৈঠক দিলীপের, উপনির্বাচনের আগে সাক্ষাৎ নিয়ে প্রশ্ন তৃণমূলের|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/dilip-ghosh-meets-bsf-dig-at-cooch-behar-tmc-raises-allegations-dgtld/cid/1310633|work=Anandabazar|language=bn|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2021|title=দিনহাটা ভোটের মুখে বিএসএফ কর্তার কাছে দিলীপ-সুকান্ত {{!}} অভিসন্ধি নিয়ে সরব তৃণমূল|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=326653&P=1&nPID=20211028|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> A TMC deputy went to the [[district magistrate]]'s chamber and complained that the BSF-BJP meeting had violated the model code of conduct.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 October 2021|title=ছবি তোলায় বর্তমান-এর চিত্রসাংবাদিকের ক্যামেরা কেড়ে ডিলিট করে দিলেন ডিএম|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=326817&P=6&nPID=20211029|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>

On polling day, central forces were accused of intimidating voters at booth 296 in Dinhata and some other booths in Kharadaha and Gosaba.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2021|title='বিজেপির অভিযোগ ভিত্তিহীন' , মন্তব্য উদয়নের|url=https://mbharat.in/bjps-allegations-are-baseless-comments-udayan-m-bharat-news/|work=MBharat|language=bn|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2021|title=WB By-Election: চার কেন্দ্রে উপনির্বাচন মোটের উপর শান্তিপূর্ণ, ভোটদানের হার সবথেকে কম খড়দহে|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-by-elections-2021-updates-from-khardaha-gosaba-santipur-dinhata-dgtl/cid/1311020|work=Anandabazar|language=bn|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> In Kharadha, the central forces prevented TMC candidate Sovandeb Chattopadhyay from entering a booth, who alleged that they unfairly demanded to see [[COVID-19 vaccine card#India|double vaccination certificates]] from voters. The problem was resolved after informing the matter to the presiding officer.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 October 2021|title=কেন্দ্রীয় বাহিনীর অতি সক্রিয়তার অভিযোগে শোভনদেব চট্টোপাধ্যায়ের মন্তব্য|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njPvCt5mSyE|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|Kolkata Tv]]|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 October 2021|title=মুখোমুখি শোভনদেব চট্টোপাধ্যায়|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ato1u19DgwM|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|Kolkata Tv]]|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> During the election campaign, Joy Saha, BJP candidate of Khardaha, used a picture of the deceased TMC leader Kajal Sinha in his campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 October 2021|title=খড়দহে প্রচারে ফিরহাদ, বিজেপি ছেড়ে তৃণমূলে যোগ ৩৫০ কর্মীর|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=12&nID=326036&P=14&nPID=20211025|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> On election day, he claimed to have caught two fake voters red-handed, which was proven false. When he claimed to have caught a fake voter and BJP supporters started harassing the man, a fight broke out between the TMC and the BJP over the incident.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=30 October 2021|title=আজকের জেলারর সারাদিন|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xts1_OG6ShE|publisher=[[Kolkata TV|Kolkata Tv]]|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Joy Saha's personal security guards [[baton charge]]d TMC activists, injuring the Sinha's son in the process.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2021|title=Bypoll Live Updates – নিশীথের বিরুদ্ধে কমিশনে অভিযোগ তৃণমূলের, ভোটের শেষ বেলায় তন্ময়কে তোপ পার্থর|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-4-assembly-seats-bypoll-2021-live-updates-on-vote-casting-r1rorj|work=Asianet News Bangla|language=bn|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2021|title=WB Bypoll: উদয়ন গুহর প্রার্থীপদ প্রত্যাহারের দাবিতে নির্বাচন কমিশনে চিঠি বিজেপির|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/bjp-asks-ec-to-withdraw-tmc-leader-udayan-guha-candidature/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Gosaba registered highest voter turnout among four constituencies.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 October 2021|title=Over 71% voter turnout in bypolls to West Bengal, recorded till 5 pm|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/west-bengal-bypolls-over-71-pc-voter-turnout-recorded-till-5-pm-121103100023_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2021|title=With more than 79% voter turnout, Gosaba records highest polling percentage|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/with-more-than-79-voter-turnout-gosaba-records-highest-polling-percentage-457545|work=Millennium Post|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>

The results of the four constituencies was announced on 2 November, with TMC winning all seats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/statewiseS251.htm?st=S251|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102112409/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/statewiseS251.htm?st=S251|url-status=live}}</ref> TMC's Sovandeb Chattopadhyay and Subrata Mondal won Khardaha<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS25109.htm?ac=109|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102113030/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS25109.htm?ac=109|url-status=live}}</ref> and Gosaba,<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS25127.htm?ac=127|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102113714/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS25127.htm?ac=127|url-status=live}}</ref> respectively, by huge margins. [[Udayan Guha]], who lost the Dinhata seat by a margin of 57 votes during the assembly election, won the seat in the bypolls by a margin of 164,089 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS257.htm?ac=7|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102133803/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS257.htm?ac=7|url-status=live}}</ref> TMC also won the [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]] seat, where Braja Kishor Goswami<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2021|title=নাম ঘোষণা হতেই প্রচারে তৃণমূলের প্রার্থী ব্রজকিশোর গোস্বামী ও সুব্রত মণ্ডল, শুরু দেওয়াল লিখন|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/tmc-started-campaign-for-subrata-mandal-and-brajakishore-goswami/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> was the TMC candidate, from the BJP by a considerable margin of votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS2586.htm?ac=86|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102120141/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS2586.htm?ac=86|url-status=live}}</ref>

==2021–2026 by-elections==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
| 30 September 2021
! 159
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
| Resigned on 21 May 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bhabanipur-mla-sovandeb-resigns-amid-buzz-over-mamata-banerjee-returning-to-her-old-seat-3761618.html|title=Bhabanipur MLA Sovandeb Resigns Amid Indications That Mamata Will Return To Her Old Seat|work=News18|accessdate=22 May 2021}}</ref>
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |30 October 2021
! 7
| [[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]]
| [[Nisith Pramanik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan=2|Resigned on 12 May 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2-west-bengal-bjp-mps-resign-as-mlas/articleshow/82575916.cms?from=mdr|title=2 West Bengal BJP MPs resign as MLAs|work=Economic Times|date=12 May 2021 |accessdate=12 May 2021}}</ref>
| [[Udayan Guha]]
|-
!86
| [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]]
| [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| [[Braja Kishore Goswami]]
|-
!109
| [[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]]
| [[Kajal Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
| Died on 25 April 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/west-bengal/covid-19-positive-tmc-candidate-kajal-sinha-dies-at-kolkata-hospital-978536.html|title=Covid-19 positive TMC candidate Kajal Sinha dies at Kolkata hospital|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=25 April 2021}}</ref>
| [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
|-
!127
| [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]]
| [[Jayanta Naskar]]
| Died on 19 June 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayanta-naskar-3-time-trinamool-congress-mla-from-gosaba-dies-2467894|title=3-Time Trinamool Congress MLA Jayanta Naskar Dies|work=NDTV|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref>
| Subrata Mondal
|-
|12 April 2022
!161
|[[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]]
|[[Subrata Mukherjee]]
|Died on 4 November 2021<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bengal-minister-subrata-mukherjee-dies-at-75/article37335811.ece|title=Bengal Minister Subrata Mukherjee dies at 75|work=The Hindu|date=4 November 2021 |accessdate=5 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|-
|27 February 2023
!60
|[[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]]
|[[Subrata Saha]]
|Died on 29 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/minister-of-state-subrata-saha-dies-at-69-8351586/|title=Minister of State Subrata Saha dies at 69|work=The Indian Express|date=30 December 2022 |accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|[[Bayron Biswas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagardighi Bypoll Election Result 2023: Congress Leads From West Bengal Assembly Seat In Setback For Mamata Banerjee's TMC |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/sagardighi-bypoll-election-result-2023-congress-leads-from-west-bengal-assembly-seat-in-setback-for-mamata-banerjees-tmc-2579022.html |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5 September 2023
!15
|[[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]]
|[[Bishnu Pada Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Died on 25 July 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bjp-mla-from-dhupguri-bishnu-pada-ray-dies-pm-modi-mamata-condole-his-death-8860295/|title=BJP MLA from Dhupguri Bishnu Pada Ray dies, PM Modi, Mamata condole his death|work=The Indian Express|date=26 July 2023 |accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|[[Nirmal Chandra Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=14}}
|-
|7 May 2024
!62
|[[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola]]
|[[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|Died on 16 February 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=TMC MLA Idris Ali dies from illness |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/tmc-mla-idris-ali-dies-from-illness-2897354 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216060909/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/tmc-mla-idris-ali-dies-from-illness-2897354 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Reyat Hossain Sarkar]]
|-
|1 June 2024
!113
|[[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
|[[Tapas Roy]]
|Resigned on 4 March 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2024 |title=Trinamool MLA Tapas Roy quits party, resigns from assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/veteran-trinamool-congress-leader-tapas-roy-quits-as-mla/article67912658.ece |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311094051/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/veteran-trinamool-congress-leader-tapas-roy-quits-as-mla/article67912658.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Sayantika Banerjee]]
|-
|Rowspan=4|10 July 2024
!35
|[[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|[[Krishna Kalyani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|Resigned on 27 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=Krishna Kalyani resigns as Raiganj MLA following Lok Sabha nomination by TMC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/krishna-kalyani-resigns-as-raiganj-mla-following-lok-sabha-nomination-by-tmc/cid/2009518 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Telegraph India |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429054917/https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/krishna-kalyani-resigns-as-raiganj-mla-following-lok-sabha-nomination-by-tmc/cid/2009518 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Krishna Kalyani]]
|-
!90
|[[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin]]
|[[Mukut Mani Adhikari]]
|rowspan=2|Resigned on 19 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 April 2024|title=Bengal: Another turncoat MLA resigns, Biswajit Das to contest from Bangaon on TMC ticket|url=https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/kolkata-mla-biswajit-das-resigned-his-post-23700469.html|access-date=19 April 2024|website=Jagran|language=hi|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419160949/https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/kolkata-mla-biswajit-das-resigned-his-post-23700469.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Mukut Mani Adhikari]]
|-
!94
|[[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah]]
|[[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]]
|[[Madhuparna Thakur]]
|-
!167
|[[Maniktala Assembly constituency|Maniktala]]
|[[Sadhan Pande]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|Died on 20 February 2022<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2022|title=West Bengal Cabinet Minister Sadhan Pande passes away at 71|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-cabinet-minister-sadhan-pande-dead-7782167/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108222220/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-cabinet-minister-sadhan-pande-dead-7782167/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The seat fell vacant due to the death of sitting MLA Sadhan Pande on 20 February 2022. However, by-polls to the seat couldn't be held even after 6 months of Pande's death (according to Indian law) because BJP candidate Kalyan Chaubey filed an [[election petition]] in the [[Calcutta High Court]] alleging irregularities in polling & demanded a recount of votes. The [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]] forbids holding any polls to the seat until any election petition concerning that seat hasn't been resolved at the court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=HC rejects PIL demanding by-poll in Maniktala Assembly constituency |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/hc-rejects-pil-demanding-bypoll-in-maniktala-assembly-constituency-515610 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124000321/https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/hc-rejects-pil-demanding-bypoll-in-maniktala-assembly-constituency-515610 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 April 2024, Choubey withdrew his election petition from the court, making way for by-poll to the seat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2024 |title=Kalyan Chaubey withdraws poll petition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-leader-kalyan-chaubey-withdraws-petition-challenging-election-process-at-maniktala-assembly-constituency/articleshow/109707857.cms |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713080850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-leader-kalyan-chaubey-withdraws-petition-challenging-election-process-at-maniktala-assembly-constituency/articleshow/109707857.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|[[Supti Pandey]]
|-
|rowspan=6|13 November 2024
!6
|[[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai]]
|[[Jagadish Chandra Barma Basunia|Jagadish Basunia]]
|rowspan=6|Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024
|Colspan=1 Rowspan=1|[[Sangita Roy]]
|-
!14
|[[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]]
|[[Manoj Tigga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jay Prakash Toppo]]
|-
!104
|[[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]]
|[[Partha Bhowmick]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|[[Sanat Dey]]
|-
!121
|[[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
|[[Haji Nurul Islam]]
|[[Sheikh Rabiul Islam]]
|-
!236
|[[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[June Malia]]
|[[Sujoy Hazra]]
|-
!251
|[[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
|[[Arup Chakraborty (politician)|Arup Chakraborty]]
|[[Falguni Singhababu]]
|-
| 19 June 2025
!80
|[[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
|[[Nasiruddin Ahamed]]
|Died on 1 February 2025<ref>{{cite web|date=2 February 2025|title=Veteran TMC MLA Nasiruddin Ahmed dies of cardiac arrest in West Bengal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/veteran-tmc-mla-nasiruddin-ahmed-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-west-bengal/articleshow/117852069.cms|access-date=2 February 2025|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Alifa Ahmed]]
|}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

Kamla Bhasin

2026-04-30T04:01:27Z

LinnieHammonds: started new post added tags

{{Short description|Indian social scientist (1946–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kamla Bhasin
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Kamla Bhasin in Dhaka Lit Fest 2017.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
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| caption = Bhasin in Dhaka Lit Fest 2017
| native_name =
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| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|4|24}}
| birth_place = Shaheedanwali, [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/149864/let-s-change-the-world-kamla-bhasin | title=Let's change the world: Kamla Bhasin | publisher=The Dawn | date=29 July 2005 | accessdate=25 September 2021}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|09|25|1946|4|24}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = [[Feminism|feminist]] activist, poet, author
| language = Hindi, English
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education = Master's in Arts
| alma_mater = [[Rajasthan University]], [[University of Münster]]
| period =
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| subject = 
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| notableworks = Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition (book)
| spouse =
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'''Kamla Bhasin''' (24 April 1946 – 25 September 2021) was an Indian developmental [[Feminism|feminist]] activist, poet, author and [[social scientist]]. Bhasin's work, that began in 1970, focused on [[gender education]], [[Human development (humanity)|human development]] and the media.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shifa|first=Nazneen|title="The Womens Movement is a larger thing" - Interview with Kamla Bhasin|url=http://www.sacw.net/article725.html|publisher=South Asia Citizens Web|accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Durrani|first=Ammara|date=10 May 2017|title=An Indian who talks about love with Pakistan is seen as a traitor: Kamla Bhasin|url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153749|access-date=25 September 2021|website=Herald Magazine|language=en}}</ref> She lived in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name="She lives it" /> She was best known for her work with Sangat - A Feminist Network and for her poem ''Kyunki main ladki hoon, mujhe padhna hai''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2016/apr/28/men-are-not-biologically-violent |title=Men are not biologically violent |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018233001/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2016/apr/28/men-are-not-biologically-violent |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1995, she recited a refurbished, feminist version of the popular poem ''Azadi'' (Freedom) in a conference. She was also the South Asia coordinator of [[One Billion Rising]].

She resigned from her job at the [[United Nations|U.N.]] in 2002, to work with Sangat, of which she was a founder member and adviser.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/capitalist-patriarchy-%E2%80%93-the-new-enemy-1216576|title=Capitalist patriarchy – the new enemy|date=30 April 2016|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> She believed in a form of advocacy that combines [[feminist theory]] and community action. She worked with underprivileged women from tribal and working communities, often using posters, plays and other non literary methods to get through to communities with low literacy rates. She had always maintained that in order to usher effective change, sloganeering must be accompanied by community mobilization.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/azadi-kashmir-kanhaiya-kumar-jnu-sedition-kamla-bhasin/story/1/9389.html|title=Kamla Bhasin on why 'azadi' was never Kashmir's alone|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Kamla Bhasin called herself 'The Midnight Generation', a reference to the generation of Indians born around the time of independence, 'at the stroke of the midnight hour..'.<ref name="She lives it" /> She was the fourth of six siblings. Her father was a doctor in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="She lives it" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/lifestyle/when-she-fights-for-her/|title=When she fights for her - The Himalayan Times|date=11 October 2015|newspaper=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> She grew up around villages in India and it helped her form an understanding about women's issues in villages in India. This experience would be instrumental in her life and future career. She went to a government university for her bachelor's and master's. She later said that she found the experience uninspiring and graduated with second division.<ref name=":0" />

Bhasin met her (ex) husband in Rajasthan while working for [[Seva Mandir]]. She had later recounted that her husband was an incredibly feminist man and espoused progressive ideas. Her husband suggested that their children take both their surnames and was supportive when Bhasin's 70-year-old mother moved in with them. However, things turned sour after incidents of domestic abuse and infidelity by him.<ref name="She lives it" /><ref name=":2" />

She considered her greatest loss to be the suicide of her adult daughter, who was really important to her. She also had a son who became disabled after a severe reaction to a vaccine.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/04/world/asia/kamla-bhasin-dead.html | title=Kamla Bhasin, a First-Wave South Asian Feminist, Dies at 75 | work=The New York Times | date=4 October 2021 | last1=Bhagat | first1=Shalini Venugopal }}</ref>

==Education and career==

=== Beginning of politicization ===

Bhasin earned a M.A. from [[Rajasthan University]] and then went on to study Sociology of Development at [[University of Münster]] in West Germany with a fellowship. Afterward, she taught at the Orientation Centre of the German Foundation for Developing Countries in [[Bad Honnef]] for around a year.<ref name="She lives it">{{cite news|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|title=She lives it!|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/she-lives-it/article4657238.ece|accessdate=9 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> She then wanted to return to India, and implement what she learned there. Hence, she started working for [[Seva Mandir]], which works primarily in natural resource sustainability. There she learnt about how [[Caste system in India|caste]] is endemic in Indian society, and how discrimination manifests itself even in governance. That was manifest in the fact that Brahmin's wells would never go dry as they received state funds to drill every year. This was when she realized that [[Caste system in India|caste]] and [[Feminism in India|feminism]] were intersectional.<ref name="She lives it" />

=== Work at UN and subsequent founding of Sangat ===

After that, she started working with the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], and was assigned to identify innovative development work in Asian countries and create networks between people –across countries.<ref name="She lives it" /><ref name=":0" /> She lamented later that at that time, in the 70s when the subcontinent was gripped in mutual animosity and war, it was difficult to create networks and come together as South Asians. She thus, moved to Bangladesh in 1976 and worked with Gonoshasthaya Kendra, a rural public health organization.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/04/23/kamla-bhasin-40-years-in-solidarity-with-bangladesh|title=Kamla Bhasin: 40 years in solidarity with Bangladesh|newspaper=bdnews24.com|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> It was where she met [[Zafrullah Chowdhury]], a Bangladeshi public health worker and activist, who changed her perspective about a lot of things. She later described him as one of the few men who thought 'out of the box' in South Asia.<ref name=":0" />

She quit her job at the UN in 2002, to work full-time on her feminist network, Sangat which she had been working on for a while. She then, in association with Sangat, organized workshops on understanding feminist theory and develop a feminist awakening. The organization has organized the "Sangat Month Long Course" since 1984, helping more than 650 women in South Asia develop a better understanding of gender, poverty, social justice, sustainable development, peace, democracy and human rights.<ref name=":3" /> "The method of our [[capacity building]] course is multi-dimensional and participatory. For one month, the participants try and understand what patriarchy is." she said.<ref name="She lives it" />

=== Writings and other works ===

She wrote books and booklets about understanding patriarchy and gender, that have been translated into near about 30 languages. These are now used by many [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] to help people understand gender issues. Her book, ''Laughing Matters,'' that she co-authored with Bindia Thapar, first published in 2005 was republished in 2013 and now has a Hindi version (''Hasna Toh Sangharsho Mein Bhi Zaroori Hai), Feminism & Its Relevance in South Asia.'' Other important writings by her include: ''Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNN4SE7cL60C&q=kamla+bhasin|title=Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition|last1=Menon|first1=Ritu|last2=Bhasin|first2=Kamla|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813525525|language=en}}</ref> ''Understanding Gender'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3856292-understanding-gender|title=Understanding Gender (Kali Monographs)|website=Goodreads|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> What Is Patriarchy? In her writings and politics, she envisioned a feminist movement that transcends class, borders and other binary social divisions.<ref name=":0" /> She was an integral part of the [[One Billion Rising]] movement in South Asia. She went to Nepal to flag off the 2017 edition of the movement in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2016/09/19/south-asia-rising/|title=Nepali Times {{!}} The Brief » Blog Archive » South Asia rising|website=www.nepalitimes.com|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> At a 2013 One Billion Rising event in [[New Delhi]], she recited her famous ''Azadi'' poem to much acclaim and public participation.

==== Children's books and rhymes ====
Kamla Bhasin is also known for writing humorous and insightful Children's Books and Rhymes which made the concept of patriarchy, gender roles and masculinity easily understandable to young kids. Her famous feminist books for children include Laal Pari, Ulti Sulti Meeto and Dhammak Dham. These books were translated in difference languages and illustrated for kids to understand the concept of gender equality by challenging gender stereotypes and traditional gender roles in the society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I remember Kamla Bhasin through her children’s books {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/i-remember-kamla-bhasin-through-her-childrens-books-2187396 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref>

== Points of view and advocacy ==
'''Capitalist patriarchy'''

She spoke out against capitalism as an agent of the patriarchy, for objectifying women's bodies. However her revulsion of capitalism emerged from a much deeper political stand. She argued that the nature of the modern family is based in the concept of ownership. "This all started when private property came into existence. People wanted to pass on their legacy, but men did not know who their children were, only women were known as mothers because there were no families. That is when patriarchy came.", she said.<ref name=":2" />

Moreover, she argued that modern neoliberal capitalism, and its obscene digits like the pornography industry and the cosmetics industry, both billion dollar industries, reduces women to their bodies. Moreover, these industries promote a form of dehumanization of women, that contributes to a culture of violence and abuse. "So once you are a body – what's the harm in raping you or groping you?" Kamla asks.<ref name=":0" /> She derides capitalism as a system when everything is saleable and profits matter more than people.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/Nepali-Times-Buzz/she-for-her,3292|title=She for her {{!}} Nepali Times Buzz {{!}} Nepali Times|last=Shrestha|first=Sahina|website=nepalitimes.com|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref>

'''Cultural change'''

"India needs a cultural revolution", said Bhasin. She resented that South Asia's women are shackled by a myriad of social customs and beliefs that embrace and straddle the patriarchy. "Often religion is used as a shield to justify patriarchy. When you question something, you are told, '''yeh toh hamara sanskar hai, riwaaj hai (This is our culture, our traditions)'''. And when this is done, it means logic has ended, belief has come in.", she told [[The Hindu]] in a 2013 interview.<ref name="She lives it" />

She challenged patriarchal ideas in language, and questioned the validity and history of everyday words. The Hindi word ''swami,'' that is often used for a partner, for instance, implies 'lord' or 'owner', as does the word 'husband', which originates from animal husbandry.<ref name=":0" /> She adjudged all these customs against the [[constitution of India]] that offers every woman the right to equality and the promise of a dignified life.

=== Views on feminist theory ===

Bhasin rejected the notion that feminism is a western concept. She stressed that Indian feminism has its roots in its own struggles and tribulations. She said that she didn't become a feminist by reading other feminists, she became one as a part of a larger natural evolution from merely a development worker, to a feminist development worker. She said that it is the story of many others.<ref name=":0" />

When asked what she had to say on the premise that the term feminism antagonizes a lot of people, she said, "People are not happy with feminism, and even if I call it XYZ, they will still be against. It is because they mind the fact that we want freedom, we want equality, and there are lots of people, customs, and traditions who don't want to give women freedom."<ref name=":2" />

While she agreed that theory and action have to go hand in hand for change to come, she believed that feminist theory is important. Her workshops routinely consulted with and worked with social scientists, feminists and academics. They can be described as a marriage between action and theory.<ref name=":0" />

She maintained that feminism is not a war between men and women. She said it is a fight between two ideologies. One that elevates men and gives them power, and the other, that advocates for equality.<ref name=":0" />

Bhasin has been criticized for her [[Trans-exclusionary feminism|Trans-exclusionary]] remarks and views, for which she eventually apologised.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Turf not TERF: Feminism, Solidarity and Trans Persons |url=https://clpr.org.in/blog/turf-not-terf-feminism-solidarity-and-trans-persons/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Centre for Law & Policy Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swati |date=2021-09-27 |title=Kamla Bhasin, a complicated legacy: Examining the activist-writer's work and politics |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/kamla-bhasin-sangat-exclusionary-feminism-activism-122677 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001102929/https://www.news9live.com/india/kamla-bhasin-sangat-exclusionary-feminism-activism-122677 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sohini |date=2022-07-12 |title=Mainstream Feminist Spaces And Their Exclusion Of The Trans Community |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/07/13/mainstream-feminist-spaces-and-their-exclusion-of-the-trans-community/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimamanda Adichie's Essay and the Rise of Trans Exclusionary Feminism |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/chimamanda-adichies-essay-and-the-rise-of-trans-exclusionary-feminism |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Death ==
Bhasin died on 25 September 2021 at the age of 75 due to cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 September 2021|title=Kamla Bhasin, noted activist and author, passes away at 75|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kamla-bhasin-noted-activist-and-author-passes-away-at-75-101632545307925.html|access-date=25 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 September 2021|title=Feminist icon Kamla Bhasin passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/feminist-icon-kamla-bhasin-passes-away-7533380/|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=25 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t93jLhaM2pY Kyunki main ladki hoon, mujhe padhna hai]'' - video of Bhasin reciting her poem

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhasin, Kamla}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]
[[Category:University of Münster alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

Yaarana (1981 film)

2026-04-29T13:07:53Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaarana
| image = Yaarana (1981) film poster.jpeg
| caption = Poster
| director = Raakesh Kumar
| producer = M. A. Nadiadwala
| writer = Gyandev Agnihotri Vijay Kaul [[Kader Khan]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] [[Neetu Singh]] [[Tanuja]] [[Kader Khan]] [[Ranjeet]]
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = Peter Pereira
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali
| distributor = A.K. Movies
| released = {{Film date|1981|10|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 119 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yaarana''''' ({{translation|"Friendship"}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Musical film|musical]] [[action drama film]] directed by Rakesh Kumar, starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Tanuja]], and [[Kader Khan]]. The plot of the film is based on [[Karna]] and [[Duryodhana]]’s friendship from the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=A.P. |date=30 November 1981 |title=Film review: Yaarana, starring Amitabh Bachchan, Amjad Khan, Neetu Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19811130-film-review-yaarana-starring-amitabh-bachchan-amjad-khan-neetu-singh-773463-2013-10-26 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date= |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027175459/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19811130-film-review-yaarana-starring-amitabh-bachchan-amjad-khan-neetu-singh-773463-2013-10-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-on-36-years-of-yaarana-it-still-resounds-among-polity-of-the-nation-4902921/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan on 36 years of Yaarana: It still resounds among polity of the nation |date=2017-10-23 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2019-06-18 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226090351/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-on-36-years-of-yaarana-it-still-resounds-among-polity-of-the-nation-4902921/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/Songs-by-the-unsung/article17094700.ece |title=Songs by the unsung |last=Kusnur |first=Narendra |date=2017-01-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2019-06-18 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423033101/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/Songs-by-the-unsung/article17094700.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Kishan and Bishan are childhood friends. Kishan is an orphan, but is self-sufficient and hard-working, while Bishan comes from an affluent background. The friendship between the two is extremely strong and is the bane of Bishan's maternal uncle, who has his eye on his widowed sister's wealth. In a bid to separate the two friends, the uncle manipulates his sister into sending Bishan away to the city and then abroad for further education.

When the two friends reunite years later, Bishan ([[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]) discovers that Kishan ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]) has a great voice. Bishan is now a successful businessman and wants to promote Kishan's singing. Kishan goes to the city with his friend, where Bishan asks Komal ([[Neetu Singh]]) to groom him to be a performer and a gentleman. Kishan tries to get expelled from the process by being uncooperative and disruptive.

In the meantime, Bishan discovers that the family wealth has been looted over the last 18 years by the uncle ([[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]]) and his son ([[Ranjeet]]). He is forced to borrow by mortgaging his remaining assets in order to ensure that Kishan becomes a successful singer. This causes a major rift between Bishan and his wife, Sheela, who is convinced that Kishan will turn his back on his friend if he were to ever succeed. Kishan's debut concert is a huge success and he goes on to donate the proceeds of his earnings and consequent record deals in order to rid his friend Bishan of his many mortgages and to help reconcile Sheela and lovable nephew (Bishan's 10-year-old son) with Bishan.

Kishan becomes a star and Komal professes her love for him. Bishan, meanwhile, falls into a trap set by his treacherous uncle and cousin. He is kidnapped alongside several hostages - primarily children on his shipping vessel, tortured and forced to sign a confession that all the misdeeds have been done by him. Bishan loses his mental stability and goes into shock.

He is then thrown into an asylum after he has a breakdown and experiences [[amnesia]]. Kishan pretends to be mentally ill and admits himself into the asylum by tricking the authorities and saves his friend by reviving his memory successfully by feeding him [[roti]]s as he used to when they were children.

The climax follows the typical action confrontation formula reminiscent of films in that era replete with big explosions and the friends single-handedly take on hordes of goons. The movie ends with the children - hostages being saved, the family uniting and the treacherous mastermind being sent to prison.

==Cast==
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Kishan
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Bishan
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Komal
* [[Tanuja]] as Sheela (Bishan's wife)
* [[Ranjeet]] as Jagdish
* [[Farida Jalal]] in a special appearance
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Julie
* [[Kader Khan]] as Johnny
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Johnny's mother
* [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]]
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Bishan's Uncle
* [[Ram Sethi]] as Instructor
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Komal's father
* [[Mohan Sherry]] as Mental Asylum employee
* [[Tirthankar Ghosh]] as Tirtho
* Yunus Parvez
* Goga Kapoor
* Agha

== Awards ==

; [[29th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Kishore Kumar]] for "Choo Kar Mere Mann Ko"

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]]. The lyrics of the songs are written by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]. The song "Sara Zamana" was recreated as "Haseeno Ka Deewana" for the film "[[Kaabil]]" by [[Rajesh Roshan]], and this was the first time to recreate his own song, which was the first song of first two own recreations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Haseeno Ka Deewana teaser: Urvashi Rautela features in this reprise of Yaarana song, in Kaabil |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/haseeno-ka-deewana-teaser-urvashi-rautela-features-in-this-reprise-of-yaarana-song-in-kaabil-3155474.html |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=14 December 2016 |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514193500/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/haseeno-ka-deewana-teaser-urvashi-rautela-features-in-this-reprise-of-yaarana-song-in-kaabil-3155474.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Bhole O Bhole
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| length1 = 3:43

| title2 = Chookar Mere Man Ko
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Sara Zamana
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar
| length3 = 4:27

| title4 = Tere Jaisa Yaar Kahan
| extra4 = Kishore Kumar
| length4 = 4:40

| title5 = Tu Rootha Dil Toota
| extra5 = Kishore Kumar,Chorus
| length5 = 3:06

| title6 = Bishan Chacha
| extra6 = [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length6 = 4:45

| title7 = Yaarana Yaarana Toote Kabhi Na
| extra7 = [[Sushma Shrestha]]
| length7 = 3:15
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0083349|title=Yaarana}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1980s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1981 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:1980s buddy films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:1981 musical films]]

Bathula Laxma Reddy

2026-04-28T14:41:07Z

LinnieHammonds: made some entry needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Bathula Laxma Reddy''' (born 4 May 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=Bathula Laxma Reddy(BLR) {{!}} Miryalaguda Floor Leader {{!}} INC {{!}} theLeadersPage |url=https://theleaderspage.com/bathula-laxma-reddyblr/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is an MLA from [[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency]] in [[Nalgonda district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miryalguda assembly election results 2023: Miryalguda Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/miryalguda-assembly-result-29088 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Miryalguda Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Bathula Laxma Reddy Wins From Miryalguda |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/miryalguda-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-trs-bjp-congress-aimim-telangana-assembly-election-results-news-1647304 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is born in [[Miryalaguda]], Nalgonda district to Bathula Eswar Reddy and Venkatamma.<ref name=":0" /> He completed his diploma in diesel mechanics in 1986 at Asian ITI college. He is a businessman and runs his own transport business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bathula Laxma Reddy(Inian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MIRYALAGUDA(NALGONDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=203 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy joined Congress party in 2004 as a cadre and grew up the ladder. He won as MLA for the first time from [[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 114,462 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Nallamothu Bhaskar Rao]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a huge margin of 48, 782 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bathula Laxma Reddy, INC Candidate from Miryalaguda Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/bathula-laxma-reddy-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a088e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miryalguda Constituency Election Results 2023: Miryalguda Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/miryalguda |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxma Reddy, Bathula}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]

Mohammed Kamran

2026-04-20T04:47:35Z

LinnieHammonds: Added New Details

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Muhammad Kamran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nawada]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gobindpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gobindpur]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| occupation = [[Politics]]
| image =
| name = Mohammed Kamran
| alma_mater = Patna Muslim Science College
| parents = Mohammad Sohail (father)
| education = [[Middle school|Intermediate]]
| predecessor = [[Purnima Yadav]]
| succeeded = [[Binita Mehta]]
| term_start = 2020
| term_end = 2025
}}

'''Mohammed Kamran''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He won from the [[Gobindpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gobindpur]] over the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] symbol in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]](Roh).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Gobindpur Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Md Kamran of RJD Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gobindpur-election-result-2020-live-updates-gobindpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3062417.html|access-date=2020-11-20|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gobindpur Vidhan Sabha Election - Gobindpur Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/gobindpur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|access-date=2020-11-20|website=www.electionsinindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gobindpur Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gobindpur.html|access-date=2020-11-20|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Md Kamran(RJD):Constituency- GOBINDPUR(NAWADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9985|access-date=2020-11-20|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamran, Md}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Geyzing Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:57Z

LinnieHammonds: made basic data and citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Geyzing
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 8,574
| mla = [[Sher Bahadur Subedi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Geyzing''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Indra Bahadur Limboo || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Man Bahadur Dahal || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Dal Bahadur Gurung || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sher Bahadur Subedi]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Geyzing<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sher Bahadur Subedi]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,227 |percentage=62.44% |change={{increase}}7.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Gurung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,410 |percentage=35.60% |change={{increase}}31.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Bahadur Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=69 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Bahadur Katwal |party=Independent politician |votes=64 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,817 |percentage=26.84% |change= {{increase}}13.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,770 |percentage=78.96% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,574 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}7.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Geyzing<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sher Bahadur Subedi]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,316 |percentage=54.57% |change={{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puspak Ram Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,504 |percentage=41.20% |change={{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Dahal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=257 |percentage=4.23% |change={{decrease}}12.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=812 |percentage=13.36% |change= {{decrease}}12.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,077 |percentage=82.54% |change= {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,571 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Geyzing<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Gurung |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,893 |percentage=51.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Karki |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,412 |percentage=25.02% |change={{decrease}}47.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Narayan Tewari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=930 |percentage=16.48% |change={{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nar Bahadur Dahal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=319 |percentage=5.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Prasad Chettri |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,481 |percentage=26.24% |change= {{decrease}}24.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,643 |percentage=82.56% |change= {{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,008 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}21.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Geyzing<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Dahal |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,175 |percentage=72.41% |change={{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garjaman Subba |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=932 |percentage=21.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Maya Chetri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=278 |percentage=6.34% |change={{decrease}}9.88 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,243 |percentage=51.15% |change= {{increase}}18.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,385 |percentage=70.57% |change= {{increase}}7.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,472 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Geyzing<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Dahal |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,702 |percentage=54.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Norbu Kazi |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=22.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanda Kumar Subedi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=502 |percentage=16.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aita Raj Limboo |party=Janata Party |votes=64 |percentage=2.07% |change={{decrease}}10.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pharsa Man Limboo |party=Independent politician |votes=55 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Karki |party=Independent politician |votes=31 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Prasad Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=24 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Man Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=23 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,013 |percentage=32.73% |change= {{increase}}25.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,095 |percentage=62.84% |change= {{decrease}}13.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,153 |ref = |change= {{increase}}55.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}21.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Geyzing<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Bahadur Limboo |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=811 |percentage=33.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanda Kumar Subedi |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=643 |percentage=26.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dudraj Gurung |party=Janata Party |votes=296 |percentage=12.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Bahadur Basnet |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=218 |percentage=8.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Dhoj Limbu |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=5.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kancho Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=110 |percentage=4.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chatra Bahadur Chhetri |party=Independent politician |votes=62 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Bahadur Limboo |party=Independent politician |votes=59 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pharsa Man Limbu |party=Independent politician |votes=42 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Prakash Sahay |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ras Bahadur Sanyashi |party=Independent politician |votes=25 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=168 |percentage=6.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,435 |percentage=78.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,322 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.29|88.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Jayantilal Parekh

2026-04-19T18:05:05Z

LinnieHammonds: started initial stub v1...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=June 2022}}
{{orphan|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jayantilal Gambhirdas Parekh
| image = Jayantilal Parekh Chowk 1 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jayantilal Parekh Chowk in [[Ghatkopar]], built by [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|MCGM]] in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1946|05|21}}
| death_date =
| constituency = [[Ghatkopar]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1980
| spouse =
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jayantilal Parekh''' was an Indian politician from [[Mumbai]] who served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Ghatkopar]]. He was from [[Janata Party]]. In 1978, he won the assembly election from [[Ghatkopar]] assembly constituency. He has also served as the municipal councillor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghatkopar Constituency, Maharashtra Assembly Election 1978 Results |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/ghatkopar-constituency-maharashtra-assembly-election-1978-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |work=Entranceindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Parekh Jayantilal Gambhirdas, Ghatkopar Assembly Election 1978 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/1978/ghatkopar/parekh-jayantilal-gambhirdas/ |work=Latestly}}</ref>
In 1973, he was elected as municipal councillor from Ward No. 132.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bombay Civic Journal |date=1973 |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parekh, Jayantilal}}
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Maharashtra local politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1978–1980]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra municipal councillors]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{JP-politician-stub}}

The Sunday Guardian

2026-04-19T02:46:43Z

LinnieHammonds: created a page - done

{{short description|Indian Sunday newspaper}}
{{distinguish|text=[[The Observer]], a UK Sunday newspaper formerly associated with [[The Guardian]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Sunday Guardian
| image = [[File:TheSundayGuardian.jpg|225px|border]]
| caption = The 19 May 2013, front page
| type = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founder = [[M. J. Akbar]]
| publisher = [[India News]]
| chief_editor =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc = 801791742
| website = {{URL|sundayguardianlive.com}}
| free =
}}

'''''The Sunday Guardian''''' is an Indian [[Sunday newspaper]], founded by journalist and politician [[M. J. Akbar]] and edited by [[Joyeeta Basu]]. It is owned by [[Itv Network (India)|iTV Network]], which also runs the [[India News]] and [[NewsX]] channels.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/k3yhCvNlTJmxWIMe9uFwpM/MJ-Akbar-to-launch-Sunday-Guardian.html | title=MJ Akbar to launch Sunday Guardian | work=Live Mint | date=29 Jan 2010 | access-date=2013-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mj-akbar-quits-india-today/1023873/ | title=MJ Akbar quits India Today | work=[[Indian Express]] | date=30 Oct 2012 | access-date=2013-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mxmindia.com/2012/02/mj-akbars-the-sunday-guardian-turns-2/ | title=MJ Akbar’s The Sunday Guardian turns 2 | work=Mmx India | date=Feb 2012 | access-date=2013-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.exchange4media.com/print/mj-akbar-launches-%E2%80%98the-sunday-guardian%E2%80%99-in-delhi;-%E2%80%98india-on-sunday%E2%80%99-to-be-available-in-london_37135.html | title=MJ Akbar launches ‘The Sunday Guardian’ in Delhi; ‘India on Sunday’ to be available in London | work=Exchange4Media.com | date=3 Feb 2010 | access-date=2013-05-19}}</ref> It was launched on 31 January 2010 from New Delhi and is printed in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chandigarh.<ref name="afaqs">{{cite web|title=The Sunday Guardian begins distribution in Mumbai|url=http://www.afaqs.com/media/story/38954_The-Sunday-Guardian-begins-distribution-in-Mumbai|publisher=afaqs!|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604203806/http://www.afaqs.com/media/story/38954_The-Sunday-Guardian-begins-distribution-in-Mumbai|archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=55308_The+Sunday+Guardian+launches+its+Chandigarh+edition | title=The Sunday Guardian launches its Chandigarh edition| date=23 Oct 2012 | access-date=2013-05-19}}</ref> The 40-page newspaper is divided into two sections of 20 pages each: ''The Sunday Guardian'' and ''Guardian 20''.<ref name=afaqs /> Together, they offer a mix of news, investigation, opinion, entertainment, [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] and issues of human interest.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sunday Guardian Launches Website|url=http://www.medianama.com/2010/11/223-the-sunday-guardian-launches-website/|publisher=[[MediaNama]]|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Notable columnists==
* [[M.J. Akbar]]
* [[M D Nalapat|M.D. Nalapat]]
* [[Cleo Paskal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.sunday-guardian.com/}}

{{Newspapers in India |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunday Guardian}}
[[Category:Sunday newspapers]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2010]]

Gadchiroli Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:05:30Z

LinnieHammonds: made first page with sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gadchiroli
| constituency_no = 68
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 68-Gadchiroli.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli-Chimur]]
| district = [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Milind Ramji Narote]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =307,464
}}
'''Gadchiroli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Gadchiroli district]]. The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008.<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Gadchiroli taluka]], [[Chamorshi taluka]], parts of Dhanora Tehsil viz. revenue circles Dhanora and Chatgaon.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=258|accessdate=2015-07-22}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | [[Raje Vishveshvar Rao|Raje Vishveshvar Rao Atram]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Madavi Dewaji Tanu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Marotrao Kowase|Marotrao Sainuji Kowase]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Warkhadde Hiraman Benduji || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | [[Marotrao Kowase|Marotrao Sainuji Kowase]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ashok Nete]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Dr. Namdeo Dalluji Usendi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Deorao Madguji Holi|Dr. Deorao Madguji Holi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Milind Ramji Narote|Dr. Milind Ramji Narote]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Gadchiroli">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Gadchiroli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1368.htm |access-date=11 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211180152/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1368.htm |archive-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Milind Ramji Narote|Dr. Milind Ramji Narote]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 116,540 |percentage = 50.78% |change={{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Tulshiram Poreti |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 101,035 |percentage = 44.02% |change={{increase}}11.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayashri Vijay Velada |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 3,362 |percentage = 1.46% |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Subhash Kumre |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,241 |percentage = 1.41% |change={{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,817 |percentage = 1.23% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Mangaruji Yerme |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,852 |percentage = 0.81% |change={{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Sonal Chetan Kowe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,552 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,505 |percentage = 6.76% |change= {{decrease}}11.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 232,320 |percentage = 75.56% |change= {{increase}}6.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 229,503}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 307,464|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Deorao Madguji Holi|Dr. Deorao Madguji Holi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 97,913 |percentage = 50.46% |change={{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Chanda Nitin Kodwate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 62,572 |percentage = 32.25% |change={{increase}}20.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Kashinath Magare |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,735 |percentage = 3.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akshamlal Palalal Shidam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,999 |percentage = 2.06% |change={{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayshree Vijay Welda |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 3,870 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Kisan Madavi |party=Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 3,256 |percentage = 1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sagar Bharat Kumbhre |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,179 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,273 |percentage = 1.17% |change={{decrease}}10.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,341 |percentage = 18.21% |change= {{decrease}}17.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,437 |percentage = 68.67% |change= {{increase}}15.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,025}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 286,057|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Deorao Madguji Holi|Dr. Deorao Madguji Holi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,185 |percentage = 48.51% |change={{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Atram Bhagyashri Dharmraobaba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 18,280 |percentage = 12.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 17,510 |percentage = 12.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saguna Pentaji Talandi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,208 |percentage = 11.89% |change={{decrease}}31.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kesari Rushiji Usendi |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 14,892 |percentage = 10.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Shamrao Kodape |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 13,780 |percentage = 9.52% |change={{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alam Kusum Harba |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,143 |percentage = 1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayashri Welda |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,943 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 51,905 |percentage = 35.87% |change= {{increase}}35.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,494 |percentage = 58.62% |change= {{decrease}}13.06 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,683}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 277,193|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Namdeo Dalluji Usendi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 67,542 |percentage = 43.56% |change={{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Mahadeorao Nete |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 66,582 |percentage = 42.94% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mangalabai Sudhakar Borkar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 12,446 |percentage = 8.03% |change={{decrease}}2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwan Madhukar Gedam |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,990 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Diwakar Gulab Pendam |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,821 |percentage = 1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sidam Chandrashekhar Vitthal |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 998 |percentage = 0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 960 |percentage = 0.62% |change= {{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,104 |percentage = 65.28% |change= {{decrease}}6.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,057}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 237,610|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Nete]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,516 |percentage = 42.12% |change={{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Poreti Tulshiram Raoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,823 |percentage = 35.37% |change={{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr Vinayak Samba Tumram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,595 |percentage = 10.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Holi Deorao Madguji |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,623 |percentage = 8.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyamkant Motiramji Madavi |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 2,141 |percentage = 1.49% |change={{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhaorao Parshuram Jambhule |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes = 1,976 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,693 |percentage = 6.75% |change= {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,693 |percentage = 72.11% |change= {{increase}}5.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,674}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,256|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Nete]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,391 |percentage = 40.31% |change={{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kowase Marotrao Sainuji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,293 |percentage = 33.43% |change={{decrease}}8.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Usendi Namdeo Dalluji |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 17,787 |percentage = 15.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kodap Vilas Shamrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,772 |percentage = 8.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kumbhare Kedarnath Ganpatrao |party=Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti |votes = 2,266 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandabai Dewaji Madavi |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 1,043 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,098 |percentage = 6.89% |change= {{decrease}}8.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,680 |percentage = 70.23% |change= {{decrease}}16.27 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,552}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,526|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Marotrao Kowase|Marotrao Sainuji Kowase]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,732 |percentage = 42.13% |change={{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kodap Vilas Shamrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,211 |percentage = 26.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Naitam Kejuram Dayaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,652 |percentage = 8.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Warkhadde Hiraman Benduji |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,298 |percentage = 5.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kumre Bajirao Mitthuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,190 |percentage = 4.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kinake Moreshwar Ramchandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,455 |percentage = 3.14% |change={{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Taram Sitaram Madhao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,263 |percentage = 3.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,521 |percentage = 15.18% |change= {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,590 |percentage = 86.44% |change= {{increase}}24.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,793}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,898|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Marotrao Kowase|Marotrao Sainuji Kowase]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,903 |percentage = 43.29% |change={{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kodap Vilas Shamrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,800 |percentage = 39.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Warkhadde Hiraman Benduji |party=Janata Dal |votes = 7,896 |percentage = 9.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kulmethe Parshuram Shrawan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,155 |percentage = 2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kodap Arunkumar Rambhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,685 |percentage = 1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uike Arun Laxaman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 727 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kulmethe Madhaorao Bajirao |party=Doordarshi Party |votes = 620 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,103 |percentage = 3.54% |change= {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,212 |percentage = 60.07% |change= {{increase}}6.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,549}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,183|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Warkhadde Hiraman Benduji |party=Janata Party |votes = 28,427 |percentage = 45.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kowase Marotrao Sainuji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,559 |percentage = 44.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alam Lalaji Ganpatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,778 |percentage = 4.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talandi Tikalabai Ramchandrarao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,709 |percentage = 2.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Bhagwanshaha Jiwanshaha |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 2.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 868 |percentage = 1.40% |change= {{decrease}}28.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,266 |percentage = 54.12% |change= {{increase}}9.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,053}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,751|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}10.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Marotrao Kowase|Marotrao Sainuji Kowase]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,192 |percentage = 56.23% |change={{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Bhagwanshaha Jiwanshaha |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 11,814 |percentage = 26.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madavi Lahuji Mangru |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,797 |percentage = 17.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,378 |percentage = 29.86% |change= {{increase}}26.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,100 |percentage = 43.72% |change= {{decrease}}17.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,803}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,437|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madavi Dewaji Tanu |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,485 |percentage = 44.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Atram Satyawanrao Raje Vishweshwarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,396 |percentage = 40.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayam Raje Fattelal Shaha Raje Ranshaha |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,435 |percentage = 7.42% |change={{decrease}}33.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kunjam Lakkhanshah Chhatarshah |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,359 |percentage = 5.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ataram Kirtimantrao Bhujangrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,097 |percentage = 1.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,089 |percentage = 3.49% |change= {{decrease}}13.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,229 |percentage = 62.75% |change= {{increase}}4.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,772}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,163|ref = |change= {{increase}}28.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}13.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Raje Vishveshvar Rao]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,832 |percentage = 57.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mada I. Devaji Tanu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,702 |percentage = 40.96% |change={{increase}}16.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Bisan Sedakme |party=Independent politician |votes = 679 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,130 |percentage = 16.50% |change= {{decrease}}28.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,473 |percentage = 60.21% |change= {{increase}}5.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,213}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,184|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}11.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadchiroli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Raje Vishveshvar Rao]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,524 |percentage = 69.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maroti Rughoba Naroti |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,338 |percentage = 24.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. S. Uike |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,040 |percentage = 6.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,186 |percentage = 44.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,010 |percentage = 55.45% |change= }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,902}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,743|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.19|80.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Gadchiroli district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Rai Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:36Z

LinnieHammonds: Started new pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rai Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Rai Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished =
| electors = 1,99,340
|mla = [[Krishna Gahlawat]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no = 29
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Rai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rai Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/rai.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Rizaq Ram Dahiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Jaswant Singh
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=2 | Rizaq Ram Dahiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Jaswant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Maha Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Jaipal Singh Tushir || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=2 | Surajmal Antil || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Ramesh Chander Kaushik]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Jai Tirath Dahiya]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Mohan Lal Badoli]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Krishna Gahlawat]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishna Gahlawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,614 |percentage=46.08% |change={{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Bhagwan Antil |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,941 |percentage=42.75% |change={{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prateek Rajkumar Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=12,262 |percentage=8.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=486 |percentage=0.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,673 |percentage=3.33% |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,40,219 |percentage=70.16% |change= {{increase}}1.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,99,340 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohan Lal Badoli]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,377 |percentage=37.99% |change={{increase}}8.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Tirath Dahiya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,715 |percentage=35.76% |change={{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Antil |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=17,137 |percentage=14.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Sharma |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=8,422 |percentage=7.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pramjeet |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,890 |percentage=2.42% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inderjeet |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=637 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}30.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar S/O Bhim Singh |party=Bharatiya Samtawadi Party (A) |votes=540 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,662 |percentage=2.23% |change= {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,19,455 |percentage=68.31% |change= {{decrease}}8.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,74,882 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Tirath Dahiya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,703 |percentage=31.22% |change={{decrease}}9.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inderjeet |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=36,700 |percentage=31.22% |change={{decrease}}4.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Gahlawat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,523 |percentage=29.37% |change={{increase}}26.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Kaushik |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,299 |percentage=2.81% |change={{decrease}}9.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyapal Chauhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,837 |percentage=2.41% |change={{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paramjeet |party=Independent politician |votes=646 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3 |percentage=0.00% |change= {{decrease}}5.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,17,557 |percentage=76.60% |change= {{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,468 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Tirath Dahiya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,514 |percentage=41.12% |change={{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inderjeet |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=30,848 |percentage=35.72% |change={{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=10,336 |percentage=11.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Dutt |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,747 |percentage=5.50% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,740 |percentage=3.17% |change={{decrease}}15.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar Alias Binnu |party=Independent politician |votes=679 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,666 |percentage=5.40% |change= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,361 |percentage=69.55% |change= {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,163 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,468 |percentage=39.26% |change={{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=27,772 |percentage=28.34% |change={{decrease}}16.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,451 |percentage=18.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devander |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,344 |percentage=5.45% |change={{decrease}}4.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=2,475 |percentage=2.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,645 |percentage=1.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh Liwan |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=1,348 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwal Singh |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=925 |percentage=0.94% |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devander |party=Independent politician |votes=610 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalel |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=513 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,696 |percentage=10.91% |change= {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,995 |percentage=72.00% |change= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,104 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}5.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Mal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=35,381 |percentage=44.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,526 |percentage=37.33% |change={{increase}}27.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,626 |percentage=9.64% |change={{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaipal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,034 |percentage=5.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=1,164 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwal Singh S/O Sube Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=947 |percentage=1.20% |change={{decrease}}25.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,855 |percentage=7.40% |change= {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,086 |percentage=66.64% |change= {{increase}}5.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,961 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Mal |party=Samata Party |votes=23,490 |percentage=32.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohander |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=19,512 |percentage=26.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,332 |percentage=10.00% |change={{decrease}}21.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=6,654 |percentage=9.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher |party=Independent politician |votes=4,924 |percentage=6.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,875 |percentage=6.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwal Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,100 |percentage=4.23% |change={{decrease}}15.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder |party=Independent politician |votes=845 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbala |party=Independent politician |votes=565 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=445 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,978 |percentage=5.43% |change= {{increase}}4.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,316 |percentage=62.85% |change= {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,785 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaipal Singh Tushir |party=Janata Party |votes=21,195 |percentage=32.75% |change={{increase}}29.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jaswant Chauhan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=20,598|percentage=31.83%|change={{increase}}5.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shyam Lal|party=Janata Dal|votes=12,820|percentage=19.81%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rizaq Ram|party=Independent politician|votes=6,230|percentage=9.63%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anand|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,413|percentage=3.73%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagmander|party=Independent politician|votes=782|percentage=1.21%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=597 |percentage=0.92% |change= {{decrease}}37.10 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=64,710|percentage=62.74%|change={{decrease}}10.61}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,937 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}32.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maha Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=44,264 |percentage=64.83% |change={{increase}}64.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,305 |percentage=26.81% |change={{decrease}}23.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daryao Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=2,012 |percentage=2.95% |change={{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,676 |percentage=2.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siri Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,141 |percentage=1.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=359 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,959 |percentage=38.02% |change= {{increase}}32.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,278 |percentage=72.07% |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,006 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,542 |percentage=50.36% |change={{increase}}12.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=24,515 |percentage=44.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=1,124 |percentage=2.06% |change={{decrease}}47.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sopat Rai Bodh |party=Independent politician |votes=453 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra |party=Lokdal |votes=429 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari |party=Independent politician |votes=327 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangli Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=295 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,027 |percentage=5.54% |change= {{decrease}}6.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,685 |percentage=68.03% |change= {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,652 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rizaq Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=21,186 |percentage=49.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,258 |percentage=38.28% |change={{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,247 |percentage=7.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ami Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,316 |percentage=3.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Charan |party=Independent politician |votes=236 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Anand Prakash |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=224 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,928 |percentage=11.60% |change= {{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,467 |percentage=64.40% |change= {{decrease}}9.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,696 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rizaq Ram |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=19,631 |percentage=47.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,702 |percentage=45.06% |change={{decrease}}15.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Charan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,179 |percentage=5.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=655 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoshiar Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=334 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=929 |percentage=2.24% |change= {{decrease}}35.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,501 |percentage=74.99% |change= {{increase}}23.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,422 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,306 |percentage=60.59% |change={{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalpat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,262 |percentage=23.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,200 |percentage=11.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishambar Nath Kaushik |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=747 |percentage=2.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Ram Tyagi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=396 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,044 |percentage=37.32% |change= {{increase}}24.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,911 |percentage=50.81% |change= {{decrease}}13.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,985 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rizaq Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,115 |percentage=64.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari |party=Independent politician |votes=16,206 |percentage=52.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,001 |percentage=41.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,220 |percentage=36.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,896 |percentage=12.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish |party=Independent politician |votes=785 |percentage=2.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. C. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=703 |percentage=2.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. S. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=618 |percentage=1.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=462 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=299 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharma |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,909 |percentage=12.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,069 |percentage=67.04% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,848 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sonipat district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.93|77.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Sonipat district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Vile Parle Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:46Z

LinnieHammonds: created a details - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vile Parle
| constituency_no = 167
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 167-Vile Parle.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Parag Alavani]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors = 275,347
}}
'''Vile Parle Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=8 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Vile Parle (constituency number 167) is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/> The number of electors in 2009 was 272,381 (male 145,088, female 127,293).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Vile Parle is part of [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Mumbai Suburban district, namely [[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]], [[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]], [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]], [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]] and [[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]].<ref name=ceo/>

==Members of the legislative assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shantilal Shah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Pranlal Vora
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kantaben Shah
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" | Pranlal Vora
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Hans Bhugra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1987^
| rowspan="2" | [[Ramesh Prabhoo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Gurunath Desai
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Vinayak Raut]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Ashok Jadhav
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Krishna Hegde
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Parag Alavani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref name="Vile Parle Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Vile Parle Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/vile-parle |access-date=28 December 2024 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228051036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/vile-parle |archive-date=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Vile Parle">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Vile Parle |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13167.htm |access-date=28 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228051138/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13167.htm |archive-date=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Parag Alavani|Parag Madhusudan Alavani]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 97,259 |percentage = 62.60% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandeep Raju Naik |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 42,324 |percentage = 27.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Juilee Omkar Shende |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 12,123 |percentage = 7.80% |change={{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,255 |percentage = 1.45% |change={{decrease}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Ganpat Ambulge |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,201 |percentage = 1.42% |change={{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,935 |percentage = 35.36% |change= {{decrease}}7.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,628 |percentage = 57.25% |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,373}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,347|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Parag Alavani|Parag Madhusudan Alavani]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,991 |percentage = 62.96% |change={{increase}}13.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayanti Jivabhai Siroya |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,564 |percentage = 19.68% |change={{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Juilee Omkar Shende |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 18,406 |percentage = 13.64% |change={{increase}}9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,286 |percentage = 3.18% |change={{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sundarrao Baburao Padmukh |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,867 |percentage = 2.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Dayaram Nandagawali |party=Independent politician |votes = 812 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 58,427 |percentage = 43.28% |change= {{increase}}21.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,296 |percentage = 53.10% |change= {{increase}}0.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,986}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,346|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Parag Alavani|Parag Madhusudan Alavani]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 74,270 |percentage = 49.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shashikant Govind Patkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 41,835 |percentage = 27.87% |change={{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hegde Krishna |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,191 |percentage = 16.12% |change={{decrease}}17.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suhas Narayan Shinde |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,882 |percentage = 3.92% |change={{decrease}}22.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Godfrey William Pimenta |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,733 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,513 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,435 |percentage = 21.61% |change= {{increase}}20.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,613 |percentage = 52.98% |change= {{increase}}4.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,099}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 286,158|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Hegde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,338 |percentage = 33.94% |change={{decrease}}15.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vinayak Raut|Vinayak Bhaurao Raut]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 42,634 |percentage = 32.64% |change={{decrease}}9.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parkar Shirish Laxman |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 35,156 |percentage = 26.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nicholas Hillary @ Benjamin Almeida |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,285 |percentage = 1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kakasaheb Dashrath Khambalkar |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 2,022 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yasin Abdul Khan |party=Hindustani Swaraj Party |votes = 1,162 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moses John |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 972 |percentage = 0.74% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,704 |percentage = 1.30% |change= {{decrease}}6.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,634 |percentage = 47.96% |change= {{decrease}}2.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,630}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 272,381|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Bhau Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 56,436 |percentage = 49.56% |change={{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vinayak Raut|Vinayak Bhaurao Raut]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,453 |percentage = 41.67% |change={{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ramesh Yeshwant Prabhoo |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,114 |percentage = 6.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamlesh Nair |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 859 |percentage = 0.75% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shisatkar Arvind Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 761 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,983 |percentage = 7.89% |change= {{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,882 |percentage = 50.69% |change= {{increase}}3.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,880}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,675|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vinayak Raut|Vinayak Bhaurao Raut]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 45,499 |percentage = 45.64% |change={{decrease}}10.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Bhau Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,790 |percentage = 43.92% |change={{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pushpakant Anant Mhatre |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 8,959 |percentage = 8.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Brijbhan Sahani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 714 |percentage = 0.72% |change={{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,709 |percentage = 1.71% |change= {{decrease}}22.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,752 |percentage = 47.84% |change= {{decrease}}13.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,696}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,707|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}10.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gurunath Krishna Desai |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 66,333 |percentage = 55.90% |change={{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jitendra Gulab Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,528 |percentage = 31.62% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lalji Ramkishor Yadav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,827 |percentage = 4.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. R. Pawar |party=Janata Party |votes = 1,769 |percentage = 1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhedar Roopnarayan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,573 |percentage = 1.33% |change={{decrease}}18.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamlesh K. Nair |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kanji Walji Shah |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,137 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,805 |percentage = 24.27% |change= {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,617 |percentage = 60.87% |change= {{increase}}8.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,673}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,162|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramesh Prabhoo|Dr. Ramesh Yashsant Prabhoo]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 44,408 |percentage = 45.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pushpakant Anant Mhatre |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,520 |percentage = 32.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vashi Manubhai P. |party=Janata Dal |votes = 18,866 |percentage = 19.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devendra Gulab Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 720 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,888 |percentage = 13.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,928 |percentage = 51.56% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,972}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,932|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1987===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1987 elections in India#Maharashtra|1987 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramesh Prabhoo|Dr. Ramesh Yashsant Prabhoo]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,574 |percentage = |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. Kunte |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,783 |percentage = |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,791 |percentage = |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = |percentage = |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 0}}
|change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hans Bhugra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,500 |percentage = 49.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pranlal Vora |party=Janata Party |votes = 25,231 |percentage = 45.60% |change={{decrease}}11.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vanita Patel |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,261 |percentage = 2.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Linesh Sheth |party=Independent politician |votes = 552 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Jain |party=Independent politician |votes = 387 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,269 |percentage = 4.10% |change= {{decrease}}10.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,972 |percentage = 37.75% |change= {{increase}}5.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,331}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,272|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pranlal Vora |party=Janata Party |votes = 24,215 |percentage = 56.66% |change={{decrease}}9.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinesh Mehta |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,067 |percentage = 42.27% |change={{increase}}29.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Subhedar Roopnarayan |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Raj Narain]] |votes = 456 |percentage = 1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,148 |percentage = 14.39% |change= {{decrease}}38.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,200 |percentage = 32.00% |change= {{decrease}}24.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,738}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,013|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pranlal Vora |party=Janata Party |votes = 46,382 |percentage = 66.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pushpakant Anant Mhatre |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,680 |percentage = 13.90% |change={{decrease}}38.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harihar Shelat |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 9,161 |percentage = 13.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajaram Yeshwant Gadekar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 4,415 |percentage = 6.34% |change={{decrease}}8.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,702 |percentage = 52.70% |change= {{increase}}19.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,592 |percentage = 56.76% |change= {{decrease}}4.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,638}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,372|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandulal Shah Kantaben |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,531 |percentage = 52.59% |change={{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pranlal Harkishandas Vora |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 14,841 |percentage = 19.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padmakar K. Dhamdhere |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 10,941 |percentage = 14.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ruiya Purushottam Gopiram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,256 |percentage = 12.31% |change={{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rangnath D. Suryawanshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 603 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,690 |percentage = 32.84% |change= {{increase}}8.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,768 |percentage = 61.73% |change= {{decrease}}1.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,172}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,353|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pranlal Vora |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,298 |percentage = 40.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. H. Deodhar |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,690 |percentage = 16.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. B. Shende |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,884 |percentage = 13.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. N. Gupte |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,886 |percentage = 11.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. N. Desai |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,913 |percentage = 9.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. R. Chomal |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,484 |percentage = 7.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. Mohammad |party=Independent politician |votes = 382 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,608 |percentage = 24.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,175 |percentage = 66.18% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,537}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,462|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vile Parle]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.096|72.861|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash

2026-04-08T23:31:10Z

LinnieHammonds: made a article from scratch - done

{{Short description|2026 aviation accident in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| date = 28 January 2026
| image = 2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash CCTV 2.jpg
| caption = A [[CCTV]] still of the aircraft seconds before crashing
| summary = Loss of control, under investigation
| site = [[Baramati Airport]], [[Baramati]], [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| plane1_image = N80PQ (51210994626).jpg
| plane1_caption = The aircraft involved in the accident, while still in service with a previous operator in 2021
| occurrence_type = Accident
| aircraft_type = [[Learjet 45|Learjet 45XR]]
| operator = [[VSR Ventures]]
| origin = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]], [[Mumbai]], India
| destination = [[Baramati Airport]], [[Baramati]], India
| occupants = 5
| tail_number = VT-SSK
| passengers = 2
| crew = 3
| fatalities = 5
| survivors = 0
}}
On 28 January 2026, a [[Learjet 45]] operated by [[VSR Ventures]] crashed during a [[charter flight]] from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] in [[Mumbai]] to [[Baramati Airport]] in [[Maharashtra]], India, killing the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[Ajit Pawar]], as well as all four other occupants. The crash was determined to be in low visibility and heavy [[fog]].

==Background==
=== Aircraft ===
The aircraft involved was a VT-SSK, a 16-year-old [[Learjet 45|Learjet 45XR]] operated by [[VSR Ventures]].<ref name="HT">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar plane crash live updates: Maharashtra CM Fadnavis announces three-day state mourning after Pawar's death |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-news-live-updates-plane-crash-maharashtra-deputy-cm-health-baramati-latest-news-101769572584405.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VT-SSK – Learjet 45XR |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/aircraft/vt-ssk |publisher=[[Flightradar24]] |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Learjet 45 XR involved in Baramati plane crash had previous accident history |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/28/learjet-45-xr-involved-in-baramati-plane-crash-had-previous-accident-history |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 January 2025 |language=en |date=28 January 2026 |archive-date=30 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130073139/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/28/learjet-45-xr-involved-in-baramati-plane-crash-had-previous-accident-history |url-status=live }}</ref> VSR Aviation provides charter and medivac flights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VSR Aviation |url=https://vsraviation.com/ |access-date=28 January 2026 |publisher=VSR Aviation |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115001802/https://vsraviation.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Passengers and crew===
There were five people onboard the flight. The pilot was Sumit Kapur, who had logged 16,500 flight hours. The co-pilot was identified as Shambhavi Pathak. The flight attendant was identified as Pinky Mali. The passengers were identified as [[Ajit Pawar]], the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|deputy chief minister of Maharashtra]], and his personal security officer, Vidip Jadhav.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2026 |title=Maharashtra Dy CM Ajit Pawar, four others killed after plane crash in Baramati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-dy-cm-ajit-pawars-aircraft-crashes-in-baramati/article70559338.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 January 2026 |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128043818/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-dy-cm-ajit-pawars-aircraft-crashes-in-baramati/article70559338.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar Plane Crash Live updates: 'Dada was a man of his word': Fadnavis pays tribute to Ajit Pawar; 3-day state mourning declared |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ajit-pawar-plane-crash-live-updates-maharashtra-deputy-cm-baramati-hospital/liveblog/127675224.cms |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kapur was not intended to be present, and filled in for a friend who had been stuck in traffic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title=Captain Sumit Kapoor Wasn't Supposed To Fly Ajit Pawar Plane That Day: Friend |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-dies-in-plane-crash-captain-sumit-kapoor-wasnt-supposed-to-fly-ajit-pawar-plane-that-day-friends-10908930 |access-date=30 January 2026 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=30 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130031535/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-dies-in-plane-crash-captain-sumit-kapoor-wasnt-supposed-to-fly-ajit-pawar-plane-that-day-friends-10908930 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accident ==
At approximately 08:46 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]]), the aircraft crashed into an open field while attempting a second approach to runway 11 at [[Baramati Airport]]. The aircraft veered off the runway, burst into flames, and was destroyed on impact, resulting in the deaths of Pawar and four others on board.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar's Flight Crash in Baramati |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLtRr4dlpFs |publisher=[[CNN-News18]] |access-date=28 January 2026 |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128072958/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLtRr4dlpFs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-ajit-pawar-dies-in-horrific-plane-crash-near-baramati-a-a301/ |title=Ajit Pawar Passed Away: Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister dies in plane crash near Baramati |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=28 January 2026 |access-date=28 January 2026 |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128050518/https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-ajit-pawar-dies-in-horrific-plane-crash-near-baramati-a-a301/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Air charter crash in India's Maharashtra kills key state leader |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/deputy-chief-minister-indias-maharashtra-dies-plane-crash-tv-channels-say-2026-01-28/ |access-date=28 January 2026 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The pilot issued a warning minutes before the crash.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Pilot issued warning minutes before Ajit Pawar plane crash |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/ajit-pawar-plane-crashed-india-cause-pilot-warning-b2909448.html |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> [[CCTV]] footage showed the aircraft flipping, losing control, crashing and exploding.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Steep descent, then fireball: New video shows moment Ajit Pawar's plane crashed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/steep-descend-then-fireball-new-video-captures-moment-ajit-pawars-plane-crashed-2859276-2026-01-28 |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128183057/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/steep-descend-then-fireball-new-video-captures-moment-ajit-pawars-plane-crashed-2859276-2026-01-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of the incident, Ajit Pawar was travelling to [[Baramati]] to address multiple public meetings in connection with the upcoming [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wable |first=Omkar |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar, 4 others killed in plane crash in Baramati: What we know so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/plane-carrying-maharashtra-deputy-cm-ajit-pawar-crashes-during-landing-more-details-awaited-2858806-2026-01-28 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=28 January 2026 |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128094439/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/plane-carrying-maharashtra-deputy-cm-ajit-pawar-crashes-during-landing-more-details-awaited-2858806-2026-01-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[Devendra Fadnavis]], the [[chief minister of Maharashtra]], announced three days of state mourning. He went on to describe the incident as "an immeasurable loss". The loss was announced by half flaring of flag of India for the next three days after the accident.<ref name="HT" />

Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] posted on [[Twitter|X (formerly, Twitter)]] that he was saddened by news of the crash and also paid tribute to Pawar.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar: Veteran Indian politician dies in plane crash |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cd6wp7npz86t |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128074041/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cd6wp7npz86t |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tributes came in from across the political spectrum including from [[Devendra Fadnavis]], [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Amit Shah]] and [[Sanjay Raut]].<ref name="BBC" /> Thousands of his followers and supporters filled the streets of Baramati for his funeral, where he was cremated with full state honours. Among the attendees was Shah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2026 |title=Veteran Indian politician Ajit Pawar dies in plane crash, leaving power vacuum |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/29/ajit-pawar-indian-politician-killed-in-plane-crash |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

VK Singh, the owner of VSR Ventures, claimed technical failure was unlikely and low visibility was the primary factor behind the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2026 |title=V.K. Singh: 'Aircraft Was Absolutely Fit, Low Visibility Likely Caused The Crash' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/vk-singh-aircraft-was-absolutely-fit-low-visibility-likely-caused-the-crash-ytvd-2859004-2026-01-28 |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] arrived at the scene and is investigating the cause.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar plane crash updates: AAIB team reaches Baramati; launches forensic probe |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/baramati-plane-crash-live-updates-maharashtra-deputy-cm-ajit-pawar-among-6-dead-live-plane-crash-3876947 |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=30 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130073118/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/baramati-plane-crash-live-updates-maharashtra-deputy-cm-ajit-pawar-among-6-dead-live-plane-crash-3876947 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar LIVE: Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau To Probe Cause Of Crash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-plane-crash-live-updates-emergency-landing-of-ncp-leaders-aircraft-in-baramati-maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-10897305#516440 |access-date=28 January 2026 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128143244/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-plane-crash-live-updates-emergency-landing-of-ncp-leaders-aircraft-in-baramati-maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-10897305#516440 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[flight recorder]] was recovered from the crash site.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar plane crash: Black box recovered; govt assures time-bound probe – what we know so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ajit-pawar-plane-crash-black-box-recovered-govt-assures-time-bound-probe-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/127760184.cms |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Local media cited poor visibility as a potential cause for the crash.<ref name="Independent" />

On 25 February 2026, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) noted concerns about airworthiness oversight, flight operations, and flight management systems and grounded four Learjet aircraft of the operator VSR Ventures.<ref>{{cite news |title=DGCA grounds 4 VSR aircraft after Baramati crash, tightens charter safety rules |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/dgca-grounds-four-vsr-aircraft-after-baramati-crash-tightens-charter-safety-rules |access-date=25 February 2026 |publisher=National Herald |date=24 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2026}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baramati Learjet 45 crash, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 disasters in India]]
[[Category:January 2026 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2026]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Learjet 45 family]]
[[Category:Baramati|2026 Learjet 45 crash]]
[[Category:Filmed deaths during aviation accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Filmed deaths in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Pune district]]

Pasanda

2026-03-28T23:32:14Z

LinnieHammonds: quick update

{{short description|Spicy yogurt-marinated meat curry}}
{{for|the town of ancient Caria|Pasanda (Caria)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Pasanda (pasande)
| alternate_name = Parche
| image = Pasanda Curry.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Pasanda curry
| country = [[Mughal Empire]]
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]]
| course = [[Main course]]
| main_ingredient = [[Meat]] (lamb, goat, beef)
| variations = Poultry or seafood
}}
'''Pasanda''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پسندہ}}}}, {{langx|hi|पसन्दा}}), also called '''parche''' ({{langx|ur|پارچے}}, {{langx|hi|पारचे}}), is a popular [[curry]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is derived from a style of food served in the court of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors. In a pasanda, the meat is marinated in yoghurt and spices. After cooking, cream is added to the sauce. It has become a standard type of [[Curry in the United Kingdom|curry served in British Indian restaurants]].

== History ==

{{further|Mughlai cuisine}}

The word 'pasanda' is from [[Hindustani language|Urdu]] پسندہ 'pasande', "favourite", indicating the prime cuts of meat traditionally used in the dish. It is borrowed from the [[Persian language|Persian]] adjective پسندیدن 'pasandideh', "liked".<ref>{{cite OED|pasanda}}</ref>

Pasanda is a dish associated with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal court]].<ref name="British Curry Guide">{{cite web |title=Pasanda |url=https://britishcurryguide.co.uk/recipes/pasanda |website=British Curry Guide |access-date=12 December 2025 |quote=classic South Asian curries served in the UK, otherwise known as ‘Curry House’ dishes... Pasanda ... has its origins in the Mughlai cuisine }}</ref> The recipe may have developed from earlier cooking techniques, since a similar method of preparation was described in a 12th century [[Sanskrit]] text, the ''[[Manasollasa]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/biryani-ek-khoj/story-HZcKcXdFAZMWq9jltZrbhL.html |title=Biryani: Ek Khoj |date=2019-02-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>

== Ingredients and preparation ==

Pasanda was originally made with leg of [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] or [[Goat meat|goat]] flattened into strips, marinated, and fried in a dish with seasoning. In [[Pakistan]], pasanday is usually made from [[Round steak|pot roast beef fillets]] flattened into strips.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://homtainment.com/beef-pasanda-fillet-parchey-curry-recipe-pakistani/ |title=Beef Fillets (Pasanday) Recipe |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325101037/https://homtainment.com/beef-pasanda-fillet-parchey-curry-recipe-pakistani/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The meat, such as chicken, is [[Marination|marinaded]] in [[yogurt]] and spices such as garlic and ginger. Almonds are soaked in warm milk. Spices such as cardamom, cinnamon and chili are [[Tempering (spices)|tempered]] by frying briefly in oil, then cooked on a low heat with onions and garlic. The almonds and milk are ground to a paste and added to the onions. The meat is added to the mixture and simmered until soft. At the end, cream is added.<ref name="BBC Good Food 2023">{{cite news |last=Makan |first=Chetna |title=Chicken pasanda |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/chicken-pasanda |work=BBC Good Food magazine |date=October 2023}}</ref>

== Variants ==

[[File:Panner Pasanda.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Paneer]] pasanda]]

A vegetarian pasanda can be prepared with [[paneer]], Indian cheese, in place of meat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paneer Pasanda - a heavenly treat |url=https://www.thefoodpocketguide.com/2022/12/featured-recipes/paneer-pasanda-recipe/ |website=Food Pocket Guide |access-date=12 December 2025 |date=December 2022}}</ref>

In [[Awadhi cuisine]] (from Northern India and Southern Nepal), pasanda is prepared in [[kebab]] form.<ref name="Times 2020">{{cite news |title=Pasanda Kebab Recipe |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/pasanda-kebab/rs58295003.cms |access-date=16 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, pasanda means a mild [[curry]] sauce with [[cream]] or [[coconut milk]].<ref name="BBC Ultimate Guide">{{cite web |title=From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> It has become a standard type of [[Curry in the United Kingdom|curry served in British Indian restaurants]].<ref name="British Curry Guide"/>

== See also ==

* [[List of lamb dishes]]
* [[Pakistani meat dishes]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Curry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Indian curries]]
[[Category:Indian meat dishes]]
[[Category:Lamb and mutton dishes]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani curries]]
[[Category:Pakistani meat dishes]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Yogurt-based dishes]]
[[Category:Spicy foods]]
[[Category:Almond dishes]]
[[Category:Goat dishes]]
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]

Jack Grealish

2026-03-28T09:40:21Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{short description|English footballer (born 1995)}}
{{for|the other sportsman|Jack Grealish (hurler)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jack Grealish
| image = ManCity20240722-017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Grealish training with [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in 2024
| full_name = Jack Peter Grealish
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|9|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Birmingham]], England
| height = {{convert|1.80|m|order=flip}}<ref name="PremProfile"/>
| position = [[Left winger]], [[attacking midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Everton F.C|Everton]] (on loan from [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]])
| clubnumber = 18
| youthyears1 = 2001–2002
| youthclubs1 = [[Highgate United F.C.|Highgate United]]
| youthyears2 = 2002–2013
| youthclubs2 = [[Aston Villa F.C. Reserves and Academy|Aston Villa]]
| years1 = 2013–2021
| clubs1 = [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
| caps1 = 185
| goals1 = 29
| years2 = 2013–2014
| clubs2 = → [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]] (loan)
| caps2 = 37
| goals2 = 5
| years3 = 2021–
| clubs3 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
| caps3 = 94
| goals3 = 12
| years4 = 2025–
| clubs4 = → [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] (loan)
| caps4 = 20
| goals4 = 2
| nationalyears1 = 2011–2012
| nationalteam1 = [[Republic of Ireland national under-17 football team|Republic of Ireland U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 3
| nationalyears2 = 2012–2013
| nationalteam2 = [[Republic of Ireland national under-18 football team|Republic of Ireland U18]]
| nationalcaps2 = 6
| nationalgoals2 = 2
| nationalyears3 = 2013–2014
| nationalteam3 = [[Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team|Republic of Ireland U21]]
| nationalcaps3 = 6
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| nationalyears4 = 2016–2017
| nationalteam4 = [[England national under-21 football team|England U21]]
| nationalcaps4 = 7
| nationalgoals4 = 2
| nationalyears5 = 2020–
| nationalteam5 = [[England national football team|England]]
| nationalcaps5 = 39
| nationalgoals5 = 4
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{fb|ENG}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[UEFA European Championship]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[UEFA Euro 2020|2020]]|}}
| club-update = 18 January 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 18:50, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
}}
'''Jack Peter Grealish''' (born 10 September 1995) is an English professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[left winger]] or [[attacking midfielder]] for {{English football updater|Everton}} club [[Everton F.C.|Everton]], on loan from [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].

Grealish joined [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] at the age of six, and made his debut for the club in May 2014, following a [[Loan (association football)|loan]] at [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]], becoming club [[Captain (association football)|captain]] in 2019. In 2021, Grealish was signed by Manchester City in a transfer deal worth £100 million, making him at the time, [[List of most expensive association football transfers|the most expensive British player ever]]. In his first season with the club, he won a [[2021–22 Premier League|Premier League title]], before securing a [[continental treble]] in his second campaign.

Born in England and having Irish ancestry, Grealish was eligible to represent either England or the Republic of Ireland internationally. He was capped by the Republic of Ireland up to [[Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team|under-21 level]] before confirming his decision to play for England in April 2016. Grealish played for the [[England national under-21 football team|England under-21s]] for the first time in May 2016, winning the [[2016 Toulon Tournament]]. He represented the senior side at [[UEFA Euro 2020]] and the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].

==Early life==
Jack Peter Grealish<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/2247219 |title=2021/22 Premier League squads confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=10 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref> was born on 10 September 1995<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/172850/Jack-Grealish |title=Jack Grealish: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> in [[Birmingham]], West Midlands,<ref>{{Hugman|26152|access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> and raised in nearby [[Solihull]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/aston-villa/11550090/Aston-Villas-Jack-Grealish-could-spark-international-tug-of-war-between-Ireland-and-England.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/aston-villa/11550090/Aston-Villas-Jack-Grealish-could-spark-international-tug-of-war-between-Ireland-and-England.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Aston Villa's Jack Grealish could spark international tug-of-war between Ireland and England |first1=John |last1=Percy |first2=Jeremy |last2=Wilson |first3=Luke |last3=Edwards |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=20 April 2015 |access-date=31 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He attended Our Lady of Compassion Roman Catholic Primary School and [[St Peter's Catholic School, Solihull|St Peter's Roman Catholic Secondary School]] in [[Blossomfield]], Solihull.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-playing-callum-reilly-8138398 |title=Aston Villa: Playing with Callum Reilly made me competitive, says Jack Grealish |first=Gregg |last=Evans |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |date=20 November 2014 |access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref>

Grealish is of Irish descent, through his maternal grandfather from [[County Dublin]], his paternal grandfather from [[Gort]], [[County Galway]], and his paternal grandmother from [[Sneem]], [[County Kerry]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/jack-grealish-poised-to-commit-to-ireland-senior-squad-1.1966879 |title=Jack Grealish poised to commit to Ireland senior squad |first=John |last=Fallon |newspaper=The Irish Times |location=Dublin |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=realdeal /><ref name=fatherinterview>{{cite web |url=https://talksport.com/football/264949/exclusive-jack-grealish-faces-tough-decision-about-england-future-claims-father/ |title=Exclusive – Jack Grealish faces tough decision about England future, claims father |first=Nick |last=Rostron-Pike |publisher=Talksport |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Influenced by his Irish heritage, Grealish played [[Gaelic football]] for [[John Mitchel's Hurling Club|John Mitchel's Hurling and Camogie Club]] of [[Warwickshire GAA]] between the ages of 10 and 14. He competed against former [[Aston Villa W.F.C.|Aston Villa]] and current [[Newcastle United W.F.C.|Newcastle United]] defender [[Aoife Mannion]], a school classmate of his, at Gaelic football.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~2848775,00.html |title=Mannion: Mixed Gaelic football games toughened me up |first=Paul |last=Brown |publisher=Aston Villa F.C. |date=13 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531021226/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~2848775,00.html |archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>

Grealish's younger brother, Keelan, died of sudden infant death syndrome ([[SIDS]]) in April 2000 at the age of nine months.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kendrick |first1=Mat |title=The family tragedy that inspires Aston Villa's Birmingham City derby hero Jack Grealish |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-england-grealish-brother-13226229 |access-date=11 March 2019 |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Aston Villa===
====Early career====
Having started at [[Highgate United F.C.|Highgate United]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Graham |title=The genesis of Jack Grealish – the story of the boy in the oversized shirt who became an England star |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/genesis-jack-grealish-story-boy-19347754 |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |location=Birmingham |date=29 November 2020}}</ref> [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] fan Grealish joined the club as a six-year-old.<ref name=realdeal>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/sep/12/jack-grealish-real-deal-aston-villa |title=Jack Grealish turning into the real deal as he keeps his options open |first=Barry |last=Glendenning |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=fatherinterview /><ref name=contract14>{{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/exclusive-jack-grealish-offered-new-7744403 |title=Exclusive: Jack Grealish offered a new four-year contract by Aston Villa |first=Mat |last=Kendrick |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> At the age of 16, he was named as an unused [[Substitute (association football)|substitute]] in a 4–2 home [[Premier League]] defeat against [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] on 31 March 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/AcademyProfile/0,,10265~2810726,00.html |title=Jack Grealish: Biography |publisher=Aston Villa F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619044827/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/AcademyProfile/0,,10265~2810726,00.html |archive-date=19 June 2014}}</ref> Grealish was part of the club's under-19 team that won the [[2012–13 NextGen Series]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/aston-villa/9965508/NextGen-Series-Final-Chelsea-U19-0-Aston-Villa-U19-2.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/aston-villa/9965508/NextGen-Series-Final-Chelsea-U19-0-Aston-Villa-U19-2.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=NextGen Series Final: Chelsea U19 0 Aston Villa U19 2 |first=John |last=Percy |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=1 April 2013 |access-date=13 September 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====2013–2014: Loan to Notts County====
On 13 September 2013, Grealish joined [[EFL League One|League One]] club [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]] on a youth [[Loan (association football)|loan]] until 13 January 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24080568 |title=Notts County sign Marcus Huber and Jack Grealish |website=BBC Sport |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> The 18-year-old made his professional debut the following day, coming on as a 59th-minute substitute for [[David Bell (footballer, born 1984)|David Bell]] in a 3–1 away defeat to [[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.|Milton Keynes Dons]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/23999353 |title=MK Dons 3–1 Notts County |website=BBC Sport |date=14 September 2013 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~3459591,00.html |title=Loan watch: Carruthers earns bragging rights over Grealish |first=Dan |last=Harrison |publisher=Aston Villa F.C. |date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021002852/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~3459591,00.html |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> On 7 December, he scored his first career goal, beating three defenders to score the last goal in a 3–1 win over [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] at [[Meadow Lane]], and followed this a week later by opening a 4–0 victory at [[Colchester United F.C.|Colchester United]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25163990 |title=Notts County 3–1 Gillingham |website=BBC Sport |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25275349 |title=Colchester United 0–4 Notts County |website=BBC Sport |date=14 December 2013 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Grealish extended his loan with Notts County on 17 January 2014 until the end of the season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nottscountyfc.co.uk/news/2014/january/grealish-signs-new-notts-loan-deal/ |title=Grealish signs new Notts loan deal |publisher=Notts County F.C. |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> He ended his loan with five goals and seven [[Assist (association football)|assists]] in 38 appearances.<ref name=realdeal />

====2014–2016: Development and maturation====
[[File:Jack Grealish aug 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Grealish playing for [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] in 2014]]

Following his loan with Notts County, Grealish returned to Aston Villa and made his club debut on 7 May 2014, coming on as an 88th-minute substitute for [[Ryan Bertrand]] in a 4–0 away defeat to [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in the Premier League.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26396253 |title=Manchester City 4–0 Aston Villa |first=David |last=Ornstein |website=BBC Sport |date=7 May 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Grealish made his first start in a [[2014-15 Football League Cup|Football League Cup]] third round tie on 27 August against [[Leyton Orient F.C.|Leyton Orient]] at Villa Park, which his team lost 1–0. He played the full 90 minutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30614386 |title=Aston Villa 0–1 Leyton Orient |first=Steve |last=Canavan |website=BBC Sport |date= 27 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> With his contract due to expire in the summer of 2015, he was offered a new four-year deal by the club in September 2014.<ref name=contract14 /> On 14 October, Grealish signed a new four-year contract with Aston Villa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29619527 |title=Jack Grealish: Aston Villa midfielder signs new contract |website=BBC Sport |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

On 7 March 2015, in the sixth round of the [[2014-15 FA Cup|FA Cup]], a 2–0 home win over [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], Grealish replaced [[Charles N'Zogbia]] after 74 minutes, and was sent off for a second booking for [[Diving (association football)|diving]] in added time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31669806 |title=Aston Villa 2–0 West Bromwich Albion |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=7 March 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> On 7 April, Grealish started his first match for Aston Villa in the Premier League, a 3–3 home draw against [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] in which his performance was highly praised.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32126419 |title=Aston Villa 3–3 Queens Park Rangers |first=Jonathan |last=Jurejko |website=BBC Sport |date=7 April 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> On 18 April, in the FA Cup semi-final against [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] at [[Wembley Stadium]], Grealish played a part in both of Villa's goals including assisting [[Fabian Delph]]'s winner, as they came from behind to advance to the final.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32273487 |title=Aston Villa 2–1 Liverpool |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=19 April 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> On 30 May, Grealish played for the entirety of the [[2015 FA Cup final]] at Wembley Stadium, as Villa lost 4–0 to [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].<ref name="2015facupfinal">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32856754 |title=Arsenal 4–0 Aston Villa |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=30 May 2015 |access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref>

In April 2015, Grealish was warned by Aston Villa manager [[Tim Sherwood]] after ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' published images showing him allegedly inhaling [[nitrous oxide]] for recreational purposes. Sherwood said that "We can't condone that behaviour. He is now in a responsible position as a professional footballer, he's got to make sure it won't happen again".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32436515 |title=Jack Grealish warned by Aston Villa boss Tim Sherwood |website=BBC Sport |date=23 April 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Sherwood later said in May 2015 that Grealish was learning from his friendship with his midfield partner, the experienced [[Joe Cole]]. Sherwood considered Cole a role model for Grealish when concealing his private life, as he "didn't read too much about Joe being on the front pages".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32558982 |title=Tim Sherwood: Jack Grealish can learn from Joe Cole at Aston Villa |website=BBC Sport |date=1 May 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

Grealish scored his first goal for Villa on 13 September 2015, a 20-yard shot to open the scoring away to [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]; however, his team lost 3–2.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34166753 |title=Leicester City 3–2 Aston Villa |first=Andy |last=Cryer |website=BBC Sport |date=13 September 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> In November, he chose to stay in North West England and go clubbing after Villa's 4–0 loss to [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. New manager [[Rémi Garde]] punished him for this decision by making Grealish train with the under-21 team, and stated that "You have to behave as a professional and it was not the case this time for Jack".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34930220 |title=Jack Grealish: Aston Villa boss Remi Garde drops midfielder |website=BBC Sport |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> He returned to full training on 8 December.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35038482 |title=Jack Grealish: Aston Villa player returns to first-team training |website=BBC Sport |date=8 December 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> On 7 January 2016, [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] head coach [[Steve Evans (footballer, born 1962)|Steve Evans]] said that Villa had rejected an enquiry to take Grealish on loan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leedsunited.com/news/team-news/423/evans-provides-latest-transfer-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511191152/https://www.leedsunited.com/news/team-news/423/evans-provides-latest-transfer-news |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2017 |title=Evans provides latest transfer news |publisher=Leeds United F.C. |date=7 January 2016 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

Villa finished the season in last place, ending their status as Premier League ever-presents. Grealish played 16 matches, all defeats, breaking a record for worst season previously held by Sunderland's [[Sean Thornton]], who lost in all 11 of his appearances in [[2002–03 FA Premier League|2002–03]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1862/premier-league/2016/05/18/23687422/aston-villas-jack-grealish-sets-unwanted-premier-league |title=Aston Villa's Jack Grealish sets unwanted Premier League record |first=Chris |last=Davie |website=Goal.com |publisher=Perform Group |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

====2016–2019: Injury and regained form====
In September, Villa opened an internal disciplinary investigation after reports that Grealish was at a party at a Birmingham hotel which had to be shut down by the police in the early morning. In response, owner [[Tony Xia]] wrote on Twitter that Grealish had to focus on and off the pitch, and associate with the right people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37438851 |title=Jack Grealish: Aston Villa investigate midfielder after reports of all-night party |website=BBC Sport |date=22 September 2016 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> In October, he was suspended for three matches after accepting a charge of violent conduct following a stamp on [[Conor Coady]] in Villa's 1–1 draw with [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espnfc.com/aston-villa/story/2975354/aston-villa-midfielder-jack-grealish-banned-for-three-games-over-stamp |title=Aston Villa midfielder Jack Grealish banned for three games over stamp |website=ESPN FC |agency=PA Sport |date=18 October 2016 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

On 29 July 2017, during a pre-season friendly against [[Watford F.C.|Watford]], while challenging for a ball in the air near the Watford box, the 21-year-old collided with Watford midfielder [[Tom Cleverley]]. The collision caused him to be rushed to the [[Heartlands Hospital]] in Birmingham where he went through surgery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2017 |title=Aston Villa's Jack Grealish taken to hospital after Watford draw |website=Sky Sports |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11677/10967017/aston-villas-jack-grealish-taken-to-hospital-after-watford-draw |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref> It was later revealed that he had been elbowed by Cleverley, causing a [[ruptured kidney]], and leaving him sidelined for three months as he recovered before making his return as a second-half substitute for [[Glenn Whelan]] in a 2–1 home defeat to [[Sheffield Wednesday]] on 4 November.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kendrick |first=Mat |date=30 July 2017 |title=Aston Villa's Jack Grealish has an operation – extent of his injury revealed |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villas-jack-grealish-operation-13408313 |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref> In an interview with the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' in May 2018, he revealed that the injury had been life-threatening.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moxley |first=Neil |date=20 May 2018 |title='The surgeon told me, Jack, you could die': Aston Villa's Grealish on freak injury last summer that nearly killed him |newspaper=Daily Mirror |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/the-surgeon-told-me-jack-12563789 |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

In the summer of 2018, following Villa's loss in the play-off final to [[Fulham]] which saw them miss out on promotion to the Premier League and with his contract due to expire in September, Grealish was linked with a move to [[Tottenham Hotspur]] but it failed and he remained at the club.

On 24 September, Grealish signed a new five-year contract with Villa until 2023.

After former captain [[John Terry]] departed the club and club captain [[James Chester]] and vice-captain [[Alan Hutton]] suffered injuries, Grealish was given the captaincy in March 2019 which he retained for the remainder of the season. On 22 April 2019, the team amassed a club record 10 consecutive league wins following a 1–0 home victory over [[Millwall]], in the second of which Grealish was punched from behind by a pitch invader during the [[Second City derby]] match away to [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]]. Later in the second half, Grealish scored to give Villa a 1–0 victory.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ged |last=Scott |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47431193 |title=Birmingham City 0–1 Aston Villa |website=BBC Sport |date=10 March 2019 |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> Paul Mitchell, 27, from [[Rubery]], was sent to prison for 14 weeks for pitch encroachment and assault.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47515993 |title=Jack Grealish attacked by spectator in Birmingham v Aston Villa game |date=11 March 2019 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-47523268 |title=Fan jailed for Grealish pitch attack |date=11 March 2019 |website=BBC News |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> This form granted Villa a place in the play-offs where victories over West Bromwich Albion over two semi-final legs via a penalty shootout and [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]] in the final gained them promotion to the Premier League after an absence of three years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burt |first1=Jason |last2=Tyers |first2=Alan |title=Aston Villa end three-year Premier League exile with deserved play-off final victory over Derby at Wembley |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/05/27/aston-villa-vs-derby-championship-play-off-final-2019-live-score/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/05/27/aston-villa-vs-derby-championship-play-off-final-2019-live-score/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=27 May 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====2019–2021: Club captaincy, talisman and individual success====
Following Aston Villa's return to the Premier League, with Chester still injured and the departure of Hutton, Grealish was announced as the new club captain.

Grealish's first goal of the [[2019–20 Aston Villa F.C. season|2019–20 season]] came in the second round of the [[2019–20 EFL Cup]] against [[Crewe Alexandra F.C.|Crewe Alexandra]] on 27 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49403071 |title=Crewe Alexandra 1–6 Aston Villa |website=BBC Sport |date=27 August 2019 |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> His first Premier League goal of Aston Villa's return season came on 5 October, netting his side's third goal in a 5–1 away win over [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]]. The result lifted the club out of the bottom three and leapfrogged their opponents in the Premier League table.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49861473 |title=Norwich City 1–5 Aston Villa |website=BBC Sport |first=Jonathan |last=Jurejko |date=5 October 2019 |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

In March 2020, the [[2019-20 Premier League]] season was suspended, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Premier League, Football League and WSL suspended until April |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/mar/13/premier-league-and-football-league-suspended-until-4-april-coronavirus |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |last=MacInnes |first=Paul |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> During that enforced break, it was revealed that Grealish had violated government guidance to stay home. He accepted that his actions were "wrong and entirely unnecessary" and was fined by the club.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2020/03/30/club-statement-jack-grealish|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200331110735/https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2020/03/30/club-statement-jack-grealish|archive-date=31 March 2020|title=Club statement |publisher=Aston Villa F.C. |date=30 March 2020 |access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref>

Grealish was fouled 167 times across the season; this was the most fouls won by a player in a single Premier League campaign, with Grealish passing the record with over eight matches remaining in the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=David Luiz errors, Grealish the victim and Norwich woe – Premier League's quirkiest numbers |url=https://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/david-luiz-errors-grealish-the-victim-and-norwich-woe-premier-league-s-quirkiest-numbers |website=The World Game |publisher=Special Broadcasting Service |access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> On 26 July 2020, he scored on the final day, as Aston Villa clinched survival in the Premier League with a 1–1 draw against [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], as their relegation rivals Watford lost 3–2 to Arsenal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Ham United 1–1 Aston Villa |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53460591 |website=BBC Sport |last=Dawkes |first=Phil |date=26 July 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> At the club's end of season awards, Grealish was voted the Villa's Player of the Season by both the supporters and his fellow players.<ref name=ACFCAwards>{{Cite web |title=Jack Grealish voted Supporters' and Players' Player of the Year |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2020/08/07/jack-grealish-player-of-the-year |publisher=Aston Villa F.C. |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> He also finished the season as the club's leading goalscorer with eight goals in the Premier League and 10 in all competitions.<ref name=ACFCAwards />

On 15 September, Grealish signed a new five-year contract with Villa until 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Grealish: New Aston Villa deal for England midfielder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54163120 |website=BBC Sport |date=15 September 2020 |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> He scored his first league goal of the campaign in Villa's second match on 28 September; the first goal in a 3–0 win at newly promoted [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54230355|title=Aston Villa cruised to a comfortable Premier League win as they took advantage of another horrific defensive performance by Fulham|website=BBC Sport|date=28 September 2020|access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref> On 4 October, he scored twice and provided three assists in a 7–2 home victory over Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2020|title=Aston Villa 7–2 Liverpool |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54313270 |access-date=4 October 2020|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> It was Liverpool's heaviest defeat in 57 years and was the first time in Premier League history that a reigning champion had conceded seven goals in a single match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/premier-league-champs-liverpool-stunned-72-by-aston-villa-201337111.html|title=Premier League champs Liverpool stunned 7–2 by Aston Villa; Reds worst loss in 57 years|publisher=Yahoo!|date=4 October 2020|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> It took almost a month for Grealish to score again, when he netted a 97th-minute goal against [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]], although it was not enough as Villa lost 4–3.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Saj |title=Aston Villa 3–4 Southampton: James Ward-Prowse free-kick double sends Saints third |website=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54679346 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Manchester City===
====2021–2022: Transfer and emergence====
[[File:Jack Grealish 2021.jpg|thumb|upright|Grealish playing for [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in 2021]]

On 5 August 2021, Manchester City announced that they had signed Grealish on a six-year contract that would run until June 2027.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pollard|first=Rob|title=City seal Grealish deal|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/manchester-city-sign-jack-grealish-63763786 |date=5 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> It was reported by numerous outlets that the transfer fee paid to Aston Villa was for the amount of £100 million, which at the time constituted the [[List of most expensive association football transfers|most expensive transfer of an English player ever]], as well as the highest fee ever paid by a British club.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jack Grealish: Manchester City sign Aston Villa captain for £100m |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12372309/jack-grealish-manchester-city-sign-aston-villa-captain-for-100m |date=5 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= 'Dream come true': Jack Grealish seals record £100m Manchester City move |url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/05/jack-grealish-seals-record-100m-manchester-city-move-from-aston-villa |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> Grealish was given the [[Squad number (association football)|number 10 shirt]] by the team which had previously been worn by striker [[Sergio Agüero]], who departed from City the month prior after ten seasons with the team.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/jack-grealish-man-city-squad-number-63763785 |title=Grealish squad number revealed |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=5 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> Grealish made his debut for City in a 1–0 defeat against [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] on the first matchday of the [[2021–22 Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pep Guardiola hails 'incredible' Jack Grealish debut for Manchester City, but has worries over Ilkay Gundogan |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/premier-league/2020-2021/pep-guardiola-hails-incredible-jack-grealish-debut-for-manchester-city-but-has-worries-over-ilkay-gu_sto8492517/story.shtml |publisher=Eurosport |access-date=16 August 2021 |date=15 August 2021}}</ref> On 21 August, he scored his first goal for the club in a 5–0 win over Norwich City.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58193429|title=Manchester City 5–0 Norwich City: Jack Grealish scores on home debut for Premier League champions|website=BBC Sport|date=21 August 2021|access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> Grealish would score on his [[UEFA Champions League]] debut on 15 September, putting City 4–2 up in an eventual 6–3 group stage victory against [[RB Leipzig]]. He also assisted [[Nathan Aké]]'s goal for City's opener.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58562369|title=Manchester City 6–3 RB Leipzig: Last season's runners-up off to flying start|website=BBC Sport|date=15 September 2021|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref> In December 2021, Grealish and teammate [[Phil Foden]] were dropped for a game against Newcastle after a nightclub visit.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2021/12/20/man-city-manager-pep-guardiola-warns-dropped-phil-foden-jack/ |title= Man City manager Pep Guardiola warns dropped Phil Foden and Jack Grealish after nightclub visit|website=The Telegraph|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>

Although he finished the campaign with a Premier League title, Grealish admitted difficulties in his [[2021–22 Manchester City F.C. season|debut season]] at Manchester City, stating that adapting to the club's style of play had been "much more difficult" than he imagined,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64182643 |title=Jack Grealish says adapting to life at Man City has been 'difficult' |website=BBC Sport|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> despite the fact that City manager [[Pep Guardiola]] believed he was successfully fulfilling his role.<ref name="skysports.com">{{cite news|url= https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11679/12815946/jack-grealish-thriving-for-man-city-having-adapted-to-the-tactical-demands-pep-guardiola-puts-on-his-wingers |website=Sky Sports|title= Jack Grealish thriving for Man City having adapted to the tactical demands Pep Guardiola puts on his wingers |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> Grealish was later defended from his critics by his teammate [[Kevin De Bruyne]], who voiced his belief that Grealish was an easy target for criticism because of the media spotlight on English players.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.90min.com/posts/kevin-de-bruyne-insists-jack-grealish-victim-english-bias|title= Kevin De Bruyne insists Jack Grealish is victim of English bias|website=90min|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> Moreover, [[İlkay Gündoğan]] claimed that Grealish was "so misunderstood by some of the media".<ref name="goal.com">{{cite news |url= https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/ilkay-gundogan-explains-why-lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-only-comparison-man-city-erling-haaland/bltc664c35e774348b9 |title= Ilkay Gundogan explains why 'Lionel Messi & Cristiano Ronaldo are the only comparison' for Man City sensation Erling Haaland |website=Goal|access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>

====2022–2023: Breakthrough and continental treble====
On 17 September 2022, Grealish scored his first goal of the [[2022–23 Manchester City F.C. season|2022–23 season]] in an away victory against Wolverhampton Wanderers, coming after just 55 seconds.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/62859266 |title= Wolves 0–3 Manchester City|website=BBC Sport |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref> Grealish netted the opener of City's eventual 2–1 [[Manchester derby|derby]] defeat against [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] on 14 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64195236 |title= Manchester United 2–1 Manchester City|website=BBC Sport |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref> On 15 February, he scored in a 3–1 away victory against league leaders Arsenal to help City overtake them in the Premier League title race.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63224218 |title=Arsenal 1–3 Manchester City|website=BBC Sport |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> Grealish assisted [[Riyad Mahrez]] for City's goal against RB Leipzig in the [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League|2022–23 Champions League]] round of 16 first leg on 22 February 2023, and was later lauded as "impossible to play against" by both [[Rio Ferdinand]] and [[Owen Hargreaves]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.eurosport.com/football/champions-league/2022-2023/jack-grealish-hailed-for-display-in-manchester-city-draw-against-rb-leipzig-impossible-to-play-again_sto9408157/story.shtml |title= Jack Grealish hailed for display in Manchester City draw against RB Leipzig – 'impossible to play against'|website=EuroSport|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> Grealish was highly commended for his performance against Liverpool on 1 April, in which Manchester City won 4–1 after going a goal behind;<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2023/apr/01/jack-grealish-manchester-citys-coolest-kid-teaches-liverpool-a-lesson|title= Jack Grealish, Manchester City's coolest kid, teaches Liverpool a lesson |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/man-city-player-ratings-liverpool-grealish-alvarez/blt79b5811a8a04c58b#cs2502ec32fd657ff6 |title= Man City player ratings vs Liverpool: Jack Grealish and Julian Alvarez DESTROY former title rivals |website=Goal|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> in the match, he scored and also provided an assist for [[Julián Álvarez]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65073200 |title= Manchester City 4–1 Liverpool|website=BBC Sport |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> Following a 1–1 draw away to [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals, it was calculated at this point that Grealish had created 35 chances in that season's Champions League alone; this was the most on record by an English player in a single season.<ref name="BrinkOfGreatness">{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65556962|title= Jack Grealish: The former Solihull schoolboy on the brink of greatness at Man City |website=BBC Sport|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> In the return leg, Grealish was a standout performer as City beat Madrid 4–0 at home, being described by Jamie Jackson of ''[[The Guardian]]'' as "scintillating".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/may/17/manchester-city-4-0-real-madrid-agg-5-1-champions-league-semi-final-player-ratings |title= Manchester City 4–0 Real Madrid (agg: 5–1): Champions League semi-final player ratings |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

On 20 May 2023, Grealish won his second consecutive Premier League title after Arsenal lost 1–0 to [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12883565/manchester-city-win-premier-league-title-for-fifth-time-in-six-seasons |title= Manchester City win Premier League title for fifth time in six seasons |website=Sky Sports|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> Manchester City lifted the [[Premier League#Trophy|trophy]] the following day.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65666485 |title= Manchester City win the Premier League: Trophy presentation day in pictures |website=BBC Sport|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> On 3 June, Grealish started in City's victory against Manchester United in the [[2023 FA Cup final|final]] of the [[2022–23 FA Cup|FA Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65785637 |title= Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United |website=BBC Sport |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> Grealish later spoke of how the achievement was the "stuff you dream of when you're a little kid".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c89lxv5x1vzo |title= Winning FA Cup 'something you dream of when you're a little kid' – Grealish |website=BBC Sport |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> One week later, he played the entirety of his side's [[2023 UEFA Champions League final|Champions League final]] against [[Inter Milan]] as Manchester City sealed their first and only [[continental treble]] after winning with a score-line of 1–0.<ref name="ChampionsLeagueFinal">{{cite news|url= https://www.bt.com/sport/watch/video/clips/2023/june/tearful-grealish-its-what-you-work-your-whole-life-for|title= Tearful Grealish – "It's what you work your whole life for" |website=BT Sport|access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.ladbible.com/sport/man-city-fans-uk-news-612273-20230611 |title= Man City fans launch wild celebrations as they mount bus stops and smash cars after Champions League win |website=LadBible|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> In a post-match interview, Grealish said the achievement was "what you work your whole life for" and called his manager Guardiola a "genius".<ref name="ChampionsLeagueFinal" /> Grealish would go on to be seen, after a day and night of partying, stumbling off of a plane, apparently drunk and lacking sleep.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/av/football/65884877 |title= Jack Grealish: Manchester City midfielder stumbles off plane as Treble-winning side land home |website=BBC Sport|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.sportbible.com/football/jack-grealish-man-city-champions-league-treble-797679-20230612 |title= Jack Grealish looked like he'd had night out of his life after getting off plane |website=SportBible|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://talksport.com/football/1459902/jack-grealish-man-city-party-ibiza/ |title= Jack Grealish carried out of hotel as Man City star admits not sleeping for 72 hours |website=TalkSport|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> He was later seen celebrating, still in full kit, just hours before Manchester City's treble parade.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.ladbible.com/sport/jack-grealish-full-kit-man-city-parade-550309-20230612 |title= Man City's Jack Grealish was seen celebrating in full kit just hours before treble parade |website=LadBible |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> During this parade, Grealish was also positively identified by the media as enjoying himself greatly.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://punditfeed.com/sports-news/football/drunk-grealish-twitter-reactions/ |title= "Drunk" Grealish Steals the Show at Man City Parade: fans react on Twitter |website=Pundit Feed|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/news-doesn-t-clue-planet-on-fans-believe-jack-grealish-still-drunk-struggles-walk-manchester-city-s-celebration |title= "Doesn't have a clue what planet he's on" – Fans believe Jack Grealish is still drunk as he struggles to walk after Manchester City's celebration |website=SportsKeeda|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c2e6v8ez912o |title= 'We'll see things they'll never see' |website=BBC Sport|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/any-regrets-jack-grealish-reacts-once-lifetime-party-man-city-treble/bltfda38b364994bce8 |title= Any regrets, Jack? Grealish reacts to 'once in a lifetime' party after Man City Treble triumph |website=Goal|access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref> Following Manchester City's highly successful [[2022–23 Manchester City F.C. season|2022–23 season]], it was suggested that Grealish could become a potential candidate for the [[Ballon d'Or]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/ballon-dor-2023-power-rankings/blt51e9eccbef548b72#csd27afdce81c5cf76|title= Ballon d'Or 2023 Power Rankings: Eight Man City treble-winners in the top 20 but Erling Haaland set to lose out to Lionel Messi |website=Goal|access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> Grealish was also praised by critics for his large contribution to Manchester City's success.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/grealish-back-100-million-second-erling-haaland-influence-man-city/blt899eb3ab1e3d702d#cse285b6f4de587753 |title= Jack Grealish is back! £100-million star second only to Erling Haaland in influence at Man City this season |website=Goal|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.goal.com/en-kw/lists/manchester-city-ratings-every-player-performance-2022-23-season-ranked/blt8dbbe71adfa1b400#cse3930b92ab3cbcf1 |title= Man City ratings: Every treble-winning player's performance in the 2022–23 season – ranked |website=Goal|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> Neil Johnston of [[BBC Sport]] commented that Grealish had become "almost undroppable for the big games".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c0dp0k9pvzvo |title= Has Grealish become undroppable? |website=BBC Sport |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> Grealish himself commented that he now felt "like one of the main players [of Manchester City]" and that he was at a stage whereby he was "the fittest… [he had ever] been".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c2xezlvyxlpo |title= 'I feel like one of the main players' – Grealish on Man City form |website=BBC Sport |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>

====2023–2025: UEFA Super Cup victory and injury setbacks====
[[File:Yokohama F. Marinos - Manchester City (3-5) - 53075077411 (Grealish).jpg|thumb|upright|Grealish playing for [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in 2023]]

On 16 August 2023, Grealish started in Manchester City's [[2023 UEFA Super Cup]] victory over [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]], converting his penalty in the [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|shoot-out]] after the match had finished 1–1 following regulation time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/manchester-city-v-sevilla-uefa-super-cup-report-63827806 |title=City secure UEFA Super Cup after Palmer header sets up penalty shoot-out drama |first=Neil |last=Leigh |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> On 27 August, Grealish was unavailable due to a [[Charley horse|dead leg]] and,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://onefootball.com/en/news/i-genuinely-could-not-walk-jack-grealish-opens-up-on-gruelling-early-season-manchester-city-injury-setback-38381370|title= "I genuinely could not walk" – Jack Grealish opens up on gruelling early season Manchester City injury setback|website=OneFootball|access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/crg1j15nepeo |title= 'The happiest I've ever been playing'|website=BBC Sport |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> proceeding this, endured a run of games on the bench. On 25 October, Grealish was selected in the starting line-up for Manchester City's game against [[BSC Young Boys|Young Boys]], with Pep Guardiola stating that he did not "have a piece of doubt about Jack".<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title= Young Boys 1–3 Manchester City |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67212014 |access-date=29 October 2023|website=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title= 'The people want Haaland to fail' |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c6pjv3wz5l3o |access-date=29 October 2023|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> On 29 October, Grealish returned to Manchester City's regular [[Premier League]] starting XI in the [[Manchester derby]] and was highly praised for his performance in the match.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title= Man Utd 0–3 Man City: Why repercussions are needed after Red Devils' derby defeat – Danny Murphy |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67256100 |access-date=29 October 2023|website=BBC Sport}}</ref>

On 11 January 2025, Grealish scored his first club goal in over a year, a penalty in an 8–0 home victory against [[Salford City F.C.|Salford City]] in the [[2024–25 FA Cup|FA Cup]] third round.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/crmngkjg221t |title=Manchester City 8–0 Salford City |first=Simon |last=Stone |website=BBC Sport |date=11 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> Later that month, on 22 January, he netted his first UEFA Champions League goal since the 2021–22 season, opening the scoring for Manchester City in a 4–2 away defeat to [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] during the [[2024–25 UEFA Champions League league phase|league phase]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/psg-roar-back-beat-man-city-4-2-champions-league-2025-01-22/ |title=PSG stun Manchester City with 4–2 comeback |publisher=Reuters |date=23 January 2025 }}</ref>

On 2 April 2025, he scored his first and only Premier League goal of the [[2024–25 Premier League|2024–25 season]], opening the scoring in a 2–0 victory over Leicester City.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hunter |first=Laura |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/13339341/man-city-2-0-leicester-jack-grealish-ends-premier-league-goal-drought-as-pep-guardiolas-side-rise-to-fourth |title=Man City 2–0 Leicester: Jack Grealish ends Premier League goal drought as Pep Guardiola's side rise to fourth |publisher=Sky Sports |date=3 April 2025 }}</ref> However, he was ultimately left out of the club's squad for the [[2025 FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Soham |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/jack-grealish-return-to-aston-villa-pep-guardiola-axes-england-outcast-from-man-city-club-world-cup-squad/blt475818b981eadab4 |title='Nail in the coffin!' – Jack Grealish urged to seal emotional return to boyhood club Aston Villa after Pep Guardiola axes England outcast from Man City's Club World Cup squad |publisher=Goal.com |date=6 June 2025 }}</ref>

====2025–26: Loan to Everton====
On 12 August 2025, Grealish was loaned out to fellow Premier League club [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] for the [[2025–26 Everton F.C. season|2025–26 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/grealish-joins-everton-season-long-loan-63890601 |title=Grealish joins Everton on season-long loan |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=12 August 2025 |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2025/august/12/grealish-signs-for-everton-on-loan/ |title=Grealish Signs For Everton On Loan |publisher=Everton F.C. |date=12 August 2025 |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> On 18 August, he made his debut for the club in a 1–0 away defeat to [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] in their first game of the Premier League season, coming on as a 71st-minute substitute for [[Tim Iroegbunam]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cvgnkmlv8r0t#Report |title=Leeds United 1–0 Everton |website=BBC Sport |date=18 August 2025 |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref> On 24 August, during his first start for the club, Grealish assisted both goals in a 2–0 victory over [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion]] in Everton's first match at [[Hill Dickinson Stadium]], the first being the inaugural competitive assist in the stadium's history.<ref>{{cite news |last=McNulty |first=Phil |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/ckgj4x7z9j2o |title=Everton and Grealish make perfect start at stunning new home |website=BBC Sport |date=24 August 2025 |access-date=24 August 2025}}</ref> On 30 August, he recorded two more assists in a 3–2 away win against Wolverhampton Wanderers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnston |first=Neil |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c0l65gg6310t |title=Wolves 2–3 Everton: Jack Grealish stars as Everton win in Premier League |website=BBC Sport |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> On 12 September, Grealish received the [[Premier League Player of the Month|Player of the Month]] award for the first time in his career. He earned this award through the performances throughout August in which he provided four assists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2025 |title=Grealish wins first ever EA SPORTS Player of the Month award |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4407220/grealish-wins-first-ever-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=[[Premier League]]}}</ref> On 5 October, Grealish scored his first goal for Everton when he converted a deflected shot from [[Beto (footballer, born 1998)|Beto]] against [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]]. The goal, scored in injury time, secured a 2–1 comeback win and broke [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]]'s 19-match unbeaten run.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Neil |date=5 October 2025 |title=Jack Grealish scored a dramatic 93rd-minute winner as Everton came from behind to end Crystal Palace's club-record 19-match unbeaten run. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/clyqp4d3l25t |access-date=5 October 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |department=[[BBC Sport]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> On 2 December 2025, Grealish scored his second Premier League goal for Everton, netting the winner in a 1–0 victory over AFC Bournemouth.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2025 |title=Grealish winner earns Everton 1–0 victory at Bournemouth |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/grealish-winner-earns-everton-1-0-victory-bournemouth-2025-12-02/ |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

==International career==
===Republic of Ireland===
While playing in Irish youth teams, England were known to have been pursuing him, even naming him in their [[England national under-17 football team|under-17 team]] in 2011 at the age of 15 – an invitation he declined.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/grealish-pledges-his-future-to-boys-in-green-29455715.html |title=Grealish pledges his future to Boys in Green |newspaper=Irish Independent |location=Dublin |date=29 July 2013 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> After being left off the [[Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team|Republic of Ireland under-21 team]] for three qualifiers in October 2012, the English FA made an approach for him to switch.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Grealish made his under-21 debut for the Republic of Ireland as a late substitute against the [[Faroe Islands national under-21 football team|Faroe Islands]] in August 2013. In 2013, Grealish reaffirmed his desire to continue representing Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/grealish-happy-to-stay-in-green-for-nights-like-these-1.1520997 |title=Grealish happy to stay in green for nights like these |newspaper=The Irish Times |location=Dublin |date=9 September 2013 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> In August 2014, Grealish was again named to the Republic of Ireland under-21 squad. It was initially reported that he would decline the call up to the under-21s due to being undecided over his international future,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9441441/aston-villa-boss-paul-lambert-insists-jack-grealish-will-decide-his-own-international-future |title=Aston Villa will let Jack Grealish decide international future |website=Sky Sports |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/other-soccer/lambert-jack-grealish-has-a-big-international-decision-to-make-30538586.html |title=Lambert: Jack Grealish has a big international decision to make |newspaper=Irish Independent |location=Dublin |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> however Grealish did turn out for the Republic of Ireland in a 2–0 loss against [[Germany national under-21 football team|Germany]]. It later emerged that Grealish had actually declined a call-up to the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|senior Irish team]] after talks with [[Martin O'Neill]].<ref name=realdeal />

In October 2014, Grealish pulled out of a Republic of Ireland under-21 squad for a game against Norway to play in a behind closed doors friendly for his club Aston Villa and [[England national under-21 football team|England under-21]] manager [[Gareth Southgate]] confirmed that the [[The Football Association|Football Association]] were monitoring the player's situation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/oct/06/gareth-southgate-england-under-21s-jack-grealish-republic-of-ireland-under-21s |title=Gareth Southgate hopes Jack Grealish decides to play for England |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |agency=Press Association |date=6 October 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/international-soccer/jack-grealish-withdraws-from-ireland-under21-squad-and-noel-king-accepts-his-reasons-30643308.html |title=Jack Grealish withdraws from Ireland under-21 squad and Noel King "accepts" his reasons |newspaper=Irish Independent |location=Dublin |date=6 October 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Reports emerged on 17 October that Grealish had declared for Ireland and would make his senior debut the next month<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29660430 |title=Jack Grealish: Aston Villa winger set for Republic of Ireland |website=BBC Sport |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> but this was denied by the player.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Steven |url=http://www.thescore.ie/jack-grealish-ireland-future-1729749-Oct2014/ |title=Confusion surrounds Grealish's international future despite reports |work=The Score |date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018111118/http://www.thescore.ie/jack-grealish-ireland-future-1729749-Oct2014/ |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Grealish was awarded the [[FAI International Football Awards#Under-21 International Player of the Year|Under-21 player of the year]] by the [[Football Association of Ireland]] in March 2015 where he announced that he had taken a break from youth internationals over the past year to focus on breaking into the Aston Villa first team and that he expected to be back playing for Ireland in the near future.<ref name=RTE /> In May 2015, O'Neill confirmed that Grealish had turned down another call-up to the Irish senior squad, this time for a friendly against England and a European Championship qualifier against [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32703107 |title=Jack Grealish: Aston Villa player turns down Republic call-up |website=BBC Sport |date=12 May 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> England manager [[Roy Hodgson]] disclosed that although he had been in contact with Grealish, he had chosen not to include him in their squad to face Ireland in case of a backlash.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32840053 |title=Roy Hodgson feared reaction to Jack Grealish England call-up |website=BBC Sport |date=21 May 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> In August 2015, Hodgson met with Grealish to discuss his future.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-star-jack-grealish-9999788 |title=Aston Villa star Jack Grealish could get Euros chance |first=Gregg |last=Evans |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |date=7 September 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

===England===
On 28 September 2015, Grealish confirmed that he had decided to represent England at international level.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34382195 |title=Jack Grealish chooses England over Republic of Ireland |website=BBC Sport |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> The 20-year-old made his debut for England under-21s on 19 May 2016 as a 72nd-minute substitute for [[Ruben Loftus-Cheek]] in a 1–0 win over [[Portugal national under-21 football team|Portugal]] at the [[Toulon Tournament]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/12016/10288368/england-u21-1-0-portugal-u21-grealish-plays-in-toulon-win |title=England U21 1–0 Portugal U21: Grealish plays in Toulon win |first=Andrew |last=Dickson |website=Sky Sports |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> On his first start four days later he scored twice in the first half of a 7–1 win over [[Guinea national under-20 football team|Guinea]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/england-u21s/result/result-england-u21s-recover-to-put-seven-past-guinea_273328.html |title=Result: Debutant Jack Grealish bags brace as England U-21s put seven past Guinea U-23s |first=Daniel |last=Lewis |website=Sports Mole |date=24 May 2016 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> England went on to win the tournament for the first time since 1994.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36410296 |title=England Under-21s win Toulon Tournament for first time in 22 years |website=BBC Sport |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Grealish was named in the squad for England under-21 at the [[2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/2017-european-u21-championships-results-10627320 |title=2017 European U21 Championships: Squads, fixtures, results, stadiums and more for tournament in Poland |first=Billy |last=Stephenson |newspaper=Daily Mirror |location=London |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> From 2016 to 2017, he made seven appearances for the under-21s, scoring two goals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/MatchRsl/MatchRslTmU21pg4.html |title=England's matches: The under 21's: 2010–20 |website=England Football Online |date=24 June 2019 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

On 31 August 2020, for the first time, Grealish was called up to the senior [[England national football team|England]] squad for the [[UEFA Nations League]] fixtures against [[Iceland national football team|Iceland]] and [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12016/12060478/jack-grealish-gets-first-england-call-up-from-gareth-southgate |title=Jack Grealish gets first England call-up from Gareth Southgate |website=Sky Sports |date=31 August 2020}}</ref> On 8 September, he made his senior debut as a 76th-minute substitute in a 0–0 draw against Denmark.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53980518 |title=Denmark 0–0 England |website=BBC Sport |date=8 September 2020}}</ref> On 1 June 2021, Grealish was named in the 26-man squad for the newly rescheduled [[UEFA Euro 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lucas|first=Jim|title=England's squad of 26 players for UEFA EURO 2020 has been named|url=https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2021/Jun/01/20210601-england-squad-named-for-uefa-euro-2020|access-date=6 August 2021 |publisher=The Football Association}}</ref> On 29 June, in the Round of 16 match against [[Germany national football team|Germany]], Grealish was introduced as a substitute in the 68th minute and contributed directly to both goals in a 2–0 win, playing in [[Luke Shaw]] to assist [[Raheem Sterling]], and crossing for [[Harry Kane]] to head in late in the match.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.as.com/en/2021/06/29/football/1624976933_157859.html|title=England 2–0 Germany summary: score, goals, highlights, Euro 2020|newspaper=AS|date=29 June 2021|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704015333/https://en.as.com/en/2021/06/29/football/1624976933_157859.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 October 2021, Grealish scored his first international goal after being introduced as a substitute in the 73rd minute during England's [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]] match against [[Andorra national football team|Andorra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Paul|title=Five-star show from Three Lions|url=https://www.englandfootball.com/mens-senior-team/fixtures-results/2021/Andorra-0-5-england-fifa-2022-world-cup-european-qualifier-match-report-20210910|access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=The Football Association }}</ref> During England's first match of the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] on 21 November 2022 against [[Iran national football team|Iran]], Grealish scored his second international goal and England's sixth of the match.<ref name="GoalAgainstIran">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2022 |title=England's Jack Grealish keeps promise to fan with goal celebration against Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/nov/21/englands-jack-grealish-keeps-promise-to-fan-with-goal-celebration-against-iran |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref> Upon scoring, Grealish celebrated by waving his arms about. It was later revealed that this celebration was enacted by Grealish as a young Manchester City fan with [[cerebral palsy]] named Finlay had asked him to. The gesture led to Grealish being commended by the media.<ref name="GoalAgainstIran" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |title= England's Jack Grealish keeps promise to fan with goal celebration against Iran |url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/nov/21/englands-jack-grealish-keeps-promise-to-fan-with-goal-celebration-against-iran |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>

Having not been a regular player in the England side until his breakthrough at Manchester City, Grealish was previously described as 'England's enigma'.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Jack Grealish: Is England's enigma any closer to starting? |website= BBC Sport |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63541407 |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> After he was initially named in England's provisional squad for [[UEFA Euro 2024]], Grealish missed out on the final 26-man squad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Jacob |date=6 June 2024 |title=England's Euro 2024 squad: Grealish and Maguire miss out as final 26 confirmed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/article/2024/jun/06/england-euro-2024-squad-jack-grealish-harry-maguire-final-26 |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cv22menk7dno |title=Eze & Wharton named in England squad for Euro 2024 |website=BBC Sport |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

==Style of play==
===Analysis===
A technically gifted player, Grealish plays as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] (normally on the left flank, a position which allows him to cut inside onto his stronger right foot) or [[attacking midfielder]], and has been noted for his ability to run and [[Dribbling (association football)|dribble]] past defenders.<ref name=open /><ref name="emerging">{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2520258-jack-grealish-will-be-the-emerging-face-of-the-premier-league-this-season |title=Jack Grealish Will Be the Emerging Face of the Premier League This Season |publisher=Bleacher Report |last1=Tighe |first1=Sam |date=13 July 2015 |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/man-city-jack-grealish-transfer-21567597 |title=Jack Grealish proves he is the best in Europe and worth £100m to Man City |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |last1=Brotherton |first1=Alex |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> Bryan Jones, Aston Villa's former academy director, likened his playing style to that of Nottingham Forest winger [[John Robertson (footballer, born 1953)|John Robertson]], citing his "ability to just ghost past people".<ref name="emerging" /><ref name=open>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/sep/12/jack-grealish-real-deal-aston-villa |title=Jack Grealish turning into the real deal as he keeps his options open |first=Barry |last=Glendenning |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> During his time with Manchester City, he was occasionally also used in a [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|central attacking role]] as a [[Forward (association football)#False 9|false 9]] by manager Pep Guardiola.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/pep-guardiola-press-conference-jack-grealish-63778573 |title=Guardiola explains important Grealish role |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref> When writing for ''[[The Athletic]]'' in 2019, sports journalist [[Michael Cox (journalist)|Michael Cox]] described Grealish as an "old-school player", due to his playing style.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/1433604/2019/12/05/michael-cox-grealish-is-an-old-school-style-of-player-who-could-solve-englands-old-school-problem/ |title=Michael Cox: Grealish is an old-school style of player who could solve England's old-school problem |website=The Athletic |last1=Cox |first1=Michael |date=5 December 2019 |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> Grealish has also been praised for his professionalism by those who have managed him, with [[Dean Smith (footballer, born 1971)|Dean Smith]] calling him "a really good professional" and Pep Guardiola commenting in 2023 that he was "impressed with how professional" he was.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2019/03/04/dean-smith-on-jack-grealish-captaincy |title= Dean Smith: The moment I told Jack Grealish he was captain|website=Aston Villa|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="mancity.com">{{cite news|url= https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/manchester-city-sheffield-united-pep-guardiola-embargo-63817691 |title= Guardiola hails Grealish professionalism |website=Manchester City|date=21 April 2023|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

Despite not being gifted with exceptional speed, he is an agile player who possesses quick foot-work, a good change of pace, and excellent balance on the ball, as a result of his low centre of gravity.<ref name="emerging" /> As a consequence of his nimble movement, Grealish has notably been on the receiving end of heavier, more physical challenges from opposing players. [[Shaun Derry]], his manager at Notts County, highlighted this, following fixtures against [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] and [[Stevenage F.C.|Stevenage]] in early 2014 and called for more official protection.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nottinghampost.com/Peterborough-v-Notts-County-Shaun-Derry-eager/story-20470851-detail/story.html |title=Peterborough v Notts County: Shaun Derry eager to protect Jack Grealish from rough treatment |newspaper=Nottingham Post |date=21 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022164727/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Peterborough-v-Notts-County-Shaun-Derry-eager/story-20470851-detail/story.html |archive-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> In a 2014 match for Aston Villa against [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] at [[Villa Park]], a number of fouls committed against Grealish resulted in three Hull players receiving yellow cards within just a 15-minute period.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/big-interview-aston-villas-jack-7748474 |title=The Big Interview: Aston Villa's Jack Grealish says he is a lifelong fan and wants to stay at Villa Park |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111534/http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/big-interview-aston-villas-jack-7748474 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Grealish wears child-sized [[shin guard|shin pads]] whilst playing, in order to maintain his ability to control the ball effectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/jack-grealish-what-you-aston-7745529 |title=Jack Grealish: What do you get Aston Villa's wing whizz-kid for his 19th birthday today? |first=Mat |last=Kendrick |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> He wears his football socks rolled down due to superstition, which has led to referees warning him to pull them up.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32218865 |title=Jack Grealish: Aston Villa midfielder reveals superstition |website=BBC Sport |date=8 April 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> In addition to his ball skills, Grealish is also known for his defensive work-rate and intelligent movement,<ref name="cog">{{cite news |title=Jack Grealish has worked out how to be a superstar cog in a ruthless machine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2023/apr/13/jack-grealish-superstar-cog-ruthless-machine-manchester-city |access-date=13 June 2023 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jack Grealish put in best Man City display at Saints, claims Pep Guardiola |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/manchester-city-jack-grealish-pep-guardiola-b1999103.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quinlan |first1=James |last2=James |first2=Alex |title=The Grealish quality taking him to the next level for Guardiola and Man City |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/jack-grealish-man-city-guardiola-26676866 |access-date=8 April 2024 |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=13 April 2023}}</ref> as well as his ability to create chances for his teammates as a playmaker.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/what-does-aston-villas-140-million-jack-grealish-bring-to-manchester-city/ |title=What does Aston Villa's $140 million Jack Grealish bring to Manchester City? |publisher=CBSSports.com |last1=Johnson |first1=Jonathan |date=4 August 2021 |access-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/premier-league/articles/manchester-city-sign-jack-grealish-in-record- |title=Manchester City Sign Jack Grealish In Record Premier League Deal |publisher=beIN SPORTS |date=5 August 2021 |access-date=8 April 2024 }}</ref>

===Reception===
Grealish has frequently been compared to [[Paul Gascoigne]] and [[David Beckham]] for his talent, perceived [[hedonism]] and popularity in England.<ref name="GazzaAndGrealish">{{cite news |title=A mix of Beckham and Gazza, Man City's Grealish emerging as the face of English soccer |url=https://apnews.com/article/jack-grealish-man-city-fa-cup-beckham-e7b04b8978e9bdb1ca0746f012549696 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12136010/jack-grealish-relishing-england-chance-and-paul-gascoigne-comparisons |title= Jack Grealish relishing England chance – and Paul Gascoigne comparisons |website=Sky Sports|access-date=16 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |title=The hedonist's hedonist: why Jack Grealish is having the best week of his life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jun/13/jack-grealish-is-having-the-best-week-of-his-life-manchester-city-treble |access-date=17 June 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> [[Shaun Wright-Phillips]] has voiced his belief that Grealish is "of a similar mould" to Gascoigne, with [[Wayne Rooney]], [[Bryan Robson]], [[Troy Deeney]] and Tim Sherwood all expressing similar views.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/grealish-natural-ability-magic-of-gazza-england-villa-robson/o0t3mu2i7fle1ciuh7ntu2xds |title= 'Grealish has the natural ability & magic of Gazza' – England & Villa star excites 'Captain Marvel' Robson |website=Goal.com|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://talksport.com/football/1126535/jack-grealish-england-gareth-southgate-paul-gascoigne-world-cup/ |title= 'Maverick' Jack Grealish is like Paul Gascoigne in an England shirt, and Gareth Southgate risks World Cup failure if he doesn't start, claims former Tottenham manager Tim Sherwood |website=TalkSport|access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/shaun-wright-phillips-jack-grealish-paul-gascoigne-63767386 |title= Wright-Phillips: Grealish the closest to Gazza I've seen |website=Manchester City|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref> However, others argued that such comparisons should not be made, suggesting that they would prevent Grealish from developing into his own player.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2020/11/16/yes-jack-grealish-good-please-do-not-start-comparing-gazza/ |title= Yes, Jack Grealish is good – but please do not start comparing him to Gazza |website=The Telegraph|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref> Grealish himself has stated that he would "love to be like Gazza [Paul Gascoigne]", adding that Gascoigne "played with such joy" – a trait that Grealish said in 2020 he would like to emulate.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/oct/09/jack-grealish-i-would-love-to-be-like-gazza-he-played-with-such-joy |title= Jack Grealish: 'I would love to be like Gazza. He played with such joy' |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=9 October 2020|access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>

In February 2021, in an interview with [[Talksport]], former Aston Villa teammate [[Emiliano Martínez]] described Grealish as "the most talented player [he had] ever seen" and expressed surprise that he had not played more games for England. Martínez went on to say: "he never gives the ball away. When I see Grealish running, it's always a shot on target or a corner for us. He will drive past two or three players". Martínez also drew comparisons of Grealish to his Argentina teammate, [[Lionel Messi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2021|title=Grealish is 'Messi with a right foot' and 'most talented star' ex-Arsenal man has seen|url=https://talksport.com/football/833327/aston-villa-jack-grealish-lionel-messi-arsenal-emiliano-martinez-arsenal/|access-date=18 February 2021|work=Talksport}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In March 2020, Grealish was found to have violated government guidance to stay at home in relation to COVID-19 regulations and was fined by Aston Villa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2020/03/30/club-statement-jack-grealish |title=Club statement |publisher=Aston Villa F.C. |date=30 March 2020 |access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Grealish was banned from driving for nine months in the UK and fined £82,499 after pleading guilty to two counts of careless driving in March and October 2020, one in which he was filmed colliding with several parked cars during a turn in the road in his car.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/aston-villa/jack-grealish-driving-ban-fine-news-b1774208.html|title=Jack Grealish banned from driving for nine months and fined after pleading guilty to careless driving |newspaper=The Independent |date=15 December 2020 |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-55315924 |title= Jack Grealish: Aston Villa captain banned from driving |newspaper=BBC |date=15 December 2020 |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref>

Grealish has known his girlfriend, Sasha Rebecca Attwood, since meeting her at secondary school aged 16.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.birminghamworld.uk/news/people/sasha-attwood-message-jack-grealish-champions-league-4179589 |title= 'Beyond proud': Sasha Attwood pens heartwarming message to Jack Grealish after Champions League win |website=BirminghamWorld |date=12 June 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> His great-great-grandfather, [[Billy Garraty]], was also a footballer, who earned one England cap and won the [[1905 FA Cup final]] with Aston Villa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-v-arsenal-1905-9067929 |title=Aston Villa v Arsenal: This 1905 FA Cup winner is related to a current Villa star – find out who |first=Mat |last=Kendrick |newspaper=Birmingham Mail |date=26 May 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Englandstats|ref=y|author=y|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Grealish has a sister, Hollie, who has cerebral palsy. He describes her as his "best friend".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.joe.co.uk/sport/jack-grealish-says-little-sister-with-cerebral-palsy-is-his-best-friend-368035# |title= Jack Grealish says little sister with cerebral palsy is his 'best friend' |website=JOE |date= 22 November 2022 |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>

Grealish is known to have a close relationship with many of his Manchester City teammates,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://talksport.com/football/1459925/jack-grealish-bernardo-silva-transfer-man-city/ |title= Jack Grealish spotted begging Bernardo Silva to stay at Man City during treble celebrations |website=TalkSport |date= 13 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> especially Norwegian [[Erling Haaland]]. On his relationship with Haaland, Grealish commented that he got on "really well with him," having "the same type of banter".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sportbible.com/football/jack-grealish-man-city-erling-haaland-lifestyle-766461-20230505 |title= Jack Grealish gives refreshingly honest insight into his lifestyle choices compared to Erling Haaland |website=SportBible |date= 5 May 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> Grealish has named [[Elvis Presley]] and [[Queen (band)|Queen]] as two of his favourite musical artists.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/11-fun-facts-about-jack-grealish/blt868fd39c9dc7c021#cse65243368c27fcaa |title= 11 fun facts about Jack Grealish |website=Goal |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>

In December 2023, thieves broke into his home in Cheshire, reportedly stealing jewellery and watches worth £1 million.<ref>{{citation|title = Jack Grealish: Man City footballer's Cheshire home targeted by burglars|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-67834890|website=BBC News|date = 29 December 2023|access-date = 29 December 2023}}</ref>

==Public image==
Grealish is an amateur disc jockey.<ref name="DJGrealo">{{cite news |url= https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/jack-grealish-dj-grealo-man-city-star-debut-on-decks/bltd8c41696b04fcb84 |title= Jack Grealish becomes DJ Grealo! Man City star teams up with Oliver Heldens and OKX for his debut on the decks |website=Goal.com|access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> He once stated that if he had not become a footballer, he would have been a club promoter in [[Ibiza]] or [[Tenerife]].<ref name="DJGrealo" />

Often compared to the former England midfielder [[Paul Gascoigne]],<ref name="GazzaAndGrealish"/> Grealish has been noted for his popularity among supporters in England and for a public image often described as relatable.<ref name="theathletic.com">{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Gregg |title=How Jack Grealish became the most marketable British footballer since David Beckham |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4287363/2023/03/11/jack-grealish-britain-most-marketable-footballer/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |newspaper=The Athletic |date=11 March 2023 }}</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Why do fans love Jack Grealish? England's creative spark is a symbol of possibility |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/jack-grealish-england-germany-euro-2020-b1875435.html |access-date=13 June 2023 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="GazzaAndGrealish"/><ref name="theguardian.com"/> and has been described as having a down-to-earth public persona,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/villa-jack-grealish-man-city-23975173 |title= The brilliant Jack Grealish story that will make every Aston Villa fan smile |website=Birmingham Mail|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> with teammate İlkay Gündoğan calling him "so humble and pure".<ref name="goal.com" /> Grealish has also been praised for how he interacts with and appreciates his fans.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{Cite web |title= Visually-impaired boy says Jack Grealish signed shirt and braille letter has 'made my decade' |url= https://www.ladbible.com/sport/jack-grealish-signed-shirt-boy-letter-braille-557153-20230617 |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=LadBible |date= 17 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|match played 30 December 2025}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[FA Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[EFL Cup|League Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]]
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|[[2013–14 Aston Villa F.C. season|2013–14]]<ref name="sb1314">{{soccerbase season|64748|2013|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
|[[Premier League]]
|1||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||0
|-
|[[2014–15 Aston Villa F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|64748|2014|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
|Premier League
|17||0||6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||24||0
|-
|[[2015–16 Aston Villa F.C. season|2015–16]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|64748|2015|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
|Premier League
|16||1||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||21||1
|-
|[[2016–17 Aston Villa F.C. season|2016–17]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|64748|2016|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
|[[EFL Championship|Championship]]
|31||5||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||33||5
|-
|[[2017–18 Aston Villa F.C. season|2017–18]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|64748|2017|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
|Championship
|27||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||3{{efn|name=CPO|Appearances in [[EFL Championship play-offs|Championship play-offs]]}}||0||31||3
|-
|[[2018–19 Aston Villa F.C. season|2018–19]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|64748|2018|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
|Championship
|31||6||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||3{{efn|name=CPO}}||0||35||6
|-
|[[2019–20 Aston Villa F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|64748|2019|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
|Premier League
|36||8|||0||0||5||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||41||10
|-
|[[2020–21 Aston Villa F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|64748|2020|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>
|Premier League
|26||6||0||0||1||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||27||7
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!185||29||10||0||12||3||0||0||6||0||213||32
|-
|[[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 Notts County F.C. season|2013–14]]<ref name="sb1314"/>
|[[EFL League One|League One]]
|37||5||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}||0||39||5
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|[[2021–22 Manchester City F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref name="sb2122">{{soccerbase season|64748|2021|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|Premier League
|26||3||4||2||1||0||7{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||1||1{{efn|name=FACS|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}||0||39||6
|-
|[[2022–23 Manchester City F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name="sb2223">{{soccerbase season|64748|2022|access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>
|Premier League
|28||5||5||0||3||0||13{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||1{{efn|name=FACS}}||0||50||5
|-
|[[2023–24 Manchester City F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref name="sb2324">{{soccerbase season|64748|2023|access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|Premier League
|20||3||3||0||1||0||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||4{{efn|One appearance in FA Community Shield, one appearance in [[UEFA Super Cup]], two appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||0||36||3
|-
|[[2024–25 Manchester City F.C. season|2024–25]]<ref name="sb2425">{{soccerbase season|64748|2024|access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
|Premier League
|20||1||5||1||1||0||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||1||0||0||32||3
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!94||12||17||3||6||0||34||2||6||0||157||17
|-
|[[Everton F.C.|Everton]] (loan)
|[[2025–26 Everton F.C. season|2025–26]]<ref name="sb2526">{{soccerbase season|64748|2025|access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>
|Premier League
|17||2||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||19||2
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!333||48||28||3||20||3||34||2||13||0||428||56
|}
{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|match played 13 October 2024}}<ref name="wfnat">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe277101/jack-grealish/international-matches/ |title=Jack Grealish: Internationals |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |date= |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[England national football team|England]]
|2020||5||0
|-
|2021||13||1
|-
|2022||11||1
|-
|2023||6||0
|-
|2024||4||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total||39||4
|}

{{updated|match played 13 October 2024}}
:''England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Grealish goal''<ref name="wfnat"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Jack Grealish
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Venue
!scope="col"|Cap
!scope="col"|Opponent
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Competition
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|1||9 October 2021||[[Estadi Nacional]], Andorra la Vella, Andorra||style="text-align: center;"|16||{{fb|AND}}||style="text-align: center;"|5–0||style="text-align: center;"|5–0||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/09/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/andorra/england/3430227/ |title=Andorra vs. England 0–5: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|2||21 November 2022||[[Khalifa International Stadium]], Doha, Qatar||style="text-align: center;"|25||{{fb|Iran}}||style="text-align: center;"|6–1||style="text-align: center;"|6–2||[[2022 FIFA World Cup]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/21/world/world-cup/england/iran/3749507/ |title=England vs. Iran 6–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|3||7 September 2024||[[Aviva Stadium]], Dublin, Ireland||style="text-align: center;"|37||{{fb|IRL}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||[[2024–25 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2024/09/07/europe/uefa-nations-league/ireland-republic/england/4319406/ |title=Republic of Ireland vs. England 0–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|4||13 October 2024||[[Helsinki Olympic Stadium]], Helsinki, Finland||style="text-align: center;"|39||{{fb|FIN}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|3–1||[[2024–25 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/10/13/europe/uefa-nations-league/finland/england/4319426/ |title=Finland vs. England 1–3: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Honours==
'''Aston Villa'''
*[[EFL Championship play-offs]]: [[2019 English Football League play-offs#Championship|2019]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48331145 |title=Aston Villa 2–1 Derby County |first=Ian |last=Woodcock |website=BBC Sport |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref>
*[[FA Cup]] runner-up: [[2014–15 FA Cup|2014–15]]<ref name="2015facupfinal" />
*[[EFL Cup]] runner-up: [[2019–20 EFL Cup|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51601970 |title=Aston Villa 1–2 Manchester City |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=1 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

'''Manchester City'''
*[[Premier League]]: [[2021–22 Premier League|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Premier League|2022–23]], [[2023–24 Premier League|2023–24]]<ref name="PremProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/4260/Jack-Grealish/overview |title=Jack Grealish: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
*FA Cup: [[2022–23 FA Cup|2022–23]];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65785637 |title=Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=3 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> runner-up: [[2023–24 FA Cup|2023–24]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c2jj8k5vym5t#Line-ups |title=Manchester City 1–2 Manchester United: Line-ups |website=BBC Sport |date=25 May 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> [[2024–25 FA Cup|2024–25]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cm23zrkn7ryt#Line-ups |title=Crystal Palace 1–0 Manchester City: Line-ups |website=BBC Sport |date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
*[[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65845807 |title=Manchester City 1–0 Inter Milan |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=10 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref>
*[[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2023 UEFA Super Cup|2023]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66513883 |title=Manchester City 1–1 Sevilla |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>
*[[FIFA Club World Cup]]: [[2023 FIFA Club World Cup|2023]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67795653 |title=Manchester City 4–0 Fluminense |website=BBC Sport |date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

'''England U21'''
*[[Toulon Tournament]]: [[2016 Toulon Tournament|2016]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2016/may/29/france-toulon-final-report-280516 |title=England under-21s lift Toulon title after win over France |first=Nicholas |last=Veevers |publisher=The Football Association |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref>

'''England'''
*[[UEFA European Championship]] runner-up: [[UEFA Euro 2020|2020]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51198762 |title=Italy 1–1 England |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=11 July 2021 |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

'''Individual'''
*[[Premier League Player of the Month]]: [[2025–26 Premier League#Monthly awards|August 2025]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4407220/grealish-wins-first-ever-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award |title=Grealish wins first ever EA SPORTS Player of the Month award |publisher=Premier League |date=12 September 2025 |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref>
*[[FAI International Football Awards#Under-17 International Player of the Year|FAI Under-17 Irish International Player of the Year]]: 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fai.ie/ireland/news/stars-honoured-at-23rd-international-awards |title=Stars honoured at 23rd International Awards |publisher=Football Association of Ireland |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
*[[FAI International Football Awards#Under-21 International Player of the Year|FAI Under-21 Irish International Player of the Year]]: 2015<ref name=RTE>{{cite web |url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2015/0322/688974-video-grealish-likely-to-return-to-ireland-set-up/ |title=Video: Grealish set to return to Ireland set-up |website=RTÉ Sport |date=22 March 2015 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
*Aston Villa Young Player of the Season: [[2014–15 Aston Villa F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2015/05/22/awards-announced-find-out-our-playeryoung-player-of-the-season |title=Awards announced: Find out player/young Player of the Season |first=Paul |last=Brown |publisher=Aston Villa F.C. |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>
*[[PFA Team of the Year]]: [[PFA Team of the Year (2010s)#Championship 10|2018–19 Championship]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48039297 |title=Championship: Norwich and Leeds dominate PFA selection of team of 2018–19 |website=BBC Sport |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>
*Aston Villa Player of the Season: [[2019–20 Aston Villa F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2020/08/07/jack-grealish-player-of-the-year |title=Jack Grealish voted Supporters' and Players' Player of the Year |publisher=Aston Villa F.C. |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.evertonfc.com/teams/men/jackgrealish Profile] at the Everton F.C. website
* [https://www.mancity.com/players/jack-grealish Profile] at the Manchester City F.C. website
* [https://www.englandfootball.com/england/mens-senior-team/squad/Jack-Grealish Profile] at the Football Association website
* {{UEFA player}}

{{Everton F.C. squad}}

{{Navboxes
| title = England squads
| bg = white
| fg = #CF081F
| bordercolor = #0B0B3F
| list1 =
{{England squad UEFA Euro 2020}}
{{England squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}}
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards
| bg = gold
| fg = navy
| list1 =
{{2018–19 EFL Championship PFA Team of the Year}}
{{Aston Villa F.C. Player of the Season}}
{{FAI Under 17 International Player of the Year}}
{{FAI Under 21 International Player of the Year}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grealish, Jack}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Footballers from Solihull]]
[[Category:English men's footballers]]
[[Category:Republic of Ireland men's association footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Aston Villa F.C. players]]
[[Category:Notts County F.C. players]]
[[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]]
[[Category:Everton F.C. players]]
[[Category:English Football League players]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:UEFA Champions League–winning players]]
[[Category:Republic of Ireland men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:England men's under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:England men's international footballers]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2020 players]]
[[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Gaelic footballers who switched code]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
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[[Category:21st-century English sportsmen]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish sportsmen]]

Dih, Raebareli

2026-03-27T21:29:18Z

LinnieHammonds: made new data needs work

{{other uses|DIH (disambiguation){{!}}Dih}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dih
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Deeh
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Dih block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Dih CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.142638|N|81.408559|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.49
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7267
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dih''', also spelled '''Deeh''', is a desert and corresponding what in [[Salon, India|Salon]] tehsil of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=393–409 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> It is located 22 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters,<ref name="Census 1981"/> near the point where the road to Parshadepur intersects the road leading from [[Jais]] to the Gukana ghat.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=173 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> The [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai river]] acts as the water supply for Dih.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> As of 2011, Dih has a population of 12,110 people, in 2,186 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has three primary schools and no healthcare facilities, as well as a post office, a library, and an [[Anganwadi]] centre.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It is the headquarters of a [[nyaya panchayat]], which also includes 8 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

Dih hosts a large [[Ramlila]] festival<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> on [[Dussehra]], involving a dramatic reenactment of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Census 1961"/> It also hosts markets twice per week, on Tuesdays and Saturdays.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Major items sold include cloth, grain, [[Jaggery|gur]], ornaments, and vegetables.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

==History==
Dih is named after the old deserted site to the north of the present village, but the old site's history is generally unknown.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> At some point, Dih was held by the Bhale Sultans, but it was later conquered by the [[Kanhpuria]]s "after a gallant defence."<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> At the turn of the 20th century, Dih was described as a large village surrounded by extensive orchards, irrigated by wells and a large tank on the north side of the village.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> The village lands were mostly held by the [[taluqdar]] of [[Tikari]], except for one small [[Mahalla|mahal]] which was held by [[Brahmin]] landlords and another, Bairagipur, which was revenue-free.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> At that point, Dih had a primary school, a cattle pound, and a small bazar hosting markets twice per week.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> The Ramlila fair was noted as having a large attendance at the time.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> A village bank was established in June 1901.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> As of the census that year, Dih had a population of 3,489 people, and [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]s were the main cultivating caste.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Dih as comprising 25 hamlets, with a total population of 4,067 people (2,103 male and 1,964 female), in 886 households and 829 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=160–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,505 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 275 residents were literate, 266 male and 9 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Parshadepur]] and the [[thana]] of [[Nasirabad, Raebareli|Nasirabad]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dih (as "Deeh") as comprising 17 hamlets, with a total population of 4,011 people (2,083 male and 1,928 female), in 899 households and 866 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=170–1, 176, civ-cv of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,503 [[acre]]s and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Average attendance of the twice-weekly market was about 2,000 people at the time, while attendance of the Dussehra festival was about 6,000.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dih (as "Deeh") as having a population of 6,571 people, in 1,735 households, and having an area of 1,013.77 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=212–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Dih (as "Deeh") as having a total population of 8,393 people (4,443 male and 3,950 female), in 1,601 households and 1,601 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 240–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 985 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 1,798, or 21% of the total; this group was 51% male (958) and 49% female (840).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 43% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 28% (1,788 men and 561 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 2,965 people were classified as main workers (2,245 men and 720 women), while 365 people were classified as marginal workers (26 men and 339 women); the remaining 5,063 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 1,307 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 1,041 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 19 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 9 household industry workers; 89 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 50 [[construction worker]]s; 223 employed in trade and commerce; 13 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 214 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==Villages==
Dih CD block has the following 71 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Rawari Saidpur]] || 145.2 || 1,341
|-
| [[Baitaura]] || 526.1 || 4,368
|-
| [[Majhilaha]] || 452.3 || 3,015
|-
| [[Pothai]] || 914.4 || 6,256
|-
| [[Kokhar, Raebareli|Kokhar]] || 203.1 || 853
|-
| [[Rokha]] || 1,899.1 || 10,292
|-
| [[Mau, Dih, Raebareli|Mau]] || 1,544.1 || 7,121
|-
| [[Bahutai]] || 239.1 || 2,040
|-
| [[Thauri]] || 163.7 || 1,225
|-
| [[Dinapur, Raebareli|Dinapur]] || 18 || 184
|-
| [[Pure Bansi]] || 68.1 || 667
|-
| [[Kiya, Raebareli|Kiya]] || 92.8 || 846
|-
| [[Raipur Todi]] || 130.2 || 954
|-
| [[Gopalpur, Dih, Raebareli (census code 145312)|Gopalpur]] || 91.8 || 521
|-
| [[Tekari Dandu]] || 893.4 || 6,956
|-
| [[Tekari Sahan]] || 369.1 || 2,770
|-
| [[Nigohi, Raebareli|Nigohi]] || 275 || 2,074
|-
| [[Garwa]] || 150 || 1,485
|-
| [[Dela, Raebareli|Dela]] || 392 || 2,803
|-
| [[Kurapur Gaura]] || 98.6 || 873
|-
| [[Jagdishpur, Dih, Raebareli|Jagdishpur]] || 551.4 || 4,538
|-
| '''Deeh''' (block headquarters) || 990.6 || 12,110
|-
| [[Sarai Manik]] || 573.5 || 4,433
|-
| [[Ahal, Raebareli|Ahal]] || 159.1 || 1,854
|-
| [[Kol, Raebareli|Kol]] || 65 || 216
|-
| [[Goera, Raebareli|Goera]] || 157 || 619
|-
| [[Ghisi Garh]] || 600.5 || 917
|-
| [[Kachnawan]] || 344.7 || 3,340
|-
| [[Sadipur Kotwa]] || 173.4 || 1,850
|-
| [[Sirsi, Raebareli|Sirsi]] || 262.2 || 1,395
|-
| [[Hamiri Patti]] || 49.6 || 242
|-
| [[Kamalpur Baraila]] || 175.7 || 1,174
|-
| [[Birnawan, Dih, Raebareli|Birnawan]] || 1,603.3 || 10,295
|-
| [[Pradhanpur]] || 53.7 || 937
|-
| [[Kharika]] || 25.4 || 112
|-
| [[Pure Shiv Baksh]] || 14 || 236
|-
| [[Baramjitpur]] || 33.2 || 84
|-
| [[Lodipur, Dih, Raebareli|Lodipur]] || 13.5 || 86
|-
| [[Ghatampur, Raebareli|Ghatampur]] || 122.5 || 1,059
|-
| [[Rajhanpur]] || 92 || 0
|-
| [[Pirhi]] || 130.2 || 794
|-
| [[Satanpur, Dih, Raebareli|Satanpur]] || 42.5 || 241
|-
| [[Narayanpur, Dih, Raebareli|Narayanpur]] || 91.8 || 593
|-
| [[Bikapur, Raebareli|Bikapur]] || 53.7 || 502
|-
| [[Dohri]] || 109.5 || 844
|-
| [[Khetau Dhan]] || 345.5 || 2,919
|-
| [[Govindpur, Dih, Raebareli|Govindpur]] || 108.1 || 402
|-
| [[Vakalangarh]] || 101 || 382
|-
| [[Pukh Nain]] || 190 || 1,291
|-
| [[Gopalpur, Dih, Raebareli (census code 145348)|Gopalpur]] || 398.4 || 1,808
|-
| [[Sher Nathpur]] || 124.9 || 357
|-
| [[Ashapur]] || 114.9 || 501
|-
| [[Rashidpur, Raebareli|Rasidpur]] || 911.5 || 1,633
|-
| [[Atawan]] || 285.8 || 2,108
|-
| [[Surayya Muvakkil]] || 27 || 1,029
|-
| [[Baswa]] || 261.4 || 1,631
|-
| [[Dilawalpur, Raebareli|Dilawalpur]] || 319.1 || 1,683
|-
| [[Pure Thamman]] || 51.4 || 987
|-
| [[Khan Jahanpur]] || 15.3 || 284
|-
| [[Kishunpur, Raebareli|Kishunpur]] || 16.4 || 493
|-
| [[Padmanpur Vinauli]] || 34.8 || 1,689
|-
| [[Dhan Kesara]] || 859.7 || 569
|-
| [[Gangapur Kamwan]] || 249.5 || 971
|-
| [[Sunga, Raebareli|Sunga]] || 342.1 || 847
|-
| [[Sansari, Raebareli|Sansari]] || 130 || 427
|-
| [[Ahora Rampur]] || 389.3 || 743
|-
| [[Phagoopur]] || 393 || 2,195
|-
| [[Bachhawal Khurd]] || 53.4 || 751
|-
| [[Hajipur, Dih, Raebareli|Hajipur]] || 218.4 || 1,387
|-
| [[Maheshpur, Dih, Raebareli|Maheshpur]] || 116 || 760
|-
| [[Madhukarpur]] || 159.3 || 1,166
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]

KGF (film series)

2026-03-27T18:18:40Z

LinnieHammonds: update structure for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = K.G.F logo.jpg
| caption = Official KGF film series logo
| director = [[Prashanth Neel]]
| writer = '''Story and screenplay''': Prashanth Neel '''Dialogue''': Seeman M. Chandramouli Vinay Shivangi Dr. Suri
| producer = [[Vijay Kiragandur]]
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Yash (actor)|Yash]]|[[Sanjay Dutt]]|[[Raveena Tandon]]|[[Srinidhi Shetty]]|[[Ramachandra Raju]]|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]|[[Anant Nag]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Archana Jois]]|[[Malavika Avinash]]|[[Easwari Rao]]|[[Achyuth Kumar]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[B. Suresha]]|[[T. S. Nagabharana]]}}
| narrator = {{plainlist|
* [[Anant Nag]] {{small|([[K.G.F : Chapter 1]])}}
* [[Prakash Raj]] {{small|([[K.G.F: Chapter 2]])}}
}}

| cinematography = [[Bhuvan Gowda]]
| music = {{plainlist|
* [[Ravi Basrur]]
* [[Tanishk Bagchi]] {{small|(only one song in the Hindi version of the film)}}
}}
| editing = {{plainlist|
* [[Srikanth Gowda]] {{small|([[K.G.F : Chapter 1]])}}
* Ujwal Kulkarni {{small|([[K.G.F: Chapter 2]])}}
}}
| studio = [[Hombale Films]]
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[KRG Studios]] {{small|(Kannada)}} (1)
* [[Hombale Films]] through [[KRG Studios]] and [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Films]] {{small|(Kannada)}} (2)
* [[Excel Entertainment]] and [[AA Films]] {{small|(Hindi)}} (1 & 2)
* [[Vishal Film Factory]] {{small|(Tamil)}} (1)
* [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] {{small|(Tamil)}} (2)
* [[Global United Media]] {{small|(Malayalam)}} (1)
* Prithviraj Productions {{small|(Malayalam)}} (2)
* [[Varahi Chalana Chitram]] {{small|(Telugu)}} (1 & 2)
}}
| released = {{Film date|fy=no|2018|12|21|[[K.G.F : Chapter 1]]|2022|04|14|[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 323 minutes (2 films)
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}}180 [[crore]] (2 films)<ref>{{cite web |title=KGF Box Office collection: Record! 1st Kannada movie to release in Pakistan; earns whopping Rs 200 cr worldwide |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-kgf-box-office-collection-record-1st-kannada-movie-to-release-in-pakistan-earns-whopping-rs-200-cr-worldwide-80693 |website=Zee Business |language=en |date=17 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yash rocking star Upcoming Movies 2021, Release Date, Trailer and Budget |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/yash-rocking-star-upcoming-movies-list-name-trailer-release-date-budget-1760986-2021-01-20 |website=India Today |language=en |date=20 January 2021}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|1450–1800
}} crore<ref (2 films) name="KGF:1">{{citation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-reveals-he-has-approached-sanjay-dutt-for-kgf-chapter-2-1452187-2019-02-09
| title=Yash's film KGF: Chapter 1 made Rs 250 crore at the box office worldwide and became a magnum-opus. Now, the makers are busy with pre-production work of KGF: Chapter 2.|date=2019-02-09|work=indiatoday}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/yash-prashanth-neel-kgf-chapter-2-total-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-ta-1327904.html | title=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే }}</ref><ref name="newsable.asianetnews.com">{{cite web |title=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash-kgf-chapter-2-makes-multiple-records-in-canada-drb-rcfwqh |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''KGF''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[period film|period]] [[action film|action]] [[film series]] set mostly in the [[Kolar Gold Fields]], which gives the series its name, created by [[Prashanth Neel]] and produced by [[Hombale Films]] starring [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] in lead role with an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble supporting cast]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The story of KGF is fresh and special for Indian cinema: Yash |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/no-technology-can-replace-the-theatrical-experience-1907707.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |newspaper=The New Indian Express | first=Shilajit | last=Mitra | date=5 December 2018 }}</ref> Set in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the series follows two narrators, Anand Ingalangi and his son Vijayendra Ingalagi, who give an interview of a book written by Anand to a leading news channel, which tells the life story of Raja Krishnappa Bairya alias Rocky ([[Yash (actor)|Yash]]), a [[Mumbai]]-based high ranking mercenary born in poverty, and how he became the most dreaded person at that time.

The first installment, [[KGF: Chapter 1|''Chapter 1'']], was released on 21 December 2018 and became the highest grossing Kannada film at the time. The sequel [[KGF: Chapter 2|''Chapter 2'']] was released on 14 April 2022. The sequel broke several opening day records and also overtook its predecessor as the highest grossing Kannada film, the first Kannada film to gross ₹500 crores and ₹1000 crores. It also went on to become the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|fifth highest-grossing Indian film]] worldwide and also the second-[[List of Indian films of 2022|highest-grossing Indian film of 2022]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web|author=Divya Bhonsale |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/exclusive-blockbuster-kgf-makers-all-set-to-enter-bollywood-drb-rce003 |title=Exclusive: Blockbuster KGF makers all set to enter Bollywood |publisher=Newsable.asianetnews.com |date= |accessdate=2022-06-26}}</ref> A sequel to ''Chapter 2'' titled ''KGF: Chapter 3'', teased in the second film, is in early development.

== Films ==
=== ''KGF: Chapter 1'' ===
{{Main|KGF: Chapter 1}}

Rocky, a high-ranking mercenary in [[Mumbai]] seeks power and wealth to fulfill his mother's promise. Due to his high fame, his bosses hire him to assassinate Garuda, the son of the founder of [[Kolar Gold Fields]].

=== ''KGF: Chapter 2'' ===
{{Main|KGF: Chapter 2}}

After having assassinated Garuda, Rocky establishes himself as the kingpin of K.G.F. He now has to deal with ruthless foes: Garuda's uncle Adheera, who wants to take control of K.G.F, Ramika Sen, the [[Prime Minister of India]], and his bosses Andrews, Rajendra Desai, Kamal, Shetty, Daya, and Guru Pandian.

== Production ==
In March 2015, [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] signed for four projects which included one with [[Prashanth Neel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash has signed four films - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Yash-has-signed-four-films/articleshow/46476646.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The project was considered to be one of the most expensive film in [[Sandalwood cinema|Kannada cinema]]. [[Hombale Films]], the production house led by [[Vijay Kiragandur]], were announced to be bankrolling the project, and one of its production executives Karthik Gowda, stated that "KGF, which is set in the 70s, took a year and a half of pre-production, because they wanted to ensure they got every single detail right, be it the matchboxes, telephone, or the clothes people wore."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash turns script doctor for his films - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Yash-turns-script-doctor-for-his-films/articleshow/49148481.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Yash to shoot for most expensive film in July - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Yash-to-shoot-for-most-expensive-film-in-July/articleshow/51322154.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Neel, stated that the film would be launched in April 2016, and the shooting would begin in May 2016.<ref name=":12"/> [[Ravi Basrur]] was also hired for the project, while [[Bhuvan Gowda]] handled the cinematography.

In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', Prashanth Neel stated that he planned to split the film in two parts, as the narration of the story is in a non-linear format. He further stated "The scale of the project is huge and we had a scope for a beginning, an interval, and an end for both parts, so it made sense for us to release it as two parts".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash's 'KGF' is about a gangster's rise and fall - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yashs-kgf-is-about-a-gangsters-rise-and-fall/articleshow/65857374.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF was always meant to be a Kannada film with Yash - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-was-always-meant-to-be-a-kannada-film-with-yash/articleshow/57960649.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2020, during the making of its second installment, Neel denied rumours of a third installment in the ''KGF'' franchise, claiming that the story would conclude in its second part. However, at the end of the second film, it was hinted that the story would continue with a third part titled ''K.G.F: Chapter 3''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-04-14 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Yash starrer KGF – Chapter 2 reveals hint of follow up Chapter 3 in post-credit scene: Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-reveals-hint-follow-chapter-3-post-credit-scene/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-14 |title=Prashanth Neel on KGF 3: 'If people love it, we could continue the franchise' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/prashanth-neel-on-kgf-3-if-people-love-it-we-could-continue-the-franchise-101649917543497.html |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Yash grew his beard and long hair for his role as Rocky.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Yash growing his hair for KGF? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/is-yash-growing-his-hair-for-kgf/articleshow/56624583.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Yash's friend Ramachandra Raju was cast as Garuda after he was spotted by Neel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/how-kgf-changed-life-yashs-bodyguard-make-him-busy-bee-films-812132|title=How KGF changed the life of Yash's bodyguard to make him a busy bee in films|last=Johnson|first=David|work=IB Times|date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-ramachandra-raju-the-kgf-villain/article32210260.ece|title = Meet Ramachandra Raju, the 'KGF' villain|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 July 2020|first = Shilpa |last=Sebastian R.}}</ref> In January 2017, [[Srinidhi Shetty]] was cast alongside Yash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot pairs to look forward to in 2017 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hot-pairs-to-look-forward-in-2017/articleshow/56442849.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Neel offered the role of Rocky's mother to newcomer [[Archana Jois]], who was apprehensive at first to act as a mother despite being in her twenties but later accepted the role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=21 October 2021 |title='Rocky Bhai's mother' Archana Jois: The 'KGF' star looks forward to more content-based films |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/archana-jois-look-forward-to-more-content-based-films/article37107206.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025191127/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/archana-jois-look-forward-to-more-content-based-films/article37107206.ece |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> In August 2017, [[Vasishta N. Simha]] was cast to play a pivotal role in the film, where he played the role of Srinidhi's fiancè.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sunayana Suresh |date=28 August 2017 |title=Vasishta N Simha bags a pivotal role in KGF |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vasishta-n-simha-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-kgf/articleshow/60243550.cms |access-date=24 November 2018 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> For the second part, [[Sanjay Dutt]] was roped in for a pivotal role in February 2019, marking his Kannada debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt roped in for KGF Chapter 2? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-roped-in-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/67938768.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 July 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title='KGF' Adheera first look released, Sanjay Dutt plays the role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-adheera-first-look-released-sanjay-dutt-plays-the-role/articleshow/70433317.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Sanjay Dutt was revealed to be playing the role of the main antagonist Adheera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt's look as Adheera in KGF 2 unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutts-look-as-adheera-in-kgf-2-unveiled/articleshow/70428220.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Sanjay Dutt Adheera in Yash's KGF: Chapter 2? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/is-sanjay-dutt-adheera-in-yashs-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/70407016.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt confirms he is part of K.G.F: Chapter 2, shares first look on his birthday |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-confirms-he-is-part-of-kgf-chapter-2-shares-first-look-on-his-birthday/articleshow/70430385.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> [[Raveena Tandon]] was reported to play the role of Prime Minister Ramika Sen, and stated that "it was a difficult character to portray".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! It was a difficult character to portray: Raveena Tandon on playing a Prime Minister in Yash's 'KGF: Chapter 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-it-was-a-difficult-character-to-portray-raveena-tandon-on-playing-a-prime-minister-in-yashs-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/74759032.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Telugu actor [[Rao Ramesh]] was cast in a pivotal role in May 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile actor Rao Ramesh lands a pivotal role in 'KGF: Chapter 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/versatile-actor-rao-ramesh-lands-a-pivotal-role-in-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/69356531.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and Tamil actor [[Saran Shakthi]] was cast in August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil actor Saran to play the lead in 'KGF: Chapter 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tamil-actor-saran-to-play-the-lead-in-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/70895118.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On 26 August 2020, when the filming resumed, [[Prakash Raj]] was also revealed to be playing Anant Nag's son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title='KGF: Chapter 2' shoot resumes; Prakash Raj joins exciting cast |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-shoot-resumes-prakash-raj-joins-exciting-cast-2839513 |access-date=8 January 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
In July 2016, the filmmakers kick-started a 15-day schedule in [[North Karnataka]], without Yash, as the actor was shooting for ''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]'' (2016). The first schedule of the film took place on a huge set, which took more than 35–40 days to construct.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash's movie to begin, but without him! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/KGF-to-begin-without-Yash/articleshow/52775894.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was slated to take off earlier that year, but was pushed back because of problems surrounding the [[Kalasa-Banduri Nala project|Kalasa Banduri issue]], which meant the team had to cancel its initial shoot schedule plans. The film's shooting then began on mid-January after completing the final stages of pre-production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash's most expensive film is ready to roll - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashs-most-expensive-film-is-ready-to-roll/articleshow/56121749.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=15 January 2017 |title=Yash-starrer KGF starts as per schedule |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/mar/16/yash-starrer-kgf-starts-as-per-schedule-1581753.html |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> The filmmakers erected huge sets at [[Badami]], to recreate [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] from the 1970–80s period, thereby filming extensively in the location.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF to be shot in Badami - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/KGF-to-be-shot-in-badami/articleshow/56773121.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In June, the project was 50 percent complete, and production had restarted after sets were rebuilt, following their destruction by heavy rains.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |date=25 June 2017 |title=Storm or shine, Rocking star Yash's KGF stays on schedule |publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/25/storm-or-shine--yashs-kgf--stays-on-schedule-1620820.html |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF shoot continues despite heavy rains - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-shoot-continues-despite-heavy-rains/articleshow/59319030.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Some sequences of the movie, which has Yash and Srinidhi Shetty in the lead roles, were also shot at the centenary clock tower located next to the [[University of Mysore]] campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF team gives heritage structure Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion a facelift - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-team-gives-heritage-structure-jayalakshmi-vilas-mansion-a-facelift/articleshow/60409761.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Yash entered the final schedule of the film in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash heads to final schedule of KGF - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-heads-to-final-schedule-of-kgf/articleshow/63881144.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2018, the filmmakers completed major portions of the film, except one song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash completes shoot for KGF; starts dubbing for it - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-completes-shoot-for-kgf-starts-dubbing-for-it/articleshow/64355177.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On 9 August 2018, [[Tamannaah]] was hired for a song number,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamannah Bhatia to make a return to Kannada cinema with a special appearance in 'KGF' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tamannah-bhatia-to-make-a-return-to-kannada-cinema-with-a-special-appearance-in-kgf/articleshow/65291841.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> thus marking her second film appearance in Kannada, after ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamannaah sizzles with Yash in a recreated classic in KGF - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tamannaah-sizzles-with-yash-in-a-recreated-classic-in-kgf/articleshow/65323058.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On 17 August 2018, the filmmakers announced that shooting of the film had wrapped,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash wraps up work on director Prashant Neel's 'KGF' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-wraps-up-work-on-director-prashant-neels-kgf/articleshow/65422322.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> although another song shoot for the film's Hindi version, featuring Yash and [[Mouni Roy]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouni Roy roped in for a special song in Yash starrer 'KGF' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mouni-roy-roped-in-for-a-special-song-in-yash-starrer-kgf/articleshow/66972850.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> took place at the Goregaon Studio on December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pictures: Mouni Roy and Yash wrap shoot of their song in 'KGF' - Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pictures-mouni-roy-and-yash-wrap-shoot-of-their-song-in-kgf/articleshow/67026929.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Filming for ''K.G.F: Chapter 2'' started on 13 March 2019 in [[Hyderabad]], with a formal puja ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF – Chapter 2 kickstarts with divine blessings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-kickstarts-with-divine-blessings/articleshow/68388547.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Aditya |first=Kadam |date=2022-03-23 |title=K.G.F: Chapter 2: Release Date, Songs, Cast KGF Chapter 2 trailer to come out on March 27 |url=https://www.astarsuntold.com/kgf-chapter-2-trailer-release-date/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426100231/https://www.astarsuntold.com/kgf-chapter-2-trailer-release-date/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=A Stars Untold |language=en-US}}</ref> After an initial round of filming near [[Bangalore]] in May 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title='KGF' star Yash kick-starts the shooting of chapter 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-star-yash-kick-starts-the-shooting-of-chapter-2/articleshow/69326020.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Yash announced that he will join the sets only in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title='KGF Chapter 2': Actor Yash to kick-start shooting for the film from June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-actor-yash-to-kick-start-shooting-for-the-film-from-june/articleshow/69339983.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The shoot at Cyanide Hills in [[Kolar Gold Fields]] was interrupted by a complaint from N Srinivas, president of the KGF's National Citizens Party who filed a petition against the makers and alleged that the film is being shot in a cyanide grounds area <ref>{{Cite web |title=JMFC court issues notice to 'KGF: Chapter 2' producer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jmfc-court-issues-notice-to-kgf-chapter-2-producer/articleshow/70877828.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In September 2019, the makers started shooting for the second schedule in Hyderabad where Sanjay Dutt joined the sets of the film in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2 shooting resumed in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-shooting-resumed-in-hyderabad/articleshow/70973719.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='KGF' shooting shifts to Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-shooting-shifts-to-hyderabad/articleshow/70974723.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt begins shoot for KGF Chapter 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-begins-shoot-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/71290230.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo: Sanjay Dutt joins 'KGF: Chapter 2' shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/photo-sanjay-dutt-joins-kgf-chapter-2-shooting/articleshow/71309265.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> After a court stay order on 27 September, the makers returned to shoot the film at Kolar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team 'KGF: Chapter 2' returns to shoot on cyanide mound |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-chapter-2-returns-to-shoot-on-cyanide-mound/articleshow/71337077.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF team wins case against the stay on shooting at Cyanide Hills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-team-wins-case-against-the-stay-on-shooting-at-cyanide-hills/articleshow/71335375.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In October 2019, the makers returned to Karnataka, after filming the extensive schedule in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team KGF heads back to Karnataka for shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-heads-back-to-karnataka-for-shoot/articleshow/71576034.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2020, the makers completed 80% of the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2 races towards finish line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-races-towards-finish-line/articleshow/73665231.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> With the schedule being filmed in Mysore, the last leg of shoot was expected to be held in Hyderabad, and then in Bangalore and Kolar.<ref>{{Cite web |title='KGF: Chapter 2' last stage shooting to take off in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-last-stage-shooting-to-take-off-in-hyderabad/articleshow/73666388.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In February 2020, Telugu actor Rao Ramesh joined the sets of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile actor Rao Ramesh joins the ensemble star cast of KGF 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/versatile-actor-rao-ramesh-joins-the-ensemble-star-cast-of-kgf-2/articleshow/74059425.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Raveena Tandon joined the sets of the film in Mysore on 12 February.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash welcomes Raveena Tandon to Mysuru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-welcomes-raveena-tandon-to-mysuru/articleshow/74096813.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Tandon wrap ups the 'KGF: Chapter 2' shoot; shares a happy picture with the crew members! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raveena-tandon-wrap-ups-the-kgf-chapter-2-shoot-shares-a-happy-picture-with-the-crew-members/articleshow/74352840.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The makers completed major portions in March 2020, with post-production works being kickstarted, but filming came to a halt due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF: Chapter 2 shoot almost complete |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-shoot-almost-complete/articleshow/74453012.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Prashanth Neel claimed that Sanjay Dutt had completed shooting for the film, with only dubbing for his portions, is pending,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt's nearly finished shooting for KGF: Chapter 2; only dubbing is left |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutts-nearly-finished-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2-only-dubbing-is-left/articleshow/77508721.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> after Sanjay Dutt was diagnosed with lung cancer, and left US for immediate treatment on 12 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt diagnosed with lung cancer; to fly to the US for immediate treatment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-dutt-diagnosed-with-stage-3-lung-cancer-read-details/articleshow/77491178.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The film was resumed in August 2020 at [[Bangalore]] post a gap of 5 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF2 in April 2020? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kgf2-in-april-2020/articleshow/70743656.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Malavika Avinash and Prakash Raj joined the sets on this schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malavika Avinash begins shoot for KGF: Chapter 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/malavika-avinash-begins-shoot-for-kgf-chapter-2-alongside-with-yash/articleshow/77757660.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Raj joins the set of the Yash-starrer KGF: Chapter 2, as shooting resumes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prakash-raj-joins-the-set-of-the-yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-as-shooting-resumes/articleshow/77759107.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On 7 October 2020, Yash and Srinidhi Shetty resumed the shoot at Mangalore,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocky Bhai is back: Yash resumes shooting for KGF: Chapter 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rocky-bhai-is-back-yash-resumes-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/78549432.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> with the team entering the final leg of shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2: Rocky Bhai Yash joins final leg of shoot from today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-rocky-bhai-yash-joins-final-leg-of-shoot-from-today/articleshow/78550583.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Sanjay Dutt confirmed that he will join the shooting of the film on November,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt confirms he shoots for KGF Chapter 2 in November |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-confirms-he-shoots-for-kgf-chapter-2-in-november/articleshow/78679296.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> although he resumed the shooting only in December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt to resume shooting for KGF: Chapter 2 as Adheera in December |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-to-resume-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2-as-adheera-in-december/articleshow/79278654.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The climax action scenes were filmed in December 2020 at [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=KGF Chapter 2: Prashanth Neel Starts Filming Climax Scene Between Yash & Sanjay Dutt; See Photo |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2020/kgf-chapter-2-prashanth-neel-starts-filming-climax-scene-between-yash-sanjay-dutt-see-photo-307167.html |website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! 'K.G.F: Chapter 2': Yash is all set to start the final leg of the shoot; read details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-k-g-f-chapter-2-enters-the-final-leg-of-the-shoot/articleshow/79388897.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Team KGF completes Hyderabad schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-completes-hyderabad-schedule/articleshow/79822024.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast and Crew ==

=== Cast ===
{{Cast indicator|appeared=the ''K.G.F'' franchise|C|V|Y}}

{| class="wikitable" width ="75%" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Character
! colspan="2" |Films
|-
!''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' (2018)
!''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' (2022)
|-
! rowspan="2" |Raja Krishnappa Bairya "Rocky"
| colspan="2" |[[Yash (actor)|Yash]]
|-
| colspan="2" |Anmol Vijay{{ref|younger|Y}}
|-
!Adheera
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Sanjay Dutt]]
|-
!Ramika Sen
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Raveena Tandon]]
|-
!Reena Desai
| colspan="2" |[[Srinidhi Shetty]]
|-
!Garuda
|[[Ramachandra Raju]]
|[[Ramachandra Raju]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
!Kamal
|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]
|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
!rowspan=2|Anand Inagalgi
|[[Anant Nag]]
|[[Anant Nag]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
|colspan="2" |Ashok Sharma{{ref|young|Y}}
|-
!Shanthamma
| colspan="2" |[[Archana Jois]]
|-
!Deepa Hegde
| colspan="2" |[[Malavika Avinash]]
|-
!Srinivas
| colspan="2" |[[T. S. Nagabharana]]
|-
!Guru Pandian
| colspan="2" |[[Achyuth Kumar]]
|-
!Vanaram
| colspan="2" |[[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]
|-
!Vijayendra Inagalgi
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|-
!Kanneganti Raghavan
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Rao Ramesh]]
|-
!Suryavardhan
|Ramesh Indira
|Ramesh Indira{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
!Andrews
|colspan=2|B. S. Avinash
|-
!Daya
|colspan=2|Tarak Ponnappa
|-
!Rajendra Desai
| colspan="2" |Lakki Lakshman
|-
!Inayat Khalil
|Balakrishna{{ref|cameo|C}}
|Balakrishna
|-
|}

=== Crew ===
{| class="wikitable" width ="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |Occupation
! colspan="2" |Film
|-
!''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' (2018)
!''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' (2022)
|-
!Director
| colspan="2" |[[Prashanth Neel]]
|-
!Producer
| colspan="2" |[[Vijay Kiragandur]]
|-
!Writer
| colspan="2" |[[Prashanth Neel]]
|-
!Dialogues
| colspan="2" |Prashant Neel, M. Chandramouli, Dr. Suri and Vinay Shivangi
|-
!Cinematography
| colspan="2" |[[Bhuvan Gowda]]
|-
!Editor
|[[Srikanth Gowda]]
|Ujwal Kulkarni
|-
!Music
|[[Ravi Basrur]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] (one song)
|[[Ravi Basrur]]
|}

== Reception ==
<big>'''Box office'''</big>
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikidiv"
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centr;" | Film
! style="text-align:centr;" | Release date
! style="text-align:centr;" | Budget
! style="text-align:centr;" | Box office revenue
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[KGF: Chapter 1#Box office|KGF: Chapter 1]]''||21 December 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title='KGF' release postponed to December - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-release-postponed-to-december/articleshow/66137174.cms |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>||{{INRConvert|80|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-17 |title=KGF Box Office collection: Record! 1st Kannada movie to release in Pakistan; earns whopping Rs 200 cr worldwide |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-kgf-box-office-collection-record-1st-kannada-movie-to-release-in-pakistan-earns-whopping-rs-200-cr-worldwide-80693 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>||{{INRConvert|250|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash reveals he has approached Sanjay Dutt for KGF Chapter 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-reveals-he-has-approached-sanjay-dutt-for-kgf-chapter-2-1452187-2019-02-09 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[KGF: Chapter 2#Box office|KGF: Chapter 2]]''||14 April 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-23 |title=KGF 2 to release in theatres on this date, Yash-Sanjay Dutt hype up the much-anticipated action film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-to-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-yash-sanjay-dutt-action-film-7465550/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|{{INRConvert|100|c}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Yash rocking star Upcoming Movies 2021, Release Date, Trailer and Budget |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/yash-rocking-star-upcoming-movies-list-name-trailer-release-date-budget-1760986-2021-01-20 |access-date=2022-04-17 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|{{INRConvert|1200|c}}–{{INRConvert|1250|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/yash-prashanth-neel-kgf-chapter-2-total-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-ta-1327904.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref name="newsable.asianetnews.com">{{cite web |title=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash-kgf-chapter-2-makes-multiple-records-in-canada-drb-rcfwqh |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:centr;" |Total
! style="text-align:centr;" |{{INRConvert|180|c}}
! style="text-align:centr;" |{{INRConvert|1450|c}}–{{INRConvert|1500|c}}
|}
<big>'''Critical reception'''</big>
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|''[[KGF: Chapter 1#Critical response|KGF: Chapter 1]]''
|67% (5.6/10 average rating) (9 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.G.F: Chapter 1 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kgf |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[KGF: Chapter 2#Critical reception|''KGF: Chapter 2'']]
|47% (5/10 average rating) (15 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.G.F: Chapter 2 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kgf_chapter_2 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Future ==
In January 2023, Vijay Kiragandur stated in an interview that ''K.G.F Chapter 3'' might start filming only in 2028 for a release in 2029 due to Prashanth Neel's commitments with ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|Salaar]]'' and a film with [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. N.T.R]]. Kirangandur also added "Going forward, we are going to create a [[Marvel Cinematic Universe|Marvel kind of universe]]. We want to bring different characters from different movies and create something like ''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness|Doctor Strange]]''." On 14 April 2023, ''K.G.F Chapter 3'' was confirmed with a hint video from the production company which is expected to release in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF Chapter 3 confirmed with new video as KGF 2 clocks one year; Hombale Films hint at storyline; watch |url=https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/kgf-chapter-3-confirmed-new-video-kgf-2-1-year-hombale-films-hint-storyline-watch-201637/amp |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=odishatv.in}}</ref>

On 6 December 2023, Prashanth Neel confirmed that the script for the third installment is ready.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prashanth Neel confirms 'KGF 3' with Yash, says 'script is ready' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prashanth-neel-kgf-3-yash-script-is-ready-2472831-2023-12-06 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The team is planning for KGF to go for global reach of Indian Cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash Teases 'K.G.F. 3,' Talks Global Reach of Indian Cinema |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/yash-kgf-1235239996/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7838252|qid=Q21646605|title=K.G.F: Chapter 1}}
* {{IMDb title|10698680|qid=Q67200663|title=K.G.F: Chapter 2}}
* {{IMDb title|27128495|qid=Q120965942|title=K.G.F: Chapter 3}}

{{KGF (film series)}}

[[Category:KGF (film series)]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2018]]
[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Thriller film series]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Films about gold rushes]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

Oinam Bhogeshwar

2026-03-23T13:38:23Z

LinnieHammonds: Started new post

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Oinam Bhogeshwar Singh''' ''({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯚꯣꯒꯦꯁ꯭ꯋꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}),'' also known as '''O. Bhogeshwor''', or '''O. Bhogeswar''', or '''O. Bhogeswor''', or '''O. Bhogeshor''', or '''O. Bhogesor''', is an Indian scholar, editor, and writer associated with [[Meitei literature]] (alias [[Manipuri literature]]). He is best known for his editorial work on early and medieval Manipuri texts and for his contributions to the preservation and study of classical Meitei manuscripts and literary traditions.
He contributed to the collection, editing, and interpretation of [[ancient Meitei literature|ancient Meitei literature (old Manipuri literary works)]].<ref>Bahadur, Mutua. Manuscript Paintings of Manipur. India: Mutum Ongbi Sanahanbi, 1978.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Literary forum organised : 22nd jul17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..220717.jul17|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Career ==

Bhogeshwar Singh played a prominent role in the study and preservation of [[Ancient Meitei literature|Meitei manuscripts and classical texts]]. His editorial and research work focused on both old and medieval Manipuri literature, which form a core part of the Manipuri literary corpus.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Among his noted contributions are editions of significant texts such as:

* [[Numit Kappa]] ([[Ancient Meitei literature|Old Manipuri literature]])<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Manipur, Past and Present: Nagas & Kuki-Chins. India: Mittal Publications, 1988.</ref>
* [[Chandrakirti Jila Changba]] (Medieval Manipuri literature)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] (Royal chronicle of [[Manipur]])<ref name=":3">A Catalogue of Manipuri Books, 1891-1969. India: The Parishad, 1970.</ref>

These works are often included in university syllabi and the [[UPSC Civil Services Examination]] ([[Manipuri literature|Manipuri Literature]] Optional), underscoring their literary and academic importance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=education channel >>upse syllabus ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur|url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=education.upse_syllabus.html..|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Selected works ==

* [[Numit Kappa]] (ed.)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
* [[Chandrakirti Jila Changba]] (ed.)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] V I (ed.)<ref name=":3" />
* Ningthourol Sheireng (1967)<ref>Bhogeśwara Siṃha, Oināma. Niṃthaurola śaireṃ. India: n.p., 1967.</ref>
* Moirang Ningthourol Lambuba<ref>Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. N.p.: ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur), 2014.</ref><ref>The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon & The People of Manipur. N.p.: Shashwat Publication, 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sanjenbam Jugeshwor|date=2023-06-29|title=Relation between Meitei and other Ethnic Communities of Manipur as per old Books|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/relation-between-meitei-and-other-ethnic-communities-of-manipur-as-per-old-books/|access-date=2025-11-06|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ningthourol Lambuba]] (1967/68)<ref>Hanjabam, Shukhdeba Sharma; Singh, Aheibam Koireng; Sharma, Kakchingtabam Ruhinikumar (2021-01-01). Manipur Myanmar Connections: An Indic Perspective. Concept Publishing Company. p. 77. ISBN 978-93-88937-84-9.</ref><ref>Manipur-Myanmar Historical Connections. India: Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Limited, 2022.</ref><ref>Ibohal Singh, Moirangmayum. Constitutional & Legal History of Manipur: With Customs & Laws of the Tribal Peoples of Manipur. India: Samurou Lakpa Mayai Lambi Law College, 1986.</ref><ref>Roland Shimmi, Yanao Lungharnao. Comparative History of the Nagas, from Ancient Period Till 1826. India: Inter-India Publications, 1988.</ref>
* Sanamahi Laikan, ( Imphal : 1972 )<ref>Birajit, Soibam (2014-12-01). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur). pp. 145, 147.</ref>
* Nongsamei Puya, Imphal, 1973<ref>Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. pp. 462, 463. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.</ref><ref>Homeward: Towards a Poetics of Space. N.p.: Zubaan, 2022.</ref><ref>American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 27:4. N.p.: International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), 2010.</ref>
* [[Loiyumpa Silyel|Loyumba Sinyen]] ( 1975 )<ref>Proceedings of North East India History Association. India: The Association, 2000.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhogeshwar, Oinam}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Task Force 74

2026-03-19T06:48:57Z

LinnieHammonds: typo fix

{{Short description|US Navy task force deployed during the 1971 India–Pakistan War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=June 2021}}

'''Task Force 74''' was a naval [[task force]] that has existed twice. The first Task Force 74 was a mixed [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] force of [[Royal Navy]], [[Royal Australian Navy]], and [[United States Navy]] ships which operated against Japanese forces from 1943 to 1945 during the [[Pacific War|Pacific campaign]]. The second Task Force 74 was assembled from the U.S. Navy's [[United States Seventh Fleet|Seventh Fleet]] that was deployed to the [[Bay of Bengal]] by the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon administration]] in December 1971 during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War]].
The fleet was sent to intimidate Indian forces at the height of the conflict.<ref name="Mahfuz 2013">{{cite web |last=Mahfuz |first=Asif |title=US Fleet in Bay of Bengal: A game of deception |website=The Daily Star |date=2013-12-16 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/us-fleet-in-bay-of-bengal-a-game-of-deception |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Josy Joseph |date=Nov 6, 2011 |title=US forces had orders to target Indian Army in 1971 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-forces-had-orders-to-target-indian-army-in-1971/articleshow/10625404.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]], which was actively backing Indian actions both politically and militarily during the war responded by deploying two groups of [[cruiser]]s and [[destroyer]]s as well as a [[Military submarine|submarine]] armed with [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear warheads]] in response to the American military presence in the area.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Surrender, or...': Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw's message to Pakistan - This and 10 other facts about 1971 war |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/surrender-or-field-marshal-sam-manekshaws-message-to-pakistan-this-and-10-other-facts-about-1971-war |access-date=9 June 2021 |work=The Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> From 18 December 1971 to 7 January 1972, the [[Soviet Navy]] trailed the American fleet throughout the Indian Ocean. The task force number is now used by the U.S. Seventh Fleet's submarine force.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==World War II==
On 15 March 1943, [[Task Force 44]], an Australia–United States task force made up of [[cruiser]]s and [[destroyer]]s operating in the [[South West Pacific Area (command)|South West Pacific Area]], was redesignated as Task Force 74. In the [[Battle of Hollandia]] between American and [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] forces in April–June 1944, the task force was made up of {{HMAS|Shropshire}} and up to four destroyers, including {{HMAS|Arunta|I30|6}}.<ref>http://pacific.valka.cz/forces/tf74.htm#reckle; S.E. Morison, ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]]: New Guinea and the Marianas: March 1944 – August 1944,'' p. 47.</ref>

Following a preliminary bombardment, the battle for [[Cebu City]] began on 26 March 1945, when the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] launched [[Operation Victor II]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Lofgren|1996|p=13 & 19}}</ref> Staging out of [[Leyte]], where they had conducted rehearsal landings two days earlier, a large [[flotilla]] of cruisers and destroyers from the [[United States Seventh Fleet]]'s Task Force 74 escorted the Cebu Attack Group to the island.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rottman|2002|p=310}}</ref> Under the leadership of [[Major general (United States)|Major-General]] [[William Howard Arnold (general)|William H. Arnold]], the forces assigned to the operation consisted of the [[23rd Infantry Division (United States)|Americal Division]]'s [[132nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|132nd]] and [[182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|182nd Infantry Regiments]], totalling about 5,000 men, and were [[Talisay Landing|landed at Talisay Beach]] on [[Cebu|Cebu Island]], {{convert|4|mi|km|order=flip}} southwest of Cebu City. The 182nd came ashore southwest of the city, while the 132nd landed at a wide gravel beach to the northeast opposite a palm grove.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rottman|2002|p = 311}}</ref> While meeting no Japanese opposition, American forces nevertheless suffered heavy casualties from [[land mine]]s and [[booby trap]]s as they crossed the beach.<ref name=182d>{{cite web |url=http://www.182ndinfantry.org/history/exhibits/show/182nd/pacific/cebu |title=Cebu: Hostile Beach 1945 |work=Company G, 182d Infantry Regiment: Fighting the War in the Pacific |access-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225105203/http://www.182ndinfantry.org/history/exhibits/show/182nd/pacific/cebu |archive-date=25 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.philstar.com/freeman-opinion/2013/03/26/924213/liberation-cebu-68-years-ago |title=The Liberation of Cebu: 68 years ago! |work=The Philippine Star |type=Opinion |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>

==Cold War period==
The Indian Ocean had, in the post-colonial cold-war situation in the 1960s, a strong British [[Royal Navy]] presence which projected Western interests in the region, and carried out security operations, as well as a deterrence against Soviet overtures in this area. The US navy's role at this time was confined to a limited presence in [[Bahrain]].<ref name="Rais40">{{Harvnb|Rais|1987|p=40}}</ref>

===Naval deterrence in the Indian Ocean===
By the mid-1960s, with a failing economy, Britain began to roll back her role in the region. In a situation of political instability in the region, the Soviet Union also began a strong diplomatic initiative in the littoral states and initiated limited naval deployments, prompting fears that withdrawal of a western peacekeeping role would allow the [[Soviet Navy]] to fulfil its aspirations in the region, threatening western economic and military interests in the region and leading to loss of this area from the western sphere of influence.<ref name=Rais41>{{Harvnb|Rais|1987|p=41}}</ref> This lent a strong voice to the proponents of a strong US naval presence in the Indian Ocean, among them [[Elmo Zumwalt]], as a diplomatic as well military deterrence against Soviet moves.<ref name=Rais41/> US security interests in the Indian Ocean were, however, initially restricted to the countries of [[Ethiopia]], Iran and [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name=Rais44>{{Harvnb|Rais|1987|p=44}}</ref>

===Superpowers in the Indian subcontinent===
Both the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] had attempted to establish strong links with India following the [[Sino-Indian war]] of 1962, much to the disturbance of [[Pakistan]] especially since they were already in a military alliance with the United States. India had obtained substantial military and economic assistance from the United States towards the end of the conflict, but remained committed to the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Following the end of the conflict, Soviet offers of [[MiG]] fighter aircraft, as well as offers for transfer of technology and production facilities for military hardware confirmed India's preference for Moscow in terms of long-term security collaboration. In 1963, the [[US Navy]] deployed its first [[Carrier group]] in the Indian Ocean close to the Indian coast. However, since this was within a year of the end of the Sino-Indian conflict, where the US and Britain had offered substantial help to India, this was not interpreted as a diplomatic pressure or a show-of-force, and was in all probability training exercises to familiarise the navy with the Indian Ocean area. India had also at this time allowed the US to install intelligence gathering devices in the Himalayan peaks close to China, on the conditions of intelligence-sharing.

By the end of the 1960s, the [[Vietnam War]] became the focus for the United States, with the [[Indian subcontinent]] receiving much less attention. Peace in the region was assumed by the US to be the responsibility of the regional powers of India and China.<ref name=Rais44/>

===East Pakistan / Bangladesh crisis===

The [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] brought the Indian subcontinent back into the focus of the cold-war confrontations. The crisis had its roots in the economic and social disparities between the [[East Pakistan|Eastern]] and [[West Pakistan|Western]] wings of Pakistan and a dominance of the Eastern wing by the west since the [[Partition of India|creation]] of the nascent state in 1947 that increasingly divided the two wings through the 1960s<ref name=Blechman176>{{Harvnb|Blechman|Kaplan|1978|p=176}}</ref> During March 1971 Pakistan Army aided and advised by Bhutto and the army stopped political negotiation with East Pakistan's Sheikh Mujib, whose party Awami League won a landslide victory and majority seats in the Pakistan Parliament, and started a massive crackdown on the civilians and paramilitary police of the Eastern wing. By the last quarter of 1971, Pakistan was in a state of civil war, its Eastern wing locked in a ferocious battle for independence from the Western wing. The crisis precipitated in March 1971 when rising political discontent and [[cultural nationalism]] in East Pakistan was met by [[Yahya Khan]] launching [[Operation Searchlight]],<ref name="Blechman176" /><ref name="Blechman177">{{Harvnb|Blechman|Kaplan|1978|p=177}}</ref><ref name="genwatch">{{cite web |url=http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html |title=in Bangladesh, 1971 |author=Adam Jones |publisher=Gendercide Watch |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> which resulted in the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]. The majority of East Pakistan's political leadership, including [[Mujibur Rahman]], were arrested and, following brief confrontations and bloody battles between Bengali nationalists and some 40,000 strong Pakistani military, political order was forcibly and temporarily reimposed by the end of April amidst strong protests from India, the Soviet Union and other countries against the atrocities against the Bengali civilian population.<ref name="Blechman177" /> The Pakistani army aided by paramilitaries from West Pakistan and local non-Bengali and some Islamic minded-Bengali political parties were killing large numbers of East Pakistanis. Depending on the source, the total death toll of the predominantly Bengali East Pakistanis during these events were either up to 500,000 people (according to independent researchers) or 3 million people (according to the government of Bangladesh).<ref name="BBCWar">{{cite news |last=Dummett |first=Mark |date=16 December 2011 |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The massive and disproportionate crackdown by Pakistan Army forces<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last=Shanberg |first=S. |date=3 May 1994 |title=The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> engendered a sea of refugees (estimated at the time to be about 10 million, 13% of the entire East Pakistani population)<ref name="Blechman177" /><ref name="report">Crisis in South Asia – A report by Senator Edward Kennedy to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press.pp6-7</ref><ref name="Times13">{{cite magazine |title=India and Pakistan: Over the Edge |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011034833/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2007 |magazine=Time |date=13 December 1971 |volume=98 |issue=24}}</ref> who came flooding to the [[East India|eastern provinces of India]].<ref name=Blechman177/><ref name= report/> Facing a mounting humanitarian crisis, India started actively aiding and re-organising what was by this time already the nucleus of the [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref name=Blechman177/>

In the months before the war, both Pakistan and India attempted to shore up diplomatic support. On 9 August 1971, India signed a [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|twenty-year co-operation treaty]] with the Soviet Union,<ref name=Blechman177/> followed by a six-nation tour of Europe and USA by [[Indira Gandhi]] in October. This tour was intended to demonstrate India's professed neutrality despite the Indo-Soviet treaty, as well as to highlight the refugee problem faced by India.<ref name=Blechman178>{{Harvnb|Blechman|Kaplan|1978|p=178}}</ref>
Pakistan came under increasing criticism<ref name= JSTOR>{{cite journal |last=Donaldson |first=Robert H. |date=June 1972 |title=India: The Soviet Stake in Stability |journal=Asian Survey |publisher=University of California Press |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=475–492 |doi=10.2307/2643045 |jstor=2643045}}</ref> from India, the Soviet Union, Japan, and [[List of countries in Europe|Europe]] as the plight of the refugees and their impact on the Indian economy were highlighted by Indira Gandhi in the UN and on a number of global tours.<ref name=Times13/> However, the United States and China showed little interest in the crisis and actively opposed aid, intervention or support to the [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref name= Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Sheren |first=Syeda Momtaz |year=2012 |chapter=War of Liberation, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=War_of_Liberation,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name= Nixon>Remarks of President Richard M Nixon on 10 April 1971 at State Department Signing of Biological Weapon's Convention. <blockquote> Every Great Power must follow the principle that it should not directly or indirectly allow any other nation to use force or armed aggression against one of its neighbours.</blockquote>. USIS Text, pp 1–2.</ref> [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] at this time led a high level delegation to Beijing to obtain commitment from China of support in case of Indian intervention while Pakistan pressed at the UN for an International [[Peacekeeping Force]] for the India-East Pakistan border.<ref name=Blechman178/> The Pakistani efforts at the UN were however blocked by the Soviet Union in the [[UNSC|Security council]].<ref name= Blechman178/> India's aid to the Mukti Bahini continued unabated, and fighting between the Mukti Bahini and the Pakistani Forces grew increasingly vicious.<ref name= asiansurvey>{{cite journal |last=Kapur |first=Ashok |date=June 1972 |title=Indo-Soviet Treaty and the Emerging Asian Balance |journal=Asian Survey |publisher=University of California Press |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=463–474 |jstor=2643044 |doi=10.2307/2643044}}</ref>

== Third Indo−Pakistani War ==
The Indo-Soviet treaty had provided India with cover against any possible Chinese intervention in aid of Pakistan if and when the conflict precipitated. To the Pakistani leadership, it became clear that armed Indian intervention and secession of East Pakistan was becoming inevitable.<ref name= TIME20>{{cite magazine |title=Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112032245/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2007 |magazine=Time |date=20 December 1971 |volume=98 |issue=25}}</ref>

On 3 December, Pakistan preemptively launched [[Operation Chengiz Khan]] against India, marking the official initiation of hostilities of the [[Indo-Pak war of 1971]]. The Indian response was a defensive military strategy in the western theatre while a massive, coordinated and decisive offensive thrust into East-Pakistan. On 5 December, United States began attempts for a UN-sponsored ceasefire, which were twice vetoed by the USSR in the security council. India extended her recognition of Bangladesh on 6 December.<ref name=Blechman178/> On 8 December, Washington received intelligence reports that India was planning an offensive into West Pakistan.<ref name=Blechman188>{{Harvnb|Blechman|Kaplan|1978|p=188}}</ref> It was in this situation that the United States dispatched a ten-ship naval task force, the US Task Force 74, from the Seventh Fleet off South Vietnam into the [[Bay of Bengal]].

===U.S. diplomatic initiatives===

With intelligence reports indicating the Indian cabinet was discussing the scopes of offensive into West Pakistan, on 10 December, the decision was taken by US to assemble a task force at [[Malacca strait]], spearheaded by [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''Enterprise'']]. The force was to be capable of overshadowing the four Soviet ships already in the Bay of Bengal.<ref name=Blechman188/>

===Deployment===
The task force was headed by USS ''Enterprise'', at the time [[List of longest naval ships|and still]] the largest [[aircraft carrier]] in the world by length. She was flying the flag of Rear-Admiral [[Damon W. Cooper]], Commander [[Carrier Division Five (United States)|Carrier Division Five]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/e/cvn-65/1971.pdf |title=USS Enterprise Command History 1971 |website=www.history.navy.mil |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222152707/http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/e/cvn-65/1971.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Escorts included three [[guided missile]] destroyers: {{USS|King|DDG-41}}, {{USS|Decatur|DDG-31}}, and {{USS|Parsons|DDG-33}}; four gun [[destroyers]] {{USS|Bausell|DD-845}}, {{USS|Orleck|DD-886}}, {{USS|McKean|DD-784}} and {{USS|Richard B. Anderson}}; and a nuclear attack submarine. In addition, it consisted of [[amphibious assault]] carrier {{USS|Tripoli|LPH-10}}, carrying a 200 strong [[Us Marine|Marine battalion]] and twenty five assault helicopters; the ammunition ship {{USS|Haleakala|AE-25}}; and {{USS|White Plains|AFS-4}}, an auxiliary fleet supply ship from [[Subic Bay Naval Base]] in the Philippines, which loaded over 60 Tons of mail and Christmas packages for the Task Force before leaving Subic Bay to join Task Force 74 on 19 December.<ref name=Blechman188/> Aboard ''Tripoli,'' according to her Command History for 1971, were Commander, [[Amphibious Squadron 5]]; [[31st Marine Expeditionary Unit|31st Marine Amphibious Unit]]; 2nd Battalion, [[4th Marine Regiment]]; and [[VMM-165|Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 165]].<ref>See Command History accessible via https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/Collections/command-operations-reports/vietnam.html.</ref>

''Enterprise'' was at this time at the [[Tonkin Gulf]] area. Recovering her airborne aircraft and transferring personnel who were required to stay to the {{USS|Constellation|CVA-64}}, she prepared to head off. The task force was delayed while the support ships refueled, it held off East of Singapore, and was ordered into the Indian Ocean on 14 December.<ref name=Francis182>{{Harvnb|Francis|Ives|2003|p=182}}</ref> crossed Malacca straits on the nights of 13–14 December and entered the Bay of Bengal on the morning of 15 December.<ref name=Blechman188/> The group was required to proceed slowly, averaging a speed of 15 [[knot (unit)|knots]], both to conserve fuel as well as to allow advance information on its heading.

===Objectives===
The US government stated at the time that the goal of the task force was to help evacuate Pakistani forces from East Pakistan following a ceasefire.<ref name=Blechman188/>

===Standoff with Soviet naval force and aftermath===
The slow progress of Task Force 74 met an increased Soviet naval presence in the Indian Ocean. Both forces maintained their presence in the theatre until January 1972, well after from the operations on the ground was clear that Pakistan was in no position to continue the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Pakistan surrendered in 1971 |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/20jacob.htm |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>It was reported that the ships Dmitry Pozharsky, Varyag, BPK Vladivostok, Strogiy, two additional destroyers,two whisky class submarines and two minesweepers from the Soviet Pacific fleet were deployed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sentinels |first=India |title=‘Open Sangsar’: The radio message that sealed the fate of East Pakistan |url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/opinion/open-sangsar-the-radio-message-that-sealed-the-fate-of-east-pakistan-4698 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.indiasentinels.com}}</ref>

===Soviet response and standoff===
On 6 and 13 December 1971, the [[Soviet Navy]] dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from [[Vladivostok]]; they trailed US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html |url-status=dead |title=Cold war games |work=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828110504/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html |archive-date=28 August 2009 |access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Malhotra |first=Inder |date=11 December 2009 |title=Birth of a nation |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/birth-of-a-nation/552795/3 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=14 April 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[PNS Muhafiz]]
* {{INS|Khukri|F149|6}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]
* [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]
* [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Military history of India]]
* [[List of military disasters]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
{{col div end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{Citation |surname1=Blechman |given1=B.M. |surname2=Kaplan |given2=S.S. |year=1978 |title=Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=0-8157-0985-4}}.
* {{Citation |surname1=Francis |given1=Patricia B |surname2=Ives |given2=Burditt |year=2003 |title=The Brown Shoes: Personal Histories of Flying Midshipmen and Other Naval Aviators of the Korean War Era. |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |isbn=1-56311-858-0}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907021300/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/2000s/Hiranandani.pdf The Indian End of the Telescope. India and her navy. Vice Admiral (retd) G Hiranandani].[[Bharat-rakshak.com]]
* {{Citation |surname1=Garthoff R.L |given1=B.M. |year=1994 |title=Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. pp 297–312 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=0-8157-3042-X}}.
* {{Citation |surname1=Lofgren |given1=Stephen |year=1996 |title=Southern Philippines |series=The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-SPhilippines/index.html |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |isbn=978-0-16-048140-6}}.
* {{Citation |surname1=Rottman |given1=Gordon |year=2002 |title=World War Two Pacific Island Guide |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31395-0}}.
* {{Citation |surname1=Rais |given1=R.B |year=1987 |title=The Indian Ocean and the Superpowers |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=0-389-20695-4}}.

== Further reading ==
* ''On Watch: a memoir'' by Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr. (The New York Times Book Co., {{ISBN|0-8129-0520-2}}) - Zumwalt's involvement in the dispatch of Task Force 74

==External links==
* [https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041 1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy]
* [https://www.academia.edu/12539940/Revisiting_the_1971_USS_Enterprise_Incident_Rhetoric_Reality_and_Pointers_for_the_Contemporary_Era?auto=download Revisiting the 1971 'USS Enterprise Incident': Rhetoric, Reality and Pointers for the Contemporary Era] by Raghavendra Mishra

{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Pakistan–United States relations]]
[[Category:India–United States military relations]]
[[Category:United States Navy task forces]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Naval history of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]

West Bengal Police

2026-03-17T10:37:44Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{short description|Law enforcement agency responsible for West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = West Bengal Police পশ্চিমবঙ্গ পুলিশ
| commonname = Police
| abbreviation = WBP ; প: ব: পু
| logo = West Bengal Police Logo.svg
| logocaption = [[Crest (heraldry)|Crest]] of West Bengal Police
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag = West Bengal Police Flag.svg
| flagcaption = [[Flag]] of West Bengal Police
| motto = "We Care We Dare"
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formedyear = {{start date and age|1861}}
| formedmonthday =
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees = 1,11,032<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bprd.nic.in|title=STATES/UTS & CPFS POLICE STRENGTH|website=bprd.nic.in}}</ref>
| volunteers =
| budget = {{INRConvert|12845.22|c}} ([[Fiscal year|FY]]2026–27 est.)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://finance.wb.gov.in/writereaddata/Budget_Publication/2026_bp16_I.pdf|title=Detailed Demands for grants for 2026-27|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]|year=2026|pages=188|access-date=19 Feb 2026}}</ref>
| legalpersonality =
| country = India
| countryabbr =
| national =
| federal =
| international =
| divtype = State
| divname = [[West Bengal]]
| divdab =
| subdivtype =
| subdivname =
| subdivdab =
| map = West Bengal map for WLM-IN.svg
| mapcaption = Jurisdiction of the West Bengal Police
| sizearea = {{convert|88752|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| sizepopulation = 91,347,736 (2011)
| legaljuris = [[West Bengal]]
| governingbody = [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs]]
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/14532/1/act3.pdf The West Bengal Police Act, 1952]
| police = yes
| local = yes
| military =
| provost =
| gendarmerie = Combat Force
| religious =
| speciality1 =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Bhabani Bhawan, [[Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal]]
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype = Gazetted Officer
| sworn = 200 IPS officers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/WBP_IPS_Posting_new.aspx|title=West Bengal Police|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427134817/http://www.wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/WBP_IPS_Posting_new.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| multinational =
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister1pfo = {{small|[[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Department of Home and Hill Affairs of West Bengal]]}}
| chief1name = Siddh Nath Gupta ''(acting)'', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = {{small|[[Director General of Police]]}}
| parentagency =
| child1agency = [[CID West Bengal]]
| child2agency = [[Counter Insurgency Force|Counter Insurgency Force (CIF)]]
| child3agency = [[Eastern Frontier Rifles]]
| child4agency = [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]]
| child5agency = [[Specially Trained Armed Company]]
| child6agency = [[Bengal Marine Police]]
| child7agency = [[Indian Reserve Battalions (IRBn)]]
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype = City unit
| officename = {{flatlist|
* [[Asansol–Durgapur Police Commissionerate|ADPC]]
* [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|BPC]]
* [[Bidhannagar City Police|BCP]]
* [[Chandannagar Police Commissionerate|CPC]]
* [[Howrah City Police|HCP]]
* [[Siliguri Metropolitan Police|SMP]]
}}
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype = Police Stations
| stations = 516<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2022 |title=Police Stations under West Bengal Police Jurisdection |url=https://wb.gov.in/government-police-administration.aspx |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=Department of Information & Cultural Affairs(I&CA), Government of West Bengal |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628014759/https://wb.gov.in/government-police-administration.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| airbases =
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type = Vehicle types
| vehicles1 = {{flatlist|
* [[Harley-Davidson Street|Harley-Davidson Street 750]]
* [[Tata Nexon|TATA Nexon.ev]]
* [[Mahindra TUV 300]]
* [[Mahindra Rakshak]]
* [[Mahindra Marksman]]
}}
| boat1type = Vessels
| boats1 = 7<ref name="mha1">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2013 |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question no.2870 on COASTAL SECURITY No.29/RN/Ref./November/2013 |url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/New_Reference_Notes/English/Coastal_Security.pdf |access-date=11 March 2013 |website=loksabhadocs.nic.in}}</ref>
| boat2type = Jetties
| boats2 = 4<ref name="mha1"/>
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| animal1type = Dogs
| animals1 = 60<ref>{{Cite news |last=Minhaj |first=Adnan |date=7 Nov 2021 |title=West Bengal Police to set up dog squads in all districts |pages=Offbeat |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] 7:39 pm IST |url=https://www.siasat.com/west-bengal-police-to-set-up-dog-squads-in-all-districts-2221687/ |access-date=7 Nov 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107152508/http://www.siasat.com/west-bengal-police-to-set-up-dog-squads-in-all-districts-2221687/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 =
| website = {{URL|https://wbpolice.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}

The '''West Bengal Police''' ({{langx|bn|পশ্চিমবঙ্গ পুলিশ}}) is the primary [[law enforcement]] agency for the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], excluding the metropolitan area of [[Kolkata]], which has its own separate police force. It is responsible for maintaining public order, preventing and investigating crimes, and ensuring the safety and security of citizens across the state. Established under the [[Police Act, 1861]], the force operates under the administrative control of the
[[Department of Home and Hill Affairs]] of [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/|title=Official Website of West Bengal Police|access-date=2025-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Home Affairs|title=Annual Report of the Ministry of Home Affairs|year=2023|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

The West Bengal Police was reorganized under provisions of the Police Act 1861 during the [[British Raj]]. It is headed by an officer designated as the [[Director General of Police]] who reports to the State Government through the Home (Police) Department. '''Shri Siddh Nath Gupta''', an IPS officer of the 1992 batch is the acting DGP of West Bengal Police since 17 March 2026.

The West Bengal Police has jurisdiction concurrent with the twenty-two revenue districts of the State (excluding the metropolitan city of [[Kolkata]]) which comprises one of the two general police districts of West Bengal under the Police Act 1861. The other general police district consists of the major portions of the metropolitan area of [[Kolkata]], and has a separate police force ([[Kolkata Police|Kolkata Police Commissionerate]]) constituted and administered under the Calcutta Police Act 1866 & Calcutta (Suburban Police) Act 1866. This arrangement, unique in India, was conceived during colonial times when Calcutta was the capital of British India. The city police have been kept independent of the state police force.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

==Organisational structure==
West Bengal Police '''Ten Police Ranges''' in '''three zones''' and a '''Railways zone'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbpolice.gov.in/WBP/Common/WBP_Org_Structure.aspx|title=Organization chart of West Bengal Police|work=WBP|access-date=2019-05-30|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603033937/http://wbpolice.gov.in/WBP/Common/WBP_Org_Structure.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Zone !! Ranges !! Districts
|-
|rowspan=3| South Bengal Zone || Presidency Range || {{hlist
|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur Police District]] | [[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour Police District]] | [[Sundarbans district|Sundarbans Police District]] | [[Howrah district|Howrah Rural Police]]}}
|-
| Murshidabad Range || {{hlist
|[[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishnanagar Police District]]| [[Ranaghat subdivision|Ranaghat Police District]] | [[Jangipur police district]] | [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]}}
|-
| Barasat Range ||{{hlist
| [[Barasat Sadar subdivision|Barasat Police District]]| [[Basirhat subdivision|Basirhat Police District]] | [[Bangaon subdivision|Bongaon Police District]]}}
|-
|rowspan=3| Western Zone || Burdwan Range || {{hlist
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] | [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] | [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] | [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]}}
|-
| Midnapore Range || {{hlist
|[[Paschim Medinipur]] | [[Purba Medinipur]]}}
|-
| Bankura Range || {{hlist
|[[Bankura district|Bankura]]| [[Purulia district|Purulia]] | [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]}}
|-
| rowspan=4| North Bengal Zone || Jalpaiguri Range || {{hlist
|[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]| [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]] | [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]}}
|-
| Darjeeling Range ||{{hlist
| [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] | [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]}}
|-
| Malda Range || {{hlist
|[[Malda district|Malda]] | [[South Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]}}
|-
| Raiganj Range || {{hlist
|[[Raiganj subdivision|Raiganj Police District]] | [[Islampur subdivision|Islampur Police District]]}}
|-
| rowspan=3| Railway Zone || Eastern Railway || {{hlist
|[[Malda railway division]]| [[Howrah railway division]]| [[Asansol railway division]] |[[Sealdah railway division]]}}
|-
| South Eastern Railway || {{hlist
|[[Kharagpur railway division]]| [[Adra railway division]]| [[Ranchi railway division]]}}
|-
| Northeast Frontier Railway || {{hlist
|[[Alipurduar railway division]]| [[Katihar railway division]]}}
|-
|}

===Police commissionerates===

A police commissionerate is a law enforcement body especially in the urban parts of the state. The commissionerate is headed by a [[Commissioner of Police]]. There are Six commissionerates under West Bengal Police for Urban Area policing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2017 |title=New Chandannagar Police Commissionerate in Hooghly district |work=[[Business Standard]] Jun 30 2017 {{!}} 9:07 PM IST |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/new-chandannagar-police-commissionerate-in-hooghly-district-117063001203_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723063417/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/new-chandannagar-police-commissionerate-in-hooghly-district-117063001203_1.html |archive-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> The [[Howrah Police Commissionerate|Howrah]], [[Chandannagar Police Commissionerate|Chandannagar]], [[Asansol–Durgapur Police Commissionerate|Asansol-Durgapur]] & the [[Siliguri Police Commissionerate|Siliguri]] Police commissionerates are headed by Commissioner of Police (CP) who are of the rank of [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG) while the [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate|Bidhanagar]] and [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|Barrackpore]] police commissionerates are headed by Commissioner of Police of the rank of [[Inspector General of Police]] (IGP).<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2011 |title=City-style policing in Bidhannagar |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] 15.09.11, 12:00 AM |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/city-style-policing-in-bidhannagar/cid/1196119 |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722134152/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/city-style-policing-in-bidhannagar/cid/1196119 |archive-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>
In November 2017 the [[Government of West Bengal]] has proposed to set up two more police commissionerates at [[Haldia]] in East Midnapore and [[Kharagpur]] in West Midnapore to ensure better policing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Nov 2017 |title=WB govt to set up two new police commissionerates |work=[[The New Indian Express]] 15th November 2017 01:00 PM |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/15/wb-govt-to-set-up-two-new-police-commissionerates-1701634.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 Nov 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020140515/https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/15/wb-govt-to-set-up-two-new-police-commissionerates-1701634.html |archive-date=20 Oct 2018}}</ref>

All these police commissionerates are under the direct control of [[Director general of police]].
* [[Asansol–Durgapur Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Barrackpore City Police]]
* [[Bidhannagar City Police]]
* [[Chandannagar Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Howrah City Police]]
* [[Siliguri Metropolitan Police]]

===Marine Police===
Since the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the [[Government of India]] took the decision to strengthen coastal security and several important decisions were taken and launched a multi-tier arrangement for protection and maritime security of the country scheme. In April 2011, Government of India sanctioned 14 coastal police stations, surveillance equipment, computer systems, furniture and jetties for the West Bengal's share of the 157.50 km coastline under the Coastal Security Scheme Phase-II.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Nov 2013 |title=Coastal Security |url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/New_Reference_Notes/English/Coastal_Security.pdf |access-date=1 Nov 2013 |website=loksabhadocs.nic.in |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162742/https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/New_Reference_Notes/English/Coastal_Security.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Organisational divisions===
====Zones====
The police administration in the state is divided into three police zones and a Government Railway Police (GRP) Zone, each headed by an [[Inspector General of Police]]. Each Zone consists of one or more '''Ranges''' headed by an officer designated as the [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (or Special Inspector General of Police). In all, there are 28 police districts (including four consisting of Government Railway Police districts), each headed by a [[Superintendent of Police]]. The three Zones are ''South Bengal Zone'', ''Western Bengal Zone'' and ''North Bengal Zone'', and an office of the ''IGP Railways''.

Besides, there are some other IGP ranked officers in the following department: Coastal Security, Fire & Emergency Services, Training, Provisioning, Armed Police (AP), Enforcement Bureau (EB), Administration, Law & Orders, Telecommunications, CID, Traffic, WBPRB, SVSPA, [[Counter Insurgency Force|CIF]], [[Special Task Force (India)|STF]], Vigilance Commission etc.

====Ranges====
Each Range comprises two or more districts or one district divided into multiple police districts. The Range is headed by a [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG). In West Bengal there are 10 ranges.

Besides, there are DIG ranked officers in the department of Traffic, Railways, States Crime Records Bureau (SCRB), [[CID West Bengal]], Anti Corruption Bureau (ACB), AP Barrackpore, AP Eastern Frontier Rifles (EFR) Salua, AP North Bengal, AP Durgapur, AP Siliguri, Border, Enforcement Bureau (EB), Intelligence Bureau, Fire Services, Headquarter (HQ), Police Training Center (PTS), Training, Personnel & Weapon, Provisioning, Telecommunication, WBNVF, Civil Defence etc.

====Districts====
Each Police District is either coterminous with the Revenue district or in the case of Government Railway Police districts, is located within a number of revenue districts. It is headed by a [[Superintendent (police)#India|District Superintendent of Police]] (or simply called Superintendent of Police). Each district comprises two or more Sub-Divisions, several Circles and Police Stations.
But in recent times, several districts are divided into police districts for better police administration. Each of those police districts are headed by an SP.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nandi |first1=Soumitra |title=Three new police districts to be set up |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/210217/three-new-police-districts-to-be-set-up.html |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=The Asian Age |date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318224248/http://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/210217/three-new-police-districts-to-be-set-up.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sub-Divisions====
Each Sub-Division is headed by one Police officer of the rank Deputy Superintendent of Police (members of [[West Bengal Police Service]], a directly recruited officer or one promoted from the ranks) or an Assistant Superintendent of Police (members of Indian Police Service). In West Bengal, the officer who heads a Sub-Division is known as SDPO i.e. Sub Divisional Police Officer.

====Circles====
A Circle comprises several Police Stations within a sub-division. An [[Inspector of Police]] who heads a police circle is the Circle Inspector of Police or CI.

====Stations====
A Police Station is the basic unit of policing, responsible for prevention and detection of crime, maintenance of public order, enforcing law in general as well as for performing protection duties and making security arrangements for the constitutional authorities, government functionaries, representatives of the public in different legislative bodies and local self governments, public figures etc.

A Police Station is headed by either a Sub-Inspector (lower subordinate rank), mostly in rural areas or an Inspector (an upper subordinate rank), mostly in urban areas. Police outposts are headed by a Sub-Inspector or Assistant Sub Inspector. After the year 2009 both ASI and SI have equal investigation power and both serve as duty officers.

== Criticism ==
The West Bengal Police was criticised and a section of the police station under their jurisdiction was burnt by the locals of [[Kultali]], South 24 Paragnas due to the mishandling of rape of 10-year-old girl. It is alleged that they also harassed the parents of the minor while registering complaint and the locals and police indulged into a violent clash due to the underlying incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Subham bajpai |first1=India TV News |last2=Bajpai |first2=India TV News |date=2024-10-05 |title=West Bengal: 10-year-old girl raped, killed in South 24 Parganas, villagers set police station on fire |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/west-bengal/kolkata-10-year-old-girl-raped-killed-in-south-24-parganas-villagers-set-police-station-on-fire-2024-10-05-955604 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Failure to handle protest ===
Following the enactment of [[The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025|Waqf Bill]] widespread protest took place, but the police failed to restore peace in Murshidabad, the violence continued for several days claiming lives of many and damage of various public properties including railways.

Later on April 12th 2025, a special bench was formed to urgently hear a petition filed by [[Suvendu Adhikari]], the [[Calcutta High Court]] ordered deployment of [[Central Armed Police Forces|CAPF]] along with [[Border Security Force|BSF]] to get situation under control.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-12 |title=Calcutta HC orders deployment of central forces in Murshidabad over clashes against Waqf Act |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/calcutta-hc-orders-deployment-of-central-forces-in-murshidabad-over-clashes-against-waqf-act/articleshow/120235604.cms |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Police ranks==
{{Main|List of police ranks in India}}
The Director General functions from the West Bengal Police<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=The West Bengal Police: Structure, Functions, and Impact |url=https://www.svspawb.in/the-west-bengal-police/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Directorate, located in the [[Writers' Buildings]], the State Government's main Secretariat in Central Kolkata. He is assisted by a team of senior officers from the ranks of Additional Director General & Inspector General of Police to Assistant Inspector General of Police (AIG — a post equivalent in rank and status to the Superintendent of Police). Officers of the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police are selected by the [[West Bengal Public Service Commission]] through the [[West Bengal Civil Service]] (Executive & other services) examinations. In addition to this, the directly recruited Sub Inspectors of Police may also become Deputy Superintendent of Police on promotion.

The West Bengal Police maintains the following ranks:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Designation in State Police !! Designation in Commissionerate !! Abbreviation !! Insignia
|-
| [[Director General of Police]] || [[Commissioner of Police]] || DGP or CP || rowspan=2| [[File:IPS_DG+ADG.png|40px]]
|-
| [[Additional Director General of Police]] || Special Commissioner of Police || Addl. DGP or Spl. CP
|-
| [[Inspector General of Police]] || Additional Commissioner of Police || IGP (IG) or Addl. CP || [[File:IPS_IG.png|40px]]
|-
| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] || [[Joint Commissioner of Police]] || DIG or Jt. CP || [[File:IPS_DIG.png|40px]]
|-
| [[Senior Superintendent of Police]] || [[Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (Selection Grade) || SSP or DCP || [[File:IPS_SP_(SG).png|40px]]
|-
| [[Superintendent of Police]] || Deputy Commissioner of Police || SP or DCP || [[File:IPS_SP.png|40px]]
|-
| [[Additional Superintendent of Police]] || Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police || Addl.. SP or Addl. DCP || [[File:AddlSP.svg|40px]]
|-
| [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] /[[Sub-divisional police officer|Sub Divisional Police Officer]] || rowspan=2| [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] || DSP/SDPO or ACP || [[File:Assistant_Superintendent_of_Police.svg|40px]]
|-
| [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] || ASP or ACP || [[File:IPS_three_star.png|40px]]
|-
| [[Police Inspector]] / Circle Inspector || rowspan=6|Same in both state and city police || Inspector / CI || [[File:InspectorWBP.png|40px]]
|-
| [[Sub-inspector]] || SI || [[File:Sub-Inspector.svg|40px]]
|-
| [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant Sub-Inspector]] || ASI || [[File:Assistant_Sub-Inspector.svg|40px]]
|-
| [[Constable|Senior Police Constable]] (Unarmed division) || rowspan=2| Costable || rowspan=2|[[File:WBPConstable.png|40px]]
|-
| [[Constable|Police Constable]] (Entry level armed division)
|}

==Organisation==
The Police Manual of West Bengal Police was compiled and issued during British Raj and is known as the Police Regulations of Bengal (PRB), 1943 and with subsequent modifications and corrections, is the guiding source of internal Police Organization and Administration under its area of responsibility. The WBP is divided into a number of units:

===Local Intelligence Unit===
Post [[2014 Burdwan blast]], which unearthed Bangladesh-based militant group [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh]], middle-east's terrorist group [[Islamic State]] and Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] terror module, the need for strengthening the local intelligence gathering mechanism was first felt. Following the incident the state govt has set up a new intelligence agency to counter terrorism, bust terror modules and invigilate suspicious movements in West Bengal and also to foil militant infiltration into the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Saibal |date=30 Dec 2016 |title=West Bengal to get grassroots eyes & ears |pages=Kolkata News |work=[[The Times of India]] 03.07 AM IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-to-get-grassroots-eyes-ears/articleshow/56226520.cms |access-date=30 Dec 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231083227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-to-get-grassroots-eyes-ears/articleshow/56226520.cms |archive-date=31 Dec 2016}}</ref>

===Armed Police===
The [[State Armed Police Forces#West Bengal armed police forces|Armed Battalions]] consisting of State Armed Police (SAP), [[Eastern Frontier Rifles]] (EFR) and Indian Reserve Battalions (IRBn),

===Civil Police===
The Civil Police consists of the [[CID West Bengal|Criminal Investigation Department]] (CID), [[Counter Insurgency Force]] (CIF), Enforcement Branch (EB), Intelligence Branch (IB), Traffic Branch, Police Telecommunications, Training Wing, State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB) & Police Computer Centre (PCC).

===STRACO===
An elite force named '''Specially Trained Armed Company''' or '''STRACO''' has been created to combat insurgency & terrorism, posted in West Zone to fight Maoist guerrillas. WBP is raising another new "Counter Insurgency" force on the line of Gray Hound Special Force of [[Andhra Pradesh Police]].

===STF===
West Bengal government created new directorate of the [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] under West Bengal Police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-govt-creates-new-directorate-of-special-task-force/1701426/|title=West Bengal govt creates new directorate of Special Task Force|date=10 September 2019|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] 9 Sep 2019, 11:51 PM IST|access-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909000000/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-govt-creates-new-directorate-of-special-task-force/1701426/|archive-date=9 September 2019|url-status=live}} [http://archive.ptinews.com//news/10839099_WB-govt-creates-new-directorate-of-STF.html Alt URL]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The Special Task Force (STF) of West Bengal, formed around three years ago,{{When|date=February 2026}} to combat modern urban organized crimes - terrorism, organized gangs, illegal arms, ammunition, drugs and fake currency across the state is all set to get a police station of its own and a designated court.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=6 Jul 2022 |title=West Bengal STF to get full-fledged police station soon |work=[[The Times of India]] 21:15 IST |publication-place=Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-stf-to-get-full-fledged-police-station-soon/articleshow/92707157.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 Jul 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708081625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-stf-to-get-full-fledged-police-station-soon/articleshow/92707157.cms |archive-date=8 Jul 2022}}</ref>

===SVSPA===
The [[Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy]] (SVSPA) is the state level police training institution catering to the training needs of West Bengal Police and Kolkata Police. The Academy conducts basic training for DSP Probationers, Cadet Sub-Inspectors of both Armed & Un-Armed branches and Recruit Constables for West Bengal Police and also for Warders and Inspectors of Correctional Services, Sub-Inspectors and Sergeants of Kolkata Police. The Academy also conducts Pre-promotional training for Constables, Asst. SI's and SI's for their promotion to the next rank besides conducting various short in- service training courses on different professional issues. SVSPA is well equipped with in-house faculty members both for academic indoor training and outdoor training. Besides, a number of eminent faculty members from different disciplines take classes for the training programs. These include academicians, experts from Forensic Science Medicine, scientific officers/experts from Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) & Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL), lawyers, judicial officers and senior police officers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theprotector.in/svspa-the-seedbed-where-future-cops-grow/|title=SVSPA: The Seedbed Where Future Cops Grow|date=29 May 2017|work=theprotector.in|access-date=15 Feb 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719014637/http://www.theprotector.in/svspa-the-seedbed-where-future-cops-grow/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Recruitments==
Entries are done at the following ranks:
# Recruitments to the posts of Constables / Lady constables, Sub Inspectors and Lady Sub inspectors are done by '''West Bengal Police Recruitment Board'''.
# '''[[West Bengal Police Service]]''': Officers selected through ''[[West Bengal Civil Service]] (Group-B)'' etc., examination conducted by [[West Bengal Public Service Commission]] are appointed as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]].
# '''[[Indian Police Service]]''': Officers selected through [[Civil Services Examination (India)|Civil Service Examinations]] conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission]] are appointed as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] during their probationary period. Upon confirmation to the service, they are appointed as [[Additional Superintendent of Police]].

===Eastern Frontier Rifles===
{{main|Eastern Frontier Rifles}}
The Eastern Frontier Rifles are an armed police force of the WBP, the purpose of which is to control major law & order problems, communal riots and terrorist attacks. Many contingents of EFR are deployed in various disturbed areas of the State. However, in recent years the effectiveness of this force has been weakened by overuse and prolonged deployment at Police Stations for day-to-day law & order duties. The headquarters of EFR is at Salua, near Kharagpur.

===Counter Insurgency Force===
{{main|Counter Insurgency Force}}
The specialised force of the CIF was raised by the Government following the worsening situation in the [[Jungle Mahals]]. The force was charged with the specific task of curbing presence of the [[Maoism|maoists]] within the state. The force was allowed its own recruiting process so as to select the best men from within the force. The force is headed by an Additional Director General of Police ranked officer.

==Insignia of West Bengal Police (State Police)==
{{Indian State Police Officer Ranks}}

== Equipment ==
{| class="wikitable" border="0" width="100%"
! width="25%" |Name
! width="25%" |Country of origin
! width="25%" |Type
!References
|-
|[[Indian Ordnance Factories .32 Revolver|IOF .32]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|India}}
|[[Revolver]]
| rowspan="4" |<ref name="wb police">{{cite web |date=3 September 2014 |title=WEST BENGAL POLICE GAZETTE |url=http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/gazette/2014/12092014.pdf |access-date=28 May 2016 |website=www.policewb.gov.in |publisher=West Bengal Police Authority }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Semi-automatic pistol]]
|-
|[[Glock|Glock 17]]
|{{Flag|Austria}}
|-
|[[Ordnance Factories Board|OFB]] 12 Bore Pump Action Gun
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|India}}
|[[Shotgun]]
|-
|[[Sterling submachine gun|9mm SAF Carbine 1A1]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Submachine gun]]
|
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5]]
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|<ref name="wb police" />
|-
|[[Brügger & Thomet MP9|Colt XM177]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
|[[Lee–Enfield|Lee–Enfield Mk III]]
|{{Flag|India}}
| rowspan="8" |[[Rifle]]
|
|-
|[[INSAS rifle]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Flag|India}}
|
|-
|[[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|L1A1 SLR]]
|<ref name="wb police" />
|-
|[[Amogh carbine|OFB Excalibur]]
|<ref>{{cite web |author=The Times of India |date=6 August 2016 |title=Excalibur muscle for Bengal police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Excalibur-muscle-for-Bengal-police/articleshow/53565435.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222150816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Excalibur-muscle-for-Bengal-police/articleshow/53565435.cms |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=6 August 2016 |work=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=NYOOOZ |date=6 August 2016 |title=Excalibur muscle for Bengal police |url=http://www.nyoooz.com/kolkata/563893/excalibur-muscle-for-bengal-police |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821014353/http://www.nyoooz.com/kolkata/563893/excalibur-muscle-for-bengal-police |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |work=nyoooz.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[AKM]]
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|<ref name="wb police" />
|-
|[[M16A2]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
|[[M4 Carbine|M4 carbine]]
|
|-
|[[SIG SG 550|SIG SG 551]]
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]]
* [[CID West Bengal|West Bengal CID]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wbgov.com/E-Gov/ENGLISH/DistrictInfo/TopicDistFrame.asp?From=PS List of all West Bengal police stations from the West Bengal govt's official site]
* [http://www.cidwestbengal.gov.in Criminal Investigation Department, West Bengal]

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:West Bengal Police| ]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1861]]

Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj

2026-03-15T04:32:49Z

LinnieHammonds: created a info - done

{{Short description|Tamil actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|10|22}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012 – Present
| spouse = {{marriage|Rahul Sudarsan|2021}}
| height =
}}
'''Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj''' (born 22 October 1987) is an Indian actress who predominately appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television shows. She became well known for her lead role in [[Star Vijay]]'s soap opera ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' (2017–2019).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nenjam Marappathillai fame actress Sharanya Turadi Sundaraj thanks fans for their support |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nenjam-marappathillai-fame-actress-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-thanks-fans-for-their-support/articleshow/68152064.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222050306/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nenjam-marappathillai-fame-actress-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-thanks-fans-for-their-support/articleshow/68152064.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=The Times of India |date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also acted in some films such as ''[[Aayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi]]'', ''[[Chennai Ungalai Anbudan Varaverkirathu]]'', etc.

== Early life ==
Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj was born on 22 October 1987, in [[Chennai]]. Her father is Sundarraj. She completed her schooling in Chennai and did her master's degree in Broadcast Communication in [[M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women]].

== Career ==
Sharanya joined as a television news presenter at the Tamil news channel [[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]. She worked as a news reporter for that television for over four years and also anchored a news program of film celebrities on Puthiya Thalaimurai channel. While working on Puthiya Thalaimurai, she got the chance to act in two movies; ''[[Chennai Ungalai Anbudan Varaverkirathu]]'' and ''[[Aayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi]]''.

In recognition of her work, she was awarded the ''Puthiya Thalaimurai Thamizhan'' Award. After that, she quit her job and moved to London for a few months. Returning to India with an interest in acting in films, she joined [[News18 Tamil Nadu]] as a senior news reporter.

In the year 2015, she acted in the role of Vinodhini in the movie ''Chennai Ungalai Anbudan Varaverkirathu''. Later, from 2017 to 2019, Sharanya played the role of Saranya Vikram in the serial ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' which aired on [[Vijay Television]]. The series was well received and she won the Vijay Television Debut Award for her performance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nenjam Marappathillai actress Saranya has got a new Looklast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nenjam-marappathillai-fame-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-has-got-a-new-look-see-pics/articleshow/69026969.cms |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 April 2019 |website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nenjam Marappathillai actress Sharanya Turadi Sundaraj enjoys her outing in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nenjam-marappathillai-actress-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-enjoys-her-outing-in-chennai/articleshow/67723502.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708045520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nenjam-marappathillai-actress-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-enjoys-her-outing-in-chennai/articleshow/67723502.cms |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=The Times of India |date=28 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After that, in 2019, she acted in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] serial ''Roja'' which aired on [[Gemini TV]]. The series is a Telugu remake of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s serial ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]''. In the same year, she played the role of 'Divya' in the serial [[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]] on Sun TV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenjam Marappathillai fame Sharanya Turadi Sundaraj shares behind-the-scenes fun from the sets of 'Run' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nenjam-marappathillai-fame-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-sh |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=16 March 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Popular small screen actor [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]] has acted opposite her. From Episode 86, Sharanya left the series and acted in the TV series ''Ayudha Ezhuthu'' which was aired on Vijay Television.

==Personal life==
In 2024, Sharanya married her long-term boyfriend Rahul Sudarsan in a traditional Hindu wedding in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharanya Turadi: I believe I can be a heroine and still be open about my relationship|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sharanya-turadi-i-believe-i-can-be-a-heroine-and-still-be-open-about-my-relationship/articleshow/76238921.cms|archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=28 January 2025|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Television ==
===Fiction===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!{{Reference heading}}
|-
|2013-2016
|''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]''
|Paali
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]''
|Sharanya Vikram
|rowspan="2"|[[Star Vijay]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-18 |title=Pandian Stores actress Sharanya Turadi gets married to beau Rahul Sudarsan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pandian-stores-actress-sharanya-turadi-gets-married-to-beau-rahul-sudarsan/articleshow/112605972.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]''
|Herself
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children always teach us something: Sharanya Turadi Sundaraj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/children-always-teach-us-something-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj/articleshow/65991527.cms|archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 January 2025|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Roja (2019 TV series)|Roja]]''
|Roja
|[[Gemini TV]]
|
|-
|''[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]''
|Dhivya
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-18 |title=Actress Chaya Singh replaces Sharanya Turadi Sundaraj in the serial Run |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-chaya-singh-replaces-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-in-the-serial-run/articleshow/72110629.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216085327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-chaya-singh-replaces-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-in-the-serial-run/articleshow/72110629.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2019–2020
|''Ayutha Ezhuthu''
|Indhira
|rowspan="4"|[[Star Vijay]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-05 |title=Here's how Ayudha Ezhuthu fame Sharanya Turadi Sundaraj staying fit amid lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-ayudha-ezhuthu-fame-sharanya-turadi-sundaraj-staying-fit-amid-lockdown/articleshow/75549062.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Vaidhegi Kaathirundhaal]]''
|Vaidehi a.k.a. Poornima
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-06 |title=Vaidhegi Kaathirundhaal actress Sharanya Turadi enjoys a vacation in Theppakadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vaidhegi-kaathirundhaal-actress-sharanya-turadi-enjoys-a-vacation-in-theppakadu/articleshow/105005354.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107033236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vaidhegi-kaathirundhaal-actress-sharanya-turadi-enjoys-a-vacation-in-theppakadu/articleshow/105005354.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024–present
|''[[Pandian Stores 2]]''
|Thangamayil
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attractive looks of Pandian Stores actress Sharanya Turadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/tamil/attractive-looks-of-pandian-stores-actress-sharanya-turadi/photostory/110878892.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723082412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/tamil/attractive-looks-of-pandian-stores-actress-sharanya-turadi/photostory/110878892.cms |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Poongatru Thirumbuma]]''
|Herself
|
|}

===Non-fiction===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2012–2015
|''News''
|Newsreader
|[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-06 |title=Sharanya Turadi gets nostalgic about her days as a news anchor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sharanya-turadi-gets-nostalgic-about-her-days-as-a-news-anchor/articleshow/76232357.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''News''
|Senior News Reporter
|[[News18 Tamil Nadu]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Start Music (TV series)|Start Music season 2]]''
|Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Episode 21<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-11 |title=Sharanya Turadi opens about last television show with late VJ Chitra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sharanya-turadi-opens-about-last-television-show-with-late-vj-chitra/articleshow/80209824.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111203045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sharanya-turadi-opens-about-last-television-show-with-late-vj-chitra/articleshow/80209824.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Dance Jodi Dance Reloaded|Dance Jodi Dance Reloaded Season 2]]''
|Celebrity Partner
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Along with Nagaraj
|-
|rowspan="4"|2024
|''[[Start Music season 5]]''
|Contestant
|rowspan="4"|[[Star Vijay]]
|Episode 4<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-25 |title=Start Music Season 5 to feature Pandian Stores 2 actors Vasanthvasi, Saranya Turadi, and Akashprekumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vasanthvasi-saranya-turadi-and-akashprekumar-to-grace-upcoming-episode-of-start-music-season-5/articleshow/111256938.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Stars Diary''
|Herself
|On 18 July
|-
|''[[Athu Ithu Ethu|Athu Ithu Ethu Season 3]]''
|Contestant
|Episode 16
|-
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 5]]''
|Guest
|Episodes 41 and 42
|-
|}

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2012
|''[[Aayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi]]''
|Akshara
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Chennai Ungalai Anbudan Varaverkirathu]]''
|Vinodhini
|Tamil
|
|-
|2019
|''Enn 4''
|
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2019-06-21 |title=TV star Sharanya Turadi replaces Vani Bhojan in Lokesh Kumar's N4 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jun/21/tv-star-sharanya-turadi-replaces-vani-bhojan-in-lokesh-kumars-n4-12442.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026224026/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/21/tv-star-sharanya-turadi-replaces-vani-bhojan-in-lokesh-kumars-n4-12442.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Short films ===
* ''Miruna'' (2020) - Miruna<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=2020-07-18 |title=Miruna Short Film Review: This Love-At-First-Sniff Romance On Regal Talkies Is Too Shady, EVEN For The Internet |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-movies-miruna-review-this-love-at-first-sniff-romance-on-regal-talkies-is-too-shady-even-for-the-internet |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm10625616}}
* {{instagram|sharanyaturadi_official}}
* [https://www.cinetalkers.com/sharanya-turadi/Sharanya Turadi Bio]

[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

Jasmin Bhasin

2026-03-11T13:22:59Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{Short description|Indian actress and model (born 1990)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jasmin Bhasin
| image = Jasmin Bhasin graces Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2022.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhasin in 2022
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|28 June 1990}}
| birth_place = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for = {{plainlist|
*''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
*''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
*''[[Bigg Boss 14]]''
}}
}}

'''Jasmin Bhasin''' (born 28 June 1990) is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi]] television along with [[Punjabi films|Punjabi]] films. She made her acting debut in 2011 with [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film ''[[Vaanam]]''. She is best known for playing Twinkle Taneja in ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]'' (2015–16) and Teni Bhanushali in ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]'' (2017–18). Bhasin also participated in reality shows like ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9|Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]'', ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi – Made in India]]'' and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''. Her other notable works include portraying as Happy Saluja in ''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]'' and Nayantara in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 4: Bhagya Ka Zehreela Khel]]''. Bhasin made her [[Punjabi film|Punjabi]] film debut with ''[[Honeymoon (2022 film)|Honeymoon]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/gippy-grewal-jasmin-bhasin-starrer-punjabi-film-honeymoon-completes-100-days-in-cinemas-1580065/amp |title=Gippy Grewal, Jasmin Bhasin Starrer Punjabi Film 'Honeymoon' Completes 100 Days In Cinemas |website=ABPlive |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209184620/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/gippy-grewal-jasmin-bhasin-starrer-punjabi-film-honeymoon-completes-100-days-in-cinemas-1580065/amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life==
Bhasin was born to a [[Sikh]] family in [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]] on 28 June 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-rings-in-birthday-with-aly-goni-in-goa-see-photos-7378985/lite |title=Jasmin Bhasin rings in birthday with Aly Goni in Goa, see photos |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711055926/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-rings-in-birthday-with-aly-goni-in-goa-see-photos-7378985/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 14’s Jasmin Bhasin celebrates her 33rd birthday today on a flight while returning to India; Aly Goni, Shardul Pandit and others wish her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14s-jasmin-bhasin-celebrates-her-33rd-birthday-today-on-a-flight-while-returning-to-india-aly-goni-shardul-pandit-and-others-wish-her/articleshow/101338848.cms |access-date=29 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=28 June 2023}}</ref> She completed her schooling from Kota<ref name="Jagran">{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Season 14 Contestant Jasmin Bhasin: Here's all you need to know about the 'Naagin' actress |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-season-14-who-is-jasmin-bhasin-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-naagin-actress-10017600 |access-date=4 November 2020 |work=Jagran English |date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013843/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-season-14-who-is-jasmin-bhasin-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-naagin-actress-10017600 |url-status=live }}</ref> and graduated from a hospitality college in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jasmin-bhasin-when-i-came-out-of-the-jaipur-airport-nostalgia-hit-me-hard/articleshow/67794006.cms |title=Jasmin Bhasin: 'When I came out of the Jaipur airport, nostalgia hit me hard' |date=3 February 2019 |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 October 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121115315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jasmin-bhasin-when-i-came-out-of-the-jaipur-airport-nostalgia-hit-me-hard/articleshow/67794006.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhasin met actor [[Aly Goni]] during ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]'' in 2018. In 2021, the two began dating each other after appearing in ''[[Bigg Boss 14]]''.<ref name="relationship 1">{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 14: Aly Goni hopes to marry Jasmin Bhasin, says 'I will do anything to convince her parents' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-aly-goni-hopes-to-marry-jasmin-bhasin-says-i-will-do-anything-to-convince-her-parents-101613969243466.html |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317145459/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-aly-goni-hopes-to-marry-jasmin-bhasin-says-i-will-do-anything-to-convince-her-parents-101613969243466.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14-from-best-friends-to-being-in-a-relationship-for-3-years-a-look-at-jasmin-bhasin-aly-gonis-love-story/etphotostory/79622588.cms |title=Bigg Boss 14:From best friend to being in a relationship for 3 years; A Look at Jasmin Bhasin-Aly Goni's Love story |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424050643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14-from-best-friends-to-being-in-a-relationship-for-3-years-a-look-at-jasmin-bhasin-aly-gonis-love-story/etphotostory/79622588.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career (2011–2016) ===
Bhasin started her acting career with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Vaanam]]'' in 2011.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title='Vaanam' actress Jasmin to debut on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Vaanam-actress-Jasmin-to-debut-on-TV/articleshow/47610753.cms#_ga=2.193622309.901769618.1594277328-1539808903.1594277328 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417102408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vaanam-actress-jasmin-to-debut-on-tv/articleshow/47610753.cms#_ga=2.193622309.901769618.1594277328-1539808903.1594277328 |url-status=live }}</ref> She then acted in a few more South Indian films like [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Beware of Dogs]]'' (2014), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films ''[[Veta (2014 film)|Veta]]'' (2014) and ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)|Ladies & Gentlemen]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Aakanksha |title=Actress Jasmin Bhasin Reveals She Had Suicidal Thoughts: "Thought Am Flawed" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/actress-jasmin-bhasin-reveals-she-had-suicidal-thoughts-thought-am-flawed-2426942 |access-date=22 February 2022 |publisher=NDTV |date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222095423/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/actress-jasmin-bhasin-reveals-she-had-suicidal-thoughts-thought-am-flawed-2426942 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2015, she made her television debut with [[Zee TV]]'s popular romantic ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]'' as Twinkle Taneja opposite [[Zain Imam]] and [[Sidhant Gupta]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jasmine-bhasin-roped-in-for-tashan-e-ishq-115060100692_1.html |title=Jasmine Bhasin roped in for 'Tashan-e-Ishq' |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=1 June 2015 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723124408/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jasmine-bhasin-roped-in-for-tashan-e-ishq-115060100692_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Breakthrough & recognition (2017–2020) ===
[[File:Jasmin Bhasin graces the Zee Rishtey Awards (02).jpg|thumb|252px|Jasmin Bhasin at the [[Zee Rishtey Awards]], 2017]]
In January 2017, she was seen portraying Teni Bhanushali in [[Colors TV]]'s [[love triangle]] show ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]'' opposite [[Sidharth Shukla]] and [[Rashami Desai]]. The show went off air in June 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/exclusive-jasmin-bhasin-admits-she-is-not-as-courageous-as-her-character-teni-in-dil-se-dil-tak-lifetv-961674-2017-02-20 |title=Jasmin Bhasin admits she is not as courageous as her character Teni in Dil Se Dil Tak |date=20 February 2016 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109090322/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/exclusive-jasmin-bhasin-admits-she-is-not-as-courageous-as-her-character-teni-in-dil-se-dil-tak-lifetv/1/887292.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jasmin-Bhasin-cast-as-female-lead-in-Shashi-Sumeet-Mittals-next-for-Colors/articleshow/54004645.cms |title=Jasmin Bhasin cast as female lead in Shashi-Sumeet Mittals next for Colors |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 September 2016 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212012518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jasmin-Bhasin-cast-as-female-lead-in-Shashi-Sumeet-Mittals-next-for-Colors/articleshow/54004645.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

She made her reality debut through participating in the stunt-based show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]'' where she finished at 7th place.<ref name="kkk9">{{cite news |last1=Shiksha |first1=Shruti |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi Is Back. Contestants Include Vikas Gupta, Bharti Singh, Haarsh Limbachiyaa |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khatron-ke-khiladi-is-back-contestants-include-vikas-gupta-bharti-singh-haarsh-limbachiyaa-1882199 |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=12 July 2018 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616103045/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khatron-ke-khiladi-is-back-contestants-include-vikas-gupta-bharti-singh-haarsh-limbachiyaa-1882199 |url-status=live }}</ref> From January 2019, she began portraying Happy Mehra in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]].'' In June 2019, she got replaced by [[Donal Bisht]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dil-toh-happy-hai-ji-unhappy-with-her-role-jasmin-bhasin-quits-show-donal-bisht-to-replace-her-2192565.html |title=Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji: Unhappy with her role, Jasmin Bhasin quits show, Donal Bisht to replace her |work=[[News 18]] |date=18 June 2019 |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203055228/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/dil-toh-happy-hai-ji-unhappy-with-her-role-jasmin-bhasin-quits-show-donal-bisht-to-replace-her-2192565.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2019, she starred in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s popular supernatural franchise ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 4: Bhagya Ka Zehreela Khel]]'' portraying Nayantara Alongside [[Vijayendra Kumeria]] and [[Nia Sharma]] on [[Colors TV]] until her role ended two months later in February 2020 and [[Rashami Desai]] joins in with the same role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Naagin 4: Jasmin Bhasin Confirms Her EXIT From The Colors Show! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/naagin-4-jasmin-bhasin-aka-nayantara-confirms-her-exit-from-nia-sharma-vijayendra-kumerias-colors-show-1155410 |access-date=14 March 2020 |work=news.abplive.com |date=8 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325103748/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/naagin-4-jasmin-bhasin-aka-nayantara-confirms-her-exit-from-nia-sharma-vijayendra-kumerias-colors-show-1155410 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2020, she participated 2nd time in [[Colors TV]]'s stunt-based reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi – Made in India|Khatron Ke Khiladi - Made In India]]'' where she finished at 3rd place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jasmin Bhasin on Khatron Ke Khiladi – Made in India: Lucky to experience the thrill all over again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-khatron-ke-khiladi-made-in-india-6529382/ |access-date=4 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115050326/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-khatron-ke-khiladi-made-in-india-6529382/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rise to prominence (2020–present) ===
In October 2020, she participated in [[Colors TV]]'s reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'' where she ended up at 11th position.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 14 Eviction: Jasmin Bhasin evicted, says 'shocked but grateful at the same time' |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-jasmin-bhasin-evicted-says-shocked-but-grateful-at-the-same-time/articleshow/80206322.cms |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111065407/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-jasmin-bhasin-evicted-says-shocked-but-grateful-at-the-same-time/amp_articleshow/80206322.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, she did several [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] music videos with channel such as [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Desi Music Factory and [[Saregama]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nijher |first1=Jaspreet |title=In 2021 Chandigarh became the hub of filming of music videos that drew big stars into city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/in-2021-chandigarh-became-the-hub-of-filming-of-music-videos-that-drew-big-stars-into-city/articleshow/88575411.cms |access-date=22 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=30 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222095423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/in-2021-chandigarh-became-the-hub-of-filming-of-music-videos-that-drew-big-stars-into-city/articleshow/88575411.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2022, Bhasin started shooting for her first [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''Honeymoon'' opposite [[Gippy Grewal]] in [[Chandigarh]], filming completed in London in April 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Honeymoon: It's a wrap for Jasmin Bhasin's debut Punjabi movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/honeymoon-its-a-wrap-for-jasmin-bhasins-debut-punjabi-movie/articleshow/90703297.cms |access-date=8 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408102637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/honeymoon-its-a-wrap-for-jasmin-bhasins-debut-punjabi-movie/articleshow/90703297.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and the film released on 25 October 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheetal |title=Gippy Grewal-starrer Honeymoon is on a familiar ground |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/gippy-grewal-starrer-honeymoon-is-on-a-familiar-ground-444830 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=The Express Tribune |date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212051903/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/gippy-grewal-starrer-honeymoon-is-on-a-familiar-ground-444830 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, she starred in ''Carry on Jattiye'', part of the Gippy Grewal-led ''[[Carry on Jatta]]'' franchise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gippy Grewal's 'Carry on Jattiye' eyes July 2024 release |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/gippy-grewals-carry-on-jattiye-eyes-july-2024-release/articleshow/104828683.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> In the same year, she starred in ''Ardaas Sarbat De Bhale Di'', also with Grewal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gippy Grewal, Jasmin Bhasin talk about their film 'Ardaas Sarbat De Bhale Di' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/gippy-grewal-jasmin-bhasin-talk-about-their-film-ardaas-sarbat-de-bhale-di/2232743/ |work=ThePrint |agency=ANI |date=21 August 2024 |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> In June 2025, she participated in [[Prime Video]]'s ''[[The Traitors India season 1|The Traitors India]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mishra|first=Srishty|date=30 May 2025|title=Raj Kundra, Karan Kundrra, Jasmin Bhasin & More Join Karan Johar's Twisty Reality Game 'The Traitors'|url=https://liveindia.tv/entertainment/raj-kundra-karan-kundrra-jasmin-bhasin-more-join-karan-johars-twisty-reality-game-the-traitors/|access-date=17 June 2025|work=[[Live India]]|language=en}}</ref> where she finished at 6th place.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ria|date=4 July 2025|title='It's Finished & Dusted': Jasmine Bhasin Reacts To Being Called 'Dumbest Contestant' After Losing The Traitors|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/its-finished-dusted-jasmine-bhasin-reacts-to-being-called-dumbest-contestant-after-losing-the-traitors|access-date=5 July 2025|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}</ref>

==In the media ==
Bhasin was ranked in [[The Times of India]]'s Most Desirable Women of [[Television in India|Indian Television]] at No. 16<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet TV's most desirable actresses of 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hina-khan-tops-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv-2018/articleshow/69281775.cms |url-status=live |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512194858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hina-khan-tops-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv-2018/articleshow/69281775.cms }}</ref> in 2018, No. 12<ref>{{Cite news |title=MEET THE TIMES 20 MOST DESIRABLE WOMEN ON TELEVISION 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2019/articleshow/77935861.cms |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806134436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2019/articleshow/77935861.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2019 and No. 3<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on Television 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815031541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2020. Bhasin is also one of the most followed television actress on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tejasswi Prakash to Shivangi Joshi: Top 10 leading TV actresses with most social media followers |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakash-to-shivangi-joshi-top-10-leading-tv-actresses-with-most-social-media-followers-1248590?amp |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331151122/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakash-to-shivangi-joshi-top-10-leading-tv-actresses-with-most-social-media-followers-1248590?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Key
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col"| Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Vaanam]]''
| Priya
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
| ''[[Karoodpathi]]''
| Unknown
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Beware of Dogs]]''
| Meghna
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
| ''Dillunnodu''
| Chaithra
| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Veta (2014 film)|Veta]]''
| Sonal
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)|Ladies & Gentlemen]]''
| Anjali
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]''
| Sonu Sawant
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Honeymoon (2022 film)|Honeymoon]]''
| Sukh
| rowspan="5" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Gippy Grewal and Jasmin Bhasin starrer Honeymoon jointly produced by Bhushan Kumar and Harman Baweja goes on floor : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/gippy-grewal-jasmin-bhasin-starrer-honeymoon-jointly-produced-bhushan-kumar-harman-baweja-goes-floor/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222095423/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/gippy-grewal-jasmin-bhasin-starrer-honeymoon-jointly-produced-bhushan-kumar-harman-baweja-goes-floor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Warning 2]]''
| Ronak
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Warning 2: Gippy Grewal, Prince KJ & Jasmin Bhasin Share Update On Upcoming Film |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/402701-Warning-2-Gippy-Grewal-Prince-KJ-Jasmin-Bhasin-Share-Update-On-Upcoming-Film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203213634/https://www.5dariyanews.com/amp/402701-Warning-2-Gippy-Grewal-Prince-KJ-Jasmin-Bhasin-Share-Update-On-Upcoming-Film |archive-date=3 February 2023 |work=5dariyanews |date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ardaas Sarbat De Bhale Di''
| Bani
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gippy Grewal and Jasmin Bhasin's 'Ardaas Sarbat De Bhale Di' set to begin filming today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewal-and-jasmin-bhasins-ardaas-sarbat-de-bhale-di-filming-begins-today/articleshow/106860780.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|''Badnaam''
| Noor
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='ਅਰਦਾਸ 3' ਦੀ ਸਫ਼ਲਤਾ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਜੈਸਮੀਨ ਭਸੀਨ ਦੇ ਹੱਥ ਲੱਗੀ ਇੱਕ ਹੋਰ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫਿਲਮ, ਨਾਲ ਨਜ਼ਰ ਆਵੇਗਾ ਇਹ ਅਦਾਕਾਰ - Jasmine Bhasin film badnaam |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/!entertainment/jayy-randhawa-and-jasmine-bhasin-came-together-for-film-badnaam-punjab-news-pbs24100102208 |work=ETV Bharat |language=pa |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| style="background:#ffc;"| ''Carry On Jattiye'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| {{TBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gippy Grewal-produced Carry On Jattiye starring Sargun Mehta to release on July 26 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/gippy-grewal-produced-carry-jattiye-starring-sargun-mehta-release-july-26/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
| Twinkle Taneja
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/jasmin-bhasin/jasmine-bhasin-roped-tashan-e-ishq |title=Jasmine Bhasin roped in for 'Tashan-e-Ishq' |website=pinkvilla |access-date=1 June 2015 |archive-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603023709/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/jasmin-bhasin/jasmine-bhasin-roped-tashan-e-ishq |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
| Teni Bhanushali
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jasmin-bhasin-turns-bar-dancer-in-dil-se-dil-tak/articleshow/54896071.cms |title=Jasmin Bhasin turns bar dancer in 'Dil Se Dil Tak' |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]''
| Contestant
| 7th place
| <ref>{{cite news |date=4 March 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-9-written-update-march-03-2019-jasmin-bhasin-gets-eliminated-punit-pathak-aly-goni-become-the-finalist/articleshow/68253726.cms |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi season 9 written update, March 03, 2019: Jasmin Bhasin gets eliminated Punit Pathak-Aly Goni become the finalist |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305132446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-9-written-update-march-03-2019-jasmin-bhasin-gets-eliminated-punit-pathak-aly-goni-become-the-finalist/articleshow/68253726.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]''
| Happy Mehra
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2019 |title=Jasmin Bhasin: Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji will present a slice-of-life story |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji-5539766/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115194454/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji-5539766/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin: Bhagya Ka Zehreela Khel]]''
| Nayantara
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/naagin-4-jasmin-bhasin-clarifies-exit-show-nothing-rashami-desais-entry/ |title=Naagin 4: Jasmin Bhasin clarifies that her exit from the show has nothing to do with Rashami Desai's entry |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406000456/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/naagin-4-jasmin-bhasin-clarifies-exit-show-nothing-rashami-desais-entry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi – Made in India]]''
| rowspan="3"| Contestant
| 2nd runner-up
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-made-in-india-finalists-karan-nia-jasmin-6567600/lite |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi - Made in India Karan Wahi, Nia Sharma and Jasmin Bhasin are the finalists |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 August 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328051659/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-made-in-india-finalists-karan-nia-jasmin-6567600/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| 11th place
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-evicted-from-bigg-boss-14-7141006/lite |title=Jasmin Bhasin evicted from Bigg Boss Season 14 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114054617/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-evicted-from-bigg-boss-14-7141006/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[The Traitors India]]''
|6th Place
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 June 2025|title=Karan Johar's 'The Traitors': In a game of deceit, Jasmine Bhasin plays from the heart on the show|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karan-johars-the-traitors-in-a-game-of-deceit-jasmine-bhasin-plays-from-the-heart-on-the-show-13897676.html|access-date=17 June 2025|work=[[Firstpost]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
| Twinkle
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| rowspan="4" | Teni
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/arjun-bijlani-avika-gor-rashami-desai-jasmin-bhasin-and-meghna-malik-in-bigg-boss-11-4899246/lite/ |title=Arjun Bijlani, Avika Gor, Rashami Desai, Jasmin Bhasin and Meghna Malik in Bigg Boss 11 |website=Theindianexpress |date=20 October 2017 |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020194513/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/arjun-bijlani-avika-gor-rashami-desai-jasmin-bhasin-and-meghna-malik-in-bigg-boss-11-4899246/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Laado 2 (TV series)|Laado 2 – Veerpur Ki Mardani]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)|Bigg Boss 12]]''
| rowspan="5" |Herself
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/bigg-boss-season-12-2018/bigg-boss-12-december-26-highlights-gauahar-khan-jasmin-bhasin-aalisha-panwar-enter-house-guests%3famp |title=Bigg Boss 12 December 26 Highlights: Gauahar Khan, Jasmin Bhasin & Aalisha Panwar to enter the house as guests |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105172312/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/bigg-boss-season-12-2018/bigg-boss-12-december-26-highlights-gauahar-khan-jasmin-bhasin-aalisha-panwar-enter-house-guests?amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Box Cricket League 3''
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-9-aly-gonis-rumored-girlfriend-jasmin-bhasin-appears-on-the-show-to-clear-the-air-over-him-dating-ex-girlfriend-natasa-stankovic-karan-patel-jokes-saying-gharwali-baharwali-1059313 |title=Nach Baliye 9: "Gharwali Baharwali" -Karan Patel To Aly Goni Over Appearance Of His Rumored Girlfriend Jasmin Bhasin Who Will Clear The Air On His Relationship Status! |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012030616/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-9-aly-gonis-rumored-girlfriend-jasmin-bhasin-appears-on-the-show-to-clear-the-air-over-him-dating-ex-girlfriend-natasa-stankovic-karan-patel-jokes-saying-gharwali-baharwali-1059313 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 2]]''
|
|-
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
| Nayantara
|
|-
| ''[[Funhit Mein Jaari]]''
| Golu's mother
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasmin Bhasin to play Bharti Singh's mother in Funhit Mein Jaari |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/jasmin-bhasin-to-play-bharti-singh-s-mother-in-funhit-mein-jaari-1700065-2020-07-13 |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=India Today |date=13 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004030334/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/jasmin-bhasin-to-play-bharti-singh-s-mother-in-funhit-mein-jaari-1700065-2020-07-13 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]''
| rowspan="6" |Herself
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-connection-week-heres-the-list-of-family-members-and-friends-entering-the-house-7172488/lite |title=Bigg Boss 14 connection week: Here's the list of family members and friends entering the house |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 February 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627195042/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-connection-week-heres-the-list-of-family-members-and-friends-entering-the-house-7172488/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 3]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance Deewane 3: Jasmin Bhasin Oozes Oomph in Yellow Shimmery Gown{{!}} See Hot Pics |url=https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/dance-deewane-3-jasmin-bhasin-oozes-oomph-in-yellow-shimmery-gown-see-hot-pics-223584/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=www.india.com |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004030336/https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/dance-deewane-3-jasmin-bhasin-oozes-oomph-in-yellow-shimmery-gown-see-hot-pics-223584/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ladies vs Gentlemen | Ladies vs Gentlemen 2]]''
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Dance Deewane Juniors season 1|Dance Deewane Juniors 1]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dance Deewane Juniors: Karan Kundrra and Jasmin Bhasin create a romantic vibe on stage; fans go 'Aww...they look so cute' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dance-deewane-juniors-karan-kundrra-and-jasmin-bhasin-create-a-romantic-vibe-on-stage-fans-go-aww-they-look-so-cute/articleshow/92383354.cms |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623011056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dance-deewane-juniors-karan-kundrra-and-jasmin-bhasin-create-a-romantic-vibe-on-stage-fans-go-aww-they-look-so-cute/articleshow/92383354.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Jab We Matched]]''
| Payal
| Episode: "Jalkukde"
|<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Shivangi Joshi, Jasmin Bhasin and Priyank Sharma to star in a romantic series 'Jab We Matched'; Watch |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shivangi-joshi-jasmin-bhasin-and-priyank-sharma-to-star-in-a-romantic-series-jab-we-matched-watch-1208048 |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207025901/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shivangi-joshi-jasmin-bhasin-and-priyank-sharma-to-star-in-a-romantic-series-jab-we-matched-watch-1208048 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="10" |2021
| "Tera Suit"
| [[Tony Kakkar]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=8 March 2021 |title=Tony Kakkar's Tera Suit: Jasmin Bhasin-Aly Goni party their way through the music video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/tony-kakkars-tera-suit-jasmin-bhasin-aly-goni-party-their-way-through-the-music-video-7219172/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102103/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/tony-kakkars-tera-suit-jasmin-bhasin-aly-goni-party-their-way-through-the-music-video-7219172/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Pani Di Gal"
| [[Maninder Buttar]], [[Asees Kaur]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch Latest Punjabi Trending Song 2021 'Pani Di Gal' Sung By Maninder Buttar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-2021-punjabi-song-pani-di-gal-sung-by-maninder-buttar/videoshow/81828867.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520015830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-2021-punjabi-song-pani-di-gal-sung-by-maninder-buttar/videoshow/81828867.cms }}</ref>
|-
| "Tu Bhi Sataya Jayega"
| [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/tu-bhi-sataya-jayega-jasmin-bhasin-aly-goni-take-a-different-route-in-their-latest-single-watch-video-7290942/lite |title=Tu Bhi Sataya Jayega jasmin Bhasin and Aly Goni take a different route in their latest single, watch video |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 April 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430175630/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/tu-bhi-sataya-jayega-jasmin-bhasin-aly-goni-take-a-different-route-in-their-latest-single-watch-video-7290942/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Aly"
|[[Rahul Vaidya]]
|{{small|Archival footage}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2021 |title=Aly: Rahul Vaidya's new song revisits Bigg Boss 14 with Aly Goni, Jasmin Bhasin, Rakhi Sawant in tow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/aly-rahul-vaidya-s-new-song-revisits-bigg-boss-14-with-aly-goni-jasmin-bhasin-rakhi-sawant-in-tow-101622125143827.html |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828114751/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/aly-rahul-vaidya-s-new-song-revisits-bigg-boss-14-with-aly-goni-jasmin-bhasin-rakhi-sawant-in-tow-101622125143827.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Tenu Yaad Karaan"
| Gurnazar Chattha, [[Asees Kaur]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/aly-goni-is-all-praise-for-jasmin-bhasins-song-tenu-yaad-karaan-7359730/lite |title=Aly Goni impressed by Jasmin Bhasin's song Tenu Yaad Karaan:'you look so pretty' |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 June 2021 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114052015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/aly-goni-is-all-praise-for-jasmin-bhasins-song-tenu-yaad-karaan-7359730/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "2 Phone"
| [[Neha Kakkar]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/neha-kakkars-2-phone-ft-aly-goni-and-jasmin-bhasin-is-out/articleshow/84853755.cms |title=Neha Kakkar's '2 Phone' ft. Aly Goni and Jasmin Bhasin is out |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Peene Lage Ho"
|Rohanpreet Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Peene Lage Ho: Jasmin Bhasin Looks Pretty In Pink In First Look Poster |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/peene-lage-ho-jasmin-bhasin-looks-pretty-in-pink-in-first-look-poster-neha-kakkar-directs-her-husband-s-new-song-1483705 |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2021 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926153759/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/peene-lage-ho-jasmin-bhasin-looks-pretty-in-pink-in-first-look-poster-neha-kakkar-directs-her-husband-s-new-song-1483705 }}</ref>
|-
|"Pyaar Ek Tarfaa"
|[[Amaal Malik]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-pyaar-ek-tarfaa-sung-by-amaal-mallik-and-shreya-ghoshal-featuring-jasmin-bhasin-amaal-mallik/videoshow/86804255.cms |title=Watch new Hindi trending song - 'Pyaar Ek Tarfaa' sung by Amaal Mallik and Shreya Ghosal featuring Amaal Mallik and Jasmin Bhasin |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 October 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007020116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-pyaar-ek-tarfaa-sung-by-amaal-mallik-and-shreya-ghoshal-featuring-jasmin-bhasin-amaal-mallik/videoshow/86804255.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Chann Mahiya Ve"
|Ishaan Khan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2021 |title=Chann Mahiya Ve: Jasmin Bhasin's New Music Video Promises A Delicate Tale Of Love |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/chann-mahiya-ve-teaser-out-now-jasmin-bhasins-upcoming-music-video-will-make-you-dive-deep-in-love |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=ZEE5 |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115095332/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/chann-mahiya-ve-teaser-out-now-jasmin-bhasins-upcoming-music-video-will-make-you-dive-deep-in-love }}</ref>
|-
|"Pyaar Karte Ho Na"
|[[Stebin Ben]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jasmin Bhasin and Mohsin Khan's new song out; fans pour love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jasmin-bhasin-and-mohsin-khans-new-song-teaser-is-out-fans-pour-love/articleshow/87866139.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123091436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jasmin-bhasin-and-mohsin-khans-new-song-teaser-is-out-fans-pour-love/articleshow/87866139.cms }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2022
|"Yaaron Sab Dua Karo"
|[[Stebin Ben]], [[Meet Bros]], Danish Sabri
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Yaaron Sab Dua Karo {{!}} Aparshakti K, Jasmin B{{!}} Meet Bros, Stebin Ben, Danish, Kumaar{{!}} New Song 2022 | date=3 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzKmHpE9EAY |publisher=Zee Music Company |language=en |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304052938/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzKmHpE9EAY&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Kya Kar Diya"
| [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Check Out New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Kya Kar Diya' Sung By Vishal Mishra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-kya-kar-diya-sung-by-vishal-mishra/videoshow/90413015.cms |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327111440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-kya-kar-diya-sung-by-vishal-mishra/videoshow/90413015.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Ijazzat Hai"
|Raj Barman
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=Jasmin Bhasin and Shivin Narang's romantic chemistry in 'Ijazzat Hai' is winning hearts; VIDEO |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jasmin-bhasin-and-shivin-narang-s-romantic-chemistry-ijazzat-hai-winning-hearts-video-1139797 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609133051/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jasmin-bhasin-and-shivin-narang-s-romantic-chemistry-ijazzat-hai-winning-hearts-video-1139797 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Iss Baarish Mein"
|[[Yasser Desai]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shaheer Sheikh, Jasmin Bhasin come together for love track 'Iss Baarish Mein' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/shaheer-sheikh-jasmin-bhasin-come-together-for-love-track-iss-baarish-mein/articleshow/92200271.cms |access-date=14 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614113749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/shaheer-sheikh-jasmin-bhasin-come-together-for-love-track-iss-baarish-mein/articleshow/92200271.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Sajaunga Lutkar Bhi"
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Aly Goni and Jasmin Bhasin are 'ready to sparkle and shine' in their new music video 'Sajaunga Lutkar Bhi' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/aly-goni-and-jasmin-bhasin-are-ready-sparkle-and-shine-their-new-music-video-sajaunga-lutkar-bhi-1183660 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828114751/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/aly-goni-and-jasmin-bhasin-are-ready-sparkle-and-shine-their-new-music-video-sajaunga-lutkar-bhi-1183660 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Hum Dono"
|[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=अपारशक्ति खुराना- जैस्मिन भसीन का नया गाना 'हम दोनों' हुआ रिलीज, केमिस्ट्री ने जीता दर्शकों का दिल, VIDEO |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/aparshakti-khurana-and-jasmin-bhasin-new-song-hum-dono-releases-video-viral-on-internet-dvy |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=3 November 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103071102/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/aparshakti-khurana-and-jasmin-bhasin-new-song-hum-dono-releases-video-viral-on-internet-dvy |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Morey Saiyaan Ji"
| [[Maninder Buttar]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2022 |title=Maninder Buttar to reunite with Jasmin Bhasin for new song 'Morey Saiyaan Ji' |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/maninder-buttar-to-reunite-with-jasmin-bhasin-for-new-song-morey-saiyaan-ji |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111112454/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/maninder-buttar-to-reunite-with-jasmin-bhasin-for-new-song-morey-saiyaan-ji |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Jitna Tujhe Chahte Hai Hum"
|Raj Barman
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilesh Ahuja brings romantic track 'Jitna tujhe chahte hai hum' starring Jasmin Bhasin and Paras Arora |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/nilesh-ahuja-brings-romantic-track-jitna-tujhe-chahte-hai-hum-starring-jasmin-bhasin-and-paras-arora-2536538.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117073637/https://zeenews.india.com/people/nilesh-ahuja-brings-romantic-track-jitna-tujhe-chahte-hai-hum-starring-jasmin-bhasin-and-paras-arora-2536538.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
| "Kya Karoon"
|[[Sanam Puri]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Jasmin Bhasin will soon be seen in singer Sanam Puri's song titled 'Kya Karoon' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/actress-jasmin-bhasin-will-soon-be-seen-in-singer-sanam-puris-song-titled-kya-karoon-468818 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Tribune India News |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120135520/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/actress-jasmin-bhasin-will-soon-be-seen-in-singer-sanam-puris-song-titled-kya-karoon-468818 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Shaadi Karogi?"
|[[Tony Kakkar]], [[Annie Khalid]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2023 |title=अली गोनी नहीं, किसी और की दुल्हनिया बनीं जैस्मिन भसीन, शादी का वीडियो देख हैरान हुए फैंस |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-wedding-video-viral-on-social-media-not-aly-goni-she-ties-the-knot-with-tony-kakkar-2349575 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=abplive.com |language=hi |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313064541/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/jasmin-bhasin-wedding-video-viral-on-social-media-not-aly-goni-she-ties-the-knot-with-tony-kakkar-2349575 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Teri Yaadein"
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Teri Yaadein - Stebin Ben & Jasmin Bhasin - Zee Music Company | date=March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qt3XrpfYS8 |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313064542/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qt3XrpfYS8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Allah De Bandeya"
|[[B Praak]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2023 |title=Allah De Bandeya: Jasmin Bhasin and Aly Goni present a love tale set in 1696 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/allah-de-bandeya-jasmin-bhasin-and-aly-goni-present-a-love-tale-set-in-1696/articleshow/102580570.cms |access-date=4 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|"Saawan Aa Gaya"
|[[Neha Kakkar]], Rohanpreet Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAAWAN AA GAYA sung by Neha Kakkar and Rohanpreet Singh starring Aly Goni and Jasmin Bhasin |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E17OLnuNIH4 |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |website=YouTube | date=24 August 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
| "Kurti"
|[[Gippy Grewal]]
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Results
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|[[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
|Most Stylish Emerging Face
|{{N/A}}
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-winners-from-abhishek-bachchan-shraddha-kapoor-ananya-panday-to-genelia-and-riteish-deshmukh20220930191631/ |title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards Winners: From Abhishek Bachchan, Shraddha Kapoor, Ananya Panday to Genelia and Riteish Deshmukh |website=Aninews |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019162507/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-winners-from-abhishek-bachchan-shraddha-kapoor-ananya-panday-to-genelia-and-riteish-deshmukh20220930191631/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Iconic Gold Awards]]
|Iconic Stylish Women
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=13 March 2022 |title=Iconic Gold Awards 2022 Winners List, Date And Categories |url=https://thesportsgrail.com/iconic-gold-awards-2022-winners-list-date-and-categories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313090012/https://thesportsgrail.com/iconic-gold-awards-2022-winners-list-date-and-categories/ |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=The SportsGrail}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4437813}}
*{{Instagram|jasminbhasin2806}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhasin, Jasmin}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kota, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Female models from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Neem cake

2026-03-10T07:53:41Z

LinnieHammonds: Added New Post

{{Short description|By-product of neem tree fruits and kernels}}
{{No footnotes|date=October 2020}}

'''Neem cake organic manure''' is the by-product obtained in the process of cold pressing of [[neem]] tree fruits and kernels, and the [[solvent extraction]] process for [[neem oil]] cake.
It is a potential source of organic manure under the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], Specification No. 8558. Neem has demonstrated considerable potential as a fertilizer. For this purpose, neem cake and neem leaves are especially promising. Puri (1999), in his book Neem : The Divine Tree Azadirachta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1Gd1Y2RvZQC |title=Neem: The Divine Tree Azadirachta indica |date=1999-03-25 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-203-30431-0 |language=en}}</ref> has given details about neem seed cake as manure and [[nitrification]] inhibitor. The author has described that, after processing, neem cake can be used for partial replacement of poultry and cattle feed.

==Components==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2018}}
Neem cake has an adequate quantity of [[NPK]] in organic form for plant growth. Being a totally botanical product it contains 100% natural NPK content and other [[Plant_nutrition#Macro_nutrients|essential micro nutrients]] as N (Nitrogen 2.0% to 5.0%), P (Phosphorus 0.5% to 1.0%),
K (Potassium 1.0% to 2.0%), Ca (Calcium 0.5% to 3.0%), Mg (Magnesium 0.3% to 1.0%), S (Sulphur 0.2% to 3.0%), Zn (Zinc 15 ppm to 60 ppm), Cu (Copper 4 ppm to 20 ppm), Fe (Iron 500 ppm to 1200 ppm), Mn (Manganese 20 ppm to 60 ppm). It is rich in both sulphur compounds and bitter [[limonoids]].

According to research calculations, neem cake seems to make soil more fertile due to an ingredient that blocks soil bacteria from converting nitrogenous compounds into nitrogen gas. It is a nitrification inhibitor and prolongs the availability of nitrogen to both short duration and long duration crops.

==Use as a fertilizer==
Neem cake organic manure protects plant roots from [[nematodes]], soil grubs and [[termites]], probably due to its residual limonoid content. It also acts as a natural fertilizer with pesticidal properties. Neem cake is widely used in India to fertilize [[Paddy field|paddy]], cotton and sugarcane. Usage of neem cake have shown an increase in the dry matter in ''Tectona grandis'' ([[teak]]), ''Acacia nilotica'' ([[gum arabic]]), and other forest trees.

Neem seed cake can also reduce alkalinity in soil, as it produces organic acids upon decomposition. Being totally natural, it is compatible with soil microbes and [[Rhizosphere (ecology)|rhizosphere]] [[microflora]] and hence ensures fertility of the soil. Neem cake improves the organic matter content of the soil, helps improve soil texture, water holding capacity, and soil aeration for better root development.

==Pest control==
Neem cake is effective in the management of insects and pests. The bitter principles of the soil and cake have been reported to have seven types of activity: (a) [[Insecticide#Antifeedants|antifeedant]], (b) attractant, (c) repellent, (d) [[insecticide]], (e) [[nematicide]], (f) [[Insecticide#Insect_growth_regulators|growth disruptor]] and (g) [[antimicrobial]].

The cake contains [[Salanine|salannin]], [[Nimbin (chemical)|nimbin]], [[azadirachtin]], meliantriol and [[azadiradione]] as the major components. Of these, azadirachtin and meliantriol are used as locust antifeedants while salannin is used as an antifeedant for the housefly.

==See also==
*[[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI)
*[[Neem]]
*[[Neem oil]]
*[[Azadirachtin]]
*[[Organic farming]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
===General references===
* Schmutterer, H. (Editor) (2002) ''The Neem Tree: Source of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry And Other Purposes (Hardcover)'', 2nd Edition, Weinheim, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. {{ISBN|3-527-30054-6}}
* Tewari, D. N. (1992), ''Monograph on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)''. Dehra Dun, India: International Book Distributors. pp.123-128 {{ISBN|81-7089-175-2}}
* Vietmeyer, N. D. (Director) (1992), ''Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems. Report of an ad hoc panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development'', [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]], Washington, DC, USA: [[National Academy Press]]. pp.74-75. {{ISBN|0-309-04686-6}}
* Puri, H.S. (1999) ''Neem: The Divine Tree. Azadirachta indica.'' Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. {{ISBN|90-5702-348-2}}

[[Category:Plant toxin insecticides]]

Anuradha Mittal

2026-03-07T01:54:49Z

LinnieHammonds: made a article w/ sources - done

{{Infobox person
| name = Anuradha Mittal
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indraprastha College for Women]] (BA)
* [[Oxford Brookes University]] (MPhil)
}}
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|oaklandinstitute.org/about/team/anuradha-mittal}}
}}
{{Short description|American activist}}
'''Anuradha Mittal''' is an American activist and executive. She is the founder of the [[Oakland Institute]], a [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] think tank, and chaired the independent board of [[Ben & Jerry's]] from 2018 to 2025.

== Early life ==
Mittal grew up in [[Kanpur]], India.<ref name="Ben & Jerry's">{{Cite web |title=“Every Glass Ceiling Is Made to Be Shattered”: An Interview with Anuradha Mittal |url=https://www.benjerry.com/whats-new/2022/03/anuradha-mittal-interview |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251017012354/https://www.benjerry.com/whats-new/2022/03/anuradha-mittal-interview |archive-date=2025-10-17 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=[[Ben & Jerry's]] |language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[political science]] from the [[Indraprastha College for Women]] at [[Delhi University]], and later earned a [[Master of Philosophy]] in political economy and education at [[Oxford Brookes University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Mittal |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/anuradha-mittal-b4160b2a |access-date=February 24, 2026 |website=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> Mittal has cited the 1984 [[Bhopal disaster]] as the inspiration for her activism.<ref name="Ben & Jerry's" /><ref name="Leonard-2023">{{Cite news |last=Leonard |first=Devin |last2=Afanasieva |first2=Dasha |date=February 14, 2023 |title=How Ben & Jerry’s Ended Up at War With Itself |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-02-14/ben-jerry-s-israel-controversy-set-off-unilever-battle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://perma.cc/7TK6-6SGB |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=[[Bloomberg.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2004, Mittal founded the [[Oakland Institute]],<ref name="Ben & Jerry's" /> and has served as its executive director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidal |first=John |last2=Provost |first2=Claire |date=2011-06-08 |title=US universities in Africa 'land grab' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/08/us-universities-africa-land-grab |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="John-2025">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Jamie |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Unilever says Ben & Jerry’s chair no longer suitable for board role |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0d173166-6648-45fb-b70f-e81c4caddc21 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> She chose the organization's name to invoke the [[Black Panther Party]].<ref name="Leonard-2023" /> ''[[The Nation]]'' included Mittal in its list of "Most Valuable Progressives of 2008".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nichols |first=John |date=2008-12-30 |title=Most Valuable Progressives of 2008 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/most-valuable-progressives-2008/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/NHdDS |archive-date=2026-02-23 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=[[The Nation]] |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378}}</ref><ref name="Leonard-2023" />

Mittal joined [[Ben & Jerry's]] in 2007, and chaired its independent board from 2018 to 2025.<ref name="John-2025" /><ref name="Hooker-2025">{{Cite web |last=Hooker |first=Lucy |date=2025-12-19 |title=Removed Ben & Jerry's chair says Magnum aimed to 'smear' her |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn98pzr8x79o |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Mittal has endorsed the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] (BDS) movement against Israel.<ref name="The Times of Israel-2021" /> In 2021, she praised Ben & Jerry's decision to end sales of its ice cream in the [[Israeli-occupied territories]].<ref name="The Times of Israel-2021">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-30 |title=Ben & Jerry’s board chair said accused of self-dealing to fund Palestinian group |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ben-jerrys-board-chair-accused-of-self-dealing-to-fund-think-tank-report/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name="Leonard-2023" /> That year, the pro-Israel group [[StopAntisemitism]] named Mittal as "Antisemite of the Year" over the decision.<ref name="Leonard-2023" /> In August 2021, Mittal said during a [[webinar]] hosted by [[Americans for Peace Now]], "We never talked about boycotting Israel. That was never on the table."<ref name="Leonard-2023" />

In November 2025, Ben & Jerry's [[parent company]] [[Unilever]] said Mittal "no longer meets the criteria" to serve in her role as chair of Ben & Jerry's board.<ref name="John-2025" /> Mittal later left Ben & Jerry's, after a new rule that imposed a nine-year term limit for board members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025 |title=Ben & Jerry's directors removed in fresh twist to Magnum row |url=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/ben-jerrys-directors-removed-fresh-053900994.html |website=[[Sky News]] |via=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> She said, "This October, Unilever-[[Magnum (ice cream)|Magnum]] executives threatened me with [[defamatory]] statements in their forthcoming prospectus if I did not resign. At the same time, they offered me a prominent role in a multimillion dollar Unilever-funded [[non-profit]] if I gave in."<ref name="Hooker-2025" />

== Personal life ==
Mittal has a daughter.<ref name="Ben & Jerry's" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/about/team/anuradha-mittal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Anuradha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Ben & Jerry's]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:American women activists]]
[[Category:American women business executives]]
[[Category:Indraprastha College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Oxford Brookes University]]

101 Weddings

2026-03-03T20:45:03Z

LinnieHammonds: updated details

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 101 Weddings
| image = 101 Weddings poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rafi Mecartin|Rafi]]
* Bava Hasainar
* Shaleer
}}
| screenplay = [[Kalavoor Ravikumar]]
| story = Shafi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]]
* [[Jayasurya]]
* [[Biju Menon]]
* [[Samvrutha Sunil]]
* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]
}}
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = [[Alagappan N]]
| editing = V. Sajan
| studio = Film Folks
| distributor = {{Unbulleted_list|Murali Films|PJ Entertainments Europe}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|23|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|title=101 wedding and Scene No 1 from tomorrow|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/101-wedding-and-scene-no-1-from-tomorrow-hollywood-news-88441.html|work=indiaglitz.com|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''101 Weddings''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]], starring [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], and [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] in the lead roles. The film is written by Kalavoor Ravikumar based on a story by the director. It is produced by Shafi's brother [[Rafi Mecartin]], Hasainar, and Shaleer, with [[audiography]] by [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]] under the banner of Film Folks and features music composed by [[Deepak Dev]].<ref>{{cite web|title=101 Weddings Movie Review - '101 weddings' is the regular Shafi flick|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/101-weddings-malayalam-movie-review-16667.html|work=Indiaglitz.com|accessdate=2 October 2015|date=26 November 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==

The movie opens with the childhood pranks of Krishnankutty, the son of famous Gandhian Munshi Shankara Pillai who is repeatedly beaten up by Antappan, his big schoolmate. Antappan is taking vengeance for the Gandhian deeds of Munshi who has closed down the toddy shop owned by Antappan's father. When a chance comes up, Krishankutty retaliates by placing the costly golden cross in the bag of Antappan, which makes him a thief, and lands him in a juvenile home for young criminals.

As they grow up, Krishnankutty becomes a TV producer under the name Krish but is ready to play foul games and make money by little frauds. But his father Munshi who has now become a much-proclaimed Gandhian finds an able girl in Abhirami, the only daughter of Abkari contractor Bhasi, to reform his son.

Abhirami and Co. who is running the ''Kasturba Society'' are on the plans to hold a mass wedding of 101 couples in which she will also find a suitable groom and marry. The mass wedding is arranged in such a way that the interested people are needed to stay in the picturesque resort-like village for two weeks to get familiar with their probable future partners. Krish is reluctant to marry another girl with Gandhian principles and brings in Jyothish Kumar a.k.a. Jyothi, a dance teacher with all female mannerisms, gets him registered as Krishanankutty to make Abhirami move away from this alliance. Antappan and his gang who have now grown up as famous quotation gangs also register for the marriage in the plans to grab the money and 5 gold coins that are given to each couple. As the day of the marriage comes up, more and more people enroll in the mass wedding with their own interesting plans.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Krishnankutty, son of Munshi Shankaran Pillai
**Master Dhananjay as Young Krishnankutty
* [[Jayasurya]] as Jyothish Kumar, a classical dance master
* [[Biju Menon]] as Antappan, a rowdy
* Vijeesh as Ricky, friend of Krishnankutty
* [[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Abhirami
* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] as Rukhiya
* [[Srindaa]] as Indira, the mute girl
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Munshi Shankara Pillai, Krishnankutty's father
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Sulochana, Krishnankutty's Mother
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Khader, Rukhiya's father
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Sundareshan
* [[Ponnamma Babu]]
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Vijayamma
* [[Saju Kodiyan]] as Kanakambaran
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Vettanchira Bhasi, Abhirami's father
* [[Subi Suresh]] as Sundaresan's wife
* Vinod Kedamangalam as Antappan's friend
* [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Chandrabose
* Yadu Krishnan as Joseph
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Lawrence, Antappan's father
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Stephen
}}

==Production==

Shooting started on 15 July 2012 in [[Kochi]]. The other locations are [[Thodupuzha]], [[Ottappalam]], and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam Friday: Biju Menon, Kunchacko Boban and Samvrutha Sunil in '101 Weddings'|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/malayalam-friday-biju-menon-kunchacko-boban-and-samvrutha-sunil-in-101-weddings-861501.html|accessdate=2 October 2015|agency=[[IBN Live]]|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = 101 Weddings
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|10|28}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=25|s=32}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = Deepak Dev
| prev_title = [[D Company]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], with lyrics penned by [[Rafeeq Ahmed]]. The album consists of four songs. The audio rights of the film were acquired by [[Manorama Music]]. The album was launched on 28 October 2012 at [[Kochi]].

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:32
| title1 = Cheruchillayil
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahmed]]
| extra1 = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Deepak Dev]]
| length1 = 3:49
| title2 = Muthodu Mutham
| lyrics2 = Rafeeq Ahmed
| extra2 = [[Aalap Raju]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Sajalamai
| lyrics3 = Rafeeq Ahmed
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Cheruchillayil Remix
| lyrics4 = Rafeeq Ahmed
| extra4 = Vidyasagar, Deepak Dev
| length4 = 4:02
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "As for the impact of ''101 Weddings'' it is just a typical Shafi entertainer, which takes a while to reach the climax".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C. |title=Review: Nothing great about 101 Weddings |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-101-weddings/20121126.htm |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The film employs crude humour and bawdy one-liners but the effect is incomplete, and the film runs out of all its promised charm way too soon".<ref>{{Cite news |title=101 Weddings Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/101-weddings/movie-review/17361196.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film collected {{USD|301}} from the UK box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/yearly/?yr=2012&sort=gross&order=DESC&pagenum=5&p=.htm|title=United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2545176}}
{{Shafi}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shafi]]

Unto the Dusk

2026-03-03T20:42:21Z

LinnieHammonds: Expanded content with additional details

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unto the Dusk
| image = Unto the Dusk.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sajin Baabu
| writer =
| screenplay = {{unbulleted list|Jose John|Sajin Baabu}}
| story = {{unbulleted list|Jose John|Sajin Baabu}}
| based_on = 
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Prakruthi Dutta Mukheri|Shilpa Kavalam|Sanal Aman|Joseph Mapilacherry|Shakkir|Lijo Jose Pallissery}}
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography = Karthik Muthukumar
| editing = Karthik Jogesh, Finn George Modathara
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|10|19|India}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = 
| producer = {{ubl|M.P. Sheeja|L. Geetha}}
}}

''''' Unto the Dusk''''' ('''''Asthamayam Vare''''') is a [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[Sajin Baabu]] as his first feature project in Malayalam.<ref name="The Hindu January 23, 2014"/> The film stars first-timers Prakruthi Dutta Mukheri, Shilpa Kavalam, and Sanal Aman.<ref name="New Indian Express June 29, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Manu|first1=Meera|title=From Unto the Dusk to Finding the Spotligh|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/From-Unto-the-Dusk-to-Finding-the-Spotlight/2015/06/29/article2886001.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029183716/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/From-Unto-the-Dusk-to-Finding-the-Spotlight/2015/06/29/article2886001.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2015|access-date=11 September 2015|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu July 9, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita|title=Talking cinema|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kr-manojs-kanyaka-talkies-gives-a-shot-for-independent-malayalam-cinema/article7399376.ece|access-date=11 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 July 2015|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730034115/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kr-manojs-kanyaka-talkies-gives-a-shot-for-independent-malayalam-cinema/article7399376.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu July 18, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Praveen|first1=S. R.|title=Big strides by small films|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/big-strides-by-small-films/article7437004.ece|access-date=11 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu July 26, 2015">{{cite news|last1=styaff reporter |title=Film society's children|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/film-societys-children/article7466176.ece|access-date=11 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 July 2015}}</ref>

==Background==
Wishing to try a "novel approach" to visual communication, Sajin Baabu wrote the script with no background score and with characters being unnamed, and in December 2010, while he was with a team at the Kairali Theatre in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to shoot a documentary of one of the [[IFFK]] delegates, he met writer and artist M.P. Sheeja. After he showed her his script for ''Unto the Dusk'', she agreed to produce it with her associate L. Geetha. In December 2013, the film was reported and being near completion with an expected release date for some time in early 2014.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle 1">{{cite news|last1=Cris|title=A film with nameless characters|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131209/entertainment-mollywood/article/film-nameless-characters|access-date=11 September 2015|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=9 December 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110353/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131209/entertainment-mollywood/article/film-nameless-characters|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the film's cast are "first-timers".<ref name="The Hindu January 23, 2014">{{cite news|last1=Cheerath|first1=Bhawani|title=Keeping the faith|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/keeping-the-faith/article5605625.ece|access-date=11 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2014|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706103204/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/keeping-the-faith/article5605625.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film opens with a scene of death of a young choir singer in a seminary with evidence pointing towards necrophilia. The police suspects and tortures two seminary students. What follows is a nonlinear, fragmented, cinematic collection of images that travel back and forth in time, in fine detail at times and just a suggestive glance at other times, thus assisting and obfuscating the viewer in this engagement with the film.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* Sanal Aman
* Prakruthi Dutta Mukherji
* Shilpa Kavalam
* Joseph Mappilacherry
* Zakkir
* Neeraj Gupta
* Sivan Vadakara
* Stephy Johns
* [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]]
* Shabna
* Titus
* Shajahan Abhinaya
* N. M. Sunny
* Saji Kaavalam
{{div col end}}

==Awards and nominations==
Unto the dusk was first premiered in [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] in 2014 in India Gold category followed by [[Bengaluru International Film Festival|Bengaluru International Film festival]] 2014 where it won ''Chitrbharathi'' award for Best Indian Film. The film was one of the movies that was selected for the International Film competition section in International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK) 2014 winning ''Rajathachakoram'' and the Certificate of Merit for Promotion.

The movie also won the director, Sajin Baabu, the Best-Debut Director Award at Kerala Film Critic's Association 2014.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
* {{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20141031123233/http://www.untothedusk.com/}} [[Wayback Machine|as archived 31 October 2014]]

[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]

18.11: A Code of Secrecy

2026-03-02T09:36:48Z

LinnieHammonds: page updated

{{Short description|2014 Indian Hindi action film}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 18.11: A Code of Secrecy
| image = 18.11 - A Code of Secrecy poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Md. Mohibul Haque
| producer = Begum Merina Haque
| writer = Md. Mohibul Haque [[Shree Dhar Dubey]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rehal Khan]]
*[[Gulshan Grover]]
*[[Prem Chopra]]
*[[Mukesh Tiwari]]
*[[Nipon Goswami]]
*[[Asrani]]
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* '''Music Director:'''
* [[Dr Jaan Nissar Lone|Jaan Nissar Lone]]
* '''Score:'''
* Salil Amrute
}}
| cinematography = Pratik Deora
| editing = Sharad Salvi
| studio = Future Work Studio
| distributor = Ultimate Pictures Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|2014|06|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''18.11: A Code of Secrecy ''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[action film]] written and directed by Mohibul Haque and Produced by Merina Hauque.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/18-11A-code-of-secrecy/movie-review/36500947.cms|title=18.11…A code of secrecy Movie Review|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2017-06-30|archive-date=31 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831145844/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/18-11A-code-of-secrecy/movie-review/36500947.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
Under the banner of Ultimate Pictures, the film stars [[Rehal Khan]], [[Gulshan Grover]] and [[Mukesh Tiwari]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmipop.com/movies/1811a-code-of-secrecy-movie-6136|title=1811a-code-of-secrecy|website=Filmipop.com|accessdate=2017-06-30|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100606/http://www.filmipop.com/movies/1811a-code-of-secrecy-movie-6136|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/20469/1811a-code-of-secrecy|title=18.11a code of secrecy|website=Movietalkies|accessdate=2017-06-30|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135017/http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/20469/1811a-code-of-secrecy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/7869/20140602/watch-dogs-goes-to-bollywood-as-18-11-a-code-of-secrecy.htm|title='Watch Dogs' goes to Bollywood as '18.11 A Code of Secrecy'?|work=Tech Times|accessdate=2017-06-30|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111749/http://www.techtimes.com/articles/7869/20140602/watch-dogs-goes-to-bollywood-as-18-11-a-code-of-secrecy.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/18-11-a-code-of-secrecy-a-secret-better-left-unravelled/|title=18-11: A code of Secrecy - Movie Review - Free Press Journal|publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]]|accessdate=2017-06-30|archive-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216045603/http://www.freepressjournal.in/18-11-a-code-of-secrecy-a-secret-better-left-unravelled/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The movie has been listed as one of the worst Hindi movies ever by many critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=2259&cityid=15&area=domestic|title=18.11 A CODE OF SECRECY...!|website=Box Office India|accessdate=2017-06-30|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820140240/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=2259&cityid=15&area=domestic|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Rehal Khan as Rehal Khan
* Bridgette Irani as Suhana
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Captain Rack
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Gogoi
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Kuldeep Sharma
*[[Nipon Goswami]] as Rehal's Father
*[[Asrani]] as Habilder-Paholwan
*Sameer Ali Khan as Martial Arts Instructor
*Raja Borbhuyan as Chhotu Hawaldar
*Joshizul Haque as D
*Sujata Khound as Commando Vijay Lakshmi
*Jishan Khan as Commando Shamim Khan
*Suraj Kumar Kalita as Commando Pritam
*Deepa Sethi as Tanyay
*Md as Mehatabul Haque

==Production==
This film was produced by Merina Haque. [[Gulshan Grover]] visit [[Assam]] first time for this movie shooting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/gulshan-grover-shooting-for-assamese-filmmakers-debut-hindi-film/167058 |title=Gulshan Grover shooting for Assamese filmmaker's debut Hindi film - Entertainment |website=Mid-day.com |date=8 June 2012 |accessdate=2017-06-30 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192055/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/gulshan-grover-shooting-for-assamese-filmmakers-debut-hindi-film/167058 |url-status=live }}</ref> This film was shot in [[Dhubri]], [[Hajo]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120608/jsp/northeast/story_15583019.jsp |title=Bollywood's bad boy plays games in town |work=[[The Telegraph (Indian newspaper)|The Telegraph]] |location=[[Calcutta, India|Calcutta]] |date=2012-06-08 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122643/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120608/jsp/northeast/story_15583019.jsp |archive-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gulshan-grover-plays-baddie-in-assamese-film/964984/ |title=Gulshan Grover plays baddie in Assamese film - Indian Express |website=Archive.indianexpress.com |date=2012-06-22 |accessdate=2017-06-30}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = 18.11 A Code Secrecy
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jaan Nissar Lone
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt = 18.11 Audio CD Cover
| released = 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:16
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = Worldwide Records
| producer = Merina Haque
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of ''18.11 A Code of secrecy'' is composed by Jaan Nissar Lone. Lyrics were by Tanveer Ghazi &
Sahil Fatehpuri.

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 29:16
| title1 = Andhi Jaisi Rafter Hai
| extra1 = Shail Hada
| lyrics1 = Tanveer Ghazi
| length1 = 3:41
| title2 = Eagle Sa Ego Hai
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Mera Yaar Thanedaar
| extra3 = Rani Hazarika,
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Yeh Zameen
| extra4 =[[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]], Nadeem Al Balushi
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 6:27
| title5 = Allah Teri Kya Shaan Hai
| extra5 =Kamaal Khan, [[Jaan Nissar Lone]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 7:20
}}

== Reception ==
<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/18-11a-code-of-secrecy/movie-review/36500947.cms</ref><ref>https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/18-11-a-code-of-secrecy/critic-review/18-11-a-code-of-secrecy-movie-review/</ref>

== Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[7th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Song representing Sufi tradition
| "Allah Teri Kya Shaan Hai"
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/nominations/|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Awards 2014|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-04-15|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330161536/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|18-11-a-code-of-secrecy}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Bina Ramani

2026-03-02T00:36:58Z

LinnieHammonds: made first post and citations

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer, socialite, entrepreneur, and writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bina Ramani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age| 1943|03|10}}
| birth_place = Karachi, British India
| birth_name = Bina Lalvani<ref name=rediff/>
| occupation = Fashion designer, entrepreneur, socialite, writer
| spouse =
| partner = George Mailhot
| children = Malini Ramani
| relatives = [[Gulu Lalvani]] (brother)
| years_active = 1970s–present
| known_for = Indian fashion and boutique movement; revitalization of [[Hauz Khas Village]]
}}

'''Bina Ramani''' (born March 10, 1943) is an Indian fashion designer, socialite, entrepreneur, writer, restaurateur, and philanthropist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitehead |first1=Kate |title=Socialite Bina Ramani on partition, a Bollywood romance and a murder |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1873690/socialite-bina-ramani-partition-bollywood-romance-and-murder |accessdate=24 November 2019 |work=South China Morning Post |date=30 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> Her restaurants include: The Small Café, The Exit, Tamarind Tree in Delhi and Congo in Goa. She is known for pioneering boutique culture in India, developing the [[Hauz Khas Village]] art and fashion district in Delhi in 1980s, and later the [[Qutub complex|Qutub Colonnade area]]<ref name="Tarlo1996">{{cite book|author=Emma Tarlo|title=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wyM5heEc9gC&pg=PA288|year=1996|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-176-5|pages=288–}}</ref><ref name="express">{{Cite web| title = The New, New, Hauz Khas Village| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-new-new-hauz-khas-village/861185/0 | newspaper =The Indian Express | date =18 October 2011 | access-date = 15 June 2013 }}</ref> and for her role as a key witness in the 1999 [[Murder of Jessica Lal|Jessica Lal murder case]].<ref name=rediff/>

==Early life and education==
Ramani was born into a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]]-[[Sikhism in Sindh|Sikh]] family in [[Karachi]], British India, around 1943. Her father was in the pharmaceutical business. After the [[Partition of India|Partition]] in 1947, her family relocated to [[Mumbai]], where she grew up. She later studied decorative arts in [[London]], though reports differ regarding her institution of study.<ref name=business>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kishore |title=Will the real Bina Ramani stand up? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/will-the-real-bina-ramani-stand-up-114012201236_1.html |accessdate=24 November 2019 |work=Business Standard |date=22 January 2014}}</ref> Her elder brother [[Kartar Lalvani]] founded a UK-based telecommunications company [[Binatone]] in 1958, named after her.<ref name=deccan/><ref name=rediff>[https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/may/07bina.htm Bina Ramani: The hostess with the mostest]. ''[[Rediff]]'', Suhasini Haider, 1998.</ref>

==Career==

After her divorce from Andy Ramani, she was an Air-India employee based in New York. Subsequently, she returned to India to set up a garment export business to the US.<ref name=rediff/> Ramani was among the early Indian designers to open high-end boutiques catering to the elite. Her store, "'Once Upon A Time", located in New Delhi, became a prominent label in the late 1970s and 1980s. In the early 1980s, she was among the first Indian designers to have her collection featured at [[Bloomingdale's]] in New York, including promotional window displays and advertisements in ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="TOI1982">{{cite web |title=Fashion fever |website=Times of India |date=27 December 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/fashion-fever/articleshow/5089861.cms}}</ref>

Ramani founded and managed the restro-bar "Tamarind Court" in New Delhi, which became a popular cultural venue. It gained national attention after the 1999 [[Murder of Jessica Lal]] occurred on its premises, where Ramani was a key eyewitness.<ref name="BackOnTheBlock"/><ref name=rediff/>

In the 2010s, she launched the wellness and lifestyle brand "Malabar Secrets" (also called *Lady Malabar*), specializing in spice-flora infusions, herbal tonics, and natural health products.<ref name="NewsHour2019">{{cite web |title=Septuagenarian Entrepreneur Bina Ramani Shares her Secret to Vivacity |website=News Hour Press |date=30 October 2019 |url=https://www.newshour.press/lifestyle/entrepreneur-bina-ramani-shares-vivacity/}}</ref>

===Art, writing and activism===
Ramani has exhibited art jointly with her partner George Mailhot.<ref name="BackOnTheBlock">{{cite web |title=Back On The Block |website=The Indian Express |date=4 April 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bina-ramani-george-mailhot-delhi-art-exhibition-5076013/}}</ref>
She is also the author of the memoir ''Bird in a Banyan Tree: My Story'', which chronicles her life, work in fashion, the transformation of Hauz Khas Village, and the Jessica Lal case.<ref name="BackOnTheBlock"/><ref name=rediff/>

Ramani is widely credited with transforming [[Hauz Khas Village]] into a fashion and design hub during the 1980s. Her boutiques and cultural initiatives helped turn the heritage area into a center for design, art, and lifestyle in the capital.<ref name="IndianExpressHK">{{cite web |title=It takes a village … |website=The Indian Express |date=31 October 2016 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/it-takes-a-village/}}</ref><ref name="y484">{{cite web | last=Sukhnani | first=Simran | title=The Godmother of Hauz Khas And Its Transformation Of The '80s | website=Times Now | date=2025-10-06 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/the-godmother-of-hauz-khas-and-its-transformation-of-the-80s-article-152951657 | access-date=2025-10-09}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2016, the [[Delhi High Court]] upheld her discharge from a forgery case linked to documentation arising from the Jessica Lal investigation.<ref>{{cite web |title=HC upholds Bina Ramani's discharge in forgery case |website=Legal India |date=25 July 2016 |url=https://www.legalindia.com/news/hc-upholds-bina-ramanis-discharge-forgery-case}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ramani was first married to San Fransciso based-Andy Ramani for 13 years before their divorce. The couple had two daughters, including designer Malini Ramani.<ref name=business/> She later married Canadian George Mailhot. She had a brief romantic relationship with actor [[Shammi Kapoor]] (after the death of his wife) before her first marriage, which she has discussed publicly, including in her autobiography, ''‘Bird in a Banyan Tree-My Story''.<ref name="NDTV2014">{{cite web |title=Bina Ramani: I wish I had married Shammi Kapoor |website=NDTV |date=11 March 2014 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bina-ramani-i-wish-i-had-married-shammi-kapoor-637909}}</ref><ref name=deccan>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140311/entertainment-bollywood/article/i-wish-i-had-married-shammi-kapoor-bina-ramani I wish I had married Shammi Kapoor - Bina Ramani]. ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''.</ref> She continues to live at her home, at [[Saidul Ajaib]], near [[Mehrauli]], Delhi, with her daughter Malini Ramani.<ref name="f790">{{cite web | last=Dravid | first=Supriya | title=Bohemian Rhapsody: Inside Bina and Malini Ramani's New Delhi hacienda | website=Architectural Digest India | date=2016-04-20 | url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/magazine-story/bohemian-rhapsody-inside-bina-and-malini-ramanis-new-delhi-hacienda/#s-custleft-a-young-artist-was-commissioned-to-paint-the-walls-of-the-outdoor-seating-room-right-the-wraparound-sofa-seats-24 | access-date=2025-10-09}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
The Indian media often refers to Ramani as the "Godmother of Fashion in India" for her pioneering role in fashion, boutique culture, and lifestyle branding.<ref name=rediff/><ref name="y484"/>

==Bibliography==
* ''Bird in a Banyan Tree: My Story'' (Autobiography). Rupa Publications India, 2013. {{ISBN|8129129124}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://uppercrustindia.com/v3/posts/413/celebrity-bites-with-bina-ramani Celebrity Interview: Bina Ramani] Uppercrust

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramani, Bina}}
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian socialites]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian restaurateurs]]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

2026-02-23T15:47:53Z

LinnieHammonds: quick add citations per standard format additionally and updated info

{{Short description|President of India from 2002 to 2007}}
{{redirect|Abdul Kalam|the member of Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly|Abdul Kalam (Varanasi politician)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
| image = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Official portrait, {{circa|2002}}
| office = [[President of India]]
| term_start = 25 July 2002
| term_end = 25 July 2007
| predecessor = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] [[Manmohan Singh]]
| successor = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| vicepresident = [[Krishan Kant]] [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| office1 = [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]]
| term_start1 = November 1999
| term_end1 = November 2001
| president1 = K. R. Narayanan
| primeminister1 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]]
| office2 = [[Director General]] of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| term2 = 1992–1999
| predecessor2 = [[Raja Ramanna]]
| successor2 = [[Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rameswaram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|07|27|1931|10|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], India
| resting_place = [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College]] ([[BEng]])
* [[Madras Institute of Technology]] ([[MEng]])
}}
| profession = {{hlist|[[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace scientist]]|[[author]]}}
| awards = [[List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|List of awards and honours]]
| blank1 = Notable work(s)
| data1 = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Wings of Fire (autobiography)|Wings of Fire]]''
* ''[[India 2020]]''
* ''[[Ignited Minds]]''
* ''[[Indomitable Spirit]]''
* ''[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]''}}
| module = {{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| fields = [[Aerospace engineering]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]}}
| signature = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam signature.svg
| honours = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1981) [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1990) [[Bharat Ratna]] (1997)
| website = {{URL|https://kalamcentre.com|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Centre}}
}}
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]{{Refn|group=|Contested the [[2002 Indian presidential election]] as an independent candidate backed by the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
}}

'''Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-A.p.j. Abdul Kalam from India pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|ˈ|ʌ|b|d|ʊ|l|_|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|m}} {{respell|UB|duul|_|kə|LAHM}}; 15 October 1931{{snd}}27 July 2015) was an Indian [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]] scientist and statesman who served as the  [[president of India]] from 2002 to 2007.

Born and raised in a Muslim family in [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], Kalam studied [[physics]] and [[aerospace engineering]]. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|missile development efforts]]. He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of [[ballistic missile]] and [[launch vehicle]] technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in ''[[Pokhran-II]]'' nuclear tests in 1998, India's second such test after the [[Smiling Buddha|first test]] in 1974.

Kalam [[2002 Indian presidential election|was elected]] as the [[president of India]] in 2002 with the support of both the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the then-opposition [[Indian National Congress]]. He was widely referred to as the "People's President". He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency. He was a recipient of several awards, including the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour.

While delivering a lecture at [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|IIM Shillong]], Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent [[cardiac arrest]] on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with [[21-gun salute|full state honours]]. A [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial|memorial]] was inaugurated near his home town in 2017.

== Early life and education ==
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a [[Tamil Muslim]] family in the pilgrimage center of [[Rameswaram]] on [[Pamban Island]], [[Madras Presidency]] (now in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name="KalamTiwari1999">{{cite book|last1=Kalam|first1=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul|last2=Tiwari|first2=Arun|title=Wings of Fire: An Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC|year=1999|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-146-6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011216/http://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC|archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="PIB01march12">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/profile/apjak.asp|title=Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam|publisher=Press Information Bureau, [[Government of India]]|date=1 March 2012|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608115449/http://pib.nic.in/profile/apjak.asp|archive-date=8 June 2010 }}</ref> His father, Jainulabdeen Marakayar, was a boat owner and [[imam]] of a local mosque,<ref name="IT">{{cite magazine|last=Akbar|first=M J|date=9 July 2012|title=APJ Abdul Kalam speaks to Editorial Director M.J. Akbar about presidential elections 2012|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/20120709-abdul-kalam-presidential-elections-2012-new-book-turning-points-758940-2012-06-29|magazine=[[India Today]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731011511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/abdul-kalam-presidential-elections-2012-new-book-turning-points/1/203064.html|archive-date=31 July 2015|access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> and his mother, Ashiamma, was a housewife.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Abdul Kalam, People's President in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2567111001.html|access-date=3 May 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518223333/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2567111001.html|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Jai2003">{{cite book|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295|year=2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|page=296|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012224650/http://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> His father owned a boat that ferried [[Hindu]] pilgrims between Rameswaram and [[Dhanushkodi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/07/28/article664629.ece/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-the-unconventional-President-who-learnt-the-art-of-the-political|title=APJ Abdul Kalam, the unconventional President who learnt the art of the political|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729043804/http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/07/28/article664629.ece/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-the-unconventional-President-who-learnt-the-art-of-the-political|archive-date=29 July 2015|work=[[ABP News]]|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/apj-abdul-kalam-peoples-president-greatest-student-india-ever-had/story/1/5271.html|title=The greatest student India ever had|work=Dailyo|access-date=1 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730224338/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/apj-abdul-kalam-peoples-president-greatest-student-india-ever-had/story/1/5271.html|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:House of Abdul Kalam.jpg|thumb|left|Kalam's birthplace in [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
{{A. P. J. Abdul Kalam series}}
Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and a sister in the family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/nation/story_34253.jsp|title=Brother awaits Kalam last trip|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729155853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/nation/story_34253.jsp|archive-date=29 July 2015|work=[[Telegraph (India)|Telegraph]]|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/465515/how-two-orthodox-brahmins-played-a-crucial-role-in-apj-abdul-kalams-childhood/|title=How two orthodox Brahmins played a crucial role in APJ Abdul Kalam's childhood|date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729090458/http://qz.com/465515/how-two-orthodox-brahmins-played-a-crucial-role-in-apj-abdul-kalams-childhood/|archive-date=29 July 2015|work=Qz|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/day-before-death-kalam-enquired-about-elder-brothers-health-1026767.html|title=Day before death, Kalam enquired about elder brother's health|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730205650/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/day-before-death-kalam-enquired-about-elder-brothers-health-1026767.html|archive-date=30 July 2015|work=[[CNN-News18|IBN Live]]|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> His ancestors had been wealthy [[Marakkar|Marakayar]] traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Marakayar are a [[Muslim]] ethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from [[Arab]] traders and local women. The family business had involved trading goods and transporting passengers between the Indian mainland and the Pamban Island and to and from Sri Lanka. With the opening of the [[Pamban Bridge]] connecting Pamban Island to mainland India in 1914, the businesses failed. As a result, apart from the ancestral home, the other family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s, and the family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy, he delivered newspapers to support the family's meager income.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-aware-of-any-will-left-by-Kalam-Nephew/articleshow/48297059.cms|title=Not aware of any will left by Kalam: nephew|date=31 July 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803120645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-aware-of-any-will-left-by-Kalam-Nephew/articleshow/48297059.cms|archive-date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="SharmaDas2004">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Mahesh|last2=Das|first2=P.K.|last3=Bhalla|first3=P.|title=Pride of the Nation: Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkGyzKt-l6cC&pg=PA13|year=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-288-0806-7|page=13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011056/http://books.google.com/books?id=TkGyzKt-l6cC&pg=PA13|archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="visit">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC&pg=PA153|title=A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India|pages=1–10,153|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|location=New Delhi|date=2002|last1=Bhushan|first1=K.|last2=Katyal|first2=G.|isbn=978-81-7648-380-3|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725113051/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his school years, Kalam got average grades but was described by his teachers as a bright and hardworking student with a strong desire to learn. He spent hours learning [[Mathematics]].<ref name="visit" /> He did his schooling at Schwartz Higher Secondary School in [[Ramanathapuram]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalam's alma mater in Ramnad set for renovation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/renovation-of-dr-apj-abdul-kalams-alma-mater-in-ramanathapuram-by-coimbatore-non-profit/articleshow/108571331.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref> He then graduated in [[Physics]] from [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]], in 1954.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam meets the teacher who moulded him|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404791000.htm|access-date=29 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 September 2006|author=K. Raju|author2=S. Annamalai|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928165057/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404791000.htm|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

Kalam moved to Madras in 1955 to study [[aerospace engineering]] at the [[Madras Institute of Technology]].<ref name="PIB01march12" /> While he was working on a class project, the Dean of the institution was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline."<ref>{{cite web|last=Dixit|first=Sumita Vaid|title=The boy from Rameswaram who became a President|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/18/slide-show-1-achievers-indias-best-students-apj-abdul-kalam.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=4 July 2012|date=18 March 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702010920/http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/18/slide-show-1-achievers-indias-best-students-apj-abdul-kalam.htm|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Later, he narrowly missed out on his dream of becoming a [[fighter pilot]], as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Failed in my dream of becoming a pilot : Abdul Kalam in new book|date=18 August 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/failed-in-my-dream-of-becoming-pilot-abdul-kalam-in-new-book/article5035287.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818165820/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/failed-in-my-dream-of-becoming-pilot-abdul-kalam-in-new-book/article5035287.ece|archive-date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

== Career as a scientist ==
{{quote box
| quoted = true
| width = 320px
| align = right
| salign = right
| quote = This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—Dr [[Vikram Sarabhai]], Prof [[Satish Dhawan]] and Dr [[Brahm Prakash]]. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.
| source = Abdul Kalam<ref name="nic">{{cite web|title=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/abdulkalam/abdulkalam.htm |work=[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309080244/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Abdulkalam/Abdulkalam.htm |archive-date=9 March 2007 }}</ref>}}

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam became a member of the [[Defence Research & Development Service]] and joined the [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) as a scientist. During his early career, he was involved in the design of small [[hovercraft]], and remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.<ref name="Sumita Vaid Dixit">{{cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Karthika|title=Kalam tells students to follow their heart|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kalam-tells-students-to-follow-their-heart/articleshow/4689858.cms|access-date=4 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 June 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523213320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-23/chennai/28168542_1_kalam-primary-school-maths-class|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he joined the [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]], working under renowned space scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]].<ref name="PIB01march12" /> He was interviewed and recruited into [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) by [[H. G. S. Murthy]], the first director of the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096|title=I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis|first=Ashwini|last=Pawar|date=29 July 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=30 December 2022|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1969, Kalam transferred to ISRO where he became the project director of India's first [[satellite launch vehicle]] (SLV) which successfully deployed the [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini]] satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980. He had earlier started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite book |title=A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress).|date=2000|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India)|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC|author=Ramchandani|editor-first=Dale|editor-last=Hoiberg|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829192223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC|archive-date=29 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1969, Kalam received the approval from the [[Government of India]] to expand the programme to include more engineers.<ref name="nic" /> In 1963–64, he visited [[NASA]]'s [[Langley Research Center]] in [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]], [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] in [[Greenbelt, Maryland|Greenbelt]], and [[Wallops Flight Facility]].<ref name="KalamTiwari1999" /><ref name="Inc.1989">{{cite journal |title=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32|date=November 1989|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science |page=32|issn=0096-3402|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511004955/https://books.google.com/books?id=6AUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32|archive-date=11 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the late 1970s, Kalam was part of the effort to develop the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]] and [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV), both of which were successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/national-space-day-when-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-learnt-from-failure-and-isro-bounced-back-to-life-2586775-2024-08-23|title=When Dr APJ Abdul Kalam learnt from failure and Isro bounced back to life|date=23 August 2024|access-date=1 January 2025|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=1 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001120006/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/national-space-day-when-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-learnt-from-failure-and-isro-bounced-back-to-life-2586775-2024-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-profile|title=APJ Abdul Kalam, profile|work=[[Rashtrapathi Bhavan]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227201320/https://presidentofindia.nic.in/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-profile|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 1974, Kalam was invited by [[Raja Ramanna]] to witness the country's first nuclear test ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'' as the representative of [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]], even though he was officially not part of the project.<ref name="Facts">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/Jul/28/lesser-known-facts-about-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-787047.html|title=Lesser Known Facts About Dr APJ Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In the 1970s, Kalam directed two projects, ''[[Project Devil]]'' and ''[[Project Valiant]]'', which sought to develop [[ballistic missiles]] using the technology from the successful SLV programme. Despite the disapproval of the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|union cabinet]], then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] allotted funds for these aerospace projects under Kalam's directorship through her discretionary powers. Kalam also played a major role in convincing the cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified projects. His research and leadership brought him recognition in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/india_missile.pdf?_=1316466791|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative|date=July 2003|title=Missile Chronology, 1971–1979|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120103945/http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/india_missile.pdf?_=1316466791|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

Kalam worked with metallurgist [[V. S. R. Arunachalam]], who was then scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister [[R. Venkataraman]] on the simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.<ref name="RV">{{cite news|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1913/19131240.htm|title=The prime motivator|newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=5 July 2002|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021161310/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1913/19131240.htm|archive-date=21 October 2006}}</ref> Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating {{INRconvert|3.88|b|year=1983}} for the project titled [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as its chief executive.<ref name="RV" /> Kalam played a major role in the development of missiles including [[Agni missile|Agni]], an intermediate range ballistic missile and [[Prithvi missile|Prithvi]], the tactical surface-to-surface missile, despite inflated costs and time overruns.<ref name="RV" /><ref name="IGMDP Criticism">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Missile-plan-Some-hits-misses/articleshow/2684641.cms|title=Missile plan: Some hits, misses|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Rajat|last=Pandit|agency=TNN|date=9 January 2008|access-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118112401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-09/india/27782318_1_akash-visual-range-air-to-air-missile-missile-development-programme|archive-date=18 November 2011|url-status=live }}</ref> He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of [[ballistic missile]] and [[launch vehicle]] technology.<ref>{{cite book|first=R. K.|last=Pruthi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|title=President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|publisher=Anmol Publications|date=2005|isbn=978-81-261-1344-6|chapter=Missile Man of India|pages=61–76|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/29/indias-mr-missile-a-man-of-the-people?token=8bebcb17cfd851eb0bc06642519e8767|title=India's 'Mr. Missile': A man of the people|access-date=30 July 2015|date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135024/http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/29/indias-mr-missile-a-man-of-the-people?token=8bebcb17cfd851eb0bc06642519e8767|archive-date=25 September 2015|newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalams-unrealised-Nag-missile-dream-to-become-reality-next-year/articleshow/48267342.cms|title=Kalam's unrealised 'Nag' missile dream to become reality next year|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2015|date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103225412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalams-unrealised-Nag-missile-dream-to-become-reality-next-year/articleshow/48267342.cms|archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

Kalam served as the chief scientific adviser to the prime minister and [[Secretary to Government of India|secretary]] of the DRDO from July 1992 to December 1999. He played a key organisational, political and technical role in the ''[[Pokhran-II]]'' nuclear tests conducted in May 1998.<ref>{{cite book|first=Amartya|last=Sen|author-link=Amartya Sen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169|chapter=India and the Bomb|title=Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream|editor=M. V. Ramana|editor2=C. Rammanohar Reddy|pages=167–188|publisher=Sangam Books|date=2003|isbn=978-81-250-2477-4|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112558/https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]], he served as the chief project coordinator for the tests.<ref name="KalamTiwari1999"/><ref name="Conley2001">{{cite book|first=Jerome M.|last=Conley|title=Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZRk_z3dhtYC&pg=PA106|date=2001|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0217-6|page=106|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425020736/https://books.google.com/books?id=SZRk_z3dhtYC&pg=PA106|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Koodankulam nuclear plant: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's safety review has failed to satisfy nuke plant protestors, expert laments|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news/30373196_1_safety-review-safety-norms-koodankulam|access-date=20 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=8 November 2011|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410003051/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news/30373196_1_safety-review-safety-norms-koodankulam|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the director of the site test, [[K. Santhanam]], said that the [[thermonuclear bomb]] had been a "[[fizzle (nuclear test)|fizzle]]" and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2619/stories/20090925261902000.htm|title=Pokhran row|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|first1=Ramachandran|last1=R.|date=25 September 2009|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203180132/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2619/stories/20090925261902000.htm|archive-date=3 February 2011}}</ref> The claim was refuted and rejected by Kalam and Chidambaram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pokhran II controversy needless: PM|url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2009/08/3161|publisher=Hard News|date=August 2009|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525092955/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2009/08/3161|archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref>

In 1998, Kalam worked with [[cardiologist]] [[Bhupathiraju Somaraju]] and developed a low cost [[coronary stent]], named the "Kalam-Raju stent".<ref>{{cite web|title=Story of indigenous stents|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/08/15/stories/041567so.htm|work=[[Business Line]]|date=15 August 2001|location=India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528085930/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/08/15/stories/041567so.htm|archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The stent man|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/19ap.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=19 December 1998|location=India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111556/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/19ap.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> In 2012, the duo designed a [[tablet computer]] named the "Kalam-Raju tablet" for usage by healthcare workers in rural areas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Now, 'Kalam-Raju tablet' for healthcare workers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3025860.ece|access-date=19 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=M. Sai|last=Gopal|date=22 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425093504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3025860.ece|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref>

== Presidency ==
[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam greeting the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee on his 79th birthday in New Delhi on December 25, 2003.jpg|thumb|Kalam greeting then prime minister [[Vajpayee]] on 25 December 2003]]

On 10 June 2002, the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed its intention to nominate Kalam for the post of the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NDA's smart missile: President Kalam|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-06-11/news/27348497_1_nda-alliance-nda-today-president-kalam|access-date=29 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 June 2002|author=Times News Network|author-link=Times News Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523202053/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-06-11/news/27348497_1_nda-alliance-nda-today-president-kalam|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm|title=With him at the helm, there is hope that things might change|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729224243/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm|archive-date=29 July 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> His candidature was backed by the opposition parties including the [[Samajwadi Party]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SP to support Kalam for President's post|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez3.htm|date=11 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522075344/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez3.htm|archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NCP supports Kalam's candidature for presidentship|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez2.htm|date=11 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522072307/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez2.htm|archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref> After the support for Kalam, incumbent president [[K. R. Narayanan]] chose not to seek a re-election.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narayanan opts out, field clear for Kalam|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez5.htm|date=11 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112930/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez5.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:

{{blockquote|I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overwhelmed by response: Kalam|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/13prez2.htm|date=13 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518114306/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/13prez2.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref>}}

On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the [[Indian Parliament]]. Three sets of nomination papers were filed, one accompanied by the NDA leaders including prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and senior cabinet members, the second accompanied by Congress including [[Sonia Gandhi]], and the third with leaders from other supporting political parties.<ref>{{cite news|title=Presidential nominee Abdul Kalam files nomination papers|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/18prez1.htm|date=18 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111105/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/18prez1.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> He faced off against [[Lakshmi Sahgal]], and the polling for the [[2002 Indian presidential election|presidential election]] was held on 15 July 2002, in the Indian parliament and the state assemblies, with the media predicting a win for Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Polling for presidential election begins|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/15prez1.htm|date=15 July 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112418/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/15prez1.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> The counting was held on 18 July, and Kalam won the elections after securing 922,884 electoral votes as against the 107,366 votes won by Sahgal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam is 11th President in 12th term|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-is-11th-President-in-12th-term/articleshow/17197985.cms|date=26 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 July 2012|last=Ved|first=Mahendra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530003810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-26/india/27318326_1_neelam-sanjiva-reddy-p-j-abdul-kalam-rashtrapati-bhavan|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=live }}</ref> He was sworn in as the [[List of Presidents of India|11th president]] of India on 25 July 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Presidents, Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060850/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm|archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Abdul Kalam elected President|url=http://hindu.com/2002/07/19/stories/2002071905340100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 July 2002|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113191656/http://hindu.com/2002/07/19/stories/2002071905340100.htm|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> He was the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy the top chair at [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A P J Kalam is sworn in as India's eleventh President|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/25prez5.htm|date=25 July 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130222012/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/25prez5.htm|archive-date=30 January 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam authorizing the Prime Minister designate Dr. Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on May 19, 2004.jpg|thumb|left|Kalam with prime minister designate [[Manmohan Singh]] in New Delhi on 19 May 2004]]

During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the "People's President".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tyagi|first1=Kavita|last2=Misra|first2=Padma|title=Basic Technical Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-81-203-4238-5|page=124|date=23 May 2011|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603050016/https://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Amarnath|last1=Menon|title=Why Abdul Kalam was the 'People's President'|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-apj-abdul-kalam-was-the-peoples-president/story/1/5270.html|work=DailyO|access-date=20 August 2015|date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813121059/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-apj-abdul-kalam-was-the-peoples-president/story/1/5270.html|archive-date=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abdul-kalam-is-peoples-president-mamata/266740-37-64.html|title=APJ Abdul Kalam is people's president: Mamata Banerjee|date=19 June 2012|newspaper=[[CNN-IBN]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=4 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620094235/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abdul-kalam-is-peoples-president-mamata/266740-37-64.html|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm|title=The people's President does it again|last=Perappadan|first=Bindu Shajan|date=14 April 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 March 2012|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125233936/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> He later stated that signing the [[Office of profit]] bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/my-toughest-decision-as-president-was-returning-the-office-of-profit-bill-to-parliament------------------------/214046/|title=My toughest decision as president was returning the Office of Profit Bill to Parliament|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731003929/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/my-toughest-decision-as-president-was-returning-the-office-of-profit-bill-to-parliament------------------------/214046|archive-date=31 July 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How a 110 years old became friend of APJ Kalam|url= http://www.thebetterindia.com/64306/life-lesson-dr-p-j-abdul-kalam-srijan-pal-singh|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160819200510/http://www.thebetterindia.com/64306/life-lesson-dr-p-j-abdul-kalam-srijan-pal-singh/|archive-date= 19 August 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Better India|date= 14 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Signing office of profit bill was toughest decision: A P J Kalam|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/dateline-india/signing-office-of-profit-bill-was-toughest-decision-a-p-j-kalam/articleshow/6182455.cms|access-date=2 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=18 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511055231/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/dateline-india/signing-office-of-profit-bill-was-toughest-decision-a-p-j-kalam/articleshow/6182455.cms|archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> In September 2003, during an interactive session at [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER]] in [[Chandigarh]], Kalam asserted the need of [[Uniform Civil Code]] in India, keeping in view the population of the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/29prez.htm|title=Uniform Civil Code essential: Kalam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928084617/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/29prez.htm|archive-date=28 September 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 September 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-30/news/27555155_1_uniform-civil-code-moon-mission-secular-credentials|title=Kalam calls for uniform civil code|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142527/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-30/news/27555155_1_uniform-civil-code-moon-mission-secular-credentials|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 September 2003}}</ref> He also took a decision to impose [[President's rule]] in Bihar in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=APJ Abdul Kalam: The People's President|url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/apj-abdul-kalam-the-peoples-president-1201126|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727173548/http://www.ndtv.com/people/apj-abdul-kalam-the-peoples-president-1201126|archive-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> However, during his tenure as president, he made no decision on 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him to commute [[death penalties]], including that of terrorist [[Afzal Guru]], who was convicted of conspiracy in the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament]] and was sentenced to death by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mercy Guidelines|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2607/stories/20090410260703400.htm|date=April 2009|access-date=5 July 2012|work=Frontline|last=V.|first=Venkatesan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129214855/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2607/stories/20090410260703400.htm|archive-date=29 January 2013 }}</ref> He acted only on a single plea, rejecting that of [[Dhananjoy Chatterjee]], who was later hanged.<ref>{{cite news|title=The journey of a mercy plea|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-journey-of-a-mercy-plea/621586/0|date=21 May 2010|access-date=5 July 2012|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128051841/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-journey-of-a-mercy-plea/621586/0|archive-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>

Towards the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the upcoming [[2007 Indian presidential election|presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam not to contest presidential poll|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/22prezpoll6.htm|date=22 June 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518114128/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/22prezpoll6.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> His name was proposed by the [[United National Progressive Alliance]], but he did receive the support of the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam not to contest Presidential polls|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Kalam-not-to-contest-Presidential-polls/articleshow/2142035.cms|access-date=3 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523223931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-22/india/27955990_1_unpa-leaders-united-national-progressive-alliance-nda-leaders|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/10/stories/2007051008450100.htm|title=Talks under way on Presidential election|date=10 May 2007|access-date=2 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317101008/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/10/stories/2007051008450100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> However, two days later, he decided not to contest the election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving the Rashtrapati Bhavan in the political processes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam not to contest Presidential polls|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Kalam-not-to-contest-Presidential-polls/articleshow/2142035.cms|access-date=2 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523223931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-22/india/27955990_1_unpa-leaders-united-national-progressive-alliance-nda-leaders|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam addressing the nation on the eve of 58th Republic Day, in New Delhi on January 25, 2007.jpg|thumb|Kalam addressing the nation on the eve of the 58th Republic day in 2007]]

In April 2012, towards the expiry of the term of the 12th president [[Pratibha Patil]], media reports claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raj|first=Rohit|title=Virtual world seeks second term for Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/virtual-world-seeks-second-term-abdul-kalam-590|access-date=23 April 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=23 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423195211/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/virtual-world-seeks-second-term-abdul-kalam-590|archive-date=23 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Prafulla|last=Marapakwar|title=Next President should be apolitical: Pawar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Second-innings-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-to-return-as-President/articleshow/12830216.cms|access-date=23 April 2012|date=23 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616111353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/india/31386583_1_consensus-candidate-sharad-pawar-parties|archive-date=16 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Race for Rashtrapati Bhawan: APJ Abdul Kalam a good choice, says SP; backs Pawar|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/race-for-rashtrapati-bhawan-apj-abdul-kalam-a-good-choice-says-sp-backs-pawar-200986|access-date=23 April 2012|work=[[NDTV]]|date=23 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424001728/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/race-for-rashtrapati-bhawan-apj-abdul-kalam-a-good-choice-says-sp-backs-pawar-200986|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> After the reports, [[social networking sites]] witnessed a surge in posts supporting his candidature.<ref>{{cite news|title=Netizens campaign for second term to Kalam|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/245135/netizens-campaign-second-term-kalam.html|access-date=27 April 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=26 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114034934/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/245135/netizens-campaign-second-term-kalam.html|archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Azeez|first=Parwin|title=Kalam for President clicks on social networks|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Kalam-for-President-clicks-on-social-networks/articleshow/13044137.cms|access-date=8 May 2012|date=8 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616111409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-08/chennai/31625398_1_p-j-abdul-kalam-social-media-social-networking|archive-date=16 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> While the ruling [[Indian National Congress]] opposed the nomination of Kalam,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Benedict|first=Kay|date=14 June 2012|title=Congress opposes APJ Abdul Kalam's name for President|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/presidential-race-congress-opposes-apj-abdul-kalam-100083-2012-04-23|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 July 2023|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724163532/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/presidential-race-congress-opposes-apj-abdul-kalam-100083-2012-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref> other parties such as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Trinamool Congress]] were reported by the media to be keen on his candidature.<ref>{{cite news|title=President poll: BJP rejects Pranab Mukherjee, Hamid Ansari, may back Kalam|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/president-poll-bjp-rejects-pranab-may-back-kalam/253558-37.html|access-date=30 April 2012|newspaper=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=30 April 2012|place=New Delhi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208161314/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/president-poll-bjp-rejects-pranab-may-back-kalam/253558-37.html|archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Presidential polls: We will not support Pranab Mukherjee, BJP says|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Presidential-polls-We-will-not-support-Pranab-Mukherjee-BJP-says/articleshow/12937364.cms|access-date=30 April 2012|date=30 April 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517162025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/india/31505985_1_pranab-mukherjee-presidential-polls-sushma-swaraj|archive-date=17 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prez poll: Mulayam, Mamata suggest APJ Kalam, Manmohan Singh, Somnath Chatterjee|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_prez-poll-mulayam-mamata-refuse-to-endorse-pranab-suggest-manmohan_1701902|access-date=13 June 2012|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=13 June 2012|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410000348/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-prez-poll-mulayam-mamata-reject-pranab-suggest-manmohan-1701902|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mamata turns to Facebook, seeks support for Kalam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/social-media/Mamata-turns-to-Facebook-seeks-support-for-Kalam/articleshow/14174984.cms|access-date=16 June 2012|date=16 June 2012|agency=Press Trust of India|location=Kolkata, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617112446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/social-media/32268498_1_mamata-banerjee-apj-abdul-kalam-missile-man|archive-date=17 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest stating that:

{{blockquote|Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.<ref name="toirefused">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-not-to-contest-presidential-poll-2012/articleshow/14237561.cms|title=Abdul Kalam not to contest presidential poll 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2012|access-date=18 June 2012|first=Karthick|last=S|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622074516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/india/32298401_1_apj-abdul-kalam-bjp-leader-contest|archive-date=22 June 2012|url-status=live }}</ref>}}

== Post-presidency ==
[[File:Dr A P J Abdul Kalam addresses the 14th Convocation ceremony at the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati.jpg|thumb|Kalam addressing students at [[IIT Guwahati]] in 2012]]

After leaving office, Kalam returned to teaching, and became a visiting professor at various institutions. He became a visiting professor at [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|IIM Shillong]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/kalvimalar-news-en/kalam-to-join-as-visiting-faculty-at-iim-shillong/11068|title=Kalam to join as visiting faculty at IIM Shillong|date=7 March 2013|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta}}</ref> an honorary professor at his alma mater [[Anna University]] in Chennai,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kalam-may-become-honorary-professor/story-IDF8dULMzCFsuZd1acZ4sI.html|title=Kalam may become honorary professor|date=15 July 2007|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927083323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kalam-may-become-honorary-professor/story-IDF8dULMzCFsuZd1acZ4sI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and an honorary fellow of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] at [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/news/press_rel.htm|title=Honorary Fellowship of IISc|work=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|date=27 May 2008|access-date=10 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709223659/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/news/press_rel.htm|archive-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kalam|first1=Abdul|title=Turning Points: A Journey Through Challenges|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|isbn=978-9-35029-543-4|access-date=30 June 2015|publication-date=5 September 2012|pages=48, 69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HykusumG6YkC&pg=PT48|date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517061603/https://books.google.com/books?id=HykusumG6YkC&pg=PT48|archive-date=17 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2007, he became the first chancellor of the newly established [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam appointed IIST Chancellor |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956211300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911060649/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956211300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2008|date=9 September 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> He also conducted lectures for management students in India,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/kalam-to-teach-management-students/articleshow/2642842.cms?from=mdr|title=Kalam to teach management students|date=22 December 2007|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> and visited China twice at the invitation of the [[Chinese government]] to conduct sessions at the [[Peking University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/apj-abdul-kalam-not-just-indias-scientist-but-of-the-world-china-professor/|title=China professor: Abdul Kalam not just India's scientist but of the world|date=29 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008233944/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/apj-abdul-kalam-not-just-indias-scientist-but-of-the-world-china-professor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, Kalam voiced his support towards the establishment of the [[Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant|nuclear power plant]] at [[Koodankulam]] in Tamil Nadu, giving assurances for the safety of the facility.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 November 2011|title=Dr Kalam's 'assurance' on nuclear power plants draws flak|newspaper=Financial Magazine|url=http://moneylife.in/article/dr-kalams-assurance-on-nuclear-power-plants-draws-flak/21199.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108023921/http://www.moneylife.in/article/dr-kalams-assurance-on-nuclear-power-plants-draws-flak/21199.html|archive-date=8 November 2011}}</ref> However, some of the locals were unconvinced by his statements on the safety of the plant, and were hostile to his visit.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 November 2011|title=Kalam bats for Kudankulam but protesters unimpressed|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-bats-for-Kudankulam-but-protesters-unimpressed/articleshow/10637144.cms|url-status=live|access-date=5 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523204808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-07/india/30369212_1_kudankulam-plant-kudankulam-nuclear-power-project-kasinath-balaji|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme called ''What Can I Give Movement'' aimed at the youth of India with a central theme of defeating corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatcanigive.info/BlankBodyWGnrlRightPanl.php?PageTitle=AboutUs|title=About us|publisher=What Can I Give|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522051003/http://www.whatcanigive.info/BlankBodyWGnrlRightPanl.php?PageTitle=AboutUs|archive-date=22 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2137285.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911233506/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2137285.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2012|title=Take part in movement against corruption: Kalam|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 June 2011|access-date=1 March 2012|author=Mallady, Shastry}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}

On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to [[Shillong]] to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at IIM Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece|title=Kalam had no property|author=Scott, D.J. Walter|date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222044729/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html|title=End of an era: 'Missile man' APJ Abdul Kalam passes away after cardiac arrest|work=Firstpost|date=28 July 2015|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728112529/http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> At around 6:35 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], after five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-president-abdul-kalam-passed-away-following-sudden-illness/|title=Abdul Kalam, former president of India, passes away at 84|date=27 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728170754/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-president-abdul-kalam-passed-away-following-sudden-illness/|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition, and upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life. Despite being placed in the [[intensive care unit]], he was confirmed dead of a sudden [[cardiac arrest]] at 7:45{{nbsp}}p.m.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/abdul-kalam-showed-no-signs-of-life-when-brought-to-hospital-doctor-1026532.html|title=Abdul Kalam showed no signs of life when brought to hospital: Doctor|date=28 July 2015|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729225600/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/abdul-kalam-showed-no-signs-of-life-when-brought-to-hospital-doctor-1026532.html|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-admitted-to-icu-in-shillong-sources-1201111|title=Former President APJ Abdul Kalam Dies at 83|first=Anindita|last=Sanyal|date=27 July 2015|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729222948/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-admitted-to-icu-in-shillong-sources-1201111|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> His purported last words to his aide [[Srijan Pal Singh]] were: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/11-last-words-of-famous-people-that-reflect-exactly-what-life-was-to-them-243620.html|title=11 Last Words of Famous People That Reflect Exactly What Life Was To Them|work=India Times|date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803141930/http://m.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/11-last-words-of-famous-people-that-reflect-exactly-what-life-was-to-them-243620.html|archive-date=3 August 2015}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
[[File:Front_view_of_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Memorial_.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]] at [[Rameswaram]]]]

Following his death, the people of India paid tributes on social media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685083|title=People's president: India mourns Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730230504/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685083|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> The Government of India declared a seven-day [[National day of mourning|state mourning]] period as a mark of respect.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-day-state-mourning-but-no-holiday/articleshow/48246786.cms|title=Seven-day state mourning but no holiday|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731030228/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-day-state-mourning-but-no-holiday/articleshow/48246786.cms|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> Various leaders from India and abroad condoled the death of Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-has-died-aged-83|title=Former President APJ Abdul Kalam has died aged 83|access-date=28 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821123429/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-has-died-aged-83|archive-date=21 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abdul-kalams-death-tremendous-loss-to-india-isro-chief-a-s-krishna-kumar-1201137|title=Abdul Kalam's Death Tremendous Loss to India: ISRO Chief A S Kiran Kumar|date=29 July 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730021211/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abdul-kalams-death-tremendous-loss-to-india-isro-chief-a-s-krishna-kumar-1201137|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/world-leaders-pay-glowing-tributes-to-inspirational-kalam-115072801081_1.html|title=World leaders pay glowing tributes to inspirational Kalam|date=28 July 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144046/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/world-leaders-pay-glowing-tributes-to-inspirational-kalam-115072801081_1.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
Kalam's body was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July, where dignitaries including then president, vice president, and prime minister paid their last respects.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-s-body-being-flown-to-delhi/article1-1373798.aspx|title=Farewell Kalam! Pranab, Modi lead nation in paying homage|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728100552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-s-body-being-flown-to-delhi/article1-1373798.aspx|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> His body was placed in his Delhi residence for public viewing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/apj-abdul-kalam-funeral-in-rameswaram-live-285013-2015-07-28|title=Live: Kalam's body at Delhi house for people to pay tribute|date=28 July 2015|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728192314/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/apj-abdul-kalam-funeral-in-rameswaram-live/1/454493.html|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> On 29 July, his body was flown to the town of [[Mandapam]] via [[Madurai]], and was carried towards his home town of Rameswaram by road. His body was displayed in an open area to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8{{nbsp}}p.m. that evening.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Dignitaries-Pay-Respect-to-Kalam-in-Madurai-Airport/2015/07/29/article2947038.ece|title=Dignitaries Pay Respect to Kalam in Madurai Airport|author=Arunachalam, Pon Vasanth|date=29 July 2015|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801220459/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Dignitaries-Pay-Respect-to-Kalam-in-Madurai-Airport/2015/07/29/article2947038.ece|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-kalams-body-to-be-flown-to-rameswaram-from-delhi/article7476407.ece?homepage=true|title=Kalam's mortal remains reach Rameswaram|date=29 July 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729093211/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-kalams-body-to-be-flown-to-rameswaram-from-delhi/article7476407.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Rishi|last1=Iyengar|title=India Pays Tribute to 'People's President' A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|url=https://time.com/3974357/apj-abdul-kalam-death-tributes-condolences/|access-date=20 August 2015|work=[[Time Inc.]]|date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731002329/http://time.com/3974357/apj-abdul-kalam-death-tributes-condolences/|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> On 30 July 2015, following an [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial prayer]] performed by the local [[imam]],<ref>{{cite news|date=30 July 2015|title=Thousands bid adieu to former President A P J Abdul Kalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Thousands-bid-adieu-to-former-President-A-P-J-Abdul-Kalam/article60333907.ece|access-date=10 June 2025|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> he was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu ground with full state honours with over 350,000 people in attendance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-president-kalam-laid-to-rest-with-full-state-honours-115073000426_1.html|title=People's president' Kalam laid to rest with full state honours|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801235007/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-president-kalam-laid-to-rest-with-full-state-honours-115073000426_1.html|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/nation-bids-adieu-to-abdul-kalam/article7480951.ece?homepage=true|title=Nation bids adieu to Abdul Kalam|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920020301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/nation-bids-adieu-to-abdul-kalam/article7480951.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]] was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu in Rameswaram.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr APJ Abdul Kalam National Memorial Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147841|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023001125/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147841|archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> It was inaugurated by the prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] in July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Images of the Inauguration function |work=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=photogallary_events_pm_apj_memorial.jsp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802082018/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=photogallary_events_pm_apj_memorial.jsp|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi's web page with news and photos|url=http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-inaugurates-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-ar-rameswaram-tamil-nadu-536393|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123139/http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-inaugurates-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-ar-rameswaram-tamil-nadu-536393|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> The memorial displays replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with, and various acrylic paintings about his life. There is a large statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the [[veena]], and two other smaller statues in sitting and standing posture respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ |access-date=8 August 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808124802/https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life and interests ==
[[File:Veena played by APJ Abdul Kalam.jpg|alt=Musical instrument veena enclosed in a glass casing|thumb|Kalam's veena on display at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] museum in Delhi]]

Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra ({{died-in|1997}}), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Lebbai (5 November 1916–7 March 2021),<ref>{{cite news|date=7 March 2021|title=Kalam's elder brother dies at 104|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalams-elder-brother-dies-at-104-ramanathapuram-rameswaram/article34013992.ece|access-date=8 March 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311044739/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalams-elder-brother-dies-at-104-ramanathapuram-rameswaram/article34013992.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Abdul Kalam's elder brother turns 100 and APJ had bought a gift for him|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/apj-abdul-kalam-brother-birthday-350421-2016-11-05|access-date=5 July 2017|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710181745/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/apj-abdul-kalam-brother-birthday/1/803544.html|archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Mustafa Kalam ({{died-in|1999}}) and Kasim Mohammed ({{died-in|1995}}).<ref name="Mid">{{cite news|title=We thought he would be with us for another decade: Kalam's nephew|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/we-thought-he-would-be-with-us-for-another-decade-kalams-nephew/16408160|access-date=3 August 2015|work=Mid-Day|date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731230128/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/we-thought-he-would-be-with-us-for-another-decade-kalams-nephew/16408160|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> He was close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older siblings, though he himself remaining a lifelong [[bachelor]].<ref name="Mid"/><ref name="integrity">{{cite news|title=Man of integrity, Kalam insulated family from trappings of power|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Man-of-integrity-Kalam-insulated-family-from-trappings-of-power/articleshow/48289991.cms|date=31 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803081040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Man-of-integrity-Kalam-insulated-family-from-trappings-of-power/articleshow/48289991.cms|archive-date=3 August 2015}}</ref>

Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.<ref name="integrity"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Walter|date=4 November 2016|title=Kalam's brother turns 100, says takes life as it comes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-brother-turns-100-says-takes-life-as-it-comes/article16436426.ece|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223052244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-brother-turns-100-says-takes-life-as-it-comes/article16436426.ece|archive-date=23 February 2020|quote=Kalam never accepted gifts when he attended functions...}}</ref> He was a [[teetotalism|teetotaler]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Michael|first=Saneesh|title=A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - The President of the masses|work=OneIndia|date=n.d.|url=http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/other-celebrities/kalam-indian-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914092623/http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/other-celebrities/kalam-indian-president.html|archive-date=14 September 2007}}</ref> and a [[vegetarian]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Of Rasam and Rice: The Humble Lifestyle of Former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam|work=[[NDTV]]|url=http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/of-rasam-and-rice-the-humble-lifestyle-of-former-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-1201369|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730231654/http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/of-rasam-and-rice-the-humble-lifestyle-of-formerHe|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> Kalam enjoyed writing [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetry, playing the [[veena]] (an Indian string instrument),<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2040386,00.html|title=India's A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|date=30 November 1998|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182257/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2040386,00.html|archive-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> and listening to [[Carnatic music|Carnatic devotional music]] every day.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685041|title=Abdul Kalam: People's president, extraordinary Indian|work=[[BBC]]|date=28 June 2015|access-date=28 June 2015|first=Shashi|last=Tharoor|author-link=Shashi Tharoor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730230459/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685041|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> He never owned a [[television]], and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7{{nbsp}}a.m. and sleeping by 2{{nbsp}}a.m.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalam Tribute: Sir Never Had a TV at Home, Recalls Secretary of 24 Years|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kalam-tribute-sir-never-had-a-tv-at-home-recalls-secretary-of-24-years-1201261|date=28 July 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731000524/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kalam-tribute-sir-never-had-a-tv-at-home-recalls-secretary-of-24-years-1201261|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> His personal possessions included a few books, a [[veena]], clothing, a [[compact disc]] player and a [[laptop]]. He left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother after his death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam had no property|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece?homepage=true|date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222032339/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Guru Kalam's assets, royalties to go to elder brother|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/oneindia-special-guru-kalam-s-assets-royalties-to-go-to-elder-brother-1825182.html|access-date=3 August 2015|work=One India|date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805225257/http://www.oneindia.com/india/oneindia-special-guru-kalam-s-assets-royalties-to-go-to-elder-brother-1825182.html|archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref>

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999. He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart.<ref name="visit"/> He had an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology such as developing [[Implant (medicine)|biomedical implants]]. He also supported [[Open-source software|open source]] technology over [[proprietary software]], predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/India-leader-advocates-open-source/2100-1016_3-1011255.html|title=India leader advocates open source|last=Becker|first=David|work=[[CNET]]|date=29 May 2003|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617103200/http://news.cnet.com/India-leader-advocates-open-source/2100-1016_3-1011255.html|archive-date=17 June 2011}}</ref>

=== Religious and spiritual views ===
Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.<ref>{{cite web|title =The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama|url=http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/626-apj-abdul-kalam-contemplative-science-complements-modern-science|website=www.dalailama.com|access-date=4 August 2015|first=The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai|last=Lama|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907005520/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/626-apj-abdul-kalam-contemplative-science-complements-modern-science|archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> He was a practising [[Sunni Muslim]], and daily [[namaz]] and fasting during [[Ramadan]] were integral to his life.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/dr-kalam-indias-most-non-traditional-president-1201311?site=full|title=Dr Kalam, India's Most Non-Traditional President|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320080739/http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/dr-kalam-indias-most-non-traditional-president-1201311?site=full|archive-date=20 March 2016|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> His father was an imam of a mosque, and had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children.<ref name="IT" /> His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."<ref name="Pramukh">{{Cite book|title=Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji|last=Kalam|first=A.P.J. Abdul|publisher=HarperCollins India|date=2015|isbn=978-93-5177-405-1|location=Noida|pages=ix–xi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ramzan & Rameswaram: His ties with the island|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramzan-Rameswaram-His-ties-with-the-island/articleshow/48274023.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2015|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823165616/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramzan-Rameswaram-His-ties-with-the-island/articleshow/48274023.cms|archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.<ref name="NDTV"/> Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, and he remarked: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."<ref>{{cite web|title=APJ Abdul Kalam: Not Hindu, Not Muslim – Death of an 'Indian'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalam-not-hindu-not-muslim-%25E2%2580%2593-death-of-an-indian_1637341.html|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730205714/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalam-not-hindu-not-muslim-%E2%80%93-death-of-an-indian_1637341.html|archive-date=30 July 2015|date=27 July 2015}}</ref>

One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the [[syncretism]] he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="FP">{{cite web|title=Remembering Kalam: Greatly beloved, but he maybe missed being truly great|date=28 July 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/remembering-apj-abdul-kalam-greatly-beloved-but-he-maybe-missed-being-truly-great-2367544.html|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731000537/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/remembering-apj-abdul-kalam-greatly-beloved-but-he-maybe-missed-being-truly-great-2367544.html|archive-date=31 July 2015|work=Firstpost}}</ref> In addition to his faith in the [[Quran]] and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions, learnt [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Abdul-Kalam-or-Abul-Kalam-the-message-is-same/articleshow/48408920.cms|title=Abdul Kalam or Abul Kalam- the message is same|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824191957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Abdul-Kalam-or-Abul-Kalam-the-message-is-same/articleshow/48408920.cms|archive-date=24 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/01kalam1.htm|title=Kalam on why Sanskrit is important|access-date=8 August 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910015917/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/01kalam1.htm|archive-date=10 September 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and read the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm|title=Muslims react to A P J Abdul Kalam's candidature for President|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830051202/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm|archive-date=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply|date=28 July 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/three-books-that-influenced-apj-abdul-kalam-deeply-2367912.html|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730195411/http://www.firstpost.com/living/three-books-that-influenced-apj-abdul-kalam-deeply-2367912.html|archive-date=30 July 2015|work=Firstpost}}</ref> In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming the president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "During the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".<ref name="FP"/> Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, [[Shashi Tharoor]] remarked, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".<ref name="BBC"/> Former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|deputy prime minister]] [[L. K. Advani]] concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam served India till last breath: Advani|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/kalam-served-india-till-last-breath-advani_1637359.html|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014074425/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/kalam-served-india-till-last-breath-advani_1637359.html|archive-date=14 October 2015|date=28 July 2015|work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders led him to meet [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]], the Hindu guru of the [[Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]] (BAPS), who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.<ref name="NDTV"/> Kalam and Pramukh Swami met eight times over a fourteen-year period and on his first meeting on 30 June 2001, Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.<ref name="Pramukh"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Transcending boundaries with Swamiji|url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Transcending-boundaries-with-Swamiji/articleshow/48006801.cms|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817031028/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Transcending-boundaries-with-Swamiji/articleshow/48006801.cms|archive-date=17 August 2015|work= Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref> Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions, and recalled being moved by Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing his experiences as a book later.<ref name="Pramukh"/> Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."<ref name="NDTV"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Did Kalam sense his end was near? Arun Tiwari suspects|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-tiwari-suspects-kalams-premonition-of-his-death/article7478169.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 July 2015|access-date=4 August 2015|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222061032/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-tiwari-suspects-kalams-premonition-of-his-death/article7478169.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

== Writings ==
{{main|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam bibliography}}
[[File:A.P.J Abdul Kalam.jpg|thumb|Kalam delivering a speech in 2010]]

Kalam has authored various books during his career, and his books have garnered interest in various countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354077|title=Kalam, the author catching on in South Korea|date=9 February 2006|access-date=25 March 2012|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001515/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354077|archive-date=11 May 2009}}</ref>

In his book ''[[India 2020]]'', he strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a [[developed nation]] by 2020. He regarded his work on India's [[nuclear weapons]] programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nujslawreview.org/pdf/articles/2011_3/dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam.pdf|title=IDG Session Address|last=Kalam|first=A.P.J. Abdul|date=1 October 2011|journal=NUJS Law Review|access-date=1 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314182225/http://nujslawreview.org/pdf/articles/2011_3/dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2014}}</ref>

{{blockquote|I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and national security.}}

Kalam described a "transformative moment" in his life in his book ''[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]''. When he asked Pramukh Swami on how India might realise his vision of development, Swami answered to add a sixth area of developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption.<ref name="Pramukh"/>

;Bibliography
The following are the books authored by Kalam:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-books-written-by-dr-abdul-kalam-1509088012-1|title=List of 25 Inspiring books written by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam|work=[[Jagran Prakashan]]|date=14 October 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Roddam Narasimha|author-link2=Roddam Narasimha|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|year=1988}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology|url=http://www.abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130092420/http://abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html|archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=[[India 2020|India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium]]|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Y. S. Rajan|author-link2=Y. S. Rajan|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-670-88271-7}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Wings of Fire (autobiography)|Wings of Fire]]|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=Universities Press|year=1999|isbn=978-8-173-71146-6}}
* {{cite book|author=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power within India|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=2002|isbn=978-0-670-04928-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=A. Sivathanu Pillai|author-link2=A. Sivathanu Pillai|title=Envisioning an Empowered Nation: Technology for Societal Transformation|date=2004|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|isbn=978-0-070-53154-3}}
* {{cite book|author=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=The Luminous Sparks: A Biography in Verse and Colours|publisher=Punya Publishing|date=2004|isbn=978-8-190-18978-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=Ocean Books|year=2005|isbn=978-8-188-32274-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Manav Gupta|author-link2=Manav Gupta|title=Mission India : A Vision for Indian youth|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=2005|isbn=978-0-14-333499-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Inspiring Thoughts: Quotation Series|date=2007|publisher=[[Rajpal & Sons]]|isbn=978-81-7028-684-4}}
* {{cite book|title=You Are Born To Blossom: Take my Journey Beyond|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=Ocean Books|year=2010|isbn=978-8-184-30037-6}}
* {{cite book|title=The Scientific India: A Twenty First Century Guide to the World around Us|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Y. S. Rajan|author-link2=Y. S. Rajan|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-143-41687-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Failure to Success: Legendry Lives|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2011|isbn=978-8-125-04212-9}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Target 3 Billion|Target 3 Billion: Innovative Solutions towards Sustainable Development]]|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Srijan Pal Singh|author-link2=Srijan Pal Singh|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-143-41730-9}}
* {{cite book|title=You are Unique: Scale New Heights by Thoughts and Actions|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Poonam Kohli|author-link2=|publisher=Punya Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-0-143-41730-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Turning Points: A Journey through Challenges|author=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|year=2012|isbn=978-9-350-29347-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=[[Indomitable Spirit]]|date=2013|publisher=[[Rajpal & Sons]]|isbn=978-8-170-28879-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Spirit of India|date=2013|publisher=[[Rajpal & Sons]]|isbn=978-8-170-28795-7}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions|date=2014|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-8-129-12491-3}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=A. Sivathanu Pillai|author-link2=A. Sivathanu Pillai|title=We Can do it: Thoughts for Change|date=2014|publisher=Shree Book Centre|isbn=978-9-350-49763-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Governance for Growth in India|date=2014|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-8-129-13260-4}}
* {{cite book|title=A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=V. Ponraj|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9-351-36172-5}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr. Abdul Kalam's new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/dr-abdul-kalams-new-book-a-manifesto-for-change-to-release-on-july-14/|work=Bihar Prabha|access-date=27 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707150021/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/dr-abdul-kalams-new-book-a-manifesto-for-change-to-release-on-july-14/|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Forge Your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring|date=2014|publisher=[[Rajpal & Sons]]|isbn=978-93-5064-279-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrow's India|date=2014|publisher=Viking Publishing|isbn=978-0-670-08796-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=The Guiding Light: A Selection of Quotations from My Favourite Books|date=2015|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-8-129-13486-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Srijan Pal Singh|author-link2=Srijan Pal Singh|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=2015|isbn=978-0-143-33354-8}}
* {{cite book|title=The Family and the Nation|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Acharya Mahapragya|author-link2=Acharya Mahapragya|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|date=2015|isbn=978-8-172-23727-1}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|date=2015|isbn=978-9-351-77405-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Srijan Pal Singh|author-link2=Srijan Pal Singh|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|date=2015|isbn=978-9-351-77645-1}}

== Awards and honours ==
{{Main|List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}

Kalam received [[Doctor (title)#Honorary doctorates|honorary doctorates]] from various universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr.Kalam's Page|url=http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam%F6s%20Page&linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-|publisher=Abdulkalam.com|access-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424232206/http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam%F6s%20Page&linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai|url=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110417054039|date=16 April 2011|last=Dayekh|first=Ribal|work=[[Zawya]]|access-date=17 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604020818/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110417054039|archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen's University Belfast|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/06/11/kalamreceives-honorary-doctorate-from-queensuniver.html|date=11 June 2009|work=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515153517/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/06/11/kalamreceives-honorary-doctorate-from-queensuniver.html|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> The Government of India honoured him with the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1981 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1990.<ref name="Facts"/> In 1997, he was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the [[Bharat Ratna]], for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm|date=26 November 1997|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717032654/http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> He received the [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]] in 1997, Savarkar Award in 1998, and Ramanujan Award in 2000.<ref name="Facts"/> In 2008, he was the recipient of [[Hoover Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, 2008 Hoover Medal Recipient |url=https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008 |work=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812084114/https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, he was awarded the [[National Space Society#Awards|Von Braun Award]] by the [[National Space Society]] "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".<ref>{{cite web|work=[[National Space Society]]|url=http://www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html|title=NSS Von Braun Award|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202034637/http://www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:APJ Abdul Kalam 2015 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 2015 [[India Post]] stamp of Kalam]]
{{Main|List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}

Kalam's birthday is celebrated as [[World Students' Day]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 October 2021|title=Why APJ Kalam's birth anniversary is celebrated as World Students' Day|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-apj-kalam-s-birth-anniversary-is-celebrated-as-world-students-day-101634262358789.html|access-date=30 June 2022|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In 2012, Kalam was ranked second in ''[[the Greatest Indian]]'' poll conducted by [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|title=A Measure of the Man|last=Sengupta|first=Uttam|date=20 August 2012|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501020655/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014, India and the United States launched the Fulbright-Kalam climate fellowship which enabled six Indian doctoral students and researchers to work with institutions in the US for a period of 6–12 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-launch-fulbright-kalam-climate-fellowship-1286399|title=India, US Launch Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship|work=[[NDTV]]|date=12 March 2016|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101021/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-launch-fulbright-kalam-climate-fellowship-1286399|archive-date=17 February 2017 }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] announced that Kalam's birthday, 15 October, would be observed as "Youth Renaissance Day". It also instituted the "[[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award|Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award]]" constituting a gold medal, a certificate and {{INRconvert|500|k}}, to be awarded annually on the [[Indian Independence Day]], to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Award in Kalam's name, birthday to be observed as 'Youth Renaissance Day'|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms|date=31 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823154804/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) released topics on his name as a part of the CBSE expression series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://49.50.126.244/web_material/Circulars/2015/exseries/66_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.pdf|title=APJ Abdul Kalam.pdf|date=16 October 2015|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Central Board of Secondary Education]]|pages=1, 4–6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014012454/http://49.50.126.244/web_material/Circulars/2015/exseries/66_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> On the same day, [[India Post]] released postage stamps commemorating the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/|title=PM's remarks at birth anniversary celebrations of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam|date=15 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's office]]|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118133838/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, researchers at the NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the [[International Space Station]] and named it ''[[Solibacillus kalamii]]'' to honour Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nasa-pays-tribute-apj-abdul-kalam-by-naming-new-species-after-him-727552|title=NASA pays tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam by naming new species after him|date=21 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|work=International Business Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521111607/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nasa-pays-tribute-apj-abdul-kalam-by-naming-new-species-after-him-727552|archive-date=21 May 2017}}</ref> In February 2018, scientists from the [[Botanical Survey of India]] named a newly found plant species as ''Drypetes kalamii'', in his honour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plant-species-from-west-bengal-named-after-former-president-abdul-kalam/article22845140.ece|title=New plant species from West Bengal named after former President Abdul Kalam|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303121557/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plant-species-from-west-bengal-named-after-former-president-abdul-kalam/article22845140.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 February 2018|last1=Pacha|first1=Aswathi }}</ref> In 2022, a newly discovered species of [[footballfish]] was named as ''[[Himantolophus kalami]]'' in Kalam's honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/|title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families Caulophrynidae, Neoceratiidae, Melanocetidae, Himantolophidae, Diceratiidae, Oneirodidae, Thaumatichthyidae, Centrophrynidae, Ceratiidae, Gigantactinidae And Linophrynidaee|first=Christopher|last=Scharpf|date=3 June 2024|access-date=28 June 2024|work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database|publisher=Christopher Scharpf|version=3|archive-date=13 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513083231/https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, a newly discovered [[tardigrade]] was named ''Batillipes kalami'' after him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajwi|first=Tiki|date=19 September 2023|title=New marine tardigrade species named after former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/new-marine-tardigrade-species-named-after-former-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article67322477.ece|access-date=7 November 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Several places and locations have been named after Kalam. In August 2015, [[Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road|Aurangzeb Road]] in New Delhi was named after Kalam as Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-renamed-abdul-kalam-road/|title=Delhi exits 'cruel' Aurangzeb Road for 'kind' Abdul Kalam|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701212557/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-renamed-abdul-kalam-road/|archive-date=1 July 2017|date=29 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aurangzeb-road-is-now-abdul-kalam-road/article7613198.ece|title=Aurangzeb Road is now Abdul Kalam Road|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227114944/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aurangzeb-road-is-now-abdul-kalam-road/article7613198.ece|archive-date=27 February 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 September 2015|last1=Nath|first1=Damini }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-named-after-president-apj-abdul-kalam-tweets-arvind-kejriwal-1211984|title=Aurangzeb Road Renamed After APJ Abdul Kalam, Arvind Kejriwal Tweets 'Congrats'|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041412/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-named-after-president-apj-abdul-kalam-tweets-arvind-kejriwal-1211984|archive-date=28 February 2018|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In September 2015, the national missile test site in [[Odisha]] in Wheeler Island was renamed as [[Abdul Kalam Island]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-s-wheeler-island-to-be-renamed-after-former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article1-1387528.aspx|date=4 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=21 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909091009/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-s-wheeler-island-to-be-renamed-after-former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article1-1387528.aspx|archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> In October 2015, a {{cvt|6180|m}} peak near the [[Bara Shigri Glacier]] in the [[Himalayas]] was named as Mount Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/36880/arjun-vajpai-and-bhupesh-kumar-scale-unexplored-peak/|title=These 2 Indians Scaled an Unexplored Mountain Peak. And Named It Mt. Kalam|date=23 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Better India}}</ref> [[Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex]], a missile research facility in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/missile-complex-in-hyderabad-renamed-after-kalam-495459-2015-10-15|title=Missile Complex in Hyderabad renamed after Kalam|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City]] in [[Patna]], and [[Puducherry Science Centre & Planetarium|Dr. Abdul Kalam Science Centre and Planetarium]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] are named in honour of Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumi|first1=Faryal|title=Work on APJ Abdul Kalam Science City to begin this month|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-on-science-city-to-begin-this-month/articleshow/68141661.cms|access-date=31 October 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129021835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-on-science-city-to-begin-this-month/articleshow/68141661.cms|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Science centre-cum-planetarium named after Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/science-centrecumplanetarium-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7545449.ece|date=16 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222061046/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/science-centrecumplanetarium-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7545449.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> Several universities,<ref>{{cite news|title=UPTU is now APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPTU-is-now-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-Tech-University/articleshow/48302218.cms|date=1 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805101720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPTU-is-now-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-Tech-University/articleshow/48302218.cms|archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> and other educational institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar govt names college, science city after 'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bihar-govt-names-college-science-city-after-peoples-president-apj-abdul-kalam/|date=30 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802205557/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bihar-govt-names-college-science-city-after-peoples-president-apj-abdul-kalam/|archive-date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Institute to be named after Kalam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/institute-to-be-named-after-kalam/article7483906.ece|date=31 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222010642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/institute-to-be-named-after-kalam/article7483906.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Complex to be named after Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/complex-to-be-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7498039.ece|date=4 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222044815/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/complex-to-be-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7498039.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/new-arts-and-science-college-named-after-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-coming-up-in-tamil-nadu-1451387-2019-02-08|title=New arts and science college named after Dr APJ Abdul Kalam coming up in Tamil Nadu| work=[[India Today]]|date=8 February 2019|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
;Biographies
* ''Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam'' by S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rohde|first=David|title=Nuclear Scientist, 70, a Folk Hero, Is Elected India's President|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/19/world/nuclear-scientist-70-a-folk-hero-is-elected-india-s-president.html|access-date=29 June 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 July 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109144604/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/19/world/nuclear-scientist-70-a-folk-hero-is-elected-india-s-president.html|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>
* ''President A P J Abdul Kalam'' by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pruthi|first=Raj|title=President Apj Abdul Kalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|date=2003|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-261-1344-6|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603190326/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India'' by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhushan|first1=K.|last2=Katyal|first2=G.|title=A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC|date=2002|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-380-3|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507014259/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President'' by P M Nair; HarperCollins, 2008.<ref name="Nair2008">{{cite book|last=Nair|first=P. M.|title=The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ|date=2008|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group|isbn=978-81-7223-736-3|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426081144/https://books.google.com/books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ|archive-date=26 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam'' by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.<ref name="George2009">{{cite book|author=Fr A K George|title=My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ|date=2009|publisher=Novel Corp|isbn=978-81-904529-5-3|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513053103/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life'' by [[Arun Tiwari]]; Harper Collins, 2015.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-a-life/|title=A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life|last=Tiwari|first=Arun|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2015|isbn=9789351776918|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905181325/https://harpercollins.co.in/book/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-a-life/|archive-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam'' by S M Khan; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-peoples-president-9789386141521/|title=The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam|last=Khan|first=S M|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2016|isbn=9789386141521|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=30 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330121500/https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-peoples-president-9789386141521/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Film and media
In 2008, a documentary film ''[[A Little Dream]]'' directed by P. Dhanapal was released in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm|title=Documentary on Kalam released|date=12 January 2008|access-date=27 March 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090511012413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm|archive-date= 11 May 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status= dead}}</ref> In the 2011 [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] ''[[I Am Kalam]]'', Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.<ref>{{cite web|title=I Am Kalam: Movie Review|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar|access-date=3 March 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523204749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''People's President'' is a 2016 Indian documentary [[feature film]] directed by Pankaj Vyas and produced by the Government of India's [[Films Division of India|Films Division]].<ref>{{cite news|date=15 January 2021|title=Biopic to be streamed as tribute to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam|url=https://filmsdivision.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15.pdf|work=[[Films Division of India]]|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611165852/https://filmsdivision.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ''My Hero Kalam'' is a 2018 [[Kannada]] biographical film by Shivu Hiremath which portrays Kalam's life from childhood to the Pokhran tests.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Hero Kalam (2018)|url=https://indiancine.ma/CFYH/info|work=Indiancine|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818013129/https://indiancine.ma/CFYH/info|url-status=live }}</ref> The third episode of ''Mega Icons'' (2018–2020), a documentary television series about prominent personalities of India aired on [[National Geographic India|National Geographic]] was based on Kalam's life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 1|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/virat-kohli/1770018765|access-date=11 June 2021|work=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611165844/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/virat-kohli/1770018765|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2020 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'', Sheik Maideen portrayed Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the man who's Kalam but not Kalam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/apj-abdul-kalam-sheikh-mydeen-look-alike-331642-2016-07-27|access-date=29 April 2022|work=India Today|date=27 July 2016|archive-date=29 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429101432/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/apj-abdul-kalam-sheikh-mydeen-look-alike-331642-2016-07-27|url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Rocket Boys'', a Hindi biographical [[streaming television]] series on [[SonyLIV]], the character of Kalam was played by Arjun Radhakrishnan.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch|url=https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review|access-date=1 July 2022|website=The Wire|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105826/https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review|url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2022 Tamil film ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'', Kalam is portrayed by Amaan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chellappan|first=Kumar|date=8 December 2013|title=True lies|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/true-lies.html|work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131302/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/true-lies.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
* [[List of presidents of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|wikt=no|c=Category:Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam|commonscat=Category:Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam|n=Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam dies at age 83|q=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|s=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q9513|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=Wikipedia:VideoWiki/A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|position=right}}
* [http://www.abdulkalam.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227160818/http://www.abdulkalam.com/ |date=27 February 2021 }}
* [http://abdulkalam.nic.in/profile.html Website of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam during his tenureship as the President of India], hosted by the [[National Informatics Centre]]
* {{IMDb name|id=1527897}}

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[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:Nuclear power in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People associated with Shillong]]
[[Category:People associated with solar power]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Press Club of India

2026-02-17T08:38:57Z

LinnieHammonds: Started data

{{Short description|Body of journalists based in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Press Club of India
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1957|12|20}}
| logo = Press Club of India logo.jpg
| image = Press Club of India, New Delhi.jpg
| caption = Press Club of India entrance, April 2017
| founder = [[Durga Das]]
| headquarters = 1, Raisina Road, near Krishi Bhavan, [[New Delhi]] 110001, India
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Gautam Lahiri <ref>https://pressclubofindia.org/team/</ref>
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Shahid K Abbas
| leader_title3 = Secretary-General
| leader_name3 = Vinay Kumar
| leader_title4 = Joint Secretary
| leader_name4 = Chander Shekhar Luthra
| revenue = ₹ 9,00,00,000 [[Indian rupees|INR]] (2021)
| website = {{URL|http://www.pressclubofindia.org/}}
}}

'''Press Club of India (PCI)''' is an association of journalists and media professionals in [[New Delhi]], India. Founded by [[Durga Das]] in 1957, it is led by an annually elected executive body, which consists of a president, vice president, secretary-general, joint secretary and treasurer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Millat Times |title=Shams Tabrez Qasmi is Felicitated with Amar Shaheed Molvi Baqar Award 2021 {{!}} Millat Times {{!}} Multilingual Digital Media House |url=https://millattimes.com/archives/9158 |access-date=2022-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> besides 16 members of the managing committee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-11 |title=Liberal panel headed by Umakant Lakhera wins Press Club of India elections |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/liberal-panel-headed-by-umakant-lakhera-wins-press-club-of-india-elections |access-date=2022-04-03 |work=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> As of 2021, it has around 4,200 active members, 900 associate members and a few dozen corporate members, making it the largest body of journalists in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Club of India Encounters a New Plot Twist in Its Endeavour to Acquire Land |url=https://thewire.in/media/press-club-of-india-plot-twist-land-delhi |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Press Club of India in New Delhi 06.jpg|left|thumb|Wall of the Press Club of India]]
During the 1930s, [[Durga Das]] used to visit [[London]] as part of his regular business trips while he still worked for the [[Press Trust of India|Associated Press of India]]. He was inspired from the [[London Press Club]] and motivated himself to replicate a similar model in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile {{!}} Press Club Of India |url=http://www.pressclubofindia.org/profile/ |access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref> Press Club of India was established on 20 December 1957 by then editor-in-chief of [[Hindustan Times]], [[Durga Das]]. It was incorporated on 10 March 1958 and was inaugurated on 2 February 1959 with just 30 members by then [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Govind Ballabh Pant]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=Press Club of India observes its 64th foundation day |url=https://theprint.in/india/press-club-of-india-observes-its-64th-foundation-day/820030/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Das was elected as its founding president whereas DR Mankekar as its first secretary-general.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

PCI got itself an official website and an email address during the tenure of secretary-general Pushpendra Kulshrestha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.K |first=Sruthijith |date=2008-10-20 |title=Polls evoke memories of Press Club's heyday |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/BFpznpyIupEfAuYUiFBC2N/Polls-evoke-memories-of-Press-Club8217s-heyday.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In August 2009, PCI treasurer Nadim Kazmi called an extraordinary general meeting (EGM) to dissolve the incumbent management committee led by secretary-general Pushpendra Kulshrestha, accusing the latter of financial irregularities and authoritarianism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Club votes against leadership - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/press-club-votes-against-leadership/505873/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Couple of days later, amid the controversy, [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Sonia Gandhi]] relinquished her honorary membership of the club.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As journalists fight on, Sonia gives back her Press Club card - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/as-journalists-fight-on-sonia-gives-back-her-press-club-card/510467/1 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> In late September 2009, the [[Delhi High Court]] upheld the management committee led by Kulshrestha as legitimate, allowing him to continue his fourth term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HC upholds Pushpendra Kulshrestha as press club secretary general |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20090923/1347738.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref> In November 2010, TR Ramachandran was elected as the new president of PCI whereas Sandeep Dikshit as its new secretary-general. The group of journalists have been governing PCI since then.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |title=Panel wins Press Club elections for 12th consecutive year; Umakant Lakhera to be president |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/04/12/panel-wins-press-club-elections-for-12th-consecutive-year-umakant-lakhera-to-be-president |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Newslaundry|date=12 April 2021 }}</ref>

In early 2021, PCI president Umakant Lakhera announced that the club will soon establish the Bangabandhu Media Centre in honor of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], the father of nation of [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Press Club of India to set up media centre in Bangabandhu's honour |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/574218/Press-Club-of-India-to-set-up-media-centre-in-Bangabandhu%E2%80%99s-honour |access-date=2022-04-03 |work=Daily Sun |date=September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In late 2021, PCI organized a seminar titled 'The Reciprocal Relations Between Parliament and Media', in which [[Indian National Congress]] politician [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] raked the issue of media personnel being denied entry into the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=Journalism Today, and What it was in Nehru's Time |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Journalism-Today-What-it-was-in-Nehru-Time |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Press clubs]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1957]]
[[Category:Mass media in Delhi]]

P. Manonmani

2026-02-16T19:11:04Z

LinnieHammonds: Started new data

'''P. Manonmani''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. She was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in the 2016 elections as a candidate of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) from the [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=|author2=|title=91 - வீரபாண்டி|volume= |publisher=தி இந்து தமிழ் இதழ் |year=2021|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/election-2021/salem/640685-91.html}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Veerapandi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Manonmani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,792 |percentage=45.86% |change=-9.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajendran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,311 |percentage=38.85% |change=-2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. B. Samraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=17,218 |percentage=8.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mohan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,483 |percentage=3.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,828 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sasi Kumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,233 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Kamaraaj |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,198 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,481 |percentage=7.01% |change= -7.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=206,718 |percentage=86.40% |change= -2.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,268 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manonmani, P.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Centre for Disease Control

2026-02-14T09:53:51Z

LinnieHammonds: page edit

{{About|the public health agency in India|similarly named agencies|List of national public health agencies}}
{{short description|Indian medical health government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = National Centre for Disease Control
| logo = NCDC India Logo 2020.png
| logo_width = 140 px
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1909}}
| preceding1 = National Institute of Communicable Diseases (1963-2008)
| preceding2 = Central Malaria Bureau (1909–1963)
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| employees =
| budget = ₹2000 crores ($270 million) (2017–18)
| minister1_name = [[J P Nadda]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister2_name = [[Anupriya Patel]]
| minister2_pfo = Union Minister of State, Health and Family Welfare
| chief1_name = Dr Atul Goel
| chief1_position = DGHS
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| child1_agency =
| website = {{url|https://ncdc.gov.in/}}
}}
The '''National Centre for Disease Control''' (previously known as the '''National Institute of Communicable Diseases''') is an institute under the Indian Directorate General of Health Services, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]. It was established in July 1963 for research in [[epidemiology]] and control of [[communicable diseases]] and to reorganize the activities of the '''Malaria Institute of India'''. It has nine branches at [[Alwar]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Coonoor]], [[Jagdalpur]], [[Patna]], [[Rajahmundry]] and [[Varanasi]] to advise the respective state governments on [[public health]]. The headquarters are in Sham Nath Marg, in [[New Delhi]].

==History==
[[File:S.P. Ramakrishnan. Photograph by L.J. Bruce-Chwatt. Wellcome V0028008.jpg|thumb|right|Director S.P. Ramakrishnan at the sign for the newly renamed Central Institute for Communicable Diseases (ca. 1964). Credit: [[Wellcome Institute]]]]
The origin of the National Centre for Disease Control can be traced to the Central Malaria Bureau, which was established at [[Kasauli]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] in 1909. It was renamed the Malaria Institute of India in 1938 and in 1963 renamed the National Institute of Communicable Diseases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singal |first=Manish Kumar |date=17 November 2004 |title=In Focus: Shaping health experts and aiding research |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041117/jobs/main4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830060414/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041117/jobs/main4.htm |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=2020-01-29 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

The reorganized Institute was established to develop a national centre for teaching and research in various disciplines of epidemiology and control of communicable diseases. The Institute was envisaged to act as a centre par excellence for providing multi disciplinary and integrated expertise in the control of communicable disease. The Institute was also entrusted the task of developing reliable rapid economic epidemiological tools which could be effectively applied in the field for the control of communicable diseases. The objectives of the Institute broadly cover three activities - training, service and operational research in the field of communicable diseases and their prevention and control in the country. The centre is under affiliation with [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], Delhi.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

The ''Centre for AIDS & Related Diseases'' was established at National Institute of Communicable Diseases as a National Reference Laboratory as per [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] guidelines in the year 2002. Prior to this it had existed as AIDS Reference Laboratory since 1985, one of the first reference centres in India, which started surveillance of HIV infection in the country.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

On 30 July 2009, it was named the National Centre for Disease Control.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==Divisions==
The National Centre for Disease Control has 15 technical centres/divisions:{{cn|date=May 2023}}
* [[Integrated disease surveillance program|Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme]]
* Centre for [[AIDS]] and Related Diseases
* [[Epidemiology]] division
* Division of [[Malariology]] & Coordination
* [[Helminthology]] division
* [[Biochemistry]] and [[Toxicology]]
* [[Biotechnology]] division
* [[Microbiology]] division
* Medical [[Entomology]] and [[vector control|vector management]] division
* Centre for Arboviral and Zoonotic Diseases
* Division of [[Parasitic disease|Parasitic Disease]]
* Centre for Environment and Occupational Health
* Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases
* Statistical Monitoring and Evaluation Centre
* [[Division of Zoonotic Diseases Programme]]

== Operations ==
The National Centre for Disease Control has 434 officers which consists of 5 regional branches and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ianphi.org/membercountries/memberinformation/india.html|title=India National Centre for Disease Control|last=|first=|date=|website=[[International Association of National Public Health Institutes]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912223109/http://www.ianphi.org/membercountries/memberinformation/india.html|archive-date=12 September 2019|access-date=2020-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Varshney|first=Vibha|title=Fillip, more funds for disease surveillance in Union Budget 2021-22|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/fillip-more-funds-for-disease-surveillance-in-union-budget-2021-22-75290|access-date=2021-02-21|website=DownToEarth|language=en}}</ref>

==Activities==
Doctors from the centre have investigated potential outbreaks of diseases including suspected cases of [[pneumonic plague]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] in 2002,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020219/main2.htm|title=Tests point to plague - One more death takes toll to four|last=Sethi|first=Chitleen K.|date=18 February 2002|website=Tribune India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> [[SARS]] outbreaks in 2004,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sars-scare-two-scientists-sent-to-bhopal/article27754715.ece|title=SARS scare: two scientists sent to Bhopal|last=Sunderarajan|first=P.|date=2003-04-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[meningitis]] outbreak in [[Delhi]] in 2005, and [[avian influenza]] in 2006, and have reviewed preparedness for [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus]] in 2019–2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ncdc-reviews-preparedness-regarding-coronavirus-in-rml-hospital-120012700921_1.html|title=NCDC reviews preparedness regarding coronavirus in RML hospital|date=2020-01-27|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/11-people-under-observation-for-coronavirus-special-ncdc-teams-formed-for-monitoring-11579957396608.html|title=11 people under observation for coronavirus, PMO holds high-level meeting|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=2020-01-25|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> By February 2021, the National Centre for Disease Control found a new mutated strain E484Q of SARS-CoV-2 in the state of [[Maharashtra|Maharastra]] that was previously thought to be coming from South Africa and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 20, 2021|first=Neha|last=Madaan|title=Some SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in few samples normal: Expert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/couple-of-sars-cov-2-variants-with-mutations-in-few-samples-is-normal-expert/articleshow/81117699.cms|access-date=2021-02-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) Labs release initial results of Genome sequencing of mutant variant of SARS-CoV-2|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1684281|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

=== Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Consortium ===
In view of genomic mutations found in [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2), the National Centre for Disease Control under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with [[Department of Biotechnology]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] and [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] launched [[INSACOG|Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Consortium]] in 2020. It is a national level multiple laboratory network that will help in [[sentinel surveillance]], research genomic level variation, develop diagnostics and vaccine for [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS) related pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Tapas|title=Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) launched {{!}} DD News|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/health/indian-sars-cov-2-genomics-consortium-insacog-launched|access-date=2021-02-21|website=DD News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sagar|date=2020-12-26|title=Covid-19: Centre forms genomic surveillance consortium; task force says no change in treatment protocol|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/covid-19-centre-forms-genomic-surveillance-consortium-task-force-says-no-change-in-treatment-protocol-931921.html|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

The centre is the lead agency under which ten national laboratories are working:{{cn|date=August 2023}}
* Biotechnology Division, National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi
* [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]]
* [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]]
* [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]]
* [[Institute of Life Sciences Bhubaneswar]]
* [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]]
* [[National Centre for Cell Science]]
* [[National Institute of Biomedical Genomics]]
* [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]]
* [[National Institute of Virology]]

==Global Disease Detection==
In collaboration with the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], the National Centre for Disease Control has set up the Global Disease Detection Regional Center in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. This will lead to long-term public health collaboration between the Government of India and the United States in many areas including establishing high quality research and surveillance on important human infectious diseases, establishing the Indian Epidemiological Intelligence System program, and developing the National Centre for Disease Control as an international nodal agency in [[South Asia]].{{cn|date=May 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
* [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]
* [[List of national public health agencies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.ncdc.gov.in/}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical and health government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
[[Category:Colleges of the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]
[[Category:National public health agencies]]

Shivaji Nagar metro station (Pune)

2026-02-09T11:46:49Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{short description|Pune Metro's Purple Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shivajinagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line = Purple|line2=Pink}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = WIP of facade of Shivajinagar metro station in Pune.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Shivajinagar, Pune]], Maharashtra, 411001
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.53269|73.84955|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Pune Metro|Pink|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]] Platform-2 → [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]] [[Side platform]] Platform-3 → [[Megapolis Circle metro station|Megapolis Circle]] Platform-4 → [[Civil Court metro station|Civil Court]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Shivaji Nagar}}
| structure = Underground,Elevated [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SJO
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|08|01}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Purple|left1=Khadki|right1=Civil Court|to-right1=Swargate}}
{{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Pink|left=Agriculture College|to-right=Civil Court|right=Civil Court}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Shivajinagar''' is an underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] and North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Pune Metro)|Pink Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. The station was opened on 1 August 2023 as an extension of Pune Metro Phase I.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM to flag off metro trains marking inauguration of completed sections of Pune Metro |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1944115 |date=2023-07-30 |access-date=2023-08-03 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Since then, this line was operational between PCMC and Civil Court. On 29 September 2024, the launch of Pune Metro Phase I was completed and the Purple Line was fully operational from PCMC to Swargate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-28 |title=PM to inaugurate Pune Metro section of District Court to Swargate |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2059884 |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref> This station will serve as an interchange for [[Line 3 (Pune Metro)|Line 3]] of Pune Metro which will operate from Civil Court to Megapolis Circle.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-08-03 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The station contains 5 lifts, 12 escalators and a tunnel ventilation system. Its exterior is inspired by a fort from the era of [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]], whereas the interior features elements from the [[Peshwa]] era. Two subways have been proposed to connect the metro station with [[Shivaji Nagar railway station]] and University Road.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-11 |title=Pune: Shivajinagar station will be first to get ready on underground Metro route |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-shivajinagar-station-will-be-first-to-get-ready-on-underground-metro-route/articleshow/94772145.cms |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadhao |first=Oshwin |date=2023-04-27 |title=Shivaji Nagar Metro station chugs into national record – 33.1m deep down |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/cover-story/shivaji-nagar-metro-station-chugs-into-national-record-33-1m-deep-down/cid1682537001.htm |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref> The work on Line 3 from Shivajinagar to Hinjawadi is being executed under a [[public–private partnership]] model with [[Tata Group]] and [[Siemens]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-28 |title=Tata, Siemens join hands to develop Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar Metro corridor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/tata-siemens-join-hands-to-develop-hinjewadi-shivajinagar-metro-corridor-101640692679373.html |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It is expected to be fully operational from April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nambiar |first=Nisha |date=2022-08-30 |title=Pune: April 2025 deadline to complete Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar Metro |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-april-2025-deadline-to-complete-hinjewadi-shivajinagar-metro/articleshow/93865007.cms |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Shivaji Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Khadki}}
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P1'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Civil Court}} {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform** '''''Skipping {{stl|Pune Metro|Range Hills}} metro station'''''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=510 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=510|Towards → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]]
'''Next Station: [[Civil Court metro station|Civil Court]]''''''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="510" |Towards ← [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]] '''Next Station:''' [[Bopodi metro station|Bopodi]]
|}
==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Shivaji Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Agriculture College}}
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Civil Court}} {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms </div>
}}}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100" caption="Interior of the station is inspired by traditional [[Maratha]] and Peshwa architecture">
File:Interior of Shivaji Nagar metro station in Pune 4.jpg|alt=
File:Interior of Shivaji Nagar metro station in Pune 3.jpg
File:Interior of Shivaji Nagar metro station in Pune 1.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.punemetrorail.org/station/shivaji-nagar/}}

{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]

Dravidian folk religion

2026-02-09T02:19:29Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Dravidian - Tamil Folk Deity Aiyanar with his wives.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Dravidian folk deity [[Ayyanar]] with two wives]]
{{Hinduism}}
{{Dravidian|expanded=Religion}}
'''Dravidian folk religion''' refers to the presumed indigenous traditions of the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]-speaking peoples in the [[Indian subcontinent]], believed to have been practiced before significant [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic cultural influence]]. These traditions likely included [[ancestor worship]], nature veneration, and village deities, some of which persisted and merged with later Hindu practices. These practices were either historically or are at present [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Āgamic]]. The origin and chronology of Agamas is unclear. Some are [[Vedic]] and others non-Vedic.<ref>PT Raju (2009), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0983-3}}, page 45; Quote: '''The word Agama means 'coming down', and the literature is that of traditions, which are mixtures of the Vedic with some non-Vedic ones, which were later assimilated to the Vedic'''.</ref>

The Agama traditions include [[Yoga]] and [[self-realization]] concepts, some include [[Kundalini Yoga]],<ref name=SinghLP>Singh, L. P. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1pz28mw2zywC&pg=PA64 Tantra, Its Mystic and Scientific Basis], Concept Publishing Company. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-640-4}}</ref> asceticism, and philosophies ranging from ''Dvaita'' (duality) to ''Advaita'' (non-duality).<ref name=richdavis167>Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-60308-7}}, page 167 note 21, Quote (page 13): "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important."</ref> Some suggest that these are late post-Vedic texts, others as compositions dating back to over 1100 BCE.<ref>Guy Beck (1993), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87249-855-6}}, pages 151–152</ref><ref name=Tripath>Tripath, S.M. (2001). Psycho-Religious Studies Of Man, Mind And Nature. Global Vision Publishing House. {{ISBN|978-81-87746-04-1}}</ref><ref name=Darbu>Drabu, V. N. (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vEKkuLQUza8C&pg=PA31 Śaivāgamas: A Study in the Socio-economic Ideas and Institutions of Kashmir (200 B.C. to A.D. 700)], Indus Publishing Company. {{ISBN|978-81-85182-38-4}}. LCCN lc90905805</ref> Epigraphical and archaeological evidence suggests that Agama texts were in existence only by about middle of the 1st millennium CE.<ref name=richdavis12>Richard Davis (2014), Worshiping Śiva in Medieval India: Ritual in an Oscillating Universe, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-60308-7}}, pages 12–13</ref>

Scholars note that some passages in the [[Hindu]] Agama texts appear to repudiate the authority of the [[Veda]]s, while other passages assert that their precepts reveal the true spirit of the Vedas.<ref>For examples of Vaishnavism Agama text verses praising Vedas and philosophy therein, see Sanjukta Gupta (2013), Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1735-7}}, pages xxiii-xxiv, 96, 158–159, 219, 340, 353 with footnotes, Quote: "'''In order not to dislocate the laws of [[dharma]] and to maintain the family, to govern the world without disturbance, to establish norms and to gratify me and Vishnu, the God of gods, the wise should not violate the Vedic laws even in thought''' – The Secret Method of Self-Surrender, Lakshmi Tantra, Pāñcarātra Agama".</ref><ref>For examples in Shaivism literature, see T Isaac Tambyah (1984), Psalms of a Saiva Saint, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|978-81-206-0025-6}}, pages xxii-xxvi</ref> The ''Agamas'' are a collection of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] [[religious text|scriptures]] chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of ''[[murti]]'', worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga.<ref name=Grimes>Grimes, John A. (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5p0ev3nJEC ''A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English'']. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|9780791430682}}. {{LCCN|96012383}}.</ref> According to [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti]], Dravidian 'linguistic' influence on early Vedic religion is evident; many of these features are already present in the oldest known [[Indo-Aryan language]], the language of the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. The linguistic evidence for Dravidian impact grows increasingly strong as one moves from the [[Samhita]]s down through the later Vedic works and into the classical post-Vedic literature.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=6}} This represents an early religious and cultural fusion{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}}{{refn|group=note|name=Lockard|Lockard: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] and [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis."{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}} Lockard: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries."{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=52}}}} or synthesis{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}} between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans that went on to influence Indian civilisation.{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Tiwari|2002|p=v}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1951|p=218-219}}{{sfn|Larson|1995|p=81}}

==Classification==
Scholars do not share a uniform consensus on early Dravidian religion. Some scholars believe that the Dravidian religion was a belief system unique to the [[Neolithic]] people of South Asia before the origin of Indo-Aryan languages. Pope believes that in the pre-historic period the Dravidian religion was a precursor to Shaivism and Shaktism<ref>{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first=T. R. Sesha|title=Dravidian India|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services}}</ref> while John B. Magee was of the view that there is no evidence of any separate native Dravidian religion prior to 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Magee|first=John Benjamin|title=Religion and modern man: a study of the religious meaning of being human|url=https://archive.org/details/religionmodernma00mage|url-access=registration|year=1967|publisher=Harper & Row}}</ref> Other scholars define it as a non-Vedic part of [[Hinduism]]. Henry O. Thompson's definition of [[Hinduism]] included Dravidian traditions as one of the important foundational element.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Henry O.|title=World religions in war and peace|year=1988|publisher=McFarland}}</ref> Sjoberg claims that the Dravidian religion influenced [[Hinduism]] more than its Indo-Aryan counterpart,{{sfn|Sjoberg|1990|p=43}}{{refn|group=note|Tyler, in ''India: An Anthropological Perspective''(1973), page 68, as quoted by Sjoberg, calls Hinduism a "synthesis" in which the Dravidian elements prevail: "The Hindu synthesis was less the dialectical reduction of orthodoxy and heterodoxy than the resurgence of the ancient, aboriginal Indus civilization. In this process, the rude, barbaric Aryan tribes were gradually civilised and eventually merged with the autochthonous Dravidians. Although elements of their domestic cult and ritualism were jealously preserved by Brahman priests, the body of their culture survived only in fragmentary tales and allegories embedded in vast, syncretistic compendia. On the whole, the Aryan contribution to Indian culture is insignificant. The essential pattern of Indian culture was already established in the third millennium B.C., and ... the form of Indian civilization perdured and eventually reasserted itself.{{sfn|Sjoberg|1990|p=43}}}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Abdul Jamil|title=Urdu/Hindi: an artificial divide : African heritage, Mesopotamian roots, Indian culture & British colonialism|year=2006|publisher=Algora Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Eliot|first=Charles|title=Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. (of 3)|year=2007|publisher=Echo Library|pages=12}}</ref><ref>Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|9780791430682}}. {{LCCN|96012383}}.</ref><ref>Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). "Vedic Hinduism" (PDF). Harvard University. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 2019-01-23.</ref> Gustav Oppert suggests Dravidian religion was centered on the worship of Goddess as mother, protector of villages and the seven sisters identified with Matrikas.<ref>Gustav oppert, original inhabitants of Bharata.</ref><ref>Dravidian Gods in Modern Hinduism, Wilder Theodre Elmore</ref><ref>Vicissitudes of Goddess, Sree Padma</ref> Wilder Theodre Elmore comments that the Dravidian folk religions are not a simple form of animism, but exhibit complex [[Metaphysics|metaphysical concepts]].<ref>page 134 Dravidian Gods in Modern Hinduism, Wilder Theodre Elmore</ref> The widespread worship of certain village deities of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu may be argued to reflect a survival of the pre-Brahmanic religious tradition.<ref name="Prabasi Press Private, Ltd">{{cite book|title=The Modern Review |volume=28|year=1920|publisher=Prabasi}}</ref><ref>Schastok, Sara L. ''The Śamalājī Sculptures and Sixth-Century Art in Western India.'' Leiden: Brill, 1985. pp. 58–60.</ref><ref>Guy Beck (1993), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87249-855-6}}, pages 151–152.</ref>
<blockquote>
The cult of the Female Principle was a major aspect of Dravidian religion, The concept of Shakti was an integral part of their religion [...] The cult of the ''Sapta Matrika'', or Seven Divine Mothers, which is an integral part of the Shakta religion, may be of Dravidian inspiration.<ref>Bhattacharyya, N. N., ''History of the Sakta Religion'', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi, 1974, 2d ed. 1996).</ref>
</blockquote>

This dravidian linguistic influence represents an early religious and cultural fusion{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}}{{refn|group=note|name=Lockard}} or synthesis{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}} between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, which became more evident over time with sacred iconography, traditions, philosophy, flora and fauna that went on to influence [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sramana]] and [[Charvaka]].{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Tiwari|2002|p=v}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1951|p=218-219}}{{sfn|Larson|1995|p=81}}

Scholars regard modern [[Hinduism]] as a fusion{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}}{{refn|group=note||name=Lockard}} or synthesis{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{refn|group=note|name="Hiltebeitel"|Hiltebeitel: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of "Hindu synthesis," Brahmanic synthesis," or "orthodox synthesis," takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency" (c. 320-467 CE)."}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=193}} of various Indian cultures and traditions.{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}}{{refn|group=note|name=fusion|See also:
* J.H. Hutton (1931), in {{cite book | last =Ghurye | first =Govind Sadashiv |year =1980| title =The Scheduled Tribes of India | publisher =Transaction Publishers | isbn =9781412838856 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pTNmCIc9hCUC&q=australoids+india+religion}}{{sfn|Ghurye|1980|p=3-4}}{{refn|group=note|Ghurye: He [Hutton] considers modern Hinduism to be the result of an amalgam between pre-Aryan Indian beliefs of Mediterranean inspiration and the religion of the Rigveda. "The Tribal religions present, as it were, surplus material not yet built into the temple of Hinduism".{{sfn|Ghurye|1980|p=4}}}}
* {{cite book | last =Zimmer | first =Heinrich | year =1951 | title =Philosophies of India | publisher =Princeton University Press}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1951|p=218-219}}
* Tyler (1973), ''India: An Anthropological Perspective'', Goodyear Publishing Company. In: Sjoberg 1990,{{sfn|Sjoberg|1990|p=43}}{{refn|group=note|Tyler, in ''India: An Anthropological Perspective''(1973), page 68, as quoted by Sjoberg, calls Hinduism a "synthesis" in which the Dravidian elements prevail: "The Hindu synthesis was less the dialectical reduction of orthodoxy and heterodoxy than the resurgence of the ancient, aboriginal Indus civilization. In this process the rude, barbaric Aryan tribes were gradually civilised and eventually merged with the autochthonous Dravidians. Although elements of their domestic cult and ritualism were jealously preserved by Brahman priests, the body of their culture survived only in fragmentary tales and allegories embedded in vast, syncretistic compendia. On the whole, the Aryan contribution to Indian culture is insignificant. The essential pattern of Indian culture was already established in the third millennium B.C., and ... the form of Indian civilization perdured and eventually reasserted itself.{{sfn|Sjoberg|1990|p=43}}}}
* {{cite journal | last =Sjoberg | first =Andree F. | year =1990 | title =The Dravidian Contribution to the Development of Indian Civilization: A Call for a Reassessment | journal =Comparative Civilizations Review |volume=23 |pages=40–74 | url =https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/CCR/article/download/13469/13403}}{{sfn|Sjoberg|1990}}
* {{cite book | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}}
* {{cite journal | last =Nath | first =Vijay | date =March–April 2001 | title =From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition | journal =Social Scientist | volume =29 | issue =3/4 | pages =19–50 | doi=10.2307/3518337 |jstor=3518337}}{{sfn|Nath|2001}}
* {{cite book | last =Werner | first =karel | year =2005 | title =A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher =Routledge | isbn =9781135797539 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HvuQAgAAQBAJ&q=hinduism+synthesis}}{{sfn|Werner|2005|p=8-9}}
* {{cite book | last =Lockard | first =Craig A. | year =2007 | title =Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500 | publisher =Cengage Learning | isbn =978-0618386123 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC&pg=PA50}}{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}}
* {{cite book | last =Hiltebeitel | first=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |year=2007 | title =Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture" | publisher =Routledge | isbn=9781136875977 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Hopfe | first1 =Lewis M. | last2 =Woodward | first2 =Mark R. | year =2008 | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson Education | isbn =9780136061779 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=BVbiMBDVrdEC&pg=PA79}}{{sfn|Hopfe|Woodward|2008|p=79}}{{refn|group=note|name=Hopfe|Hopfe & Woodward: "The religion that the Aryans brought with them mingled with the religion of the native people, and the culture that developed between them became classical Hinduism."{{sfn|Hopfe|Woodward|2008|p=79}}}}
* {{cite book | last =Samuel | first =Geoffrey | year =2010 | title =The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic religions to the thirteenth century | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}}} Among its roots are the [[historical Vedic religion]] of [[Iron Age India]],{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=41-42}} itself already the product of "a composite of the Indo-Aryan and Harappan cultures and civilizations",{{sfn|White|2006|p=28}}{{refn|group=note|name="Vedic composite"|See:
* David Gordo White: "[T]he religion of the Vedas was already a composite of the Indo-Aryan and Harappan cultures and civilizations."{{sfn|White|2006|p=28}}
* Richard Gombrich: "It is important to bear in mind that the Indo-Aryans did not enter an {{sic|unha|bited}} land. For nearly two millennia they and their culture gradually penetrated India, moving east and south from their original seat in the Punjab. They mixed with people who spoke Munda or Dravidian languages, who have left no traces of their culture beyond some archaeological remains; we know as little about them as we would about the Indo-Aryans if they had left no texts. In fact we cannot even be sure whether some of the aerchaeological finds belong to Indo-Aryans, autochthonous populations, or a mixture.{{paragraph break}} It is to be assumed - though this is not fashionable in Indian historiography - that the clash of cultures between Indo-Aryans and autochtones was responsible for many of the changes in Indo-Aryan society. We can also assume that many - perhaps most - of the indigenous population came to be assimilated into Indo-Aryan culture.{{sfn|Gombrich|1996|p=35-36}}}} but also the [[Sramana]]{{sfn|Gomez|2002|p=42}} or renouncer traditions{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}} of [[Maurya Empire|east India]],{{sfn|Gomez|2002|p=42}} and mesolithic{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=66}} and neolithic{{sfn|Jones|2006|p=xvii}} cultures of India, such as the religions of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]],{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2009|p=11}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=3}}{{sfn|Jones|2006|p=xviii}} [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] traditions,{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Tiwari|2002|p=v}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1951|p=218-219}}{{sfn|Larson|1995|p=81}} and the [[Adivasi|local traditions]]{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}} and [[Tribal religions in India|tribal religions]].{{sfn|Tiwari|2002|p=v}}{{refn|group=note|Tiwari mentions the [[Austroasiatic|Austric]] and [[Mongoloid]] people.{{sfn|Tiwari|2002|p=v}} See also [[Adivasi|Adivasi people]] for the variety of Indian people.}}

==Religion in ancient Tamilakam==
{{Main article|Sangam literature|Tamilakam}}
[[File:Ayyanar idols near Gobichettipalayam.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.36|Ayyanar, guardian folk deity of Tamil Nadu villages]]

Ancient Tamil grammatical works [[Tholkappiyam]], the ten anthologies [[Pattuppāṭṭu]], the eight anthologies [[Eṭṭuttokai]] sheds light on early ancient Dravidian religion. ''[[Murugan|Seyyon]]'' (Also known as [[Murugan]]) was glorified as "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent", as "the favored god of the Tamils".<ref name="Kanchan Sinha 1979">Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979).</ref> [[Shiva]] was seen as the [[Parabrahman|Supreme God]].<ref name="Kanchan Sinha 1979" /> Early iconography of [[Murugan]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery |year=2006 |publisher=Harappa |url=http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904034700/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html |archive-date=4 September 2006}}</ref> and [[Sadashiva|Sivan]]<ref>{{cite book | title = The Making of India: A Historical Survey| url = https://archive.org/details/makingindiahisto00vohr| url-access = limited| author = Ranbir Vohra| publisher = M. E. Sharpe| year = 2000| page = [https://archive.org/details/makingindiahisto00vohr/page/n10 15]| isbn = 9780765607119}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Ancient Indian Civilization| author = Grigorii Maksimovich Bongard-Levin | publisher = Arnold-Heinemann| year = 1985| page = 45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Essential Hinduism| first1 = Steven |last1=Rosen |first2=Graham M. |last2=Schweig| publisher = Greenwood | year = 2006| page = 45}}</ref> and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Basham|1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Plants of life, plants of death | first = Frederick J. |last=Simoons| year = 1998 |page=363}}</ref> The [[Sangam landscape]] was classified into five categories, ''thinais'', based on the mood, the season and the land. [[Tholkappiyam|Tolkappiyam]], mentions that each of these ''thinai'' had an associated deity such [[Murugan]] in ''Kurinji'' – the hills and mountains, [[Perumal (deity)|Thirumal]] in ''Mullai'' – the forests, and [[Indra|Vendhan]] in ''Marutham'' – the plains and croplands, [[Varuna|Kadalon]] in the ''Neithal'' – the coasts and the seas, and [[Korravai|Kottravai]] in ''Pālai'' – the deserts. Other gods mentioned were Mayyon and Vāli, who were all assimilated into Hinduism over time.

[[File:01AnnamalaiyarTemple&Thiruvannamalai&TamilNadu&AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.36|Typical layout of Dravidian architecture which evolved from ''koyil'' as a king's residence.]]
Throughout [[Tamilakam]], a king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William P.|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=6}}</ref> The king was "the representative of God on earth" and lived in a ''koyil'', which means "residence of a god". The modern Tamil word for temple is {{lang|ta-Latn|[[koil]]}} ({{langx|ta|கோயில்}}). Ritual worship was also given to kings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anand|first=Mulk Raj|title=Splendours of Tamil Nadu |year=1980|publisher=Marg Publications|url=https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&q=The+king+is+%27the+representative+of+God+on+earth%27+and+lives+in+a+palace+called+%27+Koyil%27%2C+which+means+the+residence+of+God.+The+ritual+worship+of+God}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|title=History of South India|year=1979|publisher=S. Chand}}</ref> Modern words for god like {{lang|ta-Latn|kō}} ({{langx|ta|கோ}} "king"), {{lang|ta-Latn|iṟai}} ({{lang|ta|இறை}} "emperor") and {{lang|ta-Latn|āṇḍavar}} ({{lang|ta|ஆண்டவன்}} "conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. These elements were incorporated later into [[Hinduism]] like the legendary marriage of [[Shiva]] to Queen [[Meenakshi|Meenātchi]] who ruled [[Madurai]], and [[Indra|Indhiran]], a god who was later merged into [[Indra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bate|first=Bernard|title=Tamil oratory and the Dravidian aesthetic: democratic practice in south India|year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> [[Tolkaappiyar]] refers to the [[Three Crowned Kings]] as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=வான்புகழ் மூவர்|trans=Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲|title=Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature|year=2000|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|pages=17}}</ref> In the Dravidian-speaking South, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple.<ref>{{cite book|last=Embree|first=Ainslie Thomas|author-link=Ainslie Embree|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history |volume=1|year=1988|publisher=Scribner|isbn=9780684188980|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr|url-access=registration}}</ref>

The cult of the mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one and was typically associated with [[History of Shaktism|Shaktism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Thiruchandran|first=Selvy|title=Ideology, caste, class, and gender|year=1997|publisher=Vikas}}</ref> Her worship was accepted in the northern parts of India with various names as Devi, Ksetradevata etc.<ref>Oppert, Gustav Salomon (1886). [https://archive.org/details/on-the-original-inhabitants-of-bharatavarsa-or-india/page/397/mode/2up?q=Ksetradevata ''On the original inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India'']. p. 398</ref> More recent scholarship has been correcting the misrepresentation made by a section of Westerner scholars in the portrayal of the tradition of the goddess. Western scholars like Denobili portrayed Brahmin as "gentilism" and the goddess tradition as "idolatarous".<ref>Sree Padma (2013). "Goddess Explained". In ''Vicissitudes of the Goddess''. Oxford University Press. p. 11</ref>

The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appear predominantly a goddess.<ref>{{cite book|last=Manickam|first=Valliappa Subramaniam|title=A glimpse of Tamilology|year=1968|publisher=Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu|pages=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQOAAAAYAAJ&q=sangam+priestess}}</ref> In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature |volume=5: Sasay To Zorgot |year=2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=8126012218|pages=4396}}</ref> Among the early Dravidians the practice of erecting memorial stones, ''[[hero stone|Natukal]]'', had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |volume=100|year=1996|publisher=Anmol}}</ref> It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these [[hero stone]]s to bless them with victory.<ref>{{cite book|last=Subramanium|first=N.|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|year=1980|publisher=Ennes}}</ref> Many Hindu sects such as [[Bhakti movement]] and [[Lingayatism]] originated in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]] respectively. In addition to literary sources, folk festivals, village deities, shamanism, ritual theater and traditions, which are unique to the region, are also good indicators of what early Dravidian people believed/practiced.

The most popular deity is [[Murugan]], he is known as the patron god of the Tamils and is also called ''Tamil Kadavul'' (Tamil God).<ref>{{cite conference | title= Murukan in Cankam Literature: Veriyattu Tribal Worship|author= M. Shanmugam Pillai | conference =First International Conference Seminar on Skanda-Murukan in Chennai, 28–30 December 1998 | url= http://murugan.org/research/shanmugampillai.htm | access-date=6 December 2006}} This article first appeared in the September 1999 issue of the ''Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies''.</ref><ref>Harold G. Coward, John R. Hinnells, Raymond Brady Williams, ''The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States''</ref> In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son and [[Ganesha|Pillaiyar]] the eldest son of [[Shiva]]. This differs from the North Indian tradition, which represents Murugan as the elder son. The goddess [[Parvati]] is often depicted as having a green complexion in Tamil Hindu tradition, implying her association with nature. The worship of [[Amman (goddess)|Amman]], also called [[Mariamman]], who is thought to have been derived from an ancient [[mother goddess]], is also very common.<ref>{{cite web | title= Principles and Practice of Hindu Religion| work=Hindu Heritage Study Program |url=http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html |access-date=5 December 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114082702/http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html |archive-date = 14 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kan̲n̲agi]], the heroine of the [[Cilappatikaram|Cilappatikār̲am]], is worshipped as [[Pattini|Pattin̲i]] by many Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news | title= Tracing the Sri Lanka-Kerala link |last=Balachandran |first=P. K. |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 March 2006 | url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/5983_1657214,00430014.htm |access-date=5 December 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/5983_1657214,00430014.htm |archive-date = 10 December 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are also many followers of [[Ayyavazhi]] in Tamil Nadu, mainly in the southern districts.<ref>{{cite book |first=R. |last=Ponnu |title=Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India |via=Madurai Kamaraj University |publisher=Ram |page=98}}</ref> In addition, there are many temples and devotees of [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Ganapathi|Ganapati]], and the other Hindu deities. Some other deities that later emerged independently in Tamil tradition include: [[Angala Devi]], [[Madurai Veeran]], [[Karuppu Sami]], [[Muneeswarar|Muniandi]], [[Sudalai Madan]], [[Isakki]], [[Devi Kanya Kumari]], and [[Periyachi]].

In rural [[Tamil Nadu]], many local deities, called ''[[aiyyanar|aiyyan̲ārs]]'', are believed to be the spirits of local heroes who protect the village from harm.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Horse shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on modernity |last=Jarzombek |first=M. |author-link=Mark Jarzombek | journal=Future Anterior |year= 2009| url= http://web.mit.edu/mmj4/www/downloads/future_ant4_1.pdf | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=18–36 | doi=10.1353/fta.0.0031|s2cid= 191627473| doi-access=free}}</ref> Their worship often centres around ''nadukkal'', stones erected in memory of heroes who died in battle. This form of worship is mentioned frequently in classical literature and appears to be the surviving remnants of an ancient Tamil tradition.<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Hero stone' unearthed |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/22/stories/2006072202680200.htm |access-date=5 December 2006 | location= Chennai, India | date= 22 July 2006 | archive-date= 1 October 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001023228/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/22/stories/2006072202680200.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref> A large portion of these deities continue to be worshipped as the [[Village deities of Tamil Nadu]] and [[Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], and their subsequent influence in [[South-east Asia]], examples of which include the Mariamman temples in [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore|Singapore]] and [[Mariamman Temple, Ho Chi Minh City|Vietnam]]. Worship of anthills, snakes and other forms of guardian deities and heroes are still worshiped in the [[Konkan coast]], [[Maharashtra]] proper and a few other parts of India including [[North India]] which traces its origins to ancient Dravidian religion which has been influencing formation of mainstream Hinduism for thousands of years.

A [[hero stone]], known as "Natukal" by [[Tamils]], "Gandragallu" by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and "Virgal" by [[Kannadigas]], is a memorial commemorating the honorable death of a hero in battle. Erected between the 3rd century BCE and the 18th century CE, hero stones are found all over India, most of them in southern India. They often carry inscriptions displaying a variety of adornments, including [[bas relief]] panels, frieze, and figures on carved stone.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kamat.com/database/content/hero-stones/index.htm
|title=Hero-stone Memorials of India
|publisher=Kamat Potpourri
|access-date=15 March 2007
}}</ref> Usually they are in the form of a stone monument and may have an inscription at the bottom with a narrative of the battle. According to the historian [[Upinder Singh]], the largest concentration of such memorial stones are found in [[Karnataka]]. About two thousand six hundred and fifty hero stones, the earliest dated to the 5th century have been discovered in Karnataka.<ref name="singh">Chapter "Memorializing death in stone", Singh (2009), p. 48</ref> The custom of erecting memorial stones dates back to the Iron Age (1000–600 BCE), though a vast majority were erected between the 5th and 13th centuries CE.

=== Veriyattam ===
Veriyattam refers to [[spirit possession]] of women, who took part in priestly functions. Under the influence of the god, women sang and danced, but also read the dim past, predicted the future, diagnosed diseases.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Tamils: from the earliest times to 600 A.D.|last=Iyengar|first=Srinivasa|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1929|pages=77}}</ref> Twenty two poets of the Sangam age in as many as 40 poems portray Veriyatal. Velan is a reporter and prophet endowed with supernatural powers. Veriyatal had been performed by men as well as women.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzurjfF3AE4C&q=Twenty+two+poets+of+the+Sangam+age+in+as+many+as&pg=PA16|title=Music as History in Tamil Nadu|last=Venkatasubramanian|first=T. K.|publisher=Primus |year=2010|isbn=978-9380607061|pages=16}}</ref>

=== Nadukkal ===
Among the early Tamils, the practice of erecting [[hero stone]]s (''nadukkal'') had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about 11th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |volume=100|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|publisher=Anmol |year=1996}}</ref> It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory.<ref>{{cite book|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|last=Subramanium|first=N.|publisher=Ennes |year=1980}}</ref> A Chola-period ''Arikandam'' statue was discovered from Cholapuram village in [[Sivaganga district]] depicting the self-decapitation of a devotee to goddess [[Kali]] to redeem a vow he had made to the deity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2023 |title=1,000-year-old statue depicting self-sacrifice found in Tamil Nadu's Sivaganga |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/1000-year-old-statue-depicting-self-sacrifice-found/articleshow/101443535.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Theyyam ===
[[Theyyam]] is a ritual shaman dance popular in [[Kerala]] and parts of [[Karnataka]]. Theyyam migrates into the artist who has assumed the spirit and it is a belief that the god or goddess comes in the midst of fathering through the medium of possessed dancer. The dancer throws rice on the audience and distributes turmeric powder as symbols of blessing. Theyyam incorporates dance, mime and music and enshrines the rudiments of ancient tribal cultures which attached great importance to the worship of heroes and the spirits of ancestors, is a socio-religious ceremony. There are over 400 Theyyams performed, the most spectacular ones are those of Raktha Chamundi, Kari Chamundi, Muchilottu Bhagavathi, Wayanadu Kulaven, Gulikan and Pottan. These are performed in front of shrines, sans stage or curtains.

The early character of Tamil religion was celebrative. It embodied an aura of sacral immanence, sensing the sacred in the vegetation, fertility, and color of the land. The summum bonum of the religious experience was expressed in terms of possession by the god, or ecstasy. Into this milieu there immigrated a sobering influence—a growing number of Jain and Buddhist communities and an increasing influx of northerners.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The layout of villages can be assumed to be standard across most villages. An Amman (mother goddess) is at the centre of the villages while a male [[Village deities of Tamil Nadu|guardian deity]] ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=காவல் கடவுள்|trans=kāval kaṭavuḷ}}) has a shrine at the village borders. Nowadays, Amman can be either worshipped alone or as a part of the Vedic pantheon.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics |section=Part 14 |last=Hastings |first=James |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2003}}</ref>

==Folk dance rituals==

* There are multiple [[Folk arts of Karnataka|folk dance rituals]] in Karnataka used for the worship of ''gramadevata''. One of these from Tulu areas is [[Yakshagana]], literally meansing the song (''gana'') of the ''yaksha'', (''[[nature spirits]]'').<ref name="eb">{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077732/yaksha| title=yaksha|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica| access-date=6 September 2007}}</ref> Yakshagana is the scholastic name (used for the last 200 years) for art forms formerly known as ''kēḷike, āṭa, [[Bayalaata|bayalāṭa]],'' and ''daśāvatāra'' ({{langx|kn|ದಶಾವತಾರ}}). From the Old Mysore region comes [[Folk arts of Karnataka#Somana Kunita|Somana Kunitha]].
*[[Koothu]] ({{langx|ta|கூத்து}}), and alternatively spelt as ''kuttu'', means dance or performance in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], it is a folk art originated from the early [[Tamil country]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150814040440/http://discovertamilnadu.net/tamilnadu%20dances.html Dance forms of Tamilnadu]}}</ref><ref>[http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html Tamilnadu.com] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20130411213929/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html |date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

== Discourse ==
During the era of the [[British Raj]], several Christian authors in the field of ethnology often drew a comparison between the Dravidian folk religion and the various [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanical]] traditions. A later record of the colonial administration, titled ''Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency'', described the south Indian faith along the binary lines of deities and demons, essentially categorising the worship of the Dravidian population to "demons", or to "deities who rule[d] such demons to induce their interposition". The text considered the village goddess who guarded the village from disease and calamity in the category of superior demons, who, it stated, had attained the status of deities. Little distinction existed, according to the text, between the deities and the demons. The goddesses were placed within the paradigm of demonolatry, and the scholar identified blood sacrifice as a significant trait of the Dravidian religion. The reverend Samuel Mateer set apart the idolatry of Brahman-centered Hinduism from the worship of "evil and malignant spirits" that was performed by the indigenous natives of Southern India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padma |first=Sree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ&dq=dravidian+deities+malevolent&pg=PA70 |title=Inventing and Reinventing the Goddess: Contemporary Iterations of Hindu Deities on the Move |date=3 July 2014 |publisher=Lexington |isbn=978-0-7391-9002-9 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> The scholar Whitehead concluded that the "village deity" was little more than a petty spirit that tyrannised and protected a local hamlet, inspiring fear due to an ability to inflict diseases and injury to the villagers, not evoking any admiration or morality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padma |first=Sree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ&dq=dravidian+deities+malevolent&pg=PA70 |title=Inventing and Reinventing the Goddess: Contemporary Iterations of Hindu Deities on the Move |date=3 July 2014 |publisher=Lexington |isbn=978-0-7391-9002-9 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref>
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==Derivatives==
Due to the [[Girmityas]], [[Tamils|Tamil]] and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] immigration to British, French, and Dutch colonies brought the religious practices that were derived from Dravidian Folk Religion but were syncretized with Vedic [[Hinduism]]. One of the most famous examples is the Cult of [[Mariamman]] which can be found across the Tamil Diaspora. The religious tradition is famous for their traditions of body mutilation, walking on hot coals, and [[Karakattam]] Puja.

In the Caribbean, a unique tradition called [[Caribbean Shaktism]] developed as a syncretic religion of this Tamil Mariamman worship and with aspects of Catholicism or other influences of the Caribbean religion.

==See also==
* [[Buta Kola]]
* [[Dravidian languages]]
* [[Folk religion]]
* [[Gramadevata]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[Indian religions]]
* [[Religion in ancient Tamil country]]
* [[Shinto]]
* [[Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit]]
* [[Theyyam]]

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==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

{{clear}}
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=Arthur Llewellyn |author-link=Arthur Llewellyn Basham |year=1967 |title=The Wonder That was India |title-link=The Wonder That was India}}
* {{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |year=2010 |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC |isbn=978-0-19-959334-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Gombrich |first=Richard F. |year=1996 |title=Theravāda Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-07585-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Gomez |first=Luis O. |chapter=Buddhism in India |editor-last1=Kitagawa |editor-first1=Joseph Mitsuo |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1762-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LSvkQvvmAMC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |isbn =978-0-8160-7564-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |author-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-77111-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Larson |first=Gerald |year=1995 |title=India's Agony Over Religion |publisher=SUNY Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIOSb97ph3EC |isbn=978-0-7914-2411-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Narayanan |first=Vasudha |year=2009 |title=Hinduism |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0Mm6S1XFYAC |isbn=978-1-4358-5620-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Shiv Kumar |year=2002 |title=Tribal Roots of Hinduism |publisher=Sarup & Sons}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |year=2006 |title=Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts |publisher=University of Chicago Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RwARVMg2_4C |isbn=978-0-226-02783-8}}
{{refend}}

{{Religion topics|ancient}}

[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Dravidian studies]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]
[[Category:Folk religions]]

Jatayu

2026-02-06T08:46:53Z

LinnieHammonds: General improvements to article content

{{short description|Ramayana character}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| image = Jatayu Attacks Ravana to Save Sita and Shatters his Chariot - early 18th-century.jpg
| alt = Jatayu
| caption = A painting of Jatayu attacking [[Ravana]] to save [[Sita]] and shattering his Chariot, early 18th century
| type = Hindu
| texts = [[Ramayana]] and [[Versions of Ramayana|its other versions]]
| father = [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]]
| siblings = [[Sampati]]
| mother = Shyeni
}}
'''Jatayu''' ({{langx|sa|जटायु}}, {{IAST3|Jaṭāyu}}) is a demigod in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', who has the form of a [[Indian vulture|vulture]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopinath |first=Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFTlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR46 |title=Tracing the Literary and Symbolic Significance of the Messenger through History |date=2023-11-20 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-5613-3 |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> He was the younger son of [[Aruṇa]] and his wife Shyeni the brother of [[Sampati]], as well as the nephew of [[Garuda]]. He was also an old friend of King [[Dasharatha]], [[Rama]]'s father.

==Legend==
[[File:Rama Laxmana meets jatayu on death bed.jpg|thumb|left|Rama and Lakshmana meet a dying Jatayu.]]
[[File:Ravi Varma-Ravana Sita Jathayu.jpg|thumb|[[Ravana]] cuts off Jatayu's wing while abducting [[Sita]], by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]

=== Flight towards the Sun ===
During their youth, Jatayu and his elder brother, Sampati, under a wager, flew towards [[Surya]], the solar deity. Jatayu, careless due to his youthfulness, outflew his brother, and entered the Sūryamaṇḍala, the orbit of the Sun, during noon. Due to the blazing heat of Surya, his wings started to get scorched. In a desperate bid to rescue his brother, Sampati flew ahead of him, spreading his wings wide open to shield him. As a consequence, it was Sampati who had his wings burnt, descending towards the Vindhya mountains. Incapacitated, he spent the rest of his life under the protection of a sage named Nishakara, who performed a penance in the mountains. Jatayu never met his brother again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA351 |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Battle against Ravana ===
The ''[[Araṇya-Kāṇḍa]]'' of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' mentions that Jatayu is the "King of Vultures"(''gṛdhrarāja'').<ref>''daśagrīvasthito dharme purāṇe satyasaṃśrayaḥ jaṭāyur nāma nāmnāhaṃ gṛdhrarājo mahābalaḥ'' — Ramayana 3.048.003</ref> According to the epic, the [[rakshasa]] [[Ravana]] was abducting the avatar of [[Lakshmi]], [[Sita]], when Jatayu tried to rescue her. Jatayu fought valiantly with Ravana, but as Jatayu was very old, Ravana soon defeated him, clipping his wings, and Jatayu descended upon the earth. [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]], while searching for Sita, chanced upon the stricken and dying Jatayu, who informed them of the battle with Ravana, and told them that Ravana had headed south. Jatayu then died of his wounds and Rama performed his final funeral rites.<ref name="epic">{{cite book|title=Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact: Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&dq=veeraraghava+perumal+temple&pg=PA86|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=1995|last1=K.V.|first1=Raman|last2=T.|first2=Padmaja|isbn=9789068317015|ref=K.V.|page=86}}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli}}</ref>

==Veneration==
[[File:Jatayu Earth Centre.jpg|thumb|Jaṭayu sculpture at [[Jatayu Nature Park|Jaṭāyū Nature Park]]]]
*According to local [[Folklore|lore]] of Kerala, it is believed that Jatayu fell on the rocks in [[Chadayamangalam]] in the [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]] after his wings were clipped off by [[Ravana]]. The name "Chadayamangalam" is said to be derived from "Jatayu-mangalam".{{cn|date=June 2021}} [[Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park]] in Chadayamangalam features a {{convert|61|m|ft}} wide statue of Jatayu, which is credited as the world's largest bird sculpture.<ref name= quint>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/kerala-tourism-to-unveil-world-s-largest-bird-sculpture |title=Kerala tourism to unveil world's largest bird sculpture |publisher=The Quint |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Lepakshi]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] is also attributed as the place where Jatayu fell after being wounded by Ravana. Rama is said to have commanded the bird to rise, saying ''Le Pakshi'' (literally: "Get up, Bird" in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]), hence the name for the village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lepakshi: Where Jatayu fell |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/igatpuri-a-serene-getaway/articleshow/22038400.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lepakshitemple.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=27 |title=Lepakshi Temple - Lepakshi:: The Treasure House of Art and Sculpture |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328103155/http://www.lepakshitemple.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=27 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Vijayaraghava Perumal temple]] in [[Thiruputkuzhi|Thiruputkuli]], [[Tamil Nadu]] is associated with Jatayu because the presiding deity, Vijayaraghava Perumal (a form of Rama), is believed to have performed the last rites of Jataya at this place. The water body where Jatayu fell is called Jatayu Tirtham.<ref name="epic">{{cite book|title=Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact: Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&dq=veeraraghava+perumal+temple&pg=PA86|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=1995|last1=K.V.|first1=Raman|last2=T.|first2=Padmaja|isbn=9789068317015|ref=K.V.|page=86}}</ref><ref name=census>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli}}</ref>
*[[Thirupullabhoothangudi Temple]] in Pullabhoothangudi, Tamil Nadu is also claimed as the location of Jatayu's last rites.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=530–1}}</ref>
*
==Depictions==
<gallery>
File:Ravana fighting with Jatayu.jpg|A painting of Ravana fighting Jatayu
File:Jatayu fights Ravana.jpg|A painting of Jatayu fighting Ravana (c.1605)
File:Ramayana Ballet - Jatayu fighting Ravana, Pentas Ramajana, p20.jpg|[[Ramayana Ballet]] - Jatayu fighting Ravana ([[Yogyakarta]], [[Indonesia]])
File:Jatayu Confronting Ravana to Save Sita.jpg|A painting of Jatayu confronting Ravana to save Sita (c.1740-50)
File:TARA-BHAGWAN ravana kill jatayu.jpg|Ravana kills Jatayu
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Garuda]]
* [[Sampati]]
* [[Jatayu Nature Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dhallapiccola
* ''Ramayana'' ({{ISBN|0-89744-930-4}}) by C. Rajagopalachari

==External links==
* The Hindu. ''[http://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/ramas-paratva/article19872446.ece Rama’s paratva]''.

{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Jatayu| ]]
[[Category:Mythological birds of prey]]

Devanahalli

2026-02-05T14:55:12Z

LinnieHammonds: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devanahalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Devanadoddi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Devanahalli Montage.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Devanahalli Montage Clockwise from Top to Bottom: [[Tipu Sultan]] Birthplace, Town view from the fort, Fort walls outside view, Inside fort view, Dmart Store
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.23|N|77.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North District]]<ref name="DB" />
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Devanahalli Town Municipal Council{{efn|name=DevanahalliTMC|Devanahalli is governed by the Devanahalli Town Municipal Council (TMC). It is not part of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP). The TMC was established in 1938.}}
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] - [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name1 = [[K. H. Muniyappa]], MLA
| leader_title2 = [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Basavaraju A.B, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/divisions/deputy-commissioners-office/|title=Deputy Commissioners Office - Bangalore Rural District |work=Bangalore|access-date=2025-07-03}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16
| area_rural_km2 = 413
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 28051 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/587/download/1996/DH_2011_2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE_RURAL.pdf|access-date=29 September 2023|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| population_rural = 146705
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562110
| registration_plate = KA-43
| website = http://www.devanahallitown.mrc.gov.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Devanahalli''', also called "Devandahalli", "Dyaavandalli", '''Devanadoddi''', and '''Devanapura''', is a town{{efn|name=DevanahalliTMC}} in [[Bengaluru North District]]{{efn|On July 2, 2025, the [[Government of Karnataka]] officially renamed [[Bangalore Rural district]] as [[Bengaluru North District]].<ref name="DB">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/karnataka-cabinet-renames-bengaluru-rural-as-bengaluru-north-8814053 |title=Karnataka Cabinet Renames Bengaluru Rural As Bengaluru North|publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=2025-07-03}}</ref>}} in the state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name="bangalorerural.kar.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://bangalorerural.kar.nic.in/english/devenahalli.asp |title=Office of the Deputy Commissioner Bangaluru Rural District |access-date=20 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619002146/http://bangalorerural.kar.nic.in/english/devenahalli.asp |archive-date=19 June 2016 }}</ref> The town is located next to [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]]{{efn|Devanahalli is 19.9 km to [[Nandi Hills, India]].}} and {{Convert|40|km|mi}} to the north-east of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].

Devanahalli is the site of [[Kempegowda International Airport]]. A multibillion-dollar Devanahalli Business Park with two IT Parks are coming up on nearly {{convert|400|acre|km2}} adjoining the airport. An Aerospace Park, Science Park and a {{INRConvert|10|b}} Financial City are also coming up.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/karnataka-approves-rs-943bn-investment-projects-37249 |title=Karnataka approves Rs 943bn investment projects |publisher=iGovernment.in |date=2010-03-30 |access-date=2013-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228205929/http://www.igovernment.in/site/karnataka-approves-rs-943bn-investment-projects-37249 |archive-date=2012-02-28 }}</ref> A new satellite ring road will connect the city with [[Doddaballapura|Doddaballapur]]. Devanahalli is situated near the upcoming {{INRConvert|1500|b}}, {{convert|12000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[BIAL IT Investment Region]], to be the largest IT region in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953620400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201235839/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953620400.htm |archive-date=2010-02-01 |title=Karnataka / Bangalore News: State Cabinet approves IT park near Devanahalli airport |date=2010-01-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref>

Total infrastructure development in the area is estimated to be well over {{INRConvert|20450|b}} over the next two years. With significant commercial and residential development in the area, real estate is in high demand in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/39488/devanahalli-aerospace-park-amp-sez.html |title=Devanahalli aerospace park & SEZ gathering steam |publisher=Deccanherald.com |access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref> Devanahalli is the birthplace of [[Tipu Sultan]], popularly known as the "Tiger of Mysore".<ref name="Hasan">{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |title=History of Tipu Sultan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC |access-date=19 January 2013 |year=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=81-87879-57-2 |page=6 }}</ref>

Devanahalli is considered the de facto capital of Bengaluru North District.

==History==
Devanahalli was part of [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangawadi]] and later came under the rule of [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashatrakutas]], [[Nolamba dynasty|Nolambas]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] and the [[Vijayanagara]] rulers.
[[File:Devanahalli Fort entrance, Devanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India (2006).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Devanahalli Fort]]]]

The recent history of Devanahalli dates back to 15th-century, when a family of refugees fleeing from [[Conjeevaram]] (today Kanchipuram) camped near the foot of Ramaswami Hills, east of [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]]. Their leader Rana Baire Gowda was apparently directed in a dream to set up a settlement in this region. His Morasu Wokkalu family and he subsequently settled in a small village, Ahuti, which was later known as Avati.<ref name="Hasan"/> His son Malla Baire Gowda founded Devanahalli, [[Chikkaballapur]] and [[Doddaballapura]]. [[Kempe Gowda I]], the founder of [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], also belonged to the Morasu Wokkalu family. During the time of Vijayanagara rule, Malla Baire constructed the initial mud fort in 1501 with the consent of Devaraya, the headman of the village Devanadoddi that stood prior to their arrival, and named it Devanhalli or Devandhalli. A series of rulers from the same family ruled Devanahalli, the longest being Dodda Baire Gauda, for 54 years.<ref name="Gaz1875">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of Bangalore (1875) |date=1875 |pages=57–58 |url=https://archive.org/details/BangaloreGazetteer1875 |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

In 1747, the fort passed onto the hands of [[Kingdom of Mysore]] under the command of Nanja Raja. Taken over soon after by [[Hyder Ali]], it was here that his son [[Tipu Sultan]] was born. Ali rebuilt the fort, using stone in the form of an oval, flanked with circular bastions and two cavaliers on the eastern face. It was incomplete when it fell during the siege by [[Lord Cornwallis]] as part of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1791.<ref name="Gaz1875"/>

===21st century===
====Manufacturing and industrial complex====
In 2023, [[Foxconn]] bought 300 acres<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/30/business/apple-foxconn-india.html |title=Trump Wants America to Make iPhones. Here's How India Is Doing It|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref> of land in Devanahalli and has invested {{INRConvert|21911|c}} for creating a manufacturing facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/iphone-maker-foxconn-buys-huge-site-in-devanahalli/article66831899.ece |title=iPhone maker Foxconn buys huge site in Devanahalli |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/devices/foxconn-receives-karnataka-approval-for-additional-investment-of-rs-13911-crore/105941339|title=Foxconn receives Karnataka approval for additional investment of Rs. 13,911 crore |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref> [[Boeing]] has bought 43 acres of land in Devanahalli and has invested {{INRConvert|1600|c}} and is largest site for Boeing outside the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/boeing-india-to-open-a-43-acre-complex-in-devanahalli-bengaluru-11403021.html |title=Boeing India to open its largest facility outside the US in Bengaluru |work=Moneycontrol |access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref>

[[Amazon (company)|Amazon (India)]]'s corporate headquarters has been relocated to Devanahalli and is expected to commence in April 2025 and conclude by April 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/amazon-india-to-move-bengaluru-headquarters-new-office-near-airport-to-cut-costs-report-2635151-2024-11-18 |title=Amazon India to move Bengaluru headquarters to cut costs: Report |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> [[Walmart|Walmart Inc.]] has leased 1.01 lakh sq ft for ts [[Global capability center]] in Devanahalli and will commence in March 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsfirstprime.com/bengaluru/walmart-expands-bengaluru-presence-with-major-office-lease-near-airport-10935167 |title=Walmart expands Bengaluru presence with major office lease near airport |work=NewsFirst Prime |date=22 December 2025 |access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>

====World Trade Center====
In addition to [[World Trade Center Bangalore]], another upcoming World Trade Center is being built in Devanahalli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-devanahalli?locale=en |title=WTC Devanahalli |work=[[World Trade Centers Association]] |access-date=2024-04-28}}</ref> which will be spread across 74 acres and is likely to open in year 2027.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/upcoming-tech-parks-bengaluru-over-25-mega-projects-transform-north-bluru-see-list-862473 |title=Upcoming tech parks in Bengaluru; over 25 mega projects to transform North B'luru |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=2024-07-28}}</ref>

====Defence complex====
{{main|Human Space Flight Centre}}
The original proposal for an aerospace and defence park was planned for over 1,777 acres of land across 13 villages of the district in Devanahalli. However, due to farmers protests for three and a half years, the proposal was dropped by [[Government of Karnataka]] in July 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/siddaramaiah-land-acquisition-defence-aerospace-park-10127700/ |title=CM Siddaramaiah drops land acquisition bid for defence and aerospace park in Devanahalli after 'historic farmers protest' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=2025-07-15}}</ref> However, the 449 acres the land is available for sale and setting up defence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/devanahalli-land-row-split-as-pro-acquisition-group-meets-cm-siddaramaiah-3627764 |title=Devanahalli land row: Split as pro-acquisition group meets CM Siddaramaiah |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=2025-07-15}}</ref> Karnataka declared 1,777 acres in Devanahalli as a ''Permanent Special Agricultural Zone.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/karnataka-declares-1777-acre-land-as-permanent-special-agricultural-zone-in-devanahalli-3825623 |title=Karnataka declares 1,777 acre land as 'permanent special agricultural zone' in Devanahalli|work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref>

An ''Astronaut Training and Biomedical Engineering Centre''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bengaluru Will Soon Turn Space Hub As ISRO Decides To Train Future Astronauts In The IT City |work=[[Swarajya]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/beyond-space-isro-plans-to-place-indians-on-the-moon/articleshow/67500457.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is being planned to be established on proposed site of {{convert|140|acre|km2}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2019-01-12 |title=Beyond space: Isro plans to place Indians on the Moon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/beyond-space-isro-plans-to-place-indians-on-the-moon/articleshow/67500457.cms |access-date=2024-01-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> to train astronauts for India's human spaceflight program. There is a planned defence electronics manufacturing, with major activities planned at the Aerospace Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/karnataka-to-build-inr-650-cr-space-and-defence/483535 |title=Karnataka to Build INR 650 Cr Space and Defence Manufacturing Park, Eyes 50% Share in Space Market|work=Entrepreneur.com |access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref>

==Government==
The [[Devanahalli Assembly constituency]] is one of the constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. The [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner's Office]] is located on [[National Highway 648 (India)]], midway between [[Doddaballapura]] (11 km) and Devanahalli (12 km), in a village called [[Vishwanathapura]].

=== Civic Utilities ===
The region of Devanahalli, renowned as the birthplace of [[Tipu Sultan]], has long struggled with water scarcity. The town gets its water from 100-odd borewells dug around the town, with Sihineerukere lake as the source of water.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 6, 2023 |author=Iffath Fathima |title=Water diviners of Devanahalli |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/water-diviners-of-devanahalli/articleshow/100774460.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>  The town faced water shortage as 32 borewells in the town had dried up, and [http://www.devanahallitown.mrc.gov.in/en/home Devanahalli MC] resorted to hiring water tankers. However, Devanahalli has begun utilising [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru's]] treated wastewater blended with rainwater in two of its lakes to supply 0.2 million litres of water per day to households.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=World Water Day 2024 |url=https://www.nagrika.org/post/water-challenges |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Nagrika |language=en}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
{{main|KIAL Terminals metro station}}
KIAL Terminals is an upcoming underground eastern terminal metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India.

==Sports==
A new facility named [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI Centre of Excellence]] (formerly known as [[National Cricket Academy]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/news-ani/sports/bcci-inaugurates-new-national-cricket-academy-in-bengaluru-124092900257_1.html |title=New NCA in Bengaluru will officially be called BCCI Centre of Excellence |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> has been opened in Devanahalli on 45 acres of land, featuring 45 pitches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-inaugurates-state-of-the-art-centre-of-excellence-in-bengaluru-1453105 |title=BCCI inaugurates state-of-the-art 'Centre of Excellence' in Bengaluru |work=[[ESPN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507152738/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-inaugurates-state-of-the-art-centre-of-excellence-in-bengaluru-1453105 |access-date=2025-05-07 |archive-date=7 May 2025 }}</ref> and 16,000 sq ft gym.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bccis-new-national-cricket-academy-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-centre-of-excellence-in-bengaluru-key-features/articleshow/113786946.cms?from=mdr |title=86 pitches, 16,000 sq ft gym, premium lounges & more: All you need to know about the new NCA in B'luru |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=29 September 2024 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> A new sports city is being made by [[Government of Karnataka]] on 60-acres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Aug/30/bengaluru-to-develop-60-acre-sports-city-in-devanahalli |title=Bengaluru to develop 60-acre sports city in Devanahalli |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 August 2024 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Devanahalli had a population of 23,190. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Devanahalli had an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 73% and female literacy was 58%. In Devanahalli, 12% of the population was under 6 years of age.


{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Devanahalli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biaapa.tpa.gov.in/sites/biaapa.tpa.gov.in/files/Census%20Information.pdf|title=Devanahalli Taluka Population, Caste, Religion Data - Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka|publisher=Bengaluru International Airport Area Planning Authority}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=

{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|7.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|0.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|0.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|#9955BB|0.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|#9955BB|0.06}}
{{bar percent|Other Religions|#9955BB|0.01}}
{{bar percent|No Religion Specified|#808080|0.01}}
}}

==Tourism==
Devanahalli is just an hour's drive from Bangalore. There has been a growth of [[Tourism|tourist]] traffic recently due to the impetus provided by the Bangalore International Airport.
[[File:Venugopalaswamy temple in the Devanahalli fort.JPG|thumb|left|[[Venugopalaswamy Temple, Devanahalli|Venugopalaswamy (Vishnu) temple]] in Devanahalli fort belongs to post-[[Vijayanagara Empire]] period]]

===Devanahalli Fort===

Devanahalli fort, spread over an area of 20 acres that includes twelve bastions is a magnificent reminder of the power that the ruling dynasties held since the 15th century.<ref name="bangaloretourism.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bangaloretourism.org/Fort-Devanahalli-Fort.php|title=Devanahalli Fort & Venugopala Swamy Temple, Bangalore Rural, Karnataka}}</ref>

===Kote Venugopaslaswamy Temple===

There are numerous temples within the fort with impeccable architecture. Of all the temples, the [[Venugopalaswamy Temple, Devanahalli|Venugopala Swami Temple]] is the most visited and the oldest. The courtyard is spacious. The walls of the temple depict various scenes from [[Ramayana]] and the pillars have beautiful statues carved on them. The temple is a protected monument under [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

===Other temples===
Nearby '''Siddhalingeshwara swami temple''' is equally popular. Chandramouleshwara temple, Koote Maramma temple, Chikkeray Anjaneya swamy temple, Nanjundeshwara temple, Veerabhadraswami temple, Ranganathaswamy temple, Kalamma temple, Raghavendraswamy matha, Mahantha Matha, Balagopala (old), Nagareshwara, Basaveshwara, Jain temples are other places of worship.<ref name="bangaloretourism.org"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Indrani |url=https://isharethese.com/temples-in-devanahalli-fort-town/ |title=i Share: Temples in Devanahalli |publisher=Isharethese.com |date=2008-05-23 |access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref>

There is a large pond known as Sarovara said to have been built by Deewan Purnaiah of Mysore kingdom and the Anjaneya in the Shrine near to it is called Sarovaranjaneya.<ref name="bangalorerural.kar.nic.in"/>

===Birth place of Tipu Sultan===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Birth place of Tipu Sultan in Devanahalli 05.jpg
| alt1 = Birth place of Tipu Sultan in Devanahalli
| image2 = Stone laid at Tippu's birth place.jpg
| alt2 = Stone laid at Tippu's birth place
| footer = The birth place of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultan of Mysore]] [[Tipu Sultan]] and the site protected by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].
}}
Within the fort, there is the house in which Haider Ali and [[Tipu Sultan]] called home, where Tipu was born. There is a memorial now at the birthplace of Tipu Sultan little outside the fort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/bangalore/devanahalli-fort/|title = Devanahalli Fort – A Fort Guarding Yesteryear's Grandeur|date = 15 January 2014}}</ref> It is about six feet tall with a pillared enclosure and square top and bears a stone tablet. It has an enclosure. The area called Khas Bagh, now contains many tamarind trees, a few mango trees, and a small dried pond. It was once an enchanting spot, being Tipu's private park.

==Airport==
===Kempegowda International Airport===
====Terminal 1====
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
[[Kempegowda International Airport]], which opened on 24 May 2008, is approximately {{convert|5|km}} south of Devanahalli. The terminal was designed to serve up to 12 million passengers per year, but has been expanded to cater to 15 million passengers. It can be reached from Devanahalli by heading south on [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] and taking the left exit on the [[trumpet interchange]].

[[AirAsia India]] has its head office in the Alpha 3 building on the airport grounds.<ref name=HQloc>{{cite web|url=https://ir.airasia.com/newsroom/AirAsia_India_Statement.pdf|title=AirAsia_India_Statement.pdf|publisher=AirAsia India|date=2016-10-31|quote=Registered and Corporate Office Ground Floor, Alpha 3 Kempegowda International Airport Devanahalli, Bengaluru – 560300 Karnataka, India}}</ref>

====Terminal 2====
The terminal 2 of KIA was designed by [[SOM (architectural firm)|Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM)]], a firm based in [[Chicago]], [[United States]].<ref name="SOM bangalore">{{Cite web|url=https://www.som.com/news/soms-design-for-new-garden-terminal-at-kempegowda-international-airport-in-bengaluru-india-unveiled/|title=SOM's Design for New Garden Terminal at Kempegowda International Airport in Bengaluru, India Unveiled|publisher=[[SOM (architectural firm)|Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM)]]}}</ref><ref name="SOM bangalore2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.som.com/projects/kempegowda-international-airport-bengaluru-terminal-2/|title=Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru – Terminal 2|publisher=[[SOM (architectural firm)|Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM)]]}}</ref><ref name="SOM bangalore3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2024/01/19/kempegowda-international-airport-som/|title=SOM designs "terminal in a garden" for Bangalore airport|date=19 January 2024 |publisher=[[Dezeen]]}}</ref><ref name="SOM bangalore4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.archdaily.com/1012027/kempegowda-international-airport-bengaluru-skidmore-owings-and-merrill|title=Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru / Skidmore, Owings & Merrill + Enter Projects Asia|date=10 January 2024 |publisher=ArchDaily}}</ref><ref name="SOM bangalore5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/bengalurus-kempegowda-international-airport-t2-is-a-terminal-in-a-garden/#:~:text=Designed%20by%20Skidmore%2C%20Owings%20%26%20Merrill,%E2%80%9Cterminal%20in%20a%20garden%E2%80%9D.|title=Bengaluru's Kempegowda International Airport T2 is a 'terminal in a garden'|date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Architectural Digest]]}}</ref> The terminal is spread over 255,000 square meters and is designed as a "terminal in a garden".<ref name="SOM bangalore5"/>

==Food, leisure and hospitality==
Devanahalli has few [[Hotel rating|five star]] hotels namely - [[JW Marriott Hotels|JW Marriott Hotel]] by [[Marriott International]],<ref name="Bangalore JW D">{{Cite web|url=https://elle.in/jw-marriott-bengaluru-prestige-golfshire-resort-spa-review/|title=Bengaluru Gets A Perfect Luxe Getaway With JW Marriott Bengaluru Prestige Golfshire Resort & Spa|date=30 August 2022 |publisher=[[Elle (India)]]|access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="TM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marriott.com/en-us/hotels/blrnh-jw-marriott-bengaluru-prestige-golfshire-resort-and-spa/overview/|title=JW Marriott Bengaluru Prestige Golfshire Resort & Spa|publisher=[[Marriott Hotels & Resorts|Marriott]]}}</ref> [[Taj Hotels|Taj Hotel Bangalore]].<ref name="TD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tajhotels.com/en-in/hotels/taj-bangalore|title=Taj Bangalore, Bengaluru|publisher=[[Taj Hotels]]}}</ref><ref name="Taj Bangalore">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article99809.html|title=Taj Bangalore Hotel to Add 220 Guest Rooms|publisher=Hotel News|access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

==Notable people==
The notable residents of Devanahalli include -

===Historical===
* [[Tipu Sultan]]
* [[Hyder Ali]]
* [[Kempe Gowda I]]

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Pillar in Someshwara Temple, Gangavaram.jpg|Details of Pillars of the Someshwara Temple, Gangavaram, Chowdappanahalli, Devanahalli, Bangalore Rural District<ref name=RiceIX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Entrance of Devanhalli fort , Bangalore 02.jpg
File:Outer wall view of Devanhalli fort , Bangalore 03.jpg
File:Devanahalli fort 01.jpg
File:Devanahalli fort 02.jpg
</gallery>

==Further reading on Devanahalli==
* ''Tipu Sultan - The Saga of Mysore's Interregnum (1760–1799)'' (Publisher: Penguin Random House India Private Limited; {{ISBN|978-93-6790-094-9}})
* ''Agrarian Change and Urbanization in Southern India'' (Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore; {{ISBN|978-981-10-8336-5}})
* ''Seen & Unseen Bangalore'' (Publisher: Notion Press; {{ISBN|978-93-86073-18-1}})
* ''The Wanderings That Made Headlines'' (Publisher: Notion Press; {{ISBN|978-1-64587-678-6}})
* ''The Vanished Raj A Memoir of Princely India'' (Publisher: Prism Books Private Limited; {{ISBN|978-93-88478-11-3}})
* ''Social Innovations in Urban Sanitation in India'' (Publisher: Taylor & Francis; {{ISBN|978-1-000-88637-5}})
* ''Sultan: The Legend of Hyder Ali'' (Publisher: Pan Macmillan; {{ISBN|978-93-89109-80-1}})

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Mar/25/rs-25k-cr-mega-rail-terminal-to-come-up-at-devanahalli Rs 2.5k cr mega rail terminal to come up at Devanahalli] [[The New Indian Express]]
{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

{{commons-inline}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bangalore Rural district]]

Devanahalli

2026-02-05T14:55:12Z

LinnieHammonds: minor edit

One Rank, One Pension

2026-01-31T00:33:52Z

LinnieHammonds: updated page

{{Short description|Demand of the Indian armed forces}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Overly detailed|date=July 2024}}
{{Essay-like|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
'''One Rank One Pension''' ('''OROP'''), or "same pension, for same rank, for same length of service, irrespective of the date of retirement", is a longstanding demand of the Indian armed forces and veterans.<ref name="OROP, Claws">{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Surjit, Major General, (Retd)|title=One-Rank One-Pension: CLAWS ISSUE BRIEF No. 4, 2008|url=http://www.claws.in/images/publication_pdf/2059542219_CLAWSIssuebrief,No.4,2008.pdf|publisher=CENTRE FOR LAND WARFARE STUDIES (CLAWS)|access-date=17 June 2015|location=Delhi Cantonment|date=2008|archive-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620005448/http://www.claws.in/images/publication_pdf/2059542219_CLAWSIssuebrief,No.4,2008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|p 1 }} The demand for pay-pension equity, which underlies the OROP concept, was provoked by the [[exparte]] decision by the [[Indira Gandhi]]-led [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) government, in 1973, two years after the historic victory in the [[1971 Bangladesh war]].<ref name="OROP, KC">{{cite web|last1=Koshiyari, Bhagat Singh, BJP, MP|title=Hundred and forty second report: Petition praying for the Grant of One Rank One Pension to members of the Armed Forces Personnel, (19 December, 2011)|url=http://www.rajeev.in/One_Rank_One_Pension/Report_Dec192011.pdf|publisher=Rajya Sabha, Secretariat|access-date=4 June 2015|date=16 December 2011|archive-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321033851/http://www.rajeev.in/One_Rank_One_Pension/Report_Dec192011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{rp|paras 10.4 and 11.2 }} <ref name="V Mahalingam, 21/9">{{cite news|last1=Mahalingam, Brigadier, Retd|first1=V |title=OROP: Stop misleading the people and come out with the arithmetic|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In-search-of-propriety/orop-stop-misleading-the-people-and-come-out-with-the-arithmetic/|access-date=22 September 2015|publisher=Times of India|date=21 September 2015}}</ref>

In 1986, the sense of unease and distrust prompted by the Third Central Pay Commission (CPC) was exacerbated by the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] led Indian National Congress (I) Government's decision to implement [[Rank Pay]], which reduced basic pay of [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]], [[Major (rank)|major]]s, [[Lt-Colonel|lt-colonel]], [[colonels]], and [[brigadier]]s, and their equivalent in the [[Air Force of India|air-force]], and the navy, relative to basic pay scales of civilian and police officers.<ref name="Report of the Fourth Central Pay Commission. Volume -IV. Part I">{{cite web|last1=4th Central Pay Commission |title=Report of the Fourth Central Pay Commission. Volume -IV. Part I|url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/HD/common/split_document.jsp?doc=CCS281.pdf1/2041430/1/|publisher=India, Ministry of Finance : New Delhi|access-date=19 January 2016|date=1986|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128185612/http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/HD/common/split_document.jsp?doc=CCS281.pdf1%2F2041430%2F1%2F|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|Chapter 28, para 28.13, and p 304}}<ref name="Rank Pay: The engulfing evil">{{cite web|last1= Singh|first1=Major Navdeep|title=Rank Pay: The engulfing evil |url=http://www.indianmilitary.info/search/label/Status |access-date=21 August 2016|language=en|date= 2 January 2016}}</ref> The decision to reduce the basic pay of these ranks, implemented without consulting the armed forces, created radically asymmetries between police-military ranks, affected the pay and pension of tens of thousands of officers and veterans, and spawned two decades of contentious litigation by veterans. It became a lingering cause of distrust between the armed forces veterans and the MOD.<ref name="Rank Pay: The engulfing evil" />

In 2008, the Manmohan Singh led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) Government in the wake of the [[Sixth Central Pay Commission]] (6CPC), discarded the concept of rank-pay. Instead it introduced Grade pay, and Pay bands, which instead of addressing the rank, pay, and pension asymmetries caused by 'rank pay' dispensation, reinforced existing asymmetries. The debasing of armed forces ranks was accompanied by decision in 2008 to create hundreds of new posts of secretaries, special Secretaries, director general of police (DGP) at the apex grade pay level to ensure that all civilian and police officers, including defence civilian officers, retire at the highest pay grade with the apex pay grade pensions with One Rank One Pay (OROP).<ref name="Shukla">{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Avay|title=The bitter truth about OROP|url=http://hillpost.in/2015/08/the-bitter-truth-about-orop/104013/|access-date=28 August 2015|publisher=HillPost|date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Khanna|first1=J.K|title=Is One Rank One Pension (OROP) only for the IAS|url=http://tilakmarg.com/opinion/is-one-rank-one-pension-orop-only-for-the-ias/|access-date=24 September 2015|publisher= Tilak Marg|location= New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Report of 6 CPC">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|access-date=26 May 2015|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|para 1.2.8–9}}

== Background ==
Between 2008–14, during the tenure of the UPA Government led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Armed Forces grievances prompted by perceived inequities subsumed with the OROP issue to made OROP a rallying call that resonated with veterans of all ranks. In the latter half 2008, against the background of perceived discrimination and slights, armed forces veterans started a campaign of nationwide public protests and hunger strikes. In response to the OROP protests, which underscored the growing pay-pension-status asymmetries, the UPA Government, appointed a parliamentary committee in 2011 which found merit in the veterans demands for OROP.<ref name="OROP, KC"/><ref name="Vijay singh">{{cite news|last1=Tribune|title=Ex-servicemen to gherao Modi over OROP|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/community/ex-servicemen-to-gherao-modi-over-orop/87085.html|access-date=11 June 2015|agency=Tribune News service|date=30 May 2015|archive-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620003233/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/community/ex-servicemen-to-gherao-modi-over-orop/87085.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="toi, 15 June">{{cite news|last1=TOI|title=OROP issue: Ex-servicemen to go on hunger strike from today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OROP-issue-Ex-servicemen-to-go-on-hunger-strike-from-today/articleshow/47670307.cms|access-date=25 June 2015|publisher=Times of india|date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

==Issues==
The primary motivating grievance for the dispute was a string of decisions by the UPA Government in 2008–9 in the wake of Sixth Central Pay Commission (6 CPC), that sharply degraded Armed Forces pay grades and ranks.<ref name="OROP, KC"/> {{rp|para 10.4 and 11.2 }}<ref name="OROP: The End Game" >{{cite news|last1=Oberoi|first1=Vijay, Lt Gen, former Vice Chief of Army Staff|title=OROP: The End Game|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/NewsDetail.aspx?Id=5017&OROP:%20The%20End%20Game|access-date=20 November 2015|publisher=The Citizen|location=Chandigarh|date=4 September 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142913/http://www.thecitizen.in/NewsDetail.aspx?Id=5017&OROP:%20The%20End%20Game|url-status=dead}}</ref> The failure to address issue of pay-pension equity, and the underlying issue of honor, led to escalation of the dispute.<ref name="OROP, KC"/>{{rp|para 2,10.2,10.4 and 11.2}} <ref name="P Chidamabaram, orop, 13/9">{{cite news|last1=Chidamabaram (Former Finance Minister)|first1=P|title=Across the aisle: The OROP whodunit|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/across-the-aisle-the-orop-whodunit/|access-date=13 September 2015|date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

===Reduction of armed forces pensions===
In 1973, the [[Indira Gandhi]] led [[Congress (I)]] terminated ‘One Rank One Pension’, the basis for deciding pension of Indian Armed Forces Personnel ‘which had been in vogue for 26 years since independence’ through an [[ex parte]] administrative order.<ref name="OROP, KC"/>{{rp|para 10.1–2, and 6.2 }} In addition, the Government, on the basis of the report of third Pay commission, increased the pension of civilians, who retired at 58, from 30 to 50 percent, and reduced the pension of soldiers, [[Non Commissioned Officers|Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs)]] and [[Junior Commissioned Officers|Junior commissioned Officers (JCOs)]] from 70 to 50 percent of basic pay, with the caveat that for full pension the minimum service was 33 years. But as soldiers in 1973 retired after 15 years service, at the age of 33–36, they got less than 30 percent of the pay as pension. In addition to downgrading military pensions, the government downgraded the status of soldiers by equating an "infantry soldier with less than three years' service" with "semi-skilled/unskilled labour". The decision was announced two months after [[Sam Manekshaw|Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw]], who led the army in the victorious [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]], retired from service.<ref name="V Mahalingam, 21/9"/> The reason for depressing the armed Forces pensions given by the Congress I government was that it wanted to ensure ‘equivalence’ of Armed Forces pensions with civilians.<ref name="OROP: The End Game"/>

===Rank Pay===
{{Main|Rank Pay}}
The concept of rank-pay introduced in 1986,<ref name="Report of the Fourth Central Pay Commission. Volume -IV. Part I"/>{{rp|Chapter 28, para 28.13, and p 304}} affected tens of thousand of serving and retired officers of the three armed forces. Its provisions reinforced the growing sense of distrust between the MOD and the veterans. It debased the military ranks of [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]], [[Major (rank)|major]]s, [[Lt-Colonel|lt-colonel]], [[colonels]], and [[brigadier]]s, and their equivalent in the [[Air Force of India|air-force]] and the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="Rank Pay: The engulfing evil"/>

The implementation of BJP Government in 2016 of a separate pay matrix for the police and the armed forces, accentuated the anomalies in time scale pay grades between armed forces officers and the IPS, which had remain unresolved since 1986, when the congress government had reduced the basic pay of armed forces officers relative to police officers by deducting 'rank-pay' from the basic-pay.<ref name="Pandit">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-question-of-re-examining-issue-of-military-rank-equivalence-MoS-Defence/articleshow/55689191.cms|title=No question of re-examining issue of military rank equivalence: MoS Defence|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=29 November 2016|work=Times of India|location=New Delhi|access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/govt-and-defence-forces-lock-horns-on-new-salaries/927117|title=Govt and defence forces lock horns on new salaries|last=The Free Press Journal|date=14 Sep 2016}}</ref><ref name="Government of India">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33|title=Discrepancy in rank equation between Defence and Civil Services Officers|last=Government of India|first=PBI|date=29 November 2016|website=Press Information Bureau (PIB)|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> The 7CPC decision on pay grades for the armed forces were called blatantly 'discriminatory' by former Chief of Indian Army General Ved P Malik, who said the intent was to degrade armed forces ranks in comparison with police time scale ranks.<ref name="Rank Pay: The engulfing evil"/><ref name="7th Pay Panel Puts Police At Par With IAS">{{cite news|last=NDTV|title=7th Pay Panel Puts Police At Par With IAS, Soldiers Say 'Blatant Discrimination'
|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/news/we-the-people/7th-pay-panel-puts-police-at-par-with-ias-soldiers-say-blatant-discrimination-426574|access-date=11 August 2016|agency=NDTV|date=7 August 2016|format= video 51 minutes 54 seconds}}</ref>

===Non Functional Upgradation (NFU) for police officers and others===
Sanction of OROP at apex scale to all civil services and police officers was accompanied by grant of "Non Functional Upgrade" (NFU) also called "non-functional financial up-gradation" (NFFU) <ref name="Report of 6 CPC"/>{{rp|para 11.20}} to all civil services including the [[Indian Police Service]]<ref name="http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts">{{cite web|last1=Department of Personnel & Training (DOPT)|title=INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (PAY) RULES, 2007|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|publisher=Government Of India Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & ... Department of Personnel & Training (DOPT)|access-date=26 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308035404/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|p 156 note 3, and Annexure -I, p 319}} by the [[Congress(I)]] led [[United Progressive Alliance]](UPA) Government, in 2008, to reward civil servants of 49 'Organized Central Group A Services', with automatic time bound pay promotions till the Higher Administrative Grade(HAG), a grade equated by Government with [[Lt General]]s, [[Vice admiral|Vice Admirals]], and [[Air marshal|Air Marshals]] of [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]].<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|title=Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|website=2|publisher=Government of India|access-date=19 November 2015|location=New Delhi|format=Report: p 899|date=19 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{rp|para 7.3.18-7.3.25}}<ref name="AV, 17/8">{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Avay|title=The bitter truth about OROP|url=http://hillpost.in/2015/08/the-bitter-truth-about-orop/104013/|access-date=28 August 2015|publisher=HillPost|date=17 August 2015|quote=Avay Shukla, Indian Administrative Service, HP Cadre, 1975 batch, retired December 2010}}</ref><ref name="OROP blog">{{cite web|last1=O’ Leary|first1=Alan, Rear Admiral |title=OROP and non Functional Pay Promotions|url=http://indiamydreamland.blogspot.com/2012/04/orop-and-non-functional-pay-promotions.html|website=India of My Dreams|access-date=30 November 2015|date=11 April 2012|quote=Former Chairman PARC and Chairman Naval pay cell, 6th CPC}}</ref><ref name="Rank Pay Case : Opinion rendered by the Attorney General supporting some points in favour of the Defence Services">{{cite web|last1=Navdeep Singh, Major, (retd)|title=Rank Pay Case : Opinion rendered by the Attorney General supporting some points in favour of the Defence Services|url=http://www.indianmilitary.info/search/label/Status|website=Indian Military: Service benefits and Issues|access-date=30 November 2015|date= 16 September 2013}}</ref>

The exclusion of Armed Forces officers corps from the NFU, despite representation by the Chief of Staff,<ref name="OROP blog"/><ref name="Report of the Committee on One rank One pension and Related Issues">{{cite web|last1=Chandrasekhar|first1=KM |title=Report of the Committee on One rank One pension and Related Issues|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/48473548/OROP|website=Scribd|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure|access-date=18 November 2015|pages=23|date=30 June 2009}}</ref> adversely impacted the pay and pension structures of [[colonels]], [[brigadier]] and [[generals]], and their equivalents in the navy and the air-force; like OROP it become an emotive '[[honor]]' issue;<ref name="Singh, Maj Gen (Retd), SM Vice Chairman Indian ESM Movement">{{cite web|last1=Singh, Maj Gen,(Retd) SM Vice Chairman Indian ESM Movement|first1=Satbir|title=PRESS RELEASE "DEFENCE VETERANS AGAINST INJUSTICE|url=http://reportmysignal.blogspot.com/2011/11/vishal-rally-at-jantar-mantar-on-12-nov.html|website=reportmysignal|publisher=reportmysignal.blogspot.com|access-date=5 June 2015|date=3 Nov 2011}}</ref> and, according to former senior military commanders, has had a corrosive impact on the [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] [[morale]], status, [[cohesion (social policy)|cohesion]], and [[national security]],<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission"/> {{rp|para 7.3.25}}<ref name="OROP blog"/>

===Up Graduation of heads of Central and State Police Forces===
In addition to NFU, Apex OROP for police and civil servants, the UPA Government, in 2008, in recognition of the growing influence of [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police service]] in Ministry of Home (MHA), India's Interior Ministry, promoted the heads of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), and even of the smaller MHA Forces, like the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP), [[Central Industrial Security Force|Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)]] (CISF) and [[Sashastra Seema Bal|Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)]], The Railway Police, an IG level post, to the highest grade pay, or the apex scale, with pay scale of Rs.80,000 (fixed).<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|access-date=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|page 645–46}} <ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission" />{{rp|para 3.2.12}} In addition, the Government upgraded heads of Police in all states, small or large, to Director General level to the highest grade pay, or the apex scale of Rs 80,000(fixed). This increased the number of IPS officers with several dozen, and made the Director Generals(DG) of these Central and state Forces at par in rank, pay, and status with Armed Forces senior most Lieutenant Generals, Air Marshals and Vice Admirals.<ref name="http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts"/> The only MHA Armed Forces left out from up gradation to the higher grades was the Assam rifles, which is headed by an army Lt General, and the National Security Guard (NSG), which has a sizable army component.

The immediate effect of these changes was that many IPS officers were immediately made senior in pay grade.<ref name="Report of 6 CPC"/>{{rp|pages 645–46; para 3.2.12}} 'Non-functional financial up-gradation'(NFU) was not extended to Armed Forces.<ref name="Singh Harwant 25/7/2014">{{cite news|last1=Singh |first1=Harwant, Lt Gen (retd), former Deputy COAS|title=One rank, one pension: A betrayal in the offing|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/one-rank-one-pension-a-betrayal-in-the-offing/article1-1244341.aspx|access-date=17 September 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times|date= 25 July 2014|location=Chandigarh|format=opinion}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Asymmetries in time scale pay, pension, and allowances===
The [[United Progressive Alliance|United Progressive Alliance (UPA)]] Government headed by [[Manmohan Singh]], following the recommendations of the [[Sixth Central Pay Commission|sixth pay commission]], mandated with effect from 01.09.2008 six time scale pay grade promotions on completion of 4, 9, 13, 14, 16/18 years of service for all officers in civil services including defense civilian officers in the MOD responsible for providing secretarial, and logistic support to the armed forces, and police officers including custom, revenue, railway, and industrial police.<ref name="decision, 6cpc">{{cite web|title= Gazette of India: EXTRAORDINARY:Part I-Sec. I|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcdecision.pdf|publisher=MINISTRY OF FINANCE (Department of Expenditure)|access-date=14 July 2015|location=New Delhi|date=29 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910103008/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcdecision.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{rp|p 31, para 2}} In comparison with six time-scale pay upgrades-promotions for the police, and defence civilian officers, the government approved three time scale pay upgrade-promotions for armed forces officers on completion of 2, 6, and 13 years of service, and at a far lower scale.

'''Civil -Police- Military Officers Timescale promotions-pay grades (2008–16)'''

Asymmetries in time scale pay-grades for civil-police-and the armed forces officers as result of government decision in 2008 are tabulated below:<ref name="Ministry of Personnel, and Pensions">{{citation|last1= Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|title=Revision of the pay scales of Indian Administrative Service officers on the recommendations of the 6 th Central Pay Commission - Amendment to IAS (Pay) Rules.|publisher= Department of Personnel and Training North Block, New Delhi|pages=20, 34|date=20 September 2008}}</ref>{{rp|page 20 and 34}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Number of years of service !! Time scale(TS) Civil services promotion-pay grade !! Time scale(TS) Police promotion-pay grade (including revenue, custom, railway, and industrial police)<ref name="Service Profile for Indian Police Service (IPS)">{{cite web|last1=Police Division, Ministry Of Home Affairs|title=Service Profile for Indian Police Service (IPS)|url=http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/IPSProfile_180314.pdf|publisher=MHA|access-date=16 July 2015|date=July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064941/http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/IPSProfile_180314.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (PAY) RULES, 2007">{{cite web|title=INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (PAY) RULES, 2007|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|publisher=DOPT|access-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308035404/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|p 155–56, section 3}}
!Time scale(TS) Armed Forces promotion-pay grades (Army, Navy, and Air force) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/brochurepaycommission.pdf|title=Brochure : Pay Commission : Message : Ready Reckoner|website=Indianarmy.nic.in|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>!! Difference in grade pay!!Comments!!
|-
| 0 || 5400 || 5400 || 5400 ||-||
|-
| 2 || - || - || -||-||
|-
| 4 || 6600|| 6600 || 6100 ||500||
|-
| 6|| - || - || 6600 ||-||-||
|-
| 9 || 7600 || 7600 || 6600 ||1000||
|-
| 13 || 8700 || 8700 || 8000 || 700||The UPA Government, without assigning any reason, fixed the grade-pay of Armed Forces officers with 13 years service at Rs 7600, the same as police officers and defence civilian officers with 9 years service, even though armed forces officers had in the past enjoyed a two-year edge at this service level.<ref>S K Sinha, Of Matter Military ( Delhi : Vision Books, 1980)p 158-9</ref> Following forceful intervention by Adm Sureesh Mehta, Chief of the Naval Staff, the government agreed to increase the grade pay of officers with 13 years service to Rs 8000, Rs 700 less than that for similarly placed officers from Audit and Account, Police, and customs services. The armed forces however remained disappointed with the grudging concession because it came with demeaning caveats.<ref name="Higher Defence Management in India: Need for Urgent Reappraisal">{{cite web|last1= Gokhale|first1= Nitin A|title= Higher Defence Management in India: Need for Urgent Reappraisal|url= http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1394685094Nitin%20%20CJ%20Summer%202013.pdf|publisher= CLAWS Journal|access-date= 3 February 2016|format= article|date= Summer 2013|quote= cited at fn 11, p 30|archive-date= 15 February 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160215134611/http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1394685094Nitin%20%20CJ%20Summer%202013.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

|-
| 14 || 8900 ||8900 || 8000 ||900||
|-
| 16 || 10000 || - || 8000 ||2000||
|-
| 18 || - || 10000 || 8000 ||2000||
|-
| 21 || 10000 || 10000 || 8700||1300||
|}

===Ministry of Defence (MOD)===
The higher bureaucracy in Indian Ministry of Defence (MOD) is drawn from the IAS and from other civil services, including from civilian services responsible for providing support services to the Armed Forces such as from the Indian Defence Estates Service(IDES), the Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS), and [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]]. The entire MOD bureaucracy is covered by Apex OROP.<ref name="Shukla"/><ref name="Khanna, Former DGP, IPS, Orop">{{cite web|last1=Khanna, Former DGP|first1=J.K.|title=Is One Rank One Pension (OROP) only for the IAS?|url=http://tilakmarg.com/opinion/is-one-rank-one-pension-orop-only-for-the-ias/|publisher=Tilak Marg|access-date=16 September 2015|location=New Delhi|date=31 August 2015}}</ref> MOD higher bureaucracy, despite being granted apex-OROP coverage and NFU has been opposed to OROP and NFU for the Armed Forces.<ref name="satbir, rank pay">{{cite web|last1=Singh, Maj Gen|first1=Satbir|title=Who Is the Biggest Enemy – China, Pakistan or Babus?|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/who-is-the-biggest-enemy-china-pakistan-or-babus/|publisher=Indian Defence Review|access-date=4 November 2015|location=N Delhi|date=18 February 2013}}</ref>

In 2011, during the tenure [[AK Antony]], as Defence Minister, Neelam Nath, Secretary of [[Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare]] (Poorva Senani Kalyan Vibhag) from 1 June 2009 to 30 September 2011, on instructions of [[Shashi Kant Sharma]], Defence Secretary, opposed OROP for the Armed Force, in her deposition to the Parliamentary Panel.<ref name="OROP, KC"/>{{rp|para 4, and 4.1}} The Koshyari Committee however, disagreed with submissions by the Ministry of Defence and found "merit in the demand for One Rank One Pension by Armed Forces Personnel", and urged the Government to implement OROP at the earliest.<ref name="OROP, KC"/><ref name="NewsWarrior, 25/6">{{cite web|last1=Gokhale|first1=Nitin|title=Why OROP is imminently affordable|url=http://nitinagokhale.blogspot.com/2015/06/why-orop-is-imminently-affordable.html|website=NewsWarrior|access-date=1 July 2015|date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

Four former heads of the Armed Forces in August 2015, in an open letter addressed to the [[President of India]] flagged "The hostile approach of MoD bureaucracy" and its "antagonistic handling of problems related to pensions and allowances of aging veterans, war widows and battle-casualties".<ref name="Former Service Chiefs' Letter to president">{{cite news |last=General Rodrigues |first=S F |date=14 August 2015 |title=Former chiefs write open letter to President, say 'denial of OROP the last straw |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/former-chiefs-write-open-letter-to-president-say-denial-of-orop-the-last-straw/119245/ |newspaper=Financial Express |location=Delhi |access-date=21 August 2015 |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814121839/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/former-chiefs-write-open-letter-to-president-say-denial-of-orop-the-last-straw/119245/ |archive-date=14 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Koshyari Committee, 2011==
In 2011 the Government set up a ten-member all-party Parliamentary Panel, known as the Koshyari Committee after its chairman, Bhagat Singh Koshyari, a veteran [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] Member of Parliament (MP), to examine the OROP issue.<ref name="OROP, KC"/> The Koshyari Committee after considering the evidence, and hearing oral depositions for eight months, submitted its report in December of that year. The committee unanimously found merit in OROP and strongly recommended its implementation.<ref name="OROP, KC"/>{{rp|p 1}} The Koshyari Committee (Petitions Committee of the [[Rajya Sabha]]), after examining the evidence, and taking into account the written and oral submissions by top officials from the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and Finance, veterans, and senior serving armed forces officers, over a six-month period (May–December 2011), defined the concept of OROP as follows:<blockquote>OROP "implies that uniform pension be paid to the Armed Forces Personnel retiring in the same rank with the same length of service irrespective of their date of retirement and any future enhancement in the rates of pension to be automatically passed on to the past pensioners."<ref name="OROP, KC"/> {{rp|para 3 and 6}}</blockquote>

The Koshyari Committee definition of OROP was accepted by the Government,<ref name="Zee News 27/2">{{cite news|last1=Press Trust of India|title=OROP for ex-servicemen to be implemented from April 1|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/orop-for-ex-servicemen-to-be-implemented-from-april-1_914653.html|access-date=25 June 2015|publisher=Zee News|date=27 February 2014}}</ref> endorsed by Parliament, and by ex-servicemen and ex-servicemen organizations. It has since become basis for the ex-servicemen's demand for implementation of OROP. It is in sync with the ex-servicemen definition of OROP, according to which OROP "implies the grant of equal pension to soldiers of a particular rank, who have rendered the same length of service, irrespective of the date of their retirement".<ref name="OROP, Claws"/>{{rp|p 1 }}

On 27 February 2014, the MOD, in a meeting to discuss implementation of OROP attended by AK Antony, Defence Minister, [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]], Minister of State, RK Mathur, Defence Secretary, Sangita Gairola, Secretary Department of Ex-Servicemen's Welfare, Arunava Dutt, Secretary Defence Finance, Vice Chiefs of the three Service, and Adjutant General of the Army, endorsed the Koshyari Committee's definition of OROP.<ref name="Zee News 27/2"/>

== BJP Government's Response (2014-2016) ==

In May 2014, the UPA Government was replaced by the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) Government led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), which like the Congress Party, had included implementation of OROP in its election manifesto.<ref name="bjp manifesto">{{cite web|title=BJP Manifesto 2014|url=http://bjpelectionmanifesto.com/|publisher=BJP|access-date=8 July 2015|pages=38|date=2014}}</ref>

===Narendra Modi===
The BJP Prime Ministerial candidate, at a large election rally, in [[Rewari]], [[Haryana]], with [[General VK Singh]], former [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] standing by his side, in the presence of tens of thousands [[Ex-servicemen|Ex-Servicemen]], declared that he will implement OROP, if elected.<ref name="Modi speech">{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6r0r6qH3mu4|title=Narendra Modi speech at Ex-Servicemen Rally in Rewari, Haryana: 15 September 2013|date=15 September 2013|publisher=U Tube: Bharatiya Janata Party|last1=Modi|first1=Narendra|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> After [[Narendra Modi]] became Prime Minister there were more promises and public affirmations by him, and [[Manohar Parrikar]], the Defence Minister, on the merits of OROP, and their intent to implement OROP. Most memorably on [[Diwali]], at [[Siachen Glacier]], in 2014, he told soldiers "It was in my destiny that One rank One pension has been fulfilled".<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|last1=IANS|title=Modi visits Siachen to meet soldiers on Diwali|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-to-celebrate-diwali-with-soldiers-at-siachen-glacier/article6527444.ece|access-date=25 June 2015|publisher=Hindu|date=23 October 2014}}</ref> On 30 May 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, after more than a year of pledges and promises to implement OROP, controversially declared that the term OROP still needed to be defined.<ref name=interview>{{cite news|last1=Chengappa|first1=Raj|title=THE TRIBUNE INTERVIEW 'Call for achhe din was to get rid of the bad, we have achieved that'|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/-call-for-achhe-din-was-to-get-rid-of-the-bad-we-have-achieved-that/87240.html|access-date=26 June 2015|agency=Tribune|publisher=Tribune|date=30 May 2015|location=Chandigarh}}</ref> On 31 May 2015, Modi in [[Mann Ki Baat]] asked Ex-Servicemen to remain patient, as he gets rid of the bureaucratic hassles.<ref name="IE June 1, 2015">{{cite news|title=Mann ki Baat: Manthan necessary in democracy, says PM Modi Assures ex-servicemen on implementing OROP.|publisher=Indian Express|date=1 June 2015}}</ref> Modi's statement was widely perceived as a disingenuous attempt to delay, dilute, and deny OROP.<ref name="oberoi, 4 June">{{cite news|last1=Oberoi, Vijay Lt Gen, (Retd) former Vice Chief of Army Staff|title=One Rank One Pension: A Series Of Broken Promises|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/2/3884/One-Rank-One-Pension-A-Series-Of-Broken-Promises|access-date=6 July 2015|publisher=The Citizen|date=4 June 2015|location=New Delhi|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825202535/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/2/3884/One-Rank-One-Pension-A-Series-Of-Broken-Promises|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Arun Jaitley===
Arun Jaitley, the former Finance Minister and former Defence Minister, opposed the Koshyari Committee definition of OROP.<ref name="thapar, 22/8">{{cite news|last1=Thapar|first1=Karan|title=Centre's stand on OROP is confusing and contradictory|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/karanthapar/the-centre-s-stand-on-orop-is-confusing-and-contradictory/article1-1383162.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822230203/http://www.hindustantimes.com/karanthapar/the-centre-s-stand-on-orop-is-confusing-and-contradictory/article1-1383162.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2015|access-date=23 August 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=22 August 2015}}</ref> On 31 August 2015 Arun Jaitley, without defining OROP, says, "I have my own formula on what OROP means. Somebody else may have their own formula on OROP but it has to be within reasonable and rational criteria. You can't have an OROP where pensions are revised every month or every year".<ref name="col kaul/ 31/8">{{cite news|last1= Colonel Anil Kaul, VrC, Media Advisor UFESM |title=OROP facts & Misconceptions |publisher= UFESM |date=31 August 2015}}</ref>
{{Infobox person
| name = FAST-UNTO-DEATH
| image = OROP Sanjeev Verma HT Photo.jpg
| caption = Col Pushpender Singh and Hav Major Singh on fast-unto-death at Jantar Mantar OROP protest site.
}}

==Protests by Veterans==
On 15 June ex-servicemen commenced nationwide protests, and hunger strikes.<ref name="Vijay singh"/><ref name="toi, 15 June"/><ref name="Singh, Maj Gen (Retd), SM Vice Chairman Indian ESM Movement"/>

===Support===
Four former chiefs of the Armed Forces of India, namely General [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues|S F Rodrigues]], former COAS, and Admirals [[L Ramdas]], [[Arun Prakash]] and [[Sureesh Mehta]], former Chiefs of Naval Staff, in an open letter to [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces]], on 13 August 2015, warned that the denigration and humiliation of veterans, and the Government handling of veterans and armed Forces issues, posed grave "implication for national security" <ref name="Former Service Chiefs' Letter to president"/>

===Police Assault in Delhi, 2015===
On the morning of 14 August 2015, the eve India's 68 [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day]], and the day after General Ved P Mulik, former Army Chief, the government designated interlocutor informed [[Nripendra Misra]] in the Prime Minister Office (PMO) that the government offer on OROP for Ex-Servicemen was unacceptable,<ref name="PMO wanted OROP on Independence Day, talks failed: V P Malik">{{cite news|last1= Kulkarni |first1=Pranav|title=PMO wanted OROP on Independence Day, talks failed: V P Malik |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pmo-wanted-orop-on-i-day-talks-failed-v-p-malik/#sthash.xbQk49Ze.dpuf|access-date=20 January 2016|publisher= Indian Express|date=21 August 2015|location=New Delhi|quote= Report based on email by Gen Malik to Admiral Sureesh Mehta, former Navy chief }}</ref> a contingent of police, drawn from the [[Delhi Police]] force, and the [[Central Reserve Police Force|Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)]], a paramilitary force for [[internal security]] and [[counterinsurgency]], under [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], on orders from [[Rajnath Singh]], the Home Minister of India, and under the command of [[BS Bassi]], Director General of Delhi Police, assaulted a peaceful gathering of Armed Forces veterans, families, and war widows, at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Times Now">{{cite web|title= One Rank One Pension: Ex-servicemen resist eviction from Jantar Mantar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNPhsVUgY6c|website=U Tube|publisher=Times Now|access-date=25 August 2015|location=N Delhi|language=en|date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Police manhandling">{{cite news|title=Police manhandled us, say ex-servicemen in Delhi protesting over demand for OROP|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/police-manhandled-us-say-ex-servicemen-delhi-protesting-demand-orop-2392796.html|access-date=25 August 2015|agency=Firstpost-PTI|publisher=Firstpost|date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

Senior [[Delhi Police]] officers claiming that they acted "following a request by civic agency [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]".<ref name="DP/ Aug 14, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Press Trust of India|title=Don't remove protesting OROP veterans from Jantar Mantar: Centre tells Delhi police|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/dont-remove-protesting-orop-veterans-jantar-mantar-centre-tells-delhi-police-2392860.html|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=First Post|date=14 Aug 2015}}</ref> Senior officer of Delhi police also said that the veterans were viewed as security risk and security threat.<ref name="ndtv/ August 14, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Biswas|first1=Tanima|title=After Public Outrage, Delhi Police Backs Off Army Veterans' Protest|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/protesters-demanding-one-rank-one-pension-evicted-from-delhis-jantar-mantar-1207163|access-date=25 August 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=14 August 2015|language=en}}</ref>

The orders to the Delhi Police to evict the veterans, which had their origins in the MHA and the PMO, were revoked on 14 August afternoon by [[Kiren Rijiju]], Minister of State for Home, who said, "I have asked the Commissioner of Police not to remove the ex-servicemen from Jantar Mantar and let them continue the protest".<ref name="Times Now"/><ref name="Police manhandling"/><ref name="ndtv/ August 14, 2015"/><ref name="DP/ Aug 14, 2015"/>

====Former Chiefs of the Armed Forces protest attack on veterans====
On 17 August, 10 former Chiefs of the [[Armed Forces of India]] addressed a joint open letter to Narendra Modi condemning the police action, and urged the PM to order an inquiry into the action by the [[Delhi Police]]. The Signatories to the letter included retired Generals [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]], [[Shankar Roychowdhury|Shankar Roy Choudhary]], [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]], [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]], [[Deepak Kapoor]] and [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]]; retired Air Chief Marshals [[Nirmal Chandra Suri]] and [[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]], and retired [[Madhvendra Singh|Admiral Madhvendera Singh]].<ref name="Full Text of Former Service Chiefs' Letter">{{cite news |last= NDTV|date=17 August 2015 |title=Full Text of Former Service Chiefs' Letter to PM |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/full-text-of-former-service-chiefs-letter-to-pm-on-orop-1208068 |newspaper=NDTV |location=Delhi |access-date=21 August 2015 }}</ref>

Rajnath Singh, Home Minister, instead of ordering inquiry into the police excesses as demanded by the former Chiefs of Staff, asked [[Bhim Sain Bassi]], DG Delhi Police, to send an officer to meet veterans and apologize for the police action on 14 August. MK Meena, Delhi Police officer met the veterans and made a public apology.<ref name="HT 19/8">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Rahul|title=OROP: PMO steps in to pacify veterans, Delhi Police apologises|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/orop-pmo-steps-in-to-pacify-veterans-delhi-police-apologises/article1-1381532.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819124222/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/orop-pmo-steps-in-to-pacify-veterans-delhi-police-apologises/article1-1381532.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2015|access-date=27 August 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=19 August 2015}}</ref>

====Ex-Serviceman commits suicide over OROP====
An Ex-Serviceman [[Ram Kishan]] Grewal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Ex-jawan-kills-self-allegedly-over-OROP/article16435722.ece|title=Ex-jawan kills self allegedly over OROP|date=2 November 2016|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> committed suicide over delay in One Rank One Pension issue on 1 November 2016. Grewal reportedly left a suicide note stating that he was taking this extreme step for soldiers.

====Veterans response to police attack====
Ex-servicemen outraged by police assertion that they were considered a security threat to the Independence day celebrations retorted "We served the country in protecting it and now we have become security threat."<ref name="Times Now"/>
Two days after the police assault, [[Colonel]] (Retd) Pushpender Singh (Ex-[[Grenadiers|3 Grenadiers]]) and Havaldar (Retd) Major Singh (Ex-3 [[Sikh LI|Sikh Light Infantry]]), same Regiment as Retired General Ved Malik, began [[hunger strike]]-unto-death at Jantar Mantar, to protest police brutality, and delay in government implementation of OROP. A day later on 18 August 2015 [[Havildar]] Ashok Chauhan, [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of signals]], joined in the hunger strike.<ref name="Press release 18">{{cite news |last= Colonel Kaul|first= Anil, Media Advisor UFESM |date=18 August 2015 |title= Press Release 65th Day of Relay Hunger Strike at Jantar Mantar for OROP |url=http://ex-servicemenwelfare.blogspot.com/2015/08/press-release-dated-18-aug-2015.html|newspaper= ex-servicemenwelfare.blogspot.com |location=Delhi |access-date=21 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="DNA/ 20/8">{{cite news|title=OROP: Fast-unto-death at Jantar Mantar enters 4th day|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-orop-fast-unto-death-at-jantar-mantar-enters-4th-day-2116533|access-date=20 August 2015|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=DNA|date=20 August 2015|location=New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| name = One Rank One Pension (OROP)
| image = OROP-RS-JM_2.JPG
| caption = Indian ex-servicemen(veterans) on Protest at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi for Equalization of Pension of all veterans retired in same rank with same years of service.
}}

==OROP Scheme==
{{Main|One Rank One Pension Scheme}}
In September 2015 the Government announced that it would implement the One rank One Pension pension scheme.<ref name="NDTV, orop announcement">{{cite news|title=Government Announces One Rank One Pension for Ex-Servicemen|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/government-announces-one-rank-one-pension-for-ex-servicemen/381689|access-date=6 September 2015|publisher=NDTV|location=Delhi|format=Video|quote=7 min, 15 sec}}</ref><ref name="Press Bureau of Information, orop">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Defence|title=Government Announces One Rank One Pension Scheme for Ex-Servicemen|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=6 September 2015|location=N Delhi}}</ref> Five months later in February 2016, it issued orders to implement the scheme. The scheme announced by the Government failed to satisfy the leaders of the protest movement, who vowed to take the government to court.<ref name="FP, 5/7">{{cite news|title=Govt implements OROP, but deadlock remains: Veterans to continue agitation for five demands|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/govt-implements-orop-veterans-welcome-move-call-off-hunger-strike-but-will-agitate-for-five-rejected-demands-2422476.html|access-date=7 September 2015|publisher=First Post|date=5 September 2015|location=N Delhi}}</ref><ref name="पूर्व सैनिकों ने इस बार काली दिवाली मनाने का ऐलान किया">{{cite news|last=NDTV|title= पूर्व सैनिकों ने इस बार काली दिवाली मनाने का ऐलान किया|url=http://khabar.ndtv.com/video/show/news/ex-servicemen-will-celebrate-black-diwali-for-orop-389822|access-date=10 November 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=6 November 2015|location=New Delhi|language=hi|format= Video Duration 2 min, 52 sec}}</ref>

==Potential beneficiaries of OROP==
Potential beneficiaries of OROP include about 2.6 million ex-servicemen, and 60,000 widows, a combined total of 3.2 million, of whom about 86 percent are widows, JCOs, NCOs, and other ranks, and about 14 percent are officers.<ref name="col kaul/ 31/8"/> Out of the estimated outlay on OROP of Rs {{INRConvert|8400|c|year=2015}}; about {{INRConvert|6200|c|year=2015}} will be on account of Widows, JCOs, NCOs, and other ranks, and about {{INRConvert|2200|c|year=2015}} for Officers.

[[Subhash Bhamre]], Minister of State for Defence, in November 2016, informed the [[Rajya Sabha]] that there are 20,63,529 pensioner beneficiaries of OROP, of whom 1429 have submitted complaints regarding OROP benefits.<ref name=":0" />

==Defence pensions==
{{ Main|Defence pensions, India}}
As a result of the protracted OROP protest, expenditure on pensions for the armed forces gained salience. India defence pensions, i.e., pensions paid from defence services estimate, also includes pension bill for about 400,000 defence civilians, and [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] personnel attached to MOD. In the 2015–16 Defence pension bill was {{INRConvert|54500|c|year=2015}} of which about 36 percent was on account of defence civilians. According to Brig Deepak Sinha, a respected commentator on military affairs, "civilian pensions, despite catering to one-fifth the number of military pensioners, utilizes approximately 36 percent of defence pensions, and given our difficulties in ensuring employment, even populism suggests it is better to reduce civilians who cost five times more than to reduce the military".<ref name="Rightsizing the Military: The Need for a Comprehensive Examination">{{cite web|last1=Brig Sinha|first1=Deepak|title=Rightsizing the Military: The Need for a Comprehensive Examination|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/rightsizing-the-military-the-need-for-a-comprehensive-examination/|publisher=IDR|access-date=28 May 2016|location=New delhi|language=en|format=Article|date=28 May 2016}}</ref>

==Chronology==
===2014===
'''17 February 2014'''

In the interim budget speech on 17 Feb 14 the Finance Minister announced that Government accepted the 'principle' of OROP for Defense Forces. The demand note was however never raised by the Ministry Of Defence.<ref name="Satbir, Letter to Justice L.Narasimha Reddy on Urgent Need to Rectify Anomalies in OROP">{{cite web|last1= Singh|first1=Satbir, Maj Gen|title= Letter to Justice L.Narasimha Reddy on Urgent Need to Rectify Anomalies in OROP in Govt notification dated 7 Nov 15 and Tables Dated 03.02.2016|url=http://ex-servicemenwelfare.blogspot.com/2016/03/from-mailtosatbirsmgmail.html|publisher=Chairman Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement|access-date=16 April 2016|location=Gurgaon|language=en|date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

'''26 February 14'''

Government issue Order to Implementation OROP.<ref name="Satbir, Letter to Justice L.Narasimha Reddy on Urgent Need to Rectify Anomalies in OROP" />

'''27 February 2014'''

[[A K Antony]], Defence Minister says that UPA will implement OROP by 1 April 2014.<ref name="Zee News 27/2"/>

'''24 April 2014'''

A K Antony constituted a Joint Working Group (JWG), with CGDA, as chairperson (later promoted to Secretary & Financial Adviser in the MoD). Members included representatives from Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare, Defence/Finance, and Service HQ (Chairmen of the Army, Navy and Air Force Pay Commission Cells and a few officers). The first meeting of the JWG was convened on 2 May 2014 in the office of the CGDA.

'''9 June 2014'''

The President in a Statement to the joint session of parliament said Government had drafted National Commission for Ex-Servicemen Bill, 2015 in order to set up the National Commission for Ex-Servicemen. However, no funds were allocated for setting up of the commission during the year 2014–15.<ref name="Setting up of Veterans Commission">{{cite news|last1=Press Information Bureau|title=Setting up of Veterans Commission|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=115770|access-date=19 December 2015|publisher=Ministry of Defence |date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

'''10 July 2014'''

Arun Jaitley, Finance Minister and Defence Minister, in his maiden Budget Speech in the parliament, said "We reaffirm our commitment to our brave soldiers. A policy of 'One Rank One Pension' has been adopted by the Government to address the pension disparities. We propose to set aside a further sum of {{INR}} 1,000 [[crore]] to meet this year's requirement"<ref name="Budget 2014">{{cite web|last1=Jaitley|first1=Arun|title=Budget 2014-2015 Speech of Arun Jaitley Minister of Finance|url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/01993/Budget_speech_2014_1993132a.pdf|publisher=Hindu|access-date=26 June 2015|page=25|date=10 July 2014}}</ref>{{rp|page 25, para 140}}

'''14 August 2014'''

Maj Gen (Retd) Satbir Singh, SM, Chairman IESM, wrote to Narendra Modi, Prime Minister, in response to his statement in [[Leh]] on 12 Aug 2014 stating that budget caters for the demand of OROP. The letter says the statement is "erroneous", and not in sync with Draft Govt Letter (DGL) prepared by Service HQs in the meetings in Feb and March, 2014, in which the forecast for OROP was {{INR}} 5000 [[crore]], and not {{INR}} 1500 crore earmarked in the budget. The letter recalls that in a meeting chaired by Mr. AK Antony, former Defence Minister on 26 Feb 2014, OROP definition was approved and OROP was to be implemented with effect from 1 Apr 2014. The letter reminds the PM that "It has been six months since the OROP was approved".<ref name="IMPLEMENTATION OF OROP, Satbir, Maj General,(Retd)">{{cite web|last1=Satbir, Maj General,(Retd)|first1=Singh|title=IMPLEMENTATION OF OROP|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/237081264/OROP14-08-14-1|website=Scribd.|publisher=Indian Ex-servicemen Movement|access-date=17 November 2015|location=N Delhi|format=Letter|date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

'''20 August 2014'''

[[Arup Raha|Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha]], [[Robin Dhowan|Admiral Robin Dhowan]] and General Dalbir Singh Suhag, briefed A K Mathur, Justice (retd), the chairman 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC), on the pay and pension "anomalies" caused by the 6 CPC.

'''23 October 2014'''

Narendra Modi, on [[Diwali]] Day, during a well publicized visit to army formation in [[Siachen Glacier]], told soldiers "It was in my destiny that One rank One pension has been fulfilled".<ref name=Hindu/> Modi's "[[Mann Ki Baat]]", radio address on 31 May 2015, in which he asked Ex-Servicemen to remain patient, as he gets rid of the bureaucratic hassles.<ref name="IE June 1, 2015"/><ref name="saichen, 23 Oct 2014">{{cite web|last1=Modi|first1=Narendra|title=Hon'ble Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Siachen|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWHfeB5GdFo|website=U Tube|publisher=ADGPI-INDIAN ARMY|access-date=11 September 2015|language=hi|format=Video: 21:28|date=23 October 2014}}</ref>

''' 24 December 2014'''

[[Manohar Parrikar]], Defence Minister, on the advice of R.K. Mathur, Defence Secretary (25.05.2013 -24.05.2015), informed Chairman of the 7CPC, that he did not favor NFU for the Armed Forces. The justification for not recommending NFU for the armed forces is that the Cabinet Secretary, in 2011, had not made "any recommendations on the issue".<ref name="Comments on key issues relating amongst others to pay parity and related issues raised by various segments – regarding">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Defence|title=Comments on key issues relating amongst others to pay parity and related issues raised by various segments – regarding|url=http://sharad10525.blogspot.com/2016/01/part-ii-mods-reply-to-7th-central-pay.html|website=Aerial View |publisher=Ministry of Defence(Pay Commission Cell)|access-date=14 January 2016|location=New delhi |date=4 January 2016}}</ref>

===2015===

'''17 February 2015'''

Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister, approved proposal for implementation of OROP, estimated to cost {{INR}} 8600 crores. The proposal was forwarded by the MOD to Ministry of Finance on 17 Mar 2015, where it is still lying.<ref name="Surgit, 27 June">{{cite web|last1=Surgit Maj Gen, (Retd)|first1=Singh|title=RELAY HUNGER STRIKE AT JANTAR MANTAR NEW DELAY FOR DELAY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OROP|url=http://www.iesm.org/index.htm|publisher=Indian Exservicemen Movement|access-date=29 June 2015|date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

'''5 May 2015'''

Lt Gen SK Bahri, Chairman, Alliance of Ex-Servicemen Organizations, who had attended Modi's Rally at Riwari in 2013, wrote to Narendra Modi, Prime Minister, to say that "ESM community is a very disillusioned lot". He reminded the PM of his promise at Riwari, and the repeated promises to implement OROP by the Defence Minister, including the COAS, since then. The letter blamed the "intransigent bureaucracy" and [[Arun Jaitley]] the Finance Minister (FM) for the delay.<ref name= "A Mail on OROP to the PM by Lt Gen. SK Bahri (Retd)">{{cite web|last1= Bahri (Retd|first1= SK, Lt Gen, (Retd)|title=A Mail on OROP to the PM by Lt Gen. SK Bahri (Retd)|url=http://indiamydreamland.blogspot.in/|publisher= India my Dream land |access-date=30 November 2015|location=Gurgaon|date=5 May 2015|quote=Chairman, Alliance of Ex-Servicemen Organisations.
}}</ref>

'''12 May 2015'''

Bidyadhar Nayak, Petty Officer Radio(Special), Indian Navy, general secretary of the Odisha unit, issued a press release on behalf of Indian Ex-Services League (IESL), Odisha unit. The press release blamed the bureaucracy for non-implementation of the grant of One Rank One Pension (OROP).<ref name="odisa, iesm">{{cite web |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2014/05/12/ex-services-body-fumes-delay-orop-blames-bureaucracy/ |title=Archived copy |website=odishasuntimes.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003041010/http://odishasuntimes.com/2014/05/12/ex-services-body-fumes-delay-orop-blames-bureaucracy/ |archive-date=3 October 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

'''16 May 2015'''

Manohar Parrikar, in Goa, said "OROP proposal is in final stage. The defence ministry has approved it and the finance ministry will clear it in a few days, adding, "it is the first time that a clear proposal has been sent to finance ministry on OROP."<ref name="parrikaMay 17, 2015">{{cite news|title='One rank, one pension' cleared: Parrikar|url=http://www.govtempdiary.com/2015/05/one-rank-one-pension-cleared-parrikar/|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 June 2015|date=17 May 2015}}</ref>

'''28 May 2015'''

[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] Suresh Damodar Karnik, 80, winner of the [[Vir Chakra]] for combat action in the eastern and western theatres, in [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 War]], and former flight commander No 16 Bomber Squadron (Black Cobras), [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF), refused to meet with Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister, and [[Devendra Fadnavis]], Chief Minister, [[Maharashtra]], to protest BJP's failure to honour its commitment to implement OROP. The wing commander, on 28 May 2015, in Pune, said that he and his colleagues are unable to 'accept the invite' from the present Government because of its policy of NATO or ‘NO ACTION TALK ONLY’.<ref name="Nt, 28/5">{{cite news|title=Don't mess with the Armed forces, warns Wing Commander Karnik refusing Defense Minister's invitation|url=http://www.nagpurtoday.in/dont-mess-with-the-armed-forces-warns-wing-commander-karnik-refusing-defense-ministers-invitation/05281317|access-date=20 July 2015|publisher=Nagpur Times|date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

'''4 June 2015'''

Lt General Vijay Oberoi, former Vice Chief of Army Staff, and widely respected war hero of the 1965 war in which he lost his right leg while serving with [[Maratha Light Infantry]],<ref name="War Wounded Foundation">{{cite web|title=Office Bearers|url=http://www.warwounded.org/war_wounded_final/office-bearers.html|website=War Wounded Foundation|access-date=6 July 2015|location=New Delhi|archive-date=15 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515170220/http://warwounded.org/war_wounded_final/office-bearers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> dismissed Narendra Modi's comments on OROP as disingenuous, especially his comment that there were multiple definitions of OROP.<ref name="oberoi, 4 June"/>

'''6 June 2015'''

Ex-Servicemen delegation led by Major General (Retired) Satbir Singh met Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister. The meeting was arranged on the initiative of General Dalbir Singh Suhag, Chief of Army Staff. The meeting was inconclusive, and the two sides agreed to meet again.<ref name="ani, 6 June">{{cite news|title=Defence Exservicemen meet Parrikar over orop|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0QNMdaczVA|access-date=7 July 2015|agency=U tube ANI|publisher=ANI|date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

'''11 June 2015'''

Brig (Retired) Harwant Singh, state convener of the Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement (IESM), announced that about 5,000 ex-servicemen from Punjab, which has about 6,00,000 Ex-servicemen, were planning to go to Delhi to participate in the protest rally on the grant of OROP scheduled to begin 14 June. Brig KS Kahlon (retd), President, chapter of the All India Defence Brotherhood, said the protest would also include return of war medals to the President by some ex-servicemen.<ref name="tribune, 12 June">{{cite news|last1=Khaira|first1=Rachna|title=State ex-servicemen to lead OROP battle 5,000 leave for Delhi to protest|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/state-ex-servicemen-to-lead-orop-battle/92814.html|access-date=6 July 2015|agency=Tribune News Service|publisher=Tribune|date=12 June 2015|location=Jalandhar|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706180532/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/state-ex-servicemen-to-lead-orop-battle/92814.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''14–15 June 2015'''

Veteran held "Maha Sangram Rally" at [[Jantar Mantar]], [[New Delhi]], and 50 other locations nationwide. On 15 June, they commenced a relay hunger strike.<ref name="Singh, Maj Gen (Retd), SM Vice Chairman Indian ESM Movement"/><ref name="chopra">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-one-rank-one-pension-less-about-money-more-about-honour-2098803|title=One Rank One Pension: Less about money, more about honour|date=25 June 2015|publisher=DNA|agency=dna webdesk|last1=Chopra, Air Marshal, (Retd)|first1=Anil|access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref>–

'''15 Jun 2015'''

On 15 Jun 2015 several hundred of ex-servicemen, widows and Veer Narees of All Assam Ex-servicemen Welfare Association (South Zone) Patharkandi, Assam held a rally under Ex Sub Maj Nirmal Sinha, President of the Association with 12 hours hunger strike. The rally was started from AMAR JAWAN & WAR MEMORIAL point (Constructed by ExSub Maj Nirmal Sinha (Sigs)), marched through the town along the NH 8. A memorandum to His Excellency The President of India was sent through JR Lal Seim the Circular Officer of Patharkandi requesting immediate implementation of OROP.

On 15 June, several hundred ex-servicemen, staged a dharna, at Lower PMG Square, [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Odisa]].<ref name="odisa, orop, 15/7">{{cite news|title=Odisha Ex-servicemen Join OROP Stir|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Odisha-Ex-servicemen-Join-OROP-Stir/2015/06/15/article2867220.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930180822/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Odisha-Ex-servicemen-Join-OROP-Stir/2015/06/15/article2867220.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2015|access-date=9 September 2015|publisher=Indian Express|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> Bidyadhar Nayak, general secretary, Indian Ex-Services League(IESL), Odisa unit, referring to the PM's statement that OROP was complex issue said, "Does this imply that OROP has got entangled in bureaucratic malaise for another four years? We have every reason to believe that the Prime Minister is being fed with falsities by sections who are against OROP and lobbies are working hard against the armed forces personnel." IESL officials Group Captain Jagadananda Brahma, President IESL, Arun Mohanty, and Bidyadhar Nayak submitted a memorandum on implementation of OROP to Governor [[SC Jamir]]<ref name="odisa, orop, 15/7"/>
{{Infobox person
| name = GIVE US RIGHT NOW WHAT IS LAWFULLY OURS
| image = OROP12.jpg
| caption = [[Nafisa Ali]] (actress & veteran's wife) expressing solidarity with OROP protest along with OROP activists Richa and Janhvi.
}}

'''22 June 2015'''

Ex-servicemen announced their intent to boycott [[golden jubilee]] events to mark the [[1965 war]] with Pakistan, including "felicitation of 1965 War Veterans" to be hosted by [[President Pranab Mukherjee]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in September.<ref name="Brig Harwant Singh">{{cite news|last1=Unnithan|first1=Sandeep|title=Veterans to snub golden jubilee of 1965 Indo-Pak War over One Rank One Pension issue|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/orop-pension-row-ex-servicemen-war-veterans-indian-army-nda-government-258858-2015-06-22|access-date=26 June 2015|publisher=India Today|date=22 June 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="1965 war celebration">{{cite news|last1=Munshi|first1=Suhas|title=WAR AND POLITICS Cheering a draw: Indian Army plans to celebrate 1965 'victory' over Pakistan|url=http://www.catchnews.com/life-society-news/cheering-a-draw-indian-army-plans-to-celebrate-1965-victory-over-pakistan-1434813028.html|access-date=26 June 2015|publisher=Catch news|date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Ex-Servicemen also announced their intent to boycott all government functions including at-home by president on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day (August 15)]], and the Ex-Servicemen contingent at the [[Republic Day Parade]] on 26 January 2016. Brigadier Harwant Singh, [[Regiment of Artillery]], veteran of the battle of Chhamb-Akhnoor, 1965 war, said "We don't wish to be treated as showpieces, to be rolled out for ceremonies and discarded thereafter."<ref name="Brig Harwant Singh"/><ref name="NDTV, 22 June">{{cite web|last1=NDTV|title=One Rank, One Pension Protests Intensify: Relay Hunger Strike at Jantar Mantar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O46K5NwlRr8|publisher=NDTV|access-date=29 June 2015|date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

'''25 June 2015'''

[[Mizoram]] Ex-Service League, which has membership of 6,200 ex-servicemen [and about 25000 dependents], held a protest rally in [[Aizawl]], demanding implementation of OROP.<ref name="Mizoran, 25 June">{{cite news|title=Mizoram Ex-Service League demands implementation of OROP|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mizoram-ex-service-league-demands-implementation-of-orop-115062500688_1.html|access-date=2 July 2015|agency=PTI|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

'''27 June 2015'''

On the 13th Day of the Relay Hunger Strike Maj Gen Satbir Singh, SM (Retd), Chairman IESM, issued a circular claiming that hunger strike protest had spread to 50 locations, all over the country.<ref name="Surgit, 27 June"/>

'''28 June 2015'''

500 veterans, demanding implementation of OROP, protested in [[Chennai]], at [[Kamarajapuram]] Bus Stop, near [[Tambaram]].<ref name="CR in Cennai">{{cite web|last1=Sundar, Lt Col, (Retd)|first1=CR|title=CHENNAI OROP PROTEST|url=http://ex-servicemenwelfare.blogspot.com/2015/06/chennai-orop-protest-by-lt-col-cr.html|website=Ex Servicemen Welfare|access-date=29 June 2015|date=28 June 2015}}</ref>

'''1 July 2015'''

United Front of Ex-servicemen, an ex-service organisation, revealed that ex-service men are reconsidering their protest tactics: new tactics would include continuation of relay hunger strike; protests outside homes of parliamentarians; mobilising electoral support against BJP in state election; and submitting letters and petitions to the President signed by war widows in their blood. In the meanwhile eight farmers organisations have joined the ex-servicemen protest under the banner '[[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan]]'. A 1965 war veteran from Rajasthan, Krishan Kumar, in Delhi said, "We will stop fighting only when implementation of OROP takes place."<ref name="Hooda, 1 July">{{cite news|last1=Hooda|first1=Deepshikha|title='One Rank One Pension' row: Ex-servicemen prepare battle plan to take government head on |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/one-rank-one-pension-row-ex-servicemen-prepare-battle-plan-to-take-government-head-on/articleshow/47889302.cms|access-date=2 July 2015|agency=ET Bureau|publisher=Economic Times|date=1 July 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

'''2 July 2015'''

On 19th day of nationwide hunger protest by ex-servicemen on 'One Rank One Pension' (OROP), Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister and General Dalbir Singh Suhag, Army Chief of Staff, met a six-member delegation of United Front of Ex-Servicemen (UFESM).<ref name="pti, 2 July">{{cite news|title=Government committed to implement 'One Rank One Pension': Manohar Parrikar to ex-servicemen|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-committed-to-implement-one-rank-one-pension-manohar-parrikar-to-ex-servicemen/articleshow/47928545.cms|access-date=5 July 2015|agency=PTI|publisher=Economic Times|date=3 July 2015}}</ref>

'''7 July 2015'''

Brig Inder Mohan Singh (Retd), President, Indian Ex-Services League (IESL), Punjab, announced a plan to hold a protest rally by ex-servicemen on 8 July on a 3-km stretch on the [[Barnala]]-[[Bathinda]] Highway, from Sub-Area HQ gate to the headquarters [[X Corps (India)|X Corps]] gate. Protest placards read "Soldiers become veterans, veterans become beggars. This is Make in India"; "Once a soldier, now a humiliated veteran"; "In no other country veterans protest as in India"; and "Indian soldiers' enemies- some across borders some in Delhi".<ref name="OROP, Tribune">{{cite news|last1=Bhagria|first1=Anupam|title=Army cold-shoulders league Sub-Area GOC, Bathinda, 'reluctant' to provide water at rally venue|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/community/army-cold-shoulders-league/103839.html|access-date=7 July 2015|agency=Tribune News Service|publisher=Tribune|date=8 Jul 2015|location=Ludhiana}}</ref> Bhatinda type protest on OROP, according to Brig (Retired) Inder Mohan Singh, will be also conducted in front of other military stations. There are 14 Army stations and 5 Air Force stations in [[Punjab]].<ref name="One india">{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Retu|title=OROP: Army veterans to welcome Parrikar with black flags; boycott govt function |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/orop-veterans-welcome-parrikar-with-black-flags-boycott-govt-function-1799379.html|access-date=7 July 2015|publisher=One India|date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

Justice T S Thakur, Supreme Court Judge, in a hearing on a contempt petition by retired Major General S P S Vains, gave Additional Solicitor General Pinky Anand, six more weeks to implement OROP. The next hearing is on 24 August.<ref name="ie, 10/7">{{cite news|title=SC gives Centre 6 more weeks to implement OROP The court will hear the case next on August 24|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sc-gives-centre-6-more-weeks-to-implement-orop/|access-date=11 July 2015|publisher=Indian Express|date=10 July 2015}}</ref>
The Supreme Court Judgment on 9 September 2008 in the case of Union of India and Maj Gen Vains and Others had ruled: (a) No Defence Personnel Senior in rank can get lesser pension than his junior irrespective of the date of retirement (b) Similarly placed Officers of the same rank are to be given the same pension irrespective of the date of retirement.<ref name="9 September 2008">{{cite web|title=Union Of India And Anr. V. Sps Vains (Retd.) And Ors. [2008] Insc 1529 (9 September 2008)|url=http://india.lawi.asia/union-of-india-and-anr-v-sps-vains-retd-and-ors/|publisher=India Asian Encyclopedia of Law|access-date=11 July 2015|location=New Delhi|date=9 September 2008|archive-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713171044/http://india.lawi.asia/union-of-india-and-anr-v-sps-vains-retd-and-ors/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''8 July 2015'''

Ex-Servicemen protesting against Government failure to implement OROP blocked traffic on [[Bathinda]]-[[Chandigarh]] highway from 10 am to 1 pm, and sat in [[dharna]] in front of the police post in Bhatinda cantonment. Brigadier Inder Mohan Singh (retired), IESL, submitted a petition to a representative of headquarter X Corps (Chetak Corps) [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]]. <ref name="HT, 8/7">{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Sachin|title=Veterans press for OROP, lay siege to Bathinda-Chandigarh highway|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/one-rank-one-pension-ex-servicemen-hold-rally-in-punjab/article1-1367156.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712001827/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/one-rank-one-pension-ex-servicemen-hold-rally-in-punjab/article1-1367156.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2015|access-date=9 July 2015|agency=PTI|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=8 July 2015|location=Bhatinda}}</ref>

The police arrested six ex-servicemen and charged them under [[Indian Penal Code]] sections 283 (danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation) and 188 (disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant). The arrested include: Bhinder Singh, Ramji Das and Sukhdev Singh, from [[Sangrur]]; Baldev Singh from [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]; and Kartar Singh, and Baldev Raj Joshi, from Bathinda. The police also registered cases against over 150 others who have not been named.<ref name="HT, 8/7"/>

'''10 July 2015'''

[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]], the sitting BJP MP from [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar]], claimed that the Koshyari committee Report on OROP, 2011, prepared by the panel headed by him, was fool-proof. He blamed the [[United Progressive Alliance]] government headed by Manmohan Singh, PM, for not implementing OROP.<ref name="IE, 11/7">{{cite news|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Pranav|title=One issue, two voices: UPA government opposed OROP four years ago The department of pensions pointed out that revised pay structures brought parity in pensions of jawans before and after 2006.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/one-issue-two-voices-upa-govt-opposed-orop-four-years-ago/|access-date=11 July 2015|publisher=Indian Express|date=11 July 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

'''11 July 2015'''

Five retired [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant Generals]], four [[Major Generals]] and one [[Air Marshall]] of the [[Indian Air Force]], joined the protest at jantar mantar, in New Delhi. Many of these general officers belong to the famous June 1971 [[Indian Military Academy|Indian Military Academy (IMA)]] course, the "Born to battle" course, that was sent into the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]] as [[Second lieutenant|Second Lieutenants (2/Lt)]]. One of the 2/Lt from 'born to battle course' who went to war in 1971 was [[Arun Khetarpal|Arun Khetrapal]], troop leader, [[Poona Horse]], who was awarded posthoumously the [[Param Vir Chakra]], the nations highest award for valour in the famous [[Battle of Basantar|tank battle of Basantar]]. Another 2/Lt who joined the protest was Lieutenant General (Retired) Rajinder Singh Sujlana [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], former [[Colonel commandant|Colonel Commandant]] of the [[Sikh Regiment]], and X Corps Commander.<ref name="tribune, 1971 course.">{{cite news|title='Born to battle' batch joins OROP protest|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/-born-to-battle-batch-joins-orop-protest/105506.html|access-date=13 July 2015|agency=Tribune News service|publisher=Tribune|date=11 July 2015}}</ref>

'''17 July 2015'''

Defence Minister set up a five-member committee consisting Lt Gen Richard Khare, (Retd), former [[Military Secretary (India)|Military Secretary]]; Lt Gen Mukesh Sabharwal,(Retd), former [[Adjutant General]]; Major Navdeep Singh, [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]], Chandigarh-based High Court lawyer, and commentator of service conditions; and Major DP Singh, [[Kargil war]] wounded. The committee is expected submit its findings and recommendations within 60 days. No official announcement on the committee has been made by MOD, or the Defence Minister's office, but media reports suggests that the [[term of reference]] of the committee include making recommendations on measures to reduce litigation by Armed Forces members and Ex-servicemen, including the MOD which is a frequent litigator. There are over 10,000 cases by military personnel before the [[Armed Forces Tribunal]], the [[High court of India|High Courts]] and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], most of them against the Ministry of Defence, or prompted by its decisions, on service matters relating to pay fixation, promotions, policy interpretation, pensions and military justice.<ref name="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/parrikar-forms-panel-on-soldiers-grievance">{{cite news|last1=Mohan|first1=Vijay|title=Parrikar forms panel on soldiers' grievances|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/parrikar-forms-panel-on-soldiers-grievances/108162.html|access-date=20 July 2015|publisher=Tribune|date=17 July 2015|location=Chandigarh}}</ref>

'''26 July 2015'''

To coincide with Vijay Diwas (Victory Day) events to mark the [[Kargil War]], UK based [[Non-Resident Indians|Non Resident Indians]] (NRIs) held a one-day hunger strike to protest BJP Government failure to implement One rank One pension (OROP), outside the [[High Commission of India to the United Kingdom|High Commission of India]], [[London]]. A spokesperson for the protesters said similar protest are planned in other international cities, including in the US and Middle East.<ref name="TNN, 1 August">{{cite news|last1=Mohan|first1=Vibhor|title=One-rank-one-pension-gets-NRI-push|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/One-rank-one-pension-gets-NRI-push/articleshow/48302439.cms|access-date=8 August 2015|agency=TNN|publisher=Times of India|date=1 August 2015}}</ref>

'''31 July 2015'''

Admiral Ram Das Former [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy|Chief of Naval Staff]] visited Jantar Mantar to meet with and show solidarity with the Ex-servicemen and widows of veterans on hunger strike protesting the BJP Government failure to implement OROP and honour its election pledge. Admiral Ram Das made a donation to the ex-servicemen movement and said that he would write to all former Chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Airforce to overcome their inhibitions and visit Jantar mantar to show solidarity with the protesting ex-servicemen.<ref name="kaul5 August">{{cite news|last1=Kaul, Colonel, Retired|first1=Anil|title=Press Release UFESM 5/6 AUG |publisher=UFESM |date=5 August 2015|quote=addressed to Indian Express, CNNIBN etc}}</ref>

'''11 August'''

Gen V P Malik met Nripendra Misra in the Prime Minister Office (PMO) where he was briefed by Mishra, and a joint secretary (JS) dealing with OROP in PMO, on the governments stand. In the evening the JS in the PMO briefs Malik, Gen Satbir Singh of the Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement (IESM) and General Balbir Singh of the Indian Ex-Servicemen League (IESL).<ref name="PMO wanted OROP on Independence Day, talks failed: V P Malik"/>

'''12 August'''

General Malik meets Gen Satbir Singh of the Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement (IESM) and General Balbir Singh of the Indian Ex-Servicemen League (IESL), to discuss the 'government stand' which remains unchanged. The sticking point remains the new definition of OROP, and the date of implementation of OROP.<ref name="PMO wanted OROP on Independence Day, talks failed: V P Malik"/>

'''13 August 2015'''

Malik met Misra and briefed him on his discussions with the representatives of the [[Indian Ex Servicemen Movement|Indian Ex Servicemen Movement (IESM)]]. At this meeting, according to Gen Malik, Misra gave the ‘final stand of the Govt’ after speaking with Prime Minister and [[Arun Jaitley]], the Finance Minister. The attempt at last minute mediation to enable the PM to make the OROP announcement on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day]] broke down on the issues of the government's new definition of OROP and date of implementation of OROP.<ref name="PMO wanted OROP on Independence Day, talks failed: V P Malik"/>

General [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues|S F Rodrigues]], former COAS, and Admirals [[L Ramdas]], [[Arun Prakash]] and [[Sureesh Mehta]], former Chiefs of Naval Staff, wrote an open letter to [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces]].<ref name="Former Service Chiefs' Letter to president"/>

'''14 August 2015'''

[[Rajnath Singh]], the Home Minister of India authorized [[Delhi Police]], a police force under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], to evict by force ex-servicemen, families of ex-servicemen, and war widows, from [[Jantar Mantar]], the site of ex servicemen protests. The Police Contingent, consisting of personnel drawn from the Delhi Police, and [[Central Reserve Police Force]], a [[counterinsurgency]] and [[internal security]] force under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], in [[Camouflage (military)|camouflage dress]], unsupervised by senior officers, without advance warning, swooped down on the protesters. The protesting Ex servicemen, many in their eighties, were manhandled, 'pushed around', dragged, humiliated,<ref name="ndtv/ August 14, 2015"/> and [[Lathicharge|lathi-charged]]. Their tents were forcibly removed, placards and other equipment damaged.<ref name="ndtv/ August 14, 2015"/>

The [[Delhi Police]] officers justified action against the peaceful gathering at Jantar Mantar claiming they acted "following a request by [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]", civic agency <ref name="DP/ Aug 14, 2015"/> and because of security risk and threats. "As Delhi is on a high alert ahead of Independence Day so", a senior police officer said. " we are removing the protesters to ensure security."<ref name="Police manhandling"/>

The orders to Delhi police to remove the Ex servicemen, were rescinded on 14 August afternoon. The Home Minister's orders to stop the police action against the ex-servicemen were conveyed to [[BS Bassi|Delhi Police Commissioner BS Bassi]] by Kiren Rijiju, Minister of State for Home.<ref name="ndtv/ August 14, 2015"/><ref name="DP/ Aug 14, 2015"/>

'''15 August 2015'''

Prime Minister Narendra Modi referred to "One Rank One Pension" as a problem "pending to be resolved" in his Independence Day address from [[Red Fort]], New Delhi.<ref name="Modi, 15 /8">{{cite web|last1=Modi|first1=N|title=English rendering of PM's address to the Nation from the ramparts of the Red Fort on the 69th Independence Day|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=3|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Prime Minister's Office|access-date=20 August 2015|date=15 August 2015}}</ref>

'''17 August 2015'''

Ten former Chiefs of the [[Armed Forces of India]] (7 former chief of Indian Army staff, 2 Chiefs of Air Staff, and 1 Chief of Naval Staff), in a joint open letter urged Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister, to order an inquiry into the brutal police action by [[Delhi Police]] against the peaceful gathering of veterans in Jantar Mantar, on Independence Day eve and to resolve the OROP issue expeditious. The Signatories to the letter include retired Generals [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]], [[Shankar Roychowdhury|Shankar Roy Choudhary]], [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]], [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]], [[Deepak Kapoor]] and [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]]; retired Air Chief Marshals [[Nirmal Chandra Suri]] and [[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]], and retired [[Madhvendra Singh|Admiral Madhvendera Singh]].<ref name="Full Text of Former Service Chiefs' Letter"/>
[[Colonel]] (Retd) Pushpender Singh (ex-[[Grenadiers|3 Grenadiers]]) and Havaldar (Retd) Major Singh (Ex-3 [[Sikh LI|Sikh Light Infantry]]), began hunger strike-unto-death at Jantar Mantar. Havildar Major Singh belongs to the same Regiment as Retired General Ved Malik, former Chief of army Staff. They were joined by [[Havildar]] Ashok Chauhan, [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of signals]], on 18 August.<ref name="Press release 18"/><ref name="DNA/ 20/8"/>
'''18 August 2015'''

General Dalbir Singh Suhag, [[Chief of army staff of the indian army|Chief of Army Staff]], late in the night on 17 August, called Major General Satbir Singh, and urged him to meet with [[Nripendra Misra]], Principal Secretary to the PM, on 18 August 2015. Major General Satbir Singh and Lt General Balbir Singh, representatives of the ex servicemen, after initial hesitation, met [[Nripendra Misra]], Principal Secretary to the PM, at 1000h on 18 August 2015, to discuss resolution of the OROP. This was first overture from the government to the Ex servicemen since the protest started in June 2015. Mr Misra urged the Ex Servicemen representatives to end the protest.<ref name="Press release 18"/> The ex-servicemen representatives informed Mr Misra that ex servicemen will end their protest only after the Government gives an assurance that it will not alter the accepted definition of OROP, implement OROP for all pensioners with effect from 1 April 2014, and ensure that all future enhancements will be automatically passed on to past pensioners. Mr Misra failed to give an assurance on the issues raised by the Ex servicemen. During the meeting Mr Misra was reminded of BJP's commitment, made in its manifesto, to build a martyrs memorial and set up veterans’ commission, to be manned by veterans. Mr Misra seemed unaware of these commitments by the BJP. In the presence of the ex-servicemen representatives, Mr Misra called the Defense Secretary and asked him to brief him on these subjects.<ref name="Press release 18"/>

'''21 August 2015'''

[http://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/NewsView.aspx?id=51365 Vijay Singh, (IPS- 2005)]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Deputy Commissioner Police,(DCP)-1 New Delhi, who led the police contingent to evict Armed Forces veterans from the Jantar Mantar was transferred as Deputy Commissioner of Police(DCP) North West District. Delhi Police PRO Rajan Bhagat called it a routine transfer, and denied media reports that this was because of police action against veterans on 14 August 2015.<ref name="ani, 21/8">{{cite news|title=Cop in OROP stir crackdown transferred, major police reshuffle in Delhi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckiSLpcBYHY|access-date=1 September 2015|agency=U tube|publisher=ANI|date=21 August 2015}}</ref>

'''22 August 2015'''

Rallies by Ex servicemen in support of the OROP movement were held in [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singhn Nagar]], [[Mohali]], and [[Mysore]].<ref name="70 day of RHS">{{cite news|last1= Colonel Anil Kaul, VrC, Media Advisor UFESM |title=Press release : 70th Day of Relay hunger Strike at Jantar Mantar|publisher= UFESM |date=23 August 2015}}</ref>

'''23 August 2015'''

On 70 day of the Relay Hunger Strike (RHS), called [[Satyagraha]] by some ex-servicemen, 25 Ex-servicemen, from 14 Indian States, were on RHS at Jantar Mantar. The fast unto death by Col Pushpender Singh(Grenadiers), and Havaldar Major Singh (Sikh Light Infantry) entered the eighth day, and by Hav Ashok Kumar Chauhan (Signals) the sixth day.<ref name="70 day of RHS"/>

United Front of Ex-Servicemen (UFESM) organized a candle [[Candlelight vigil|light march, and vigil]], to honor, and remember, armed forces members killed in the [[1965 war]]. Over 4000 ex-servicemen, and civilians, participated in the event. Participants lit candles, and laid bouquets at [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]], at [[India Gate]]. "Sainik parliament" had passed a resolution to boycott all government functions, including by the armed forces, till implementation of OROP.<ref name="70 day of RHS"/>

Veterans and their wives, including and war widows, protested police action on 14 August, against the veterans in Delhi, and delay in implementing OROP, in [[Dehradun]], the State capital of [[Uttarakhand]]. Participants included Lt Gen TPS Rawat, ([[4 Gorkha Rifles]]), a former minister, Lt General Gambhir Singh Negi (former Colonel of [[3 Gorkha Rifles]]), Maj Gen Lalji D Singh ([[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]], [[Bombay Sappers]]), Maj Gen Chander Nandwani, Brig KG Behl, Brig RS Rawat, Brig Vijay Kumar, Col PL Prashar, Col GS Cheema Col AK Khullar, Brig CB Thapa, Col SC Tyagi, Maj SS Chowdhury, and Col Kukreti, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQIv6Jv6jww first JSW course] <ref name="Tribune News Service/24/8">{{cite news|title=OROP agitation: Wives, war widows join ex-servicemen|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/orop-agitation-wives-war-widows-join-ex-servicemen/123481.html|access-date=24 August 2015|agency=Tribune News Service|publisher=Tribune|date=24 August 2015}}</ref>

A joint Kisan rally- ex-servicemen was held at Satara. the rally was attended amongst others by [[Anna Hazare]]. An estimated 10,000 people attended the rally.<ref name="70 day of RHS"/>

Large number of ex-servicemen, and civilian supporters, visited Jantar Mantar, to show solidarity with ESM cause. These included: officers from Short Service Courses (SS) 2, and 31; [[National Defence Academy (NDA)]] course 46 and 75; 55 and 85 [[Indian Military Academy]]; and officers from the 14 Army Education Course; and twenty five officers and their families came from Jaipur. Old veterans supporting the movement included Sep Ram Kishan, 93 years, [[Indian Armoured Corps|Armoured Corp]] veteran of [[World War II]]; Sep Ram Bharose Yadav, 85 years, a blind veteran of 72 Medium Artillery; and Mrs Savita Rai Singh wife of Brig Rai Singh(90 Year old) [[Maha Vir Chakra]].<ref name="70 day of RHS"/>

'''24 August 2015'''

Colonel Pushpendra Singh, one of three veterans on hunger strike at Jantar Mantar, was evacuated to Army Research and Referral Hospital, Delhi, in a private car, due to deteriorating condition.<ref name="ndtv, 28/8">{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Sudhi Ranjan|title=Former Army Officer on OROP Fast Hospitalised|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-officer-on-orop-fast-hospitalised-1210494|access-date=24 August 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=24 August 2015}}</ref>

'''25 August 2015'''

On 72 day of the Relay Hunger Strike (RHS), 37 Ex-servicemen were on RHS at Jantar Mantar.<ref name="74 day of RHS">{{cite news|last1= Colonel Anil Kaul, VrC, Media Advisor UFESM |title=Press release : 72nd Day of Relay hunger Strike at Jantar Mantar|publisher= UFESM |date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Col Pushpender Singh(Grenadiers), was in the [[Intensive care unit|Intensive Care Unit (ICU)]], Army Research and Referral Hospital ( R&R), [[Havaldar]] ( Hav) Major Singh (Sikh Light Infantry), on 10th day of his fast unto death refused to be evacuated; and Hav Ashok Kumar Chauhan (Signals) on the 8th day, was vacuated to R&R due to [[muscle atrophy]]. The other hunger strikers, who were all fit, were: Major Piar Chand, 2 Grenadiers; Hav Sahib Singh, 2 [[Rajputana Rifles]]; and [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Uday Singh Rawat of 12 [[Garhwal rifles|Garhwal Rifles]].<ref name="74 day of RHS"/>

Visitors included [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] Indep MP [[Rajya Sabha]]; and Ms Nalini Singh, Journalist. The meals for the day were provided by [[Gurdwara Bangla Sahib]], and Col Gurdeep Singh.<ref name="74 day of RHS"/>

General Satbir Singh met [[Ajit Doval]], [[National Security Adviser (India)|National Security Adviser]] and Former head of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]. This is the first report of NSA's interest and concern in OROP. The outcome of this meeting and issues discussed is not known.<ref name="Amrinder/ orop">{{cite news|title=Can't be indifferent to OROP, mark '65 war anniversary: Capt|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/can-t-be-indifferent-to-orop-mark-65-war-anniversary-capt/article1-1384835.aspx|access-date=27 August 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=27 August 2015|location=Chandigarh}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Economic Times / 26">{{cite news|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu|title=One Rank One Pension: Manohar Parrikar revisits financial impact |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/one-rank-one-pension-manohar-parrikar-revisits-financial-impact-nsa-ajit-doval-steps-in/articleshow/48675686.cms|access-date=27 August 2015|publisher=Economic Times|date=26 August 2015|location=N Delhi}}</ref> According to Media reports Doval is expected to take an "overall view of the situation" and be involved in the "final negotiations".<ref name="Economic Times / 26"/>

'''26 August 2015'''

Major General Satbir Singh (Retd), head of the Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement, met Nripendra Misra, Principal Secretary to PM. General Dalbir Singh, COAS, was present at the meeting.<ref name="Amrinder/ orop"/>

'''27 August 2015'''

Capt [[Amarinder Singh]], Congress MP and former Punjab chief minister, a [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war]] veteran, declared his support for OROP.<ref name="Amrinder/ orop"/>

On 74 day of the Relay Hunger Strike (RHS), at Jantar Mantar, 39 Ex-servicemen and four war widows (Veer Narees) were on RHS.<ref name="74 day of RHS"/> In [[Ambala]] and Pathankot, RHS entered the 70th day and 74th day respectively.

There were 8 person on indefinite fast, 4 at Janatr Mantar, and 4 in Research and Referrals Army Hospital (RR): Col Pushpender Singh(Grenadiers), in RR, twelfth day. Hav Ashok Kumar Chauhan(Signals), in RR, 10th day. Major Piar Chand and Hav Sahib Singh were evacuated to Research and Referrals on advice of the doctors.

Havildar Major Singh (Sikh Light Infantry), at Jantar Mantar, on the 12th day of his fast was joined by his brother. In addition there are four more soldiers, and a father of a martyred soldier Sunil Kumar Yadav, on indefinite fast, at Jantar Mantar.

Visitors to Jantar Mantar included: Mrs. Charu Sheela(95 yrs) mother of Col. Pushpender; representative of Rashtra Sewak Trust; Air Marshal J S Bawa and Lt Gen Suri; and Officers from 10th NDA and 19th IMA courses. Breakfast and Lunch was provided by SSC NT-27 & Technical-18 and Gurudwara Bangla Sahib.<ref name="74 day of RHS"/>

'''28 August 2015'''

Ex Servicemen representatives including Major General (retd) Satbir Singh, [http://www.iesm.org/ Chairman of the Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement], and Group Captain VK Gandhi, meet Rajnath Singh, Home Minister, in his office in the Ministry of Home Affairs, in Delhi, at his invitation. This is the first meeting between officials of the MHA and ex servicemen since 14 August Police action against ex servicemen in Jantar Mantar.<ref name="toi, 28/8">{{cite news|title=Veterans boycott 1965 war celebrations over OROP delay|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veterans-boycott-1965-war-celebrations-over-OROP-delay/articleshow/48717714.cms|access-date=29 August 2015|publisher=Times of India|date=29 August 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Pranab Mukherjee, President of India, laid a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti, at India Gate.<ref name="ndtv, 28/8"/><ref name="toi, 28/8"/> Military veterans boycott official function at [[India Gate]] to mark the start of month-long golden jubilee celebrations of the 1965 war.

A "parallel commemoration" of 1965 war coinciding with the capture of [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/battle-of-hajipir-pass-1965/ Hajipir Pass] by [[Ranjit Singh Dyal|Major Ranjit Singh Dyal]], MVC, [[Parachute Regiment (India)|1 Parachute Regiment]], is attended by several veterans of the 1965 war, including Brigadier (retd) D P Nayar, a veteran of the attack on Hajipir, and Wing Commander (retd) Vinod Nebb. Wing Commander Vinod Nebb who was 22, in 1965, on 6 September, on an alert from air defense commander, [[Ambala]], while on a [[combat air patrol]] [[sortie]] over [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab]], brought down a Pakistani [[North American F-86 Sabre|Sabre jet fighter]] for which he was awarded [[Vir Chakra]], India's third highest gallantry award.<ref name="ndtv, 28/8"/>
The [[Times of India]], in an editorial comment wrote that Ex Servicemen demands of OROP are "not a sustainable proposition" and taxpayer money "will be recklessly splurged if the demand is accepted."<ref name="toi, 28/8"/>

'''31 August 2015'''

On the 78th day of the Relay [[Hunger strike|Hunger Strike]] (RHS), Havildar Major Singh (Sikh Light Infantry), who had been on fast since 16 August, was joined by Naik Udai Singh Rawat, Sawal Ram Yadav, father of martyr Lance Naik Sunil Kumar Yadav, navy Commander A.K. Sharma, Subedar Vijay Singh Yadav and Subedar Keshaw Singh.<ref name="Toi/ 31/8">{{cite news|title=OROP protest continues, veterans blame finance minister|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OROP-protest-continues-veterans-blame-finance-minister/articleshow/48749133.cms|access-date=1 September 2015|agency=IANS|publisher=Times of India|date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

[[Ram Jethmalani]], former BJP member, visited Jantar Mantar, declared support for OROP, and blamed the finance minister for delay in implementing OROP.<ref name="Toi/ 31/8"/>

'''1 September 2015'''

On 79th day of the Relay Hunger Strike (RHS), there were 28 Ex-servicemen, and wives of three Ex servicemen on Relay Hunger Strike at Jantar Mantar. In Ambala and Pathankot, the RHS entered the 75th and 79th day respectively. There were 4 ex servicemen on hunger strike in the army Hospital, and 8 at Jantar Mantar. Hav Major Singh, who had been on fast since 16 August, had lost 10 kilo of weight. He continued to refuse to end his 17 days old fast, take medicine, or be evacuated to a hospital.<ref name="79 day of RHS">{{cite news|last1= Colonel Anil Kaul, VrC, Media Advisor UFESM |title=Press release : 79th Day of Relay hunger Strike at Jantar Mantar|publisher= UFESM |date= 1 September 2015}}</ref>

'''3 September 2015'''

Ex servicemen Representative Maj General Satbir Singh while acknowledging that he had met with Nripendra Misra, Principal Secretary to PM, made clear there were no ongoing negotiations with the government. Referring to questions raised on the financial implications of OROP he said that when the government sanctioned Non Functional Upgrades to the [[All India Services]] after the [[Sixth Central Pay Commission|6th Pay Commission]]<ref name="Report of 6 CPC"/>{{rp|para 5.1.58}} {{rp|para 11.20}} no question on the financial implications was raised.

'''5 September 2015'''

The government unilaterally announced the implementation the 'OROP Scheme' for the Armed Forces.<ref name="NDTV, orop announcement"/><ref name="Press Bureau of Information, orop announcement, 7 September">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Defence|title=Government Announces One Rank One Pension Scheme for Ex-Servicemen|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=126658|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=6 September 2015|location=N Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Govt. to implement OROP, pension of ex-servicemen will be revised every 5 years|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-likely-to-announce-orop-today-top-developments/article7619025.ece?homepage=true|access-date=20 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=5 September 2015}}</ref>

'''17 October 2015'''

[[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]], former colonel, MP from [[Rajasthan]], and Minister of State for [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]] in the BJP Government, in an interview to a TV news-channel, denounced the Ex servicemen for continuing with their protest.<ref name="Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore raise alarm over OROP">{{cite web|title=Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore in an exclusive conversation with NewsX|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUjhlQnNomw|publisher=NewsX|access-date=19 November 2015|format= U tube video |date= 17 October 2015}}</ref>

'''7 November 2015'''

The department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare, Ministry of Defence, as a follow up to the [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33 5 September announcement],<ref name="Press Bureau of Information, orop announcement, 7 September"/> issued a order on "[http://www.govtempdiary.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/One-Rank-One-Pension-OROP-to-the-Defence-Forces-Personnel.pdf One Rank One Pension (OROP) to the Defence Forces Personnel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024829/http://www.govtempdiary.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/One-Rank-One-Pension-OROP-to-the-Defence-Forces-Personnel.pdf |date=17 November 2015 }}".

The OROP order excluded all future Armed Forces retirees who take premature retirement from OROP entitlement.<ref name="Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare letter, 7 Nov 2015" >{{cite web|last1=Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare|title=One Rank One Pension (OROP) to the Defence Forces Personnel|url=http://www.govtempdiary.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/One-Rank-One-Pension-OROP-to-the-Defence-Forces-Personnel.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Defence, Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare|access-date=11 November 2015|location=New Delhi|format=Government of India letter 12(1)/2014/D(Pen/Pol)-Part-II|date=7 Nov 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024829/http://www.govtempdiary.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/One-Rank-One-Pension-OROP-to-the-Defence-Forces-Personnel.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''9 November 2015'''

The ex servicemen announced that they would start returning their medals on 10–11 November, across the country, to District Magistrates, who have been informed to collect the medals, Group Captain VK Gandhi (retd), the general secretary of [[Indian Ex Servicemen Movement|Indian Ex-servicemen Movement (IESM)]], said. The protesting ex-servicemen also met Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] to brief him about the government notification on OROP. Kejriwal informed Group Captain VK Gandhi (retd).<ref name="पूर्व सैनिकों ने इस बार काली दिवाली मनाने का ऐलान किया"/><ref name="Ex-Servicemen to Start Returning Medals From Tomorrow" >{{cite web|last1=Press Trust of India |title=One Rank One Pension: Ex-Servicemen to Start Returning Medals From Tomorrow| date=9 Nov 2015|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/one-rank-one-pension-protesting-ex-servicemen-to-start-returning-medals-1241841|access-date=11 November 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

'''10 November 2015'''

Manohar Parrikar, denounces Ex-servicemen decision to return medals; and calls protesting ex-servicemen emotional and disgruntled.<ref name= "Manohar Parrikar Ex-servicemen Shoudn't Return Their Medals">{{cite news|title=Manohar Parrikar on OROP: Ex-servicemen Shoudn't Return Their Medals|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHX1S0oJZXQ|access-date=17 November 2015|publisher=IndiaTV|date= 10 November 2015|format= U tube, 2 min 35 seconds}}</ref>

'''11 November 2015'''

On [[Diwali]] military veterans called for a ‘Black Diwali’ and marched to Rashtrapati Bhavan to meet with the President. The marchers were intercepted by Delhi Police near Rail Bhavan.
<ref name="Veterans take out protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan">{{cite news|last1= National Bureau|title= OROP: Veterans take out protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/orop-veterans-take-out-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan/article7866759.ece|access-date=12 November 2015|publisher=Hindu|date=12 November 2015}}</ref>

'''13 November 2015'''

Arvind Kejriwal, Delhi Chief Minister, visited ex-servicemen protesting at Jantar Mantar. He urged the government "to immediately accept the demands of the veterans".<ref name="Kejriwal on OROP: Centre unjust to veterans">{{cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar |title=Kejriwal on OROP: Centre unjust to veterans|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-on-orop-centre-unjust-to-veterans/article7873696.ece|access-date=13 November 2015|publisher=Hindu|date=13 November 2015|location=N Delhi}}</ref>

'''16 November 2015'''

Brig Harwant Singh (retd), representative of United Front of Ex-servicemen, said the OROP movement is not about money, but about self-respect and izzat.<ref name="India's defence operations are degrading">{{cite news|last1= Sandhu|first1=Khushboo|title='India's defence operations are degrading', says representative of United Front of Ex-servicemen|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/orop-indias-defence-operations-are-degrading-says-representative-of-united-front-of-ex-servicemen/|access-date=16 November 2015|publisher=Indian Express|date=16 November 2015|location= Chandigarh}}</ref>

'''19 November 2015'''

[http://7cpc.india.gov.in/ 7th Pay Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905082029/http://www.7cpc.india.gov.in/ |date=5 September 2014 }}, headed by Justice A K Mathur, in its 900-page report, recommended OROP, without calling it one-rank-one-pension (OROP), for all central government employees, including para-military personnel as well as defence civilians who have retired before 1 January 2016.<ref name="7th Pay Commission recommends OROP for civilians">{{cite news|title=7th Pay Commission recommends 23.55 percent hike; OROP for civilians too|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/7th-Pay-Commission-recommends-23-55-hike-OROP-for-civilians-too/articleshow/49849060.cms|access-date=19 November 2015|agency=PTI|publisher= Times of India|location= delhi|date=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|title=Report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|website=Seventh Central Pay Commission, Government of India|publisher=MINISTRY OF FINANCE|access-date=19 November 2015|format=Report 899 pages|date=19 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Seventh Central Pay Commission (7CPC), in its consideration of one rank one pay, noted that France, China, and Germany have pension schemes for the armed forces, much like India. The US and UK have a similar scheme, called a "defined benefit scheme".<ref name="Report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission"/>

On the contentious issue of Non - Functional Upgradation, there was disagreement between the chairman of 7CPC and the members of the commission. Chairman "felt that NFU should be allowed to continue since it has existed for the last 10 years and is being availed by all the Organised Group ‘A’ Services", and that it "should be extended to the officers of the Defence forces and CAPFs". Vivek Rae, IAS, and Dr. Rathin Roy, Members, Seventh CPC, disagreed. They felt that NFU till SAG and HAG level, granted to Organised Group ‘A’ Services, should be withdrawn, and did not support extension of "NFU to Defence Forces and CAPFs, including ICG".<ref name="Report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission"/>{{rp| paras6.2.}}

'''4 December 2015'''

Rao Inderjit Singh, by Minister of State for Defence, confirmed that Government will appoint a "Judicial Committee to look into anomalies" including issues concerning "methodology for fixation of pension, periodicity of its revision, coverage of future PMR cases" raised by veterans.<ref name="One Rank One Pension, Rao Inderjit Singh">{{cite web|last1=PIB|title=One Rank One Pension|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91945|publisher= Ministry Of Defence|access-date=7 December 2015|location=N Delhi|format= Press release|date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

Deepender Hooda, Congress MP, criticizing BJP Government failure to implement full OROP, said that Congress supports the demands of the veterans, including annual review of OROP instead of 5 year review as notified by the BJP Government; and OROP for those who take premature retirement. The Congress Party, he said, will take the OROP issue forward in parliament by seeking funds for the implementation of OROP.<ref name="5 Questions: Annual review of OROP should be restored, says Congress MP">{{cite news|last1= C G |first1=Manoj|title=5 Questions: Annual review of OROP should be restored, says Congress MP|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/5-questions-annual-review-of-orop-should-be-restored-says-congress-mp-deepender-hooda/#sthash.vMHF1Kn9.dpuf
|access-date=7 December 2015|publisher=Indian Express|date=5 December 2015|location= New Delhi}}</ref>

'''7 December 2015'''

The United Front of Ex-Servicemen (UFESM) suggested Justice R M Lodha for the chair of the one-man judicial commission to look into the concerns of the veterans.<ref name="Manohar Parrikar was for OROP but was 'pressurised' in cabinet: Ram Jethmalani">{{cite news|title=Manohar Parrikar was for OROP but was 'pressurised' in cabinet: Ram Jethmalani|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-parrikar-was-for-orop-but-was-pressurised-in-cabinet-ram-jethmalani/articleshow/50077891.cms
|access-date=7 December 2015|agency=PTI|publisher=Economic Times|date=7 December 2015|location= New Delhi}}</ref>

'''14 December 2015'''

The Department of Ex Servicemen issued a notification on the appointment of Justice [[L. Narasimha Reddy]], former Chief Justice of the Patna High Court, as the one-man judicial commission to look into the implementation of the one rank one pension scheme. The terms of reference for the committee included measures for the removal of anomalies that may arise in the implementation of the OROP as notified by the government on 7 November 2015; measures for the removal of anomalies that may arise out of inter-services issues of the three forces due to its implementation; and implications on service matters.<ref name="Notification : One man Commission" >{{cite web|last1=Department of Ex Servicemen|title=Notification : One man Commission |url=http://desw.gov.in/sites/upload_files/desw/files/pdf/Judicial-Commitee-on-OROP.pdf|publisher=Department of Ex Servicemen |access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

'''16 December 2015'''

UFESM, to mark victory on the Indian Armed Forces in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]], and pay Homage to 'Martyrs of Independent India', held a flag raising ceremony at [[India Gate]]. The event was attended by large number of veterans. Wreaths were laid by several veterans, at [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]], including Lt Col Inderjit Singh, Chairman All India Ex-Services Welfare Association, Maj Gen Satbir Singh, SM, Vice Chairman IESM, and Col Anil Kaul VrC. After the event UFESM issued a press release in which it deplored the delay in establishing a war memorial, the failure of the government to commemorate the victory in the 1971 War, and that of all the civilians gathered at India gate none new of the historic significance of 16 December or the 1971 war. To commemorate the historic victory, and the martyrs who scarified their lives, UFESM urged the government to declare 16 December a [[National holiday in India|national holiday]].<ref name= "Press release OROP, 16 December 2015">{{cite news|title=Press release OROP, 16 December 2015: From Jantar Mantar|publisher=United Front of Ex-Servicemen |date=7 December 2015|location= New Delhi}}</ref>

'''23 December 2015'''

[[General officer|General]] [[Dalbir Singh Suhag|Dalbir Suhag]], [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of the Army Staff (COAS)]]; [[Admiral]] [[Robin K Dhowan|Robin Dhowan]], [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy|Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS)]]; and [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Arup Raha]], Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), in a joint memorandum to the Manohar Parrikar, defence minister, have urged the defence Minister to appoint an expert committee, with members from the armed forces, to examine and reconcile the pay, pension, allowances, and status anomalies exacerbated by 7CPC report, which had no representation from the armed Forces.<ref name="military chiefs’ joint memorandum to defence minister on 7 pay commission" >{{cite news|last1=Editorial, Indian Express
|title=A trust deficit: Three military chiefs' joint memorandum to defence minister on pay commission report sends disquieting signals.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/a-trust-deficit/|access-date=22 December 2015|publisher=Express News Service|date=23 December 2015 }}</ref>

===2016===

'''15 January 2016'''

Veterans participating in an Army Day event in [[Dehradun]] reiterated their demands for implementation of full and agreed to "one rank, one post" (OROP). "It is sad for everyone that even now when Parliament has approved OROP, some unnecessary spokes have been put in its implementation," said Brig (retd) K G Behl, president of Dehradun Ex-servicemen League.<ref name="On Army day, ex-servicemen press for OROP" >{{cite news|title=On Army day, ex-servicemen press for OROP|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/On-Army-day-ex-servicemen-press-for-OROP/articleshow/50596419.cms|access-date= 18 January 2016|publisher= Times of India|date=15 January 2016|location= Dehradun}}</ref>

'''17 January 2016'''

About 200 veterans including Major General Satbir Singh, protested outside 2, Krishna Menon, Marg, New Delhi, the official residence of Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. The protesters highlight Jaitley's failure to take heed of their concerns, and breaking his promise given to them on 3 January that he would speak with Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister, and 'get back' within a week on status of OROP issues that need to be resolved. Group Captain (retd) VK Gandhi. The protest ended late in the evening, after a meeting with Jayant Sinha, Minister of State for Finance. Disappointed veterans returned to Jantar Mantar, where they have been protesting since 14 June 2015.<ref name="OROP row: Ex-servicemen protest outside Arun Jaitley's residence" >{{cite news|last1=PTI
|title=OROP row: Ex-servicemen protest outside Arun Jaitley's residence|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/orop-row-ex-servicemen-protest-outside-arun-jaitleys-residence/#sthash.RIkNFmMO.dpuf|access-date= 18 January 2016|publisher=Express News Service|date=17 January 2016|location= New Delhi}}</ref>

'''18 January 2016'''

[[Jayant Sinha]], Minister of State for Finance, met veterans briefly. Sinha, according to Col. Anil Kaul (retd), a spokesperson for the Indian Ex-Servicemen's Movement, will meet with Ex servicemen again on 20 January.<ref name="OROP row: Ex-servicemen call off protest outside Jaitley's residence" >{{cite news|title=OROP row: Ex-servicemen call off protest outside Jaitley's residence|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/orop-row-ex-servicemen-call-off-protest-outside-jaitleys-residence_1846481.html|access-date= 18 January 2016|publisher=IANS|date=18 January 2016|location= New Delhi}}</ref>

'''21 January 2016'''

As a follow up on the meeting with [[Jayant Sinha]], Minister of State for Finance, on 16 January, and on his prompting, Lt Gen Balbir Singh, President IESL, Lt Col Inderjit Singh, Chairman AIEWA and Maj Gen Satbir Singh, Chairman [[Indian Ex Servicemen Movement|IESM]] & Adviser UFESM (JM), sent a joint letter to 'people who matter' urging them to address the anomalies in 7 November 15 notification on implementation of OROP. The letter titled 'Urgent Need to Rectify Anomalies in OROP in Govt notification dated 7 Nov 15", which has the 'approval of 200 veteran organization', is addressed to Manohar Parrikar, Raksha Mantri, Mr [[Arun Jaitley]], Finance Minister, [[Jayant Sinha]], Minister of State, Finance, [[General Dalbir Singh]], Chief of Army Staff, [[Arup Raha|Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha]], Chief of the Air Staff & Chairman Chiefs of Staffs Committee (CoSC), and [[Admiral RK Dhowan]], Chief of Naval Staff.<ref name="Urgent Need to Rectify Anomalies in OROP in Govt notification dated 7 Nov 15">{{cite web|author1=Balbir Singh |author2=Inderjit Singh |author3=Satbir Singh |title=Urgent Need to Rectify Anomalies in OROP in Govt notification dated 7 Nov 15|url= http://ex-servicemenwelfare.blogspot.com/2016/01/iesm-letter-to-rm-on-orop-anomalies.html|publisher=Ex-servicemenwelfare.blogspot|access-date=27 January 2016|location=New Delhi|language=en|format=letter|date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

'''3 February 2016'''

A Ministry of Defence press release claimed that it had fulfilled OROP, a 'demand of the Defence Forces personnel' that had been pending for '42 years'.<ref name="One Rank One Pension (OROP) implementation tables issued">{{cite web|title=One Rank One Pension (OROP) implementation tables issued|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136068 |website=Pib.nic.in |access-date=3 February 2016|location=New Delhi|language=en|format= Press release|date=3 February 2016}}</ref> The detailed [http://www.desw.gov.in/sites/upload_files/desw/files/pdf/2016.02.03-OROP.pdf letter on the implementation of OROP, including table for calculation of pension]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} was issued by Department of Ex Servicemen.

'''4 February 2016'''

Colonel Anil Kaul (Retd), spokesperson for the Indian Ex servicemen, denounced the BJP Governments claims on OROP implementation, saying "OROP tables short-change widows, reservists, battle casualties, [[havildar]]s, [[subedar]]s and [[Subedar-major|subedar majors]]. The Jantar Mantar protest will continue and legal options will be exercised".<ref name="Not happy with OROP tables, ex-servicemen say One Rank One Pension scheme protests will not stop">{{cite news|title=Not happy with OROP tables, ex-servicemen say One Rank One Pension scheme protests will not stop|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/207659/not-happy-with-orop-tables-ex-servicemen-say-one-rank-one-pension-scheme-protests-will-not-stop/3/
|access-date=5 February 2016|publisher=financialexpress|date=5 February 2016 }}</ref>

Former Army Chief General Ved Prakash Malik, and Secretary, Ministry of Defence, Ajay Prasad, in a panel discussion on TV, argued in favor of OROP even for those who opt to take that 'pre-mature retirement (PMR) for what ever reason, to keep the armed forces young.<ref name="OROP: Govt clears payment plan but veterans say some issues remain unresolved">{{cite news|last1=Dua|first1=Ruchi |title=OROP: Govt clears payment plan but veterans say some issues remain unresolved|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/orop-govt-clears-payment-plan-but-veterans-say-some-issues-remain-unresolved-307387-2016-02-05|access-date=10 February 2016 |publisher=Hindustan Times|date= 5 February 2016 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/to-the-point/video/has-the-government-delivered-orop-as-it-was-promised-439675-2016-02-05|title=Has the government delivered OROP as it was promised?|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

'''10 March'''

On 10 March, late in the evening, a squad of five plain-clothes men from the [[Haryana Police]] forced their way into the house of Wing Commander Sharma, 75, former IAF officer and [[fighter pilot]] and veteran of the [[1965 war]] and the [[1971 War]], and arrested him. The raid and the arrest was made following an old complaint alleging financial wrongdoing by IESM leadership by Lt Gen Raj Kadyan, formerly [[Rajputana Rifles]], former Chairman of the IESM, considered close to the present government. The complaint also named Maj General Satbir Singh, the present head of the IESM, and [[Group Captain]] VK Gandhi, both of whom secured anticipatory bail from the Chandigarh high court.<ref name="IESM treasurer arrest: Veterans' body slams 'personal">{{cite news|title=IESM treasurer arrest: Veterans' body slams 'personal|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/other/iesm-treasurer-arrest-veterans-body-slams-personal/ar-BBqzU6Z|access-date=11 April 2016|agency=PTI|publisher=MSN|date=17 March 2016|location= N Delhi}}</ref>
<ref name="OROP veteran CK Sharma arrested, wife Aroona Sharma tells what happened newslaundry">{{cite web|title=OROP veteran CK Sharma arrested, wife Aroona Sharma tells what happened newslaundry|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoI1n6fBumE|website=U tube|publisher=newslaundry|access-date=11 April 2016|language=en|format=video 3.46 mins|date=11 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ex-serviceman arrested: Infighting within the veteran community?">{{cite web|title=Ex-serviceman arrested: Infighting within the veteran community?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LCarOLn5sQ&nohtml5=False|website=U tube|publisher=NDTV|access-date=11 April 2016|location= N Delhi|language=en|format=video 8.54 mins|date=11 March 2016}}</ref>

'''25 March '''

Maj Gen Satbir Singh,(Retd), Chairman Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement (IESM), wrote to [[L. Narasimha Reddy|L.Narasimha Reddy]], Retired Chief Justice of Patna High Court and head of the commission on OROP scheme, and the Defence Minister, on "Urgent Need to Rectify Anomalies in OROP". The letter drew attention to the Government's executive order dated 26 Feb 14 for the implementation of OROP, and the notification issued on 7 November 2015.
The letter examined five salient anomalies in the OROP scheme 2015 as follows: ''(1) Fixation of pension as per calendar year 2013 would result in past retirees getting less pension of one increment than the soldier retiring today. This will completely destroy definition of OROP approved by two Parliaments and will also result in loss of one increment across the board for past pensioners in perpetuity. (2) Fixing pension as mean of Min and Max pension of 2013 would result in more anomalies wherein same ranks with same length of service will draw two or more different pensions thus violating the very principle of OROP. (3) OROP has been approved in budget of 2014-15 by two parliaments. As per norms of Government, all proposals approved in budget are applicable from 1st April of that FY. In the case of OROP, the Govt had issued specific orders to its applicability wef 1st April 14. Hence implementation date for OROP from 1st July will be against the Parliament approval. Changing the date would result in loss of 3 months emoluments for OROP across the board. However, if OROP implementation date is to be kept as 1st July, then the base pension should also be accepted as per the PPOs of July 2014. (4) Pension equalisation every five year will result in a senior rank soldier drawing lesser pension than a junior rank soldier for five years thus OROP definition will be violated for five years. This will also result in permanent violation of definition as fresh cases will come up every year. (5) There are numerous errors in the constitution of Tables. How this Table have been made is not known. The fact is that no senior rank defence personnel should ever draw less pension their junior persons. There are numerous instances in the Tables where in the senior rank and senior in service have been shown to draw less pension then his junior. The tables need to be worked out afresh after all anomalies have been removed. The most appropriate method to construct Tables would be to base these tables on live data. The PPOs of defence personnel who retired in 2013 would removal that a Sepoy with 15 years of service should get pension of approx Rs 7200 per month where as in the Tables, pension has been mentioned as Rs 6665/-. This does not satisfy the approved OROP definition. There are minimum such examples. Nb Subedar of ‘Y’ group has been shown to get less than X Gp Havildar this making a senior rank defence, personal gets less than junior rank. Nb Sub TA is shown getting more pension then Regular Nb Sub. The three Service HQs pay cells must be involved in making this Table afresh. These anomalies will result in lesser pensions to widows, soldiers, NCOs and JCOs than what will be due to them on approval of OROP. This will result in veterans not getting OROP as per approved definition and will create much discontent across all ranks. There is a need to have a relook at the pensions of '''Hon Nb Subedars, Majors and Lt Cols.''' a) Some Havildars are granted rank of Hon Naib Subedar in view of their exemplary service. These soldiers are not granted pension of Naib Subedar thus making the Hon rank just ceremonial. Hon Naib Subedars should get pension of a Naib Subedar rather than that of a Havildar. Similarly, this must be accepted as a principle and it should be applicable to all Hon ranks in case of NCOs and JCOs. b) Moreover no officer is retiring in Major rank now. In the past, officers were promoted to Major rank after completing 13 yrs of service whereas present officers are getting promotion of Lt Col in 13 yrs. It will be justified to grant all pensioners of the rank of Major, minimum pension of Lt Col as they cannot be compared to present retirees as officers are not retiring as Majors any more. Number of such affected officers is not more than 800 and will not cause heavy burden to Govt. c) Similarly, all pre-2004 retiree Lt Cols should get the minimum pension of full Col. Presently all officers retire in the rank of Colonel hence all Lt Col equivalents should be granted min pension of Colonels. The above anomalies/discrepancies are being brought before you for resolution please.'' The Finance Minister in the interim budget speech on 17 Feb 14 announced that Government had accepted the 'principle' of OROP for Defence forces. This was followed by the issue of an Implementation order on 26 Feb 14. The demand note was however never raised by the Ministry Of Defence.<ref name="Satbir, Letter to Justice L.Narasimha Reddy on Urgent Need to Rectify Anomalies in OROP"/>

'''28 March'''

A delegation of Civil Service officers representing the "Confederation of Civil Service Associations" submitted a memorandum on "their long standing grievance of discrimination vis-a-vis certain other All-India Services" to [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]], Union Minister of State MoS, in [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Ministers Office]] (PMO), and minister in-charge of Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions. The "Confederation of Civil Service Associations" in their memorandum, claiming "that the majority view in the 7th CPC was in favour of changing the status-quo on the issue of pay disparity" demanded "parity" with "other services".<ref name="Civil Service officers present memorandum to Dr Jitendra Singh on 7th CPC report">{{cite web|title=Civil Service officers present memorandum to Dr Jitendra Singh on 7th CPC report|url=http://www.govtempdiary.com/2016/03/civil-service-officers-present-memorandum-to-dr-jitendra-singh-on-7th-cpc-report/18673|website=Latest Central Government Employees News|publisher=PIB|access-date=11 April 2016|language=en|date=28 March 2016}}</ref> The memorandum noted that the "main cause of resentment among the non-IAS Civil Service Officers was that all the senior level posts covering majority of Departments, be it technical or administrative, are today manned by IAS Officers. The Civil service Association which includes Defence Civilian services, demanded : [a] "equitable treatment ...so that the gap between the IAS and other Services does not widen and lead to.. chaotic situation; [b] Pay- disparity be removed altogether; and [c] the "Committee of Secretaries" to examine the report of the 7th CPC, be reconstituted to "represent all different sections of stakeholders" so that it may function with "neutrality"<ref name="Civil Service officers present memorandum to Dr Jitendra Singh on 7th CPC report"/>

'''29 March'''

Parrikar told India Today that "The Seventh Pay Commission are in the form of recommendations. I do not think they (recommendations) will remain. I do not consider them as finalities. I have flagged them and will flag them properly at the right level".<ref name="Exclusive: Don't think pay commission recommendations will remain...have and will flag them, says Parrikar">{{cite news|last1=Dua|first1=Ruchi|title=Exclusive: Don't think pay commission recommendations will remain...have and will flag them, says Parrikar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exclusive-dont-think-pay-commission-recommendations-will-remain-have-and-will-flag-them-says-parrikar-315347-2016-03-29|access-date=11 April 2016|publisher=India Today|date=29 March 2016}}</ref>

'''6 April'''

The [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] gave its [[ex-post facto]] approval for implementation order dated OROP order of 7 November 2015 on One Rank One Pension (OROP). The cabinet decision reiterates that "'''Personnel who opt to get discharged''' henceforth on their '''own request''' under Rule 13(3) 1(i)(b), 13(3) 1(iv) or Rule 16B of the Army Rule. 1954 or equivalent Navy or Air Force Rules will '''not be entitled to the benefits of OROP.''' ", and that "In future, the pension would be re-fixed every 5 year".<ref name="Implementation of One Rank One Pension Recent Update (06-04-2016)">{{cite web|title=Implementation of One Rank One Pension Recent Update (06-04-2016)|url=http://www.govtempdiary.com/2016/04/implementation-of-one-rank-one-pension-recent-update-06-04-2016/18770|website=Latest Central Government Employees News|publisher=PIB|access-date=11 April 2016|location=New Delhi|language=en|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

"Financial implications on account of grant of OROP including Pre-Matured Retirees (PMR) cases" according to press Information note " would be Rs. 10925.11 [[crore]] for payment of arrears and the recurring annual financial implication would be Rs. 7488.7 [[crore]]. Till 31st March, 2015. 91 [[lakh]] pensioners have been given the first instalment of OROP, which amounts to Rs. 2,861 crore. Information is being gathered for processing on priority basis, the cases of 1.15 lakh pensioners after filling in the gaps of information such as the length of service being assessed, etc."<ref name="Implementation of One Rank One Pension Recent Update (06-04-2016)"/>

'''21 April 2016'''

[[Shashi Tharoor|Sashi Tharoor]], former [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations]], and former minister in UPA Government, in an article in The quint, commenting on the policy of the government on the declining pay, pensions, and protocol status, of the armed forces, affirmed that the dignity of the Indian armed forces has been eroded by "Petty slights, ranging from deliberately downgrading the military in protocol terms, to persistent actions to lower the status and compensation of our military personnel", and that the consequences of this policy of demeaning the armed forces " will inevitably be suffered by all".<ref name="Shashi Tharoor">{{cite news|last1=Tharoor|first1=Shashi|title=Shashi Tharoor on the Declining Status of the Indian Armed Forces|url=http://www.thequint.com/opinion/2016/04/21/shashi-tharoor-on-the-declining-status-of-the-indian-armed-forces|access-date=29 April 2016|publisher=The Quint|date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Blaming the [[Pay Commission]] and Government for being "blind" to the "enduring sacrifice" of the Armed Forces, he concludes that "We have short-changed the remuneration of our armed servicemen". He found it hard to understand the reason for the Government and pay commission to equate police officers[ and defence civilians] with 12 years of service, designated as deputy inspector general (DIG) of the police, with Brigadiers, for pay and protocol. He wonders, in disbelief, "What could possibly justify such a disparity?" Commenting on disability pensions recommended by the 7 Pay Commission, he notes that whereas a JCO and their equivalents in the air-force and the navy, will be given Rs 12,000 as pension, while his civilian counterpart, for the same level of disability, will receive a pension twice that amount (Rs 27,690).<ref name="Shashi Tharoor"/>

'''28 April 2016'''

[[Ram Jethmalani]], Senior Supreme Court lawyer, while addressing armed forces veterans, on 320th day of their protest at Jantar Mantar, said, "he will lead their legal battle in the apex court" on a [[Pro bono]] basis. Major General (retd) Satbir Singh, who was present on the occasion said, "case will be filed in Supreme Court in the next 3-4 days". He added that four more cases have been filed in the armed forces tribunal, on " rulings for Jawans, war widows, arrears since 2006, payments for honorary ranks, rounding off of disability pension, and payments of reservists".<ref name="Jethmalani to fight legal battle on OROP issue">{{cite news|last1=PTI|title=Jethmalani to fight legal battle on OROP issue|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jethmalani-to-fight-legal-battle-on-orop-issue/article8537370.ece|access-date=29 April 2016|agency=PTI|publisher=Hindu|date=28 April 2016}}</ref>

'''15 June 2016'''

The six-month tenure of the one man judicial commission on One Rank One Pension (OROP) which ended on 15 June, was given an extension of six months, by the Government. In the wake of the extension to the commission headed Justice L. Narasimha Reddy, former Chief Justice of Patna High Court, veterans Maj Gen Satbir Singh, Chairman of the Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement, Hon Lt K Pande Member and Wing Commander CK Sharma, met Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister, to urge him to ensure that the 'four deviations in the implementation order' on OROP are addressed. Mr Parrikar, according to media reports, assured the veteran delegation that their concerns will be addressed; and that the recommendations of seventh pay commission would be applicable to all ex-servicemen <ref name="Judicial commission on OROP gets 6-month extension">{{cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinaker|title=Judicial commission on OROP gets 6-month extension|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/judicial-commission-on-orop-gets-6month-extension/article8742328.ece|access-date=17 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=18 June 2016|location=New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>

'''3 August 2016'''

Maj. Gen. Satbir Singh (retd), Chairman of the Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement wrote to Mr. Parrikar and Justice L. Narasimha Reddy, former Chief Justice of the Patna High Court, and head of the one-man judicial commission of constituted in December last year, conveying the "anguish and concern" of ex-servicemen on the "neglect of defence personnel" and "betrayal" by the government. He told the Hindu newspaper that the Defence Ministry did not forward representation by exservicemen to the one-man Committee despite "assurances given by Mr. Parrikar on March 14, 2016 during a meeting of representatives of ex-servicemen". Maj. Gen. Satbir Singh in the letter to the Defence Minister noted that "The mandate given to One-Man Committee is to consider those questions/issues which have been referred to it by the Defence Ministry. This is a serious breach of trust reposed in the system".<ref name="Veterans allege Betrayal on one rank, one pension">{{cite news|title=Veterans allege Betrayal on one rank, one pension|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/veterans-allege-betrayal-on-one-rank-one-pension/article8988968.ece|access-date=16 August 2016|publisher=Hindu|date=14 August 2016|location=New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>

'''12 August 2016'''

A committee of Jammu and Kashmir Ex Services League (JKESL) presided over by Maj Gen Goverdhan Singh Jamwal, ex-MLC, decided, in Jammu, on submitting a memorandum to Justice Reddy Commission on 19 Aug 2016 stating that OROP should be implemented without dilution, i.e., "All retirees in the same rank and with same length of service should get the same pension irrespective of the date of retirement; and the benefits of future increases should automatically pass on to all such retirees". Other who participated in the committee's deliberations were: Brig Harcharan Singh, Director Rajya Sainik Board ; Brig RL Sharma former Station Commander Jammu; Brig Anil Gupta Former Director J&K NCC; Col K S Jamwal, Jt Chairman JKESL; Col Virendra K Sahi, VrC Director War Decorated India for J&K, Col Rajinder Singh, Gen Secy; Lt Col DS Salaria Treasurer JKESL, Lt Col KS Samyal OIC Pension Cell, Lt Col MS Jamwal and Maj JS Baloria Finance Secretary JKESL.<ref name="defence veterans demand undiluted-orop">{{cite news|title=Defence veterans demand undiluted orop|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/defence-veterans-demand-undiluted-orop/|access-date=15 August 2016|publisher=Excelsior | date=12 August 2016|location=Jammu|language=en}}</ref>

'''26 October 2016'''

Justice L. Narasimha Reddy, retired Chief Justice of Patna High Court, submits his report on the anomalies in the implementation of OROP to the MOD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/user/my-page/add-article/item-id/116112200727|title=Complaints over OROP|last=Business Standard|date=22 November 2016|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

'''11 November 2016'''

Subhash Bhamre, Minister of State for Defence, in a written reply to question by [[Alok Sanjar]] informed Lokha Sabha that Financial year 2016–17, a sum of Rs. 12456 crore has been provided for expected expenditure on account of One Rank One Pension (OROP)

and that out 20,63,529 pensioner beneficiaries, 1,27,561 Defence Pensioners/Family Pensioners are yet to get the benefits of OROP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33|title=One Rank One Pension|last=Government of India|first=PIb|date=18 November 2016|website=PIB|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

'''19 November 2016'''

Maj Gen (retd) Satbir Singh, while attending a workshop organised by the Uttarakhand Ex-Servicemen League in Dehradun said that the BJP Government had dishonored ex-servicemen by denying them OROP. He called the OROP implemented by the BJP Government "disabled OROP". Maj Gen Satbir called on ex-servicemen to participate in the elections in Uttarkhand and Punjab and " tilt the scale". Group Captain PK Gandhi (retd), another OROP leader, said "ex-servicemen were instrumental in the BJP coming to power at the Centre and they also have the power to dislodge it". Ex-servicemen rallies are planned in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to appeal to ex servicemen to "vote for candidates who work in their favour". The workshop was attended among others by Lt Gen GS Negi (retd) and Lt Col SC Sharma (retd).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/centre-s-orop-scheme-disabled--gen-satbir/325601.html|title=Centre's OROP scheme 'disabled'|last=Tribune News Service|date=20 November 2016|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

'''22 November 2016'''

Arjun Ram Meghwal, Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance, in written reply to a question in Rajya Sabha stated that Rs. 82,332.66 crore was provided in BE 2016-17 towards payment of Defence Pensions. This included an amount of Rs. 12,456 crore towards implementation of One Rank One Pension Scheme, which takes effect from 1 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/budget-provision-of-orop-116112201322_1.html|title=Budget provision of OROP|last=Business Standard|date=22 November 2016|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Subhash Bhamre]], Minister of State for Defence, in response to question by [[P. L. Punia|PL Punia]] and [[Pramod Tiwari]] informed the [[Rajya Sabha]] that Justice L. Narasimha Reddy, retired Chief Justice of Patna High Court, who was to look into anomalies in the implementation of OROP submitted his report on 26 October 2016. This report is under examination. There are 20,63,529 pensioner beneficiaries of OROP. 1429 Ex-Servicemen have submitted complaints with regard to OROP benefits.<ref name=":0" />

'''25 November 2016'''

[[Manohar Parrikar]], Defence Minister, to a question by [[Satyapal Singh Yadav|Dr. Satyapal Singh]], in a written reply informed the Lok Sabha that Ex-Servicemen are being paid enhanced pension after the implementation of One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme. Details of the allocation and utilization of funds under OROP are as under:
{| class="wikitable"
! Financial Year
! Allocation under OROP
! Utilization on account of arrears of OROP
|-
|2015-16
|No separate allocation made under OROP
|Rs.3000 crores (approx.)
|-
|2016-17
|Rs.12456 crores
|Rs.3020.97 crores (as on 12.11.2016)
|}
Referring to Subedar Ram Kishan Grewal, retired, who committed suicide at Delhi on 1 November 2016, over the delay in getting his pension dues, the minister informed that he was drawing pension of Rs.22,608 per month. He was however entitled to revised pension under OROP of Rs.25,634 per month. The arrears amounting to Rs.53,978, he confirmed, was credited to Bank Account- Subedar Ram Kishan Grewal on 8 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33|title=One Rank One Pension|last=Government of India|first=PIB|date=25 November 2016|website=PIB|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

'''29 November 2016'''

Subhash Bhamre, Minister of State for Defence, in a written reply to [[D. Raja|D Raja]] informed the [[Rajya Sabha]] that the "United Front Movement of Ex-Servicemen is continuing their 'protest action' since 14th June 2015 for their demands on OROP." The reply says that Government has accepted the demands of Ex-Servicemen associations to implement OROP, and pay arrears starting from 1 July 2014, and provide coverage to Premature Retirees (PMR) cases up to 7 November 2015. The reply acknowledges that "Some Ex-Servicemen Associations have been demanding changes in methodology for fixation of pension, periodicity of its revision, coverage of future PMR cases".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33|title=Protest by Ex-Servicemen Over OROP|last=Government of India|first=PIB|date=29 November 2016|website=PIB|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

Subhash Bhamre Minister of State for Defence, informed in the Rajya Sabha that the MOD will not alter the rank equivalence tabulations between armed forces officers and [[Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services|Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service (AFHQ CS)]] circulated by MOD on 18 October 2016. When asked in the Rajya sabha, whether the MOD was considering "correcting the discrepancies that have arisen as a result of this disturbance of rank equations", he replied the question "does not arise".<ref name="Pandit"/><ref name="Government of India"/><ref name=":52"/>

==See also==
* [[One Rank One Pension Scheme]]
* [[Rank Pay]]
* [[Sixth Central Pay Commission]]
* [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces]]
* [[Defence pensions, India]]
* [[Indian Ex Servicemen Movement]]
* [[Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Indian military scandals]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Military pay and benefits]]
[[Category:Pensions in India]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs in India]]

Thaandavam (soundtrack)

2026-01-16T14:31:07Z

LinnieHammonds: created data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Thaandavam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover = Thaandavam (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|08|15}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=29|s=30}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Junglee Music]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
'''''Thaandavam''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the 2012 Tamil-language film [[Thaandavam|of the same name]] directed by [[A. L. Vijay]], starring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]. The film's musical score is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] in his 25th film and the album consists of seven songs written by [[Na. Muthukumar]] and an instrumental track. The album was released at a launch event held in [[Chennai]] on 15 August 2012 coinciding [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and the soundtrack was marketed to digital platforms and CDs through [[Junglee Music]] label.

== Development ==
''Thaandavam'' is Prakash's fourth collaboration with Vijay after ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007), ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' (2010) and ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-25 |title=25th Composition of G.V Prakash for Thandavam |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/25th-composition-of-gv-prakash-for-thandavam--news-86465 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227071955/https://www.indiaglitz.com/25th-composition-of-gv-prakash-for-thandavam--news-86465 |archive-date=2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Like the previous films, Prakash said that there are five songs in the film which would be "melodious and romantic". He used the piano for the theme music and another bit song that would total up to eight in number. However, the film would also consist of "stylish action music".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2012-08-11 |title=25 at 25! |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/25-at-25/article3753922.ece |access-date=2023-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016115812/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/25-at-25/article3753922.ece |archive-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

When Vijay was scouting locations abroad, Prakash sent the tunes for the film via [[video conferencing]] through [[Skype]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-14 |title=GV Prakash on Thandavam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/gv-prakash-on-thandavam/articleshow/11884910.cms |access-date=2023-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227072030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/gv-prakash-on-thandavam/articleshow/11884910.cms |archive-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The song "Oru Paadhi Kadhavu" was initially written for ''Madrasapattinam'' that had not been used. During a flight trip to Kerala, Vijay and Prakash casually discussed about a romantic number, resulting the unused track came into the way for this film. Throughout the discussion, Prakash structured the entire song on the flight. The song marked the debut of playback singer [[Vandana Srinivasan]] who performed with the counterpart singer [[Haricharan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=New talent to be introduced in Vikram's Thandavam |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-12-01/vikram-thandavam-03-01-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108040351/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-12-01/vikram-thandavam-03-01-12.html |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

Three of the film's songs had been composed after the lyrics were written. Alyssa Mendonsa, the daughter of [[Loy Mendonsa]] from the [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] trio was introduced in the track "Will You Be There".<ref name=":0" /> [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Saindhavi]], Sathya Prakash, [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Chinnaponnu]], [[Velmurugan]] and [[Megha (singer)|Megha]] performed the tracks, with Prakash performing two of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2012-07-22 |title=Thaandavam's song list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thaandavams-song-list/articleshow/15091041.cms |access-date=2023-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227072224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thaandavams-song-list/articleshow/15091041.cms |archive-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
The music rights were secured by [[Junglee Music]]. On 22 July 2012, the track list was updated through social media consisting of eight tracks in total.<ref name=":1" /> The following day, [[G. Dhananjayan]], executive producer and head of distribution at [[UTV Motion Pictures]], confirmed that the film's music would be launched on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August 2012),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-23 |title=Thandavam Audio Release |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1160/thandavam-audio-release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725031730/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1160/thandavam-audio-release |archive-date=2012-07-25 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> and an online contest was held for fans to participate in the audio launch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Big audio launch for Thaandavam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/big-audio-launch-for-thaandavam/articleshow/15104602.cms |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The invitation was designed with the seven [[Tandava|tandavas]] of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] along with stills from the film.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vikram's Thaandavam And The Divine Thaandavam |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-02/vikram-thaandavam-14-08-12.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018071144/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-02/vikram-thaandavam-14-08-12.html |archive-date=2012-10-18 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The event was held at the [[Chennai Trade Centre]] in Nandambakkam, with the cast and crew (excluding Anushka and [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]) along with other prominent directors and actors in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music reigns at Thaandavam's audio launch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/aug/18/music-reigns-at-thaandavams-audio-launch-398177.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227072404/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/aug/18/music-reigns-at-thaandavams-audio-launch-398177.html |archive-date=2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The organisers also arranged for action games like rope climbing and shooting as an innovative approach.<ref name=":2" />

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title8 = A Poem for You
| length8 = 01:19
| extra8 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| title7 = Adhigaalai Pookkal
| length7 = 01:05
| extra7 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| title6 = Anicham Poovazhagi
| length6 = 04:57
| extra6 = G. V. Prakash Kumar, [[Chinnaponnu]], [[Velmurugan]]
| title5 = Oru Paadhi Kadhavu
| length5 = 05:38
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| title4 = Shiva Thaandavam
| length4 = 02:15
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title3 = Uyirin Uyire
| length3 = 05:45
| extra3 = [[Saindhavi]], Sathya Prakash, [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| title2 = Will You Be There
| length2 = 04:02
| extra2 = Alyssa, Marie
| title1 = Yaaradi Mohini
| length1 = 04:29
| extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| total_length = 29:30
}}

== Reception ==
''Behindwoods'' rated two-and-a-half stars out of five, saying "Though definitely a good job, it doesn't match up to some of the young composer’s previous works like ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]'' and ''[[Aadukalam]]''."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaandavam Music Review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/aug-12-03/thaandavam-music-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908034452/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/aug-12-03/thaandavam-music-review.html |archive-date=2012-09-08 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' gave 6.5/10 to the album, saying "The songs may not get you on a repeat mode right away. But, the songs are expected to get better with director Vijay and Nirav Shah's skillful picturization on terrific Chiyaan, pretty Amy and demure Anushka set in beautiful locales."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram and GV Prakash's Thaandavam Music Review |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1252/vikram-and-gv-prakashs-thaandavam-music-review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821233813/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1252/vikram-and-gv-prakashs-thaandavam-music-review |archive-date=2012-08-21 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> Critic based at ''[[News18]]'' called it as "a fairly good compilation of songs [...] But, the kind of intensity we saw from GV in Aadukalam and Mayakkam Enna are missing. It won't be a surprise if any of these numbers don't become cult classics. However, the progress this man has shown over 25 movies is remarkable and deserves applause."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Music Review: 'Thandavam' songs deserve applause |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/music-review-thandavam-songs-deserve-applause-500102.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227073317/https://www.news18.com/news/india/music-review-thandavam-songs-deserve-applause-500102.html |archive-date=2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' wrote "High on melody, Thaandavam is a poised effort from GVP!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |title=Thaandavam (Music review), Tamil – G V Prakash Kumar |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/08/16/thaandavam-music-review-tamil-gv-prakash-kumar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517194202/https://milliblog.com/2012/08/16/thaandavam-music-review-tamil-gv-prakash-kumar/ |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Milliblog |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South|20 July 2013]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref name=":4">{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-awards-2013-south-complete-list-of-nominees-487119 | title=Filmfare Awards 2013 (South): Complete List of Nominees | work=International Business Times | date=6 July 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093038/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-awards-2013-south-complete-list-of-nominees-487119 | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html | title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations | work=[[Filmfare]] | date=4 July 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093043/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html | title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) | work=Filmfare | date=21 July 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093046/http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| rowspan="5" |26 August 2013
| Album of the Year
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/index.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Introduction | publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094729/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/index.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Nominations | publisher=Radio Mirchi | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094922/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/winners.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Winners | publisher=Radio Mirchi | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094940/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/winners.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Male Vocalist of the Year
| [[Haricharan]] for "Oru Paadhi Kadhavu"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Music Composer of the Year
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] for "Oru Paadhi Kadhavu"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Lyricist of the Year
| [[Na. Muthukumar]] for "Oru Paadhi Kadhavu"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year
| [[Vandana Srinivasan]] for "Oru Paadhi Kadhavu"
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|12{{ndash}}13 September 2013]]
| Best Lyricist – Tamil
| [[Na. Muthukumar]] for "Oru Paadhi Kadhavu"
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html | title=Winners List – 2013 | publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101950/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2013-winners-list-dhanush-pawan-kalyan-mohanlal-shivarajkumar-bag-awards-506092 | title=SIIMA 2013 Winners List: Dhanush, Pawan Kalyan, Mohanlal, Shivarajkumar Bag Awards | work=International Business Times | first=Sangeetha | last=Seshagiri | date=15 September 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705102502/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2013-winners-list-dhanush-pawan-kalyan-mohanlal-shivarajkumar-bag-awards-506092 | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil
| [[Saindhavi]] for "Uyirin Uyire"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[7th Vijay Awards|11 May 2013]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Na. Muthukumar]] for "Oru Paadhi Kadhavu"
| {{nom}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2013 |title=Stars, big and small |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307073045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{G. V. Prakash Kumar}}{{authority control}}
[[Category:2012 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:G. V. Prakash Kumar soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Dharam Yudh Morcha

2026-01-12T13:05:01Z

LinnieHammonds: made a details added tags

{{short description|Sikh regionalist protest movement in Punjab, India}}
{{About|the political movement|the film|Dharam Yudh Morcha (film)}}
{{excessive quotation|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Dharam Yudh Morcha
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1982|8|4}}<ref name=eos>{{cite book | last = Siṅgh | first = Major Gurmukh (retd.) | editor1-last = Siṅgh | editor1-first = Harbans | title = Jarnail Siṅgh Bhiṇḍrāṅwāle | date = 1997 | publisher = Punjab University, Patiala, 2011 | location = Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=978-8173805301 | pages = 352–354 | edition = 3rd | url = https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n365/mode/2up | language = en | access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> - {{end date|df=yes|1984|6|10}}<ref name="badal">{{cite web |title=Radicals remind Badal of his role in 'Dharam Yudh Morcha' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/radicals-remind-badal-of-his-role-in-dharam-yudh-morcha/story-GrlM4ISWtZ6T1gCPP47RvL.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2017 |publisher=Hindustan Media Ventures Limited |accessdate=25 October 2020}}</ref>
| causes = Increased federal centralization during the 1970s, Akali Dal reconnecting to its rural Sikh base, economic concerns
| goals = Implementation of the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]]: [[decentralization]] and increased Punjabi state autonomy, riparian rights, prevention of the [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal|SYL Canal]], retention of greater share of river waters, recognition of distinct Sikh legal identity, economic development
| methods = Peaceful protests, [[political demonstration]]s, sit-ins, work strike
| status =
| result = Failure of objectives<ref name="badal"/> leading to [[Insurgency in Punjab]]
| side1 = [[File:SAD flag.svg|20px]] [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] [[Damdami Taksal]] [[AISSF]]
| side2 = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]] [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] [[File:ADGPI Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Indian Army]]
| side3 =
| side4 =
| leadfigures1 = [[File:SAD flag.svg|20px]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]{{KIA}} [[File:SAD flag.svg|20px]] [[Harchand Singh Longowal]] [[File:SAD flag.svg|20px]] [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]] [[File:SAD flag.svg|20px]] [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]]
| leadfigures2 = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indira Gandhi]] [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Zail Singh]] [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Darbara Singh]]
| fatalities = 220, including 190 Sikh protesters{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=198}}
| injuries =
| arrests = Over 200,000 Sikhs{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=104}}
| detentions =
| effect =
| effect_label =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
|place={{unbulleted list|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]|[[Delhi]]}}}}

The '''Dharam Yuddh Morcha''' ({{IPA|pa|t̪ə̀ɾᵊmə̆ jʊ́d̪ːə̆ moːɾᵊt͡ʃaː}}) ("righteous campaign"){{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} was a political movement launched on 4 August 1982,<ref name=eos/> by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in partnership with [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], with its stated aim being the fulfillment of a set of [[Devolution|devolutionary]] objectives based on the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]].{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}}

==Background==
===After the Punjabi Suba===
The Akali Dal had opposed several effects of the Punjab Reorganisation Act on 1 November 1966, with Akali leaders protesting against it.<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate">{{cite news |last1=Dhaliwal |first1=Sarbjit |title=Punjabi Suba: What's there to celebrate? |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjabi-suba-what-s-there-to-celebrate/292265.html |accessdate=10 October 2020 |work=The Tribune |date=9 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231111518/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjabi-suba-what-s-there-to-celebrate/292265.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Several months before its inauguration, movement leader Fateh Singh had expressed his dissatisfaction over several issues of contention. These included genuinely Punjabi-speaking areas being left out of the new state and given to Haryana and Himachal Pradesh{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} which stemmed from the usage of falsified returns by the [[Arya Samaj]] in the 1961 census,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=204}} and resulted in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] consisting of far less of the over 35,000 square miles of the Punjabi-speaking state proposed by the Akalis, who had carefully drafted the demand strictly on the basis of language and using pre-1947 census figures.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=188}} Other concerns included [[Chandigarh]] being turned into a [[Union Territory]] instead of becoming the capital solely of Punjab as promised,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} the level of autonomy of all of the states in the country,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=207}} riparian concerns,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=215}} agrarian reforms,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=215}} and power and irrigation projects being taken over by the central government, instead of the state retaining control of them.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|pp=205, 207}}

===Emergency and the ''Save Democracy Morcha''===

{{Main|The Emergency (India)}}

In 1975, [[Indira Gandhi]] imposed Emergency rule. The Akali Dal, which took part in [[Raj Narain]]'s Delhi protest, resolved in a meeting on 30 June to oppose "the fascist tendency of the Congress," also expressing discontent with the construction delay of the [[Ranjit Sagar Dam|Thein Dam]], discrimination in heavy industrial development, and unprofitable farm produce prices.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=213}} Akali leader Harcharan Singh Longowal would state,

{{blockquote|The question before us is not whether Indira Gandhi should continue to be prime minister or not. The point is whether democracy in this country is to survive or not. The democratic structure stands on three pillars, namely a strong opposition, independent judiciary, and a free press. The Emergency has destroyed all these essentials.<ref name="harj">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harjinder |title=Reflections on 1984 |date=2014 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |isbn=9780955458736 |pages=27–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref><ref name="bose">{{cite book|author=Sumantra Bose|title=Transforming India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674728196|page=28}}</ref>}}

Punjab was at the center of anti-Emergency activism, with the Akalis launching the ''Save Democracy morcha'' on 7 July, with marches commencing on July 9 from the Darbar Sahib, which served as well-accepted hub of national dissent and protest organization.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=210}} Punjab served as a haven for anti-Emergency protesters, with dissidents and political opponents from all over India taking refuge in the Darbar Sahib complex. Upon elections being called by her in January 1977 following negative world press, renewed hardline support, and the overturned conviction, Congress was defeated by an opposition alliance, and the Emergency was officially ended on March 23, 1977, with the Akali coalition assuming power in Punjab.

In the 21 months of the Emergency, over 140,000 people were detained, including journalists, scholars, activists, and opposition political party members, using laws like [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA]] and [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|AFSPA]]. Seizure of private property, illegal home searches, mass sterilizations, and extrajudicial killings took place among targeted individuals, community leaders, and parties.

Of the arrests during the Emergency, approximately 40,000,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=210}}{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=973}} or 30%,<ref name="harj"/> were of Sikh protesters, and the Sikh would earn Gandhi's ill-favor; many considered her resentment over the Emergency activism to be the root of the strife of the 1980s.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=210}}According to policy analyst Tridivesh Singh Maini, "It has been argued that Mrs. Gandhi never forgave the Akalis for their opposition to the Emergency;"<ref name="harj"/> according to [[Puran Chand Joshi]], "Indira got into her head that it [was] only the Sikhs who constituted a threat to her imperious and dynastic rule, and decided to inflict blows from which they would take long, if ever, to recover."{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=210}}

===Centralization===
The years following the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] were characterized by a centralizing tendency in the country. In 1978, several new policy areas were moved from the State List to the [[Concurrent List]], including education, giving the center the power to set guidelines and make decisions regarding textbooks and curricula. The Akalis saw this move as yet another strategy of the central government to intrude on the Sikhs' hard-won autonomy and limit the expression of Sikh culture, history, and religion.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=142}}

The struggle that emerged in the 1970s was primarily justified on economic reasons, some of which were a consequence of the 1966 reorganization.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=142}} The Anandpur Sahib resolution, issued by the Akali Dal's working committee in 1973, called for the Indian constitution to be "recast on real federal principles, with equal representation at the center for all States," and a "congenial environment and political set-up" for the Sikhs.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=142}} The resolution was not secessionist in nature{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=64}} but called for greater autonomy for Punjab, and protection of the Sikhs' cultural and religious rights, along with addressing economic concerns of the Punjab.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=64}}

The Anandpur Sahib Resolution had been a comprehensive party program, not used in its full format in talks with the central government; the policy proposals developed a few years later based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution was the 1978 Ludhiana Resolution, which put socio-economic concerns at the core.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=142}} The Ludhiana Resolution called for an end to the center's control of Punjab's river waters and the just distribution of it, state control of the headworks, and better procurement prices and subsidies for the state's farmers.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=215}} These issues were of particular concern to the state's rural Sikh population, as the Sikhs dominated the agricultural sector.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} Other demands included the maintenance of the ratio of Sikhs in the army, protections of Sikhs outside Punjab, Punjabi as a second language for states with significant Punjabi-speaking populations, amendments to tax and property policies for rural populations, a broadcasting station and a dry port at Amritsar, and a stock exchange at Ludhiana.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=215}}

In September 1981, the Akalis formulated a list of 45 policies, 21 of which were economic in nature and concerned the state's entire population, eight were political in nature and concerned autonomy restrictions and ethnic concerns like Punjabi-speaking areas left out of the state, 14 were religious in nature, including calls for proper representation for Sikh minorities in other states and permission to install a broadcasting station at the Golden Temple, and two were social, concerning Sikhs specifically. The list would be trimmed down to 15 demands in October 1981,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=220}} of which five were economic.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} The Dharam Yudh Morcha would champion these preliminary demands. The inclusion of religious demands were a result of polarization of Akali goals following failed negotiations in November{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=220}} with the Congress government, which would raise the specter of separatism to exploit the fears of Hindu voters and push the Akalis into a corner,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=64}} as well as attempts to ally with, or outbid, more militant Sikh factions, which gained traction following the lack of progress and the growing religious revivalism that both the Akalis and Congress<ref name=mitra>{{cite news |title=Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india-today-35th-anniversary/story/20111226-india-today-newsmake-of-1980s-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-750018-2011-12-15 |accessdate=10 July 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=15 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104014724/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india-today-35th-anniversary/story/20111226-india-today-newsmake-of-1980s-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-750018-2011-12-15 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> would attempt to play to gain influence.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} According to [[Atul Kohli]],

{{blockquote|The repeated failure of the Akalis to wrest power from Congress had left open a political space for those who argued that increased militancy was the only means for protecting Sikh interests. Bhindranwale stepped into that space.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=64}}}}

==Partnership==
The decision to launch the movement was taken at a World Sikh Conference in Amritsar on 15 July 1981, attended by more than 100,000 Sikhs.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=97, 104}}

As a result of his rising popularity, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale faced opposition from all sides, including the government and rival Sikh factions, both political and militant. One of Bhindranwale's main concerns in his speeches was condemning factionalism and internal disunity among the Sikhs.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=171}} This is reflected in one of his speeches,

{{blockquote|Our misfortune is disunity.... We try to throw mud at each other. Why don't we give up thinking of mud and in close embrace with each other work with determination to attain our goals?{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=171}}}}

The Akali Dal leadership had initially opposed Bhindranwale.<ref name="Akshay1991">{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles | date=1991|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-529-2|pages=64–66 }}</ref> While Bhindranwale ceded leadership to the Akali Dal and disavowed political ambition,{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=17}} in 1980 the Akali Dal faced a serious challenge from Bhindranwale and his mass support from the [[AISSF]], the Akali youth wing.{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=984}} Bhindranwale and the AISSF in turn derived most of their support from poor and middle-class rural Sikhs; unlike 1920,{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=970}} when the Akali party was founded to give voice to Sikh issues, and 1962,{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=970}} when [[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)|Fateh Singh]] would assume leadership of the Akali Dal and shift its support base to rural Sikhs{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=986}} of Punjab's Malwa region{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=982}} during the [[Punjabi Suba movement]], the leadership of the Sikh movement did not switch strata quickly and decisively, and the dichotomy between Bhindranwale/AISSF and the Akali Dal reflected different economic classes of agricultural Sikhs;{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=970}} they struggled for leadership of the community while simultaneously engaged in protest agitations against the central government.{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=970}} The economic and political crisis began to take religious overtones as the Akali Dal couched its economic and social demands in religious terms, and as negotiations with the central government on issues like Chandigarh and water rights continued to fail, Bhindranwale's position was strengthened.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=66-67}} As described by Joyce Pettigrew, "it was not difficult for a people who defined themselves by reference to religious and historical tradition to identify themselves with Bhindranwale's message on questions relating to civil rights and the economic grievance of farmers, and for their subsequent action to be encapsulated within that religious tradition."{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=16-17}}

As Bhindranwale became increasingly influential, the party decided to join forces with him. In August 1982, under the leadership of [[Harcharan Singh Longowal]], the Akali Dal launched the ''Dharam Yudh Morcha'', or "righteous campaign",{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} in collaboration with Bhindranwale to win more autonomy for Punjab. At the start of the protest movement, against long-standing wrongs not addressed by the state's economic and political process,{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=14}} the Akali leaders had, in their [[Ardas]], or prayer, at the [[Akal Takht]], resolved that they would continue the struggle until the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] was accepted and implemented by the Government.

The Anandpur Sahib Resolution itself had been written during the concerted effort of the Akali Dal to reingratiate itself with the Sikh electorate{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=971}} following electoral losses in previous years and alienated Akalis who advocated for a return to a more Sikh orientation,{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=971}} and called for a devolution of power,{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=972}} which had remained greatly centralized following the Emergency. It outlined a more autonomous Punjab and Sikh community, with the most important points being less interference from the central government in areas which other states enjoyed independence, like the economy, and fair consideration of Sikhs in civil service, as Sikhs from Partition to the Reorganization in 1966 claimed to have been run out of the job market if they kept a visible Sikh appearance, including the turban and beard. During this period the Akali Dal had become part of the anti-Congress national mainstream against the Emergency, and the secularization of Akali priorities increased as Akalis interacted with other jailed political leaders.{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=972}}

The following 1977 elections were thus primarily focused on the Emergency and the restoration of democratic process, during which the Akalis would defeat the Congress, and again in 1979 with the Akalis winning 95% of contested seats.{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=974}} The elections were contested on a secular platform of constitutional devolution{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=974}} to reverse the effects of Gandhi's Emergency rule, failing to focus on the work that the SGPC was entrusted with, and depriving religious issues of a platform,{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=974}} leaving the party vulnerable on its "Sikh flank."{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=974}} The religious foundations of the Akali Dal were also played down during this period due to the party's need for coalition partners, as Congress drew enough Sikh votes to deny a majority.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}}{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=63}} The Anandpur Sahib Resolution, which had been drafted to win back the declining support of the Sikh constituency,{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=987}} had fallen by the wayside.{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=970}} The Akalis, in their subsequent electoral defeat in 1980, would be forced by the presence of Bhindranwale and his huge base of support in the [[AISSF]] to return to its Sikh base.{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=987}} Another point of contention was Article 25, which fueled Sikh concerns over identity preservation,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=72}} as they were not recognized as a separate community. This, along with economic factors and concerns over state resources, added to deepening alienation and kept the desire for a separate state alive among the community.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=65}}

Later, noting [[Indira Gandhi]]'s intransigence, it appeared that the Akali leaders were willing to water down their demands. Bhindranwale reminded his audiences that it had been [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]], [[Surjit Singh Barnala]], Balwant Singh and other leaders who were signatories to the Anandpur Sahib Resolution and that he was not present when the Resolution was adopted. He insisted, however, that having said the [[Ardas]] at the Akal Takht, no Sikh could go back on his solemn word. Longowal's core political base began to wither; about a third of his SGPC members and district Akali presidents reportedly defected to Bhindranwale.<ref name="CrenshawM381">{{cite book |last1=Crenshaw |first1=Martha |title=Terrorism in Context |date= 2010 |publisher=Penn State Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC |pages=381–382 |isbn=9780271044422 |accessdate=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708162242/https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Bhindranwale promised the Sikh masses that he would not allow the chief Akali leadership to fail them as before:{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=12}}

{{blockquote|You people come and offer me money, love, and support. And if the Akali Dal try to compromise on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution I am not going to forgive them. I will be your watchdog but I tell you as watchdog that you will have to force the Akalis.... But do not think that as in the past, leaders can settle everything in Delhi or by taking a glass of juice on their own. [reference to Tara Singh abandoning his fast unto death in 1961 during the [[Punjabi Suba movement#Ascendance of Fateh Singh|Punjabi Suba movement]]] This time they cannot give up by taking a glass of juice. Either the full implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution or their heads.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=12}}}}

Invoking the [[Miri piri|link between spiritual and political matters]] in Sikhism, in July 1983 he stated,

{{blockquote|Whatever is written in the Anandpur Sahib Resolution...we shall definitely get that accepted [by the government]. If any of us becomes soft on this, I shall not spare him nor do I ask any leader to spare me [if I should retract]....Telling you is my duty, but getting [the government] to accept it will be yours. If I fail to tell you, do not forgive me and if you do not protect your rights, Guru will not forgive you.{{sfn|Sandhu|1999|p=46}}}}

==Purposes==
Despite the Resolution's endorsement of "the principle of State autonomy in keeping with the concept of Federalism," Indira Gandhi and the central government took a hard line, emphasizing the Sikh demands and treating them as tantamount to secession, thus putting moderate Sikhs at a competitive disadvantage in an increasingly militant political arena.<ref name="CrenshawM381"/> She would be later characterized by prime minister Charan Singh as following "a megalomaniacal policy based on elitist philosophies",<ref name="CrenshawM381"/> and her successor [[Rajiv Gandhi]] would later describe the Resolution as "not secessionist but negotiable",<ref name="CrenshawM381"/> recognizing the failures of her autocratic style of governance.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=67}} Thousands of people joined the movement as they felt that it represented a real solution to their demands, such as a larger share of water for irrigation, and return of Chandigarh to Punjab.<ref name="Akshay1991"/> By early October, more than 25,000 Akali workers courted arrest in Punjab in support of the agitation.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=72}} In February 1983, Bhindranwale gave a speech openly calling Sikhs in Punjab "slaves", outlining the unfair judicial system, Gandhi's denial of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution's demands, and economic measures taken by the government to suppress Punjabi prosperity, as well as past struggles in post-Independence India by Sikhs to ensure the most basic rights, including the protests against political and economic suppression since the 1960s:

{{blockquote|How shall we get rid of this curse of slavery? If you wish to speak Punjabi, if you want a [[Punjabi Suba movement|Punjabi-speaking state]] demarcated, if you wish a train named after Harmandir Sahib, if you want to get this city given the status of a holy city, not eighty but eighty-five thousand to eighty-six thousand of you go to jail, over one hundred and thirteen shed your blood and achieved martyrdom and still there is no announcement from Indira.{{sfn|Sandhu|1999|p=46}}}}

===Riparian===
The basic issues of the Dharam Yudh Morcha were related to the prevention of the digging of the [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal|SYL Canal]], deemed unconstitutional, the redrawing of Punjab's boundaries following the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] to include left-out Punjabi-speaking areas, the restoration of Chandigarh to Punjab, the redefining of relations between the central government and the state, and greater autonomy for the state as envisioned in the Anandpur Sahib Resolution; the Akali Dal had demanded what was constitutionally due to Punjab.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=5}} The main thrust of the Morcha was against the economic erosion of the state of Punjab, with the most important demand was the restoration of the state's river waters as per constitutional, national and international norms based on riparian principles; more than 75% of the state's river water were being drained from the state,{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=5}} to Rajasthan and Haryana, which were non-[[riparian]] states,{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=207}} and its accompanying hydropower potential, powered by Punjab's only natural wealth.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=207}}

After the establishment of the [[Punjabi Suba]] in 1966, the Punjab Reorganization Act was amended to further drain the state of its waters. While according to the hastily estimated needs of each state in the 1955 Indus Water Treaty, 7.2 million [[acre-feet]] was allotted to Punjab, 8 m.a.f. to [[Rajasthan]], and .65 m.a.f. to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act]] of 1966 stipulated that Punjab's rivers would be split between Punjab and Haryana, but not the [[Yamuna]] running through Haryana from which Punjab also drew water, on a mutual agreement; following the failure to reach one, the central government would be the arbiter. Indira Gandhi decided in 1976 during the Emergency that .2 of the 7.2 m.a.f. would go to [[Delhi]], and the remaining 7 m.a.f. to be split evenly. The Chief Minister of Punjab [[Giani Zail Singh]] did not appreciate this injustice, though did not resign after being given a choice to.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=221}} Upon returning to power, the Akalis approached [[Morarji Desai]] regarding the issue; he agreed on the non-riparian nature of [[Rajasthan]] in relation to Punjab's waters, but did not offer to revise the treaty without the condition that his verdict would be final. Indira Gandhi also declined to revisit her decision in talks with the Akalis on 26 November 1981.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=221}} She also disagreed on Rajasthan, and split the remaining 1.32 of the 17.17 m.a.f. between Punjab and Rajasthan, while postponing other actions except for the completion of the SYL Canal within two years, in time for Haryana elections.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=221}}

After the 1966 reorganization, the committee in charge of the formation of the states decided that both irrigation and power from the rivers [[Sutlej]], [[Beas]], and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] should be controlled by a board of representatives from each of the affected states, under central supervision. Because water, including water supplies, irrigation, canals, drainage, embankments, water storage, and water power, which greatly affected the state's agriculture and industry, were under the jurisdiction of states governments under Article 17 of the State List of the nation's constitution, the center's continued control over Punjab's river waters and power system was seen as a violation of the new state's constitutional rights.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=153}} According to one Akali politician in 1982, the sharing of river water meant that Punjab's wealth was "gifted away to other states at the cost of [the people's] economy," a sentiment which resonated with the population, as according to surveys in the late 1980s, water deprivation for canal irrigation was among the top concerns for the state's population, and created a sense of injustice among them as the center increased its control with each new agreement.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=153}} The situation was aggravated by the prospect of Gandhi losing support among the broader Hindu electorate across the north of the country if any attempt at resolution risked causing discontent in Haryana, making the sacrifice of the interests of Punjabi farmers less politically damaging in comparison.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=210}}

====''Nehr Roko Morcha''====
Bhindranwale's focus was the unfulfilled promises and the unconstitutional and unaccountable drain of Punjab's resources, especially water resources, by the central government. Awareness of the water issue created by the Congress leadership spread among the people of rural Punjab, and they looked to Bhindranwale to protect their socio-economic and religious aspirations; Bhindranwale assured them that he would not allow vested interests to betray the cause of Punjab, especially in the socio-economic field.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=197-198}} Following failed talks, the ''Nehr Roko Morcha'', or "struggle to stop the canal",{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} was launched on April 24, 1982 by the Akali Dal at the village of Kapuri, Punjab to prevent the initial digging of the SYL Canal{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=221}}<ref name=eos>{{cite book | last = Siṅgh | first = Major Gurmukh (retd.) | editor1-last = Siṅgh | editor1-first = Harbans | title = Jarnail Siṅgh Bhiṇḍrāṅwāle | date = 1997 | publisher = Punjab University, Patiala, 2011 | location = Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=978-8173805301 | pages = 352–354 | edition = 3rd | url = https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n365/mode/2up | language = en | access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> which would have diverted most of the state's water to Haryana,{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} resulting in volunteer arrests.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=221}} The Dharam Yudh Morcha was launched later that year on 4 August, following an Akali Dal meeting in July at Amritsar; Bhindranwale and [[Jathedar]] [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]] were persuaded to lead it under the Akali Dal banner and Longowal's leadership,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=222}}{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=188-189}} and began with Akalis courting arrest with a large number of volunteers.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=222}} Bhindranwale, leaving his base in Chowk Mehta for the Golden Temple, joined his movement to have Amrik Singh and two other followers released after his arrest on 19 July to the larger Akali movement for their political, economic, cultural, and religious demands; Amrik Singh had offended the appointed Punjab Governor [[Marri Chenna Reddy]] by protesting the mass arrest of the Akali volunteers and pleading their case.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=222}}

===Agrarian===
The centralization of such powers, which India has been described as having "made too much use of",{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=18}} also included the central government using Punjabi money to finance other regions of India by channelling a high proportion of agrarian and commercial savings deposits to the banks of other states.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=18}} with only about 35%{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=18}} of money invested within Punjab's banks remaining within Punjab.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=18}} The government also did not provide the state with any industrial outlets for its sugar and cotton surpluses, and did not increase the river-water allocation required by new wheat strains and farming practices,{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=19}} which affected soil and water systems and created ecological vulnerability.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=66}}

The Green Revolution had caused a sudden spike in prosperity, development, and agricultural production in the state in the first five years following its [[Punjabi Suba movement|formation in 1966]], in spite of political instability. While poor landowners (57% of cultivators, defined as owning less than 5 acres) owned a disproportionally small fraction of the land (15%) compared to rich landowners (owners of more than ten acres, 23% of landowners owning 65% of available farmland), all farmers were increasingly concerned over crop prices and input costs. The Akalis made attempts to ameliorate these concerns by catering mostly to its rural constituency by easing land taxes on the poor and procuring loans for inputs in the early 70s;{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=209}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=211}} conflicting attitudes to farming prices and costs highlighted tensions between the central and state governments, to which Akalis attributed their electoral loss in 1972, and which contributed to the drafting of the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]].{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=212}}

Farming had been becoming unprofitable as crop prices fell, and farm infrastructure and supply costs increased{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=19}} by 20-30%. Power and water shortages, and increases in power and fuel costs, as well as fertilizer and pesticides,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=66}} also progressively made irrigation and transport prohibitively expensive for both rich landlords and farmers with small holdings, who were the worst hit,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=66}} and who would often mortgage their land to purchase farming equipment.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=19}}
The central government also controlled agricultural prices,{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=151}} set price ceilings on crops, limiting farmer profits, and small farmers also suffered from the lack of fair-pricing policies for wheat and paddy.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=19}} During her second term, Gandhi's interests remained as opposed to Punjab's as in her first, and the top end of price ceilings she instituted had increased at less than half the rate (5-10%) of input costs, with Punjabi farmers taking the brunt of the losses. Additionally, in 1980, hailstorms across Punjab resulted in a poor wheat harvest; Gandhi, in addition to refusing to raise the price the government would pay for wheat, limited the sale of the wheat to restricted "food zones" that prohibited wheat sales even to other districts within Punjab, and prohibited wheat dealers to hold substantial amount of wheat in storage. During the Emergency, Punjab was allotted only 23%{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=65}} of its own waters, and upon reelection, Gandhi raised the allotment only 1%,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=65}} solely to silence her opposition on the technicality that she had legally raised it, while allotting neighboring Haryana state 10% more water than it ever needed, another blow to the farmers of Punjab. The allocation of waters to other states limited canal irrigation and forced farmers to use more expensive, complicated, and environmentally unsound tube-wells.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=153}} While this was happening, the lowering of the land ceiling from 30 to 17.5 acres, in line with the socialistic policies of the Congress at the time, also antagonized larger landowners, and [[Zail Singh]] was credited by admirers with "humbling the Jat leaders." This was seen by the Akalis as a political stunt.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=213}}

During the implementation of all these restrictions, the Akali Dal had accomplished little in response, and in addition, the possibility of forging an Akali-Congress partnership in Punjab was being discreetly explored. This caused the decline of support for the Akalis and the concurrent increase of support for Bhindranwale's message among both educated orthodox Sikhs and the rural population, along with what was increasingly seen as the ineffectual Akali approach of protests and inter-party collaboration in producing results for Punjab, leaving open a political space for those who argued that increased militancy was the only means for protecting Sikh interests.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=64}}

The process of mechanization of agriculture was also releasing more labor onto the market, mostly college-educated youth.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=19}} In addition, industrial development was hindered by restrictive licensing policy, and from 1974, Punjab's quota of armed forces recruitment was decreased, planned to be decreased from 20% to 2%,<ref name=joshi69/> a concern voiced by Bhindranwale,{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=15}} resulting in further joblessness among the population.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=19}} Other government centralizations and deprivations included to the nationalization of the [[Punjab & Sind Bank]], the granting of minimal central aid to Punjab in relation to its tax contribution, and the failure to establish a dry port at Amritsar, among other industrial developments.<ref name=joshi69>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Chand |title=Bhindranwale, Myth and Reality |date=1984 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780706926941 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NEtAAAAMAAJ&q=1}}</ref>

Another factor had been the backlash against campaigns of mass sterilization in earlier decades, under Western influence, which affected working-class and low-caste citizens particularly, in attempted population control. Of all states affected by sterilization, Punjab had had the highest rate of citizens sterilized, with 60,000 by 1965. This had, according to Punjab officials, put the state "on a war footing". [[Compulsory sterilization#India|Compulsory sterilization]] was brought back in 1976 during the Emergency under [[Sanjay Gandhi]].

===Industrial===
Adding to center-state tensions was an increasing perception among Akali ministers of the early '70s that the Punjab was getting a much smaller share of developmental funds from the Centre than its due.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=212}} After the [[Punjabi Suba]] division in 1966, the industrial development was confined to Haryana and mineral and forest resources went to Himachal Pradesh, with Punjab's own industrial sector kept undeveloped on the pretext of Punjab being a "sensitive border state" susceptible to easy invasion in wartime,{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=980}} and Punjabi industrial growth was kept weak by promoting it in other states, using raw commodities extracted from Punjab. The growth of industrial employment was negligible during the 1970s,{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=980}} and the lack of central investments in industries precipitated the Akalis' demands that Punjab was not receiving its fair share of central revenues given its contribution.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=151}} Similar sentiments were echoed by Sikh farmers and peasants who felt that they were not getting their due and that much of the benefit of their efforts were flowing to other parts of the country.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=66}} The little industrial development that existed, concentrated in [[Amritsar]], [[Jalandhar]], and [[Ludhiana]], was limited to some small-scale industries like woollen textiles and garments, machine tools, and farming implements, financed largely by remittances from overseas Sikhs.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=66}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=210}} The continued widening of the gap between the agrarian economy and industrialization,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=210}} as well as the failure to develop other industries to absorb unemployed youth, exacerbated the situation;{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=66}} Large numbers of educated Punjabi youth were forced to go elsewhere to seek gainful employment,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=210}} in turn attracting semi-skilled and unskilled labor from other states, which led to growing discontent among many sections of society, fueling wide discontent among the masses as the benefits started to fade.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=66}}

These economic developments occurred during Congress rule between 1971 and 1977, and Punjab had lost economic and political rights as power was increasingly centralized; this had spurred the Akali Dal to give its formal support to the Anandpur Sahib Resolution in 1978, demanding financial autonomy and jurisdiction over its own administration and law,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=64}} and seeking the restriction of central powers to foreign affairs, defense, and communications,{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=19}}{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=64}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=212}} as the problems had occurred as a result of the control of irrigation, power, development, and control of riparian headworks and dam construction had remained with New Delhi over Punjab, exacerbating the state's water and power needs.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=20}} A Deputy Advocate General would attribute the growing separatist sentiments for Khalistan to this, saying, "Overcentralization will not keep India united."{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=20}}

===Devolutionary===
Leading the Congress party, Indira Gandhi adopted a highly autocratic,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=67}} authoritarian approach with an aggressive agenda of centralization, and in 1980 put nine states, including Punjab, whose governments were unfavorable to the central government, under [[President's Rule]], dismissing the Akali Dal joint government in Punjab.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=63}} This had been preceded by the Emergency, which had been protested by the Akalis amidst mass arrests of tens of thousands.

The Akalis had earlier pushed for more autonomy in decision-making over taxation and spending, with fewer strings attached to central transfers. In a speech at the party's 1978 Ludhiana conference, [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]] called for more taxation powers to the states, among other federalistic ideas in keeping with the promises of the national constitution,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|pp=214-215}} with the idea that if the state retained more taxation powers, it could better manage its own economy:{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=147-148}}
{{blockquote|Apart from statutory share in the Union Revenues, the State should have the exclusive power to levy, collect, and retain the taxes, duties within their own sphere. For the purpose of uniformity of taxation in the States, the Centre may issue guidelines from time to time. Income tax should be provincialized; though it may be levied by the Centre for the sake of uniformity, the collection should be by and through the State Agencies. As the income tax is divisible between the Union and the States, the States after collection should contribute to the central pool a fixed share out of the income tax revenue.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=148}}}}

Several other Indian states also argued that discretionary transfers contributed to increased centralization during the 1960s and 1970s.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=149}} According to an Akali politician interviewed in 1973, "What I stress is more economic and financial powers to the states. The justification of the demands is that the yoke of the center will go. States would work independently and they will not have to run to Delhi for each and every thing."{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=150}}

Even among some militants in the late 1980s after Bhindranwale's death, similar financial concerns were raised, with the leader of the [[Khalistan Commando Force]], Wassan Singh Zaffarwal, stating, "Our development policies also were controlled by the center. Even our local tax collection was transferred to the center. The state government was a state government only in name."{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=150}} In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a significant portion of central resources going to Punjab was discretionary grants and loans, the kind of transfers with the most conditions attached. Regional politicians in several other states had also reacted against such strings attached and several states also criticized central-state fiscal relations,{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=149}} but to the Akalis it seemed like the center was tightening its grip just when the Sikhs had won the struggle for a [[Punjabi Suba]].{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=150}}

The retention of the planned city of [[Chandigarh]] as a union territory serving as capital for both Punjab and Haryana,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=63}} which had been promised exclusively to Punjab as its state capital in 1970,<ref name=sura>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/in-1970-centre-decided-to-give-chandigarh-to-punjab/articleshow/70985871.cms|title=In 1970, the Centre decided to give Chandigarh to Punjab|last=Sura |first=Ajay|website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> also had long been a bone of contention between the federal government and the two states.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=64}} Not willing to forego the Hindu votes from Haryana, Gandhi disregarded the 1970 promise and declared that the granting of Chandigarh to Punjab would require a territory swap that would have involved corridors deep into Punjab state, and an acceptable solution was never reached.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=65}} This exacerbated resentment among the Sikhs in Punjab,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=65}} who viewed it as discrimination.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=63}}

==Response==
The Akali movement gained momentum in August and September, and the government began to run out of room in jails for the over 25,000<ref name="holi"/> volunteer protesters.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=222}} Over 250,000 protesters would be arrested over the course of the ''morcha''.<ref name="Singh 2008 74">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harjinder |title=Game of love |date=2008 |publisher=Akaal |isbn=978-0-9554587-1-2 |edition=1st |location= |pages=74 |oclc=520493946}}</ref> The central government, instead of preempting any Akali agitation in regard to the Punjab by constitutionally referring all the legal issues to the Supreme Court, which the Akali Dal had demanded, played up the threat of extremism and law and order, choosing to make scapegoats out of the police, the Administration and the Chief Minister for pursuing its own political designs, and appeared disinclined to solve the issues justly or constitutionally.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=20}}{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=197-198}} The government also framed the movement as a religious issue, announcing only the granting of symbolic requests to holy city status to [[Amritsar]] and the right to wear [[kirpan]]s, while ignoring the more numerous economic issues central to the Declaration{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=20}}{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=182}} and the ''morcha'' in the interests of all residents of Punjab{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=135}} to prevent the economic ruin of the state.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=207}} The considered view of the Governor of [[West Bengal]] sent to Punjab, [[B. D. Pande]], that a political problem required a political solution, went unheeded.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=224}}

In response to demands that the Supreme Court be consulted in regards to concerns that the center was unconstitutionally usurping water from Punjab, the central government found loopholes to circumvent such a demand, instead offering a tribunal, which did not have the authority to override the Punjab Reorganization Act to begin with, and never issued a final decision over an issue critical to agricultural growth and state development.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=65}}

Since the launch of the April 1982 ''morcha'' against the SYL Canal, followed by provocations like police crackdowns and the behavior of the Haryana government in November 1982, when Sikhs traveling between Punjab and Delhi were indiscriminately stopped, searched, and humiliated, it became increasingly clear that the government would seek a military solution to the unrest, instead of any political settlement, making elaborate plans for an army action while feigning readiness for negotiations and denying any intention of sending armed forces to the Darbar Sahib complex. This would lead to Bhindranwale, who had been warning of a government attack, to reside at the Akal Takht complex in December 1983.<ref name=eos/> In October 1983, following the issuance of an ordinance, police had been given powers to search, arrest, and shoot who they wanted, immune from legal action.<ref name=eos/>

===1982 Asian Games===
Following protestor deaths, [[Swaran Singh]] restarted negotiations on behalf of Gandhi with the Akalis after releasing all arrested Akali volunteers, reaching agreements on Chandigarh, river waters, Centre-State relations, and the Amritsar broadcast, which were approved by a cabinet subcommittee. While Swaran Singh relayed the government's approval of the agreement, Gandhi had unilaterally altered it significantly before submitting it to Parliament. The talks would collapse{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=72}} after this action, and Longowal would announce in November 1982 the continuation of the protests in Delhi during the [[1982 Asian Games]],{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=72}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=221}} in order to draw international attention to the matter. Former attorney general of West Bengal, Dipanker Gupta, wrote that, "But what is perhaps unknown to many is that on the eve of the inauguration of the Asiad in 1982, an agreement was actually arrived at between the Congress (I) and the Akalis. While the Akali leaders... and the Congress (I) mediators were toasting this event and waiting for the official declaration from the cabinet, Indira Gandhi suddenly announced that the agreement was not acceptable to her."{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=106}} According to Khushwant Singh, "In sheer disgust the Akalis decided to embarrass the central government by letting the world know how they were being treated. They organized bands of volunteers to raise anti-government slogans at the Asian Games," the response to which the central government would prosecute through [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]], the Chief Minister of Haryana.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=238}}

Another round of talks between the Akalis and Congress MP [[Amrinder Singh]] was successful, but was sabotaged by Bhajan Lal, who stated that protests, which were largely stifled, would not be allowed in Haryana during the event.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=73}} The Haryana police, under instruction from Bhajan Lal in repayment of Congress' favorable river water allocation for his state, harassed and maltreated any Sikhs travelling through his state by rail or road to Delhi{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=238}} with "needless and excessive" force, in a "calculated attempt to insult" and "jeer at [their] religious symbols."{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=105}} Sikhs allowed to pass through, regardless of social position, whether retired or serving police or military officer, politician (even Congress MPs),{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=238}} or ordinary citizen, were subjected to various procedures including invasive friskings{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=73}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bhajan-Lal-lived-with-anti-Sikh-anti-Punjab-image/articleshow/8731824.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110610094016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-05/india/29622770_1_bhajan-lal-syl-punjab | url-status = live | archive-date = 10 June 2011 | title = Bhajan Lal lived with 'anti-Sikh, anti-Punjab' image | author = Sanjay Sharma | date = 5 June 2011 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 26 December 2011 }}</ref> and removal of turbans,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=223}} in addition to resulting in deaths.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=105}} Sikh travellers were waylaid by armed gangs.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=238}} Over 1,500 Sikhs were arrested, along with countless friskings on the Punjab-Haryana border including retired officers Air Chief Marshal [[Arjan Singh]], Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], and Maj. Gen. [[Shabeg Singh]].<ref name=opinions>{{cite journal |last1=Kundu |first1=Apurba |title=The Indian Armed Forces' Sikh and Non-Sikh Officers' Opinions of Operation Blue Star |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=1994 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=207–212 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2710.1989.tb00239.x |pmid=2760119|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Sikhs began to be singled out in other states as well; the Jai Hindu Sangh called for the expulsion of all Sikhs from the state of Rajasthan in December 1983.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=239}}

Sikhs understood this humiliation not just individually but as a community, and according to journalist Kuldip Nayyar, "from that day their feeling of alienation [had] been increasing."{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=223}}

===Police violence===
Under the pretext of maintaining law and order, central state actions in the form of false encounters, tortures and killings in police custody, as well as extrajudicial police invasions and oppressive lockdowns in rural Punjab, increased.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=197-198}} It became known that during the period, certain police officials and others had been guilty of excesses or violence. Atrocities committed by named officers were narrated in open meetings by Bhindranwale or the concerned victims,{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=24}} but neither the charges of the victims, reports to the authorities, nor other complaints were responded to by the administration to rectify current complaints or improve future procedures, much less for punishing the offenders.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=197-198}} This perceived official apathy and callousness led many began to believe that what was happening was pursuant to the studied direction of the administration, and that state violence was being practiced to defame Sikhs to turn public opinion in order to sidetrack the real issues of state resources and constitutional procedure, as neither issues nor reported rights violations were being addressed.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=197-198}} Bhindranwale spoke of staged crimes, in which Sikhs were accused of theft or violence, with the intention of linking the falsely accused to Bhindranwale, with any declared act being said to be on his orders, and that many of the Sikhs arrested on false accusations were tortured and killed. Accusations of excessive force on the Sikhs also included the earlier burning of buses belonging to the Damdami Taksal containing Sikh scriptures, and Sikh train passengers being singled out and beaten on false pretenses.

Out of 220 deaths during the first 19 months of the Dharam Yudh Morcha, 190 had been Sikhs, with over 160 Sikhs killed during the first 16 months,<ref name="holi"/> with the Akalis alleging that reprisal killings were being done by agent provocateurs, and reports appearing that such communal incidents had been initiated by Congress to inflame Hindu feelings. Despite emphatic demands for a detailed judicial enquiry, the central government was unwilling to initiate any such process.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=197-198}} Extrajudicial killings by the police of orthodox Sikh youth in rural areas during the summer and winter of 1982 and early 1983 resulted in retaliatory violence;{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=24}} by the summer of 1983, an average of 50 Sikh youth were detained by police and six killed per week.

Bhindranwale was particularly upset about the police atrocities and the murder of scores of Sikhs in the garb of false and contrived police encounters.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=198}} He was often heard criticizing the double standards of the Government in treating Hindu and Sikh victims of violence, citing various incidents like the immediate appointment of an enquiry committee to probe Lala Jagat Narain's murder and none for the killing of the Sikhs, including the 4 April ''Rasta Roko'' police killings, believing that this partisan behavior of the Government was bound to hasten the process of alienation of the Sikhs.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=198}} He reprimanded the press for suppressing instances of police atrocities,{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=198}} and of the double standards of dealing with Sikhs:

{{blockquote|Take the case of Pawan Kumar, President of the Hindu Suraksha Samiti [in Patiala district], they found 230 grenades in his house and he didn't go to jail for even an hour. A Sikh who doesn't even possess empty cartridges, if there is only suspicion against him, they shoot him to death.<ref>{{cite magazine |author= |magazine= Sunday Magazine |title=Sunday |location= Calcutta, India |date=May 15–21, 1983 |page=29 }}</ref>{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=180}}}}

On discrimination:
{{blockquote|There are separate laws for the Sikhs and the Hindus. If a Lala (Jagat Narain) is killed there are warrants within six days and I am arrested. If 18 young Sikhs are killed, their mothers and sisters insulted, their houses burnt and crops destroyed and their religious books burnt, no case is registered. The Government does not move for months.<ref name="gt1982">{{cite news |last1=Thukral |first1=Gobind |title=What kind of man is Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820430-what-kind-of-man-is-sant-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-771737-2013-10-15 |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=India Today |publisher=Living Media India Limited |date=30 April 1982}}</ref>}}

A team sponsored by the [[PUCL]], with Justice [[V. M. Tarkunde]] as Chairman and famed journalist [[Kuldip Nayar]] as a member, to assess the police excesses against Sikhs. It reported:
{{blockquote|We had no hesitation in saying in our report that the police had behaved like a barbarian force out for revenge. They had even set houses of a few absconders on fire and destroyed utensils, clothes and whatever else they found in them. Relatives of the absconders were harassed and even detained. Even many days after the excesses committed by the police, we could see how fear-stricken the people were. Villagers gave us the names of some of the police sub-inspectors and deputy superintendents involved; some of them, they said, had a reputation of taking the law into their hands.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=198-199}}}}

Though Akali demands were largely for the developmental welfare of the state of Punjab as a whole, with no demands in regards to other communities and was directed at the government, police killings, including extrajudicial actions of fatal torture and mutilations of detainees, with some subsequently declared as escapees, as well as unprovoked attacks on innocent individual Sikhs were carried out by bandhs, or mobs, of the Hindi Suraksha Samiti, mobilized by the Arya Samaj, sparked off retributory attacks against them by Sikh youths.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=199}} Bhindranwale, commenting on the hitherto peaceful movement during a speech on 18 May 1983, but noting the failure of persuasion, legal recourse, and appeals to address police atrocities, mentioned that there were "limits to peacefulness", particularly among the youth, in efforts to "save the turban".{{sfn|Sandhu|1999|p=120-123}}

{{blockquote|Talk is not enough against injustice. We have to act. Here you raise swords but tomorrow you may dust the [sandals] of Bibi Indira. And you behave so even when if a Hindu is killed they point a finger at the Sikhs before they know the culprit. Before a proper investigation has been conducted they say it is the Sikhs! We have the right to be Sikhs and to live by the tenets of the Guru and they have no business to lay every crime at our door.... When it is a question of sacrifice it is the Sikhs who sacrifice. When it is a question of rewards and prizes they restrict entry into the services. Why should there be this injustice? We are not bound to defend the country if this is how the government behaves. I appeal for unity.{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=15}}}}

===''Rasta Roko Morcha''===
{{main|Rasta Roko Morcha}}
To reignite hitherto stalled government talks, the Akalis organized another protest of peaceful Sikh protesters in a ''Rasta Roko'' agitation on 4 April 1983,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=225}} killing 24,<ref name="holi"/> Shoot-on-site orders had been issued by the government on the eve of the agitation,<ref>{{cite news |title=April 4, 1983, Forty Years Ago: Rasta Roko Protest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/april-4-1983-forty-years-ago-rasta-roko-protest-8536217/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express [P] Ltd. |date=April 4, 2023}}</ref> which was nevertheless successful.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=225}}

The police opened fire at various places in Punjab to disperse Akali protesters, who had erected barricades and squatted on roads. Six were killed in Kup Kalan village in [[Sangrur district]], five in [[Malerkotla]], two near Dera Bassi in [[Bhankharpur]], one in [[Patiala]], one in [[Rajpura]], one in [[Phagwara]], one in [[Ferozpur]], and two in [[Bathinda district]]. Those killed included a minor girl and a woman.<ref>{{cite news |title=April 5, 1983, Forty Years Ago: 19 killed in Punjab |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/april-5-1983-forty-years-ago-19-killed-in-punjab-8538822/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express [P] Ltd. |date=April 5, 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|1991|p=83}}

The Akalis announced a "Condolence Day" to be observed in Punjab on 8 April, in memory of those killed.{{sfn|Singh|1991|p=84}}

====''Marjīwaṛe'' and further ''morchas''====
On the ongoing anti-Sikh violence in Haryana mobilized by [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]],{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=224}} Longowal declared, "I want to tell Mrs Gandhi that our patience is getting exhausted. She should stop playing with fire in Punjab, it is not Assam. Let her test. If we can die at the hands of the police chanting ''satināmu wāhegurū'', we can die like the soldiers we are. Once the cup of patience is full, it will be difficult for me to hold the people. We will tolerate no further ruse until she stops playing Holi with our blood."<ref name="holi">{{cite web |last1=Sethi |first1=Sunil |last2=Thukral |first2=Gobind |last3=Chawla |first3=Prabhu |title=Punjab burns as violence grips the state, acts of terrorism become daily routine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19830430-punjab-burns-as-violence-grips-the-state-acts-of-terrorism-become-daily-routine-771350-2013-10-21 |website=India Today |publisher=Living Media India Limited |date=April 30, 1983 |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author= |title=River dispute: Troubled waters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/30-04-1983 |magazine=India Today |location=Noida, India |publisher=Living Media India Limited |date=April 30, 1983 |access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=207}}

He issued a call in early 1983 to Sikh ex-servicemen to meet at [[Anandpur Sahib]], answered by over 5,000 volunteers including retired generals J.S. Bhullar and Narinder Singh, including to train as non-violent self-sacrifice groups called ''marjīwaṛe'' to continue the increasingly dangerous protests.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=225}} On 13 April 1983, he administered an oath to 33,000 volunteers, with plans to do so to 100,000 in 3 parts.{{sfn|Singh|1991|p=84}} Many of the servicemen had been alienated by the treatment they had received during the 1982 Asian Games security searches singling out Sikhs.<ref name=opinions/>

In addition to the ''Rasta Roko'' campaign on 4 April, the ''Rail Roko morcha'' ("stop the trains campaign") on June 17, and the highly successful ''Kamm Roko morcha'' ("stop work campaign") on 29 August were also held.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=225}} Except for the ''Rasta Roko'' protest in which protesters died in police firing, all others had ended peacefully.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=175}} In total, over 200,000 Sikhs would court arrest during the movement, conducted strictly in a non-violent ''satyagraha'' manner.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=97, 104}}

===Reprisals===
After the launch of the Dharam Yudh Morcha, and subsequent governmental inaction in regards to police brutality,{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=197-198}} Sikh activists began committing retaliatory{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=197-198}} acts of political violence. During Bhindranwale's time, both his critics and supporters agree that Indian police had been using the term 'encounters' as a euphemism for "cold-blooded murder" carried out extra-judiciously against alleged 'terrorists.' This fact was acknowledged by then Chief Minister of Punjab, Darbara Singh.<ref>''Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's last battle'' by Mark Tully. Pan in association with Cape, 1986. p.105 {{ISBN|978-0-330-29434-8}}.</ref> These deadly encounters were justified as a reasonable method of avoiding lengthy court trials.<ref>''Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's last battle'' by Mark Tully. Pan in association with Cape, 1986. Preface {{ISBN|978-0-330-29434-8}}.</ref> An assassination attempt was made on [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] [[Darbara Singh]] and two Indian Airlines flights were commandeered by Dal Khalsa activists.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=64}}

Bhindranwale, then regarded as the "single most important Akali leader," announced that nothing less than full implementation of the Anandpur resolution was acceptable to them.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=72}} The Sikh volunteers who answered his call on 3 September 1983 were not satisfied with either the methods or the results of Longowal's methods, as a rift emerged between the two leaders, with Bhindranwale referring to Longowal's rooms in the Golden Temple complex as "Gandhi Niwas" ("Gandhi residence"), and Longowal referring to his rooms as a wild "[[Chambal (region)|Chambal]]" region.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=225}} Bhindranwale would denounce the double standard of [[Bholanath and Devendra Pandey|Congress-supporting hijackers]], who had demanded the release of Indira Gandhi after her post-Emergency arrest, being rewarded with seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] legislative assembly, while demanding punishment for Sikh protesters who had done the same after Bhindranwale's detainment. He would comment in 1982, "If the Pandey brothers in Uttar Pradesh hijack a plane for a woman (Mrs. Gandhi) they are rewarded with political positions. If the Sikhs hijack a plane to Lahore and that too for a cause, they are dubbed traitors. Why two laws for the same crime?"<ref name="gt1982"/> With the release of Amrik Singh in July 1983, Bhindranwale felt confident of the advancement of the movement without the Akali leadership; they would part ways in December, two months after the imposition of President's Rule.{{sfn|Telford|1992|p=984}}

==Early 1984==
In regards to the protest movement, Indian journalist [[Pran Chopra]] observed in December 1983, "Mrs. Gandhi has lost the art of the politics of accommodation or, more likely, has lost interest in it. Therefore, she does not want to, or no longer knows how to, weave group identities into a national whole. She breaks such identities as she can.... But what she cannot break, she merely alienates. That is the real cause of the Punjab problem."{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=157}} As Congress' power as a pan-Indian party had begun to be seriously challenged by various coalitions in an increasingly complex political scene after Nehru, Indira Gandhi had started cultivating a majoritarian [[votebank]], presenting a more outwardly Hindu image to begin to ingratiate herself to the majority, after her economic and social slogans had grown less effective.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=155}} Congress increasingly sought to deal with quandaries posed by minorities by consolidating this votebank along religious lines for electoral gain,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=154}} triggering fears among minorities regarding their identity preservation.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=155}}

As the government continued its typical bureaucratic practice of putting off the implementation of Akali demands with interminable meetings, and the charade of negotiations entered its third year, over 150 notable citizens, including high-ranking civilians and military, authors, journalists, artists, lawyers, doctors, and other professionals of Delhi, described as the country's top intelligentsia by the ''Tribune'' newspaper of Chandigarh, issued a public statement on 22 January 1984, urging the central government to abandon its policy of delay and apathy towards the demands of the Akali protest movement:

{{blockquote|It is imperative that the demands voiced in Punjab be demarcated as demands not of a particular community but of a region as a whole. This is the context in which they must be seen and pressed.... On the face of it, none of these demands seem to be insuperable. It is the Centre's inaction, its disquieting lack of will to take decisions, that has allowed the frenetic play of extremist forces to flourish and grow... There has been enough talk and discussion. Agreements have been reached on several occasions. They have not been honoured or implemented. The Union government owes the Indian people an explanation for its inaction and drift.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=149-150}}}}

It was reported by non-governmental sources that the terms of a settlement were to be finalized at no less than five different occasions, but that Indira Gandhi, not the Akalis, had backed out at the last minute each time.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=235}}

When the insurgency against the central government began, it was against the main backdrop of unresolved [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] claims and an increased sense of disillusionment with the democratic process, which when it worked seemed to end up with Sikhs' not achieving satisfactory representation, and when it did not, ended up with the dictatorship of Emergency rule, as well as the backdrop of communal conflict on the subcontinent which gave Sikhs a historical justification to fear for the future of their religion in a Hindi-dominated state.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=121}} The failure of the central government to address political, social, and economic problems of the Sikhs facilitated the rise of militancy.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=61}} Sikh demands had been fundamentally political rather than religious,<ref name="CrenshawM381"/> while prolonged intransigence by the central government<ref name="CrenshawM381"/> on water, state border, and devolutionary issues, in addition to centralization,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=72}} led to alienation{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=72}} and militancy.<ref name="CrenshawM381"/> Bhindranwale accused Indira Gandhi of sending [[Darbara Singh]], former Congress chief minister of Punjab, to "wreak atrocities on the Sikh nation."{{sfn|Pettigrew|1987|p=17}}

On 8 February 1984, the Akalis held a successful [[bandh]] to demonstrate their strength and continued commitment to non-violent struggle.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=225}} The following week, a tripartite talk with five cabinet ministers, five Akali leaders, and fifteen leaders from opposition parties came close to a successful settlement, but was deliberately sabotaged once again by [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] with more anti-Sikh violence in Haryana.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=226}} This was followed by Akali maneuvers to express frustration in further protests, leading to their arrest along with many volunteers.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=226}}

===Planned ''Grain Roko Morcha''===
In May 1984, Longowal announced a planned ''Grain Roko morcha'' to be initiated on June 3, the day Operation Blue Star would be launched,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=226}}{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=174}} practicing civil disobedience by refusing to pay land revenue, water or electricity bills, and block the flow of grain out of Punjab. Gandhi's emissaries met Akali leaders on May 27 to once again suggest the negotiation of a settlement, but though the Akalis showed signs of yielding, Bhindranwale would accept nothing short of the full implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=226}} Faced with the prospect of losing revenue and resources from Punjab as a result of the planned Akali ''morcha'', and unwilling to consider the resolution, which, despite stating the state to be an integral part of the country, they characterized as secessionist, the government proceeded with [[Operation Blue Star]], which had been planned for nearly 18 months prior, from nearly the beginning of the Dharam Yudh Morcha, prior to any militancy.<ref name="bogey">{{cite web |last1=Dhawan |first1=Prannv |last2=Singh |first2=Simranjit |title=Punjab's Politicians Are Using the Bogey of Militancy Again |url=https://thewire.in/politics/punjab-politics-militancy-mass-mobilisation |website=The Wire |accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="shrines">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Dabinderjit |title=The truth behind the Amritsar massacre |url=https://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2014/01/16/the-truth-behind-the-amritsar-massacre |website=politics.co.uk |date=16 January 2014 |publisher=Senate Media |accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref> Prior to the attack, there had been reports that a ''hukamnama'' was likely to be issued soon from the Akal Takht, commanding Sikhs to congregate at the Golden Temple for defense against an imminent army attack.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=174}} According to Gandhi's principal secretary [[P. C. Alexander]], it would be Longowal's announcement of withholding Punjabi grain and tax from the central government that had been the true "last straw" for Gandhi to send the army when she did.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=167}}

==After the ''morcha''==
===Aftermath of Blue Star===
Following the operation, as part of the terms of his surrender and arrest, Harchand Singh Longowal was made to disavow the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. The true insurgency would begin after the operation.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=170}}

On 29 April 1986, close to 50,000 Sikhs gathered in a [[Sarbat Khalsa]] in Amritsar, where a declaration for Khalistan was announced. A five-member council was selected to lead the movement.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=249}}

The 400-strong{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=250}} Khalistan Commando Force, or KCF, which emerged after Blue Star, was led by Wassan Singh Zafarwal and would later become the official armed wing of the first Panthic Committee formed on 26 January 1986, the day of the scheduled transfer of Chandigarh to Punjab;{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=169}} the Bhindranwale Tiger Force for Khalistan, led by [[Gurbachan Singh Manochahal]], which splintered off from the KCF; the [[Babbar Khalsa]], and the now-militarized AISSF, and as well as subsequent other splinter groups, organized after Blue Star.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=170}} The various factions of the movement, which would eventually number nearly twenty, would coalesce into a definable force by April 1986.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=143}} These militant groups came under three different coordinating committees called Panthic Committees, though operating relatively free of each other, at times pursuing different goals, at times forming short alliances, and at times infighting.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=170}} The most warnings placed by the militants in newspapers, 34%, would be against other militants, as they were aware that infighting distracted them from their stated cause, or expressly against "looters, extortionists, or anti-social elements" pretending to be militants, and 17% would be warnings against police.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=170}}

===Akali schisms===
The Akalis would attempt to cater to the growing sense of Sikh resentment in a major conference at Anandpur Sahib in March 1985 to plan a course of action to make the government accede to its preconditions for talks. Some Akali leaders resolved to start a new morcha within the month if the government did not meet the preconditions, which included a judicial inquiry into the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|anti-Sikh pogrom]], the release of all Sikh arrested after Blue Star, rehabilitation of Sikh soldiers, the lifting of laws declaring Punjab a "disturbed area", the withdrawal of security forces from Punjab, and the reinstatement of the [[AISSF]]. After the senior leadership left, the conference would end with other leaders leading the massive crowd in cheering and sloganeering for Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale as well as for [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]], and [[Satwant Singh]] for several hours.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=110}} The central government recognized the growing alienation in the state and the need to forestall it, unexpectedly releasing Longowal, Talwandi, and Barnala later that month. The government had been talking with Longowal for months, and hoped that he would consolidate Sikh support behind elements amenable to the government, though both the Akali Dal and the center would be alarmed at the small, unenthusiastic crowds he attracted after his release.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=111}} In contrast, Akali dissident Talwandi attracted huge, energetic Sikh crowds with his confrontational stance toward the government, refusing to compromise on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, and denouncing Longowal:

{{blockquote|Longowal and Tohra are prople because of whom Sant Jarnail Singh Ji Khalsa Bhindranwale and his brave followers were riddled with bullets. There are the same leaders who used to say that if the Government entered the Golden Temple it will have to walk over their dead bodies. But when the crunch came they themselves jumped over the bodies of martyrs preferring the safety of army vehicles.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=111}}}}

Longowal's poor reception among the Sikhs compared to Talwandi's would push him to take a less conciliatory tone with the government to avoid being politically marginalized, changing tone by visiting Bhindranwale's father, Joginder Singh, to pay respects, eulogizing the sacrifices of Beant Singh, Satwant Singh, and the AISSF, and criticizing Rajiv Gandhi (who had been elected by demonizing the Sikhs during his campaign) and Zail Singh as enemies of the Sikhs, with Rajiv Gandhi's tacit support; the strategy was to draw crowds toward Longowal, which somewhat succeeded. Other government measures to draw Sikh support toward Longowal were the release of Tohra and [[Parkash Singh Badal]] from jail, the rehabilitation of the AISSF, and a judicial inquiry into the anti-Sikh pogroms in Delhi (but not elsewhere).{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=112}}

====Longowal and United factions====
At this point, Joginder Singh, who would enter politics and announce the formation of the United Akali Dal by joining the Longowal and Talwandi factions under a committee of the senior Akali leaders,{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=112}} in the name of necessary unity of the ''[[panth]]'' during the period of crisis.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=113}} Longowal had pledged to abide by any decisions taken by him in the interests of the ''panth'' in a letter while he visited him to gain favor with the Sikh electorate.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=113}} The convenor was to be [[Simranjit Singh Mann]], a former [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who had resigned after Blue Star and gone underground, and had been arrested in December 1984 in connection with Indira Gandhi's assassination. While Mann was still in prison, Joginder Singh would convene.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=112}}

With Joginder Singh possessing an aura of respectability that few Akali leaders could match, and with the Akali leadership, who had been surprised at the move, unable to risk publicly disrespecting him in regards to the Sikh base, Longowal, Badal, and Tohra would join the United Akali Dal, but as ordinary members, to avoid taking part in the party's ad hoc committee even after repeatedly asked to by Joginder Singh. In doing so, they sought to preserve a future path to re-assume Sikh leadership later by protecting their political interests and avoiding shared responsibility for any decisions under Joginder Singh's leadership,{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=113}} under which the party would continue to only seek increased state devolution and the implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=114}} The traditional leadership would be able to enjoy a majority in the party's general house and the alliance with the [[Akal Takht]] [[jathedar]], Kirpal Singh, if they chose to resume leadership positions.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=113}} Joginder Singh would lament,

{{blockquote|Both Longowal and Talwandi had given me in writing that they would take whatever steps I thought best to bring unity in the ''panth'' at this critical and crucial hour and I decided to merge these two Dals and form a real Akali Dal, an organization of martyrs and not self-seekers. I included all major leaders in the committee... I have tried but with no success... God will grant us some sense.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=114}}}}

In May 1985, 23 out of 26 factions of the Longowal faction rejected their resignations from leadership positions and ordered them to resume their posts, resulting in another Akali schism, with the dissident faction, the United Akali Dal, being led by Joginder Singh and Talwandi and supported by the resurgent [[AISSF]] and its leadership on one hand, and the Longowal Akali Dal led by Longowal, Tohra, and Badal on the other.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=114}}

===Rajiv-Longowal Accord===
{{Main|Rajiv-Longowal Accord}}

The central government provided the Longowal Akali Dal with further concessions to bolster its position in Sikh politics, but would rule out further concessions unless it entered talks for a settlement.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=115}} Longowal would engage with the government unilaterally among the senior leadership, attending talks only with Barnala and ex-finance minister Balwant Singh, leaving out Badal, of whom a number of supporters had defected to the United Akali Dal, and Tohra, who was seen as a potential obstacle to the government in talks.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=115}}

The Rajiv-Longowal Accord, negotiated in June 1985, after two days,{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=115}} gave provisions for the transfer of Chandigarh and Punjabi-speaking areas of Haryana to Punjab, and consideration of the riparian issue to a tribunal to be presided over by a Supreme Court Judge. Addressing almost all of the demands that Indira had rejected, the accord would have likely put an end to the conflict.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=144}} Though it was hailed by the media and the opposition for its potential, it suffered from a lack of specificity in regards to its provisions, which were either contingent, or postponed their resolution by referring them to various commissions. While "probably"{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=116}} supported by a portion of the electorate, many Sikhs felt it to be too much of a compromise on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution,{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=116}} and felt that the Longowal had sold out the ''panth'' for his faction's self-interests;{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=116}} the Accord would indeed help the Longowal Akalis to win the next state election in September 1985, despite the dissident United Akali Dal/AISSF boycott of the election.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=117}} In addition, Badal and Tohra of the Longowal faction, left out of the negotiations, also rejected the Accord, citing the same reasons of specificity and selling out on the Resolution, a sentiment shared by the United Akali Dal and the AISSF, who stated that the accord had been made only in an "individual capacity" and betrayed the Sikhs on every issue, and threatened to continue the ''morcha'' until the acceptance of the Resolution, stating, "These are the same men who swore in the scared presence of the [Guru Granth Sahib] that they would not give up the ''morcha'' until the Anandpur Sahib Resolution was accepted."{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=116}}

====Longowal assassination====
While Longowal would get a majority of Akali delegates to vote in favor of the Accord in mid-July 1985, and subsequently declare victory in the ''morcha'', Badal and Tohra would be alienated in the process, and Longowal was left in the tough position of having to sell it to the wider Sikh community in Punjab.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=116}} To accelerate the process of normalization, Congress would announce that both legislative assembly and parliamentary elections would be held in late September; the Longowal Akalis initially opposed the holding of elections until the implementation of the Accord, but eventually decided to participate, and Tohra and Badal would also fall into line to strategically protect their political interests.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=117}}

Some of the militants also saw the agreement as little more than a sellout and a last resort for the Akalis to stay in power, and Longowal was assassinated on August 20, 1985.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=117}}{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=168}} with the ostensible reason given as making peace with the son of Indira Gandhi, who had ordered Blue Star,{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=143}} and selling out the Sikh community.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=117}} However, Kirpal Singh Dhillon, former [[Director general of police|DGP]] of Punjab and Madhya Pradesh, noted that there were "enough grounds" to suspect that the assassination was an inside job.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |title=K.S. Dhillon, the Top Cop Who Believed Not Just in Enforcing the Law, but Also Upholding Rights |url=https://thewire.in/security/kirpal-singh-dhillon |publisher=The Wire |date=October 2, 2018}}</ref>

Barnala would take over as the leader of the Longowal faction, and to widen their appeal to Sikhs, in their election manifesto, the Longowal Akalis would mildly criticize the Congress and promise amnesty for all Sikhs in detention without serious charges.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=117}} Due to the similar tone of the Longowal Akalis and Congress, with emphasis on the Accord as a solution for center-state tensions, and avoidance confrontational rhetoric, there were continual allegations, "probably well-founded",{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=118}} that a secret understanding had been forged between the two parties, with Congress intentionally fielding weak candidates to bolster the Longowal faction in comparison other Sikh political factions. The strategy would succeed, and the Akalis would win the election comfortably, with Rajiv Gandhi being able to cede Punjab to the Longowal Akalis as his position in the national parliament was overwhelming.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=118}} Meanwhile, the United Akali Dal and AISSF's election boycott was successful in areas of Amritsar worst affected by Operation Blue Star and the subsequent [[Operation Woodrose]],{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=118}} where over 100,000 Sikh youth would indiscriminately be killed or disappeared, without any due process, by police in villages throughout Punjab.

====Under Barnala====
As Barnala became the state's chief minister, Tohra and Badal would back him, with Tohra promised support for his [[SGPC]] presidential run, but Badal turning down a cabinet position to hedge his political bets with a "wait-and-see" approach, as his own supporters were split among the two Akali factions, and as Barnala was faced with numerous heavy obstacles to overcome, regardless of his party's large assembly majority.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=118}} In addition to Badal and Tohra, who would be kept at political distance as they were seen to be potential rivals who would undermine him at the opportune time, the United Akali Dal and AISSF continued to retain significant support in the Sikh community.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=119}}

Barnala's success would hinge on his election promises, including the implementation of the Rajiv-Longowal Accord, and ameliorating Sikh discontent by publicly resenting Blue Star.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=119}} Barnala and his ministers, including [[Amarinder Singh]],{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=119}} who would later defect to Congress in 1992, would release hundreds of Sikh detainees, provide jobs to victims of state repression, rehabilitate Sikh army deserters and riot victims, and refuse to visit the government-built [[Akal Takht]], which was torn down and rebuilt by the Sikh community. As part of the balancing act, Barnala's Akalis would continue to solicit support for the Accord from the United Akali Dal and AISSF, as both the AISSF and Joginder Singh, as the father of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, were still respected for their sacrifices, and they would praise Barnala for his efforts with Sikh detainees and victims, though they would continue to call on Sikh youth to "struggle to face the black deeds of the [central] government and for unconditional release of all [remaining] detained Sikhs."{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=120}}

As for the militant groups, while they had been united after Blue Star, and political insurgency would result in several further raids in the residential area of the Golden Temple Complex by police. These operations, reminiscent of Blue Star, would damage relations between the incumbent Barnala government on one side, and the United Akali Dal, the AISSF, and large sections of the Sikh community, and Barnala would be stuck between them and the Congress government, which was unwilling to concede to their demands.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=120}}

Signs of schism would also appear among the factions of the Sikh movement rivalling Barnala as well beginning in 1985, as the United Akali Dal under Joginder Singh and the AISSF/Damdami Taksal also jostled for leadership of their side.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=120}} The 1986 rebuilding of the [[Akal Takht]], to replace the government-rebuilt ''Sarkari Takht'', was announced in December 1985 by the SGPC under Tohra, scheduled for January.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=120}} A day after the announcement, the AISSF and Damdami Taksal would also hold a ''shaheedi samagam'' ("martyr remembrance") of 500 Sikh fighters including Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, honoring their families. Following the ''samagam'', the congregation declared that the rebuilding should be done under the Damdami Taksal's guidance, not the SGPC, due to their sacrifices in protecting the complex during the operation. This would introduce another factional rivalry.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=121}}

===Failure of the Accord===
Political dithering and non-resolution of water and boundary disputes, along with Congress centralization, would increase Sikh disillusionment with the central government.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=72}} The Congress government would not follow up with its promises in the Accord, and the failure of the Accord stemmed with Congress' electoral concerns with other states, particularly Haryana.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=168}} Importantly, the first main provision was broken as Chandigarh was not transferred to Punjab by January 2, 1986. Delayed to March, then July of that year, Chandigarh remains unintegrated.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=168}} It had again been made contingent on the transfer of territory from deep in Punjab which did not share a border with Haryana, and was to be connected by a corridor; as it would have ceded Punjabi-speaking villages as well, the January 26th deadline for the extended talks also passed without result. This seriously damaged the credibility of the Accord, with the central government failing to boost the Barnala faction of the Akali Dal as planned, and center-state tensions would escalate again that year.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=123}}

Barnala and Haryana chief minister Bhajan Lal, who had been in contentious talks regarding the territorial adjustment, both wanted to retain the support of their constituencies. Bhajan Lal would warn Rajiv Gandhi that not supporting Haryana's claim would alienate the Hindu voters of not just Haryana but the rest of the [[Hindi belt]], also pointing out the continued insurgency and Hindi voter dissatisfaction with it.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=121}} Rajiv would warn Barnala to address the insurgency in the state, after which Barnala would arrest hundreds of AISSF members, sparking accusations in the Sikh community that Barnala was acting as a proxy for the central government, acting on Gandhi's orders so Congress could retain Hindi Belt votes.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=121}}

In May 1987, the Supreme Court further reduced Punjab's share and doubled Haryana's, with the riparian question outweighed by Congress' electoral concerns with other states, particularly Haryana and its June 1986 elections, after they lost the Assam state elections in December 1985, leaving the river water issue, on Punjab's agenda since 1966,{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=175}} unresolved.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=168}} This additional failure to implement a promise in the accord further weakened the position of the Barnala Akalis, and empowered both the political dissident and militant factions less conciliatory with the government, including within Barnala's own party, as the insurgency continued.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=123}}

As for the insurgency, the death of Longowal and the failure of the Accord would for a period make it a more effective alternative than the political approach.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=73}} The death toll would skyrocket after the operation from a few hundred a year to thousands, intensifying particular between 1988 and 1991.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=170}} as the splintering militant groups increasingly targeted each other, with an increasing civilian toll. In a warning published in [[Ajit (newspaper)|Ajit]] on September 25, 1990, militant leaders Gurbachan Singh Manochahal and Gurjant Singh Rajasthani appealed to and warned against militant organizations engaging in fratricide, emphasizing the need for orienting the struggle against the central government.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=170}} Segments of the population found informing or cooperating with the police, selling intoxicants, behaving inappropriately with women, cheating on exams, or what was considered as breaking Sikh conduct principles by some militant factions like engaging in ostentatiousness, were also targeted as violence increased in the late 1980s.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=175}} Though the insurgency initially enjoyed a wide base of support,{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=73}} this would eventually weaken it to a certain extent,{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=175}} as well as their ranks being infiltrated by lumpen and criminal elements who joined for money rather than the long-cherished cause of a Sikh homeland, as well as the incarceration and killing of prominent militant leaders, which would enable the infiltration and interference of federal agencies, causing the movement to lose direction.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=73}} The insurgency would nevertheless endure for a decade due to the resentment already sown by the centralizing policies of the state that would lead to Sikh alienation, the increase in secessionist support following [[Operation Blue Star]] and the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|subsequent pogroms]], and external diaspora financial support.{{sfn|Jetly|2008|p=73}} The failed implementation of the Resolution or the Accord, due to the Congress central government's concern for its hold in other Congress-led states, also played an important role in fueling these social divisions in Punjab, as it discredited the Akali Dal, which, riven by internal divisions and opposed by a growing number of insurgent groups, could neither rule the state nor deal with the central government effectively.{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=175}}

These issues of the allocation of the capital city of [[Chandigarh]], which is the only state capital in the country to be shared with another state, adjustment of some of the territorial claims of Punjab, with many large Punjabi-speaking areas left out of the allocated state, and the distribution of river waters, continue to figure prominently in Punjab politics and remain unresolved points of contention between the state and the central government.<ref>{{cite book | last = Doad | first = Karnail Singh | editor1-last = Siṅgh | editor1-first = Harbans | title = Punjabi Sūbā Movement | date = 1997 | publisher = Punjab University, Patiala, 2011 | location = Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=9788173803499 | page = 404 | edition = 3rd | url = https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r | language = en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rasta Roko Morcha]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last1=Bakke |first1=Kristin |title=Decentralization and Intrastate Struggles: Chechnya, Punjab, and Québec |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781107094383 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipfwCAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jetly |first=Rajshree |title=The Khalistan Movement in India: The Interplay of Politics and State Power |journal=International Review of Modern Sociology |date=2008 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=61–75 |jstor=41421658 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. |isbn=978-0812215922 |pages=50–80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC}}
* {{cite book | last = Sandhu | first = Ranbir Singh | title = Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale | date = 1999 | publisher = Sikh Educational & Religious Foundation | location = Dublin, Ohio, U.S.A. |isbn= 9780967287416 | edition = 1st | url = https://archive.org/details/StruggleForJustice/ | accessdate = 23 March 2020 | language = en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Gurdarshan Singh |title=Truth about Punjab: SGPC White Paper |date=1996 |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |location=Amritsar, Punjab |isbn=978-0836456547 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/TruthAboutPunjab/mode/2up}}
* {{cite journal | last = Telford | first = Hamish | title= The Political Economy of Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy | journal= Asian Survey | year = 1992 | volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=969–987 | doi = 10.2307/2645265 | jstor = 2645265 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781316025338 |pages=205–241 |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |author1-link=J. S. Grewal }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pettigrew |first1=Joyce |title=In Search of a New Kingdom of Lahore |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=1987 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.2307/2758827 |jstor=2758827}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pettigrew |first1=Joyce |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerilla Violence |date=1995 |publisher=Zed Books |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1856493567 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DFtQgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia) |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York City, U.S.A. |isbn=978-0415201087 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_AMX5RI_YUC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Ram Narayan |last2=Singh |first2=Amrik |last3=Agrwaal |first3=Ashok |last4=Kaur |first4=Jaskaran |title=Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab: Final Report, Volume 1 |date=2003 |publisher=South Asia Forum for Human Rights |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |isbn=9789993353577 |url=https://archive.org/details/ReducedToAshes-TheInsurgencyAndHumanRightsInPunjab|author1-link=Reduced to Ashes (book) }}
* {{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Kirpal S. |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=9780143100362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eBuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chima |first1=Jugdep |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/the-sikh-separatist-insurgency-in-india/book234737|date=2008|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5150-953-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurmit |title=History of Sikh Struggles: Volume II (1966-1984) |date=1991 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9780836427424 |pages=73–97 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-sikh-struggles-vol-ii}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Mallika |title=Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ|date=14 January 2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-24674-7}}

{{Sikh politics}}
{{Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1980s establishments in Punjab, India]]

Thazhekkad, Irinjalakkuda

2026-01-12T11:50:32Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thazhekkad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13241
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680683
| registration_plate = KL-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Thrissur and Kochi
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Thazhekkad ''' is a village in [[Thrissur district]] in the state of Kerala, India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Thazhekkad had a population of 13241 with 6220 males and 7021 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thazhekkad Village Population - Mukundapuram - Thrissur, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627906-thazhekkad-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==Transportation==
The nearest railway station is [[Irinjalakuda]], situated at [[Kallettumkara]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Departures from IJK/Irinjalakuda station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/irinjalakkuda-ijk/47|publisher=Indian Rail Info}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

Rohanixalus senapatiensis

2025-12-18T04:12:50Z

LinnieHammonds: Started new stub

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Senapati's tree frog
| status=LC
|status_ref=<ref name=IUCN />
|status_system=IUCN3.1
| image =
| taxon = Rohanixalus senapatiensis
| authority = ([[Rosamma Mathew|Mathew]] and [[Nibedita Sen|Sen]], 2009)
| synonyms = * ''Chirixalus senapatiensis'' Mathew and Sen, 2009
* ''Chiromantis senapatiensis'' (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
}}

'''''Rohanixalus senapatiensis''''', commonly known as '''Senapti's tree frog''', is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Rhacophoridae]] [[endemic]] to north-eastern India. It is only known from its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] around the Mabing river near [[Kangpokpi]] in [[Senapati district]], [[Manipur]] state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rohanixalus senapatiensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009) {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Rohanixalus/Rohanixalus-senapatiensis |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Senapti's Tree Frog: ''Rohanixalus senapatiensis''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202881/2757582
|article-number=e.T202881A2757582
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T202881A2757582.en
|id=202881
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=August 3, 2024}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
Formerly described in ''[[Chirixalus]]'', it was moved to the new genus ''[[Rohanixalus]]'' in 2020 following a phylogenetic study.<ref name=":0" />

==Habitat==
This frog lives in forests, predominantly the edges of forests. It has also been seen on plantations, near human habitation, and in [[secondary forest]]. It does not appear to need [[canopy (biology)|closed-canopy]] habitat, but it does require shrub and vegetation cover. This frog has been observed between 200 and 1600 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN />

The frog's range includes at least one protected park: [[Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=IUCN />

==Reproduction==
Scientists believe this frog breeds in early May, near the start of India's [[monsoon]] rains. The male frogs call to the female frogs around dusk and have not been reported calling during the day.<ref name=IUCN />

==Threats==
The IUCN classifies this frog as least concern of extinction. What threat it faces comes from [[habitat loss]] and fragmentation in favor of human habitation, roads, and agriculture and because of [[water pollution]] associated with pesticides, herbicides, and runoff. Vehicle disturbance might also affect this frog.<ref name=IUCN />

== Description ==
It was originally described as being most similar in its appearance to ''[[Feihyla vittata|Rohanixalus vittatus]]''.<ref name=":0" /> It has a dark middorsal stripe. Webbing on hands is rudimentary.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2108/zsj.31.45|pmid=24410495|title=First record of the tree-frog genus ''Chiromantis'' from Borneo with the description of a new species (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae)|journal=Zoological Science|volume=31|issue=1|pages=45–51|year=2014|last1=Matsui|first1=Masafumi|last2=Shimada|first2=Tomohiko|last3=Sudin|first3=Ahmad|s2cid=207287701|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Original description==
*{{cite journal|author1=Mathew R|author2= Sen N. |year=2009|title= Studies on little known amphibian species of northeast India. |journal=Rec. Zool. Surv. India Occ. Paper |volume=293|pages= 1–64.4}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2963930}}

[[Category:Rohanixalus]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2009]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

Karavaloor

2025-12-13T10:35:16Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karavaloor
| native_name = Kerala
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| other_name = Karavalur
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|59|0|N|76|55|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Venad]]
| named_for = [[Venad]]
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 23947
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691333
| area_code = 0475
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-25
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Punalur
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kollam
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Punalur
}}

'''Karavaloor''' is a village in [[Kollam district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is mainly known for the famous Peedika Bhagavathi Temple and its Meena-Thiruvathira Festival, as it is one of the well-known festivals in Kollam District. Thousands of people gather here every year for this very reason regardless of their caste or faith.

== Geography ==
It sits approximately 65 km from the state capital, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref> and approximately 5 km from [[Punalur]] on the Punalur-Thiruvananthapuram road.

Nearby villages include Poikayil, Ayanikode, Neelammal, Venchempu, and [[Mathra, Kerala|Mathra]], where the Panchayath administrative office is located.

Native plants include [[natural rubber]], [[banana]], [[jackfruit]], [[black pepper]], [[guava]], and ''[[Syzygium samarangense]]'', with an abundance of [[Paddy field]]s and natural streams.

== History ==
Karavaloor can also be written as ''Karavalur''. The name is derived from the legend of Shri Peedika Bhagavathy, the Goddess of Karavaloor, who appeared to the village with a ''Karaval'' ( [http://jenson.in/mal2eng.php?word=%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D കരവാള്‍], [[Sword]] in [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] Etymology) after she was called for their protection. The suffix ''Uru'' is [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]] for "village".

It was once part of the [[Venad]] Kingdoms which laid the foundation for the later [[Chera]] kingdom. It developed trade links with [[Kollam]] Port and traded in spices and herbs as was common in the period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://historygvdevkerala.blogspot.ae/2012/02/chera-dynasty.html|title=HISTORY OF KERALA: Chera Dynasty|website=historygvdevkerala.blogspot.ae|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[Proto-Australoid]] tribes like the [[Kuravar]], [[Pulayar]] and [[Paraiyar]] make up the native ancestral population. Minority groups include the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nair]], the [[Vellala Pillai]], [[Ezhava]], [[Saint Thomas Christians]], and the [[Muslim Mappila]].

The population of the village is 23,947, 11,288 of them are males and 12,659 of them are females according to 2011 Indian Census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karavaloor Village Population - Pathanapuram - Kollam, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628397-karavaloor-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

The literacy rate of the village is higher compared to Kerala. In 2011, the village's literacy rate of was 95.37 % compared to Kerala's 94.00 %. Male literacy was

== Religand ==

Native [[Animism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and Tribal Religions are practiced.

Karavaloor features the Karavaloor Peedika Bhagavathy Goddess Temple, where [[Bhadrakali]] is the presiding deity. The annual festival of this temple is known for its processions.

Active temples include Padinjattinkara Shiva Temple, Paanayam Shiva Temple, Mathra Shiva Temple, and Murikolilkavu Parvathy Temple. They are worship sites, along with almost a dozen sacred groves that denote nature.

Churches are present, such as Karavaloor Bethel Marthoma Church (attracting more than 500 families), Kereeth Marthoma Church, St. Benedict Malankara Syrian Catholic Church, St. George Orthodox Church and Nithya Sahaya Matha Church.

[[Pentecost|Pentecostal]] churches include [[Assemblies of God]] churches, [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|Church of God]] and many Independent [[Pentecostal]] churches.

== Economy ==
Key aspects of the local economy are rubber harvesting, banking, and remittances from migrant workers.

== Education ==
The village has two secondary schools, Karavaloor (AMMHS, established under the patronage of the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]) which was first established by the Koipuram Family and Venchempu higher secondary school (NGPMHS). Neelammal is a government-run school for lower primary students. Private schools include the Oxford Central school and Carmel Central School.

==Politics==
Karavaloor is part of the Punalur constituency and is home to many state ministers and leaders.

P.C Baby was the first panchayath president. The village is governed by a UDF majority committee. R.Lathikamma is the panchayath president.

==Transport==

* Punalur KSRTC Bus Station (5 km)
* Kollam KSRTC Bus Station (Quilon) (40 km)
* Punalur Railway Station (6 km)
* Kollam Railway Station (38 km)
* [[Trivandrum International Airport]] (75 km)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

Nicco Park

2025-11-14T12:23:21Z

LinnieHammonds: Started info

{{Short description|Amusement park in Bidhannagar, West Bengal, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox amusement park
| name = Nicco Park
| logo = Nicco Park logo.jpg
| image = Nicco_Park_Salt_lake.jpg
| location = [[Bidhannagar, West Bengal]], India <ref>{{cite news |title=North 24 Parganas district|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|16|N|88|25|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| theme = [[Amusement park]]
| homepage = {{Official website|https://www.niccoparks.com}}
| owner = {{ubl|Government of West Bengal|Bandhan Employees' Welfare Trust|Angsuman Ghosh|Rajive Kaul<ref name="EconomicTimes">{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/bandhan-employees-welfare-trust-and-angshuman-ghosh-together-buy-a-25-stake-in-nicco-parks-resorts/articleshow/87430851.cms |title=Bandhan Employees' Welfare Trust and Angshuman Ghosh together buy a 25% stake in Nicco Parks & Resorts
|last=Ray |first=Atmadip |date=31 October 2021 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>}}
| general_manager = Rahul Singh <ref>{{cite news|title=Nicco Parks & Resorts Ltd (NPR.BO)|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/analystResearch?symbol=NPR.BO|work=Reuters|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>
| operator = Nicco Parks and Resorts Limited (NPRL)
| opening_date = {{Start date|df=yes|1991|10|13}} <ref name=Opening>{{cite web|title=Nicco Parks & Resorts Ltd|url=http://www.blooloop.com/CompanyDetails/Nicco-Parks-Resorts-Ltd/690|publisher=Blooloop.com|access-date=23 May 2012|archive-date=24 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524174332/http://www.blooloop.com/CompanyDetails/Nicco-Parks-Resorts-Ltd/690|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| season = 364 days (11.00 A.M. to 9.00 P.M. in Summer) and 11.00 A.M. to 8.00 P.M. in Winter) (closed on [[Holi]])
| visitors = 1.5 million
| area = {{convert|40|acre|km2}}
| rides =
| coasters =
| water_rides =
| slogan =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Nicco Park 8.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The main entrance gate of Nicco Park, Jheel Meel, Kolkata]]

'''Nicco Park''' is an amusement park located in Jheel Meel, Sector - IV of [[Bidhannagar, West Bengal]], India.
The park was created to attract tourists to the state by providing family-friendly recreation as well as educative entertainment.
Nicco Park opened on 13 October 1991<ref name=Opening /> and has since been referred to as the ''[[Disneyland]] of West Bengal''.<ref name="Disneyland of West Bengal">{{cite web|title=Nicco Park|url=http://www.kolkata.org.uk/tourist-attractions/nicco-park.html|publisher=kolkata.org.uk|access-date=25 May 2012}}</ref>
Presently, the 40-acre park is home to over 35 different attractions and has served over 24 million customers.<ref name=Opening /> Nicco Park also provides a "green" environment.<ref name=History>{{cite web|title=Company History - Nicco Park and Resorts|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/niccoparkresorts/history/NPR01|publisher=Dion Global Solutions Limited|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Concept and construction ===
The concept of an amusement park in the [[Kolkata]] region began with the 300th anniversary of the recorded founding of Kolkata (then [[Calcutta]]).<ref name="Foundation of Kolkata">{{cite web|title=About Kolkata|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCAboutKolkataHome.jsp|publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>
While planning was under way for the tricentennial celebrations by the ruling State Government, Rajive Kaul, the current Chairman of Nicco Group, was in the US on a family holiday to [[Disneyland]]. As per the story, when Kaul returned, there was an inquiry as to why he left for America when he was very much required back home for the planning process. Supposedly, Rajive replied, "I'd gone to see if I could create a Disneyland here." What at first seemed to be just an excuse to justify his absence actually materialized to a joint venture with the [[West Bengal]] government.<ref name=Concept>{{cite news|title=Mickey Mouse Marxism|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-05/special-report/27164954_1_calcutta-outlet-nicco-park|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809015623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-05/special-report/27164954_1_calcutta-outlet-nicco-park|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2013|access-date=23 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2004}}</ref>

=== Joint venture ===
After the inception of the idea, the Government of [[West Bengal]] along with Rajive Kaul followed through with their commitment to build an amusement park in Kolkata.They purchased the land from Subhas Chakraborty who was the owner of the previously existing [[Jheelmeel Park]].They set up the company Nicco Parks & Resorts Ltd. (NPRL) which was a [[Joint venture|Joint Sector Company]] between National Insulated Cable Corporation Ltd. (now, Nicco Corporation Ltd.) representing the private sector and the Government of West Bengal represented by West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation Limited (WBIDC) and West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation Limited (WBTDC) on 17 March 1989. The Certificate of Commencement of Business was obtained on 31 March 1989. The primary function of the company was to construct an amusement part in the outskirts of [[Kolkata]],<ref name=ET /> which would be owned and maintained by Nicco Parks and Resorts Limited (NPRL).<ref name="Nicco Park">{{cite web|title=The Corporate Face|url=http://www.niccoparks.com/nicco-parks.asp?n=Nicco%20Parks|publisher=Nicco Parks|access-date=23 May 2012|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005090431/http://www.niccoparks.com/nicco-parks.asp?n=Nicco%20Parks|url-status=dead}}</ref> The project had additional input in the form of technical advice from Blackpool Leisure & Amusement Consultancy Ltd., U.K.<ref name=ET>{{cite news|title=Nicco Parks & Resorts Ltd.|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nicco-parks-&-resorts-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-8479.cms|access-date=23 May 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
[[File:Nicco Park 16.jpg|thumb|left|The lake in the park]]

Rajive Kaul sought financial help from Geoffrey Thompson, the then-owner and managing director of the [[Pleasure Beach, Blackpool]]. Thompson, however, only offered the assistance of Blackpool Leisure & Amusement Consultancy Ltd provide technical expertise, including surveying the land and suggesting design and safety matters. The idea of the River Caves at Nicco Park was taken by Kaul from Thompson's Blackpool, and a few years later Kaul offered to renovate the ones there recognizing the superiority of the ones at Nicco Park, Kolkata. Thompson accepted the offer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aiyar|first=Pallavi|title=Erecting an empire on enjoyment|url=http://www.horasis.org/erecting%20an%20empire%20on%20enjoyment.php|access-date=23 May 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=12 August 2010|archive-date=26 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326010343/http://www.horasis.org/erecting%20an%20empire%20on%20enjoyment.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two years after the conception of NPRL, and at a total cost of about rupees 8 crores, Nicco Park opened with 13 rides. It also took over the [[toy train]] from the previous [[Jheelmeel park]], owned by Subhas Chakraborty and improved greatly upon it, providing for a tour of the whole park for passengers.<ref name=Origin>{{cite news|title=Where's the fun gone?|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080406/jsp/calcutta/story_9092171.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409182700/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080406/jsp/calcutta/story_9092171.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2008|access-date=23 May 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=6 April 2008|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

==About the park==

=== Educational recreation ===
Nicco Park's ''educative recreational initiative'' is the concept that families should not only have a fun-filled experience but also must have learned something during their time at the park.<ref name="History"/>
The grounds were designed to provide for educational recreation, and are dotted with displays. The entrance of every ride offers explanations of the scientific principles behind the working of the rides.
The park's [[Solar Energy]] village has been set up to demonstrate the functions of various non-conventional energy sources in community life. In keeping with its green theme, a greenhouse is also run by the Indo American Hybrid Seeds Ltd. selling various types of plants.

=== Park Timings ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Main Park Opens at
|10:30 AM
|-
|Ride Starts at
|10:45 AM
|-
|Ride Ticket Booth opens at
|10:45 AM
|-
|Food Park Opens at
|11:00 AM
|-
|Entry to Main Park Closes at
|6:30 PM
|-
|Ride Closes at
|7:30 PM
|-
|Food Park Closes at
|8:00 PM
|}
The ticket counters generally start right on time, but all the rides may not begin at 10:45 AM. People generally come here by 11 AM and it gets crowded gradually.

===Rides and attractions===
Nicco Park has approximately thirty-five rides that include the Toy Train, Tilt-a-Whirl, Striking Cars, Paddle Boat, Water Chute, Water Coaster, Flying Saucer, Pirate Ship, River Caves, Cyclone and Moonraker.<ref name="MapsofIndia" /> The Giant Cyclone, added in 2003, is among Asia's largest. The ride 750 meters in length, has seven drops and goes as high as 55 feet.<ref name="Rides and Attractions-1">{{cite news|title=Giant Cyclone Ride ready at Nicco Park|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Giant-Cyclone-ride-ready-at-Nicco-Park/articleshow/40307023.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809092602/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-03-15/kolkata/27282637_1_roller-coaster-nicco-park-esselworld|url-status=live|archive-date=9 August 2013|access-date=24 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 March 2003}}</ref>

Attractions such as the park's cable cars and [[Eiffel Tower]] provide panoramic views of the park from above.
Natural attractions include a rose garden and a forty feet high waterfall.

A decommissioned [[MIG-21]] fighter aircraft from the [[Bagdogra]] Airbase is on display at Nicco Park, serving as an attraction with educational value.<ref name="Rides and Attractions-2">{{cite news|title=MIG-21 on show at Nicco Park|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=337252|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=24 May 2012|newspaper = Business Standard India}}</ref> It was a gift from the Eastern Air Command in 2008.<ref name="Rides and Attractions-3">{{cite web|title=MIG 21FL at Nicco Park|url=http://www.warbirds.in/westbengal/kolkata/305-mig-21fl-nicco-park.html|publisher=warbirds.in|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112113003/http://www.warbirds.in/westbengal/kolkata/305-mig-21fl-nicco-park.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Nicco Park 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Eiffel Tower exhibit in Nicco park]]

There is a large food park selling North Indian, Bengali, South Indian and Chinese fast food, and kiosks run by various restaurants of Kolkata. Sheroo Bazar and Souvenir Shop Wet-O-Wild are places where one can buy accessories such as T-shirts, coffee mugs and keychains.<ref name="About the Park">{{cite web|title=Nicco Park Kolkata|url=http://www.shoppingkolkata.in/nicco-park-kolkata.html|publisher=Shopping Kolkata|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>

Nicco Park has undergone expansions throughout its existence.

The park has also constructed a [[water park]], ''Wet-O-Wild'', inside the amusement park.
There are also ''rain dance'' performances.<ref name="Rides and Attractions-4">{{cite web|title=Nicco Park|url=http://www.famous-india.com/theme-parks/nicco-park.html|publisher=famous-india.com|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref> The park also has a 4-D movie theater.<ref name="Rides and Attractions-5">{{cite web|title=Kolkata Tourist Attractions and Sightseeing|url=http://www.kolkata.world-guides.com/kolkata_attractions.html|publisher=kolkata.world-guides.com|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=3 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703011708/http://www.kolkata.world-guides.com/kolkata_attractions.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It has also introduced a new ride called Sky Diver which has been attracting visitors for the past two years now.

A bowling alley with restaurant and bar also exist within the park. Venues such as ''Octagon'' host corporate and non-corporate events.<ref name=Events>{{cite web|title=Nicco Park: The Events Venue|url=http://www.niccoparks.com/promotional-events.asp?n=Promotional%20Events|publisher=Nicco Parks|access-date=23 May 2012|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005090457/http://www.niccoparks.com/promotional-events.asp?n=Promotional%20Events|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Nearby attractions===
Adjacent to the park is the Nalban Boating Complex, offering boat tours in paddle boats, hovercraft or [[shikaras]]. Well maintained groves surround the four hundred acre lake.<ref name=Nandan>{{cite web|title=Nalban Boating Complex|url=http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/nalbanboatingcomplex.html|publisher=Clickindia|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=18 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418102151/http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/nalbanboatingcomplex.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Salt Lake Stadium]] is also nearby. Opposite to the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] is the Subhash Sarovar, one of the two man made lakes of Kolkata. Though anthropogenic activities around the lake such as washing of clothes and dumping of wastes has led to its deterioration,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saha|first1=Tapan|last2=Majumder|first2=Shrabani som|last3=Manna|first3=Nirmal kr|last4=Bhattacharyya|first4=Debojyoty|last5=Prof. Dutta|first5=Jyotirmoy|last6=Dr. Bandyopadhyay|first6=Tarasankar|year=2000|title=Monitoring of Environmental Status of Subhas Sarobar, Calcutta and Preparation of Management Action Plan|url=http://www.wbpcb.gov.in/html/downloads/subhassorobar.pdf|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=1 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601102710/http://www.wbpcb.gov.in/html/downloads/subhassorobar.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the tourism development corporation has taken up the responsibility for the beautification of the [[lake]] (2010).<ref name=Sarobar_Telegraph>{{cite news|last=Basu|first=Jayanta|title=Concrete mess at Sarobar|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100830/jsp/calcutta/story_12871486.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100415/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100830/jsp/calcutta/story_12871486.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=24 May 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=30 August 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>
[[File:Nicco Park 19.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A decommissioned [[MIG-21]] fighter aircraft on display]]

Nicco Parks and Resorts Limited (NPRL) have also diversified the park and as such Nicco parks (Jheel Meel) have been opened at neighbouring states [[Odisha]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] in December 1998 and at [[Jharkhand]] in [[Jamshedpur]] in June 2001. A composite park has also been set up in the neighbouring country of Bangladesh in Dhaka in 2003.<ref name=Origin /> Recently there has also been a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] signed between NPRL and Intraco Group in order to set up a [[water park]] at a sea resort of Cox's Bazar at [[Chittagong, Bangladesh]].<ref name=MoU>{{cite news|title=MoU signed for water park in Bangladesh sea resort|url=http://www.niccoparks.com/images/press/The%20Bengal%20Post%20copy1.JPG|access-date=23 May 2012|newspaper=The Bengal Post|date=26 December 2010}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The amusement park has received favourable responses from both the public and the government as well as various corporate bodies. [[ITC Limited]], [[Tata Steel|TISCO]], [[Britannia Industries]], [[Bata Shoes|Bata]], [[Nestle]], [[Smith Kline Beecham]], [[Union Carbide]], [[Dunlop Sport|Dunlop]], [[ANZ Grindlays]], [[Duncans]], [[Goodricke National Chess Academy|Goodricke]] as well as [[Cadburys]] are among those which have invested in the park by sponsoring rides and other attractions.<ref name=History />

=== Awards, certifications and recognition ===
[[File:Nicco Park 3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The carousel ride in Nicco park]]
Nicco Park has received various awards in the 20 years since its inception. Among its attractions, The Giant Cyclone has been awarded the 'Best Indigenously Manufactured Ride' of 2006-07 by the [[Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries]],<ref name="Rides and Attractions-6">{{cite web|title=Cyclone|url=http://www.themeparkreview.com/parks/photo.php?pageid=636&linkid=10058|publisher=themeparkreview.com|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref> which also awarded Nicco Park's River Caves as the 'Most Innovative and Popular Ride' of 2009–10.<ref name="Nicco Park Website">{{cite web|title=Nicco Park: Recognition|url=http://www.niccoparks.com/awards.asp|publisher=niccoparks.com|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=28 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428191011/http://www.niccoparks.com/awards.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nicco Park is the first amusement park in India to be able to obtain the [[ISO 9000#Contents of ISO 9001|ISO 9001]] (Quality Management System), [[ISO 14000#ISO 14001 standard|ISO 14001]] (Environment Management System) and the [[OHSAS 18001]] (Safety Management System) certifications.<ref name=Awards>{{cite web|title=Recognition|url=http://www.niccoparks.com/awards.asp|publisher=Nicco Parks|access-date=25 May 2012|archive-date=28 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428191011/http://www.niccoparks.com/awards.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The park also states that it is the first amusement park in the world to obtain ISO 9002 certification from a European Certifying Authority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicco Park - IndiaAirport.com |url=http://indiaairport.com/tourism/kolkata/nicco_park.htm |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=indiaairport.com}}</ref> It has also received the "ICC Corporate Excellence Award". [[Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries|The Indian Association of Amusement Parks & Industries]] have declared the River Caves at Nicco Park as the most popular ride and innovative ride of 2010.<ref name=MapsofIndia>{{cite web|title=Nicco Park|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/places-of-interest/amusement-parks/nicco-park.html|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>

The SA 8000 (Social Accountability) certificate which they received from [[DNV]] on 14 December 2008,<ref name=SAaccredition>{{cite web|author=Saasaccreditation.org|title=SA8000 Certified Facilities: As of December 31, 2011, page 102 |url=http://www.saasaccreditation.org/certfaclists/2011_Q4/Q4%20SA8000%20Certs%20List,%20Public%20List.pdf|access-date=25 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310040204/http://www.saasaccreditation.org/certfaclists/2011_Q4/Q4%20SA8000%20Certs%20List,%20Public%20List.pdf|archive-date=March 10, 2014}}</ref> makes Nicco Park the first amusement park in India to receive the certification. It is also reported that they are the first amusement park in the world to receive the honour.<ref name=Awards /><ref name=SAaccredition /><ref name="Ecnomic Times Awards">{{cite news|title=Nicco Parks & Resorts Ltd|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nicco-parks-&-resorts-ltd/directorsreport/companyid-8479.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=25 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Reports : Nicco Parks & Resorts Ltd|url=http://www.edelbusiness.in/Edeldeveloper/market/annualreports.aspx?co_code=4526&tb=DR|publisher=Edelweiss|access-date=25 May 2012|archive-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310032929/http://www.edelbusiness.in/Edeldeveloper/market/annualreports.aspx?co_code=4526&tb=DR|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Nicco Park Entrance - Jheel Meel - Kolkata 2012-01-19 8337.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The main public entrance of Nicco Park, Jheel Meel, Kolkata]]

== Incidents ==
An accident occurred at Nicco Park in January 2010 when a woman and child fell off of the park's Moon Raker ride. Authorities claim the accident was caused by the woman's own carelessness, but she blames the accident on company negligence, citing the derailment of two of the six trolleys.<ref name="Nicco Incident">{{cite news|title=Nicco Park fun-ride fall|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100103/jsp/bengal/story_11937295.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106053726/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100103/jsp/bengal/story_11937295.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2010|access-date=24 May 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 January 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>
{{-}}

==See also==
*[[Eco Park, New Town|Eco Park]]
*[[Millennium Park (Kolkata)|Millennium Park]]
*[[Nature Park of India|Nature Park]]
*[[Aquatica (Kolkata)|Aquatica]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Nicco Park}}
*[http://www.niccoparks.com Official site]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/East}}

{{Amusement Parks in India}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Amusement parks in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in West Bengal]]

2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals

2025-10-30T04:47:26Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{Main|2012 Durand Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}

The group stage featured 12 teams: the 8 automatic qualifiers and the 4 winners of the [[2012 Durand Cup#Round 2|preliminary stage]].<ref name=DurandCupFormat>{{cite web|last=Choudhuri|first=Arunava|title=125th Durand Cup: Four teams qualify for Quarterfinals!|url=https://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2012/08/125th-durand-cup-four-teams-qualify-for.html|work=Arunava Choudhuri|accessdate=23 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702175006/http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2012/08/125th-durand-cup-four-teams-qualify-for.html|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The teams are drawn into four groups of three, and play each once. The matchdays were between 23 and 28 August.<ref name=DurandCupFormat/>

The top teams in each group advanced to the [[2012 Durand Cup#semi-finals|semi-finals]].<ref name=DurandCupFormat/>

==Group A==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n

|team1=AIR|name_AIR=[[Air India FC|Air India]]
|team2=ARR|name_ARR=[[Pailan Arrows]]
|team3=DEL|name_DEL=[[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
|win_AIR=1|draw_AIR=1|loss_AIR=0|gf_AIR=4|ga_AIR=1
|win_ARR=0|draw_ARR=2|loss_ARR=0|gf_ARR=3|ga_ARR=3
|win_DEL=0|draw_DEL=1|loss_DEL=1|gf_DEL=2|ga_DEL=5

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>

{{footballbox
|date=25 August 2012<ref>Match originally scheduled for 24 August 2012 but due to rain the match was postponed to 25 August 2012</ref>
|time=9:00 IST
|team1=[[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
|score= 2–2
|report= [http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3821593.ece Report]
|team2=[[Pailan Arrows]]
|goals1= Okwudiu {{goal|24||45}}
|goals2= [[Holicharan Narzary|Narzary]] [[Milan Singh|Singh]]
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=26 August 2012
|time=16:00 IST
|team1=[[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
|score= 0–3
|report= [http://liveindianfootball.netne.net/durand-cup-2012-results-and-stats Report]
|team2=[[Air India FC|Air India]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Pradeep Mohanraj|Mohanraj]] {{goal|18}} Lepcha {{goal|67}} Gaikwad {{goal|88}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=28 August 2012
|time=14:00 IST
|team1=[[Pailan Arrows]]
|score= 1–1
|report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20120901013121/http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/ Report]
|team2=[[Air India FC|Air India]]
|goals1= [[Avinabo Bag|Bag]] {{goal|20}}
|goals2= [[Souvik Chakraborty|Chakraborty]] {{goal|17}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==Group B==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n

|team1=RIF|name_RIF=[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|team2=GOA|name_GOA=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|team3=ONGC|name_ONGC=[[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
|win_RIF=1|draw_RIF=1|loss_RIF=0|gf_RIF=4|ga_RIF=3
|win_GOA=1|draw_GOA=0|loss_GOA=1|gf_GOA=5|ga_GOA=4
|win_ONGC=0|draw_ONGC=1|loss_ONGC=1|gf_ONGC=2|ga_ONGC=4

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>

{{footballbox
|date=24 August 2012
|time=14:00 IST
|team1=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|score= 2–3
|report= [http://www.indiansportsnews.com/football-news/28-football/16813-durand-cup-assam-rifle-beat-sporting-de-goa.html Report]
|team2=[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|goals1= [[Bong Bertrand|Bertrand]] {{goal|5}} [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna|Nnanna]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2= Kamei {{goal|41}} Jidung {{goal|43}} Singh {{goal|69}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=26 August 2012
|time=14:00 IST
|team1=[[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
|score= 1–1
|report= [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article3825715.ece?css=print Report]
|team2=[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|goals1= [[Kailash Patil|Patil]] {{goal|7}}
|goals2= Kamei {{goal|90+5}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=28 August 2012
|time=16:00 IST
|team1=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|score= 3–1
|report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20120901013121/http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/ Report]
|team2=[[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
|goals1= [[Victorino Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|43}} [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna|Nnanna]] {{goal|67}} [[Pratesh Shirodkar|Shirodkar]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2= Dhanesh MC {{goal|42}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==Group C==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n

|team1=SSA|name_SSA=[[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]]
|team2=PUN|name_PUN=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|team3=CRP|name_CRP=[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police]]
|win_SSA=1|draw_SSA=1|loss_SSA=0|gf_SSA=4|ga_SSA=3
|win_PUN=0|draw_PUN=2|loss_PUN=0|gf_PUN=1|ga_PUN=1
|win_CRP=0|draw_CRP=1|loss_CRP=1|gf_CRP=2|ga_CRP=3

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>

{{footballbox
|date=23 August 2012
|time=17:00 IST
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score= 0–0
|report= [http://punefc.com/?page_id=1822&match=3684 Report]
|team2=[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=25 August 2012
|time=16:00 IST
|team1=[[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]]
|score= 3–2
|report= [http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3821593.ece Report]
|team2=[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police]]
|goals1= Kadam {{goal|62}} Colaco {{goal|72}} Andrew {{goal|90+5}}
|goals2= Soumerjit {{goal|82}} Sugesh {{goal|90+3}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=27 August 2012
|time=14:00 IST
|team1=[[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]]
|score= 1–1
|report= [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pune-fc-exit-durand-cup-with-a-11-draw/994167/ Report]
|team2=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1= Chukwuma {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2= [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==Group D==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n

|team1=DOD|name_DOD=[[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]]
|team2=ARD|name_ARD=[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]
|team3=PPL|name_PPL=[[Punjab Police FC|FC Punjab Police]]
|win_DOD=2|draw_DOD=0|loss_DOD=0|gf_DOD=9|ga_DOD=0
|win_ARD=1|draw_ARD=0|loss_ARD=1|gf_ARD=1|ga_ARD=3
|win_PPL=0|draw_PPL=0|loss_PPL=2|gf_PPL=0|ga_PPL=7

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>

{{footballbox
|date=23 August 2012
|time=19:45 IST
|team1=[[Punjab Police FC|FC Punjab Police]]
|score= 0–1
|report=
|team2=[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Singh {{goal|18}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=25 August 2012
|time=14:00 IST
|team1=[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]
|score= 0–3
|report=
|team2=[[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Kumar {{goal|66}} [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|85}} Diakhaté {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=27 August 2012
|time=16:00 IST
|team1=[[Punjab Police FC|FC Punjab Police]]
|score= 0–6
|report= [http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3828860.ece Report]
|team2=[[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Rafi]] {{goal|1||63}} [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Singh]] {{goal|5||76}} [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|66}} Zeeshan {{goal|78}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[http://www.durandfootball.com/ Durand Cup website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912221843/http://www.durandfootball.com/ |date=12 September 2011 }}

{{2012-13 in Indian football}}


[[Category:2012 Durand Cup|Quarter-Finals]]

Rettamalai Srinivasan

2025-10-29T20:48:41Z

LinnieHammonds: expand structure and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian scheduled caste activist and politician (1860-1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rettamalai Srinivasan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1860|7|7|df=y}}
| image = R Srinivasan 2000 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Srinivasan (left) and [[Ambedkar]] (right) on a 2000 stamp of India
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_place = [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| spouse =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|9|18|1859|7|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[Journalist]] and [[Politician]]
}}
'''[[Dewan Bahadur|Diwan Bahadur]] Rettamalai Srinivasan''' (7 July 1860 – 18 September 1945), commonly known as '''R. Srinivasan''', was a scheduled caste activist and politician from then [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]] (now the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]). He is a [[Paraiyar]] icon and was a close associate of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and was also an associate of [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar|B. R. Ambedkar]].<ref name="Govt to celebrate">{{cite news | title= 'Govt to celebrate Rettamalai Srinivasan's birthday' | date=6 July 2011 | url =https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/govt-to-celebrate-rettamalai-srinivasans-birthday/article2200160.ece | work =The Hindu | access-date = 3 November 2011}}</ref> He is remembered today as one of the pioneers of the Scheduled caste movement in India. He founded the Adi dravida mahajana sabha in 1893.<ref name="cotextualizingdalitmovementp10">[[#Cotextualizing Dalit ....(vikas)Movement in South India|Cotextualizing scheduled caste Movement in South India]], Pg 10</ref>

==Early life==

Rettamalai Srinivasan was born on 7 July 1860<ref name="TheHindu-article2209812" /> (or 1859<ref name="TheHindu-article3800613"/><ref name="PT64"/>) in a poor Tamil family in Madras Presidency.<ref name="talismanpxxvi">[[#Thirumavalavan 2003|Thirumavalavan 2003]], Pg xxvi</ref> His family was able to send him to a residential school in [[Coimbatore]] because of his father Rettamalai's trade relations with the British. He was the only [[Paraiyar]] student among the 400 pupils in the school. He then worked as an accountant at Ooty which was then the summer capital of the Madras presidency. Ooty was brimming with Dalit political activism then and Srinivasan grew interested.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Rettamalai Srinivasan, the Lasting Emblem of Dalit Political Aspiration|url=https://thewire.in/caste/remembering-rettamalai-srinivasan-the-lasting-emblem-of-dalit-political-aspirations|access-date=2021-09-18|website=The Wire}}</ref>

He was a brother-in-law of the famous scheduled castes activist [[Iyothee Thass]]. He worked as a [[Translation|translator]] in a South African court when Gandhi was practicing there as an advocate; he was instrumental in Mahathma Gandhi putting his signature in Tamil as "Mo.Ka. Gandhi" ([[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] in Tamil).<ref name="Govt to celebrate" /><ref name="uproothindutvap227">[[#Thirumavalavan 2004|Thirumavalavan 2004]], Pg 227</ref>

Srinivasan established and led the ''Paraiyar Mahajana Sabha'' in 1891<ref name="uproothindutvap44">[[#Thirumavalavan 2004|Thirumavalavan 2004]], Pg 44</ref> which later became the ''Adi-Dravida Mahajana Sabha''.<ref name="uproothindutvap227" /><ref name="uproothindutvap44" /> He founded a Tamil newspaper called ''Paraiyan'' in October 1893<ref name="upismanpxxvii">[[#Thirumavalavan 2003|Thirumavalavan 2003]], Pg xxvii</ref> which started selling as a monthly with four pages for the price of four annas.<ref name="21stcenturyjournalism66">{{cite book | title=21st Century Journalism in India| last=Rajan| first=Nalini| year=2007| pages=66| isbn=9780761935612}}</ref> However, ''Paraiyan'' experienced great difficulties in its early days.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Srinivasan was a participant in the freedom movement and an arrest warrant was issued against him claiming that he was fleeing the nation. In 1896, a case was filed against the newspaper and Srinivasan was dragged to the court citing a letter to the editor. The editor Srinivasan was fined {{INR}} 100 for his writings.<ref name="21stcenturyjournalism70">{{cite book | title=21st Century Journalism in India| last=Rajan| first=Nalini| year=2007| pages=70| isbn=9780761935612}}</ref>
[[File:Paraiyan magazine.jpg|thumb|left|Front page of the Tamil magazine ''Paraiyan'' launched by Rettamalai Srinivasan in 1893]]

==Round Table Conference==
[[File:Thiru. Irattai malai Sreenivasan.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Rettamalai Srinivasan memorial building, [[Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)|Gandhi Mandapam]], [[Chennai]].]]
Rettamalai Srinivasan represented the Paraiyars in the first two [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]] in London (1930 and 1931) along with [[B. R. Ambedkar]].<ref name="cotextualizingdalitmovementp29">[[#Cotextualizing Dalit Movement in South India|Cotextualizing Dalit Movement in South India]], Pg 29</ref> In 1932, Ambedkar, [[M. C. Rajah]] and Rettamalai Srinivasan briefly joined the board of the Servants of Untouchables Society established by Gandhi.<ref name="TheHindu-article2209812">{{cite news |last1=Karthikeyan |first1=D. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-saga-of-long-struggle/article2209812.ece |title=A saga of long struggle |work=The Hindu |date=7 July 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 1936, he established the Madras Province Scheduled Castes' Party.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In the Round Table Conference, he shared the dais with [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] and continued to have interaction with him. But, he differed greatly with Ambedkar on the question of [[Untouchables (caste)|untouchables]] converting to other religions. In the Yeola Conference in 1935, Ambedkar thundered "I was born as a Hindu, I solemnly assure you that I will not die as a Hindu". Rettamalai Srinivasan said, "[[Depressed class|Depressed Classes]] are not in the Hindu fold. They are full blooded [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] in race".<ref name="TheHindu-article3800613">{{Cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=2012-08-21|title=Little-known facts about a well-known leader|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/littleknown-facts-about-a-wellknown-leader/article3800613.ece|access-date=2021-09-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1936 he was conferred to the title of '[[Dewan Bahadur|Diwan Bahadur]]' by British government for his service to Depressed Classes.<ref name="PT64">{{Cite book|last=Teltumbde|first=Anand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZXgDAAAQBAJ&q=diwan+bahadur+rettamalai+srinivasan&pg=PT64|title=Dalits: Past, present and future|date=2016-08-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-52643-0|language=en}}</ref>

==Memorials==
[[File:Statue of Thiru. Irattai malai Sreenivasan.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Statue of Rettamalai Srinivasan, Gandhi Mandapam, Chennai]]
Commemorative stamps have been issued in memory of Rettamalai Srinivasan by the Department of Posts of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news | title= No rules violated in stamp release function | date=19 August 2004 | url =http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/08/19/stories/2004081914971200.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090629175824/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/08/19/stories/2004081914971200.htm | url-status =usurped | archive-date =29 June 2009 | work =The Hindu | access-date = 9 October 2008}}</ref> Cadres of the [[Viduthalai Siruthaigal]] party claimed to have discovered the remains of the Paraiyar leader in [[Otteri]] and constructed a memorial over his mortal remains and named it ''Urimai Kalam''.<ref name="uproothindutvap44" /> On 6 July 2011, Chief Minister [[J Jayalalithaa]] had directed that his birth anniversary on 7 July be observed as a government function and ministers to honour him by garlanding his statue located inside [[Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)|Gandhi Mandapam]], Chennai.<ref name="Govt to celebrate"/>

His grandson [[B. Parameswaran]] became a minister in the Government of Tamil Nadu and a member of the Indian parliament.

==Notes==

{{reflist|2}}

==References==

* {{cite book | title=Talisman, Extreme Emotions of Dalit Liberation: Extreme Emotions of Dalit Liberation| last=Thirumavalavan| first=Thol|author2=Meena Kandasamy | year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan| isbn=978-81-85604-68-8|ref=Thirumavalavan 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsE2KwKwh0YC}}
* {{cite book | title=Uproot Hindutva: The Fiery Voice of the Liberation Panthers| last=Thirumavalavan| first=Thol|author2=Meena Kandasamy | year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan| isbn=978-81-85604-79-4|ref=Thirumavalavan 2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfNRO-LtsN4C }}
*{{cite journal| title=Cotextualizing Dalit Movement in South India| journal=Vikalp| year=2005| url=http://vakindia.org/archives/Vikalp-Aug2005.pdf| ref=Cotextualizing Dalit Movement in South India| archive-date=13 April 2016| access-date=12 October 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413175129/http://vakindia.org/archives/Vikalp-Aug2005.pdf| url-status=dead}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite book | title=History of Dalit Struggle for Freedom: Dravidian Parties and Dalit Uprise in Tamil Nadu| last=Mohan| first=J. | year=2001| publisher=Dhamma Institute of Social Sciences}}
* {{cite book | title=Scheduled Castes, History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955: History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 2000–2015| last=Mohan| first=Pullam Ethiraj| year=1993| publisher=New Era Publications}}

{{Dravidian politics}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreenivasan, Rettamalai}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil activists]]
[[Category:Paraiyar leaders]]
[[Category:Dewan Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dalit leaders]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]

Kanchinarayan Mohanty

2025-10-23T08:01:19Z

LinnieHammonds: started basic pg added tags

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}
{{notability|Bio|date=July 2017}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}{{Infobox person
| name = Kanchinarayan Mohanty
| image = Kanchi Narayan Mohanty File Photo.jpeg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|02|12}}
| birth_place = Govindpur, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation =
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Pravat Nalini Mohanty
| domesticpartner =
| children = Ananya Mohanty, Siddhant Mohanty
| parents = Late Gopal Charan Mohanty, Smt. Nishamani Mohanty
| awards = [[Banikantha Nimain Harichandan award]] [[Brajamohan memorial honour]]
}}

'''Kanchi Narayan Mohanty''' is a writer, poet, short story writer, playwright, lyricist, dramatist, off-screen voice over artist, radio contributor and literature personality. He writes in Odia, English, Bengali Hindi.<ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2016/December/engpdf/96-97.pdf]{{dead link|date=November 2018}}</ref>
<ref>[http://rihsbhograi.org/LibraryBooks.asp?pgno=16]{{dead link|date=November 2018}}</ref>
<ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2016/September-October/engpdf/52-53.pdf]{{dead link|date=November 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gajapati.nic.in/%5CAdvertisements%5Clibrary_bookfair.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010090924/http://gajapati.nic.in/%5CAdvertisements%5Clibrary_bookfair.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odikart.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=1743|title=Product not found!|website=odikart.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://angul.nic.in/advt-result/booklist-lep.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812115825/http://angul.nic.in/advt-result/booklist-lep.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pabitrabhumi.blogspot.com/2012/10/great-devotee-of-lord-jagannathbhajan_9993.html|title=bulu|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2016/September-October/engpdf/or-2016_september-october.pdf]{{dead link|date=November 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odiamusic.com/Lyrics/BHAKTI/SriMandireJaiSriJagannathanku.pdf|title=Info|website=www.odiamusic.com|format=PDF|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806064209/http://www.odiamusic.com/Lyrics/BHAKTI/SriMandireJaiSriJagannathanku.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odiamusic.com/GetRecomendSong.php?id=2KN6RO|title=Recommended ODIA SONG and MUSIC For you|website=Odiamusic|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101411/http://www.odiamusic.com/GetRecomendSong.php?id=2KN6RO|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/pdf/bibliography/bib2000.pdf|title=Bibliography|website=www.orissaculture.gov.in|format=PDF|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711183301/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/pdf/bibliography/bib2000.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/pdf/bibliography/bib1999.pdf|title=Bibliography|website=www.orissaculture.gov.in|format=PDF}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odishaculture.gov.in/pdf/advertisement/2010-11-RRRLF-SELECTED-BOOKS-1235.xls|title=Selected books|website=odishaculture.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ordistportalcontent.nic.in/storeddata/notification/ORISUN_NOTF_9540.pdf|title=Orisun|website=ordistportalcontent.nic.in|format=PDF}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jayjagabalia.blogspot.com/2012/|title=Jay Jagannath|publisher=}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 14 April 1956 to Late Gopal Charan Mohanty and Smt. Nishamani Mohanty in Noda Goan at Govindpur police station in the [[Cuttack district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].

After completing class VII, he was admitted to Saraswata Vidyapitha, in the Biratunga village of the [[Puri district]]. There he was inspired by a teacher, Shri Shyama Sunder Nanda. He took first prize in an essay competition organized by the Odisha student council.

He earned his Bachelors in Commerce from [[Utkal University]]. After completing graduation from [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw]] university he started his professional career as an auditor in the finance department of the Odisha government in 1984. He retired from government services as an audit officer to become a writer, and now works in the fields of literature, radio, TV script writing, and translation work.

== Career ==
His wrote stories, features, humor and poems published in ''Hindu Chetana'', ''The Samay,'' ''The Prajatantra,'' and other magazines. He was creatively inspired by his uncle, Srijukta [[Durga Charan Mohanty]], a writer and Odisha [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academy]] awardee in 1965.

He is an impaneled B+, drama voice of the [[All India Radio]] Cuttack station and an approved off-street voice of the DD Odia – a channel of [[Doordarshan]], India's public service broadcast, in [[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneshwar]]. He wrote dialogue for the TV serial "Sankha Sindhura," and has also published at least 45 books of his own writing glorifying children's literature and the intellectual horizon. He scripts his works in Odia, English, Bengali & Hind

== Recognition ==
He has received at least 30 literary awards in various fields.

* He was honoured in the centenary celebrations of Banikantha Nimain Harichandan in 2001.
* He received the Brajamohan memorial honour in 2014 for his overall career.
* He won the state level children literature Award in 1982 and 1984.

== Bibliography ==

# ''Upagalpa Shataka'' -published by Satyanarayan Bookstore
# ''Kalajayi Prashna-Uttara'' -published by Satyanarayan Bookstore
# ''Gandhi Mahatma'' -published by Friends Publisher
# ''Chaturbidha Sadhanasiddha Mahapurusha Niigamananda''' -published by Satyanarayan Bookstore
# ''Banikantha Nimai Harichandan'' -published by Odisha Bookstore
# ''SriPurushottama Chala Jiba'' -published by Ananya Publications.
# ''Swami Ramatirtha'' -published by Chinmaya Prakashan
# ''Sata Mo Bachana'' -published by Satyanarayan Bookstore

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Kanchinarayan}}
{{morecat|date=November 2023}}
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]

Biswanath

2025-10-16T12:28:12Z

LinnieHammonds:

{{wiktionary|विश्वनाथ}}

'''Biswanath''' or '''Bishwanath''' is an Indian name, referring to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], and may refer to:
* [[Biswanath Basu]], Indian actor
* [[Biswanath Chowdhury]], Indian politician
* [[Biswanath Das]], Indian politician
* [[Bishwanath Das]], Indian politician, lawyer, and philanthropist
* [[Bishwanath Ghosh (disambiguation)]]
* Biswanath Halder, perpetrator of the [[2003 Case Western Reserve University shooting]]
* [[Biswanath Mukherjee]], academic
* [[Biswanath Pattnaik]], Indian activist
* [[Bishwanath Prasad Shahabadi]]
* [[Biswanath Rath]], Indian filmmaker
* [[Bishwanath Roy]], Indian politician
* [[Bishwanath Singh]], Indian wrestler
* [[Biswanath Somadder]], Indian justice, hief Justice of Sikkim High Court
* [[Biswanath Chariali]] or Viswanath Charali, a city in Assam, India
** [[Biswanath district]]
** [[Biswanath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
** [[Viswanath Charali railway station]]
*[[Bishwanath Upazila]], upazila (subdistrict) Sylhet, Bangladesh

== See also ==
* {{Intitle|Biswanath}}
* {{Intitle|Bishwanath}}
* [[Vishwanath (disambiguation)]]
{{Disambiguation}}