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Nayan Sarika

2026-05-07T19:42:39Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Infobox person
| name = Nayan Sarika
| image = Nayan Sarika.jpg
| alt = Nayan Sarika, Filmfare(2026)
| caption = Sarika in 2026
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Solapur, Maharashtra
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| citizenship = India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2023–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = Aay (2024), KA (2024), Vishnu Vinyasama (2026), Raakaasa (2026)
| awards = Best Debut Female (Telugu) - At 70th Filmfare Awards 2026, Best Debut Actress - At GAMA Awards 2025
}}

'''Nayan Sarika''' is an Indian actress, who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Nayan Sarika scores two hits back-to-back |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/nayan-sarika-scores-two-hits-back-to-back |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Telugucinema |language=en-US}}</ref> She won the [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for Best Debut Female - Telugu for her performance in [[Gam Gam Ganesha]] (2024) at the 70th [[Filmfare Awards South]] in 2026 and the GAMA Award for Best Debut Actress for her performance in the [[Aay (film)|Aay]] (2024) film.

== Early life and career ==
Originally from Maharastra, Sarika participated in a photo shoot by a family friend at her aunt's residence, which garnered her offers in the Telugu film industry. She was first noticed in ''[[Gam Gam Ganesha]]'' (2024), which was a flop. She gained recognition for her role in ''[[Aay (film)|Aay]]'' (2024) and won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]]. She followed it up with ''[[KA (film)|KA]]'' (2024), which was also successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Feb/25/teluguinterviews2026feb24nayan-sarika-i-want-to-explore-different-roles-and-tell-new-stories|title=Nayan Sarika: I want to explore different roles and tell new stories|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=February 25, 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nayan-sarika-making-her-mark-as-tollywoods-new-youth-sensation-1061694|title=Nayan Sarika making her mark as Tollywood's new youth sensation|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=April 1, 2026|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> She then starred in [[Vishnu Vinyasam]] (2026) and [[Raakaasa]] (2026), which gave her huge recognition in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2023
|''[[Mistake (2023 film)|Mistake]]''
|Parvathy
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Chiclets (film)|Chiclets]]''
|Riya
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] Telugu
|credited as Nayan Karishma; Bilingual film
|
|-
|''[[Gam Gam Ganesha]]''
|Shruthi
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gam Gam Ganesha Movie Review : A promising crime comedy that falls short on execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gam-gam-ganesha/movie-review/110600093.cms |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aay (film)|Aay]]''
|'Funk' Pallavi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=Nayan Sarika over the moon as Allu Arjun, Jr. NTR appreciate her performance in 'Aay' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nayan-sarika-over-the-moon-as-allu-arjun-jr-ntr-appreciate-her-performance-in-aay |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[KA (film)|KA]]''
|Satyabhama
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-10-30 |title=Savitri gaaru inspired my character look: Nayan Sarika |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Oct/30/savitri-gaaru-inspired-my-character-look-nayan-sarika |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Vrusshabha]]''
|Damini
|[[Malayalam]] Telugu
|Bilingual film
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
| Manisha "Junnu"
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nayan-sarika-onboard-as-female-lead-in-sree-vishnus-next-1017420|title=Nayan Sarika onboard as female lead in Sree Vishnu's next|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=October 24, 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/23/nayan-sarika-joins-sree-vishnus-next|title=Nayan Sarika joins Sree Vishnu's next|date=October 23, 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raakaasa]]''
|Subbalakshmi "Subbu"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/26/nayan-sarika-joins-niharika-konidelas-next-production-starring-sangeeth-shobhan|title=Nayan Sarika joins Niharika Konidela's next production starring Sangeeth Shobhan|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=June 26, 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Bench Life]]''
|Gayathri
|[[SonyLIV]] || Telugu
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb name|15273514}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarika, Nayan}}
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]

Jolarpet Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T18:27:49Z

LinetteFisher: made some entry initial version

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{coord|12.6387567|78.5002115|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 49
| map_image = Constitution-Jolarpet.svg
| district = [[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = [[K. C. Veeramani]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Jolarpet
| electors = 236,127
| reservation = None
}}

'''Jolarpet''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, formed after constituency delimitations in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 49. It comprises portions of Natrampalli taluk, [[Vaniyambadi taluk|Vaniyambadi]] and [[Tirupattur taluk]]s and is a part of [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=2|[[K. C. Veeramani]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[K. Devaraji]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS2249.htm?ac=49|title=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| K. C. Veeramani
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.13}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolarpet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[K. C. Veeramani]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Kavitha Dhandapani|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sasirekha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= C. Munisamy|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =236127 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolarpet<ref>{{cite web|title=Jolarpet Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a049|access-date= 15 Oct 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Devaraji]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,490 |percentage=45.89% |change=+6.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Veeramani]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,399 |percentage=45.33% |change=-0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Siva |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,328 |percentage=6.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,337 |percentage=0.69% |change=-0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karunanidhi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,067 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,091 |percentage=0.56% |change= -5.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=195,021 |percentage=81.46% |change= 0.43% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=255|percentage=0.13% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,415 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolarpet<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Veeramani]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,525 |percentage=45.57% |change=-9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kavitha |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,534 |percentage=39.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ponnusamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=17,516 |percentage=9.67% |change=-30.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Fayaz Basha |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,509 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,483 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thirumalai |party=VBMP |votes=1,224 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Oveyam Ranjan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,021 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,991 |percentage=6.07% |change= -8.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=181,084 |percentage=81.03% |change= -0.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,488 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolarpet<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Veeramani]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,273 |percentage=55.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ponnusamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=63,337 |percentage=40.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Annamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,912 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Veeramani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,442 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gandhibabu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=956 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. M. Ponnuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=889 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Paramasivam |party=Independent politician |votes=864 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,936 |percentage=14.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=156,501 |percentage=81.64% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,688 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Jolarpet]]
[[Category:Tirupathur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rajendra I

2026-05-05T16:25:58Z

LinetteFisher: made a details added tags...

{{Short description|Chola emperor from 1014 to 1044}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajendra I
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| title = Parakesari Varman, Yuddhamalla, Mummudi Cholan, [[Ganges|Gangai Kondan]], [[Kedah|Kadaram Konda]], [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha]] Kula Kaalan, [[Kalyani Chalukya|Chalukya]] Chudaamani, [[Manyakheta|Mannaikonda chola]],<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Sastri
| first1 = K. A. N.
| year = 1935
| title = ''The Cholas''
| volume = I
| publisher = University of Madras
| url = https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n270/mode/1up?view=theater
| access-date = 14 July 2025
}}</ref> Thelagaramari ([[Telugu people|Telungu]] Kula Kaalan), [[Kuntala country|Rattapadi]] Konda Chola
| image = Rajendra Chola (cropped).JPG
| caption = Sculpture of Rajendra I represented as [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Lord Chandikeswara]] ([[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]])
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = 1014–1044<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=46–49}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Rajaraja Chola|Rajaraja I]]
| successor = [[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]]
| birth_name = Madhurantaka Chola
| birth_date = {{Birth date|971|07|26|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/rajendra-chola-birth-anniversary-local-holiday-announced-in-ariyalur-district/articleshow/92982955.cms|date=19 July 2022|title=Rajendra Chola Birth Anniversary: Local Holiday Announced in Ariyalur District|author=Karthik, Deepak|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1044|||971|7|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Brahmadesam, Cheyyar|Brahmadesam]], Chola Empire
(modern day [[Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu]], India)<ref name="Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri 19">{{cite book|title=Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr|author=Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri|page=19|publisher=Nile Books, 1998}}</ref>
| burial_date = End of 1044
| burial_place = Brahmadesam, Tamil Nadu,
India<ref name="Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri 19"/>
| spouse = * Tribhuvana (Vanavan Mahadevi)
*Puteri Onangki
* Mukkokilan
* Panchavan Mahadevi
*Viramahadevi
| issue = * Rajarajan
*[[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]]
* Manukula Kesari
* Sanga Varman
*[[Rajendra Chola II|Rajendra II]]
* Rajamahendran
*[[Virarajendra Chola|Virarajendra]]
*Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar
*Ammangadevi
| house =
| father = [[Rajaraja Chola|Rajaraja I]]
| mother = Vanavan Mahadevi ''alias'' Tribhuvana Mahadevi
| signature = Gangaikondacholan.JPG
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<ref>''The Imperial Pandyas: Mathematics Reconstructs the Chronology'', N. Sethuraman, 1978, p. 5, "Calendar System alone must be employed to fix the accession date of a Hindu king Rajendra Chola".</ref>
| succession2 = Co-Regent of the [[Chola Empire]]
| reign2 = 30 May 1012 – 1014<ref name="p264">{{cite web | publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad| title=Full text of "Historical Inscriptions Of Southern India" | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalinscri035270mbp/historicalinscri035270mbp_djvu.txt | access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>
| cor-type2 = Emperor
| coronation2 = [[Rajaraja I]]
| successor2 = [[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]]
| succession4 = King of [[Maya Rata|Dakkinadesa]] 
King of [[Ruhuna]]
| reign4 = 1017–1044
| predecessor4 = [[Kassapa VI]]
| successor4 = [[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]]
| dynasty = [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Chola military|Chola Army]]
 [[Chola Navy]]
| branch_label = Service
| service_years = 992–1044
| service_years_label =
| rank = [[Field marshal|Senathipathi]] (992–1014) [[Commander-in-chief|Chakravarti]] (1014–1044)
| battles =
*[[Chola–Chalukya wars]]
{{tree list}}
**[[Siege of Unkal]]
**[[Battle of Donur]]
**[[Battle of Tavareyaghatta]]
**[[Battle of Chebrolu]]
**[[Conquest of Banavasi]]
**[[Conquest of Ededore]]
**[[Conquest of Kulpak]]
**[[Battle of Maski]]
**[[Battle of the Godavari river]]
**[[Reconquest of Vengi]]
* [[Chola occupation of Anuradhapura|Battle of Rohana (1017 CE)]]
*[[Chola expedition to North India|Annexation of Kalinga and Bengal, 1019–1024]]
*[[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I]]
* [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|Invasion of Srivijaya, 1025]]
*[[Chola invasion of Kedah]]
{{tree list/end}}
----
(see [[#Rajendra's conquest chronology|Rajendra's conquest chronology]] for a full list of battles and conquest)
| battles_label = Battles / wars
}}
}}
{{Chola history}}

'''Rajendra I'''{{efn|([[Help:IPA/English|/rɑːdʒeɪndrə/]]; [[Middle Tamil]]: Rājēntira Cōḻaṉ; [[Classical Sanskrit]]: Rājēndradēva ''Ś''ōla; [[Old Malay]]: ''Raja Chulan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Vijaya-Malayu 1299, Singapore and Sumatran Kingdoms |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/2683a39c-55bf-4627-8e95-2d6870e29478 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=S. Amran Tasai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcVkAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajendra+Chola+zulkarnain |title=Sejarah Melayu: sebagai karya sastra dan karya sejarah : sebuah antologi |author2=Djamari |author3=Budiono Isas |publisher=Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional |year=2005 |isbn=978-979-685-524-7 |page=67}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=John N. Miksic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&dq=chola+zulkarnain&pg=PA147 |title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800 |date=30 September 2013 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-574-3 |pages=147– |author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>}} (26 July 971 – 1044), often referred to as '''Rajendra the Great''',{{Efn|Also known as '''Gangaikonda Cholan''' (Middle Tamil: ''Kaṅkaikoṇṭa Cōḻaṉ''; {{lit|Bringer of the [[Ganges]]}}), and '''Kadaram Kondan''' (Middle Tamil: ''Kaṭāram Koṇṭāṉ''; {{lit|Conqueror of [[Kedah]]}}).}} was a [[Chola Empire|Chola]] Emperor who reigned from 1014 to 1044. He was born in [[Thanjavur]] to [[Rajaraja I]]. His queen was Vanavan Mahadevi and he assumed royal power as co-regent with his father in 1012 until his father died in 1014, when Rajendra ascended to the Chola throne.

During his reign, the Chola Empire reached its zenith in the [[Indian subcontinent]]; it extended its reach via trade and conquest across the [[Indian Ocean]], making Rajendra one of only a few Indian monarchs who conquered territory beyond South Asia.<ref name="Thapar-2003">{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2003|isbn=978-0-14-302989-2|location=New Delhi|pages=364–365|language=|orig-year=2002}}</ref>{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=194-195}}{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=228}}

In his early years, Rajendra was involved in the [[Chola military|Chola Army]], with which he fought in several campaigns against the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] and the rulers of [[Anuradhapura]], earning him his first victories. He quelled rebellions in the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandiya]] vassal states, and in [[Sri Lanka]]. As Emperor, Rajendra completed the conquest of Ruhuna and brought an entire portion of Sri Lanka under imperial rule.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=199–200}}<ref name="Spencer-1976">{{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=George W. |date=May 1976 |title=The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/politics-of-plunder-the-cholas-in-eleventhcentury-ceylon/926938631DA4BF69B0DED43421E08658 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.2307/2053272 |jstor=2053272 |s2cid=154741845 |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Rajendra expanded Chola rule by defeating the kingdoms of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and [[Bengal|Vengai]], and subduing the islands of [[Lakshadweep|Laccadives]] and the [[Maldives]], which he renamed ''Munnir Palantivu Pannirayiram'' ("Twelve Thousand Islands and the Ocean Where Three Waters Meet"). These islands were later used as strategic naval bases. During his [[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I|South-East Asia campaign]], he annexed [[Srivijaya]], [[Kedah]], [[Tambralinga]] and [[Pegu]], achieving imperial dominance in the region and [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia|strengthening Indian influence in Southeast Asia]].

Rajendra conducted a war against the [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]] and captured a great deal of wealth, which he used to build the city of [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikondacholapuram]], the capital of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Empire]], and one of the centers of trade and commerce in the empire for several centuries.<ref name="Thapar-2003" /> The city was remarkable for its artificial lake, extensive fortifications, moats surrounding the imperial palace, and the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara Temple]]. Rajendra was a follower of [[Shaivism]] but welcomed Buddhism and built several [[stupas]] across South-East Asia and South India.

New forms of trade emerged during Rajendra's reign such as the commercial system called "emporia," this was after the Chola's had gained control of [[Strait of Malacca]] and several other coastal areas.<ref>{{Cite book |title= Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa|chapter=10 Rajendra Chola's Naval Expedition and the Chola Trade with Southeast and East Asia |year=2009 |pages=168–177 |publisher=ISEAS |doi=10.1355/9789812309389-015 |isbn=9789812309389 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1355/9789812309389-015/pdf}}</ref> Emporia refers to exporting goods according to their demand, arose, making trade within the Empire profitable and helped maintain the Chola military. The [[Khmer Empire]] was a major ally and trading partner, and helped the Cholas expand their networks as far as [[Song dynasty|Song China]]. This link allowed Rajendra to incorporate Chinese vessels into the [[Chola Military]]. These networks also extended west; the Cholas engaged in the spice trade with [[Arab world|Arabia]], [[North Africa]], [[Anatolia]] and [[Turkic peoples]].

Rajendra Chola I was succeeded by his son [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja I]], who ruled from 1044 to 1054.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=370}}

==Early life and ascension==
[[File:Rajendra Chola, Gangaikondasolapuram.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] crowning Lord Chandikeswara]]

The exact birth date of Rajendra I is unknown; it is speculated he was born around 971 CE.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kramrisch|first1=Stella|last2=Boner|first2=Alice|last3=Sarma|first3=Sadasiva Rath|last4=Das|first4=Rajendra Prasad|date=1975|title=New Light on the Sun Temple of Konarka|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3250236|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=37|issue=4|pages=306|doi=10.2307/3250236|jstor=3250236 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was the son of [[Rajaraja Chola|Rajaraja I]] and queen Vanathi, who is also called Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār. Rajendra had a younger brother named Araiyan Rajarajan, who became a commanding general of a Chola army, and at least three sisters; the younger sister was Kundavai (not to be confused with [[Kundavai Pirattiyar]]), the queen of Chalukya-Vimaladitya; and a daughter called Mahadevi. Other significant members of the royal household include queen mother Dantisakti Vitanki—alias Lokamahadevi. The ''[[nakshatra]]'' of Rajendra's birth was [[Thiruvathira]]i (Ardra).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=186-187}}

Rajendra was declared heir apparent and formally associated with his father in the administration of the [[Chola Empire]] in the final years of his father's reign (1012–1014).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=194-195}} In 1018, Rajendra appointed his son Rajadhiraja as heir apparent or co-regent to the Chola throne, which Rajadhiraja occupied from 1018 to 1044.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=195-196}}

==Military conquests==
[[File:Chola Empire Map (1).svg|thumb|420x420px|The [[Chola Empire]] at its greatest extent {{Circa|1030}}, under Rajendra I]]

On his father's behalf Rajaraja I, Rajendra I started his wars on the Indian mainland when he was a co-regent for his father in an expedition in 1012 with the capture Iditurai-nadu, (Ededore 2000), (was a stretch of country between the rivers Krishna on the north and [[Tungabhadra]] on the south, comprising a large part of the present [[Raichur]] doab) and [[Banavasi]] (in western [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka|Karnataka)]]. He then directed his attention to Kollipaakkai(Kulpak),about 45 miles northeast of [[Hyderabad]]
in [[Telangana]] and captured it in 1013.<ref name="Cholas I">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=Cholas I}}</ref>

In about 1014 - 1015 CE, Rajendra led a war against the [[Kuntala country|Rattapadi]] in northern [[Karnataka]] and southern [[Maharashtra]]. Rajendra was successful in striking at the heart of the [[Western Chalukya|Chalukyan Empire]] and sacking and destroying capital [[Manyakheta]].<ref name="B.R Gopal 1981">{{Cite book |last=B.R Gopal |url=http://archive.org/details/sgw.chalukyasofkalya0000brgo |title=The Chalukyas Of Kalyana And The Kalachuris |date=1981 |publisher=Karnataka University Dharwad |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anirudh Kanisetti |url=http://archive.org/details/anirudh-kanisetti-lords-of-earth-and-sea-a-history-of-the-chola-empire-juggernaut-books-2025 |title=Lords Of Earth And Sea A History Of The Chola Empire (2025) |date=2025}}</ref><ref name="Cholas I"/> He also captured [[Malkheda]] on behalf of his father, which met this reversal after its initial capture by Rajaraja Cholan in 1006. With the death of Rajaraja Cholan I in 1014 CE and the ascension of Rajendra to the Chola throne in the same year. After a lapse of two years, in 1016, Rajendra sent a naval force to Sri Lanka and brought the Ruhuna Kingdom under his control.<ref name="Spencer-1976" />

Following an expedition to eastern [[Kerala]] in 1017, Rajendra captured Kudamalai Nadu.{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2013|p=115-118}}

In 1018, Rajendra's forces captured the [[Maldives]] and [[Lakshadweep]] islands, and the same year captured Sandimaaththivu, the [[Kavaratti]] island west of Kerala.{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=2}}{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=2}}

In 1019, Rajendra sent another expedition against the [[Kuntala country|Rattapadi]] , northern [[Karnataka]] and southern [[Maharashtra]]. With its new capital at
[[Basavakalyan|Kalyan]] in northernmost [[Karnataka]], which the Cholas lost again but recaptured after [[Battle of Maski]] in eastern [[Karnataka]]. After a two-year lapse, Rajendra, with his capture of many regions of the Indian mainland, became more ambitious in conquering the northern and north-western parts of India.<ref name="Kitabistam,Allahabad">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}</ref>

He commenced his war expedition in this direction in 1021, capturing Sakkarakkoattam in the south of [[Chhattisgarh]]. Then, he sent part of his forces to the [[Ganges river]] in the north and the other in a north-westerly direction. At the same time, he stationed himself at Sakkarakkoattam until the two expeditions were complete.<ref name="Sastri 1958">{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref>

The second expedition went to Uttarapatha and [[Gangetic]] region countries towards the Ganges river in the north from Sakkarakkoattam; they captured the regions of Odda Vishayam and Thandabuththi in [[Odisha]], Kosala Naadu in northern Chhattisgarh, Thakkana Laadam and Uttara Laadam in [[Jharkhand]], and Vangala Desam in modern-day Bangladesh, and reached the Ganges.<ref name="Cholas I"/>

The Chola Indian Mainland expedition ended in 1022, and details of the countries conquered by his forces in the expedition were included in his Meikeerthi's from 1023. With the return of Rajendra Chola's forces to the Chola capital in 1022, the Royal Guru of Rajendra, Isaana Pandithar, built Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer temple at Kulampandel, Tamil Nadu. With his return, Rajendra claimed a new title, "Gangaikondaan", and gave the title "Gangaikonda Cholan" (the Chola who captured Gangai) to his younger brother, who led the Gangetic expedition. Rajendra commenced the construction of a new city named "Gangaikonda Cholapuram", with a new Siva temple named "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem" and a large temple water tank called "Chola Gangam", where the holy water brought from the Ganges river was mixed. The Essalam Copper Plates of Rajendra state with the conquest of the Gangetic region, Rajendra constructed the new city of the Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the great Gangaikonda Choleswarer temple, and the sacred Cholagangam Tank at the Udaiyar Palaiyam region of Ariyalur district. In the temple "[[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem]]" he built, the presiding deity of the Karuvarai (Sanctum Sanctorum) called the "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer" also known as "Peruvudaiyar" – the God Siva in the form of Lingam, the biggest Lingam among the Siva Temples in the world over, having a height of {{convert|13|feet|m|abbr=out}} and a circumference of {{cvt|20|feet}}. The ''[[praśasti]]'' mentions Rajendra's conquests:<ref name="Kamalakkannan">{{cite web |last=Kamalakkannan |first=S. |title=Valanchulivanar, varalaaru aivum aivu varlarum |url=http://www.varalaaru.com/design/article.aspx?ArticleID=304 |access-date=18 August 2020 |publisher=varalaaru.com}}</ref>{{blockquote|On the third Regnal year of Rajendra Chola – the conqueror of the East country, Ganges and Kadaram; this stone inscription was made to record the tax exemption grant given by Rajendra, the one who surrendered to [[Shiva]].<ref name="Kamalakkannan" />}}

The Vijayamkonda Cholaeswarem Siva temple of Erumbur in [[Cuddalore]] district – the present-day Kadambavanesvara temple near Erumbur – was built to commemorate the victory of Rajendra's forces over Sri Vijaya and many regions of [[Sumatra]]. The Kadaremkonda Cholaeswarem Siva temple in Kudimallur in Vellore district – present-day Bhimeswara temple near Kalavai – was built to commemorate Rajendra's victory over Kadarem and many regions of present-day Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mabbett |first=I. W. |date=September 1982 |title=Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Cōlas. By Kenneth R. Hall. New Delhi: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications, 1980. Pp. viii, 238. Acknowledgements, Appendices, Bibliography, Index. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400008882 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=411–413 |doi=10.1017/s0022463400008882 |s2cid=162962287 |issn=0022-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Rajendra I's overseas war expedition commenced in 1023; a large fleet of ships with Chola warriors was sent to Sri Vijaya, [[Palembang]] in southern Sumatra, which was captured. After that, the fleet captured the adjacent settlement Malaiyur.<ref name="Kulke" /> From there, the fleet sailed to the nearby island Bangha and captured Mevilibangham. The fleet then sailed to [[Pannai]], on the eastern Sumatran mainland, followed by Ilamuridesam in northern Sumatra. The forces next sailed to Malaysia and captured Vallaipandur in modern-day north-east Malaysia and Kadarem in north-west Malaysia. From here, Rajendra's forces sailed north and captured the adjacent settlement Ilankasokam in south-east Thailand, followed by Mathamalingam, eastern Thailand and Thalaitakkolam in south-west Thailand. From here, the fleet departed to India, ''en route'' capturing Manakkavaarem in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], the southern Myanmar (Burma) seaport city Magpapaalam, and returned to Chola country.<ref name="Spencer-1976" /> The Chola south-east Asian expedition ended in 1024, and details of the lands conquered by his forces in this expedition were included in his Meikeerthan early silver ''kasu'' of 1025.<ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-3422" /> With Rajendra's victory over Sri Vijaya(m) of Sumatra in 1023, he built a Siva Temple at Erumbur, Tamil Nadu, and named it Vijayamkonda Cholaeswarem.

[[File:Chola Kings. Rajaraja I. 985-1014 CE Uncertain Tamilnadu mint. Chola, conqueror of the Gangas in Tamil, seated tiger with two fish.jpg|thumb|left|250x250px|Coin of Rajendra containing [[Devanagari script]]]]

With his triumph over the Kadaram, Rajendra assumed the new title "Kadaremkondaan", and one of his grandsons who led the Kadaram expedition was given the title "Kadaremkonda Cholan" (the Chola who captured Kadarem). A region of the present-day Kudimallur, Tamil Nadu, was named "Kadarekonda Cholapuram". Some villages in present-day Tamil Nadu still bear the names Kidarankondan in Thiruvaarur and Ariyalur regions (present Gedaramkondan in Ariyalur) and Kadaramkonda Cholapuram (present Narasingpuram). With Rajendra's victories over Kadaram, Malaysia, in 1023, he built a Siva temple in northern Tamil Nadu and named it Kadaremkonda Cholaeswarem.<ref name="sastri210" />

Following Rajendra's victories in the wars on the Indian mainland and near-overseas, he built two "magnificent & gigantic temples completely out of Granite stone" as living monuments of his forces' great valour and superior status in this region, which are included in the [[UNESCO World Heritage|UNESCO World Heritage Series]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=December 2017 |journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research |volume=4 |issue=12 |title=Place of Tourist Interest in Thanjavur District – A Study |last=Jeyabalakrishnan |first=P. |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1712225.pdf}}</ref> The two granite temples were built to commemorate their triumphs far overseas and as monuments of the Chola's achievements in South-East Asia and the high status of the Medieval Chola Empire in the world history of that period (1025 CE).<ref name="Melton-2014" />

=== Rajendra's conquest chronology ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:orange;"|Timeline 
! style="background:orange;"|Conquests 
! style="background:orange;"|Result 
|-
|992–1040 CE
|[[Chalukya–Chola wars]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas annexed several territories of the [[Western Chalukya Empire|western Chalukyas]]
|-
|1007 CE
|[[Siege of Unkallu]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*[[Rajendra Chola I]] captured the fort of Unkallu (modern Unkal). After subduing [[Banavasi]] and Kadambalige, the [[Cholas]] defeated the defending commander Lenka Keta and secured control over western Chalukya territories.<ref>{{cite book
|editor=R. C. Majumdar
|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol. 5: The Struggle for Empire
|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
|year=1966
|page=165
|url=https://archive.org/details/struggleforempir05bhar/page/164/mode/1up
}}</ref>
|-
|1007 CE
|[[Battle of Donur]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas successfully raided [[Banavasi]], Donur (in the [[Bijapur]] region), unkal (near modern [[Hubli]]) , [[Kudala sangama]] and parts of the [[Raichur Doab]] and secured [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangavadi]] and Nolambavadi.
|-
|993–1017 CE
|[[Chola conquest of Anuradhapura|Conquest of Anuradhapura]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas annexed the entirety of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] king [[Kassapa VI]] becomes his puppet ruler
|-
|1018–1019 CE
|Conquest of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera Kingdom]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Kingdom]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas annexed the Cheras and Pandyas
|-
|1018 CE
|Conquest of the [[Maldives]], [[Kavaratti]] and [[Lakshadweep]] islands
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas annexed the [[Maldives]], [[Kavaratti]] and [[Lakshadweep]] islands
|-
|1020 CE
|[[Chalukya–Chola wars|Battle of Maski]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas raid and sacked [[Malkheda]], then annexed the Raichur district from the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukya]] Empire.
|-
|1021 CE
|Recovery of [[Vengi]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*The Cholas defeated Vijayaditya who was supported by [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], and [[Rajaraja Narendra]] was installed on the [[Vengi]] throne.
*Coronation of [[Rajaraja Narendra]] in [[Vengi]]
|-
|1021 CE
|[[Chola expedition to North India|Conquest of the Kalinga]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas annexed region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]
|-
|1019 - 1021 CE
|[[Chola expedition to North India|Conquest of the Ganges]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas annexed [[Bengal|Vangadesam]] (Bengal) and [[Odisha|Odda]] (Odisha)
|-
|1021 CE
|[[Chola Expedition of the Ganges|Chola conquest of Chandra dynasty]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*[[Chandra dynasty]] conquered by the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]]
|-
|1023-1025 CE
|[[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I|Chola conquest of the Nicobar island]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Chola colonization of the Nicobar islands
*Nicobar island becomes a base of the Cholas to launch deeper expeditions into [[Southeast Asia]] from.
|-
|1023–1025 CE
|[[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I|Conquest of Pegu]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Cholas annexed the city of [[Bago, Myanmar|Pegu]] ([[Myanmar]])
|-
|1025 CE
|[[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|Conquest of the Srivijaya Empire]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*[[Srivijaya]] (Parts of [[Indonesia]] and [[Singapore]]) and other surrounding tribal kingdoms colonized by the Cholas.
|-
|1025 CE
|[[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I|Chola conquest of the Langkasuka kingdom]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*The kingdom is occupied by the Cholas.
|-
|1028 CE
|[[Chola invasion of Kedah]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*Entire [[Malay Peninsula]] sacked and conquered by the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]]
|-
|1035 CE
| Reconquest of [[Vengi]]
|'''[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] victory'''
*The Cholas defeated the [[Western Chalukya]] armies and drove them out of the Telugu country.
*[[Rajaraja Narendra]] was reinstated to the [[Vengi]] throne.
|}

== Battles in southern India ==

===Early campaigns===

Rajendra led campaigns from 1002 CE; these include the conquest of the [[Rashtrakutas]] and the campaigns against the [[Western Chalukyas]]. He conquered the Chalukyan territories of Yedatore – a large part of [[Raichur]] district between the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and the [[Tungabhadra]] rivers – [[Banavasi]] in north-western [[Mysore]] and the capital [[Manyakheta]]. Rajendra erected a Siva temple at [[Bhatkal]]. He also conquered Kollipakkai, located north of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in present-day [[Telangana]].<ref name="Cholas I"/> An excerpt from an inscription in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] from [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] states:

{{blockquote|In the eighth year of the reign of Kopparakesarivanmar sri Rajendra Sola Deva, who, while the goddess of Fortune, having become constant, increased, and while the goddess of the great Earth, the goddess of victory in battle and the matchless goddess of Fame, having become his great queens, rejoiced-that in his extended lifetime, conquered with his great war-like army Idaiturai-nadu, Vanavasi(i.e., [[Banavasi]]) shut in by a fence of continuous forests; Kollipakkai, whose walls were surrounded by sulli trees; Mannaikkadakkam(i.e., [[Manyakheta]]) whose fortification was unapproachable.<ref>Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 32</ref>}}

In 1018 and 1019 CE, Rajendra invaded and conquered the [[Pandya]] and [[Chera Perumal]] kingdoms.<ref>See Sastri, K. A. N., ''A History of South India'', p165</ref> He appointed one of his sons as viceroy with the title ''Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya'' with [[Madurai]] as the headquarters in charge of both Pandya and Chera/Kerala.<ref name="Cholas I"/> As per inscriptions on a memorial stone, Rajendra took the highway ''[[Rajakesari Peruvazhi]]'' to reach the [[Chera Nadu]] from [[Chola Nadu]].<ref name="Hist">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-influence-of-jainism-in-kongu-nadu/article19845654.ece|title=On how Kongu Nadu was a Jain bastion|date=12 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 December 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023080330/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-influence-of-jainism-in-kongu-nadu/article19845654.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Chola–Chalukya wars ===
{{Main|Chalukya–Chola wars}}
[[File:Rajendra Chola in Battle, Kolaramma Temple - Edited.jpg|thumb|200px|Rajendra in Battle, [[Kolaramma Temple]], Kolar<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rice |first1=Benjamin Lewis |url=https://archive.org/stream/epigraphiacarnat10myso#page/n7/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume X: Inscriptions in the Kolar District |date=1994 |publisher=Department of Archeology, Mysore State |location=Mangalore, British India |access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref>|left]]

Rajendra Chola I fought several battles with [[Western Chalukyas]]. From 992 CE to 1008 CE, during the reign of Rajaraja I, Rajendra raided and annexed several towns, such as [[Kuntala country|Rattapadi]], [[Banavasi]] and [[Donur]] ([[Bijapur]] District).<ref name="Cholas I"/><ref name="Sastri 1958"/>

[[Tailapa II]] and his son [[Satyashraya]],who were opponents of [[Raja Raja Chola I]] and [[Rajendra Chola I]], ended up being defeated at [[Annigeri]] and at [[Kogali]] respectively.[[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] was defeated in Kadambalige.[[Raja Raja Chola I]] invaded the Chalukya territory in 1003 - 1004 AD, and Achieve victory in many battles. [[Raja Raja Chola I]] Defeated [[Satyashraya]] in pitched some battles and from cut of the treasures that he captured from him the temple at [[Thanjavur]] was enriched.Tiruvalangadu plates of [[Rajendra Chola]], state that [[Raja raja]] defeated [[Satyashraya]] who "fled to avoid misery from the attack of his (i. e. Arunmolivarman’s) ocean-like army, (still) misery found a (permanent) abode in him. In this Battle [[Satyashraya]] brother prince Dasavarman seems to have killed and Chalukya general dandanayaka Kesava was taken prisoner.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2|author=Benjamin Lewis Rice|publisher=Government Press, 1930 - Karnataka (India)|page=1075}}</ref><ref name="B.R Gopal 1981"/>

===Siege of Unkal===

Raja Raja Chola diverted attention from [[Vengi]] affairs to the [[Satyashraya]] to counteroffensive and sent an army under Crown Prince [[Rajendra Chola]] in Chalukya Country. Rajendra marched with a 900,000-strong army and Captured Santalige, Kadambalige, [[Banavasi]], [[Kogali]] and besieged the fort of Unkallu in the modern Unkal district located in the Dharwad district. In this ensuing battle, the Cholas defeated the Chalukyas, and the Chalukya commander, Lenka Keta, was killed. After Rajendra Chola successfully captured Unkallu Fort and then encamped at Donur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murari |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeK1AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇi, from Circa 973 A.D. to 1200 A.D.: Based Mainly on Epigraphical Sources |date=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=S. Ramakrishnan |first=General Editor |url=http://archive.org/details/struggleforempir05bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}</ref>

===Battle of Donur===
{{Main|Battle of Donur}}
Following the Siege of Unkallu Fort, Rajendra battled against [[Satyashraya]], who was opposing him in Donur. Kulpak and [[Malkhed]] became the objects of attack. In the [[Battle of Donur]] Rajendra defeated [[Satyashraya]] and successfully raided [[Banavasi]], Donur (in the [[Bijapur]] region), unkal (near modern [[Hubli]]) , [[Kudala sangama]] and parts of the [[Raichur Doab]] (called Iditurainadu) and secured [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangavadi]] and Nolambavadi.<ref name="Kitabistam,Allahabad"/><ref name="Sastri 1958"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yAKAQAAIAAJ&q=Donur |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People |date=1951 |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cholas I"/> A mandapa at [[Tiruvottiyur]] called [[Manyakheta|Mannaikonda Chola]] was among the mementos of the [[Rajendra Chola]] campaign.<ref name="Cholas I"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Indian Inscriptions Volume 2 - Rajarajesvara Temple Inscriptions at Tanjavur @ whatisindia.com |url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_2/introduction.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.whatisindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Kitabistam,Allahabad"/> Mannaikonda-Chola is described in inscriptions as a surname assumed in commemoration of his conquest of [[Malkhed|Manyakheta]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Mt5tAAAAMAAJ&q=temple+was+called+Mannaikonda&dq=temple+was+called+Mannaikonda&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVr6LIst2SAxWIUGwGHUC7Coo4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#temple%20was%20called%20Mannaikonda |title=South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2) |date=1987 |publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=C. Krishna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=b7wYAAAAYAAJ&q=temple+was+called+mannaikonda&dq=temple+was+called+mannaikonda&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu-9WXsN2SAxXSxzgGHYTKHdIQ6AF6BAgMEAM#temple%20was%20called%20mannaikonda |title=Saiva Art and Architecture in South India |date=1985 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-0-8364-1417-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Hottur inscription attributed to Irivabedanga [[Satyashraya]] from [[Dharwad]] acknowledges his allegiance to the Western Chalukyas and highlights the Chola incursion. He accuses [[Rajendra Chola]] of leading a massive force of 955,000 soldiers and causing havoc in Donuwara([[Donur]] in [[Bijapur]] district), blurring the ethical boundaries of warfare prescribed by the [[Dharmaśāstra|''Dharmaśāstras'']].<ref name="Studying early India: archaeology, texts and historical issues, page 198">''Studying early India: archaeology, texts and historical issues'', p. 198</ref>

===Rattapadi Campaign===
Kanyakumari Inscriptions State that, Madhurantaka alias Rajendra-Chola :

{{cquote|(Conquered [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], made [[Manyakheta]] a playground for his armies ; had the kings of Kuluta and [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]] slain and the chiefs of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] and Vimsa destroyed ; burnt [[Pala Empire|Kataha]]).<ref name="Chakravarti 1933">{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=N. p |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69621 |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.22 |date=1933}}</ref>
}}

In about 1014 - 1015 CE, Rajendra led a war against the [[Kuntala country|Rattapadi]] in northern [[Karnataka]] and southern [[Maharashtra]]. Rajendra was successful in striking at the heart of the [[Western Chalukya|Chalukyan Empire]] and sacking and destroying capital [[Manyakheta]].<ref name="B.R Gopal 1981"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anirudh Kanisetti |url=http://archive.org/details/anirudh-kanisetti-lords-of-earth-and-sea-a-history-of-the-chola-empire-juggernaut-books-2025 |title=Lords Of Earth And Sea A History Of The Chola Empire (2025) |date=2025}}</ref><ref name="Cholas I"/> He also captured [[Malkheda]] on behalf of his father, which met this reversal after its initial capture by Rajaraja Cholan in 1007.The Kanyakumari Inscriptions, while recording the achievements of Rajendra Chola, state that the latter made Manyakheta the playground of his army.later, as Manyakheta’s loot was paraded in Thanjavur, Rajendra Chola declared that he had captured the ‘spotless fame’ of the Chalukyas, becoming a resplendent conqueror in his own right; he also proclaimed that he had fulfilled his father’s vow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anirudh Kanisetti |url=http://archive.org/details/anirudh-kanisetti-lords-of-earth-and-sea-a-history-of-the-chola-empire-juggernaut-books-2025 |title=Lords Of Earth And Sea A History Of The Chola Empire (2025) |date=2025}}</ref><ref name="B.R Gopal 1981"/>

===Vengi affairs===
In 1015, [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] became the king of [[Western Chalukyas]]. He tried to recover the losses suffered by his predecessor [[Satyashraya]], who fled his capital and was later restored to the throne by Raja Raja I as a tribute-paying subordinate. Initially, Jayasimha II was successful because Rajendra was busy with his campaigns in Sri Lanka.<ref name="sastri166">See Sastri, K. A. N., ''A History of South India'', p166</ref> In 1021, after the demise of the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukyan]] king Vimaladitya of [[Vengi]], Jayasimha supported Vijayaditya VII's claim to the throne against the claims of [[Rajaraja Narendra]], the son of Vimaladitya and Chola princess Kundavai.<ref name="sastri166" /> [[Rajendra Chola|Rajendra]] helped his nephew [[Rajaraja Narendra]] defeat Vijayaditya who was supported by [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]]. On the Eastern front, Rajendra's general, Arayan Rajarajan, defeated Vijayaditya, who was supported by Jayasimha II. And Rajaraja Narendra was installed on the Vengi throne.<ref>''Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 70''</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yazdani G. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505941 |title=The Early History Of The Deccan Pat I-vi (1960) |date=1960}}</ref> Vengi was later the site of the coronation of Rajendra's nephew following his victories in the [[Chola expedition to North India]].<ref name="Sastri 1958"/>

===Battle of Maski===
Western front Rajendra led a 900,000-strong army and defeated [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] at the [[Battle of Maski]] in 1020 AD.Following battle rajendra recapture Gangavadi and annexed Raichur from Western Chalukyas.<ref name="Kitabistam,Allahabad"/>
Rajendra fought [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] in the [[Battle of Maski]].<ref name="sastri166" /><ref name="Kitabistam,Allahabad"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yazdani G. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505941 |title=The Early History Of The Deccan Pat I-vi (1960) |date=1960}}</ref>

Rajendra chola Tiruvalangadu copper plates states,

{{cquote|“( He captured) the seven and a half lakhs of [[Kuntala country|Rattapadi]](which was) strong by nature, and vast quantities of treasure, together with the inestimable reputation of [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], who out of fear and to his great disrepute, turned his back at Musangi (i.e., [[Maski]]) and hide himself. ”
<ref name="Nilakanta Sastri 1935 277">{{cite book
|last=Nilakanta Sastri
|first=K. A.
|title=The Colas: Volume I (The Cholas I)
|page=277
|publisher=University of Madras
|year=1935
|url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n277/mode/1up
|access-date=2025-07-31
|via=Internet Archive
}}</ref>
}}

{{cquote|That lord of Rattarashtra (i.e., [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]]) in order to escape from the fire of the terrible rage of the ornament of the Solar race (i.e., [[Rajendra Chola]]) took to his heels with fear, abandoning all (his) family riches and reputation.<ref>{{cite web
|title=South Indian Inscriptions – Volume 3 No. 205D: Aditya II (Karikala)
|url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/no_205d_aditya_ii_karikala.html
|website=WhatIsIndia.com
|publisher=WhatIsIndia Publishers (P) Ltd.
|access-date=2025-07-31
}}</ref>
}}

{{cquote|"It may be no wonder that the fire of his anger burst into a flame as it came into contact with the descendant of [[Tailapa II]] . This, however, is strange that, having crossed the waters of all the oceans, it (the fire of his anger) consumed the enemy fuel"(dvisadindhana.)<ref name="Nilakanta Sastri 1935 277">{{cite book
|last=Nilakanta Sastri
|first=K. A.
|title=The Colas: Volume I (The Cholas I)
|page=277
|publisher=University of Madras
|year=1935
|url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n277/mode/1up
|access-date=2025-07-31
|via=Internet Archive
}}</ref>
}}

{{cquote|(conquest of the quarters with a powerful army ; invasion of the South, the [[Pandya]] country and the flight of the [[Pandya]] king to the [[Malaya Mountains|Malaya hill]] ; hia son Chola-Pandya left in charge of the kingdom ; invasion of the Western region, crossing the [[Western Ghats|Sahya]] and flghting with and defeating the lord of [[Chera|Kerala]] and leaving Chola-Pandya in charge of the west also ; entry into [[Kanchi]] and conquest of [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]]). | source = Thiruvalangadu copper plates<ref name="Chakravarti 1933">{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=N. p |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69621 |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.22 |date=1933}}</ref><ref>https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/no_205d_aditya_ii_karikala.html</ref>
}}

While in this consequent [[Rajendra Chola I]], he captured the whole of [[Kuntala country|Rattapadi]]. In the battle at Musangi ([[Maski]]), as it is spelt in the inscriptions, and the description of this campaign states that Rajendra Chola started from [[Kanchipuram]] on his march against [[Western Chalukya|Chalukya Country]]; there was a fierce battle between the forces of [[Rajendra Chola|Rajendra]] and [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] , Jayasimha turned back and fled to the forests, and Rajendra returned to his capital with much booty.<ref name="Nilakanta Sastri 1935 277">{{cite book
|last=Nilakanta Sastri
|first=K. A.
|title=The Colas: Volume I (The Cholas I)
|page=277
|publisher=University of Madras
|year=1935
|url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n277/mode/1up
|access-date=2025-07-31
|via=Internet Archive
}}</ref>

=== Reconquest of Vengi ===
Rajendra Chola's nephew, [[Rajaraja Narendra]] Eight years after his coronation, the sovereignty of [[Vengi]] was changed. Rajaraja was driven out of the kingdom by his half-brother Vijayaditya in 1031 AD. Vijayaditya could not have overcome his brother and seized [[Vengi]], and the only power that could have helped him in the enterprise was the [[Western Chalukya]] monarch [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] . The Western Chalukya general invaded [[Vengi]] and captured the city of Bezwada([[Vijayawada]]). So [[Rajaraja Narendra]] sought help in the [[Chola]] court. Soon [[Rajendra Chola]] sent an army under his general, the Brahman general Rajaraja Brahma Maharaja, together with two other officers. The [[Chola army]] marched on [[Vengi]] and attacked the [[western Chalukyas]] in the village of Kalindindi. The battle ended indecisively, as both side generals who were engaged in the fight on either side, perished on the battlefield, neither side could claim victory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Balakrishnan Raja |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dxI_AAAAIAAJ&q=Kalidindi+battle&dq=Kalidindi+battle&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiokZrUyM6TAxWouZUCHVaNNtIQ6AF6BAgIEAM#Kalidindi%20battle |title=History of Andhra Pradesh |date=1987 |publisher=Maithili Prakashana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=H. V. Sreenivasa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=g09uAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalidindi+battle&dq=Kalidindi+battle&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiokZrUyM6TAxWouZUCHVaNNtIQ6AF6BAgJEAM#Kalidindi%20battle |title=A History of Karnataka, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |last2=Ramakrishnan |first2=R. |date=1977 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref> but the [[Cholas]] failed to secure [[Rajaraja Narendra]] to the [[Vengi]] Throne. Therefore, in 1035 CE, [[Rajendra Chola]] sent another expedition to [[Vengi]] under his son and co-regent, [[Rajadhiraja I]]. Rajadhiraja Succeeding and defeating the [[Western Chalukya]] armies and driving them out of the Telugu country. Once again [[Rajaraja Narendra]] was installed on the [[Vengi]] throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkataramanayya |first=N[elaturi |url=http://archive.org/details/venkataramanayya-n.-the-eastern-calukyas-of-vengi |title=The Eastern Calukyas of Vengi |date=1950}}</ref>

== Conquest of Anuradhapura ==
{{Main|Chola conquest of Anuradhapura}}
[[File:Spiritual 16.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Koneswaram Temple|Koneswaram temple]] in [[Trincomalee]] was expanded by Rajendra. ]]

Under his father Rajaraja I, Rajendra Chola I's commander [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]] commanded an army that invaded Sri Lanka and sacked the capital city [[Anuradhapura]].{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=411}} The new Chola capital was at [[Polonnaruwa]], which was renamed "Jananathamangalam", a title of Rajaraja. Chola official Tali Kumaran erected a Siva temple called Rajarajeshvara ("Lord of Rajaraja") in the town Mahatittha – modern Mantota, Mannar – which was renamed Rajaraja-pura.{{sfn|K. A. N. Sastri|1992|p=3}} Chola-occupied territories on the island were named Mummudicholamandalam after Mummudi Chola or Rajaraja I, Rajendra's father.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=132}}

During his reign, Rajendra's father [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] annexed the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Kingdom of Anuradhapura]] in northern Sri Lanka. Rajendra invaded the [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]] in the south in 1017.<ref>''Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010, South India page 59''</ref> Chola raids were launched southwards from [[Rajarata]] into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the island. The whole of Anuradhapura, including the south-eastern province Rohana, was incorporated into the Chola Empire.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=199–200}} According to the Sinhalese chronicle ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V – about 1017 to 1018.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=199–200}} But the Cholas never consolidated their control over the south of the island, which lacked large, prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation. Under Rajendra, the Chola's predatory expansion in Sri Lanka approached a point of diminishing returns.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=416}} According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra led a large army into Ruhuna kingdom and Ruhuna was incorporated into the Chola Empire{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=199–200}} and captured Mahinda's crown, queen and daughter, a vast amount of wealth and the king himself, whom Rajendra took to India as a prisoner to India, where he died in exile in 1029.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}}{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=199–200}}

=== Aftermath ===
11–12 years after the Chola conquest of Rohana, Prince Kassapa, son of Mahinda, hid in Rohana, where Chola forces unsuccessfully searched for him. Soon after the death of Mahinda, Kassapa assumed the [[Sinhalese monarchy]] as [[Kassapa VI]] – also known as Vikramabahu – and reigned in Rohana from 1029 to 1040 while attempting to organise a campaign of liberation and unification. He became the king of Rohana after the 11–12 years of Chola rule in Rohana. Taking advantage of uprisings in the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] and [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera]] kingdoms,which seems to have no effect in this conflict, 2 Sinhala dandanayakas by the names of Budha and Kiththi defeated the Chola garrisons (on behalf of Kassapa IV) in a 6 month long battle at Palatupana in Rohana. The soldiers of the 95,000-strong Chola army withdrawn to Pulatthinagara across dhakkina principality. Prince Kassapa IV launched an unsuccessful raid into Pulattinagara but died because of a disease before he could consolidate his power to a second raid into Pulattinagara. A series of non-sinhalese ephemeral aspirants to the throne subsequently appeared and disappeared in Rohana without dislodging the Cholas from the north.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}} Kassapa VI's mysterious death in 1040, however, brought an end to the war until the rise of Vijayabahu. His successor Mahalana-Kitti (1040–1042) tried to lead a revolt against the Cholas but failed.<ref name="Cholas I"/>

[[File:Seal of the Chola King Rajendra I (reigned 1012-1044) LACMA M.87.272.5.jpg|thumb|Seal of the Rajendra I]]

[[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa]] I (1055–1110) descended from or claimed to be descended from the Sinhalese royal house, the House of Lambakanna II. By the age of seventeen, he had defeated his most-potent rivals in Rohana and was anxious to take on the Cholas.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}} The crisis in the country left a few scattered, turbulent chiefs and intractable rebels whose allegiance, if any, was at best opportunistic, which proved a problem to both sides in the conflict, frustrating both the Sinhalese kings and the Cholas. Vijayabahu, from his base in Rohana, faced a similar difficulty; he had to contend with the hostility of local chiefs who regarded him as a more-significant threat than the Cholas to their independence. For that reason, the Cholas recruited nominal support from rebel chiefs in Rohana. Vijayabahu needed help consolidating a firm territorial base from which to launch a decisive campaign against the Cholas. On another front, the Cholas needed to eliminate similar opposition in the north. Gradually the wider conflict developed into a prolonged, back-and-forth struggle of raids and counter-raids; the forces of Vijayabahu advanced upon Polonnaruva, and then fell back to fortresses in Dakkhinadesa and Rohana to withstand retaliatory Chola attacks and sieges.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}} The Chola reign over Sri Lanka persisted until 1070, the occupation ended in Chola withdrawal after a further series of indecisive clashes.{{sfn| Spencer|1976|p=418}}

== Conquest of the Ganges ==
{{Main|Chola expedition to North India}}
[[File:Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] was built by Rajendra to celebrate his success in the Ganges Expedition]]

=== Conflict with the Palas ===
In 1019 CE, Rajendra's forces marched through [[Odisha|Kalinga]] towards the Ganges river. In Kalinga, the Chola forces defeated Indraratha, ruler of the [[Somavamsi dynasty]].<ref>Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (2000) [1935]. The Cōlas. Madras: University of Madras. p.208</ref> Rajendra accepted the help of the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, with whom Indraratha had a bitter enmity, and Rajendra took advantage of this situation. The combined armies defeated Indraprastha, who was probably killed. The Chola army eventually reached the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] kingdom of Bengal, where they defeated [[Mahipala]]. The Chola army also defeated the last ruler of the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty]], Dharmapala of Dandabhukti.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.281</ref><ref>West Bengal District Gazetteers: Nadīa p.63</ref> The Chola army went on to raid eastern Bengal – modern-day Bangladesh – defeated [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] of the [[Chandra dynasty]], and invaded the [[Bastar state|Bastar]] region.<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.145</ref><ref>Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India by Professor S.K. Tiwari p.161</ref>

The Tamil ''[[praśasti]]'' of Rajendra I reads:
{{blockquote|(He seized) Śakkarakkōţţam, whose warriors were brave; Madura-maṇḍalam destroyed in a trice, the prosperous city of Nāmaṇaik-kōṇam with its dense groves. Pañcap-paḷḷi whose warriors (bore) cruel bows, Māśunideśa with its green fields; a large heap of family-treasures with many (other) treasures (which he carried away), after having conquered Indraratha of the ancient race of the moon, together with (his) family, in a fight which took place at Ādinagar, (a city) whose fame knew no decline; Oḍḍa-[[viṣaya]] which was difficult of approach on account of its dense forest defence; the good Kōśalai-nāḍu where Brahmins assembled; Taṇḍabutti in whose gardens bees abounded, (land which he acquired) after having destroyed Dharmapāla (in) a hot battle; Takkaṇalāḍam, whose fame reached (all) directions, (and which he occupied) after having forcibly attacked Raṇaśura; Vangāḷa-deśā, where the rain water never stopped, (and from which) Gōvindacandra fled, having descended (from his) male elephant; elephants of rare strength, women and treasure, (which he seized) after having been pleased to put to flight in a hot battlefield the strong Mahipāla by the sound of a conch from the deep sea; Uttiralāḍam (on the shore of) the expansive ocean (producing) pearls; and the Gangā whose waters bearing flagrant flowers dashed against the bathing places (''tirtha'')<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 207</ref>}}

=== Gangaikondacholapuram ===
To celebrate his victory in the Ganges, Rajendra constructed a new capital at [[Gangaikondacholapuram]] and built [[Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikonda Choleeswarar Temple]], which is similar to the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] at Thanjavur. There has been general disagreement among historians on the nature of the expedition. Early scholars such as [[V. Venkayya]] interpreted Rajendra's campaign to "bring the waters of the Ganges into Chola territory" as a pilgrimage to the Ganges river.<ref>[[Chola expedition to North India#Sastri|Sastri]], p 209</ref> This theory has been refuted by later historians, the most notable being [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]].<ref name="sastri210">[[Chola expedition to North India#Sastri|Sastri]], p 210</ref> The military nature of the campaign is suggested by the last line of the Thiruvalangadu plates, which state the king erected the Cholaganga tank as a ''Ganga-jalamayam jayasthambham'' ("liquid pillar of victory).<ref name="sastri210" />

The Chola expedition to the Ganges had a long-lasting influence. According to R. D. Banerji, a [[Kannadiga]] chief who accompanied Araiyan Rajarajan on his campaign settled in Bengal and founded the [[Sena Dynasty]].<ref name="sastri210"/> It is believed the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnata]] people of [[History of Mithila|Mithila]] might have descended from soldiers of the Chola army.<ref name="sastri210" /> According to the ''Siddhantasaravali'' of Trilocana Sivacharya, many [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] [[Brahmins]] from Bengal were taken to Chola country, where Rajendra granted them lands. They eventually settled in [[Kanchipuram]] and the [[Cauvery Delta]], forming the Sivacharya community.<ref name="sastri210" />

== Campaigns in South-East Asia ==
{{Main|Chola invasion of Srivijaya|South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I}}
[[File:Charter issued by king Rājendra Chola I Or. 1687.pdf|left|thumb|[[Charter]] issued by Rajendra I that declared the collection of revenue to build a [[Vihāra|Buddhist Vihara]] in [[Srivijaya|Sriwijaya]].]]

=== Invasion of Srivijaya ===
[[Srivijaya]] was a kingdom centred in [[Palembang]], [[Sumatra]], and was ruled by the [[Sailendra dynasty]]. During the reign of [[Maravijayottunggavarman|Mara Vijayatungavarman]], Srivijaya had cordial relations with the Chola Empire during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I, leading to Mara Vijayatungavarman building the [[Chudamani Vihara]] in [[Nagapattinam]]. [[Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman]] succeeded Mara.

[[Suryavarman I|Khmer Emperor Suryavarman I]] started a war against the kingdom of [[Tambralinga]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]], and requested aid from Rajendra.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336">Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers</ref><ref>Munoz, Paul Michel. ''Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula'' p. 158-159</ref> After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra, Tambralinga requested aid from Srivijaya, which Sangrama granted.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336" /><ref>*Majumdar, R. C. (1961). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249234 "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Chola"], ''Artibus Asiae'' '''24''' (3/4), pp. 338–342. Artibus Asiae Publishers.</ref> This led to the Chola invasion of the Srivijiya Empire. This belligerence were partly influenced by religion; the Chola and [[Khmer Empire]] were Hindu [[Shaivism|Shaivites]], while Tambralinga and Srivijaya Empires were [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhists]].<ref>Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers</ref><ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-3422">[[R. C. Majumdar]] (1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers</ref>

The Cholas are known to have benefitted from both [[piracy]] and foreign trade. Sometimes, Chola naval expeditions led to plunder and conquest as far as South-east Asia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Craig A. Lockard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOfjaW7C3AsC&dq=Chola+piracy&pg=PA367 |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History |date=27 December 2006 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=0618386114 |page=367 |access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> While Srivijaya controlled two major naval choke points the [[Malacca Strait|Malacca]] and [[Sunda Strait]]s, the Malacca Strait's north-west opening was controlled from Kedah on the Malay Peninsula side and from [[Pannai]] on the Sumatran side.

=== Other campaigns in South-East Asia ===
{{Main|Chola invasion of Kedah}}

In 1025 CE, Rajendra's Chola forces crossed the [[Indian Ocean]] and invaded Srivijaya, attacking several places in modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=trans. Susan Brown Cowing |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 |editor=Walter F. Vella |pages=142–143 |author-link=George Coedès}}</ref> The Cholas sacked the capital [[Kedah|Kadaram]] and [[Pannai]] on Sumatra, and [[Melayu Kingdom|Malaiyur]] on the Malay Peninsula. Rajendra also invaded [[Tambralinga]] and the [[Gangga Nagara]] Kingdom in modern-day Malaysia and southern Thailand.<ref>The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World by Lincoln Paine p.866</ref><ref>Andaya, Leonard Y. ''Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka'' p.35</ref><ref>''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41''</ref> Chola forces captured the last ruler of the [[Sailendra Dynasty]] [[Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman]].<ref name="Kulke">Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia p. 230</ref> The Chola invasion was the end of Srivijaya.<ref name="Abshire">Abshire, Jean. ''The History of Singapore'' p. 17</ref><ref name="Between 2 Oceans p.16">Murfett, Malcolm H.; Miksic, John; Farell, Brian; Chiang, Ming Shun. ''Between Two Oceans: A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971'' p. 16</ref> Srivijaya's maritime power declined under the Chola attack.<ref name="Southeast Asia p.43">Sar Desai, D. R. ''Southeast Asia: Past and Present'' p.43</ref> Chola forces conquered large portions of Srivijaya, including its ports [[Nakhon Si Thammarat|Ligor]], Kedah and [[Temasek|Tumasik]] (now Singapore).<ref name="Southeast Asia p.43" /><ref>Munoz, p. 161</ref> The Chola invasion furthered the expansion of Tamil merchant associations such as the [[Manigramam]], [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Ayyavole]] and [[Ainnurruvar]] into South-East Asia,<ref>Sen, Tansen. ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations 600-1400'' p. 159</ref><ref>Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. ''Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium'' p. 69</ref><ref>Wink, André. ''Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11 centuries'' p. 325</ref><ref>Sen, Sailendra Nath. ''Ancient Indian History and Civilization'' p. 564</ref> and for the next century, Tamil trading companies from southern India dominated the region.<ref name="Abshire" /><ref name="Between 2 Oceans p.16" /> Rajendra's expedition is mentioned in corrupted form as Raja Chulan in the medieval Malay chronicle ''Sejarah Melaya'', and Malay princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, such as [[Raja Chulan]] of [[Perak]].<ref>Gunn, Geoffrey C. ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'' p. 43</ref><ref>Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay. ''Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia'' p. 71</ref><ref>Sen, Tansen. ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations'' p. 226</ref><ref>Kalyanaraman, A. ''Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans'' p.158</ref><ref>Singam, S. Durai Raja. ''India and Malaya Through the Ages''</ref> One record of Rajendra describes him as the King of [[Lamuri]] in north Sumatra.<ref>Wink, André. ''Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest'' p. 326</ref> The Chola invasion led to the fall of the [[Sailendra Dynasty]] of Srivijaya also coincided with the return voyage of the Buddhist scholar [[Atiśa]] from Sumatra to India in 1025.<ref>Atisa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dipamkara Srijnana by Alaka Chattopadhyaya p.91</ref>

Despite the devastation, the Srivijaya mandala survived because the Chola attack was short and only meant to plunder so the invasion failed to install direct administration over Srivijaya. This invasion severely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony, and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms like [[Kahuripan]] and its successor [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]], in [[Java]], which were based on agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. Sri Deva was enthroned as the new king and trading activities resumed. Deva sent an embassy to the court of China in 1028.<ref name="Munoz 163">{{cite book |last=Munoz |first=Paul Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ |title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |year=2006 |isbn=981-4155-67-5 |location=Singapore |pages=163}}</ref> The invasion was not followed by direct Cholan occupation, and the region was unchanged geo-politically, trade had considerable consequences. Tamil traders encroached on the Srivijayan realm that was traditionally controlled by [[Malay Indonesians|Malay]] traders, and the Tamil guilds' influence increased on the Malay Peninsula and the north coast of Sumatra.<ref name="Munoz 163" />

=== Aftermath ===
With the growing presence of Tamil guilds in the region, relations between Srivijaya and the Cholas improved. Chola nobles were accepted in the Srivijaya court, and in 1067, a Chola prince named Divakara or Devakala was sent as a Srivijayan ambassador to the Imperial Court of China. The prince, who was the nephew of Rajendra Chola, was enthroned in 1070 as [[Kulothunga Chola I]]. During the Kedah rebellion, Srivijaya asked the Cholas for help. In 1068, [[Virarajendra Chola]] launched a naval raid to help Srivijaya reclaim Kedah.<ref name="Suvarnadwipa p.305">Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.305</ref> Virarajendra reinstated the Kedah king at the request of the Srivijayan Maharaja, and Kedah accepted Srivijayan sovereignty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz |first=Paul Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ |title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |year=2006 |isbn=981-4155-67-5 |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref name="Suvarnadwipa p.305" />

== Death ==
[[File:A 11th century relief with woman praying to Shiva Linga Shaivism.jpg|left|thumb|Rajendra Praying to a [[Lingam|Shiva Lingam]]]]

Rajendra I died in 1044 in Brahmadesam, present-day [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]] district, Tamil Nadu. Rajendra's son [[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]] recorded this information in an inscription, which states Rajendra's queen Viramahadevi committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] upon her husband's death. Her remains were interred in the same tomb at Brahmadesam. It adds the queen's brother Madhuranthaka Parakesari Velan,<ref>{{cite book|author=Place Names Society of India|title=Studies in Indian place names, Volume 6|publisher=Published on behalf of the Place Names Society of India by Geetha Book House, 1984|editor=Madhav N. Katti|page=89}}</ref> who was a general in Rajendra's army, constructed a watershed at the same place in memory of his sister.<ref name="Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri 19"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Place Names Society of India|title=Studies in Indian place names, Volume 6|publisher=Published on behalf of the Place Names Society of India by Geetha Book House, 1984 - India|editor=Madhav N. Katti|page=89}}</ref>

==Personal life and family==
[[File:Domlur chola stone art 10th century,bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Rajendra with [[Middle Tamil]] Inscriptions]]

According to the Siddanta Saravali of Trilochana Sivacharya, Rajendra Chola I was a poet who composed hymns to praise the god Siva. A commentary on the same work says Rajendra brought several [[Saivas]] from the banks of the Ganges river and settled them in [[Kanchi]] and across the Chola Empire.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. S. Sharma, K. M. Shrimali|title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206, Volume 4, Part 1, A comprehensive history of India, K. K. Dasgupta|publisher=People's Publishing House, 1992|page=14}}</ref>

=== Titles ===
After his successful campaign for the Ganges river in North India, Rajendra gained the title ''Gangaikonda Chola'' (The Chola who took the Ganges river). After his successful South-East Asian campaign, he gained the title "Kadaram Kondan" (He who took Kedah).<ref>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to .Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.170</ref>

He inherited the title ''Mummudi Cholan'' (Chola with three crowns) from his father ''Mummudi'', a title used by Tamil kings who ruled the three kingdoms of [[Cholas]], [[Pandyas]] and [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]].<ref>Temples of South India by V.V. Subba Reddy p.118</ref> Rajendra assumed other titles to commemorate his conquests, such as ''Mudigonda Cholan'' and ''Irattapadikonda Cholan''.

Rajendra I bore the title ''Chalukya-Chudamani'' (Crest Jewel of the Chalukyas).<ref>{{cite book|author=N. Subrahmanian|title=Tamil Epigraphy: A Survey|publisher=Ennes Publications, 1980|page=128}}</ref>

=== Family ===
Rajendra I had many queens; Tribhuvana or Vanavan Mahadevi, Mukkokilan, Puteri Onangki and Viramahadevi, the last of whom committed sati upon Rajendra's death.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=228}} He had seven sons; Rajarajan, [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja]], [[Manukula Kesari]], Sanga Varman, [[Rajendra Chola II|Rajendra II]], Rajamahendran and [[Virarajendra Chola|Virarajendra]]. Rajarajan was the eldest of the seven but died before reaching thirteen. [[Manukula Kesari]] died in 1021 during the war with the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]]. Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar and Ammangadevi (queen of eastern Chalukya [[Rajaraja Narendra]] and the mother of [[Kulottunga I]]) are the known daughters of Rajendra.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=228}}

== Issue ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Name
!Mother
!Birth
Date
!Death Date
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|Rajarajan
|Mukkokilan Adigal
|988 C.E.
|Unknown
|
|-
|[[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]]
|Mukkokilan Adigal
|994 C.E.
|1052 C.E. (aged 58)
|Chola Emperor from 1044 C.E. to 1052 C.E.; Died in the [[Battle of Koppam]] against the [[Western Chalukya Empire|western Chalukyas]]
|-
|Manukula Kesari
|Tiribhuvana( Vanavan Mahadevi)
|994 C.E
|1021 C.E. (aged 27)
|Chola Governor of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] from 1018 C.E. to 1021 C.E.
|-
|Sanga Varman
|Panchavan Mahadevi
|995 C.E
|1059 C.E. (aged 64)
|Chola Governor of the [[Sri Lanka|Mummudichola Mandalam]] (Polonnaruwa) from 1024 C.E. to 1059 C.E.
|-
|[[Rajendra Chola II|Rajendra II]]
|Mukkokilan Adigal
|997 C.E
|1064 C.E. (aged 67)
|Chola Emperor, from 1052 C.E. to 1064 C.E., Retains his father's possessions.
|-
|Rajamahendra
|Unknown
|1000 C.E.
|1060 C.E
(Aged 60)
|Co-Regent of the Chola Empire under his brother Rajendra II from 1056 C.E. to 1060 C.E.
|-
|[[Virarajendra Chola|Virarajendra]]
|Mukkokilan Adigal
|1002 C.E
|1070 C.E. (aged 68)
|Chola Emperor from 1065 C.E. to 1070 C.E. and King of Kadaram([[Kedah]]) from 1067 C.E. to 1070 C.E.; Put down several rebellions in Kadaram and [[Sri Lanka]] but lost over [[Srivijaya]].
|-
|Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Queen of Kodumbalur King Elangovel Thrichirapalli
|-
|Ammangadevi
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Queen Consort of [[Eastern Chalukyas|eastern Chalukya]] King [[Rajaraja Narendra]]; Mother of Chola Emperor [[Kulottunga I]].
|}

==Work and legacy==
{{See also|List of Chola Temples in Bangalore}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2023}}

=== Temples ===
[[File:Gangaikonda CholaPuram 1.JPG|left|thumb|[[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara Temple]] at [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] was modeled after the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]].]]
[[File:Padur kalai amman temple.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pathirakali Amman Temple]]]]

Rajendra Chola I built several sites.{{sfnp|Vasudevan|2003|pp=21-24|ps=}} Rajendra built [[Gangaikondacholapuram]] to commemorate his victory over the [[Pala Dynasty]]. The name of the city Gangaikonda Cholapuram means "The City of the Conqueror of Ganga River" or "the town of the one who defeated the kings near the Ganga". The city has an artificial lake, which is filled with water from the Kollidam and Vellar rivers. The outer fortification in the city is wider than the inner one. The remains of the outer fortification consists of a mound encircling the palace.

Rajendra established Gangaikonda Cholapuram as his capital from the mediaeval Chola capital [[Thanjavur]], which became the capital for the next 250 years.<ref name="Melton-2014">{{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA674 |title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History |date=15 January 2014 |publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781610690263}}</ref> Rajendra I built several temples using plans and infrastructure recommended in Tamil [[Vastu shastra|Vastu]] and Agama [[sastra]] texts.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=241-249}} These included a [[Ayyappan|Dharma Sasta]], Vishnu and other temples. These temples were destroyed in the late 13th and 14th centuries, except the Brihadishvara temple. The other Chola landmarks are evidenced by soil-covered mounds and excavated, broken pillar stumps and brick walls found over several kilometres from the surviving temple.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=241-249}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. |first=Vasanthi |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of south-east Asian Studies |year=2009 |isbn=978-981-230-938-9 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |pages=96–100 |chapter=Excavation at Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the imperial capital of Rajendra Chola, and its significance |editor-last2=K. |editor-first2=Kesavapany |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC&pg=PA96}}</ref>

Rajendra states Dehejia must have involved the same artisans used by his father and transferred them from Thanjavur.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dehejia |first=Vidya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC&pg=PA80 |title=Art of the Imperial Cholas |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780231515245 |pages=79–81}}</ref> Most or all of the Chola kings from Rajendra I had their coronations at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Archaeological excavations have revealed fort walls and palace remains a few kilometres from this temple.

Rajendra also built a royal palace of burnt brick. The ceilings were covered with small, flat tiles laid in several courses in a fine lime mortar. The pillars were probably made of polished wood and were supported on granite bases; a few pillar bases have survived. Iron nails and clamps have been recovered from this palace site. A tunnel links the palace and the temple's inner first prakaara to the north.

Rajendra also developed [[Koneswaram temple]] in [[Trincomalee]]. The temple to [[Bhadrakali]], which is located further along the complex inland along Konesar Road, benefitted from Rajendra.<ref>An inscription of Rajendra I was found at the goddess Kali's Temple in Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 B.C. to C. 1200 A.D. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. {{ISBN|978-955-1266-72-1}}.</ref> The Kali temple is mentioned in the book ''Birds of Prey'' (1997) by [[Wilbur Smith]], which is set in the 1660s. The ''Thirukonasala Mahatyam'', describing the origins of the world, Lanka and Koneswaram based on puranic legends, is lost. The historical literature ''[[Mattakallappu Manmiyam]]'' (''Batticaloa Manmiyam'') chronicles the Tamil settlement in Batticaloa; it follows the ''Dakshina Kailasa Puranam'' and ''Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam'' in its description of Koneswaram as one of the nine most-important and sacred sites in the world for Hindus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sivaratnam |first1=C |title=An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism |publisher=Stangard Printers |year=1964 |edition=1 |location=Colombo |oclc=12240260 |quote=Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 B.C., according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty...}}</ref>

Rajendra also expanded the [[Pathirakali Amman Temple]] in Trincomalee. It attracted many pilgrims during his reign.

Rajendra developed an efficient water management system from the village level upwards. The increase in royal patronage, and the number of ''devadana'' and ''bramadeya'' lands increased the role of the temples and village assemblies. Committees like (tank committee) and totta-variam (garden committees) were active, and the temples had vast resources in land, men and money.

Rajendra built a large tank named Cholagangam in his capital city Gangaikonda Cholapuram, and it was described as the liquid pillar of victory.

[[Ottakoothar|Ottakoothar's]] ''Vikrama Cholan Ula'' mentions Rajendra's conquests:{{blockquote|The king Rajendra Chola, generous as Karpaga tree that gives whatever one wants, went with his army, conquered and ruled and protected the land,
where Ganges flows and Kadaram. He belongs to the lineage of Vikrama <ref>p 9</ref>|author=Ottakoothar|source=Vikrama Cholan Ula, verse 18}}

The Malay-language ''[[Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain]]'' was written about [[Alexander the Great in legend|Alexander the Great]] as [[Dhul-Qarnayn]], and from it, the ancestry of several South-East Asian royal families is traced to [[Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain|Iskandar Zulkarnain]] (Alexander the Great).<ref>{{cite book|author=Balai Seni Lukis Negara (Malaysia)|title=Seni dan nasionalisme: dulu & kini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL-fAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajendra+Chola+zulkarnain|year=1999|publisher=Balai Seni Lukis Negara|isbn=9789839572278}}</ref> through Rajendra (Raja Chulan, Raja Cholan) in the ''[[Malay Annals]]'' such as the Sumatran [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] royalty.<ref>{{cite book|author=John N. Miksic|author1-link=John N. Miksic|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&q=chola+zulkarnain&pg=PA147|date=30 September 2013|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-574-3|pages=147–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Marie-Sybille de Vienne|title=Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfpIBwAAQBAJ&q=chola+zulkarnain&pg=PA47|date=9 March 2015|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-818-8|pages=47–}}</ref>

=== Inscriptions ===
[[File:Chola inscription from the rock-cut cave temple at Thirunanthikarai.jpg|thumb|Inscriptions dating to Rajendra's 18th regional year (c.1032 CE). [[Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu]], India]]
[[File:Domlur Chola Temple.jpg|thumbnail|Tamil Inscription at [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]] [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India]]

Several inscriptions of Rajendra commemorating his reign and conquests have been found. An inscription at Adhipuriswara temple in [[Chengalpattu]] district gives his natal star as [[Tiruvadarai]]. Donations were made to the temple to celebrate the king's birthday in Maargali.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|title=Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070|publisher=Thomson Press (India), 1975 - Hindu temples - 424 pages|page=301}}</ref> An inscription at Umamahesvara temple in Konerirajapuram, [[Thanjavur]] district, refers to donations by Alvar Parantakan Kundavai-Pirattiyar during the third year of Rajendra's reign.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|title=Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070|publisher=Thomson Press (India), 1975|page=269}}</ref>

The walls of [[Rajarajeswaramudaiya Mahadevar Temple]], built by his father and later developed by Rajendra, include inscriptions describing many donations to the temple made by Rajendra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIVAN KOIL – SIVAPURAM |url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/sivankoil |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Government of Tamil Nadu, Department of Archaeology}}</ref>

=== Officials ===
Rajendra appointed his son Rajadhiraja as heir apparent to the Chola throne in 1018.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=195-196}} Large military expeditions, like the Pandya and Chalukya wars, were carried out by Rajadhiraja.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=226-227}} The prominent officials of the time were:
* [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan|Vallavaraiyar Vandyadevar]]{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=226-227}}
* Yadava Bhima "Uttama Chola" Miladudaiyar{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=226-227}}
* Gangaikonda Chola Miladudaiyar{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=226-227}}
* [[Krishnan Raman|Dandanayakan Narakkan Krishnan Raman]]{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=226-227}}
* Marayan Arumoli "Uttama Chola" Brahmamarayan{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=226-227}}
* Talaigrama Indaladeva{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=226-227}}

==Popular culture==
*He is portrayed by [[Sivakumar]] in the Tamil-language film ''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]'' (1973).
*India's merchant navy training ship ''TS Rajendra'' was named in his honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104162|title=Press release, President address|work=Government of India|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
*The state government of Maharashtra proposed to dedicate Rajendra's portrait to [[Mazgaon Docks]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2016-09-29|title=Rajendra Chola: Maharashtra to dedicate Tamil emperor Rajendra Chola's portrait to Mazgon Docks|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maharashtra-to-dedicate-Tamil-emperor-Rajendra-Cholas-portrait-to-Mazgon-Docks/articleshow/54574985.cms|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref>
*The video game ''[[Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition#Expansions|Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition: Dynasties of India]]'' contains a five-chapter campaign titled ''Rajendra''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegamer.com/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition-best-campaigns-ranked/#rajendra|title=Age Of Empires 2: Definitive Edition - Best Campaigns, Ranked|last=Rodrigues|first=Lucas|website=TheGamer|date=13 April 2023|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421021026/https://www.thegamer.com/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition-best-campaigns-ranked/|archive-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
*''Vengayin Maindhan'' by [[Akilan]] covers the life and achievements of Rajendra
*''Gangapuri Kavalan'' by [[Vembu Vikiraman]] in which Rajendra's the protagonist
*''Mannan Magal'' by [[Sandilyan]] set in the period of Rajendra
*''Gangai Konda Cholan'' by Balakumaran
*''Ulagam Vendra Cholan'' by Bharathika which covers the war history and lifetime achievements

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:11th century Gangaikonda cholapuram Temple, dedicated to Shiva, built by the Chola king Rajendra I Tamil Nadu India (56).jpg|Sculptures of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] at [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
File:11th century Gangaikonda cholapuram Temple, dedicated to Shiva, built by the Chola king Rajendra I Tamil Nadu India (68).jpg|Entrance of Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
File:Maligai-Medu.jpg|Ruins of Rajendra's Palace
File:11th century Bhaktavatsala temple, Cheranmahadevi Tamil Nadu India - 9.jpg|[[Bhaktavatsala Perumal temple, Thirunindravur|Bhaktavatsala Temple]]
File:11th century Gangaikonda cholapuram Temple, dedicated to Shiva, built by the Chola king Rajendra I Tamil Nadu India (98).jpg|alt=|Sculptures at Gangaikonda Cholapuram
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Chola Empire]]
* [[Chola Military]]
* [[Chola Navy]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[History of South India|History of south India]]
* [[List of Tamil monarchs]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Karashima|first=Noboru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ|title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-809977-2|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iZTQwAACAAJ |title=The Colas |publisher=University of Madras |date=1955 |edition=2nd revised |orig-year=1935}}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. N. Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|chapter=The Cōḷas|editor1=R. S. Sharma|editor2=K. M. Shrimali|title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=People's Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1}}
* {{cite book |author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam |title=Middle Chola Temples |publisher=Thomson Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-9060236079}}
* {{cite book |author=M. G. S. Narayanan|orig-date=1972|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=978-81-88765-07-2|location=Kerala}}
* {{cite book |first=Geeta |last=Vasudevan |year=2003 |title=Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Chola Power |publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=0-00-638784-5}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Schmidt, Karl Ludwig |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History (Sources and Studies in World History) |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |year=1997 |isbn=1-56324-334-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm }}
* R. Hall, Kenneth (October 1975). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632140 Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I], ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' '''18''' (3), pp. 318–336. [[Brill Publishers]]
* Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture by K. R. Srinivasan, K. V. Raman

{{commons category}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola|Chola dynasty]]|before=[[Rajaraja Chola I]]|after=[[Rajadhiraja Chola]] |years=1012–1044 CE}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendra I}}
[[Category:Chola emperors|Rajendra I]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1040s deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:971 births]]
[[Category:Chola generals]]

Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya

2026-05-01T15:54:59Z

LinetteFisher: made basic details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian television series from 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Game show]]
* [[Reality television|Reality]]
}}
| director = J. Richard Samson
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
}}
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 46+
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = 42–50 minutes per episode
| producer = R. Venkatesh Babu
| company = Global Villagers
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|4}}
| last_aired = present
| voices =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related =
}}
'''''Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya''''' is an Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] language [[reality television]] [[game show]] that airs on [[Star Vijay]] and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-vijay-tv-quiz-show-contestants-names-questions-cash-prize-winner|title=Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya New Show on Vijay TV|work=Tellybest|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/aug/27/details-about-vijay-television-new-program-called-oo-solriya-3905772.html|title=ஊ சொல்றியா ஓஓஓம் சொல்றியா விஜய் தொலைக்காட்சியில் புதிய நிகழ்ச்சி|date=27 August 2022 |work=[[Dinamani]]|access-date=1 June 2023|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/new-game-show-in-vijay-tv-will-begin-soon-099763.html|title=விஜய் டிவியில் புதிய கேம் ஷோ...டைட்டில் என்ன வச்சிருக்காங்க பாருங்க|date=29 August 2022 |work=Filmibeat|access-date=1 June 2023|language=ta}}</ref> The show is hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Oom Solriya Oohoom Solriya – New Game Show starring Priyanka Deshpnade and Ma Ka Pa Anand on Star Vijay from 4th September|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/oom-solriya-oohoom-solriya/|access-date=1 June 2023|work=India TV|date=4 September 2022}}</ref> The first season premiered on 4 September 2022 and ended with 26 Episode from 19 March 2023. The second season premiered on 19 October 2023 and ended on 17 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-game-show-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-2-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/104468723.cms|title=New game show 'Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya 2' set to premiere soon|date=16 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> The third season premiered on 23 February 2025, and ended on 17 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/tamil-tv/oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-season-3-launch/|title=Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya Season 3: Grand Launch on Vijay TV|work=Southmoviez |date=19 February 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In each episode, three participants contest across four rounds to win cash prizes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-premieres-celebrity-game-show-oom-solriya-oohoom-solriya-on-4th-september/|title=Star Vijay premieres celebrity game show 'Oom Solriya Oohoom Solriya' on 4th September|date=2 September 2022 |work=Medianews4u|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref>

==Hosts==
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]

== Seasons ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #74E387
| episodes1 = 26
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|4}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2023|3|19}}
| color2 = #004000
| episodes2 = 20
| start2 = {{start date|df=yes|2023|10|29}}
| end2 = {{end date|df=yes|2024|3|17}}
| color3 = #87CEFA
| episodes3 = 26
| start3 = {{start date|df=yes|2025|2|23}}
| end3 = {{end date|df=yes|2025|8|17}}
}}

=== Season 1 ===
The first season aired on Sundays from 4 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://totalreporter.com/vijay-tvs-new-show-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-to-start-from-4th-september-2022-complete-details/|title=Vijay TV's New Show Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya To Start From 4th September 2022|date=23 June 2023 |work=Total Reporter|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> The season ended on 19 March 2023 with 26 rpisodes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/98649591.cms|title=TV show Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya to go off-air soon|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/popular-vijay-tv-show-is-going-to-end-1678776477|title=முடிவுக்கு வந்த விஜய் டிவியின் சூப்பர்ஹிட் நிகழ்ச்சி, ரசிகர்களுக்கு காத்திருக்கும் அடுத்த சர்ப்ரைஸ்|work=Cineulagam|access-date=1 June 2023|language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="65%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #959FFD ;color:Black"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #959FFD ;color:Black"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #959FFD ;color:Black"| Contestants
!scope="col" style ="background: #999FFD ;color:Black"| Winner and notes
|-
| 1
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|4}}
| [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar|Sivaangi]], [[Santhosh Prathap]], Pavithra
| [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar|Sivaangi]]
|-
| 2
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|11}}
| [[Sujitha]], Kumaran Thangarajan, [[Kaavya Arivumani]]
| Thangarajan
|-
| 3
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|18}}
| [[Uma Riyaz Khan]], [[Imman Annachi]], Suresh Chakravarthy
| [[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
|-
| 4
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|25}}
| Amir & [[Pavani Reddy]], Thamarai Selvi & Parathasarathi, Vinoth & Aiswarya
| Thamarai Selvi & Parathasarathi
|-
| 5
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|10|2}}
| [[KPY Bala|Bala]], [[Vidyullekha Raman]], [[Grace Karunas]]
| [[Grace Karunas]]
|-
| 6
| 16 October 2022
| [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]], Samyuktha, [[Myna Nandhini]]
| [[Myna Nandhini]]
|-
| 7
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|10|23}}
| [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]], [[Archana Chandhoke]], [[Anjana Rangan]]
| [[Anjana Rangan]]
|-
| 8
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|10|30}}
| [[Ganja Karuppu]], [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], Kuraishi
| [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
|-
| 9
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|6}}
| [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] & [[Ganeshkar]], [[Snehan]] & Kannika Ravi, [[Jacquline Lydia]] & [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]
| [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] & [[Ganeshkar]]
|-
| 10
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|13}}
| [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]], [[Shrutika]], [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]
| [[Shrutika]]
|-
| 11
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|20}}
| [[Gabriella Charlton]], Shobaana, [[Vinusha Devi]]
|[[Vinusha Devi]]
|-
| 12
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|27}}
| [[Maheshwari Chanakyan]], [[Shanthi (choreographer)|Shanthi Arvind]], Asal Kolaar
| Asal Kolaar
|-
| 13
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|04}}
| [[Roopa Sree]], [[Deepa Shankar]], Meena
| [[Deepa Shankar]]
|-
| 14
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|11}}
| [[Pavithra Janani]], K.S. Suchitra Shetty, [[Nakshatra Nagesh]]
| [[Nakshatra Nagesh]]
|-
| 15
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|18}}
| [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Prabhu Solomon]]
| [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
|-
| 16
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|25}}
| [[Riya Vishwanathan]], [[Deepak Dinkar]], [[Ashwini Aanandita]]
|[[Riya Vishwanathan]]
|-
| 17
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|01|01}}
| Anitha Sampath, [[Sakshi Agarwal]], [[Aishwarya Dutta]]
| Anitha Sampath
|-
| 18
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|01|08}}
| Ramar, Nisha, [[C. Ranganathan]]
|Nisha
|-
| 19
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|01|29}}
| G. Pechimuthu, [[Ayesha (Tamil actress)|Ayesha Zeenath]], Queency Stanly
| [[Ayesha (Tamil actress)|Ayesha Zeenath]]
|-
| 20
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|02|05}}
| [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], Madurai Muthu, Harish
| [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]]
|-
| 21
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|02|12}}
| [[RJ Balaji]], Raj Ayyappa, [[Vivek Prasanna]]
|
|-
| 22
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|02|19}}
| [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]], VJ Parvathy, [[Erode Mahesh]]
| [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]]
|-
| 23
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|02|26}}
| [[Mohammed Azeem]], Manikandan Rajesh, Dhanalakshmi
|Dhanalakshmi
|-
| 24
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|03|5}}
| [[Rio Raj]], Malavika Manoj, [[Bhavya Trikha]]
|Malavika Manoj
|-
| 25
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|03|12}}
| Super Singer Stars
| -
|-
| 26
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|03|19}}
| Shivin Ganesan, [[Vikraman Radhakrishnan]], [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]
|Shivin Ganesan
|}

=== Season 2 ===
The second season premiered on 19 October 2023 and was aired on Sundays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-game-show-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-2-set-to-premiere-on-october-29/articleshow/104694079.cms|title=New game show 'Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya 2' set to premiere on October 29|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vijay-tv-superhit-show-season-2-promo-video-1698118070|title=மீண்டும் துவங்கும் விஜய் டிவியின் சூப்பர்ஹிட் நிகழ்ச்சி.. ஆவலுடன் காத்திருக்கும் ரசிகர்கள், ப்ரோமோ வீடியோ|work=Cineulagam|access-date=1 June 2023|language=ta}}</ref> The show ended on 17 March 2024.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Season 3 ===
The third season premiered on 23 February 2025 and was aired on Sundays. It ended on 17 August 2025 with 26 episodes.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

{| class="wikitable" width="65%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #959FFD ;color:Black"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #959FFD ;color:Black"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #959FFD ;color:Black"| Contestants
!scope="col" style ="background: #999FFD ;color:Black"| Notes
|-
| 1
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|2|23}}
| [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Meera Krishnan]], [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/tamil-tv/oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-season-3-launch/|title=Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya Season 3: Grand Launch on Vijay TV|work=www.southmoviez.com |date=19 February 2025 |access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|3|2}}
| [[Dharsha Gupta]] (₹25,000/-), Tharshika (₹1,00,000/-), Riya
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-fame-riya-tharshika-and-dharsha-to-grace-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-season-3/articleshow/118644769.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 fame Riya, Tharshika, and Dharsha to grace Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya season 3|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=March 2025 |access-date= 1 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>

|-
| 3
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|3|9}}
| [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Mime Gopi]], [[Kaavya Arivumani]], Shathiga
|
|-
| 4
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|3|16}}
| Lakshmi Priya, Swaminathan, [[Kaavya Arivumani]], Balaji
|
|-
| 5
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|3|23}}
| [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], Samyuktha, [[Soundariya Nanjundan]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-soundariya-samyukutha-and-siva-to-grace-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya/articleshow/119159185.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Soundariya, Samyukutha and Siva to grace Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya 3|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 March 2025 |access-date= 18 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|3|30}}
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|
|-
| 7
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|4|13}}
| Nivin, Yogi, Swetha, Sankavi, Banumathy, Punitha
|
|-
| 8
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|4|20}}
| [[Robo Shankar]], [[Reshma Pasupuleti]], Ramar
|
|-
| 9
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|4|27}}
| [[Chinni Jayanth]], Mahendran, Yuvika Rajendran
|
|-
| 10
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|4|6}}
| [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]]
|
|-
| 11
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|5|4}}
| [[Aranthangi Nisha]], Gayathri sri, Sanjana Singh
|
|-
| 12
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|5|11}}
| [[Namitha]], Sureshi, [[Madurai Muthu]]
|
|-
| 13
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|5|18}}
| [[Janani (actress)|Janani]], [[Archana Chandhoke]], [[Sakshi Agarwal]]
|
|-
| 14
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|5|25}}
| Gomathi Priya, Shobana, [[Madhumitha Hirannaiah]]
|
|-
| 15
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|6|1}}
| [[Nirosha]] & [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]], [[Roopa Sree]] & Sathya, Sumalatha Madhan & Aarthi Subash
|
|-
| 16
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|6|8}}
| [[Myna Nandhini]] & Yogesh, Sangeetha & [[Aravinth Seiju]], Sameer Ahamathu & Ajeeba
|
|-
| 17
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|6|15}}
|
|
|-
| 18
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|6|22}}
|
|
|-
| 19
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|6|29}}
| [[Deepak Dinkar]], Muthukumaran, Manjari
|
|-
| 20
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|7|6}}
| Pavithra B. Naik, Suganya, Dhiraviam Rajakumaran
|
|-
| 21
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|7|13}}
| Sarath & Sundari, [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] & Soundarya Chillukuri, Dolly & [[Umair Lateef]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-umair-lateef-and-sundari-to-grace-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya-3/articleshow/122415474.cms|title=Cooku With Comali fame Umair Lateef and Sundari to grace 'Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya 3' |date=13 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|7|20}}
| [[Rakshan]], Angelin, Akshatha Das
|
|-
| 23
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|7|27}}
| House Mates Movie Team
|
|-
| 24
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|8|3}}
| [[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]s Movie Team
|
|-
| 25
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|8|10}}
| [[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat 2]] series Team
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heartbeat2-fame-ashwathy-deepa-balu-and-padinekumar-to-grace-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya/articleshow/123183706.cms|title=Heartbeat2 fame Ashwathy, Deepa Balu and Padinekumar to grace Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya|date=8 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 26
| {{start date|df=yes|2025|8|17}}
| Pavithra, Vishal, Anshida
|
|-
|}

==Adaptation==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Language
!Series
!Original release
!Network
!Last aired
!Notes
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
| ''Enkile Ennodu Para''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sabumon-and-swetha-are-back-set-to-host-the-new-game-show-enkile-ennodu-para/articleshow/114573675.cms | title=Sabumon and Shwetha are back; set to host the new game show 'Enkile Ennodu Para'| work=[[The Times of India]]| date=25 October 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
| 26 October 2024
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 23 March 2025
|Remake
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language quiz shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television seasons]]

Vivek Singh (chef)

2026-04-25T10:56:26Z

LinetteFisher: adding a biography.

{{Short description|Indian celebrity chef (born 1971)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox chef
| name = Vivek Singh
| image = Vivek Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Vivek Singh in The Cinnamon Club
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|5|6}}
| birth_place = [[Asansol]], in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Archana Singh
|children=Eshaan Singh, Maya Singh| style = [[Indian cuisine]]
| education = [[IHM Pusa|Institute of Hotel Management, New Delhi]]
| ratings =
| restaurants = {{plainlist|
* The Cinnamon Club, [[London]], [[UK]]
* Cinnamon Kitchen, [[City of London|London City]], [[Battersea]] and [[Leeds]]
* Cinnamon Bazaar, [[Covent Garden]] and [[Richmond, London|Richmond]], [[London]], [[UK]]
}}
| prevrests =
| television = {{plainlist|
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Curry Nation'' (2013)
* ''At Home With Rachel Allen''
* ''My Kitchen Rules UK'' (2017) }}
| awards =
| website = {{URL|http://viveksingh.co.uk}}
}}

'''Vivek Singh''' (born 6 May 1971) is an [[India]]n [[celebrity chef]] and [[restaurateur]]. He is the [[CEO]] and [[Executive Chef]] of five London-based restaurants specializing in modern [[Indian cuisine]]. Singh makes regular appearances on [[BBC]]'s ''[[Saturday Kitchen]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivek Singh|url=http://www.sense.org.uk/content/vivek-singh|date=3 June 2013|website=sense.org.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730111046/http://www.sense.org.uk/content/vivek-singh|archive-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> and has been featured on ''[[Madhur Jaffrey|Madhur Jaffrey's Curry Nation]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Blundell|first=Graeme|title=The True Spice Girl takes a British tour|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/television/the-true-spice-girl-takes-a-british-tour/story-fncnqfdm-1226706274760|access-date=29 August 2013|newspaper=The Australian}}</ref> ''[[Rachel Allen|At Home with Rachel Allen]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Rachel Allen: Home Cooking – Series 1-Episode 8|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/csgjk/rachel-allen-home-cooking--series-1---episode-8?origin=http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/csgjk/rachel-allen-home-cooking--series-1---episode-8|magazine=Radio Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305202530/http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/csgjk/rachel-allen-home-cooking--series-1---episode-8?origin=http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/csgjk/rachel-allen-home-cooking--series-1---episode-8|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> ''[[My Kitchen Rules UK]]'' and various [[NDTV Good Times]] programs.

== Early life and education ==
Vivek Singh was born and raised in a coal-mining community in Asansol, West Bengal, India, where his father worked as a mining engineer. He attended [[St. Patrick's Higher Secondary School|St. Patrick’s Higher Secondary School]] in [[Asansol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-24 |title=Chefspective: Vivek Singh, Executive Chef @ Cinnamon Club and Cinnamon Kitchen |url=https://londonist.com/2010/09/chefspective_vivek_singh_executive |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Londonist |language=en}}</ref> Western influence in the community of Asansol led to Singh being exposed to different cuisines from a young age, which impacted his personal cooking style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.viveksingh.co.uk/biography/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |website=Vivek Singh}}</ref>

Singh studied at the Institute of Hotel Management, [[IHM Pusa]] in [[New Delhi]] from 1990 to 1993. In 1993, he was selected for the Oberoi Centre for Learning and Development, training at the [[Maidens Hotel, Delhi|Maidens Hotel]] and [[Oberoi Hotels & Resorts|Oberoi]] flight services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Eric |title=Vivek Singh |url=https://britishheritage.org/vivek-singh |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=British Heritage |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his training in 1995, Singh was appointed to the Oberoi Flight Services in [[Mumbai]]. He later worked at the [[Oberoi Grand]] in [[Kolkata]] and oversaw operations at [[Gharana]], a restaurant specializing in royal Indian cuisine.<ref>{{cite news |title=About Chef Vivek Singh |url=http://www.redhotcurry.com/profiles/vivek_singh.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034826/http://www.redhotcurry.com/profiles/vivek_singh.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |newspaper=Redhotcurry News}}</ref>

In 1998, Singh was appointed Executive Chef at Rajvilas in [[Jaipur]], where he met restaurateur [[Iqbal Wahhab]]. A discussion between them about applying French cooking techniques to [[Indian cuisine]] led to the establishment of Singh’s first restaurant in London.<ref>{{cite news |title=A creative use of spice |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3308681/A-creative-use-of-spice.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

Singh co-founded The Cinnamon Club in London in 2001, his first restaurant in the UK. Since then, he has opened several restaurants under the Cinnamon brand.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

In 2015, he received an [[honorary doctorate|Honorary Doctorate]] from the [[University of Warwick]] for his contributions to Indian cuisine in the UK.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Vivek Singh receives(sic) Honorary Doctorate of Letters |date=23 January 2015 |url=http://www.cinnamon-kitchen.com/news/pressrelease/chefviveksingh-recieves-honorary-degree-2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206170215/http://www.cinnamon-kitchen.com/news/pressrelease/chefviveksingh-recieves-honorary-degree-2015 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |website=Cinnamon Kitchen}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Ballet, opera, TV, WMD and tropical medicine all feature in latest honorary degrees announced by University of Warwick |date=8 January 2015 |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ballet_opera_tv/ |website=University of Warwick}}</ref>

== Restaurants ==
[[File:Spiced Grouse by Chef Vivek Singh.jpg|thumb|Modern Indian dish prepared at London-based Indian restaurant- The Cinnamon Club]]

=== The Cinnamon Club ===
In 2001, Singh opened his first Indian restaurant, The Cinnamon Club, in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Modern Indian Cinnamon Club |url=https://cinnamonclub.com/about-us/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Cinnamon Club Full |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Cinnamon Club is recognized as one of the 'Best Indian Restaurants' by SquareMeal’s food guide in London, UK.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Maschler|first=Fay|title=Evening Standard restaurant review of Cinnamon Kitchen|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/restaurants/striking-dishes-at-cinnamon-kitchen-7411347.html|work=London Evening Standard|access-date=26 November 2008}}</ref>

=== Cinnamon Kitchen & Anise ===
Cinnamon Kitchen & Anise opened in 2008.<ref name=":0"/>

=== Cinnamon Kitchen Battersea ===
In 2018, Singh opened Cinnamon Kitchen Battersea, located in the Battersea Power Station development.

=== Cinnamon Kitchen Leeds ===
In 2025, Singh expanded his Cinnamon Kitchen brand to Leeds, located in The [[Queens Hotel, Leeds|Queens Hotel]]. The restaurant draws inspiration from the [[Himsagar Express]] railway journey through 12 Indian states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Queens Hotel - Cinnamon Kitchen Opening |url=https://www.thequeensleeds.co.uk/what-s-on/cinnamon-kitchen-opening/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.thequeensleeds.co.uk}}</ref>

=== Cinnamon Soho ===
In 2012, Singh opened his third restaurant, Cinnamon Soho, and published his fourth cookbook, ''Cinnamon Kitchen: The Cookbook''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dimond|first=Guy|title=Food review of Vivek's cooking at Cinnamon Soho|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/restaurants/cinnamon-soho|work=Time Out|access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

=== Cinnamon Bazaar ===
The restaurant opened in [[Covent Garden]] in 2016. In 2017, it was listed in the [[Michelin Guide|Bib Gourmand]], which noted it "[offering] both high-quality food and good value for money [...]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/restaurants/michelin-guide-2018-nine-london-restaurants-have-gained-bib-gourmands-from-michelin-a3647026.html|title=Cinnamon Bazaar received a Bib Gourmand from Michelin|date=29 September 2017|website=London Evening Standard}}</ref>

=== Cinnamon Bazaar Richmond ===
The restaurant expanded to Cinnamon Bazaar Richmond in winter 2024.

=== Cinnamon Kitchen Oxford (closed permanently in 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Cinnamon Kitchen |url=https://www.cinnamon-kitchen.com/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.cinnamon-kitchen.com |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227180959/https://www.cinnamon-kitchen.com/ }}</ref> ===

Cinnamon Kitchen Oxford, the fifth restaurant in the Cinnamon Collection, opened in 2017 and was Singh’s first UK restaurant outside London. It closed permanently in 2021.[[File:Indian food with British twist.jpg|thumb|Created by Indian Chef Vivek Singh at Cinnamon Soho, the third official restaurant under Cinnamon venture.]]

== Public appearances ==
In 2006, Singh was invited to Hangar 7 in [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]] where he collaborated with Chefs [[Eckart Witzigmann]] and Roland Trettl.<ref>{{cite web|title=Culinary Trip|url=http://www.interspot.at/data/culinary_trip_around_the_world.pdf|publisher=interspot.at}}</ref>

In 2007, Singh collaborated to create an Indian-inspired sausage inspired by Daljit Singh’s childhood memories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Britains first spicy Bangras 'Gourmet Sausages'et|url=http://www.fdin.org.uk/2010/07/mr-singh%E2%80%99s-bangras-is-britans%E2%80%99s-first-gourmet-range-of-spicy-indian-sausages/}}</ref>

In 2011, Singh was invited to Gourmet Abu Dhabi to showcase modern Indian cuisine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gourmet Abu Dhabi 2011|url=http://www.rotanatimes.com/beachrotana/offers/237|newspaper=Rotana Times}}</ref> He was also a guest speaker on [[Maharajas' Express|Maharaja Express]] "A passage through India" with Allan Jenkins.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Allan|title=A passage through India on Maharaja Express|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/17/india-vivek-singh-cinnamon-club|work=The Observer|date=16 April 2011|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref>

The following year, Singh was invited to [[New York City]] for a week-long pop-up event at Desmond's NYC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vivek goes to NewYork in 2012|url=http://www.hg2magazine.com/spice-goes-stateside-with-vivek/|access-date=17 January 2012|newspaper=H2G Magazine}}</ref>

== Charity work ==

In 2008, Singh became an ambassador for [[Wooden Spoon Society|Wooden Spoon]], a rugby charity supporting underprivileged children. Singh collaborated with former rugby union players [[Jason Leonard]], [[Martin Offiah]], [[Lee Mears]] and [[Nick Easter]] to raise funds through an event called Scrum Dine With Me.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scrum Dine With Me|url=http://eatoutmagazine.co.uk/cinnamon-kitchen-hosts-scrum-dine-me-charity-event|access-date=17 September 2009}}</ref>

Singh has supported [[Action Against Hunger]] since 2002, hosting an annual Diwali Charity Event to raise funds.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vivek Singh supports Action Against Hunger Charity|url=http://www.slowfood.org.uk/all-chefs/vivek-singh/|newspaper=Slowfood.org.uk}}</ref> He also supports Find Your Feet and participates in yearly campaigns to raise awareness through the Curry for Change campaign.<ref>{{cite web|title=Curry for change by Find Your Feet Charity|url=http://www.menumagazine.co.uk/archive/may2012/povertcharity.html|publisher=Mood Food}}</ref> Singh works with [[The Prince’s Trust|The Prince's Trust charity]], [[Mosaic Network]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince's Seeing is Believing with Prince Charles|url=http://www.bitc.org.uk/programmes/princes-seeing-believing/2012-visit-reports/gatehouse_bank|access-date=26 March 2019|website=Business in the Community|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131655/http://www.bitc.org.uk/programmes/princes-seeing-believing/2012-visit-reports/gatehouse_bank|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> which aims to inspire young people from deprived communities to realize their talents and potential. Other supported initiatives include the Asian Restaurant Skills Board, which promotes college courses, work experience placements, and apprenticeships related to the Indian restaurant sector.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Restaurant Skills Board with Eric Pickles|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-support-for-star-indian-chefs-of-the-future|access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

In 2008, Singh created a dish for [[Virgin Media]], which the company claimed was the world's hottest, to promote a new Bollywood movie channel. The claim generated debate as other curry house owners disputed it. Singh commented that while the dish was listed in the [[Guinness Book|Guinness Book of World Records]],<ref>{{cite news|title=World's Hottest Curry in Guinness Book of World Records|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2279428/Worlds-hottest-curry-title-claimed-by-Bollywood-Burner.html|access-date=10 July 2008|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> measuring the "hottest" curry was subjective. The dish was named The Bollywood Burner.<ref>{{cite news|title=Curry Hell to rival the Bollywood Burner|url=http://old.thesouthasiantimes.info/node/480|newspaper=The South Asian Times}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

In May 1997, Singh married Archana in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[India]]. They have two children; Eshaan (born October 2001) and Maya (born July 2006). Singh resides with his wife and two children in South London.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Cookbooks ==
* {{cite book|title=The Cinnamon Club Cookbook|year=2003|publisher=Absolute Press|isbn=9781904573012}}
* {{cite book|title=The Cinnamon Club Seafood Cookbook|year=2007|publisher=Absolute Press|location=London UK|isbn=978-1904573418}}
* {{cite book|title=Curry, Classic & Contemporary 3rd book by Vivek Singh|year=2008|publisher=Absolute Press|location=London|isbn=978-1904573883}}
* {{cite book|last=Walker |first=Chrissie |title=Contribution in Capital Spice |year=2012|publisher=Absolute Press |location=London |isbn=978-1906650728}}
* {{cite book |title=Cinnamon Kitchen The Cookbook by Vivek singh |year=2012 |publisher=Absolute Press |location=London |isbn=978-1906650803}}
* {{cite book |title=Cinnamon Club: Indian Cuisine Re-invented by Vivek Singh, Abdul Yaseen & Hari Nagaraj |year=2011 |location=India |isbn=978-8184001143|author1=Singh |last2=Yaseen |first2=Vivek |last3=Nagaraj |first3=Abdul |author4=Hari }}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Vivek |title=Spice at Home |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London, UK |isbn=9781472910905 |url=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Vivek |title=Indian Festival Feasts |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London, UK |isbn=9781472938473 |url= |year=2017}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.viveksingh.co.uk/}}
*[http://www.cinnamon-kitchen.com Cinnamon Kitchen & Anise]
*[http://cinnamon-bazaar.com/ Cinnamon Bazaar]
*[https://www.channel4.com/programmes/my-kitchen-rules/on-demand/66083-039 My Kitchen Rules] – Episode 39 (Channel 4), with guest judge Vivek Singh

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vivek}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian restaurateurs]]
[[Category:Indian television chefs]]
[[Category:British television chefs]]
[[Category:English television chefs]]
[[Category:Food Network chefs]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:People from Asansol]]
[[Category:British cookbook writers]]

Vipraj Nigam

2026-04-21T12:52:08Z

LinetteFisher:

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{BLP one source|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Vipraj Nigam
| image =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|07|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Legtod
| role = Bowler

| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2024–present
| club2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| year2 = 2025-present

| columns = 3

| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 43
| bat avg1 = 10.75
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 26
| deliveries1 = 629
| wickets1 = 13
| bowl avg1 = 31.07
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/81
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 5
| runs2 = 9
| bat avg2 = 3.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 6
| deliveries2 = 264
| wickets2 = 4
| bowl avg2 = 55.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/54
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–

| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 15
| runs3 = 118
| bat avg3 = 16.85
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 39
| deliveries3 = 276
| wickets3 = 15
| bowl avg3 = 24.93
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/18
| catches/stumpings3 = 3/–
| date = 24 April 2025
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/vipraj-nigam-1449074 ESPNcricinfo}}
'''Vipraj Nigam''' (born 28 July 2002 in [[Uttar Pradesh]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/vipraj-nigam-1449074 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 April 2025 }}</ref> is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] in domestic cricket and [[Delhi Capitals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He is a right-handed [[batsman]], and a [[leg spin|leg-break]] [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]]. He initially impressed by taking 20 [[wicket]]s in 11 matches. This led to his debut for UP in all three formats. In the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] 2024, Nigam smashed 27 off just eight balls to take UP over the line against Andhra and into the quarter finals. While he only picked eight wickets in seven games in SMAT 2024, he went at only 7.12.

== Indian Premier League ==
Nigam was picked for 50 [[lakh]] by [[Delhi Capitals]] during the [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|mega auction]] before IPL 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2024-11-25 |title=IPL 2025 auction: Complete list of sold, unsold players, teamwise remaining purse {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/ipl-auction-2025-sold-unsold-full-players-list-costliest-cricketer-remaining-purse-amount-teamwise-rishabh-pant-11732478575379.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415102416/https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/ipl-auction-2025-sold-unsold-full-players-list-costliest-cricketer-remaining-purse-amount-teamwise-rishabh-pant-11732478575379.html |archive-date=2025-04-15 |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref> He made his IPL debut against [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|Vizag]], where he picked 1 for 35 off his two overs and scored a 15-ball 39.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Dhruva |date=2025-04-21 |title=LSG vs DC, IPL 2025: Vipraj Nigam eyes strong show against Lucknow |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/vipraj-nigam-up-t20-league-runs-ipl-2025-delhi-capitals-vs-lucknow-super-giants/article69475463.ece |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/vipraj-nigam-1449074 Vipraj nigam] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]

{{Delhi Capitals squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigam, Vipraj}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

Dhirendra Nath Layek

2026-04-19T05:33:16Z

LinetteFisher: Started A Post!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhirendra Nath Layek
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Chhatna Assembly constituency|Chhatna]]
| predecessor = Subhasis Batabyal
| successor = [[Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dhirendra Nath Layek''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Chhatna Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Chhatna assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/chhatna-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-chhatna-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9142641.htm |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Chhatna, as a member of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DHIRENDRA NATH LAYEK (Winner) CHHATNA (BANKURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=148|access-date=2025-06-15|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-06-15|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chhatna Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chhatna-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-06-15|website=Result University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete List of West Bengal Assembly Elections 2016 Winners|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/complete-list-of-west-bengal-assembly-elections-2016-winners-1245300.html|date=2016-05-19|access-date=2025-06-15|publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Madhugiri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:01Z

LinetteFisher: started a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Madhugiri
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 138
| map_image = 138-Madhugiri constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
|established = 1956
|electors = {{formatnum:193581}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
|mla = [[K. N. Rajanna]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|preceded_by = [[M.V. Veerabhadraiah]]
}}
'''Madhugiri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Mali Mariyappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| R. Channigaramaiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || T. S. Shivanna || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || G. T. G. Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Chikkaiah. R
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Ganga Hanumaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | Rajavardhan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || G. Parameswara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Ganga Hanumaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[D. C. Gowri Shankar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 elections in India#Karnataka|2008 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 18/08/2008}} || [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[K. N. Rajanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[M. V. Veerabhadraiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[K. N. Rajanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Madhugiri">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Madhugiri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10138.htm?ac=138 |access-date=5 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505104253/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10138.htm?ac=138 |archive-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. N. Rajanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 91,166 |percentage = 54.72% |change = {{increase}}12.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. V. Veerabhadraiah]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 55,643 |percentage = 33.40% |change = {{decrease}}19.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. C. Nagaraja |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,612 |percentage = 9.37% |change = {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 618 |percentage = 0.37% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,523 |percentage = 21.32% |change = {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,699 |percentage = 86.63% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,615}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,581 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |accessdate=7 September 2021 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. V. Veerabhadraiah]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 88,521 |percentage = 53.31% |change = {{increase}}12.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. N. Rajanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,947 |percentage = 42.12% |change = {{decrease}}8.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Reddy. S. E |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,911 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerabhadreshaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,532 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 428 |percentage = 0.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,574 |percentage = 11.19% |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,157 |percentage = 85.93% |change = {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,060}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,354 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. N. Rajanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 75,086 |percentage = 50.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. V. Veerabhadraiah]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,659 |percentage = 40.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshminarayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,183 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koramangala Muniyappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,992 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,929 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sumitradevi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,741 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,427 |percentage = 9.67% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,353 |percentage = 80.72% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,168}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,550 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 elections in India#Karnataka|2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/13assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Thirteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[]] |archive-date= 6 Apr 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163649/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/13assemblymemberslist.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = |percentage = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}42.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. C. Gowri Shankar]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 51,971 |percentage = 42.01% |change = {{increase}}15.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. N. Rajanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,408 |percentage = 41.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. G. K. Jayaram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,565 |percentage = 6.11% |change = {{decrease}}10.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashwath Narayana Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,229 |percentage = 3.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Venugopala Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,441 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Vishwanathareddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaya Kumar. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandurangaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 769 |percentage = 0.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 563 |percentage = 0.46% |change = {{decrease}}15.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,866 |percentage = 75.18% |change = {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,713}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,750 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,039 |percentage = 42.30% |change = {{decrease}}25.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kenchamaraiah. H |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 29,826 |percentage = 26.82% |change = {{increase}}11.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Rajavardhan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,658 |percentage = 16.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganga Hanumaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,726 |percentage = 7.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Narasimhappa. K |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,612 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemappa. T |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,760 |percentage = 1.58% |change = {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandra Mohan. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,382 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshminarasaiah. N |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,192 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,213 |percentage = 15.48% |change = {{decrease}}37.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,243 |percentage = 67.26% |change = {{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,195}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,385 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}25.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,895 |percentage = 68.27% |change = {{increase}}27.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganga Hanumaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,093 |percentage = 15.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajavardhan |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 13,664 |percentage = 12.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. D. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,611 |percentage = 2.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Anjinappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 695 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 55,802 |percentage = 52.99% |change = {{increase}}49.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,977 |percentage = 71.96% |change = {{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,305}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,672 |percentage = 3.37% |change = {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,432 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}24.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ganga Hanumaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 45,303 |percentage = 43.57% |change = {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,131 |percentage = 40.52% |change = {{decrease}}11.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Gangappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,251 |percentage = 6.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddarangaiah |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 5,968 |percentage = 5.74% |change = {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandra Mohan. H |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 968 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,172 |percentage = 3.05% |change = {{decrease}}16.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,983 |percentage = 74.49% |change = {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,975}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,985 |percentage = 1.87% |change = {{decrease}}3.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,279 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.88 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Parameswara |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,477 |percentage = 52.16% |change = {{increase}}12.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajavardhan |party = Janata Dal |votes = 29,670 |percentage = 32.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Thippewamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,886 |percentage = 10.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hemasudha Reddy |party = Bharatiya Rashtriya Party |votes = 2,149 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Narasimhaiah |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 670 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,807 |percentage = 19.56% |change = {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,237 |percentage = 72.29% |change = {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,028}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,209 |percentage = 5.41% |change = {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,125 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.52 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajavardhan |party = Janata Party |votes = 41,992 |percentage = 54.49% |change = {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganga Hanumaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,456 |percentage = 39.52% |change = {{decrease}}7.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhena Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,252 |percentage = 2.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Thimmaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,454 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,536 |percentage = 14.97% |change = {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,272 |percentage = 72.04% |change = {{increase}}9.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,065}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,207 |percentage = 1.54% |change = {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,655 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajavardhan |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,159 |percentage = 47.87% |change = {{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganga Hanumaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,483 |percentage = 46.76% |change = {{increase}}43.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaratna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,072 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Narasimhappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 917 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Narasimhalu |party = Independent politician |votes = 667 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Huliramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 620 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 676 |percentage = 1.11% |change = {{decrease}}9.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,599 |percentage = 63.03% |change = {{decrease}}7.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,918}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,681 |percentage = 2.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,312 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}4.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ganga Hanumaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,686 |percentage = 51.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangabovi |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,820 |percentage = 41.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Hanumantharayappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,141 |percentage = 3.40% |change = {{decrease}}51.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Rajavardhana |party = Independent politician |votes = 968 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Narasimhalu |party = Independent politician |votes = 684 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Anjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 632 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,866 |percentage = 10.91% |change = {{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,730 |percentage = 70.03% |change = {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,931}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,799 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,428 |ref = |change = {{increase}}37.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkaiah. R |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,071 |percentage = 55.34% |change = {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Nagabhushana |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 19,425 |percentage = 44.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,646 |percentage = 10.68% |change = {{decrease}}21.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,653 |percentage = 66.60% |change = {{increase}}14.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,496}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,050 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. T. G. Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,183 |percentage = 54.93% |change = {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Hanumantharayappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,083 |percentage = 22.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rangaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,061 |percentage = 16.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,100 |percentage = 32.29% |change = {{increase}}22.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,696 |percentage = 51.81% |change = {{decrease}}13.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,280}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,962 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Shivanna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,083 |percentage = 51.63% |change = {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. T. Govinda Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,492 |percentage = 41.92% |change = {{decrease}}12.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Gundu Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,385 |percentage = 6.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,591 |percentage = 9.72% |change = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,112 |percentage = 65.07% |change = {{increase}}17.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,960}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,110 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}40.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mali Mariyappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,807 |percentage = 28.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Channigaramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,095 |percentage = 26.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Shivanna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,501 |percentage = 23.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Anjaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,682 |percentage = 21.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,306 |percentage = 4.53% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,085 |percentage = 47.30% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,085}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,506 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|13.66|77.21|display=title}}

Unnao Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:17Z

LinetteFisher: adding data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Unnao
| constituency_no = 165
| map_image = 165-Unnao.svg
| mla = [[Pankaj Gupta (BJP Politician)|Pankaj Gupta]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}

'''Unnao''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Unnao in the [[Unnao district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Unnao is one of six assembly constituencies in the [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 165 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Unnao Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/unnao.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Leeladhar Asthana
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Khajan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Ziaur Rehman
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Anwar Ahmad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Shiv Pal Singh
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Chandra Pal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Shiv Pal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Manohar Lal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Shiv Pal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Manohar Lal
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Deepak Kumar (politician)|Deepak Kumar]]
|-
|2000^
|[[Ram Kumar (politician)|Ram Kumar]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Deepak Kumar (politician)|Deepak Kumar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|2014^
| rowspan="3" |[[Pankaj Gupta (BJP Politician)|Pankaj Gupta]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}
==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Pankaj Gupta won in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Anubhav Kumar by a margin of 31,128 votes.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unnao<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pankaj Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:126670}}
|percentage = 51.62
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anubhav Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:95542}}
|percentage = 38.94
|change = {{increase}}7.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Devendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:15605}}
|percentage = 6.36
|change = {{decrease}}5.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1425}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = {{decrease}}0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31128}}
|percentage = 12.68
|change = {{decrease}}7.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:245372}}
|percentage = 59.86
|change = {{decrease}}0.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Pankaj Gupta won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Manisha Deepak by a margin of 46,072 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/unnao.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Unnao]]<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Pankaj Gupta
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:119669}}
|percentage = 51.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manisha Deepak
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73597}}
|percentage = 31.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pankaj Tripathi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:26739}}
|percentage = 11.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:4888}}
|percentage = 2.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1843}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:46072}}
|percentage = 19.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:231457}}
|percentage = 60.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2014: Unnao}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pankaj Gupta
|votes = 1,09,822
|percentage = 51.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Manisha Deepak
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 54,629
|percentage = 25.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 26,578
|percentage = 12.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kamal Kumar Tiwari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17,789
|percentage = 8.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Srivastava
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 891
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,947
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 55,193
|percentage = 25.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 2,13,879
|percentage = 56.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Unnao]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Deepak Kumar
|votes = 61,695
|percentage = 33.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Pankaj Gupta
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 51,550
|percentage = 28.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Namrata Pathak
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 48,397
|percentage = 26.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shiv Pal Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 10,707
|percentage = 5.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Deepak Kumar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 1,603
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,145
|percentage = 5.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,82,257
|percentage = 57.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS24165.htm?ac=165
*http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/unnao.html

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Unnao]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Unnao district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bakhshali manuscript

2026-04-11T11:32:24Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Short description|Ancient mathematical text}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox manuscript
| name = Bakhshali manuscript
| location = [[Bodleian Library]], University of Oxford
| image = Bakhshali manuscript.jpg
| width =
| caption = One of the Bakhshali manuscripts.
| Also known as =
| Type = Mathematical text
| Date = 799 - 1102 AD (9th - 11th century Approx) New Carbon dates published, on 14th of October 2024, Oxford University<ref name="Ox2024" />
| Place of origin = [[Bakhshali]], (present-day) Pakistan
| Language(s) = [[Sanskrit]] with influence from local dialects
| Scribe(s) =
| Author(s) =
| Compiled by =
| Illuminated by =
| Patron =
| Dedicated to = 
| Material = Birch bark
| Size =
| Format = Seventy leaves
| Condition = Too fragile to be handled<ref>All the pages have been photographed which are available in the book by Hayashi</ref>
| Script = [[Sharada script]]
| Contents = maths text
| Illumination(s) =
| Additions =
| Exemplar(s) =
| Previously kept =
| Discovered = 1881
| Accession =
| Other =
| below =
}}

The '''Bakhshali manuscript''' is an ancient Indian mathematical text written on [[Birch bark document|birch bark]] that was found in 1881 in the village of [[Bakhshali]], [[Mardan]] (near [[Peshawar]] in present-day [[Pakistan]], historical [[Gandhara]]). It is perhaps "the oldest extant manuscript in [[Indian mathematics]]".<ref name=HayashiEncy/> In 2017, Oxford University carbon-dated samples taken from three folios to 224–383 CE and 885–993 CE. In October 2024, Oxford University revised their earlier dating to 799–1102 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radiocarbon dating of the Bakhshālī manuscript |url=https://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/publication/2038638/ora-hyrax |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.arch.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> The manner and timing of the publication of the 2017 test dates was criticised by a group of Indian mathematical historians (Plofker et al. 2017<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Houben |first=Jan E. M. |date=2018-01-01 |title=Linguistic Paradox and Diglossia: the emergence of Sanskrit and Sanskritic language in Ancient India |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opli-2018-0001/html |journal=Open Linguistics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1515/opli-2018-0001 |issn=2300-9969}}</ref> and Houben 2018 §3<ref name="doi.org">Jan E.M. Houben "Linguistic Paradox and Diglossia: on the emergence of Sanskrit and Sanskritic language in Ancient India." De Gruyter Open Linguistics (Topical Issue on Historical Sociolinguistic Philology, ed. by Chiara Barbati and Christian Gastgeber.) OPLI – Vol. 4, issue 1: 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0001</ref>). Up until September 2024 the manuscript was regarded as the earliest known Indian use of a [[zero]] symbol.<ref name="Devlin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/14/much-ado-about-nothing-ancient-indian-text-contains-earliest-zero-symbol|title=Much ado about nothing: ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol|last=Devlin|first=Hannah |date=13 September 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Bodleian Library">{{cite news |date=14 September 2017 |title=Carbon dating finds Bakhshali manuscript contains oldest recorded origins of the symbol 'zero' |work=Bodleian Libraries |url=https://www.glam.ox.ac.uk/article/carbon-dating-finds-bakhshali-manuscript-contains-oldest-recorded-origins-symbol-zero |access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref> It is written in a form of literary [[Sanskrit]] influenced by contemporary dialects.

==Discovery==
The manuscript was unearthed in a field in 1881.<ref name=NineChapters/> It was unearthed by a peasant in the village of [[Bakhshali]], which is near [[Mardan]], in present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan.<ref name=HayashiEncy/> The first research on the manuscript was done by [[A. F. R. Hoernlé]].<ref name=HayashiEncy/>{{sfn|Hoernle|1887}} After his death, it was examined by G.R.Kaye, who edited the work and published it as a book in 1927.<ref name="Kaye review"/>

The extant manuscript is incomplete. It consists of 70 leaves of [[birch bark]],<ref name=HayashiEncy/><ref name=NineChapters/> whose intended order is not known.<ref name=HayashiEncy/> It is kept at the [[Bodleian Library]] at the University of Oxford<ref name=HayashiEncy/><ref name=NineChapters/> (MS. Sansk. d. 14), though folio are periodically loaned to museums.<ref>{{Cite web|title=London museum showcases India's contribution to science|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/vidya-ram/london-museum-showcases-indias-contribution-to-science/article9885555.ece|access-date=2022-02-03|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Contents==
[[File:Bakhshali numerals 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|The numerals used in the Bakhshali manuscript, dated to sometime between the 3rd and 7th century AD.]]
The manuscript is a compendium of rules and illustrative examples. Each example is stated as a problem, the solution is described, and it is verified that the problem has been solved. The sample problems are in verse and the commentary is in prose associated with calculations. The problems involve [[arithmetic]], [[algebra]] and [[geometry]], including [[mensuration (mathematics)|mensuration]]. The topics covered include fractions, square roots, [[arithmetic progression|arithmetic]] and [[geometric progression]]s, solutions of simple equations, [[simultaneous linear equations]], [[quadratic equations]] and [[indeterminate equations]] of the second degree.<ref name="Kaye review"/><ref name=Plofker>{{citation |last=Plofker |first=Kim |author-link=Kim Plofker |title=Mathematics in India|title-link= Mathematics in India (book) |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-691-12067-6 |page=158}}</ref>

===Composition===
The manuscript is written in an earlier form of [[Sharada script]], a script which is known for having been in use mainly from the 8th to the 12th century in the northwestern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], such as [[Kashmir]] and neighbouring regions.<ref name=HayashiEncy/> The language of the manuscript,{{efn|Variously described either as an "irregular Sanskrit" {{harv|Kaye|2004|p=11}}, or as the so-called Gāthā dialect, the literary form of the Northwestern Prakrit, which combined elements of Sanskrit and [[Prakrit]] and whose use as a literary language predated the adoption of Classical Sanskrit for this purposely.{{harv|Hoernle|1887|p=10}} }} though intended to be [[Sanskrit]], was significantly influenced in its phonetics and morphology by a local artist dialect or dialects, and some of the resultant linguistic peculiarities of the text are shared with [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]]. The overlying dialects, though sharing affinities with [[Apabhraṃśa]] and with Old [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], have not been identified precisely.{{sfn|Hayashi|1995|p=54}} It is probable that most of the rules and examples had been originally composed in Sanskrit, while one of the sections was written entirely in a dialect.<ref>Section VII 11, corresponding to folio 46{{sup|''v''}}.{{harv|Hayashi|1995|p=54}}</ref> It is possible that the manuscript might be a compilation of fragments from different works composed in a number of language varieties.{{sfn|Hayashi|1995|p=54}} Hayashi admits that some of the irregularities are due to errors by scribes or may be orthographical.{{sfn|Hayashi|1995|p=26}}

A [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] to one of the sections states that it was written by a [[brahmin]] identified as "the son of ''Chajaka''", a "king of calculators," for the use of ''Vasiṣṭha''{{'}}s son ''Hasika''. The brahmin might have been the author of the commentary as well as the scribe of the manuscript.<ref name=Plofker/> Near the colophon appears a broken word ''rtikāvati'', which has been interpreted as the place ''Mārtikāvata'' mentioned by [[Varāhamihira]] as being in northwestern India (along with ''[[Takshasila|Takṣaśilā]]'', ''[[Gandhara|Gandhāra]]'' etc.), the supposed place where the manuscript might have been written.<ref name=HayashiEncy/>

===Mathematics===
The manuscript is a compilation of mathematical rules and examples (in verse), and prose commentaries on these verses.<ref name=HayashiEncy/> Typically, a rule is given, with one or more examples, where each example is followed by a "statement" (''nyāsa'' / ''sthāpanā'') of the example's numerical information in tabular form, then a computation that works out the example by following the rule step-by-step while quoting it, and finally a verification to confirm that the solution satisfies the problem.<ref name=HayashiEncy/> This is a style similar to that of [[Bhāskara I]]'s commentary on the ''gaṇita'' (mathematics) chapter of the [[Āryabhaṭīya]], including the emphasis on verification that became obsolete in later works.<ref name=HayashiEncy/>

The rules are [[algorithm]]s and techniques for a variety of problems, such as systems of linear equations, quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions and arithmetico-geometric series, computing [[square root]]s approximately, dealing with [[negative number]]s (profit and loss), measurement such as of the fineness of gold, etc.<ref name=NineChapters/>

Equality of Two Uniformly Accelerated Growths

Let,
<math>
S_1 = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + \ldots \text{ to } n \text{ terms,}
</math>
<math>
S_2 = b + (b + e) + (b + 2e) + \ldots \text{ to } n \text{ terms,}
</math>

If these two are equal, we must have 
<math>
(n - 1)d + 2a = (n - 1)e + 2b
</math> 
<math>
n = 2(b - a) / (d - e) + 1
</math> 

This formula is contained in ''Bakshali Manuscript'', folio 4v, rule 17 (Kaye III, p. 176) as follows:
<blockquote>
''{{IAST|Ādyor viśeṣa dviguṇam cayasaṃdhiḥ-vibhājitam}}'' 
''{{IAST|Rūpādhikaṃ tathā kālaṃ gati sāmyam tadā bhavet.}}''
</blockquote>

"Twice the difference of the initial terms divided by the difference of the common differences is increased by one. That will be time (represented by <math>n</math>, cf. kāla iha padasyopalakṣaṇam) when the distances moved (by the two travellers) will be same."

<blockquote>
''{{IAST|Dvayāditricayaś caiva dvicayatryādikottaraḥ}}'' 
''{{IAST|Dvayo ca bhavate paṃthā kena kālena sāsyatāṃ kriyate?}}''
</blockquote>

The accompanying example reads:
"The initial speed (of a traveller) is 2 and subsequent daily increment is 3. That of another, these are 3 initially and 2 as increment. Find in what time will their distances covered attain equality."

The working is lost, but the answer, by the formula in the previous example,
<math>
n = 2(3 - 2) / (3 - 2) + 1 = 3 \text{ days.}
</math>

<ref>
{{cite journal
|last= Gupta
|first= R. C.
|title= Some Equalization Problems from the Bakhshali Manuscript
|journal= Indian Journal of History of Science
|volume= 21
|issue= 1
|year= 1986
|publisher= Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology
|location= Ranchi, India
|page= 58
}}
</ref>

===Numerals and zero===
[[File:Bakhshali manuscript zero detail.jpg|thumb|Bakhshali manuscript, detail of the numeral "zero".]]
The Bakhshali manuscript uses numerals with a place-value system, using a dot as a place holder for zero.<ref name="MacTutor Zero">
{{cite web
| title = A history of zero
| author1 = J. J. O'Connor
| author2 = E. F. Robertson
| publisher = [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]
| url = https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Zero/
|date=November 2000
| access-date = 24 July 2022
}}
</ref><ref name="Bodleian Library"/>
The dot symbol came to be called the ''shunya-bindu'' (literally, the dot of the empty place). References to the concept are found in Subandhu's ''[[Vasavadatta]]'', which has been dated between 385 and 465 by the scholar Maan Singh even though the dates are disputed by other scholars<ref name="singh1">Singh, Maan (1993). ''Subandhu'', New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|81-7201-509-7}}, pp. 9–11.</ref>

Prior to the 2017 carbon dating, a 9th-century inscription of zero on the wall of a temple in [[Gwalior]], Madhya Pradesh, was once thought to be the oldest Indian use of a zero symbol.<ref name="Bodleian Library"/>

==Date==
In 2017, samples from 3 folios of the corpus were [[radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to three different centuries and empires: 224–383 CE for folio 16 ([[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]]), 680–779 CE for folio 17 ([[Turk Shahis]]), and 885–993 CE for folio 33 ([[Saffarid dynasty]]). If the dates are valid, it is unclear how folios from different centuries came to be collected and buried.<ref name="Devlin"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/reader/items/oxford-radiocarbon-accelerator-unit-dates-the-worlds-oldest-recorded-origin-of-the-zero-symbol.html|title=Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit dates the world's oldest recorded origin of the zero symbol|last=Mason|first=Robyn|date=14 September 2017|work=School of Archaeology, University of Oxford|access-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914215605/http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/reader/items/oxford-radiocarbon-accelerator-unit-dates-the-worlds-oldest-recorded-origin-of-the-zero-symbol.html|archive-date=2017-09-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bodleian Library"/>

However, on 14 October 2024, Oxford University, having revised its findings from a second run of carbon dating tests in 2018, dated the Bakshali manuscripts to 799 - 1102 CE, with folio 16 being redated to 931-1032 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chivall |first=David |last2=Lladó-Buisán |first2=Virginia |last3=Howell |first3=David |last4=Evison |first4=Gillian |title=Radiocarbon dating of the Bakhshālī manuscript |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5a6d1dd7-f20c-4209-adb6-33849f5b08f4/files/snp193c210 |format=PDF |agency=Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Calibrated Radiocarbon date ranges, 95.4% confidence interval, AD<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=David |date=3 July 2017 |title=Carbon dating reveals Bakhshali manuscript is centuries older than scholars |url=https://ia903104.us.archive.org/18/items/BodleianBakshaliStatement2017/Bodleian%20Library_Bakhshali%20Research%20Statement_2017.pdf |website=Bodleian Libraries}}</ref><ref name="Ox2024">{{Cite web |last=Chivall |first=David |date=2024 |title=Radiocarbon dating of the Bakhshālī manuscript |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5a6d1dd7-f20c-4209-adb6-33849f5b08f4/files/snp193c210}}</ref>
|-
! Folio !! Age (2017) !! Age (2024)
|-
| 15 || || 773-986
|-
| 16 || 224-383 || 931-1032
|-
| 17 || 680-868 ||
|-
| 23 || || 890-1014
|-
| 33 || 885-993 || 885-995
|-
| 55 || || 774-991
|}
The publication of the radio carbon dates, initially via non-academic media, led [[Kim Plofker]], Agathe Keller, [[Takao Hayashi]], [[Clemency Montelle]] and Dominik Wujastyk to publicly object to the library making the dates globally available, usurping academic precedence:
{{Blockquote
|text=We express regret that the Bodleian Library kept their carbon-dating findings embargoed for many months, and then chose a newspaper press-release and YouTube as media for a first communication of these technical and historical matters. The Library thus bypassed standard academic channels that would have permitted serious collegial discussion and peer review prior to public announcements. While the excitement inspired by intriguing discoveries benefits our field and scholarly research in general, the confusion generated by broadcasting over-eager and carelessly inferred conclusions, with their inevitable aftermath of caveats and disputes, does not.|author=Plofker et al.|title=The Bakhshālī Manuscript: A Response to the Bodleian Library’s Radiocarbon Dating, 2017<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plofker |first1=Kim |last2=Keller |first2=Agathe |last3=Hayashi |first3=Takao |last4=Montelle |first4=Clemency |last5=Wujastyk |first5=Dominik |date=2017-10-06 |title=The Bakhshālī Manuscript: A Response to the Bodleian Library's Radiocarbon Dating |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/hssa/index.php/hssa/article/view/22 |journal=History of Science in South Asia |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=134–150 |doi=10.18732/H2XT07 |issn=2369-775X|doi-access=free }}</ref>}}

Referring to the detailed reconsideration of the evidence by Plofker et al., Sanskrit scholar, Jan Houben remarked:
{{Blockquote
|text=If the finding that samples of the same manuscript would be centuries apart is not based on mistakes ... there are still some factors that have evidently been overlooked by the Bodleian research team: the well-known divergence in exposure to cosmic radiation at different altitudes and the possible variation in background radiation due to the presence of certain minerals in exposed, mountainous rock have nowhere been taken into account.<ref name="doi.org"/>}}

Prior to the proposed radiocarbon dates of the 2017 study, most scholars agreed that the physical manuscript was a copy of a more ancient text, whose date had to be estimated partly on the basis of its content. Hoernlé thought that the manuscript was from the 9th century, but the original was from the 3rd or 4th century.{{efn|G. R. Kaye, on the other hand, thought in 1927 that the work was composed in the 12th century,<ref name=HayashiEncy/><ref name="Kaye review">
{{cite journal
| title = Book Review: G. R. Kaye, The Bakhshâlî Manuscript—A Study in Mediaeval Mathematics, 1927
| author = Bibhutibhusan Datta
| journal = Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.
| url = http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183493367
| volume = 35 |number=4 |year=1929 |pages=579–580
| doi = 10.1090/S0002-9904-1929-04778-5
}}</ref> but this was discounted in recent scholarship. G. G. Joseph wrote, "It is particularly unfortunate that Kaye is still quoted as an authority on Indian mathematics."<ref>{{citation |last=Joseph |first=G. G. |year=2000 |title=The Crest of the Peacock, non-European roots of Mathematics |publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=215–216}}</ref>}} Indian scholars assigned it an earlier date. Datta assigned it to the "early centuries of the Christian era".<ref name="Kaye review"/> Channabasappa dated it to AD 200–400, on the grounds that it uses mathematical terminology different from that of [[Aryabhata]].<ref name=MacTutor>
{{cite web
| title = The Bakhshali manuscript
| author1 = J. J. O'Connor
| author2 = E. F. Robertson
| publisher = [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]
| url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Bakhshali_manuscript.html
|date=November 2000
| access-date = 24 July 2022
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070809014215/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Bakhshali_manuscript.html| archive-date= 9 August 2007|url-status= live}}</ref> Hayashi noted some similarities between the manuscript and [[Bhaskara I]]'s work (AD 629), and said that it was "not much later than Bhaskara I".<ref name=HayashiEncy/>

To settle the date of the Bakhshali manuscript, language use and especially palaeography are other major parameters to be taken into account. In this context Houben observed: "it is difficult to derive a linear chronological difference from the observed linguistic variation," and therefore it is necessary to "take quite seriously the judgement of palaeographists such as Richard Salomon who observed that, what he teleologically called “Proto-Śāradā,” “first emerged around the middle of the seventh century” (Salomon 1998: 40). This excludes the earlier dates attributed to manuscript folios on which a fully developed form of Śāradā appears."<ref name="doi.org"/>

==See also==
*[[Birch bark manuscript]]
*[[Methods of computing square roots#Bakhshali method|Bakhshali approximation]]
*[[Indian mathematics]]
*[[Zero (number)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=HayashiEncy>{{citation | author = Takao Hayashi | chapter = Bakhshālī Manuscript | title = Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures | volume = 1 | year = 2008 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 9781402045592 | editor = [[Helaine Selin]] | pages=B1–B3 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=RA1-PA1}}</ref>
<ref name=NineChapters>{{cite book|title=The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary |author1=John Newsome Crossley |author2=Anthony Wah-Cheung Lun |author3=Kangshen Shen |author4=Shen Kangsheng |year= 1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTJHRGTG6YC&dq=%22Bakhshali+Manuscript%22&pg=RA1-PA29|isbn=0-19-853936-3}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book| last = Hayashi| first = Takao| date = 1995| title = The Bakhshālī manuscript: an ancient Indian mathematical treatise| series = Groningen Oriental studies| publisher = Egbert Forsten| location = Groningen| isbn = 978-90-6980-087-5}}
*{{citation|last=Hoernle |first=Augustus |title=On the Bakshali manuscript|author-link=Augustus Hoernle|url=https://archive.org/details/onbakshalimanusc00hoeruoft|publisher=Alfred Hölder (Editor of the Court and of the University) |location=Vienna |year=1887}}
*{{Cite book| last1 = Kaye| first1 = George Rusby| date = 2004| orig-year = 1927| title = The Bakhshālī manuscripts: a study in medieval mathematics| publisher = Aditya Prakashan| location = New Delhi| isbn = 978-81-7742-058-6}}
*[[Kim Plofker|Plofker, Kim]]; Agathe Keller; Takao Hayashi; [[Clemency Montelle]]; and Dominik Wujastyk. "[https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/hssa/index.php/hssa/article/view/22 The Bakhshālī Manuscript: A Response to the Bodleian Library’s Radiocarbon Dating]" ''History of Science in South Asia'', 5.1: 134–150. {{doi|10.18732/H2XT07}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |last1=Sarasvati |first1=Svami Satya Prakash |last2=Jyotishmati |first2=Usha |title=The Bakhshali Manuscript: An Ancient Treatise of Indian Arithmetic |publisher=Dr. Ratna Kumari Svadhyaya Sansthan |location=Allahabad |year=1979 |url=http://cincinnatitemple.com/articles/Bakhshali-Manuscript.pdf |access-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620160848/http://www.cincinnatitemple.com/articles/Bakhshali-Manuscript.pdf |archive-date=2014-06-20 |url-status=dead }} with complete text in Devanagari, 110 pages
*{{Cite journal|title=On the square root formula in the Bakhshali manuscript|author= M N Channabasappa|journal= Indian J. History Sci |volume= 11|issue=2|year=1976|pages= 112–124|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af4_112.pdf}}
*{{Cite web|title=A Quartically Convergent Square Root Algorithm: An Exercise in Forensic Paleo-Mathematics|author=[[David H. Bailey (mathematician)|David H. Bailey]], [[Jonathan Borwein]]|year=2011|url=http://crd-legacy.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbtalks/dhb-india-math.pdf}}

==External links==
*[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Bakhshali_manuscript.html The Bakhshali manuscript], [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191121104700/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miscellaneous/Pearce/Lectures/Ch6.html Ch. 6 – The Bakhshali manuscript] (Ian G. Pearce, Indian Mathematics: Redressing the balance)
*[https://archive.org/stream/onbakshalimanusc00hoeruoft/onbakshalimanusc00hoeruoft_djvu.txt Hoernle: On the Bakhshali Manuscript, 1887], archive.org
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pV_gXGTuWxY "A Big Zero: Research uncovers the date of the Bakhshali Manuscript"], YouTube video, University of Oxford
*Plofker, Kim, Agathe Keller, Takao Hayashi, Clemency Montelle, and Dominik Wujastyk. 2017. "The Bakhshālī Manuscript: A Response to the Bodleian Library’s Radiocarbon Dating”. ''History of Science in South Asia'' 5 (1). 134–50. [[doi:10.18732/H2XT07|https://doi.org/10.18732/H2XT07.]] Challenges the claims made in the YouTube video "A Big Zero."

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1881 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Bodleian Library collection]]
[[Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:Mathematics manuscripts]]
[[Category:Birch bark]]

Naba Das

2026-04-11T10:01:37Z

LinetteFisher: started a info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1962–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Naba Kishore Das
| birth_name = Naba Kishore Das
| image =
| caption = Official portrait, 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1962|1|7}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|1|29|1962|1|7}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, India
| death_cause = [[Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| term_start = 19 May 2009
| term_end = 29 January 2023
| successor = [[Dipali Das]]
| predecessor = [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] 
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (Before 2019)
| spouse = Minati Das{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
| children = [[Dipali Das]],
Bishal Das
| website = {{URL|https://www.nabadas.info/|Official website}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessperson}}
}}

'''Naba Kishore Das''' (7 January 1962 – 29 January 2023) was an Indian politician who was a member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]] from 2009 until his assassination in 2023. Originally a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), he later switched to [[Biju Janata Dal]].

==Early life==
Naba Kishore Das was born on January 7, 1962 in a [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naba Kisore Das(BJD):Constituency- JHARSUGUDA(JHARSUGUDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4872 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==Political career==
Das was a member of Biju Janata Dal in [[Odisha]] politics. Earlier, he was in the INC. Das was elected to the [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|14th Odisha Legislative Assembly]] with 62,663 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=22516 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was then elected to the [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|15th Odisha Legislative Assembly]] for a second term.<ref name="Reports on Election 2014(doc size 17Mb)">{{cite web |title=Reports on Election 2014 - See page no. 124, archived on |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2014/Reports/General%20election%20report%20Final%20-1.9.2014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606060636/http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2014/Reports/General%20election%20report%20Final%20-1.9.2014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="archive.is">{{cite web |title=CEO ODISHA |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/main.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190219145759/http://ceoorissa.nic.in/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2019 |website=archive.is |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=19 February 2019}}</ref> He was also elected to the [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|16th Odisha Legislative Assembly]] for a third consecutive term, this time representing Biju Janata Dal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |accessdate=8 November 2022 |date=24 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> At the time of his assassination, he was the state's Minister of Health and Family Welfare.

==Death==
On 29 January 2023, a policeman of ASI (Assistant sub-inspector) rank, fired four or five bullets at Das as he stepped out of his car at Gandhi square. The incident took place in [[Brajarajnagar]], [[Jharsuguda district]], where the minister was to attend a meeting. He later died whilst undergoing treatment at a hospital in [[Bhubaneswar]]. The Odisha Government ordered an inquiry into the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/india/odisha-health-minister-naba-kisore-das-dies-at-apollo-hospital/0700/123017126|title=Odisha: ఏఎస్సై కాల్పుల ఘటన.. తూటా గాయాలతో ఒడిశా ఆరోగ్య మంత్రి కన్నుమూత|date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129152441/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/india/odisha-health-minister-naba-kisore-das-dies-at-apollo-hospital/0700/123017126 |archive-date=29 January 2023 }}</ref> The Crime Branch took the accused policeman to the neighbouring [[Sundergarh district|Sundargargh]] district, where senior officers, including ADG [[Arun Bothra]], questioned him.<ref name="IE">{{Cite news |title= ASI opened fire at Odisha minister Naba das with 'clear intention to kill', says FIR|date=30 January 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhubaneswar/asi-opened-fire-odisha-minister-naba-das-intention-to-kill-fir-8413194/|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

''"Health Minister Naba Das was admitted to Apollo with gunshot wounds to the left chest. A team of doctors led by Dr Debashish Nayak immediately attended to and operated on him. During the operation, it was found that a single bullet had entered and exited the body, injuring the heart and left lung and causing massive internal bleeding and injury. The injuries were repaired, and steps were taken to improve the pumping of the heart. He was given urgent ICU care. But despite best efforts, he could not be revived and succumbed to his injuries,"'' the statement read.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

A 3-day state mourning was declared in [[Odisha]]. According to an official statement from the Odisha government, the national flag flew at half-mast on the day of death and on the day of the funeral.<ref name="IE"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Naba}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2023]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 21st century]]

Kurla Bandra East Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:23:33Z

LinetteFisher: made new data first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kurla Bandra East
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 51,441
| mla = Oza, Indravadan Manmohanrai
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Kurla Bandra East Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]] and [[Bandra Assembly constituency|Bandra]] constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Oza, Indravadan Manmohanrai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla Bandra East <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Oza, Indravadan Manmohanrai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,366 |percentage = 45.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni, Rajabhau Gopal |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 11,048 |percentage = 37.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nalavade, Raghunath Bhaurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,025 |percentage = 6.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalekar, Shantaram, Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,185 |percentage = 4.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koparkar, Gangadhar Narayan |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 885 |percentage = 3.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Singh, Hanuman Saran |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 345 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad, Laxman Nathuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 265 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pahuja, Dinanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 238 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,318 |percentage = 7.90% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,357 |percentage = 57.07% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,357}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,441 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Thirunaal

2026-04-04T16:21:26Z

LinetteFisher: adding new details.

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by P. S. Ramnath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thirunaal
| image = Thirunaal.jpg
| director = P. S. Ramnath
| producer = M. Senthil Kumar
| writer = P. S. Ramnath
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jiiva]]
*[[Nayantara]]
}}
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Muthuswami]]
| editing = {{plainlist|
*[[V. T. Vijayan]]
*[[T. S. Jay]]
}}
| studio = Kodhandapani Films
| distributor = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|08|05}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thirunaal''''' ({{Translation|Holy day}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by P. S. Ramnath and produced by M. Senthil Kumar. The film stars [[Jiiva]] and [[Nayanthara]] in their second collaboration after ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]''. The music was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]]. The film was released on 5 August 2016.

==Plot==
"Blade" Ganesh ([[Jiiva]]) is a henchman for a local don, Naaga ([[Sharath Lohitashwa]]) and is loyal to him without any reason. Blade is ready to go to any extent for the sake of Naaga. However, Naaga views Blade just as a henchman and uses him to run his local mafia. Vithya ([[Nayanthara]]) is the daughter of a local factory owner ([[Joe Malloori]]) who is also a friend of Naaga. She falls for Ganesh after he saves her from a few goons. Vithya's father arranges her wedding with another man, but everyone learns about the love affair between Vithya and Blade, which creates animosity between Naaga and Vithya's father. Naaga does not want Blade to marry anyone as he fears that Blade might leave him post-marriage, which could weaken his mafia business. Blade overhears Naaga's conversation, understands his true intention and feels bad for blindly trusting Naaga all these days leading to his transformation into a good human being.

Vithya's father decides to move out of town with his family and asks Naaga to return the money he owes, but Naaga refuses and betrays Vithya's father. Blade comes to his rescue and with his help, Vithya's father complains at a police station, following which Naaga returns the money. Naaga decides to kill Blade for moving away from him. Vithya's father understands Blade's transformation and agrees to get Vithya married to him. On the day before Blade's wedding, Naaga's henchmen hit Blade. Blade decides to take revenge and kills Naaga, following which he surrenders in court. He is released after a few years and marries Vithya.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jiiva]] as "Blade" Ganesh
*[[Nayantara]] as Vithya
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Naaga
*[[Karunas]] as Mani
*[[Joe Malloori]] as Vithya's father
*[[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Vithya's mother
*[[Gopinath Chandran|Gopinath]] as ASP Pugazhenthi
*[[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Vithya's driver
*[[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]] as Prema
*[[D. R. K. Kiran]] as Ganesh's friend
*[[V. I. S. Jayapalan]] as Durai
*[[Ramdoss]] as Tips
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Police inspector
*[[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Vasuki
*[[Ramachandran Durairaj]] as Naaga's henchman
*Thirumurugan
*Cheranraj
*[[Sujibala]]
*Usilampatti Perumayi
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as Principal's friend
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Nadhaswaram player
*Vazhakku En Muthuraman
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was first reported in November 2014, when [[Jiiva]] had agreed terms to work on a village-centric film directed by P. S. Ramnath, who had previously made ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |title=Jiiva, Nayan to team up for a romantic comedy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jiiva-Nayan-to-team-up-for-a-romantic-comedy/articleshow/45024972.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Nayanthara]] signed on to appear in the film in April 2015, while [[Srikanth Deva]] was confirmed as the film's music director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayanthara's village-look in 'Thirunaal' is a hit |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nayantharas-village-look-in-thirunaal-is-a-hit-news-tamil-pgrkagggdadhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617113749/http://www.sify.com/movies/nayantharas-village-look-in-thirunaal-is-a-hit-news-tamil-pgrkagggdadhc.html |archive-date=17 June 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film began its first schedule in [[Kumbakonam]] in May 2015 at a grand Agraharam set. The films trailer was released on for Diwali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiiva to start 'Thirunaal' from May 15? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jiiva-to-start-thirunaal-from-may-15-news-tamil-pfcl6hahgjjbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175537/http://www.sify.com/movies/jiiva-to-start-thirunaal-from-may-15-news-tamil-pfcl6hahgjjbg.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The shooting for the film was completed by the end of August 2015 and the post production work thereafter started.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirunaal shooting wrapped up |url=https://movieclickz.com/tamil-cinema-news/thirunaal-shooting-wrapped-up/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160016/http://movieclickz.com/tamil-cinema-news/thirunaal-shooting-wrapped-up/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=24 August 2015 |website=Movie Clickz}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thirunaal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 March 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:17
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label =
| producer = Srikanth Deva
| prev_title = [[Angali Pangali]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Ilami]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
The music was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]]. The lyrics written by Muthu Vijayan.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Muthu Vijayan
| title1 = Hey Chinna Chinna
| extra1 = [[D. Imman]], [[Velmurugan]]
| title2 = Karisa Kaattu
| extra2 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| title3 = Ore Oru Vaanam
| extra3 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| title4 = Pazhaya Soru
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Namitha
| title5 = Thandhaiyum Yaaro
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]]
| title6 = Thittadhe Thittadhe
| extra6 = [[Grace Karunas]]
|all_writing=|length1=4.32|length2=1.34|length3=|length4=5.09|length5=2.33|length6=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=|total_length=}}

== Reception ==
''Behindwoods'' rated the film 1.75 out of 5 stating "Had the film come ten years ago, it might have worked a little better."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2016 |title=Thirunaal - Behindwoods |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thirunaal/thirunaal-review.html}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu called it " Nicely made, but still pretty generic" in his review.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2016 |title=Thirunaal: Nicely made, but still pretty generic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Thirunaal-Nicely-made-but-still-pretty-generic/article14555078.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=5495270}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

D D Thaisii

2026-04-04T04:21:03Z

LinetteFisher: Started Data

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = D D Thaisii
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 March 1962
| birth_place =
| office1 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Karong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karong]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 = 2022
| predecessor1 = V Alexander Pao
| successor1 = [[J Kumo Sha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children = Ahrai Elizabeth
| father = H. Dio
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Social Worker
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''D D Thaisii''' is an Indian politician from [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai]] tribe of [[Manipur]]. He was elected from [[Karong Assembly constituency]] in 2007 and [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] and has served as Cabinet Minister in [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from 2007 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Six Minister inducted in Ibobi Ministry |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/06/27/six-cabinet-ministers-inducted-into-ibobi-ministry-1182946441.html |website=One India |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=D D Thaisii |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=113 |website=My Neta |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DD Thaisii feted |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=Snipp13..300607.jun07&sNStart=%3C!EpnSnipp13%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnSnipp13End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnSnippHeading13%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnSnippHeading13End%3E |website=Epao |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thaisii, D D}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Baidyanath Prasad

2026-04-04T03:37:39Z

LinetteFisher: new

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{one source|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Baidyanath Prasad
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| predecessor = [[Moti Lal Prasad]]
| constituency = [[Riga Assembly constituency|Riga]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 17 July 2009
| term_end1 = 16 July 2015
| predecessor1 = Dilip Kumar Yadav
| successor1 = Dilip Rai
| constituency1 = Sitamarhi-Sheohar Local Authorities
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|9|29}}
| birth_place = Sultanpur, Sheohar district, Bihar, India
| education = Intermediate (Science)
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 1996)
| spouse = Married
| children = Two sons and three daughters
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20150122222248/http://biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/BaidhnathPrasad.htm
}}

'''Baidyanath Prasad''' (born 29 September 1959) is an Indian politician from Bihar. He has been associated with both the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) during his political career. Over the years, he has held several positions in local governance and has contested multiple elections for the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] and the [[Bihar Legislative Council]].

== Early life and education ==
Baidyanath Prasad was born on 29 September 1959 in the village of Sultanpur, under Tariani Chowk Police Station in the district of Sheohar, Bihar. He is the son of the late Rajanandan Prasad. He completed his education up to the Intermediate (Science) level. He is married and has two sons and three daughters.

== Political and social career ==
Baidyanath Prasad began his public life in local governance. In May 1978, he was elected as the Mukhiya of the Gram Panchayat Raj, Belhiya, Sultanpur, in Belsand Block, Sitamarhi district. In March 1979, he became the Pramukh of the Belsand Block Panchayat Samiti. In November 1980, he was elected as the Vice President of the Zila Parishad, Sitamarhi.

In February 1985, he contested the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] election from the [[Sonbarsha Assembly constituency|Sonbarsha constituency]] as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]], opposing former Chief Minister [[Karpoori Thakur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonbarsa Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/Sonbarsa-bihar-assembly-constituency#1985 |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> From July 1985 to 1989, he served as the President of the District Youth Congress and was also a member of the District Twenty Point Programme Implementation Committee during this period.

He contested the Belsand Assembly election in 1995 as an independent candidate. Between 1992 and February 1995, he served as a State Representative of the [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]].

On 15 April 1996, Baidyanath Prasad joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He later served as a member of the Sheohar Zila Parishad from 15 April 2001 until the Panchayat elections in 2006. In July 2003, he contested the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] election from the Sitamarhi-cum-Sheohar Local Authorities constituency as a BJP-supported candidate. In November 2005, he contested the Sursand Assembly constituency as a BJP candidate and finished second.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sursand Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sursand-bihar-assembly-constituency#Oct2005 |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Baidyanath Prasad is married and has two sons and three daughters.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Baidyanath}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sheohar district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Baptist Christian Hospital Tezpur

2026-04-03T03:31:27Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023|cs1-dates=yy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Baptist Christian Hospital Tezpur
| org_group = Emmanuel Hospital Association, New Delhi
| logo = BCHlogo.jpeg
| image = Baptist Christian Hospital.jpg
| image_size = 300 
| alt = 
| caption = Fellowship for transformation through caring.
| pushpin_relief = 
| location = [[Tezpur]]
| address = Mission Chariali, Tezpur
| region = [[Sonitpur district]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare = Private
| funding = Non-profit
| type = Secondary Care Hospital
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| beds = 
| speciality = Emergency Medicine, Critical Care, Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Surgery, Internal Medicine, Orthopedics, Community Health
| founded = {{start date and age|1954}}
| website = {{URL| https://www.bchtezpur.org/}}
| other_links = 
| module = 
}}{{Infobox university
| founder = Dr. Charles Merchant
| director = Dr. Asolie Chase
| campus_type = [[Suburban]]
}}
'''Baptist Christian Hospital (BCH)''' is a multi-specialty healthcare institution located in Tezpur, Assam, India. It offers a wide range of specialties, including emergency medicine, critical care, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, general surgery, internal medicine, orthopedics, and community health. It is also home to the '''School of Nursing, Baptist Christian Hospital''', which has been training nursing professionals since 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBCNEI {{!}} Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India |url=https://cbcnei.org/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=cbcnei.org}}</ref>

== History ==
In the early 1950s, Baptist Christian Hospital (BCH) began as a small dispensary run by Dr. Charles C. Merchant, a Christian missionary from the [[Converge (United States)|Baptist General Conference USA]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://www.bchtezpur.org/about-us |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=bchtezpur |language=en}}</ref> Working with local leaders and the conference board, Dr. Merchant developed land purchased for a hospital. A 30-bed hospital was opened to serve the population in 1954. In April 1954, a School of Nursing was opened. In 2024, it had a capacity of 130 beds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://www.bchtezpur.org/about-us |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=bchtezpur |language=en}}</ref> Baptist Christian Hospital was founded with the mission of delivering quality healthcare services to rural and underserved populations in Assam. Since its inception, the hospital has played a pivotal role in improving healthcare accessibility in the region.

Over the years, BCH has expanded its medical facilities, infrastructure, and educational programs to meet the growing healthcare needs of the community. The '''School of Nursing''', established in 1954, continues to train professional nurses.

== Services ==
[[File:Student Activities.jpg|thumb|Student activities]]The Baptist Christian Hospital offers a variety of services,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAPTIST CHRISTIAN HOSPITAL - Emmanuel Hospital Association |url=https://eha-health.org/eha-location-map/87-eha-locations-across-india/20-baptist-christian-hospital#:~:text=The%20multi-specialty%20hospital%20offers,Care;%20Palliative%20Care%20&%20Urology. |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=eha-health.org |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929035117/https://eha-health.org/eha-location-map/87-eha-locations-across-india/20-baptist-christian-hospital#:~:text=The%20multi-specialty%20hospital%20offers,Care;%20Palliative%20Care%20&%20Urology. |url-status=dead }}</ref> including:

'''i- Clinical Services'''

* [[General surgery|General Surgery]]
* [[Laparoscopy|Open & Laparoscopic]]
* [[General medicine|General Medicine]]
* [[Orthopedics]]
* [[Obstetrics and gynaecology|Obstetrics/Gynecology]]
* [[Dermatology]]
* [[Pediatrics]]
* [[Anesthesia]]
* [[Dentistry]]
* [[Physiotherapy]]
* [[Emergency department|Accident and Emergency Services]]- 24-Hour Service
* [[Outreach|Outreach Services]]/Camps
* [[Immunization|Immunization Services]]
* [[Stroke unit|Dedicated Stoke Unit]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=John |first1=Lydia |last2=William |first2=Akanksha |last3=Dawar |first3=Dimple |last4=Khatter |first4=Himani |last5=Singh |first5=Pratibha |last6=Andrias |first6=Anjana |last7=Mochahari |first7=Christina |last8=Langhorne |first8=Peter |last9=Pandian |first9=Jeyaraj |date=April 2021 |title=Implementation of a Physician-Based Stroke Unit in a Remote Hospital of North-East India-Tezpur Model |journal=Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=356–361 |doi=10.1055/s-0041-1723099 |issn=0976-3147 |pmc=8064833 |pmid=33927525}}</ref>
* [[Mobile stroke unit|Mobile Stroke Unit]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tezpur Model of Physician-based Stroke Unit implementation |url=https://www.world-stroke.org/news-and-blog/blogs/the-tezpur-model-of-physician-based-stroke-unit-implementation |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=World Stroke Organization |language=en}}</ref>
* [[High-dependency unit|High Dependency Unit (HDU)]]
* [[Pediatric intensive care unit|Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)]]
* [[Palliative care|Palliative Care Services]]
* [[Dispensary|Digital Dispensary]] (At [[Udalguri]])

'''ii- Diagnostic Services'''

* [[Pathology]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]<ref>List-of-NABL-Accredited-Laboratories-for-RT-PCR-RNA-updated-as-on-23-12-2021.pdf (nabl-india.org)</ref>
* [[Virology]]
* [[Radiology]]
* [[Automated]] Laboratory – 24-Hour Service
* [[Digital radiography|Digital X-Ray Services]] – 24-Hour Service
* [[Ultrasonography]]
* [[CT scan]]
* [[Endoscopy]]
* [[Electrocardiography|ECG]]

'''iii- Other Services'''

* [[Pharmacy]] (24-Hour Service)
* [[Community health|Community Health Department]]
* [[Research]]
* [[Dietary|Hospital Dietary Services]] to Inpatients
* Back Up Electricity Supply – 24 Hours
* Canteen

== School of Nursing ==
The School of Nursing, Baptist Christian Hospital, was established in April 1954<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Nursing, Baptist Christian Hospital Tezpur Courses & Fees Structure 2023-24 Details |url=https://www.studyclap.com/college/school-of-nursing-baptist-christian-hospital-tezpur-51d8a0dbde/courses-fees |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.studyclap.com |language=en-US}}</ref> by Ms. Arlene Jenson and Ms. Betty Pierson, Christian Missionaries from the [[Converge (United States)|Baptist General Conference (BGC) USA]]. The school's main objective was to train nurses who could contribute to improving healthcare delivery in the region. The founding of the school marked an important milestone in the field of nursing education. In its inaugural year, the School of Nursing admitted its first batch of six students. The General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) program offered by the school is recognized by the Assam Nursing Council and the Indian Nursing Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://www.bchtezpur.org/about-us |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=bchtezpur |language=en}}</ref>

During the training period, students are posted in the parent hospital (Baptist Christian Hospital). However, they also get opportunities to gain clinical experience outside of their parent hospital, including clinical postings/exposure at institutions like LGBRIMH ([[Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health]]), the Tezpur Cancer Centre and Makunda Christian Leprosy & General Hospital.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Baptist hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Assam]]
[[Category:Nursing schools in India]]
[[Category:Education in Tezpur]]

Battle of Negapatam (1758)

2026-03-28T11:03:48Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Short description|1758 battle of the Seven Years' War}}
{{Expand French|topic=mil|Bataille de Négapatam (1758)|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{For|other actions with this name|Battle of Negapatam (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Negapatam
| partof = the [[Seven Years' War]]
| image = Sir George Pocock by Thomas Hudson.jpg
| caption = Portrait of [[George Pocock]]
| date = 3 August 1758
| place = Off [[Nagapattinam|Negapatam]], [[Indian Ocean]]
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| combatant2 = [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| commander1 = [[George Pocock]]
| commander2 = [[Anne Antoine, Comte d'Aché|Comte d'Aché]]{{WIA}}
| strength1 = 7 ships of the line 1 frigate
| strength2 = 8 ships of the line 1 frigate
| casualties1=31 killed 166 wounded
| casualties2=250 killed 600 wounded
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies}}
}}

The '''Battle of Nagapatam''' was an indecisive naval battle on 3 August 1758 during the [[Seven Years' War]]. A [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] squadron under Vice-Admiral [[George Pocock]] fought a French squadron under [[Comte d'Aché]] off the Carnatic coast of India near [[Negapatam]] in the second of three battles fought between the two admirals during the war. Both squadrons suffered heavy damage during the short but fierce engagement, with d'Ache's flagship ''[[French ship Zodiaque (1756)|Zodiaque]]'' catching fire and d'Ache himself severely wounded. He would spend the remainder of the year recovering in [[Mauritius]].<ref>[http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudowar&FileName=americanrev Heritage History - List of Battles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711163642/http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudowar&FileName=americanrev |date=11 July 2011 }}, retrieved 30 September 2008</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+British order of battle
!Ship
!Guns
!Commander
!Ref.
|-
|[[HMS Yarmouth (1745)|''Yarmouth'']]
|64
|Vice-Admiral '''[[George Pocock]]''' Captain [[John Harrison (Royal Navy officer)|John Harrison]]
|rowspan=8|{{sfnp|Clowes|1898|p=179}}
|-
|[[HMS Elizabeth (1706)|''Elizabeth'']]
|64
|Commodore '''[[Charles Steevens]]''' Captain [[Richard Kempenfelt]]
|-
|[[HMS Tiger (1747)|''Tiger'']]
|60
|Captain [[Thomas Latham (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Latham]]
|-
|[[HMS Weymouth (1752)|''Weymouth'']]
|60
|Captain [[John Stukley Somerset]]
|-
|[[HMS Cumberland (1710)|''Cumberland'']]
|56
|Captain [[William Martin (Royal Navy officer, died 1766)|William Martin]]
|-
|[[HMS Salisbury (1746)|''Salisbury'']]
|50
|Captain [[William Brereton (Royal Navy officer)|William Brereton]]
|-
|[[HMS Newcastle (1750)|''Newcastle'']]
|50
|Captain [[James Colville (Royal Navy officer)|James Colville]]
|-
|[[HMS Queenborough (1747)|''Queenborough'']]
|24
|Captain [[Digby Dent (Royal Navy officer, born 1739)|Digby Dent]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+French order of battle
!Ship
!Guns
!Commander
!Ref.
|-
|[[French ship Zodiaque (1756)|''Zodiaque'']]
|74
|Chef d'escadre '''[[Anne Antoine, Comte d'Aché]]''' Captain [[Jacques-Antoine de Gotho]]
|rowspan=9|{{sfnp|Clowes|1898|p=179}}
|-
|[[French ship Comte de Provence (1756)|''Comte de Provence'']]
|74
|Captain [[Jean-Jacques de La Chaise]]
|-
|[[French ship Saint Louis (1753)|''Saint Louis'']]
|64
|Captain [[Louis de Joannis]]
|-
|[[French ship Vengeur (1765)|''Vengeur'']]
|64
|Captain [[Jean Baptiste Christy de La Pallière]]
|-
|[[French ship Duc d'Orléans (1754)|''Duc d'Orléans'']]
|60
|Captain [[Jean-François de Surville]]
|-
|[[French ship Duc de Bourgogne (1751)|''Duc de Bourgogne'']]
|80
|Captain [[Jean-Baptiste d’Après de Mannevillette]]
|-
|[[French ship Condé (1753)|''Condé'']]
|50
|Captain [[Jacques Kerlero de Rosbo]]
|-
|[[French ship Moras (1756)|''Moras'']]
|50
|Captain [[Louis-Toussaint de Becdelièvre-Du Bouexié]]
|-
|[[French frigate Diligente (1761)|''Diligente'']]
|24
|Captain [[Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne]]
|}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Clowes|first=William Laird|author-link=William Laird Clowes|year=1898|title=The Royal Navy, a History from the Earliest Times to the Present|location=London|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Company|volume=3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_battle&id=121 "Battle of Negapatam, 3rd August 1758" at threedecks.org]

{{coord|10.766667|79.833333|display=title}}

{{-}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagapatam, Battle of (1758)}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1758]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the East Indies Campaign (1757–1763)]]
[[Category:1758 in British India|Battle of Nagapatam]]
[[Category:Third Carnatic War]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Seven Years' War involving France]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Seven Years' War involving Great Britain]]

{{UK-battle-stub}}
{{France-battle-stub}}

Shanthi Pavan

2026-03-24T23:54:42Z

LinetteFisher: adding entry.

{{Short description|Indian electrical engineer and a professor (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Shanthi Pavan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|6|1}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Electrical engineering]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | Big Bear Networks | [[IIT Madras]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Madras]] | [[Columbia University]] | [[Texas Instruments]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Yannis Tsividis]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on mixed signal [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI circuits]]
| awards = {{ublist|2006 [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]] Young Engineer Award | 2009 [[IEEE Circuits and Systems Society|IEEE CSS]] Darlington Best Paper Award | 2009 [[IIT Madras|IITM]] Young Faculty Recognition Award | 2010 IESA Technomentor Award | 2012 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2016 [[IIT Madras|IITM]] Mid-career Research and Development Award | 2018 [[IEEE]] Fellow }}
}}
'''Yendluri Shanthi Pavan''' (born 1973) is an Indian electrical engineer and a professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]].<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/info/fac/shanthi.pavan |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Madras}}</ref> He is known for his studies on mixed signal [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI circuits]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=143 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers }}</ref> He is also a fellow of [[IEEE]].<ref name="IEEE fellow">{{Cite web|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37269778500 |title=Author Details |publisher=IEEE}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2012.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Student Activities Center, IIT Madras.jpg|thumb|235px|Student Activities Center, IIT Madras]]
Y. Shanti Pavan, born on the first day of June 1973, did his graduate studies in electronics and communication engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] from where he earned a BTech in 1995 and moved to the US to pursue his higher studies. Joining [[Columbia University]], he secured a master's degree in 1997 and followed it up with a PhD in 1999.<ref name="Pavan on INAE">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/expert-search/index.php/shanthi-pavan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008183435/http://inae.in/expert-search/index.php/shanthi-pavan |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2015 |title=Pavan on INAE |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering }}</ref> His postdoctoral studies were at [[Texas Instruments]] at their [[Warren, New York|Warren]] centre and in 2000, he started his career at Big Bear Networks, [[Sunnyvale, California|Sunnyvale]].<ref name="Pavan on IITM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~shanthi/miscellaneous.html |title=Pavan on IITM |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref> Returning to India in 2002, he joined his alma mater, IIT Madras, as a member of faculty and serves as a professor at the department of electrical engineering.<ref name="Home page on IITM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~shanthi/faculty.html |title=Home page on IITM |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref>

During his postdoctoral studies, Pavan worked on high speed [[Analogue filter|analog filters]] and [[Data conversion|data converters]] and shifted his focus to microwave ICs for data communication while working in Sunnyvale.<ref name="Pavan on IITM" /> Later, he concentrated on analog mixed signal [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI circuits]] and has since developed many designs of core components of electronic systems.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He has documented his researches by way of several articles;<ref name="Publications">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~shanthi/publications.html |title=Publications |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref> a number of online repositories of scientific articles, have listed many of them.<ref name="On IEEE">{{Cite web |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.S.%20Pavan.QT.&newsearch=true |title=On IEEE |date=2016 |publisher=IEEE}}</ref><ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/2113612535_Shanthi_Pavan |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> He holds two patents viz. ''Low distortion filters''<ref name="Low distortion filters">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US9000839?oq=ininventor%3A%22Shanthi+Pavan+Yendluri%22 |title=Low distortion filters |date=2017 |publisher=Google Patents}}</ref> and ''Method and apparatus for low power continuous time delta sigma modulation''<ref name="Method and apparatus for low power continuous time delta sigma modulation">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2010119456A2/en?oq=ininventor%3A%22Shanthi+Pavan+Yendluri%22 |title=Method and apparatus for low power continuous time delta sigma modulation |date=2017 |publisher=Google Patents}}</ref> and has developed a series of video lectures.<ref name="Lectures on Youtube">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL16BAECF919A0D79C |title=Lectures on Youtube |date=2017 |publisher=Satish Kashyap}}</ref><ref name="VLSI group, IIT Madras-Video lectures">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/videolectures/doku.php?id=start |title=VLSI group, IIT Madras-Video lectures |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref> He has also been associated with IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems journal, serving as a member of the editorial board of ''Part II - Express Briefs'' during 2006–07 and as the Deputy Editor-in-chief and Editor-in-chief of ''Part I - Regular Papers'' for the terms 2012–13 and 2014–15 respectively.<ref name="Pavan on IITM" />

== Awards and honors ==
Pavan received the Young Engineer Award of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] in 2006;<ref name="Young Engineer Award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/rjjh5jecb1t60y6/YE%20Previous%20year%20Receipients.pdf?dl=0 |title=Young Engineer Award |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> INAE would honor him again in 2011 with an elected fellowship.<ref name="Pavan on INAE"/> He was selected for the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] for the year 2008–09 and this fellowship assisted him in pursuing his researches on gold nanowires.<ref name="Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/scientific-engineering-research/human-resource-development-and-nurturing-young-talent-swarnajayanti-fellowships-scheme |title=Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Science and Technology}}</ref> In 2009, one of his articles earned him the Darlington Best Paper Award of the [[IEEE Circuits and Systems Society]],<ref name="Author profile">{{Cite journal |title=Author profile |date=2017 |publisher=IEEE Xplore|doi=10.1109/JSSC.2012.2196730 |s2cid=36541222 }}</ref> the same year as he received the Young Faculty Recognition Award of IIT Madras.<ref name="Shanthi Pavan on University of Texas at Austin">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ece.utexas.edu/speakers/shanthi-pavan |title=Shanthi Pavan on University of Texas at Austin |date=2017 |publisher=University of Texas at Austin}}</ref> Technomentor Award of India Electronics and Semiconductor Association reached him in 2010<ref name="TechnoMentor Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://iesaonline.org/events/technomentor_awards.html |title=TechnoMentor Awards |date=2017 |publisher=India Electronic and Semiconductor Association}}</ref> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2012.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> IEEE Solid State Circuits Society honored him again in 2016 with the Distinguished Lecturer-ship<ref name="Distinguished Lecturer">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/sites/default/files/notices/directors_report.pdf |title=Distinguished Lecturer |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref> and he received one more honor from IIT Madras in the form of Mid-career Research and Development Award in 2016.<ref name="Mid-Career Research & Development Award">{{Cite web |url=https://icsris.iitm.ac.in/Newsletter/April16/index.html |title=Mid-Career Research & Development Award |date=2017 |publisher=IITM Newsletter}}</ref> He was elected as IEEE fellow in 2018 for his contributions to Delta-Sigma Modulators and analog filters.<ref name="Prof. Shanthi Pavan is elected as IEEE Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/2017/11/prof-shanthi-pavan-is-elected-as-ieee-fellow/ |title=Prof. Shanthi Pavan is elected as IEEE Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref><ref name="Prof. Shanthi Pavan has been elected as a Fellow of IEEE">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/content/prof-shanthi-pavan-has-been-elected-fellow-ieee |title=Prof. Shanthi Pavan has been elected as a Fellow of IEEE |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref> He was also a member of the 2019 Fellow Evaluation Committee for the elevation of the 2020 Class of Fellows via the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society.<ref name="IEEE Fellows Program">{{Cite web |url=https://sscs.ieee.org/membership/awards/ieee-fellows-program/ |title=IEEE Fellows Program |date=2019 |publisher=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Very-large-scale integration]]
{{Portal|India|Engineering}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/11-scientists-selected-for-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize-2012-112092600384_1.html |title=11 scientists selected for Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize-2012 |date=26 September 2012 |publisher=Business Standard |work=News report}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://classes.engr.oregonstate.edu/eecs/spring2016/ece627/Lecture%20Notes/Shanti%20Pavan%20Tutorial.pdf |title=Oversampling Analog to Digital Converters |last=Shanthi Pavan, Nagendra Krishnapura |date=4 January 2008 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Madras |work=Presentation}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pavan, Shanthi}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Madras]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu

2026-03-17T22:04:39Z

LinetteFisher: added info

{{short description|Indian weekly magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu
| logo = Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu cover.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| image_file =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor = M. P. Gopinath
| editor_title = Editor In Charge
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = General interest magazine
| frequency = [[Weekly newspaper|Weekly]]
| circulation =
| publisher = M N Ravi Varma
| founder =
| founded =
| firstdate = {{Start date and age|18 January 1932|df=yes}}
| company = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubumi Printing and Publishing Company Limited]]
| country = India
| based =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| website = 
| issn =
| oclc =
}}
'''''Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu''''' ({{langx|en|Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly}}) is an Indian general interest weekly magazine published by the [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing Company]] in [[Kozhikode]]. The [[Malayalam]] language magazine started publishing on 18 January 1932.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/static/about/publications.htm |title=Mathrubhumi Publications |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224080923/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/static/about/publications.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">''Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly'' 2012: 3, 98. Print</ref>

Some of the finest literary work in Malayalam language were initially published in ''Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly,'' including [[Uroob]]'s ''[[Ummachu]]'' (1954), [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]'s ''[[Enippadikal (novel)|Enippadikal]]'' (1964), [[O. V. Vijayan]]'s ''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]'' (1968) and [[M. Mukundan]]'s ''[[Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil]]'' (1974).{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Authors such as [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and [[N. V. Krishna Warrier]] served as the editors of the magazine.

The magazine carries political commentaries, literary works and columns on science, films and literature. Prominent writer Ramachandra Guha, biologist Krishna Anujan, E P Rajagopalan are among the columnists.

== History ==
Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly's parent company, Mathrubhumi is based in the northern [[Kerala]] town of [[Kozhikode]] and was founded in 1922 as a public limited company following the rise of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Sindhu |last=Menon |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/254412393 |title=Images of colonial India in British writing 1757–1857 |date=2008 |publisher=Prestige Books |isbn=978-81-7851-033-0 |oclc=254412393}}</ref> This independent status makes Mathrubhumi unique in India, where most media outlets and publications tend to be tightly held private companies owned by a single powerful family. On 18 January 1932, the first issue of Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly was published. The issue focused on matters like Indian nationalism, humanity and fiction. Mahatma Gandhi was featured as the first cover photo due to his influence on the company and the editors' desire for the magazine to emanate his political teachings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behance |title=MATHRUBHUMI 100 YEARS FILM: 7.30 MIN |url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/140078467/MATHRUBHUMI-100-YEARS-FILM-730-MIN |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Behance |language=english}}</ref> The weekly spanned 26 pages and cost 2 annas. In the opening section of the magazine the editors declared their mission statement followed by the first featured Malayalam literature, Ahimsa, a poem by [[Vallathol Narayana Menon|Vallathol]]. Articles including 'Paschyatharude Lingabandha Jeevitham' and column 'Rasikarasayanam' by [[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai]] appeared in the first edition. This first issue of Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly is a truncated version of how the magazine is structured today with editorials from various Keralan figures, poems, book reviews and extracts of Malayalam literature.

Kerala has played a major role in the formation of Mathrubhumi. The region is a southern state in India formed in 1956, with a [[Communism|communist]]-led government assuming office in 1957. This makes the state home to one of the earliest elected communist governments in the world. Kerala has far higher rates of literacy compared to other Indian states. This makes it privy to publications like Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly, that are focused on texts that provoke and challenge the wider Indian audience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Balakrishnan |first=Kavitha |date=2015-12-01 |title='The reader–viewer' in Indian literate-media contexts: A Kerala archive |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jill.2.2.183_1 |journal=Journal of Illustration |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=183–222 |doi=10.1386/jill.2.2.183_1 |issn=2052-0204|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Upon its conception in 1932, the magazine was considered the mouthpiece of India's freedom movement. This has been a key tenet in its mission statement and a driving factor in remaining a rare independent media outlet in Kerala.
[[File:India map kerala.png|thumb|Location of the State of Kerala in India. Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly is published in the Keralan locality of Calicut.]]
Kerala as a region has a strong association with the [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom movement]] of the early to mid 20th century . In 1942 the Mathrubhumi editor K. A. Damodara Menon was arrested for his role in the Quit India movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rai |first1=Ishwari D. |last2=Singh |first2=Gajendra |last3=Rawat |first3=Gopal S. |date=2016-07-26 |title=Noteworthy additions to the flora of Uttarakhand, western Himalaya, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=9004 |doi=10.11609/jott.2607.8.7.9004-9008 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref> The arrest by British backed Indian officials came alongside a slew of actions including the deportation of [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]] in 1910, the banning of [[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai|Kesari]] in 1930, and the confiscation of the properties of [[Malayala Manorama]] in 1938. Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly was a touchpoint for the movement supporting the dismantling of [[British Raj|British Raj in India]] and played a significant role in the eventual resolution proposal. The Congress working committee met at [[Wardha]] in 1942 adopting a resolution to demand complete independence from the British Government. This draft proposed large scale protests and riots if the British did not accept the demands. It was eventually passed in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenough |first=Paul R. |date=July 1999 |title=Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942-44 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3518012 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=27 |issue=7/8 |pages=11–47 |doi=10.2307/3518012 |jstor=3518012 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The weekly's role in the formation and development of a public literary community in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]-northern Kerala is substantial. The Communist-led region had once been under the rule of the Madras Presidency, and following its disestablishment in 1947<ref>{{Cite book |first=James |last=Walch |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/600848812 |title=Faction and front : party systems in South India |date=1976 |publisher=Young Asia Publications |oclc=600848812}}</ref> established reading rooms and acted as a literacy facilitator. However, the Malayalam identity was still shaped by issues of caste, class, gender, and religion. The circulation of Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly is cited as being a core actor in shifting the Keralan population from such traditionalist ideologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathrubhumi Weekly and the Formation of the Malayali Identity |url=https://ecsas2021.univie.ac.at/papers/vh6v8/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=ecsas2021.univie.ac.at}}</ref> This shift influenced the push for public reading spaces throughout this period.

The early issues of Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly witnessed the rise and fall of poet's [[Edappally Raghavan Pillai|Edapally Raghavan Pillai]]'s work, having a substantial impact on his early career.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rekshadas |first=D |title=The Poetry of Edappally Raghavan Pillai a Study |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/147693 |journal=University of Kerala: Faculty of Oriental Studies|hdl=10603/147693 }}</ref> The writer is among many that were afforded an audience by Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly, with the publication facilitating the early careers of many authors and literary contributors in India.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

In the 1950s and 60s Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly played a substantial role in the formation and early establishment of a democratic Indian government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rekha |first=P |title=NATIONAL MOVEMENT AND NATIONALIST PRESS IN KERALA |url=http://www.socialsciencesreview.org/files/2018-09/xvi-no.1-jan-june-2015.pdf |journal=Review of Social Sciences}}</ref> The magazine's influence as a mouthpiece for the Indian independence movement earlier in the century led them to eventually be an agent supporting trade unions and elected figures in both parliament and various industries.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

The magazine upholds its interests in politics and literacy from great Malayalam minds including prominent writer [[Ramachandra Guha]] and biologist Krishna Anujan. Currently its managing editor P. V. Chandran continues to uphold the magazine's mission statement promoting literary freedom and creative expression in a media landscape fraught with familial ties and restrictive commercial obligations.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

== Content and format ==
Mathrubhumi Illustrated is published weekly and is one of the top circulating literary magazines in the Indian State of Kerala<ref>{{Cite book |first=V |last=Shailashree |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1305297386 |title=Study to Identify the Relationship between Recruitment, Selection Towards Employee Engagement. |oclc=1305297386}}</ref> consisting of Malayalam short stories, novels, travel diaries, interviews, and editorials. Mathrubhumi states that their weekly publication "is the mirror image of Malayalam literature" and strives to showcase "Kerala's intellectual depth".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathrubhumi Publications |url=https://media.mathrubhumi.com/static/Publications.html |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=media.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> Book reviews have been a mainstay of the publication since its inception, having 'best book' and 'best author' awards given out annually. Special editions of the magazine are also released on occasion with the most recent edition, Mathrubhumi at 100 years, celebrating the centenary of the Mathrubhumi company in March 2022.<ref name=":0" />

Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly also publishes [[comic strip]]s in a serialised format. The magazine published the nation's first graphic novel. Keralan filmmaker, comic artist, and painter [[G. Aravindan]] issued a comic strip called [[Cheriya Manushyarum Valiya Lokavum|Cheriya Manushyarum, Valiya Lokavam]] translating to 'Small Men and the Big World' in the weekly magazine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Venkatesan |first1=Sathyaraj |last2=Dastidar |first2=Diptarup Ghosh |date=2020-05-03 |title=On voicelessness, graphic medicine and beyond: an interview with Georgia Webber |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2020.1748676 |journal=Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1177–1182 |doi=10.1080/21504857.2020.1748676 |s2cid=219058503 |issn=2150-4857|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The piece was published in a serialised format from 1961 to 1973. It's considered India's first graphic novel and also "the first time the Malayali reader sensed time in a cartoon strip" according<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Gokul T. |title="G. Aravindan's Cheriya Manushyarum, Valiya Lokavum: Re-Defining the Comic in the Strip". |url=https://www.academia.edu/184184}}</ref> to Indian billionaire and business leader [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]].

Interviews in the magazine often focus on literary and political figures from Kerala and the surrounding Indian regions. Most interviews explore political issues whilst profiling a notable individual who presents their view on the matter. For example, Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly's interview with central secretariat member of the [[Dalit]] Human Rights Movement, Seleena Prakkanam,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=R |first1=Jinu |last2=Scaria |first2=Dimple M. |date=2019-02-20 |title=Subaltern Modernity in Context: The Politics of Land in the Life Narrative of Seleena Prakkanam |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp11/20193101 |journal=Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems |volume=11 |issue=11-SPECIAL ISSUE |pages=816–819 |doi=10.5373/jardcs/v11sp11/20193101 |s2cid=213170130 |issn=1943-023X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> investigates struggles with leadership in Indian politics and caste issues. Interviews like this one have been a central feature of the publication.

== Controversies ==

=== Child marriage among Kerala Muslim communities ===
{{See also|Child marriage among Muslims in Kerala}}
In 2013, the magazine played a significant role in making. public and publishing criticisms of child marriage in Kerala and the surrounding regions. Academic articles like Haneefa's 'Reflections on the Relationship between Child Marriage and Higher Education of Muslim Women in South Malabar' (2013)<ref name="Daniels 2012 185–195">{{Citation |last1=Daniels |first1=Doria |title=Muslim Women Academics in Higher Education: Reflections from South Africa |date=2012 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4219-2_13 |work=Women in Islam |pages=185–195 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-007-4218-5 |access-date=2022-05-16 |last2=Dasoo |first2=Nazreen|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4219-2_13 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> brought the alarming rate of child marriage in Muslim Indian communities to light, exposing fundamentalist religious communities' treatment of young women in particular. The Journal was most concerned with the lower rate of education among young women who wed when they were children. Mathrubhumi's articles '[[Muslims|Muslim]] Penkuttilakkku Vendi Oru Abhyarthana' and 'Anungalude Indiayile Pennungalude Kalyanam' both published in 2013 are cited extensively in the article and as texts that brought the issue to light in the region. Muslim communities argued that Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly infringed on their religious freedoms and protested the articles.<ref name="Daniels 2012 185–195"/>

=== Meesha controversy ===
Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly was the subject of controversy again in 2018 upon serialising [[Meesa|Meesha]], the debut novel of Malayalam author S. [[S. Hareesh|Hareesh]]. Early in the novel a conversation takes place between two male characters in which one states that [[Hindus|Hindu]] women dress up to go to temples so they can declare readiness for sexual relations. The character then continues to suggest women do not visit temples whilst menstruating because they aren't ready for sex and that [[Brahmin]] priests are notorious womanisers. This extract was shared widely on social media wherein was met with criticism from Hindu groups and leaders. Organisations such as Yogakshema Sabha, and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Hindu Aikya Vedi]]. expressed their outrage.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Gladwin Emmanuel|date=Jul 16, 2018 |title=Followers of Sangh Parivar slam Malayalam writer S Hareesh over Meesha |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/sangh-parivar-supporters-slam-malayalam-writer-s-hareesh-over-meesha/articleshow/65011379.cms |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Protestors from these groups and other followers of the [[Right-wing politics|Right-Wing]] [[Sangh Parivar]] marched on the Mathrubhumi office in July 2018. Many political figures and notable authors came out in support of S Hareesh, such as Congress MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] came out in support of the author; "Those who do not believe my warnings about the emergence of a Hindutva Taliban might learn from what has just happened to Malayalam writer Hareesh (& even more chilling, the threat to chop off his hands, [[Taliban]]-style)".<ref>{{Cite twitter |title=Those who do not believe my warnings about the emergence of a Hindutva Taliban might learn from what has just happened to Malayalam writer Hareesh (& even more chilling, the threat to chop off his hands, Taliban-style) |user=shashitharoor |number=1020651861827825664 |access-date=2022-05-16 |language=en}}</ref> The politicisation of Meesha as well as the outrage from Hindu women and the Brahmin community led to Hareesh withdrawing the novel from Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly after only three chapters were published.
[[File:S. Hareesh Writer.jpg|thumb|Author of the controversial serialised novel, Meesha (2022).]]
S. Hareesh spoke on the pulling of his serialised book from the publication in late July 2018; "My novel published in Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly has finished three episodes. It was a product of almost 5 years of hard work that revolved on my mind from childhood. But I happened to find a small portion of the novel being circulated on social media in a hateful way".<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Hareesh speaks up |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/s-hareesh-speaks-up-1.2995809 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=23 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The novel became available in full later that year, published by [[DC Books]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=C. Gouridasan |date=2018-08-01 |title=Hareesh's novel Meesha hits stands |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hareeshs-novel-meesha-hits-stands/article24575825.ece |access-date=2022-05-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Novel in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=kerala sahithya academy award announced കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; എസ്. ഹരീഷിന്റെ 'മീശ' മികച്ച നോവൽ |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2021/02/15/kerala-sahithya-academy-award-announced.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.twentyfournews.com|date=15 February 2021 }}</ref> and the English translation of the book was awarded the [[JCB Prize]] for literature in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=എസ്. ഹരീഷിന്റെ മീശ നോവലിന് ജെ.സി.ബി സാഹിത്യ പുരക്‌സാരം |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/438125-latest-news-s-hareesh-bags-jcb-literature-award.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.mangalam.com |language=en}}</ref>

Kamalram Sajeev, who served as the editor of the weekly for 15 years, resigned from the weekly due to the controversy related to Meesha. After Ram's resignation, copy editor Manila C Mohan also left Mathrubhumi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/meesha-row-mathrubhumi-weekly-editor-kamalram-sajeev-resigns-says-long-live-secular-india/319688/ | title='Meesha' Row: Mathrubhumi Weekly Editor Kamalram Sajeev Resigns, Says 'Long Live Secular India' | date=14 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.doolnews.com/kamalram-sajeev-resigned-from-mathrubhumi-564.html | title=കമല്‍ റാം സജീവ് മാതൃഭൂമിയില്‍ നിന്നും രാജിവെച്ചു; കോപ്പി എഡിറ്റര്‍ സ്ഥാനം രാജിവെക്കുകയാണെന്ന് മനില സി.മോഹനും }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/kamal-ram-sajeev-removed-from-mathrubhumi-weekly-ph5ibp | title=കമല്‍റാം സജീവിനെ മാതൃഭൂമി ആഴ്ചപ്പതിപ്പ് ചുമതലകളില്‍ നിന്നും നീക്കി }}</ref>

== Circulation ==
The magazine is distributed in both physical and digital editions, with subscriptions offered both domestically and internationally. It is released Weekly to outlets across the Kerala region and can be found throughout India at particular retailers. In the region and beyond, the publication is printed in the local language of Malayalam. The magazine has an estimated circulation of 60,000 copies sold each week and an approximate readership of 300,000.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Sister publications of Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly include; the women's interest magazine [[Grihalakshmi (magazine)|Grihalakshmi]], the employment magazine Thozhil Vartha, [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi's main newspaper]], and the monthly sports paper Mathrubhumi Sports Masika.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly has been the number-one literary weekly in Malayalam since its launch in January 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Get your Digital Access to all the back issues of Mathrubhumi Illustrated Magazine |url=https://www.magzter.com/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Magzter |language=en}}</ref> Its focus on literature remains the core of the publication, but over time its focus has shifted slightly to current affairs and interviews in order to remain relevant to the intellectual population of Kerala where the magazine is circulated most heavily.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==Key people==
'''Managing Editor:''' P. V. Chandran 
'''Joint Managing Editor:''' P. V. Nidheesh 
'''Editor In Charge:''' M.P. Gopinath 
'''Chief Sub Editor:''' [[Subhash Chandran]]
'''Copy Editors:''' K. C. Subi and P. K. Sreekumar 
'''Senior Artist:''' [[K. Shereef]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaithodiyil |first=Rameesh |date=2021-03-27 |title=Gudhaam Art Cafe presents K_STUDIO art exhibition by K Shereef |url=https://openart.in/events/art-exhibition/gudhaam-art-cafe-presents-k_studio-art-exhibition-by-k-shereef/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=OpenArt India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
* ''[[Bhashaposhini]]''
* ''[[Madhyamam Weekly]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Malayalam journalism}}{{Mathrubhumi Group}}

[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1932]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language magazines]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]

Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1398)

2026-03-16T07:37:14Z

LinetteFisher: new

{{Short description|Fourteenth century war between Bahmanis and Vijayanagar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bahmani–Vijayanagara War (1398)
| place = [[Krishna River]], [[Raichur]], [[Vijayanagar]]
| partof = [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (disambiguation)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar War]]s
| image = Krishna River basin map.svg
| caption = Krishna River Basin
| territory = Vijayanagar expansion halted
| result = Bahmani victory
| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]] [[Velama]] chiefs of [[Telangana]]
| combatant2 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah]] [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]] [[Devraj Ghorpade]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |first=M. S. | last=Ghorpade |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-mudhol-state |title=History Of Mudhol State |pages=52}}</ref> Qazi Sirajuddin Malik Na'ib
| commander2 = [[Harihara II]] Prince Bukka{{assassinated}}
| strength2 = Numerically Superior<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |date=2015-04-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |language=en|page=291}}</ref> '''Main army (Exaggerated)''' 900,000 Men 30,000 Cavalry '''Against Velama Chiefs''' 80,000 Cavalry Unknown [[Musketeers]]
| strength1 = Numerically Inferior{{sfn|Eraly|2015|p=291}} 12,000 Cavalry
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Heavy
| date = 1398
}}
The '''Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1398)'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 volumes]: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |pages=547 |language=en}}</ref> of 1398 marked the military conflicts between the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] under [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Tajuddin Firuz Shah]] and the Vijayanagar empire under [[Harihara II]]. After the initial [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|Bahmani-Vijayanagar War in 1367]], the two kingdoms enjoyed a period of peace for thirty years. However, in the late fourteenth century, they once again found themselves engaged in major warfare in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]].

The war was ignited by the invasion of [[Raichur]] by Prince Bukka and [[Harihara II]], who capitalized on the internal conflicts within the Bahmani Sultanate's northern region. Firuz Shah faced a significant disadvantage as most of his army was deployed in the north. A flood in the [[Krishna River]] further complicated matters, separating the two armies on opposite banks.

Seizing the opportunity, Qazi Sirajuddin, a Bahmani officer, infiltrated the Vijayanagar camp as an assassin, assassinating the Prince and causing chaos. Exploiting the ensuing disorder, Firuz Shah launched an attack on Vijayanagar, compelling Harihara to surrender under pressure from the Brahmins, whose families had been enslaved by the Bahmanis. The Bahmanis withdrew after recapturing the [[Raichur Doab]] and receiving a ransom of 1 million Hunas. Harihara had to pay an annual tribute of 3.3 million Tankas to the Bahmanis.

== Background ==
{{See also|Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)}}
[[File:Mujahid Shah.jpg|Bahmani coins issued during the reign of Mujahid Shah|thumb]]
After the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|Bahmani-Vijayanagar war]] of 1367, [[Mujahid Shah]], the son of [[Mohammed Shah I]], initiated a campaign against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. He demanded large tracts of land from [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka Raya]], the Vijayanagara emperor. However, Bukka refused to concede, leading to military conflicts between the two sides. Mujahid marched against Bukka, who avoided direct confrontation for six months and took refuge within his capital. After some successes, the Bahmanis ultimately withdrew with a substantial number of prisoners. They later besieged [[Adoni]] but, eventually, peace negotiations were reached. Following this, the Bahmanis returned to their capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Allan |first1=John Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZeOnQEACAAJ |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |last2=Dodwell |first2=Henry Herbert |last3=Haig |first3=F. Wolscley |date=1943 |publisher=University Press |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref>

After this campaign, Mujahid was assassinated by his uncle Daud Shah, who then ascended to the throne. Meanwhile, Bukka Raya had also died and was succeeded by his son [[Harihara II]].<ref name=":0" /> Upon Daud's death, a faction at the court aimed to install Daud's infant son, Muhammad Sanjar, as the ruler. However, the child was under the custody of Ruh Parwar, who had him blinded, thwarting the plan to place him on the throne. Supporters of Ruh Parwar then offered the throne to Prince Muhammad, a son of Mahmud Khan, a younger son of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]]. Upon ascending the throne, Muhammad Khan assumed the title of Muhammad Shah II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Prof M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbUB_ACAR5QC |title=HISTORY OF ISLAM (2 Vols. Set) |date=2002 |publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7435-019-0 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref> Mohammed Shah II, was inclined towards peace and did not pursue warfare. Instead, he became a prominent patron of literature and science. During his reign, there were no wars between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Narendra Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvs_Q7g2A30C |title=History of India |last2=Banerjee |first2=Anil Chandra |date=1944 |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Bros. |pages=440 |language=en}}</ref>

Muhammad Shah II was known for his peaceful and benevolent rule, prioritizing the welfare of his people. He constructed mosques and schools and welcomed scholars from various parts of Asia. Due to his profound knowledge, he earned the nickname "[[Aristotle]]." During a severe famine lasting eight years (1387-1395 A.D.), the Sultan swiftly organized relief efforts and established numerous orphanages to aid those in need. He died in 1397. His son-in-law, [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah]], succeeded to the throne after Muhammad Shah II. The Bahmanis resumed their war with Vijayanagar during the reign of Firuz Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayapalan |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Harihara II Coin.png|thumb|Coin of Harihara II]]

== Initial attacks ==
[[File:Raichur Doab.jpg|The Raichur Doab|thumb]]
During the reign of Muhammad Shah II, there were no major wars between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar. However, there were occasional skirmishes, notably at [[Goa]], [[Adoni]], and [[Kothakonda Jatara|Kothakonda]]. In 1395, the Vijayanagara general Cheneppa captured a place called Rangini in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Despite these minor conflicts, overall relations between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar remained peaceful during this period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Khaliq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJuAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526, edited by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=977 |language=en}}</ref> Right after Firuz Shah's ascension to the throne, in 1398, he confronted a rebellion at [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]], followed by another rebellion led by [[Narsingh Rai|Narasimha]] of [[Kingdom of Kherla|Kherla]], with support from the [[Malwa Sultanate]] and [[Khandesh]]. Firuz Shah successfully suppressed the rebellion at Sagar, with assistance from certain Hindu chiefs, most notably Bhairon Singh, who was the progenitor of the Kingdom of [[Mudhol]].{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=979}}

Taking advantage of the internal struggles faced by the Bahmanis, Harihara II decided to secure his flank by persuading Katya Vema of Rajamundry to join forces with him. He then launched an attack on the [[Raichur]] Doab in a fanlike movement, simultaneously covering [[Mudgal]], Raichur, and other strategic locations.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=979}} The combined army of Harihara was believed to have consisted of 30,000 cavalry and 900,000 men.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Haig |first=W |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94qOZORGURcC |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |date=1928 |publisher=University Press |pages=387–389 |language=en}}</ref> This figure is considered by [[Abraham Eraly|Eraly]] as an exaggeration, but he still considered the Vijayanagar army as having overwhelmingly outnumbered the Bahmanis.{{sfn|Eraly|2015|p=291}} Meanwhile, Prince [[Bukka Raya II|Bukka II]] of Vijayanagar, with 80,000 cavalry and additional forces of Musketeers, subdued the Velama chiefs of Telangana, who had a treaty relationship with the Bahmanis. While Firuz Shah's main army was defending the Raichur Doab, the Telangana army of Vijayanagar faced little difficulty in defeating their opponents. The rebellion at Kherla diverted Firuz Shah's attention, prompting him to send a large number of troops to the north. Additionally, a flood occurred in the [[Krishna River]] due to the rainy season, preventing either army from crossing it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |pages=153–154 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Assassination of Prince Bukka ===
[[File:Krishna.png|The Krishna River|thumb]]
Firuz Shah, with no more than 12,000 cavalry, dared to advance towards the Krishna river. The discipline and tactics of the Vijayanagar army were deemed contemptible. They were spread out over an area extending some seventeen miles along the riverbank and the same distance south of it. This dispersion, necessary for supply purposes, undermined their cohesion. However, their sheer numbers made it impossible to attempt to cross the river. Firuz grew increasingly frustrated by his enforced inaction, which eventually took a toll on his health.<ref name=":1" /> During this time, an officer of the Bahmani named Qazi Sirajuddin, though initially appointed for his judicial duties, displayed more prowess in military matters. He suggested a bold plan to Firuz Shah, which the latter initially forbade but later approved. Qazi Sirajuddin, a man of various talents, had acquired proficiency in music, dancing, and juggling during his youth. He proposed crossing the river with a small band of performers who could easily gain entry into the disorderly camp of the enemy. By assassinating either Harihara or his son, they could sow chaos and provide an opportunity for the Bahmani army to cross under the cover of darkness.<ref name=":1" />

He and his small group crossed the river disguised as beggars and gained admission to the house of a female singer who regularly performed at the Vijayanagara camp in the evenings. The disguised individuals asked the girl if they could accompany her, claiming to be skilled in music and song. They performed admirably, delighting the audience with their singing and musical interludes.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=980}} The Qazi sent a secret message to Firuz, warning him to be prepared, and led his troupe to the prince's tents. Only the Qazi and two others were required to perform the dance, while the rest of the party remained outside, ready to facilitate their escape. After showcasing some tricks, Sirajuddin called for weapons to perform the sword and dagger dance. The three performers then amazed the partially intoxicated Vijayanagar with their swordplay. Suddenly, Sirajuddin rushed forward and struck down the prince, while his two confederates dealt with the minister, other spectators, and torch-bearers. The trio then escaped into the darkness and rejoined their companions outside. Meanwhile, upon the first signs of disturbance, their companions had attacked and killed the same guards, allowing the entire group to flee to safety and await the outcome of their mission.{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=388-389}}

The Vijayanagar camp was thrown into chaos, with wild rumors spreading. Many believed that the enemy had crossed the river in force and killed the prince. In the darkness, some Vijayanagaris mistook others for enemies and attacked them. The confusion only ended when a fire, ignited by some burning tents, revealed the mistake to the combatants. Some stood ready to fight by their tents, unsure of whom to strike.{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=388-389}}

== Final conflicts==
[[File:Back Water View.jpg|Krishna River today|thumb]]
While the quarrels were ongoing, a Bahmani force of four thousand men arrived on the scene and engaged the Vijayanagar army, forcing them to flee.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=980}} The following morning, Firuz himself arrived at the scene, and the Vijayanagar king Harihara was compelled to retreat to his dominions. The southern bank was captured by the Bahmanis. Harihara retreated, carrying the dead body of his son, leaving his army behind. Firuz pursued Harihara with a small force and halted his advance before reaching Vijayanagar.{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=388-389}}

Despite the numerical weakness of his army, Firuz chose not to besiege Vijayanagar. Respecting the treaty signed between Mohammad Shah I and Bukka Raya I after the first war of 1367, the lives of non-combatants were spared. However [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah]], the brother of Firuz Shah, captured a significant number of people, including ten thousand Brahmins, were enslaved.{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=389}}

The relatives of these Brahmins in the city pleaded with Harihar to offer ransom for their release.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=P. Sree Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Vijayanagar Empire |date=1992 |publisher=Prabhakar Publications |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref> Harihara II then laid down his arms and entered into negotiations with the Malik Na'ib, who had returned after devastating the southern provinces. A treaty was drafted, stipulating that the Bahmani Sultan would release all the prisoners captured, and in return, Harihara would pay ten lacs of huns into the royal treasury. Additionally, the Malik Na'ib would receive a present of a lac of huns for successfully concluding the negotiations. After appointing Faulad Khan, son of Safder Khan Sistani, as the Governor of the Raichur Doab, Firuz returned home.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=185}} The emperor of Vijayanagara had to pay thirty-three [[Lakh|lakhs]] of tankas annually to the Bahmanis as a result of this campaign.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=155}}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahmani-Vijayanagar War (1398)}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bahmani Sultanate]]

Transport in Tamil Nadu

2026-03-15T04:17:32Z

LinetteFisher: fixes

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[Tamil Nadu]], a state in [[South India]], has a developed, dense, and modern transportation infrastructure, encompassing both public and private transport. Its capital city [[Chennai]] is well-connected by land, sea, and air and serves as a major hub for entry into South India.

==Road==
[[File:Highway Network of Tamil Nadu.png|thumb|200px|Map indicating Highways network of [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
{{Main|Road network in Tamil Nadu}}
Tamil Nadu has an extensive road network covering about 2.71 lakh km as of 2023 with a road density of {{convert|2084.71|km}} per 1000 km2 which is higher than the national average of {{convert|1926.02|km}} per 1000 km2.<ref name="Policy">{{Cite report|title=Highway policy|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref> The Highways Department (HD) of the state was established in April 1946 and was later renamed as [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]] on 30 October 2008.<ref name="TNGov">{{Cite report|url= http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf|title= Highways Department renamed as Highways and Minor Ports Department|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2010}}</ref> The agency is primarily responsible for construction and maintenance of [[List of National Highways in India#Tamil Nadu|national highways]], state highways, major district roads and other roads in the state. It operates through eleven wings with 120 divisions and 450 subdivisions.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/organization|title=Wings of Highways Department|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date= 15 July 2023}}</ref> The agency maintains {{convert|73187|km}} of highways in the state.<ref name="HW">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/aboutus|title=Tamil Nadu highways, about us|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date= 15 July 2023}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Road length in TN<ref name="HW"/>
!Type
!{{tooltip|NH|National Highways}}
!{{tooltip|SH|State Highways}}
!{{tooltip|MDR|Major District Roads}}
!{{tooltip|ODR|Other District Roads}}
!{{tooltip|OR|Other Roads}}
!'''Total'''
|-
|Length (km)
|6,805
|12,291
|12,034
|42,057
|197,542
|'''271,000'''
|}

===National highways===
[[File:Kathipara.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Kathipara Junction|Kathipara flyover]] [[Cloverleaf interchange]] in [[Chennai]]]]
{{See also|Highways of Tamil Nadu#National Highways|l1=National Highways}}

The ‘’National Highways Wing’’ of the highways department of Tamil Nadu was established in 1971 to look after the works of improving, maintaining and renewing of [[National highways of India|National Highways]] laid down by [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/nationalhighway|title=National Highways wing|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> There are 48 national highways of length {{convert|6805|km}} in the state.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=Details of national highways|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 100%"
|+National Highway length in Tamil Nadu<ref name="HW"/>
!Lanes
!Two
!Four
!Six
!Eight
!'''Total'''
|-
|Length (km)
|3,814
|2,649
|333
|9
|'''6,805'''
|}

===State highways===
{{See also|List of state highways in Tamil Nadu}}

Roads which connect [[district]] headquarters, important towns and [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] in the state are classified as state highways. Construction and maintenance wing of the highways department is responsible for the construction, maintenance of the state highways. The wing has eight circles namely [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tiruppur]] and [[Villupuram]].<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.tnhighwaysengineers.com/upload/phone-directory.pdf|title=Highways Circle of Highways Department, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 100%"
|+State Highway length in Tamil Nadu<ref name="HW"/>
!Lanes
!One
!Intermediate
!Two
!Four
!Six
!'''Total'''
|-
|Length (km)
|39
|366
|10,170
|1,466
|250
|'''12,291'''
|}

===Other Roads===
{{See also|List of major district roads in Tamil Nadu}}
Other roads include major district roads (MDR), other district roads (ODR), rural & sugarcane roads and special roads such as [[East Coast Road]], [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|IT Expressway]], Ennore-Manali Road Improvement Project (EMRIP), [[Chennai Port – Maduravoyal Expressway]] and [[Outer Ring Road, Chennai|Outer Ring Road Project]]. These roads provide linkage between various towns and centers within districts and connectivity to respective district and taluk headquarters.

===Vehicle transport===
As of 2020, Tamil Nadu had 32.1 million registered vehicles.<ref name="RV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/665693/total-number-of-vehicles-in-tamil-nadu-india/|title=Number of registered motor vehicles across Tamil Nadu in India from financial year 2007 to 2020|publisher=statista|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Registered vehicle count<ref name="RV"/>
!Year
!2007
!2010
!2015
!2020
|-
|Count (mn)
|10.98
|14.06
|22.51
|32.1
|}

===Public transport===
[[File:Acbus2.jpg|thumb|200px|An air conditioned bus operated by SETC]]
As of 2020, 32,598 buses are operated with the state transport units operating 20,946 buses along with 7,596 private buses and 4,056 mini buses.<ref name="TNSTC"/> [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] (TNSTC) run by Government of Tamil Nadu is the primary [[public transport]] bus operator in the state. It was established in 1947 when private buses operating in [[Madras presidency]] were nationalized by the government.<ref name="TNSTC">{{Cite report|url=https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu STUs|publisher=TNSTC|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> It operates buses along intra and inter state bus routes, as well as city routes. There are eight divisions of TNSTC including Metropolitan Transport Corporation in Chennai and State Express Transport Corporation.<ref name="TNSTC"/> [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation Limited]] (SETC), established in 1980, runs long-distance express services exceeding 250 km and above. It links important cities and other historical, religious and commercial towns, and adjoining states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and the Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. SETC operates various classes of services such as semi-deluxe, ultra-deluxe and air-conditioned with advance booking and reservation on all of its routes.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/History-of-SETC.pdf|title=History of SETC|publisher=TNSTC|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

==Rail==
{{Main|Southern Railway zone}}
[[File:Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Chennai Central]], one of the major railway stations]]
The rail network in Tamil Nadu forms a part of [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]]. Southern Railway is headquartered in [[Chennai]] and there are four divisions in the state namely [[Chennai railway division|Chennai]], [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madurai railway division|Madurai]] and [[Salem railway division|Salem]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Southern Railways, about us|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref> As of 2023, the state had a total railway track length of {{convert|5601|km|0|abbr=on}} covering a route length of {{convert|3858|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="SR">{{Cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf|title=System map, Southern Railway|publisher=[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> There are 532 railway stations in the state with [[Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]], [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] and [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]] being the top revenue earning stations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways|title=Railways, plan your trip|publisher=Tamil Nadu tourism|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|title=List of stations|publisher=[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Indian railways also has a coach manufacturing unit at [[Integral Coach Factory|Chennai]], [[electric locomotive]] sheds at [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]], [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] and [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]], [[diesel locomotive]] sheds at [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]], [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tondiarpet|Tondiarpet]], [[Steam locomotive]] shed at [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Coonoor]] along with various maintenance depots.
<ref>{{Cite news|title=DNA Exclusive: Is It Time for Indian Railways to Tear Up Ageing Tracks and Old Machinery? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/dna-exclusive-is-it-time-for-indian-railways-to-tear-up-ageing-tracks-and-old-machinery-2427973.html|publisher=[[Zee Media Corporation]]|date=14 January 2022|access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|title=Sheds and Workshops|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Railway in Tamil Nadu<ref name="SR"/>
!colspan="5"|Route length (km)
!colspan="3"|Track length (km)
|-
!colspan="3"|[[Broad-gauge railway|Broad Gauge]]
!rowspan="2"|[[Metre-gauge railway|Metre Gauge]]
!rowspan="2"|Total
!rowspan="2"|[[Broad-gauge railway|Broad Gauge]]
!rowspan="2"|[[Metre-gauge railway|Metre Gauge]]
!rowspan="2"|Total
|-
!Electrified
!Non electrified
!Total
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |3,476
|style="text-align:center;" |336
|style="text-align:center;" |3,812
|style="text-align:center;" |46
|style="text-align:center;" |3,858
|style="text-align:center;" |5,555
|style="text-align:center;" |46
|style="text-align:center;" |5,601
|}

===Suburban and MRTS===
[[File:Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]] was the first MRTS system in India]]
{{Main|Chennai Suburban Railway}}
{{Main|Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System}}
Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, which was established in 1928.<ref name="CSR">{{cite report|title=Brief History of the Division|work=Chennai Division|publisher=Indian Railways—Southern Railways|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|access-date=26 October 2012|lang=en}}</ref> The [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Mass Rapid Transit System]] (MRTS) is an elevated urban mass transit system established in 1995 operating on a single line from [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] to [[Velachery railway station|Velachery]].<ref name="CSR"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 100%"
|-
!System
!Lines
!Stations
!Length
!Opened
|-
| [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban]]<ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf|title=List of Stations, Chennai|lang=en|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| 3
| [[Railway stations in Chennai|53]]
| {{cvt|212|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1928
|-
| [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]]<ref name="MRTS">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|title=About MRTS|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| 1
| [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|17]]
| {{cvt|19.715|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1995
|}

===Metro===
[[File:Alstom Metropolis train-set at Guindy Metro station in Chennai.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Chennai Metro]] is the only metro system operational in the state]]

[[File:NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|NMR]] is the only [[rack railway]] in India and a [[World Heritage Site]]]]

{{Main|Chennai Metro}}
[[Chennai Metro]] is a [[rapid transit]] rail system in Chennai which was opened in 2015. As of 2023, the metro system consists of two operational lines operating across {{cvt|54.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} with [[List of Chennai Metro stations|41]] stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|title=Project status of Chennai Metro|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> Chennai metro system is being expanded with a proposed addition of three more lines and extension of {{cvt|116.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Metro's second phase to go up to Poonamallee|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metros-second-phase-to-go-up-to-poonamallee/article19310471.ece|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> Rapid rail projects for [[Coimbatore Metro|Coimbatore]] and [[Madurai Metro|Madurai]] have been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rajkumar|first1=Varun Venkatesan and Surya|title=Signal remains red for Coimbatore metro rail project|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Signal-remains-red-for-Coimbatore-metro-rail-project/article17023423.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=6 February 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sampath|first=Nirupa |title=Madurai metro rail will cover 29km with 17 stations in phase 1|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/11/13/madurai-metro-rail-will-cover-29km-with-17-stations-in-phase-1|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=DT next|date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"
|-
!Line
!colspan="2"|Terminal
!Opened
!Length (km)
!Stations
|-
| style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}; text-align: center; | [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai Airport]]
| style="text-align:center;"|21 September 2016
| style="text-align:center;"|32.65
| style="text-align:center;"|26
|-
| style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}; text-align: center; | [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central metro station|Chennai Central]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[St. Thomas Mount (Chennai Suburban Railway)|St. Thomas Mount]]
| style="text-align:center;"|29 June 2015
| style="text-align:center;"|22
| style="text-align:center;"|17
|-
!Total
! colspan="3" |
!54.65
!41
|}

===Mountain railway===
{{Main|Nilgiri Mountain Railway}}
[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] is a {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} railway in [[Nilgiris district]] connecting [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]] and [[Udhagamandalam railway station|Udagamandalam]]. It was built by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1908 and is operated by the Southern Railways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nilgirimountain railway |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 March 2010}}</ref> It is the only [[rack railway]] in India and operates on its own fleet of [[steam locomotive]]s between [[Coonoor]] and [[Udhagamandalam]].<ref name="BBC-Indian-Hill-railways">{{Cite video|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm|title=Indian Hill Railways: The Nilgiri Mountain Railway|date=21 February 2010|access-date=1 March 2010|medium=TV|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In July 2005, [[UNESCO]] added the Nilgiri Mountain Railway as an extension to the [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Mountain Railways of India]]<ref name=heritageunesco>{{Cite web|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944|title=Mountain Railways of India|access-date=30 April 2006}}</ref>

==Air==
[[File:Chennai_airport_view_4.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Chennai International Airport]] is one of the busiest airports in [[South Asia]]]]
[[File:Coimbatore_Airport_2014.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Coimbatore International Airport]] is the second busiest airport in Tamil Nadu]]
There are four [[international airport|international]], and six domestic or private airports in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports (NOCAS)|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf |title=List of Indian Airports |publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]] |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai airport]], which is the fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic in India is a major international airport and the main gateway to the state.<ref name="AAI">{{Cite report|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k23Annex2.pdf|type=pdf|title=Traffic Statistics, September 2023|publisher=Airport Authority of India |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> Other international airports in the state include [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Madurai Airport|Madurai]], and [[Tiruchirapalli International Airport|Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name="AAI"/> Domestic flights are operational to certain airports like [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]] and [[Thoothukudi Airport|Thoothukudi]] while flights are planned to be introduced to more domestic airports by the [[UDAN]] scheme of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Regional_Connectivity_Scheme_version_4.0%20_Scheme_Document_0.pdf |title=Regional Connectivity Scheme|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
!style="width:10em;"|Area Served
!style="width:25em;"|Airport Name
!style="width:5em;"|IATA
!style="width:5em;"|ICAO
!style="width:10em;"|Airport Type
|-
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Chennai International Airport]]
|MAA
|VOMM
|International
|-
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Coimbatore International Airport]]
|CJB
|VOCB
|International
|-
|[[Hosur]]
|[[Hosur Aerodrome]]
|
|VO95
|State/Private
|-
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Madurai Airport]]
|IXM
|VOMD
|International
|-
|[[Neyveli]]
|[[Neyveli Airport]]
|NVY
|VONY
|State/Private
|-
|[[Salem, India|Salem]]
|[[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]]
|SXV
|VOSM
|Domestic
|-
|[[Thanjavur]]
|[[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur Airport]]
|TJV
|VOTJ
|Domestic (CE)
|-
|[[Thoothukkudi]]
|[[Thoothukudi Airport]]
|TCR
|VOTK
|Domestic
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]
|TRZ
|VOTR
|International
|-
|[[Vellore]]
|[[Vellore Airport]]
|
|VOVR
|Domestic
|}

The region comes under the purview of the [[Southern Air Command, Indian Air Force|Southern Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. The Air Force operates three air bases in the state{{nbsp}}[[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]], [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Tambaram]] and [[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Air Force Commands|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/|publisher=[[Indian Air Force]]|access-date=29 June 2010|language=en}}</ref> The [[Indian Navy]] operates airbases at [[INS Rajali|Arakkonam]], [[INS Parundu|Uchipuli]] and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organisation of Southern Naval Command |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=26 August 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ENC Authorities & Units|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/enc-authorities-units|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=26 October 2015|language=en}}</ref>

==Water==
[[File:Port_of_Chennai,_India_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Chennai Port]], one of the busiest ports in the east coast of India]]
{{See|Coastline of Tamil Nadu}}
Tamil Nadu has {{convert|1,076|km}} long coastline and is the second longest [[coastline]] in the country after [[Gujarat]].<ref name=Info>{{Cite web|url=http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=882&subsublinkid=111&langid=1&mid=1|title=Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt|publisher=Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University|access-date=22 March 2015}}</ref> There are three major ports [[Chennai Port|Chennai]], [[Kamarajar Port Limited|Ennore]] and [[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority|Thoothukudi]] which are managed by the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] of Government of India.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|title=Ports of India|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref> There is an intermediate sea port at [[Nagapattinam Port|Nagapattinam]] and sixteen other minor ports which are managed by the department of highways and minor ports of Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Policy"/> Tamil Nadu forms part of both the [[Eastern Naval Command]] and [[Southern Naval Command]] the Indian Navy which has a major base at Chennai and logistics support base at [[Thoothukudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/basic-organization.html|title=Basic Organization|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|title=Southern naval command|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Transport in Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Transport in India by state or union territory|Tamil Nadu]]

Narendra Bhide

2026-03-14T19:19:36Z

LinetteFisher: started a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian film score composer (1973–2020)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Narendra Bhide
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = 1973
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|12|10|1973}}
| occupation = Music director, composer
| years_active = 2005–present
| awards = [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Music Director]] {{small|(2011)}}
| website =
}}

'''Narendra Bhide''' (1973 – December 10, 2020, in [[Pune]]) was an Indian [[film score]] composer, best known for his work on the films ''[[Aandhali Koshimbir]]'' (2014), ''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]'' (2017), ''[[Hampi (film)|Hampi]]'' (2017), and ''[[Mulshi Pattern]]'' (2018). He won a [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Film Award]] in 2011 in the category of Best Music Director.<ref>{{cite news |title=Music director Narendra Bhide dies of cardiac arrest at 47 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-director-narendra-bhide-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-at-47/story-hx34ubPcAdxQAFAH54dopL.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Mulshi Pattern' music director Narendra Bhide passed away at 47 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mulshi-pattern-music-director-narendra-bhide-passed-away-at-47/articleshow/79656406.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Marathi music composer Narendra Bhide passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/marathi-music-composer-narendra-bhide-passes-away-7099880/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: Noted musician Narendra Bhide passes away at 47 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-noted-musician-narendra-bhide-passes-away |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eminent music composer Narendra Bhide dead at 47 in Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/eminent-music-composer-narendra-bhide-dead-at-47/articleshow/79669293.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=December 11, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Notes
|-
|2005
|''[[Sarivar Sari]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|Background score
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|''Naatigothi''
|Debut as a music director
|-
|''Oon Paaus''
|[[Smita Talwalkar]]
|TV series
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Ranbhool]]''
|[[Sanjay Surkar]]
|
|-
|''[[Aaghaat]]''
|[[Vikram Gokhale]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-14 |title=विक्रम गोखलेंनी दिग्दर्शीत केलेला 'आघात' २४ डिसेंबरला चित्रपटगृहात {{!}} मराठी मनोरंजन |url=http://www.marathimanoranjan.com/content/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E2%80%99%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E2%80%99-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4 |access-date=2024-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714032329/http://www.marathimanoranjan.com/content/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E2%80%99%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E2%80%99-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4 |archive-date=14 July 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''Hip Hip Hurray''
|Shriprasad Pawar, Ramesh Sharma
|
|-
|''Paulwaat''
|Aditya Ingle
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Kalam 302''
|Vipin Nandurdikar
|
|-
|''[[Anumati (film)|Anumati]]''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''Salaam''
|Kiran Yadnopavit
|
|-
|''[[Aandhali Koshimbir]]''
|Aditya Ingle
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[A Paying Ghost]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 'Rama Madhav', Narendra Bhide's composes for 'P.G.' |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/after-rama-madhav-narendra-bhides-composes-pg-150121 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Sushrut Bhagwat
|
|-
|''[[Bioscope (2015 film)|Bioscope]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-29 |title=The beauty of Bioscope |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/the-beauty-of-bioscope/photostory/48108667.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|3 songs only
|-
|''[[Deool Band]]''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Pravin Tarde on musician Narendra Bhide's demise: My one and only music director has left me |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pravin-tarde-on-the-demise-of-musician-narendra-bhide-my-one-and-only-music-director-has-left-me/amp_articleshow/79657018.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17353270527693&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pravin-tarde-on-the-demise-of-musician-narendra-bhide-my-one-and-only-music-director-has-left-me/articleshow/79657018.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Pravin Tarde]], Pranit Kulkarni
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Shasan]]''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
|''Ranjan''
|Prakash Pawar
|
|-
|''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]''
|[[Paresh Mokashi]]
|
|-
|''[[Rudram (TV series)|Rudram]]''
|Bhimrao Mude
|TV series
|-
|''[[Hampi (film)|Hampi]]''
|Prakash Kunte
|
|-
|''Pimpal''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Pushpak Vimaan]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-10 |title=From 'Ararara' to 'Kalbhairavastak': Top chartbusters by Narendra Bhide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/from-ararara-to-kalbhairavastak-top-chartbusters-by-narendra-bhide/photostory/79661940.cms?picid=79662051 |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Vaibhav Chinchalkar
|
|-
|''[[Take Care Good Night]]''
|Girish Joshi
|
|-
|''[[Mulshi Pattern]]''<ref name=":0" />
|[[Pravin Tarde]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''Sohalla''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
|''66 Sadashiv''
|Yogesh Deshpande
|
|-
|''[[Kulkarni Chaukatla Deshpande]]''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
|''Shendur''
|Aniket Kulthe
|Short film
|-
|2020
|''Ladoo Ghya Ladoo''
|Vijay Nikam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''<ref name=":1" />
|[[Pravin Tarde]]
|
|-
|''[[Ekdam Kadak]]''
|Ganesh Shinde, Ajay Waghmare
|One song only
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3411163}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhide, Narendra}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]

{{India-composer-stub}}

Karnasuvarna

2026-03-13T22:56:12Z

LinetteFisher: cleanup

{{Short description|Ancient capital city in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Karnasuvarna
|native_name = Kānsonā
|alternate_name = Karnasubarna
|image = karnasubarna_debaditya_chatterjee.jpg
|caption = Remains of Raktamrittika Vihara, c. 600 CE
|map_type = India West Bengal
|map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|24|01|49|N|88|11|27|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|region =
|type = Settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built = 7th century AD
|abandoned =
|epochs =
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations = 1929–30, 1962
|archaeologists = {{ubl|K. N. Dixit|S. R. Das}}
|condition =
|ownership = Archaeological Survey of India, University of Calcutta
|management =
|public_access =
|website = 
}}
'''Karnasuvarna''' or '''Karnasubarna''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]] : কর্ণসুবর্ণ or কানসোনা, lit. "Golden-Ear"/ "Gold-Ear") was an ancient city, located in the present day [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Berhampore subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]], West Bengal, India. It was the capital of [[Gauda Kingdom]].<ref name = Majumdar>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bhardwaj & Co. |pages=6–8 |oclc=961157849}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|57|0|N|88|13|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centres Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|4|29|N|88|14|36|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ajodhya Nagar | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ajodhya Nagar]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|5|40|N|88|17|11|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Banjetia| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Banjetia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|56|19|N|88|14|1|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Barua| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Barua, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|4|8|N|88|15|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chaltia| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chaltia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|37|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Cossimbazar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Cossimbazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|6|58|N|88|14|32|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Goaljan| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Goaljan]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|7|44|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Gopjan| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Gopjan]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|5|14|N|88|14|56|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gora Bazar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Gora Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|3|45|N|88|14|19|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Haridasmati| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Haridasmati]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|4|55|N|88|16|38|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sibdanga Badarpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sibdanga Badarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|49|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Salar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Salar, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|6|46|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Berhampore| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Berhampore]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|55|25|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Beldanga| numbered13=M| mark-title13=[[Beldanga]] (M) | shape-color13= #800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|57|36|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kandi| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Kandi, Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|1|49|N|88|11|27|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karnasuvarna| numbered15=H| mark-title15= Karnasuvarna (H) |shape-color15=black| label-size15=13|label-color15=black 
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|55|55|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Amtala | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Amtala, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|8|40|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Daulatabad | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Daulatabad, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|10|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hariharpara | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hariharpara]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|54|41|N|88|27|25|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Naoda | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Naoda]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|51|34|N|88|15|18|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Rejinagar | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Rejinagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|55|24|N|88|13|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Sarulia | numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sarulia]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|51|50|N|88|11|55|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Shaktipur | numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Shaktipur]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|17|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Surangapur | numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Surangapur]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|53|17|N|88|4|59|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Bharatpur | numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Bharatpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|16|N|87|56|5|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Burwan | numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Burwan]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|3|14|N|88|7|3|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Gokarna | numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Gokarna, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|54|32|N|87|57|35|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Gram Salkia | numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Gram Salkia]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|2|3|N|87|59|7|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Khargram | numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Khargram]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|5|23|N|87|59|24|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Nagar | numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Nagar, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|53|23|N|87|59|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30= Panchthupi | numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchthupi]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|46|30|N|88|12|0|E}} | label31= Bhagirathi |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31= -80| label-pos31=right| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|56|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label32= Mayurakshi |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= -55| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label33= Dwaraka |labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 60| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|59|0|N|88|28|0|E}} | label34= Jalangi |labela34= River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= -70| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|50|51|N|88|13|48|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=Tomb of Mir Madan| numbered35=H| mark-title35= [[Tomb of Mir Madan]] (H)| shape-color35=#AA6666}}
{{Clear|left}}

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map alongside, covering [[Berhampore subdivision|Berhampore]] and [[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]] subdivisions, is spread across both the natural physiographic regions of the district, [[Rarh region|Rarh]] and Bagri.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref> The headquarters of Murshidabad district, [[Berhampore]], is in this area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> The ruins of [[Karnasubarna]], the capital of [[Shashanka]], the first important king of ancient [[Bengal]] who ruled in the 7th century, is located {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of Berhampore.<ref>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba'', {{in lang|bn}}, 1980 edition, pp. 160-161, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti</ref><ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p.25, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', first published 1971, reprint 2005, pp. 5-6, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref> The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with over 80% of the population living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_6MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= District Primary Census Abstract page 26|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==History==
Karnasuvarna (meaning 'made beautiful by [[Karna]]' or 'Gold of Ear', for 'karna' also means ear, and 'suvarna' means both beautiful and Gold, as evident from the Bangla name 'Kānsonā', where 'Kān' is ear and 'sonā' is Gold) was the capital of [[Gauda Kingdom]] during the reign of [[Shashanka|Raja Shashanka]], the first important king of ancient [[Bengal]] who ruled in the 7th century. karnasuvarna was also known as KanaSona (কানাসুনা) by local people. According to folklore , it was the capital of Mahabharata king [[Karna]] .After Shashanka's death it was the ''Jayaskandhavara'' (camp of victory) of [[Bhaskaravarman]], the king of [[Kamarupa]] probably for a short period. This is evident from his [[Nidhanpur copperplate inscription|Nidhanpur copper-plate grant]]. In the mid-7th century, it was the capital of Jayanaga according to his Vappa Ghoshavata copper-plate grant. The ruins of Karnasuvarna have been located at Kansona in the present [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba'', (in Bengali), 1980 edition, pp. 160–161, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti</ref><ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p.25, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.</ref> It is {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of [[Baharampur|Berhampore]], headquarters of Murshidabad district.<ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', first published 1971, reprint 2005, pp. 5–6, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref>

In the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] the following are shown as ASI listed monuments:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 108|access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
*Mounds known as Devil’s Mound and Raja Karna’s Palace at Rangamati (Item No. 118).
*Nil Kuthi Mound at Mouza Chowk, Chandpara (Item No. 128).

==Excavations at Rajbaridanga==

The famous Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]] mentioned in his travelogues about ''Lo-to-mo-chi'' (Raktamrittika) Mahavihara, an important centre of learning of [[Vajrayana]] Buddhists near Karnasuvarna. It has been identified with Rajbaridanga. The archaeological site of Rajbaridanga is about 2.4 km from Karnasuvarna railway station in the bank of the [[Bhagirathi River]]. Local transport like cycle vans, e-rickshaws (Toto) are available. This site was first excavated by a team from the Department of Archaeology, [[University of Calcutta]] in 1962 under the direction of S.R. Das.<ref name="IAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201962-63%20A%20Review.pdf|title=Indian Archaeology 1962–63 – A Review|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=A. |date=1965|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|pages=46|access-date=2009-10-26}}</ref> Amongst the findings, the most significant one was a monastic sealing bearing the legend ''Shri Rakta(m)rttika (Ma)havaiharik arya bhikshu (samgha)s(y)a'' (of the community of venerable monks residing in the Shri Raktamrittika Mahavihara). The other significant findings are terracotta figurines and ornamental stucco mouldings including human heads. Two other sites close by have been excavated at Rakshashidanga (in 1929–30 by K.N. Dixit of the Archaeological Survey of India) and Nil Kuthi.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.rangan-datta.info/Karnasubarna.htm |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080905112910/http://www.rangan-datta.info/Karnasubarna.htm |url-status =dead |archive-date =5 September 2008 |title =Karnasuvarna |access-date =2009-09-23 |work =Rangan Datta, free-lance travel writer and photographer }}</ref>

===Rakshasi Danga and Rajbari Danga===
Mounds locally known as Rakshasi Danga (Demoness’ Ground) and Rajbari Danga (Raja’s Palace Ground) have been excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India and the Archaeological Department of the University of Calcutta. The discovery of terracotta seals “bearing the legend [[Raktamrittika Mahavihara]] has identified the location of the monastery bearing the same name described in the accounts of [[Xuanzang|Hiuen Tsang]]”, Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar who visited the place in the 7th century AD. The entire area contains “vestiges of ancient remains” from 2nd century AD to 15-16th century AD.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/murshidabad.aspx# | title = Mounds known as the Devil's Mound and Raja Karna's Palace | publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle | accessdate = 3 June 2018}}</ref>

===Nilkuthi Mound===
Nilkuthi Mound, adjacent to Rajbari Danga, is at a higher level, has yielded antiquities sporadically.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/murshidabad.aspx# | title = Nilkuthi Mound Mouza Chawk, Chandpara | publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle | accessdate = 3 June 2018}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[Karna Subarna railway station]] (earlier known as Chiruti) is on the [[Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop]] of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]].

Bus services are available to district headquarters Baharampur from Karnasubarna.

==Healthcare==
Karnasuvarna Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds, is a government medical facility in Berhampore CD block.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Archaeological site of Karnasubarna.jpg|Well, Archaeological site of Karnasuvarna
File:Karnasubarana, a historical place of Murshidabad 02.jpg|Karnasuvarna, Rajbari Danga
File:Karnasubarana, a historical place of Murshidabad 01.jpg|Karnasuvarna ground
File:কর্ণসুবর্ণ.jpg|ASI Board at karnasuvarna
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}

{{Non-extant Bengal places}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Murshidabad}}

[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian cities]]

Ushoshi Sengupta

2026-03-12T02:22:40Z

LinetteFisher: General improvements and edits

{{Short description|Indian model (b. 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name=Ushoshi Sengupta
| image= Ushoshi Sengupta.jpg
| caption = Ushoshi Sengupta
| birth_name=
| birth_date=
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.71}}<ref name=times>{{Cite news
|url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/miss-india-east-2010-finalists/Ushoshi-Sengupta/articleshow/5685444.cms
|title=Contestants Profiles - Times of India
|year=2010
|location=[[New Delhi, India]]
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=2010-09-29
|archive-date=1 June 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601051822/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/miss-india-east-2010-finalists/Ushoshi-Sengupta/articleshow/5685444.cms
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
| eye_color = [[Brown eyes|Brown]]
| hair_color = [[Black hair|Black]]
| title=I AM She 2010
| nationalcompetition=I AM She 2010 (Winner) [[Miss Universe 2010]] unplaced
}}

'''Ushoshi Sengupta''' is an Indian actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who won the title of [[I Am She – Miss Universe India]] and represented [[India]] in [[Miss Universe 2010]] held at Mandalay Bay, [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], on 23 August 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=मिस इंडिया यूनिवर्स उशोषी की नजर बॉलीवुड पर |trans-title=Miss India Universe Ushoshi eyes Bollywood |url=http://www.khaskhabar.com/miss-india-universe-ushoshi-sengupta-eyes-bollywood-06201002166531889.html |work=Khaskhabar |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=11 July 2010 |language=hi }}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Kolkata]], Sengupta is the daughter of an official in the Indian Air Force.<ref name=mu>{{cite web|url=http://www.missuniverse2010.net/2010/06/miss-india-2010-ushoshi-sengupta/|title=Ushoshi Sengupta – Miss India 2010|access-date=2010-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716182541/http://www.missuniverse2010.net/2010/06/miss-india-2010-ushoshi-sengupta/|archive-date=2010-07-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> She graduated from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], Ballygunje, Kolkata, where she excelled at mathematics and was offered a scholarship to an engineering college, but decided to pursue liberal arts and professional modeling. She has a bachelor's degree in Humanities from the [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]] of the University of Calcutta, and worked as a model<ref name=apun>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/slide_show/sid2511-meet_ushoshi_sengupta_miss_india_universe_2010/|title=Meet Ushoshi Sengupta - Miss India Universe 2010|author=Usha Lakra|date=2010-05-21|work=ApunKaChoice|access-date=2010-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802232933/http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/slide_show/sid2511-meet_ushoshi_sengupta_miss_india_universe_2010/|archive-date=2010-08-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> before becoming Miss Universe India. Sengupta made her debut in the Bengali movie industry with ''Egoler Chokh'' which was released in August 2016 and was directed by Arindam Sil.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tollywood/cid/1418084#.V01xFfl97IV|title=Tollywood|date=12 April 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Film career ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Language
! Director
! Co-cast
! Character
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Housefull 2: The Dirty Dozen]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]
| [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Asin]], [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Ritesh Deshmukh]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
| Cameo
|-
|2013
|''[[Goodbye December]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[Sajeed A.]]
|[[Nandini Rai]]
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Eagoler Chokh]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Joya Ahsan]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Gaurav Chakraborty]], [[Arunima Ghosh]], [[June Malia]]
| Shyamangi
|}

==Miss Universe 2010==
Ushoshi won the first edition of I am She - Miss Universe India, a national pageant organized by Tantra Entertainment Private limited, in collaboration with former Miss Universe Sushmita Sen. As the official representative of her [[India|country]] to the 2010 [[Miss Universe 2010|Miss Universe]] pageant held in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]] on 23 August 2010, she participated as one of the 83 delegates who vied for the crown of eventual winner, [[Ximena Navarrete]] of [[Mexico]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{BH person}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-new|New Title}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[I Am She – Miss Universe India|I Am She]]
|years=2010}}
{{s-aft|after=Vasuki Sunkavalli}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ekta Chowdhry]]|as=Femina Miss India Universe}}
{{s-ttl|title=Miss Universe India
|years=2010}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vasuki Sunkavalli]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Miss Universe 2010 Delegates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Ushoshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 2010 contestants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Cooch Behar district

2026-03-08T03:31:24Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Cooch Behar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cooch Behar district
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = The Cooch Behar Palace or the Cooch Behar Rajbari, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India 01.jpg
| caption1 = [[Cooch Behar Palace]]
| image2 = Parijat Villa at Cooch Behar Town located under Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 01.jpg
| caption2 = Parijat Villa
| image3 =
| caption3 = [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|ABN Seal College]]
| image4 = Rasikbeel tower.jpg
| caption4 = [[Rasikbil]]
| image5 =
| caption5 = [[Torsa River|Banks of the river Torsa]]
| image6 = Sagar Dighi, Coochbehar.jpg
| caption6 = Sagar Dighi Lake
| image7 =
| caption7 = Victor Palace
| image8 = Madan Mohan Bari Cooch Behar.jpg
| caption8 = [[Madan Mohan Temple]]}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption1 = Location of Cooch Behar district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|26|17|N|89|21|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN-WB_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Cooch Behar]]
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = [[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision|Cooch Behar Sadar]], [[Dinhata subdivision|Dinhata]], [[Mathabhanga subdivision|Mathabhanga]], [[Tufanganj subdivision|Tufanganj]], [[Mekhliganj subdivision|Mekhliganj]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Cooch Behar I]], [[Cooch Behar II]], [[Dinhata I]], [[Dinhata II]], [[Sitai]], [[Mathabhanga I]], [[Mathabhanga II]], [[Sitalkuchi]], [[Tufanganj I]], [[Tufanganj II]], [[Mekhliganj (community development block)|Mekhliganj]], [[Haldibari (community development block)|Haldibari]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mathabhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mathabhanga]], [[Cooch Behar Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Uttar]], [[Cooch Behar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Dakshin]], [[Sitalkuchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sitalkuchi]], [[Sitai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sitai]], [[Dinhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dinhata]], [[Natabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Natabari]], [[Tufanganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tufanganj]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 3387
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2819086
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 74.78 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 942 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|http://coochbehar.nic.in}}
}}

'''Cooch Behar district''' ({{IPA|bn|kot͡ʃ biɦar d͡ʒela}}), also known as '''Koch Bihar district''', is one of the [[List of districts of West Bengal|23 districts]] of the state of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]. The district is the part of [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooch Behar District {{!}} Cooch Behar – City of Beauty {{!}} India |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Cooch Behar]] city is the headquarters of the district. This district was a [[Cooch Behar State|Princely state]] until 1949 CE. The district consists of the flat plains of [[North Bengal]] and has several rivers: the most notable being the [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] and [[Torsa River|Torsa]]. The district has the highest proportion of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Districts having more than 40% SC population in India {{!}} Department of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76668 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=socialjustice.gov.in}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{main|Etymology of Cooch Behar}}

The name ''Cooch Behar'' is derived from two words—''Cooch'', a corrupted form of the word ''Koch'', the name of the [[Koch people|Koch]] tribes, and the word ''behar'' is derived from ''[[vihara]]'' meaning ''land'', Koch Behar means ''land of the Koches''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first= Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | pages = 11–12}}</ref><ref>The name Cooch Behar is a compound of two words: Cooch and Behar. Cooch is a corrupted form of Coch or Koch, the name of an ethnic group of people inhabiting largely in vast tract of land to the north-east of Bengal. Behar or more properly Vihara denotes abode or sport. Cooch Behar means, therefore, the abode or land of the Koches. Ray, B.. [http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5164/1/22881_1961_COO.pdf ''CENSUS 1961 WEST BENGAL'']. GOVERNMENT PRINTING, WEST BENGAL, 1961, p.20</ref>

==History==
[[File:Shri Sir Nripendra Narayan, Maharaja of Cooch Behar.jpg|right|thumb|[[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]] of Cooch Bihar]]

===Early period===
{{See also|Kamarupa Kingdom|Kamata kingdom|Koch dynasty}}
[[File:Gosanimari Rajpat at Gosanimari village in Coochbihar district 31.jpg|thumb|[[Gosanimari]] archaeological site former capital of Kamata kingdom]]

Cooch Behar formed part of the [[Kamarupa|Kamarupa Kingdom]] of Assam from the 4th to the 12th centuries. In the 12th century, the area became a part of the [[Kamata Kingdom]], first ruled by the [[Khen dynasty]] from their capital at Kamatapur. The Khens were an indigenous tribe, and they ruled till about 1498 [[Common Era|CE]], when they fell to [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], the independent Pathan Sultan of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gour]]. The new invaders fought with the local [[Baro-Bhuyan|Bhuyan chieftains]] and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Suhungmung]] and lost control of the region. During this time, the Koch tribe became very powerful and proclaimed itself ''Kamateshwar'' (Lord of Kamata) and established the Koch dynasty.

The first important Koch ruler was [[Biswa Singha]], who came to power in 1515.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|last=Nath |first=D. |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |pages=5–6|publisher=Mittal Publications|year= 1989|isbn=8170991099}}</ref> Under his son, [[Nara Narayan]], the Kamata Kingdom reached its zenith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html |title=Royal History of Cooch Behar |access-date=22 October 2006}}</ref> Nara Narayan's younger brother, Shukladhwaj ([[Chilarai]]), was a noted military general who undertook expeditions to expand the kingdom. He became governor of its eastern portion.

After Chilarai's death, his son Raghudev became governor of this portion. Since Nara Narayan did not have a son, Raghudev was seen as the heir apparent. However, a late child of Nara Narayan removed Raghudev's claim to the throne. To placate him, Nara Narayan had to anoint Raghudev as a vassal chief of the portion of the kingdom east of the [[Sankosh River]]. This area came to be known as [[Koch Hajo]]. After the death of Nara Narayan in 1584, Raghudev declared independence. The kingdom ruled by the son of Nara Narayan, [[Lakshmi Narayan]], came to be known as Cooch Behar. The division of the Kamata Kingdom into Koch Behar and Koch Hajo was permanent. Koch Behar aligned itself with the [[Mughal Empire]] and finally joined the India as a part of the West Bengal, whereas remnants of the Koch Hajo rulers aligned themselves with the Ahom kingdom and the region became a part of [[Assam]].

As the early capital of the Koch Kingdom, Cooch Behar's location was not static and became stable only when shifted to Cooch Behar town. Maharaja Rup Narayan, on the advice of an unknown saint, transferred the capital from Attharokotha to [[Guriahati]] (now called Cooch Behar town) on the banks of the [[Torsa River]] between 1693 and 1714. The capital has always been in or near its present location since then.

In 1661 CE, Maharaja Pran Narayan planned to expand his kingdom. However, [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], the [[subedar]] of [[Bengal]] under the Mughal emperor [[Aurangazeb]], attacked Cooch Behar and conquered the territory, meeting almost no resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 68}}</ref> The town of Cooch Behar was subsequently named Alamgirnagar.<ref name="bnpedia1">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=PK |year=2012 |chapter=Kamata-Koch Behar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Koch_Behar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Maharaja Pran Narayan regained his kingdom within a few days.

===British Raj===
[[Image:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|left|thumb|1907 Map of Bengal with Sikkim]]
{{main|Cooch Behar State}}

In 1772–1773, the king of [[Bhutan]] attacked and captured Cooch Behar. To expel the Bhutanese, the kingdom of Cooch Behar signed a defence treaty with the [[British East India Company]] on 5 April 1773. After expelling the Bhutanese, Cooch Behar became a princely kingdom under the protection of British East India company.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 73}}</ref>

The [[Victor Jubilee Palace]] was based on [[Buckingham Palace]] and built in 1887, during the reign of Maharaja [[Nripendra Narayan]].<ref name="bnpedia1" /> In 1878, the maharaja married the daughter of [[Brahmo]] preacher [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]. This union led to a renaissance in Cooch Behar state.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 75}}</ref> Maharaja Nripendra Narayan is known as the architect of modern Cooch Behar town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/history_book5.html|title=Royal History of Cooch Behar 5 |access-date=22 October 2006}}</ref>

===Post Independence===
Under an agreement between the kings of Cooch Behar and the Indian Government at the end of British rule, Maharaja [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]] transferred full authority, jurisdiction and power of the state to the Dominion [[Government of India]], effective 12 September 1949.<ref name="web1">{{cite web|url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/brief_history.html|title=Brief Royal History of Cooch Behar 5|access-date=22 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080258/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/brief_history.html|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eventually, Cooch Bihar became part of the state of West Bengal on 19 January 1950, with Cooch Behar town as its headquarters.<ref name="web1" />

==Geography==
[[File:Cooch-behar-enclaves-schematisch.png|thumb|Former exclaves of India and Bangladesh in and around Cooch Behar district]]
Cooch Behar is a district under the [[Jalpaiguri Division]] of the state of [[West Bengal]]. Cooch Behar is located in the northeastern part of the state and bounded by the district of [[Jalpaiguri District|Jalpaiguri]] and [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]] in the north, [[Dhubri]] and [[Kokrajhar]] district of [[Assam]] in the east and by [[Bangladesh]] in the west as well as in the south. The district forms part of the Himalayan [[Terai]] of West Bengal.

A geopolitical curiosity was that there were 92 Bangladeshi [[exclave]]s, with a total area of 47.7 km2 in Cooch-Behar. Similarly, there were 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5 km2. These were part of the high stake card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur.<ref name="A Great Divide">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1877200-4,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419030927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1877200-4,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2011 |magazine=Time |title=A Great Divide |date=5 February 2009}}</ref>

Twenty-one of the Bangladeshi exclaves were within Indian exclaves, and three of the Indian exclaves were within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave was Balapara Khagrabari which surrounded a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounded an Indian exclave called [[Dahala Khagrabari]], of less than one hectare (link to external map here [http://geosite.jankrogh.com/enklaver/CoochBehar_Annotated.jpg]). But all this has ended in the historic India-Bangladesh land agreement. See [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]].

===Rivers and topography===
Cooch Behar is a flat region with a slight southeastern slope along which the main rivers of the district flow. Most of the highland areas are in the Sitalkuchi region and most of the low-lying lands lie in Dinhata region.

The rivers in the district of Cooch Behar generally flow from northwest to southeast. Seven rivers that cut through the district are the [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Jaldhaka]], [[Torsha]], [[Kaljani River|Kaljani]], [[Raidak]], [[Sankosh River|Sankosh]] (Gadadhar) and [[Ghargharia]].

===Flora and fauna===
In 1976 Cooch Behar district became home to the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary (now [[Jaldapara National Park]]), which has an area of {{convert|217|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Sikkim |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> It shares the park with [[Alipurduar]] district.<ref name=parks/>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=5,65,116|13=1911|14=5,91,012|15=1921|16=5,90,599|17=1931|18=5,89,053|19=1941|20=6,38,703|21=1951|22=6,68,949|23=1961|24=10,19,806|25=1971|26=14,14,183|27=1981|28=17,71,643|29=1991|30=21,71,145|31=2001|32=24,79,155|33=2011|34=28,19,086|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Cooch Behar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,819,086,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Cooch Behar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1332/download/4342/DH_2011_1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH_BIHAR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Jamaica]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web |author=US Directorate of Intelligence |title=Country Comparison:Population |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=1 October 2011 |quote=Jamaica 2,868,380 July 2011 est}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 136th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|739]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 833 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 13.86%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Koch Bihar has a [[sex ratio]] of 942 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 75.49%.<ref name=districtcensus/> 10.27% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1,414,336 (50.17%) and 18,125 (0.64%) of the population respectively. Cooch Behar is the only district in India where Scheduled Castes make up a majority of the population.<ref name="SC">{{cite web |title=Census of India : Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Population |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_Glance/scst.aspx |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Cooch Behar district (2011)<ref name="religion" />
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|74.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|25.54}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.41}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in present-day Cooch Behar district
!Religion
!Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|104–105}}
!Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|394,948
|61.63%
|2,087,766
|74.05%
|-
|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|242,684
|37.87%
|720,033
|25.54%
|-
|Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|3,210
|0.5%
|11,287
|0.41%
|-
|'''Total Population'''
|'''640,842'''
|'''100%'''
|'''2,819,086'''
|'''100%'''
|}

Hinduism is the majority religion. Islam is the minority religion, and is mainly rural. Muslims are a significant minority in Dinhata I (36.98%), Dinhata II (36.68%) and Sitalkuchi (35.31%) blocks.<ref name="religion"/>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Cooch Behar district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 94.79 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = 'Other' Bengali |value2 = 2.01 |color2 = mediumpurple
|label3 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value3 = 1.31 |color3 = plum
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 1.17 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.72 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 94.79% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.31% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] and 1.17% [[Hindi]] as their first language. 2.01% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Bengali.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
===Divisions===
====Sub-divisions====
The district of Cooch Behar comprises five sub-divisions:
* [[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision]]
* [[Dinhata subdivision]]
* [[Mathabhanga subdivision]]
* [[Tufanganj subdivision]]
* [[Mekhliganj subdivision]]

====Assembly constituencies====
As per order of the 2008 [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the district is divided into 9 assembly constituencies:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 16 November 2008 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher =Delimitation Commission}}</ref>

==Politics==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-

|1
|[[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj]]
|[[Paresh Chandra Adhikary]]
|{{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|
|-
|2
|[[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga]]
|[[Sushil Barman]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|3
|[[Cooch Behar Uttar]]
|[[Sukumar Roy (politician)|Sukumar Roy]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|4
|[[Cooch Behar Dakshin]]
|[[Nikhil Ranjan Dey]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|5
|[[Sitalkuchi Assembly constituency|Sitalkuchi]]
|[[Baren Chandra Barman]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|6
|[[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai]]
|[[Jagadish Chandra Barma Basunia]]
|{{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |[[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]]
|[[Nisith Pramanik]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two West Bengal BJP MPs resign as MLAs after directive from party leadership |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/12/two-west-bengal-bjp-mps-resign-as-mlas-after-directivefrom-party-leadership-2301747.html |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Udayan Guha]]{{ref label|BYE|BYE|BYE}}
|{{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|Won in 2021 bypoll
|-
|8
|[[Natabari Assembly constituency|Natabari]]
|[[Mihir Goswami]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|'''Deputy Leader of Opposition'''
|-
|9
|[[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]]
|[[Malati Rava Roy]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|}

Mekliganj, Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Sitalkuchi and Sitai constituencies are reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates. Mekhliganj constituency is part of [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which also contains six assembly segments from [[Jalpaiguri district]]. Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Cooch Behar Dakshin, Sitalkuchi, Sitai, Dinhata and Natabari constituencies form the [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]]. Tufanganj constituency is part of [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which also contains six assembly segments from [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]] and Jalpaiguri districts.

==Education==

*[[Baramaricha Delwar Hossain (X+2) High School]]
*[[Suniti Academy]]

==Towns and villages==


*[[Bhetaguri]]
*Dhalpal
*[[Maheshwar, Cooch Behar|Maheshwar]]
*[[Sajerpar Ghoramara]]

==Geographical indication==
[[Kalonunia rice]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 2 January 2024 (valid until 11 March 2034). It is a common and widely cultivated crop in districts of Cooch Behar, [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] and [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]] along with some parts of [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] & [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal's own Gobindabhog and Tulaipanji soon to get a distinct stand on world map |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/how-new-grading-rules-for-non-basmati-rice-varieties-can-put-gobindabhog-on-world-map-9091192/ |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khush |first1=Gurdev S. |last2=Hettel |first2=Gene |last3=Rola |first3=Tess |title=Rice Genetics III: Proceedings of the Third International Rice Genetics Symposium, Manila, Philippines, 16-20 October 1995 |date=1996 |publisher=Int. Rice Res. Inst. |isbn=978-971-22-0087-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_hKLjbOuBEC&dq=Kalonunia+rice&pg=PA823 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roychoudhury |first1=Aryadeep |title=Rice Research for Quality Improvement: Genomics and Genetic Engineering: Volume 2: Nutrient Biofortification and Herbicide and Biotic Stress Resistance in Rice |date=29 July 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-5337-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RL0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Kalonunia+rice&pg=PA393 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarker |first1=Dilip De |last2=Saha |first2=Manas Ranjan |last3=Saha |first3=Subrata |title=Perspective of dietetic and antioxidant medicinal plants |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-84878-95-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTrECQAAQBAJ&dq=Kalonunia+rice&pg=PT20 |language=en}}</ref>

State Agricultural Management & Extension Training Institute (SAMETI) from [[Narendrapur]], proposed the GI registration of Kalonunia rice. After filing the application in March 2021, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2024 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Kalonunia rice" exclusive to the rice grown in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalonunia Rice |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/743 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> It thus became the third rice variety from West Bengal after [[Tulaipanji rice]] and the 26th type of goods from West Bengal to earn the GI tag.

The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==Notable people==


*Abbasi family of Tufanganj
**[[Abbasuddin Ahmed]] (1901–1959), musician
**[[Mustafa Kamal (judge)|Mustafa Kamal Abbasi]] (1933–2015), 9th Chief Justice of Bangladesh
**[[Ferdausi Rahman]] (born 1941), singer
**[[Mustafa Zaman Abbasi]] (1936–2025), musicologist
**[[Nashid Kamal]] (born 1958), singer
*[[Maziruddin Ahmed]] (born 1898), Cooch Behar politician<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in India|page=71|publisher=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat|year=1957}}</ref>
*[[Tamser Ali]] (born 1953), MLA for Natabari
*Guha family of Dinhata
**[[Kamal Guha]] (1928–2007), Agriculture Minister of West Bengal
**[[Udayan Guha]] (born 1955), West Bengal cabinet minister
*[[Fazle Haque]] (born 1933), former state minister
*[[Fazal Karim Miah]] (born 1951), MLA for Tufanganj
*Wakil family of Dinhata (relocated to Bangladesh after partition)
**[[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]] (1930–2019), President of [[Bangladesh]]
**[[Saad Ershad]] (born 1983), businessman
**[[Mozammel Hossain Lalu]] (1942–2014), member of the Bangladesh parliament
**[[GM Quader|Ghulam Mohammad Quader]] (born 1948), Commerce Minister of Bangladesh
**[[Merina Rahman]] (born 1943), member of the Bangladesh parliament
**[[Hossain Mokbul Shahriar]] (born 1974), member of the Bangladesh parliament

==See also==
* [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]]
* [[List of enclaves and exclaves]]
* [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Further reading==
* Moore, Lucy (2004) ''Maharanis: The Extraordinary Tale Of Four Indian Queens And Their Journey From Purdah To Parliament'', Penguin, {{ISBN|0-670-03368-5}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://coochbehar.nic.in/ Website of the district of Cooch Behar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080911132810/http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2005/cii-2005/Table%201.14.pdf Crime Report]
* [http://geosite.jankrogh.com/enklaver/CoochBehar_Annotated.jpg Link to external map]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Cooch Behar district
|North = [[Alipurduar district]]
|Northeast = [[Kokrajhar district]], Assam
|East = [[Dhubri district]], Assam
|Southeast =
|South = ''[[Bangladesh]]''
|Southwest =
|West = ''[[Bangladesh]]''
|Northwest = [[Jalpaiguri district]]
}}

{{Towns and Cities of Cooch Behar District}}
{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cooch Behar District}}
[[Category:Cooch Behar district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]

[[sv:Kutch Behar]]

Puli (2010 film)

2026-03-06T06:23:48Z

LinetteFisher: refined information after review

{{short description|2010 film by S. J. Suryah}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puli
| image = Puliposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. J. Surya]]
| producer = Singanamala Ramesh Babu
| writer = S. J. Suryah
| starring = [[Pawan Kalyan]] [[Nikeesha Patel]] [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| editing = Prabhakaran
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| studio = Kanagarathna Movies
| distributor = {{Unbulleted list|[[Geetha Arts]]|Ficus}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|9|10|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 163 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vebtoday.com/cinema/movie_reviews.php?id=160|title=Komaram Puli review: A must watch flick|publisher=Vebtoday|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008210219/http://www.vebtoday.com/cinema/movie_reviews.php?id=160|archivedate=8 October 2011}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget = {{INR|40 crore}}<ref name="Robot-phobia!">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/nov/01/robot-phobia-199486.html | title=Robot-phobia! | date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Puli''''' ({{Translation|Tiger}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[S. J. Suryah]], starring [[Pawan Kalyan]] in the lead role, with [[Nikesha Patel]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komaram Puli film review |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-komarampuli.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film features a soundtrack by [[A. R. Rahman]] and cinematography by [[Binod Pradhan]]. It was produced by Singanamala Ramesh Babu, on a ₹40 crore budget and was distributed by [[Geetha Arts]].<ref name="re-edit" /> The film was released on 10 September 2010.

Initially titled ''Komaram Puli'', the film was renamed ''Puli'' on its second day of release due to objections from Komaram Sony Rao, the grandson of tribal legend [[Komaram Bheem]], whose name had inspired the original title.<ref name="title22">{{cite web |title='Komarum Puli' Title Change |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/60006.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191649/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/60006.html |archivedate=29 October 2013 |accessdate=10 September 2010 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref name="title3">{{cite web |title=Puli Hits Screens, Dropping 'Komaram' |url=http://www.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/komaram-puli-movie-name-changed-to-puli-after-telangana-protests-1583 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929193518/http://www.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/komaram-puli-movie-name-changed-to-puli-after-telangana-protests-1583 |archivedate=29 September 2011 |accessdate=10 September 2010 |publisher=Fullhyderabad}}</ref> The [[Telangana|Nizam]] distribution rights were sold to Geetha Arts for ₹12 crore, a record-breaking sum at the time.<ref name="chithr.com2">[http://chithr.com/news/detail/1707/geeta-arts-bagged-kpuli-nizam-rights-for-12cr.html "Geeta Arts bagged K'Puli Nizam rights for 12Cr – Telugu Movie and Political News"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123091626/http://chithr.com/news/detail/1707/geeta-arts-bagged-kpuli-nizam-rights-for-12cr.html|date=23 January 2016}}. chithr.com. 15 August 2009</ref> Despite the high expectations, ''Puli'' was critically panned and ultimately became a [[Box-office bomb|box-office bomb]].

== Plot ==
A woman, while searching for her missing husband, an honest police officer, faces inhumane treatment from the local police. During her search, she encounters a goon named Saleem and discovers that he killed her husband. As Saleem attempts to kill her, she manages to escape and takes refuge in a local temple. It is revealed that she is pregnant with a son named Puli. Saleem makes another attempt to kill her and assumes she is dead after she falls from a short waterfall. Unbeknownst to him, she survives and vows to make Puli a police officer.

Years later, when terrorists in [[Malaysia]] attack the [[Prime Minister of India]], Puli, now an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, kills all the terrorists, saving the PM's life and restoring the honor of the police. At the subsequent award ceremony, Puli demands and establishes a special task force equipped with advanced technology, composed of honest and capable police officers. He sets up a ₹1 police phone booth outside police stations for those who do not receive justice or experience complacency from police officers. Puli leads the special team with his trusted officers.

Simultaneously, a woman falls for Puli and, pretending to be [[Sub-inspector|S.I.]] Madhumati, makes Puli fall for her, knowing he is determined to marry a policewoman. Though he eventually discovers her deception, he forgives her and they fall in love.

Saleem, now a feared gangster working with another gangster named Nixon, commits crimes at an unprecedented level, including illegal arms deals and black money operations. He either kills or bribes police officers to keep them in line. [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Ravi Kumar fears him, and the [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] has joined hands with him, making many police officers too afraid to file cases against him. Saleem’s crimes are meticulously managed, leaving little or no trace.

Puli convinces Ravi Kumar to reopen an old case against Saleem, reminding him of the true meaning of being a police officer. However, their efforts are thwarted due to a lack of evidence. After a minor incident involving Saleem’s car being parked in a no-parking zone, Puli frustrates Saleem, indirectly confronting his father’s killer without realizing it.

Puli becomes increasingly frustrated as his team’s secrets are leaked and his team members are killed one by one. During a shootout, Puli discovers that Nixon is a mole in his team and kills him. Finally, Puli and Saleem face off directly, with Saleem capturing Puli’s mother. At this point, Puli’s mother reveals the truth about Saleem. Enraged, Puli fights Saleem and forces him to confess to all his crimes, which are broadcast live via a pinhole camera. Thus, Puli avenges his father and restores justice.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Komaram Puli [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Nikeesha Patel]] as Madhumathi
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Al Saleem ([[voiceover]] by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Puli's mother
* [[Charan Raj]] as [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[Assistant Commissioner#India|ACP]] Ravi Kumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (voiceover by P. Ravi Shankar)
* [[Girish Karnad]] as [[Prime Minister]] of [[India]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Basha
* [[Chitram Srinu]] as [[Police Constable#India|Constable]]
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as [[Inspector of Police#India|Inspector]] Madhumati
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Saleem's PA
* [[Brahmaji]] as [[Inspector of Police#India|Inspector]] Raj Kumar
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Puli's driver
* [[Master Bharath]] as Newspaper Boy
* Jyothi Krishna
* Gopinath
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as Hussain ([[cameo appearance]])
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Hussain's girlfriend, a [[bar dancer]] ([[cameo appearance]] in the [[item song]] "Dochey")
}}

==Production==

===Development and casting===
[[S. J. Suryah]] initially planned to make the film with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in Tamil in 2005{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} and sent a bound script to him. But the Tamil project did not happen. The storyline was also discussed with Malayalam actor [[Suresh Gopi]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ravigadu.com/komaram-puli-review.html|title=Komaram Puli Review|publisher=Ravigadu|accessdate=11 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314083923/http://www.ravigadu.com/komaram-puli-review.html|archivedate=14 March 2012}}</ref> Later, after confirmation from Kalyan during the filming of [[Annavaram (film)|''Annavaram'']] (2006), it was finalised to be made in Telugu with Kalyan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Hansika Motwani]] was originally signed to play the heroine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/23/south-komaram-puli-first-look.htm|title=Pawan Kalyan returns with Komaram Puli|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=23 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403152451/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/23/south-komaram-puli-first-look.htm|archivedate=3 April 2012}}</ref> but was replaced by [[Nikesha Patel]], who made her acting debut in this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/Nikisha-Patel-debuts-with-Puli-imagegallery-tollywood-kigmUmdfidf.html|title=Nikisha Patel debuts with Puli|website=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223000432/http://www.sify.com/movies/nikisha-patel-debuts-with-puli-imagegallery-tollywood-kigmUmdfidf.html|archivedate=23 December 2013}}</ref> The film was sent to the censor board on 4 September and received an [[Central Board of Film Certification|A certificate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/komarampuli_sep52010.php|title=Komaram Puli censored, gets A certificate|accessdate=5 September 2010|publisher=Telugucinema|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324234901/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/komarampuli_sep52010.php|archivedate=24 March 2012}}</ref>

===Filming===
The movie was shot in various parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], as well as in [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Dubai]].<ref name="southscope">{{cite web|url=http://southscope.in/telugu/article/komaram-puli-pawan-kalyan-doesnt-give-damn-about-records|title=Komaram Puli: Pawan Kalyan doesn't give a damn about records|accessdate=1 September 2010|publisher=Southscope|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617023911/http://southscope.in/telugu/article/komaram-puli-pawan-kalyan-doesnt-give-damn-about-records|archivedate=17 June 2013}}</ref> The filming sans songs was almost complete by May 2010, and the songs were shot from 18 May onwards.<ref name="song video">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/movie-update-komaram-puli--news-56914|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=15 December 2023|title=Movie Update: Komaram Puli|date=12 May 2010}}</ref> Two songs were choreographed by Bollywood choreographer [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]. The songs he choreographed were "Power Star" (Pawan Kalyan's introduction song) and "Dochey" (an [[item number]] featuring Shriya Saran). The songs were filmed in two schedules at [[Annapurna Studios]] beginning from 18 May.<ref name="song video" /> Of the six songs written for the film, four songs were directly included in the film while the remaining two served as background songs.<ref name="southscope" />

===Title===
The movie was originally titled ''Komaram Puli''. "Komaram" was taken from the surname of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] martyr [[Komaram Bheem]], who fought against the erstwhile [[Asaf Jahi]] dynasty for the liberation of [[Hyderabad State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsofap.com/newsofap-21025-24-pawan-kalyan-also-gets-mahesh-babus-title-problems-newsofap.html|title=Pawan Kalyan also gets Mahesh Babu's title problems|publisher=NewsofAP|accessdate=27 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910005805/http://www.newsofap.com/newsofap-21025-24-pawan-kalyan-also-gets-mahesh-babus-title-problems-newsofap.html|archivedate=10 September 2012}}</ref> However, following the objections by Komaram Sony Rao, grandson of Komaram Bheem, and also by a section of Telangana Joint Action Committee activists who called for a boycott of the film, the movie was renamed with title ''Puli'' on the second day of its release.<ref name="title2">{{cite web |title='Komarum Puli' Title Change |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/60006.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191649/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/60006.html |archivedate=29 October 2013 |accessdate=10 September 2010 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref name="title">{{cite web |title=Puli Hits Screens, Dropping 'Komaram' |url=http://www.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/komaram-puli-movie-name-changed-to-puli-after-telangana-protests-1583 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929193518/http://www.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/komaram-puli-movie-name-changed-to-puli-after-telangana-protests-1583 |archivedate=29 September 2011 |accessdate=10 September 2010 |publisher=Fullhyderabad}}</ref> The soundtrack album is titled ''Komaram Puli''.

==Music==
{{Main|Puli (soundtrack)}}
The film features a soundtrack consisting of 6 songs composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and lyrics penned by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2010 |title=Komaram Puli music launch |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-komarampuli.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> This is the third among Rahman's only three straight Telugu films that are not remakes or bilinguals. Lyricist Chandrabose collaborated with Rahman for the second time through this film. He took almost three months to write the song "Amma Thale", while all it took to write the song "Maaralente" was 90 minutes.<ref name="southscope" />

The release rights of the album were purchased by [[Sony Music]] for {{Indian Rupee}}2 [[crore]] which was reportedly the highest amount ever in [[South India|South Indian]] cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parvathaneni |first=RamBabu |date=2010-07-09 |title='Puli' record breakings began |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/9184/puli-record-breakings-began.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 11 July 2010 in a function held at HITEX convention hall, [[Madhapur]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name=":1" /> The function was attended by [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Konijeti Rosaiah|K. Rosaiah]], [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Allu Aravind]], Pawan Kalyan, Nikesha Patel, [[Shriya Saran]], A. R. Rahman, Chandrabose, [[Anand Sai]], Singanamala Ramesh, S. R. Murthy and others.<ref>{{cite web |title='Komaram Puli' Audio Released |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/gallery/Events/22748.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701055336/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/gallery/Events/22748.html |archivedate=1 July 2014 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The audio was launched by K. Rosaiah, Rahman and his mother Kareema Begum.<ref name=":1" />

The soundtrack got overwhelming response and became a hot seller. The audio sales reached a total of 300,000 of CDs in the first three days, which was an all-time record in Telugu film history.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/august-2010/komaram-puli-audio-creates-record-040810.html | title = Komaram Puli Audio Creates Record | Komaram Puli Sold 3 Lakh CDs - CineGoer.com | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005050959/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/august-2010/komaram-puli-audio-creates-record-040810.html | archivedate= 5 October 2010 }}</ref> A. R. Rahman's original score also received critical praise. Rahman collaborated with artists from three European countries to re-record the background score.<ref name="southscope" />

==Release==
===Pre-release===

Its Nizam rights were sold to Geetha Arts for {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=off|year=2010}} which was a record sum at the time.<ref name="chithr.com">[http://chithr.com/news/detail/1707/geeta-arts-bagged-kpuli-nizam-rights-for-12cr.html "Geeta Arts bagged K'Puli Nizam rights for 12Cr – Telugu Movie and Political News"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123091626/http://chithr.com/news/detail/1707/geeta-arts-bagged-kpuli-nizam-rights-for-12cr.html|date=23 January 2016}}. chithr.com. 15 August 2009</ref>
===Theatrical===

The film was released worldwide with 950 prints in 1,250 theatres, a record of sorts for a [[Telugu film]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Komaram Puli Theatres List |url=http://movies.sulekha.com/telugu/komaram-puli/forum/komaram-puli-theatres-list-111692.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123091626/http://movies.sulekha.com/telugu/komaram-puli/forum/komaram-puli-theatres-list-111692.htm |archive-date=23 January 2016 |access-date=16 September 2010 |publisher=Sulekha |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Komaram Puli to release in 1000 Theatres |url=http://www.cinehour.com/news/tollywood/4830/amp039komaram-puliamp039-to-release-in-1000-theatres.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708154737/http://www.cinehour.com/news/tollywood/4830/amp039komaram-puliamp039-to-release-in-1000-theatres.html |archivedate=8 July 2011 |accessdate=8 September 2010 |publisher=Cinehour}}</ref> The film's release faced a minor roadblock in the form of its title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinehour.com/news/tollywood/4888/amp039puliamp039-delayed-by-24-hours-in-us.html|title='Puli' delayed by 24 hours in US|publisher=Cinehour|accessdate=10 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708154816/http://www.cinehour.com/news/tollywood/4888/amp039puliamp039-delayed-by-24-hours-in-us.html|archivedate=8 July 2011}}</ref> The makers of the film re-edited it due to very mixed to poor reviews and re-released the shortened version on 15 September 2010.<ref name="re-edit">{{cite news|title='Puli' re-edited to do the damage control! |url=http://andhravilas.com/movienews/162927/Puli-re-edited-to-do-the-damage-control.html |accessdate=22 September 2010 |newspaper=Andhravilas.com |date=9 September 2010 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707141302/http://andhravilas.com/movienews/162927/Puli-re-edited-to-do-the-damage-control.html |archivedate=7 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
The film critic from ''[[NDTV]]'' warned the audience by saying, "watch the film at your own risk. It's a big-budget film with a solid casting. Just laugh at the poorly directed action scenes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20100152794&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|title=Review of Telugu Film, Komaram Puli |publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=10 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921064509/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20100152794&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|archivedate=21 September 2010}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 2/5 and wrote, "On a whole, ''Komaram Puli'' disappoints despite of terrific performances of Pawan Kalyan and Saranya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-komarampuli.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Komaram Puli|date=10 September 2010|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=4 April 2025|author=Jeevi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0464162}}

{{S. J. Suryah}}

[[Category:2010 action films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010s police films]]
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. J. Suryah]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:National Security Guards in fiction]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

Yusuf Adil Shah

2026-03-04T16:57:11Z

LinetteFisher: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Sultan of Bijapur from 1490 to 1510}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yusuf Adil Shah
| succession = 1st [[List of Adil Shahi emperors|Sultan of Bijapur]]
| title = [[Amir|Emir]]
| image = The House of Bijapur Album leaf, ca. 1680 Deccan, Bijapur. Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg
| caption = Painting created {{circa|1680}} in Bijapur. Yusuf Adil Shah, shown seated, is being handed the key of legitimacy by [[Ottomon Sultan]] of [[Ottomon Caliphate]], symbolizing the unwavering allegiance of the Adil Shahi family to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] creed of Islam. All nine Adil Shahi sultans are depicted in the painting in a dynastic assembly probably inspired by [[Mughal painting]]s.
| reign = August/September 1490<ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=13 November 2025 | page=291}}</ref> – 5 December 1510{{sfn|Farooqui|2011|p=174}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ia800708.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/22/items/crossref-pre-1909-scholarly-works/10.1017%252Fs0035869x00034092.zip&file=10.1017%252Fs0035869x00035280.pdf|last=Grierson|first=G. A.|date=1 August 1996|title=The Origin of Sabato|page=994}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| full name = Abul Muzaffar Yusuf Adil Shah Safavi
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Ismail Adil Shah]]
| spouse = Bubuji Khanum
| issue = [[Ismail Adil Shah]] Mariam Sultan Khadija Sultan Bibi Sati
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]
| father =
| birth_date = 1450
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1510|12|5|1450|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Krishnadevaraya's Bahmani expedition|Koilkonda]], [[Telangana]]
| burial_date = 1510
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Bahmani Sultanate]] {{small|(1481–1490)}} [[Bijapur Sultanate]] {{small|(1490–1510)}}
| serviceyears = 1481–1510
| rank =
| battles = {{Hidden
|See list
|{{Tree list}}
* Manvi (1493)
* [[Siege of Anjadiva (1506)|Anjadiva (1506)]]
* [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|Goa (1510)]]
* [[Krishnadevaraya's Deccan Expedition|Deccan (1509–10)]]
** Koilkonda (1510){{KIA}}
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
}}
}}

'''Yusuf Adil Shah''' (1450 – 5 December 1510{{sfn|Farooqui|2011|p=174}}), referred as '''Yusuf Adil Khan''' or '''Hidalcão''' by the Portuguese, was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty that ruled the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] for nearly two centuries.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=119}}</ref> As the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah is credited with developing the town of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and elevating it to significant status.

==Legends of origin==
Yusuf Adil Shah may have been a Georgian slave<ref name="Subrahmanyam 2012 101">{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia |year=2012 |page=101 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06736-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-ub1MSr89QC}}</ref> who was purchased by [[Mahmud Gawan]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=445}} Other historians mentioned him of [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Meri|first1=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization, Volume 1 An Encyclopedia|date=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-96691-7|page=108|quote=In 1481, Yusuf 'Adil Khan, a Persian slave who claimed to descend from the Ottoman sultan Murad III, became the governor of Bijapur.}}</ref> or [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] origin.<ref name="Egger">{{cite book|last1=Vernon O. Egger|title=A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&q=yusuf+adil+shah+turkmen&pg=PT266 |date=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315511078}}</ref><ref name="Bosworth">{{cite book|last1=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&q=turkmen+yusuf+adil+shahi&pg=PA55 |date=2007|page=55|publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004153882}}</ref> According to the narrative presented by contemporary historian [[Firishta]], Yusuf was a son of the Ottoman Sultan [[Murad II]], although this is considered unfounded by modern historians.{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=291}}<ref name="Matthee">{{cite book|last1=Nikki R. Keddie, Rudi Matthee|title=Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics|date=2011|publisher=University of Washington Press.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLlcCgAAQBAJ&q=yusuf+adil+shah+turkmen&pg=PA25 |page=25|isbn=9780295800240}}</ref> Another theory states he was a Turkman of the [[Ag Qoyunlu|Aq-Quyunlu]].<ref>Bolar, Varija R (2012). [http://www.sobiad.org/eJOURNALS/journal_IJSS/arhieves/2012_1/varija_bolar.pdf "Turks in Karnataka" (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603182410/http://www.sobiad.org/eJOURNALS/journal_IJSS/arhieves/2012_1/varija_bolar.pdf |date=3 June 2016 }}. International Journal of Social Studies 4 (1): 423.</ref><ref name="Farooqui">{{harvnb|Farooqui|2011|p=174}}</ref><ref name="Matthee"/>

==Career==
{{See also|Siege of Anjadiva (1506)|Krishnadevaraya's Bahamani Expedition|Portuguese conquest of Goa|Battle of Manvi (1493)}}
Yusuf's bravery and personality raised him rapidly in the [[Bahmani]] sultan's favor, and resulted in his appointment as Governor of [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]]. The Bahmani Sultanate's last major sultan, [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]], gave him the title ''Adil Khan'' for his efforts.<ref name="Rajesh">History of Karnataka by H.G. Rajesh</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2024}} He was later widely regarded as Yusuf Adil Khan. He was also the leader of the foreigners, or ''Afaqis'' in the conflict between them and the Deccanis (local nobility) which resulted in the murder of Prime minister [[Mahmud Gawan]] in 1481.{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=416}} Following his execution, Yusuf vacated his position as Governor of Daulatabad to seize the former territories held by Mahmud Gawan of [[Bijapur]] and [[Belgaum]].{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=421}} He would come in great conflict soon after this with his enemy, [[Malik Naib]], leader of the Deccani party.{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=422–423}}

In 1489, Yusuf took advantage of the decline of Bahmani power to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur. He waged war against the [[Vijayanagar empire]], as also against Bijapur's Muslim neighbours.

Yusuf Adil Shah is personally responsible for building the imposing [[citadel]] or Arkilla<ref name="http://reviewsofliterature.org/UploadArticle/27.pdf">{{cite book| last1=Ahammad| first1=Mustak| title=Military Architecture under the Adilshahis of Bijapur| page=2| year=2013}}</ref> and the palace named Faroukh Mahal. Yusuf was a man of culture and invited poets and artisans from Persia, Turkey and Rome to his court. He was also an accomplished musician and scholar with deep religious tolerance that was reflected in art and architecture from this time.

Both Yusuf and his son Ismail did not use the title Adil Shah in front of their name, and instead used ''Adil Khan'' to respect the Bahmanis, who used Shah in their names. [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] formally claimed the Bijapur sultanate's independence from the Bahmanis in 1538, although it had been in practice independent since 1490, and became the first ruler in the Bijapur Sultanate to use Adil Shah in his name.<ref name="Rajesh"/>

== Death ==
He was killed in the Battle of Koilkonda against Vijayanagara on 5 December 1510, shortly after the loss of [[Goa]] to the Portuguese governor [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] a few days prior. He was succeeded by his son [[Ismail Adil Shah]], who being a minor, was aided in his rule by a certain Kamal Khan.{{sfn|Farooqui|2011|p=175}}

Yusuf left behind a strong if small state, one which persisted through two relatively chaotic centuries in a region rife with political ferment. The Bijapur sultanate he founded was a formidable force for close to two centuries until it succumbed to Maratha power and finally resolved by [[Aurangzeb]] in 1686 in an ineffective bid to check Maratha power.<ref name="Farooqui" />

==Family==
Yusuf Adil Shah married Poonji (Punji), the sister of a [[Maratha]] lord Mukundrao Kadam, later renamed Bubuji Khanum.<ref name="Farooqui" /> By this marriage he had a son and three daughters:<ref>Hari Narain Verma, Amrit Verma, ''Indian Women Through the Ages'' (1976), p. 29</ref><ref>Abraham Eraly, ''Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls'' (2007), chp. 11</ref><ref>K.K Basu, ''Career of Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur, Indian Culture, Vol. III, Issue I'' (1937), p. 117</ref>
*[[Ismail Adil Shah]], Sultan of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]];
*Mariam Sultan, married [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]], Sultan of [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]];
*Khadija Sultan, married [[Aladdin Imad Shah]], Sultan of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]];
*Bibi Sati, married Ahmad Shah, son of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]];

==See also==
*[[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA118 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989 |title=Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2 |date=1925 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Wolseley Haig}}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |chapter=The Five Sultanates of the Deccan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
* {{citation |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K. A. |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |orig-year=first published 1955 |year=1958 |edition=Second |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-560686-8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/A-History-of-South-India#mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India|1958}}}}
*{{cite book|first=Haroon Khan|last=Sherwani|year=1973|title=History of Medieval Deccan (1295–1724) : Volume I|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142905|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijawar |volume=3 |page=928 |short=x}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040701221245/http://indhistory.com/adil-shah-dynasty.html India History]}}
* Wakiyate Mamlakate Bijapur by Basheeruddin Dehelvi.
* Tareekhe Farishta by Kasim Farishta
* External Relation of Bijapur Adil Shahis.
* Devare, T. N. A short history of Persian literature; at the Bahmani, the Adilshahi, and the Qutbshahi courts. Poona: S. Devare, 1961.

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Adil Shahi Emperors|Adil Shahi Rulers of Bijapur]]|before=Founder of the Dynasty|after=[[Ismail Adil Shah]]|years=1489–1511}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bahmani Sultanate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Yusuf Adil}}
[[Category:1450 births]]
[[Category:1510s deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Ethnic Turkmen people]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from the Bahmani Sultanate]]
[[Category:Marathi Muslims]]
[[Category:Sultans of Bijapur]]

Spinning (textiles)

2026-03-04T04:14:27Z

LinetteFisher: updated page

{{short description|Method of turning fiber into yarn or thread}}
{{About|forming yarn from fibers|forming fibers from a fluid|Spinning (polymers)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Expand German|date=January 2023}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2025}}
'''Spinning''' is a twisting technique to form [[yarn]] from [[fiber]]s. The fiber intended is drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a [[bobbin]]. A few popular fibers that are spun into yarn other than [[cotton]], which is the most popular, are [[viscose]] (the most common form of rayon), animal fibers such as [[wool]], and synthetic [[polyester]].<ref name="The Art of the Loom">{{cite book |last1=Hecht |first1=Ann |title=The Art of the Loom |date=2001 |publisher=The British Museum Press |location=London |isbn=0295981393 |page=16}}</ref> Originally done by hand using a [[spindle whorl]], starting in the 500s AD the [[spinning wheel]] became the predominant spinning tool across Asia and Europe. The [[spinning jenny]] and [[spinning mule]], invented in the late 1700s, made mechanical spinning far more efficient than spinning by hand, and especially made cotton manufacturing one of the most important industries of the [[Industrial Revolution]].

==Process==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=August 2025}}
[[File:An ancient tradition.jpg|thumb|Traditional spinner in her family's house in [[Old Bagan]], [[Myanmar]] (2019).]]
The [[yarn]] issuing from the [[drafting roller]]s passes through a thread-guide, round a [[Ring spinning#How it works|traveller]] that is free to rotate around a ring, and then onto a tube or [[bobbin]], which is carried on to a [[Spindle (textiles)|spindle]], the axis of which passes through a center of the ring.
The spindle is driven (usually at an angular velocity that is either constant or changes only slowly), and the traveller is dragged around a ring by the loop of yarn passing round it.
If the drafting rollers were stationary, the angular velocity of the traveller would be the same as that of the spindle, and each revolution of the spindle would cause one turn of a twist to be inserted in the loop of yarn between the roller nip and the traveller.
In spinning, however, the yarn is continually issuing from the rollers of the drafting system and, under these circumstances, the angular velocity of the traveller is less than that of the spindle by an amount that is just sufficient to allow the yarn to be wound onto the bobbin at the same rate as that at which it issues from the drafting rollers.

Each revolution of the traveller now inserts one turn of twist into the loop of yarn between the roller nip and the traveller but, in equilibrium, the number of turns of twist in the loop of yarn remains constant as the twisted yarn is passing through the traveller at a corresponding rate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=w.Klein vol 1(technology of short staple spinning)_001.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B6mmcxyrKnEhZ2JaTGNkRlk3YTA/edit?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>

==Types of fibre==
Artificial fibres are made by extruding a polymer through a spinneret into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning ([[rayon]]) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning ([[acetate]] and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and [[polyester]]s) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and sets.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|p=33}}</ref> All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometers long.

Natural fibres can be divided into three categories: animals (sheep, goat, [[Angora wool|rabbit]], [[silk]]worm), minerals ([[asbestos]], [[Goldwork (embroidery)|gold]], silver<ref name="The Art of the Loom"/>), or plants (cotton, [[flax]], [[sisal]]). These vegetable fibres can come from the seed (cotton), the stem (known as [[bast fibre]]s: they include [[flax]], [[hemp]], and [[jute]]) or the leaf ([[sisal]]).<ref name="Collier 1970 5">{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|p=5}}</ref> Many processes are needed before a clean even [[Staple (textiles)|staple]] is obtained. With the exception of silk, each of these fibres is short, only centimetres in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples.<ref name="Collier 1970 5"/>

Artificial fibres can be processed as long fibres or batched and cut so they can be processed like a natural fibre.

==Methods==
[[File:Ring spinning machine in the 1920s.jpg|thumb|Ring spinning]]
{{Main|Cotton-spinning machinery}}
[[Ring spinning]] is one of the most common spinning methods in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ring spinning frame |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8404617/ring-spinning-frame-ring-frame |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Science Museum Group Collection |language=en}}</ref> Other systems include [[Air-jet spinning|air-jet]] and [[open-end spinning]], a technique where the [[Staple (textiles)|staple fiber]] is blown by air into a rotor and attaches to the tail of formed yarn that is continually being drawn out of the chamber. Other methods of break spinning use needles and [[electrostatic]] forces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|p=80}}</ref>

The processes to make short-staple yarn (typically spun from fibers from {{convert|0.75| to |2.0|in|cm|order=flip}}) are blending, opening, [[carding]], pin-drafting, [[roving]], spinning, and—if desired—plying and [[dyeing]]. In long staple spinning, the process may start with stretch-break of tow, a continuous "rope" of synthetic fiber. In open-end and air-jet spinning, the roving operation is eliminated. The spinning frame winds yarn around a bobbin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|pp=71}}</ref> Generally, after this step the yarn is wound to a cone for knitting or weaving.

[[File:Catalonia Terrassa mNATEC Selfactina.jpg|thumb|Mule spinning]]
In a [[spinning mule]], the roving is pulled off bobbins and sequentially fed through rollers operating at several different speeds, thinning the roving at a consistent rate. The yarn is twisted through the spinning of the bobbin as the carriage moves out, and is rolled onto a cop as the carriage returns. Mule spinning produces a finer thread than ring spinning.<ref name="RingMule">{{Citation|url=http://www.textile-technology.com/SST_Seminars/Jeremy.pdf |work=SST Seminars |title= Technological Evolution in Cotton Spinning, 1878–1933 |last=Saxonhouse |first=Gary |publisher= Stanford University |url-status=usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716213233/http://www.textile-technology.com/SST_Seminars/Jeremy.pdf |archive-date= July 16, 2011}}</ref> Spinning by the mule machine is an intermittent process as the frame advances and returns. It is the descendant of a device invented in 1779 by [[Samuel Crompton]], and produces a softer, less twisted thread that is favored for fines and for [[Warp and woof|weft]].

The ring was a descendant of the Arkwright [[water frame]] of 1769 and creates yarn in a continuous process. The yarn is coarser, has a greater twist, and is stronger, making it more suitable for [[Warp and woof|warp]]. Ring spinning is slow due to the distance the thread must pass around the ring. Similar methods have improved on this including flyer and bobbin and cap spinning.

The pre-industrial techniques of [[hand spinning]] with a spindle or [[spinning wheel]] continue to be practiced as handicraft or hobby and enable wool or unusual vegetable and animal staples to be used.


==History and economics==
[[File:Isaac Claesz. van Swanenburg - Het spinnen, het scheren van de ketting, en het weven.JPG|thumb|1595 painting illustrating [[Leiden]] textile workers]]

The origins of hand spinning fibers is unknown, but is believed to have originated separately in several cultures around the world long before the common era. The oldest known twisted fiber was found in southern France, and archaeologists believe it was created around 50,000-40,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hunt |first1=Katie |title=World's oldest string of yarn shows Neanderthals were smarter than we thought |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/09/world/oldest-yarn-neanderthals-scn/index.html |website=Space + Science |date=April 9, 2020 |publisher=CNN |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> People are thought to have originally twisted fibers together by rolling them up the thigh or between the fingers, although soon a stick was used to maintain tension and hold the twist in the fibers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hecht |first1=Ann |title=The Art of the Loom |date=2001 |publisher=The British Museum Press |location=London |isbn=0295981393 |pages=18–19 |ref=Hecht}}</ref>
[[File:1017 - Keramikos Museum, Athens - Spindle-whirls, 10th century BC - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 12.jpg|thumb|left|Ancient Greek spindle whorls, 10th century BC, Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, Athens]]

People eventually discovered that adding a weight to the stick, often made of stone, wood, or clay and known as a [[Spindle whorl|whorl]], helped to maintain momentum and left the hands free to draft the fiber. Whorl spindles are still the predominant method of spinning fiber in some parts of the world.<ref name="Hecht">{{cite book |last1=Hecht |first1=Ann |title=The Art of the Loom |date=2001 |publisher=The British Museum Press |location=London |isbn=0295981393 |page=19 |ref=Hecht}}</ref>

The cultivation of cotton as well as the knowledge of its spinning and weaving in [[Meroë]] reached a high level around the 4th century BC. The export of textiles was one of the sources of wealth for Meroë.<ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gB6DcMU94GUC&q=cultivation+cotton+Meroe&pg=PA310 | title= Ancient civilizations of Africa |author= G. Mokhtar | publisher= Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa |page= 310 |via = Books.google.com |access-date= June 19, 2012 |isbn= 9780435948054|date= January 1, 1981}}</ref>
[[Hand spinning]] was an important cottage industry in medieval Europe, where the wool spinners (most often women and children) would provide enough yarn to service the needs of the men who operated the looms or to sell on in the [[putting-out system]].
===Spinning Jenny===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2017}}
{{Globalize|section|England|date=May 2017}}
[[File:Spinning jenny.jpg|thumb|[[Spinning jenny]]]]
After the invention of the [[spinning jenny]] [[water frame]] the demand was greatly reduced by mechanization. Its technology was specialized and costly and employed water as motive power. Spinning and weaving as cottage industries were displaced by dedicated manufactories, developed by industrialists and their investors; the spinning and weaving industries, once widespread, were concentrated where the sources of water, raw materials, and manpower were most readily available, particularly [[West Yorkshire]]. The [[British government]] was very protective of the technology and restricted its export.{{when|date=May 2017}} After [[World War I]] the colonies where the cotton was grown started to purchase and manufacture significant quantities of cotton spinning machinery. The next breakthrough was with the move over to [[Open end spinning|break or open-end spinning]], and then the adoption of [[Synthetic fiber|artificial fibres]]. By then{{when|date=May 2017}} most production had moved to Asia.

== See also ==

* [[Wet processing engineering]]
* [[Textile manufacturing]]
* [[Clothing technology]]
* [[DREF friction spinning]]
* [[Spinster]]
* [[Blend (textile)]]
* [[Yarn realisation]]
* [[Spinning wheel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*{{Citation |last=Collier |first= Ann M. |title=A Handbook of Textiles |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1970 |pages=258|isbn=0-08-018057-4}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Spinning (textiles)|Spinning}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015243/http://trowbridgemuseum.co.uk/spinning/ Trowbridge medieval spinning industry]
{{spinning}}
{{textile arts}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Textile engineering]]
[[Category:Spinning| ]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]

Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa

2026-03-03T09:18:40Z

LinetteFisher: made a info more to come

{{Short description|2023 Indian Telugu-language film by Sandeep Reddi Katkuri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Sandeep Reddi Katkuri
| writer = {{plain list|
* Mahesh Sk
* Balaji Prasad
* Shreekanth Raj Bitling
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = S N Swamy
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Sai Ronak]]
* Devika Satheesh
}}
| cinematography = Shashank Mali
| editing = Damu Narravula
| music = Gowra Hari
| studio = Flying Eagle Entertainments
| distributor = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|6|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Sandeep Reddi Katkuri. The film features [[Sai Ronak]] and Devika Satheesh in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2023-06-16 |title=కళ్లు చెప్పే కథ {{!}} A story told by the eyes |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/cinema-news/a-story-told-by-the-eyes-45470.html |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712080329/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/cinema-news/a-story-told-by-the-eyes-45470.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 16 June 2023 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa Releases On OTT: Here's Where You Can Watch This Thriller On Love And Deceit |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kanulu-therichinaa-kanulu-moosinaa-releases-on-ott-heres-where-you-can-watch-this-thriller-on-love-and-deceit-etv-win-10083409 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Anandam]]'' (2001).

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}

==Cast==
* [[Sai Ronak]] as Puneeth
* Devika Satheesh as Aditi
* Abhilash Bandari as Santosh
* Perika Usha Sree as Divya
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as RK
* Suchitra Anandan as Rekha
* Sanjay Reddy as JK
* Arjun Anand as Harsha

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Gowra Hari
| title1 = Marhabha
| length1 = 3:54
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| title2 = Naalo Nene Naatho
| length2 = 4:57
| lyrics2 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra2 = Gowra Hari
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa'' was released on 16 June 2023 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanulu Terichina Kanulu Musina OTT release date: When and where to watch Sai Ronak, Devika Satheesh's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kanulu-terichina-kanulu-musina-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-sai-ronak-devika-satheeshs-film/fd7a2bf8ed184 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa has its fair share of good ideas and loose ends".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa review: Sai Ronak's thriller is a mixed bag |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kanulu-therichinaa-kanulu-moosinaa-review-sai-ronaks-thriller-has-smart-ideas-and-as-many-loose-ends-too/daaad3f701442 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617013329/https://www.ottplay.com/review/kanulu-therichinaa-kanulu-moosinaa-review-sai-ronaks-thriller-has-smart-ideas-and-as-many-loose-ends-too/daaad3f701442 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=28085522|title=Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa}}
* [https://www.etvwin.com/original-movies/kanulu-therichinaa-kanulu-moosinaa ''Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa''] on [[ETV Win]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]

Ramaiya Vastavaiya

2026-03-02T09:27:06Z

LinetteFisher: quick enhance page to improve readability and added references based on references

{{short description|2013 film by Prabhu Deva}}
{{About||the 2013 Telugu film|Ramayya Vasthavayya}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramaiya Vastavaiya
| image = Ramaiya Vastavaiya.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Prabhu Deva]]
| producer = [[Kumar S. Taurani]]
| screenplay = Shiraz Ahmed
| story = [[Veeru Potla]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sachin–Jigar]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| cinematography = Kiran Deohans
| editing = Hemal Kothari
| studio = [[Tips Industries]]
| distributor = [[Tips Industries]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' |Prabhu Deva}}
| starring = [[Girish Kumar]] [[Shruti Haasan]] [[Sonu Sood]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|07|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR|38 crore}}
| gross = {{INR|50 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1307|title = Ramaiya Vastavaiya - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ramaiya Vastavaiya''''' ({{translation|[[Rama]] will you come?}}) is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language [[romantic comedy drama]] film directed by [[Prabhu Deva]] and produced by [[Kumar S. Taurani]], under [[Tips Industries]]. The film stars debutant [[Girish Kumar]] alongside [[Shruti Haasan]] in lead roles. It is a remake of the director's own [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]].'' The film was released on 20 July 2013.

==Plot==
Ram Kapoor is a rich city boy born to billionaire parents Siddhant and Ashwini and brought up in [[Australia]]. On the other hand, Sona Singh is a traditional, simple desi girl from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] who is brought up by her only brother, Raghuveer Singh. Raghu is heartbroken when their father marries another woman and throws them out of the house, humiliating them on the way. Their mother dies, and her tomb is built on the small land they own until Lala, their [[Zamindar]], tells them that it is his land since their mother had taken a loan from the man. Raghuveer volunteers to work day and night to pay off the loan as long as they do not tear down his mother's tomb. Jaiswal agrees, and the local station master Shankar helps them. Slowly, Raghu and Sona grow up. One day, Ria Bhargav, Sona's best friend, comes to their house to invite Sona to their house as she is getting married. Ram also arrives on the same day with Ashwini, whose brother Krishna Kant Bhargav is Ria's father.

Slowly, Ram and Sona fall in love, but Ashwini does not bear it as Sona is not as rich as them and is thus not to their standards; Ram is also to be married to Krishna Kant's business partner Jay Prakash's daughter, Dolly. Ashwini humiliates Sona as well as Raghu, who arrives a minute before, and both are thrown out of the house after Ashwini accuses them of trying to entice and trap Ram. When Ram learns of this, he goes to Sona's house and pleads with Raghu to accept him. Raghu gives him a chance, just like he was given a chance by Lala when he was little. Ram is tasked to take care of the cows, clean up after them, and grow more crops than Raghu by the end of the season; if he does not, Ram will be thrown out of the village and can never see Sona again.

Lala and his son Ajay are not happy, as Ajay wants to marry Sona. With them and Dolly and her father trying to get Ram to lose the competition, Ram has to work hard for his love, eating red chillies and rice every day, even though he cannot bear it. Through many antics from Lala’s side and Jay Prakash’s side, Ram eventually proves his love for Sona to Raghu and succeeds in growing more grains. However, Rao, Jay Prakash, Ajay, and Lala kidnap Sona, and then later they try to forcibly marry her to Ajay. Ram kills Rao and Ajay, and Raghu brutally beats Jay Prakash and Lala. Raghu, after realising that Ram and Sona should be together, takes the blame for this and spends seven years in prison. The film ends with Raghu's release from prison, which is also when Sona and Ram get married, in everyone's presence. Ashwini then accepts Sona as her daughter-in-law.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Girish Kumar]] as Ram Kapoor
* [[Shruti Haasan]] as Sona Singh
**Jiya Khan as Little Sona
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Raghuveer 'Raghu' Singh, Sona's elder brother
**[[Namit Shah]] as Little Raghu
* [[Randhir Kapoor]] as Siddhanth Kapoor, Ram's father
* [[Poonam Dhillon]] as Ashwini Kapoor, Ram's mother
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Station Master Shankar
* [[Paresh Ganatra]] as Bijlee
* [[Satish Shah]] as Krishna Kant Bhargav, Ram's maternal uncle
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Jay Prakash (J.P.), Krishna Kant's business partner
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Zamindar Lala
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (actor)|Sarfaraz Khan]] as Ajay, Lala’s son
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Rao
* [[Anchal Singh]] as Ria Bhargav, Ram's cousin and Sona's best friend
* [[Anshul Trivedi]] as Anshul, Ria’s husband
* Kenisha Awasthi as Dolly Prakash, J.P.'s daughter
* [[Aarti Puri]] as Gauri
* Shiraz Ahmed as Jailor
* Harry Josh as Afzal
* [[Puja Banerjee]] in a cameo appearance
* [[Ganesh Acharya]] in a song ‘Peecha Chhute’
* [[Prabhu Deva]] in a special appearance in song "Jaadu Ki Jhappi"
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as an [[item number]] "Jaadu Ki Jhappi"
{{colend}}

==Production==
The filming began on 1 August 2012 in [[Mumbai]]. The film had also completed a schedule in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119072906/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1532084|archive-date=19 January 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1532084|title=Prabhu Dheva's next goes on floor|date=2 August 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 August 2012}}</ref> It had been announced that the film would be a remake of director [[Prabhu Deva]]'s [[Telugu Film]] directorial debut ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenodantana]]''. It was declared a flop by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramaiya Vastavaiya - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1307|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ramaiya Vastavaiya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 May 2013
| recorded = 2012–2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Industries Limited]]
| producer = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| prev_title = [[Go Goa Gone]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Issaq]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The first song promo of the film was released on 10 May 2013, under the title of "Jeene Laga Hoon", sung by [[Atif Aslam]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]. The song was uploaded on the [[Tips Music Films]] [[YouTube]] channel (tipsmusic), and the full soundtrack was released on 28 May 2013. All songs of this album are composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], and all lyrics of the songs are written by [[Priya Saraiya]].

The [[film score]] is composed by [[Sandeep Shirodkar]].

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:57
| title1 = Jeene Laga Hoon
| extra1 = [[Atif Aslam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 3:57
| title2 = Hip Hop Pammi
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Monali Thakur]]
| length2 = 3:40
| title3 = Bairiyaa
| extra3 = [[Atif Aslam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 4:08
| title4 = Peecha Chhute
| extra4 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length4 = 3:47
| title5 = Rang Jo Lagyo
| extra5 = [[Atif Aslam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 4:56
| title6 = Jadoo Ki Jhappi
| extra6 = [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Mika Singh]]
| length6 = 3:37
| title7 = Jadoo Ki Jhappi (Reprise)
| extra7 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Neha Kakkar]]
| length7 = 2:11
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 19 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/movies/in-ramaiya-vastavaiya-a-wealthy-man-pursues-a-poor-girl.html|title=Hate at First Sight, With Love and Its Hurdles to Follow|last=Herrington|first=Nicole|date=21 July 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 November 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ramaiya-vastavaiya-fossil-of-a-formula/article4935123.ece|title=Ramaiya Vastavaiya: Fossil of a formula|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=20 July 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 November 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ''Times of India'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars saying that "this one's like a pretty field decked up in celebration, but with no real harvest to show".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramaiya Vastavaiya Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Ramaiya Vastavaiya by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ramaiya-vastavaiya/movie-review/21160628.cms|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|ramaiya-vastavaiya}}

{{Prabhu Deva}}
{{Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana and its remakes}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Deva]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 masala films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lonavala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bhor]]

Haludaria

2026-02-24T17:30:26Z

LinetteFisher: made a entry from scratch

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Pandabarben.jpg
| image_caption = [[Melon barb]], ''Haludaria fasciata''
| taxon = Haludaria
| authority = [[Rohan Pethiyagoda|Pethiyagoda]], 2013
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| type_species = ''[[Haludaria fasciata|Cirrhinus fasciatus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1849
| synonyms = ''Dravidia'' Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & Maduwage, 2012 (preoccupied)
}}

'''''Haludaria''''' is a [[genus]] of [[cyprinid]]s native to freshwater habitats in the [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]]. Originally the genus was named ''Dravidia'' Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & Maduwage, 2012<ref name=PethiyagodaEtAl>{{cite journal |author=Rohan Pethiyagoda, R. |author2=Meegaskumbura, M. |author3=Maduwage, K. |year=2012 |url=http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief23_1_12.pdf |title=A synopsis of the South Asian fishes referred to ''Puntius'' (Pisces: Cyprinidae) |journal=Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=69–95 |archive-date=2012-11-19 |access-date=2015-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119143800/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief23_1_12.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is preoccupied by the [[diptera]]n genus ''Dravidia'' Lehrer, 2010.<ref name=Pethiyagoda2013>{{cite journal|author=Pethiyagoda, R. |year=2013 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/zt03646p199.pdf |title=''Haludaria'', a replacement generic name for ''Dravidia'' (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)|journal=Zootaxa|volume= 3646 |issue=2|page= 199}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Haludaria'' is derived from "Haludar", the name of a Bengali youth and artist who provided the illustrations for [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Hamilton]]'s (Formerly Buchanan) book on the [[Ganges River]] fishes.<ref name=Pethiyagoda2013/>

==Description==
Adults are small, typically less than {{cvt|6|cm}} [[Fish measurement|SL]]. Both rostral and maxillary [[Barbel (anatomy)|barbels]] are present. [[Lateral line]] is complete and has 18–26 pored scales on body. There are one or two broad, black bars on flank, between bases of dorsal and anal fins.<ref name=PethiyagodaEtAl/>{{rp|p.79}}

==Species==
There are currently five recognized species in this genus:<ref>{{Cof genus | genus = Haludaria | access-date = 24 February 2026}}</ref>
* ''[[Haludaria afasciata]]'' ([[Kottore Chidambaram Jayaram|Jayaram]], 1990)
* ''[[Melon barb|Haludaria fasciata]]'' ([[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1849) (Melon barb)
* ''[[Haludaria kannikattiensis]]'' ([[Muthukumarasamy Arunachalam|Arunachalam]] & [[Jeyaraj Anthony Johnson|J. A. Johnson]], 2003)
* ''[[Haludaria melanampyx]]'' ([[Francis Day|F. Day]], 1865)
* ''[[Haludaria pradhani]]'' (Tilak, 1973)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1255959}}

[[Category:Haludaria| ]]
[[Category:Smiliogastrinae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Rohan Pethiyagoda]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]

Pratikshya

2026-02-22T16:46:05Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pratikshya
| image = Pratikshya-poster.jpeg
| caption = Pratikshya movie poster
| director = Anupam Patnaik
| writer = {{ubl|Roshan Bisoi|[[Gourahari Das]]}}
| producer = Anupam Patnaik
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dipanwit Dashmohapatra]]|Choudhury Jayprakash Das|[[Barsha Patnaik]]|Sreela Tripathy|[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]}}
| editing = Deven Mishra
| music = {{ubl|Ankesh Anand|Ashish Pradhan|Bivash Rath}}
| cinematography = Deepak Kumar
| country = India
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| budget = ₹33 Lakhs
| gross = ₹2 Cr
| released = {{Film date|2022|12|02|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Pratikshya''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Odia language]] drama film, produced & directed by Anupam Patnaik. The film is written by Roshan Bisoi and inspired from a short story, ''Bapa'' written by [[Gourahari Das]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Actor Choudhury Jayaprakash Das Tells About His Character In Pratikshya Movie {{!}}{{!}} RENEXT OllyNews |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8p3NX6Ucyk |access-date=2022-12-05}}</ref> Ankesh Anand, Ashish Pradhan and Bivash Rath being the music composer of the film, the cinematography is being handled by Deepak Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odia Filmmaker Anupam Patnaik Announces His Upcoming Movie |url=https://sambadenglish.com/odia-filmmaker-anupam-patnaik-announces-his-upcoming-movie/|website=Sambad English |date=20 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odia Feature Film 'Pratikshya' To Be Screened At International Film Festival Of India |url=https://pragativadi.com/odia-feature-film-pratikshya-to-be-screened-at-international-film-festival-of-india/|website=Pragativadi |date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Made With Love & Passion': Odia Director Anupam Patnaik's 'Pratikshya' To Hit Theatres This December |url=https://odishabytes.com/odia-producer-cum-director-anupam-patnaiks-movie-pratikshya-to-hit-theatres-this-december/|website=Odishabytes |date=6 October 2022 }}</ref> [[Anupam Kher]] announced to produce and act in its [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] remake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupam Kher announces Hindi remake of Odia film 'Pratikshya' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-announces-hindi-remake-of-odia-film-pratikshya/articleshow/95717900.cms |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film follows the journey of Sanjay a middle-class unemployed youth whose only goal is to get a Government job. Life throws a curveball at him when his father suddenly becomes ill. With no job & money, he struggles to stay afloat with his inner desires.

== Plot ==
Set in Bhubaneswar around a typical middle-class family, Pratikshya is a story about dreams, desperation, and aspirations. Like every unemployed graduate, Sanjay is adamant about finding a government job. Bipin, his father tries hard to convince Sanjay to do any job as his retirement is at bay. The family is already burdened with loans taken for Sanjay's elder sisters Supriya's wedding. The buck stops when Bipin is diagnosed with a terminal illness and Sanjay faces the dilemma of securing a government job and saving his father.

==Cast==
* [[Dipanwit Dashmohapatra]] as Sanjay
* Choudhury Jayaprakash Das as Sanjay's father
* [[Barsha Patnaik]] as Kalyani
* Sreela Tripathy as Sanjay's mother
* [[Sidhant Mohapatra]] (guest appearance) as a doctor
* Roshan Bisoi as Bijit
* Roopambika Nayak
* Susil Mishra
* Abakash Mishra

==Release==
===Festival screening===
Pratikshya was screened in Indian Panorama section of [[53rd International Film Festival of India|IFFI 2022]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffigoa.org/indian-panaroma/|title=Indian Panorama|date=November 2022|accessdate=28 November 2022|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128170008/https://iffigoa.org/indian-panaroma/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has won the Best Story Feature Film Award at the Washington DC South Asia Film Festival (DCSAFF) 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/---pratikshya----wins-big-at-washington-fest.html|title='Pratikshya' wins big at Washington fest|accessdate=28 November 2022}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Kalinga TV]]'' wrote that "Odia film ‘Pratikshya’ is an excellent film. Based on a short story written by noted writer Gourahari Das, the plot of ‘Pratikshya’ revolves around sorrow, happiness as well as failure and success of an Odia middle class family".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/entertainment/odia-film-pratikshya-movie-review/|title=Odia film ‘Pratikshya’: Movie review|last=Himanshu|work=[[Kalinga TV]]|date=6 December 2022}}</ref> A critic from ''Orissa Post'' wrote that "Though the first half of the film feels a bit stretched and the second half a little shrunk, ''Pratikshya'', which is based on a short story titled Bapa by Gourahari Das, with its subtletly and nuances stands confident as a film and a piece of art".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/atri-pratikshya-film-review/|title=Pratikshya, a reminder of love|first=Atri Prasad|last=Rout|work=Orissa Post|date=17 December 2022}}</ref> [[Anupam Kher]] has announced its Hindi remake in IFFI press conference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Nov/24/anupam-kher-announces-hindi-remake-of-odia-film-pratikshya-2521585.html|title=Anupam Kher announces Hindi remake of Odia film 'Pratikshya'|access-date=28 November 2022}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=69th National Film Awards: Pratikshya adjudged Best Odia feature film {{!}} Sambad English |url=https://sambadenglish.com/69th-national-film-awards-pratikshya-adjudged-best-odia-feature-film/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|12054850}}

[[Category:2020s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Supriya Pathak

2026-02-21T14:32:48Z

LinetteFisher: slightly reworked content after review and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Supriya Pathak Kapur
| image = Supriya Pathak in 2015.jpg
| caption = Pathak in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|01|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| nationality =
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1981–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pankaj Kapur]]|1988}}
| children = 2
| mother = [[Dina Pathak]]
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Kapur–Pathak–Shah–Pahwa family|Kapoor-Pathak family]]
}}

'''Supriya Pathak Kapur''' (born 7 January 1961) is an Indian actress who works in [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi]] films and television. She garnered widespread recognition and acclaim with her portrayal of Hansa Parekh in the ''[[Khichdi (franchise)|Khichdi]]'' franchise. She has received several awards, including a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] and three [[Filmfare Awards]].
She also featured in the hit TV serial ''[[Idhar Udhar]]'' in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/brandma/idhar-udhar-the-hindi-sitcom-we-desperately-need-today/328085/|title=Idhar Udhar, the Hindi sitcom we desperately need today|last=Deol|first=Taran|date=1 December 2019|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

Younger daughter of actress [[Dina Pathak]], she married her second husband, actor [[Pankaj Kapur]] in 1988, with whom she has a daughter and a son. Her sister is actress [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], who is married to actor [[Naseeruddin Shah]]. Actor [[Shahid Kapoor]] is her stepson.

== Early life ==
Supriya was born on 7 January 1961<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2021 |title=Supriya Pathak plays Taapsee Pannu's mother in Rashmi Rocket, first look unveiled |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/supriya-pathak-plays-taapsee-pannus-mother-in-rashmi-rocket-first-look-unveiled/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=B'day Special: 'खिचड़ी' की हंसा का बर्थडे है आज |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/birth-anniv-of-actress-supriya-pathak/articleshow/67420070.cms |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> to Kathiyawadi [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] theater artiste and veteran actor, [[Dina Pathak]] and a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] father, Baldev Pathak, dressmaker to the stars [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Supriya-Pathak-As-a-man-I-give-Pankaj-Kapur-9-out-of-10/articleshow/37521407.cms |title=Supriya Pathak: As a man, I give Pankaj Kapur 9 out of 10 - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=July 2014 |access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref> She has one elder sister, [[Ratna Pathak]], also a theater and film actor. She grew up in Parsi Colony in [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/pankaj-brought-therav-in-my-life-6557-1.html |title=Pankaj brought therav in my life |access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref> and attended the J. B. Vachha High School. She has a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Fine art]], specialising in [[Bharatanatyam]], from the Nalanda Dance Research Centre, [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nokiajeenaisikanaam.indiatimes.com/supriya.html |title=New Document |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Pathak's first foray into acting was under her mother's direction with the revival of the play ''Maina Gurjari,'' which Dina Pathak had acted in previously.<ref name=":0" /> This was followed by a play with [[Dinesh Thakur]] titled ''Biwiyon Ka Madersa'' (based on a play by French playwright [[Molière]]), which was staged at the [[Prithvi Theatre]]. It was here that [[Jennifer Kendal]]l (the late wife of [[Shashi Kapoor]]) spotted her and recommended her to [[Shyam Benegal]] for their home production [[Kalyug (1981 film)|''Kalyug'']] (1981), an adaptation of the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Her portrayal of [[Subhadra]] won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. She then performed in ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' (1982), ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]'' (1982), ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' (1983) and ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' (1985). She had a minor role in the [[biopic]] ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982) and starred in the 1988 [[Cinema of France|French film]], ''[[The Bengali Night]]''. She appeared in ''[[Raakh]]'' in 1989.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290820/ |title=Raakh (1989) ⭐ 7.1 {{!}} Action, Crime, Drama |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-12 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref> In 1985, she played the title role in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movie]] [[Akalathe Ambili]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Supriya Pathak On Why Playing A Mother On Screen Excites Her |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/supriya-pathak-on-why-playing-a-mother-on-screen-excites-her-1960653 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=10 December 2018}}</ref>

Her television roles include ''[[Idhar Udhar]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/features/brandma/idhar-udhar-the-hindi-sitcom-we-desperately-need-today/328085/ |title=Idhar Udhar, the Hindi sitcom we desperately need today |last=Deol |first=Taran |date=1 December 2019 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]'', ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]'', ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]] and Chanchan'' among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supriya Pathak {{!}} Actress, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0665554/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1994, her husband, [[Pankaj Kapur]] and she launched their own TV production house, ''Grass Company''. ''[[Mohandas B.A.L.L.B.|Mohandas B.A.L.L.B]]'' was the first serial they produced and acted in under the banner.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4981780/ |title=Mohandas B.A.L.L.B. (TV Series 2001–2002) ⭐ 7.3 {{!}} Thriller |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-12 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>

After an 11-year hiatus from acting, she starred in the 2005 film ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'', followed by its sequel, ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' in 2008. She portrayed a subservient mother who tries hard to fill the [[generation gap]] with her son in ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' (2009). ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine called her rendering of the sinister ''Dhankor Baa'' in 2013's ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'' the "watershed of her career".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=Bhansali offered me a very different role but that clicked: Supriya Pathak |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/bhansali-offered-me-a-very-different-role-but-that-clicked-supriya-pathak-2173798.html |access-date=25 May 2020 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref> ''[[Carry On Kesar]]'' (2016) was her first Gujarati film.<ref name="Jambhekar 2016">{{cite web |last=Jambhekar |first=Shruti |title=Prime time TV actors to sparkle in Gujarati films |website=The Times of India |date=14 August 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/Prime-time-TV-actors-to-sparkle-in-Gujarati-films/articleshow/53692475.cms |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Shahid, Supriya Pathak & Pankaj Kapur attend screening of 'Teri Meri Kahaani' 03.jpg|thumb|[[Shahid Kapoor]], Supriya Pathak, and [[Pankaj Kapur]] attend the screening of ''[[Teri Meri Kahaani (film)|Teri Meri Kahaani]]'']]
At 22, Pathak married,<ref name=":1" /> but the couple separated within a year of marriage. In 1986, she met her second husband, [[Pankaj Kapur]], while filming ''[[Agla Mausam]]'' (1989). After two years of courtship, they married in 1988 and are parents to a daughter, Sanah (born 1993), and a son, Ruhaan (born 1997). On 2 March 2022, her daughter Sanah Kapur married Mayank Pahwa, whereas in September 2023, her son Ruhaan Kapoor married Manukriti Pahwa, both siblings being children of actors [[Manoj Pahwa]] and [[Seema Pahwa|Seema Bhargava Pahwa]].<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==

===Film===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
| 1981
!scope="row"| ''[[Kalyug (1981 film)|Kalyug]]''
| Subhadra
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1982
!scope="row"| ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]''
| Anna Verghese
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazar]]''
| Shabnam
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
| Manu
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1983
!scope="row"| ''[[Bekaraar]]''
| Nisha
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]''
| Bhavana
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1984
!scope="row"| ''[[Dharm Aur Qanoon]]''
| Reshma
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Awaaz]]''
| Priya
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|1985
!scope="row"| ''Bahu Ki Awaaz''
| Madhu V. Srivastav
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mirch Masala]]''
| Village Woman
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Akalathe Ambili]]''
| Ambili
| Malayalam film
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]''
| Sudha Malvankar
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Jhoothi]]''
| Seema
|
|-
| 1986
!scope="row"| ''[[Dilwaala (1986 film)|Dilwaala]]''
| Kamla
|
|-

| rowspan="3"|1988
!scope="row"| ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]''
| Sheena
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[The Bengali Night]]''
| Gayatri
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Falak (1988 film)|Falak]]''
| Champa
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |1989
!scope="row"| ''Akanksha''
| Seema
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Kamla Ki Maut]]''
| Anju
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Raakh]]''
| Nita
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Daata (1989 film)|Daata]]''
| Suraiya Khan /Suraiya Rao
|
|-
| 1990
!scope="row"| ''Shadyantra''
| Bilkees
|
|-
| 1994
!scope="row"| ''[[Madhosh (1994 film)|Madhosh]]''
|
|
|-
| 2002
!scope="row"| ''Jackpot 2 Crore''
| Sonu Datta
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005
!scope="row"| ''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]''
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]''
| Pushpa Nagre
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007
!scope="row"| ''Panga Naa Lo''
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dharm (film)|Dharm]]''
| Parvati Chaturvedi
|
|-
| 2008
!scope="row"| ''[[Sarkar Raj]]''
| Pushpa Nagre
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
!scope="row"| ''[[Delhi 6]]''
| Vimla
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
| Sarita Mehra
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
!scope="row"| ''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]''
| Hansa Parekh
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''Awasthi''
| Rukmani
|
|-
| 2011
!scope="row"| ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''
| Fatimah Bua
|
|-
| 2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]]''
| Chief Minister
|
|-
|2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
| Dhankor "Baa" Sanera
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
!scope="row"|''[[Bobby Jasoos]]''
| Ammi
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Tigers (2014 film)|Tigers]]''
| Ayan's mother
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
!scope="row"| ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]''
| Parminder "Pammi"
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]''
| Kapil's mom
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[UNindian]]''
| Meera's mum
| Australian film
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017
!scope="row"| ''[[Carry On Kesar]]''
| Kesar Patel
| Gujarati film
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Sarkar 3]]''
|Pushpa Nagre
|
|-
!scope="row"|''Best of Luck Lalu''
|Lalu's mom
|Gujarati Film
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
!scope="row"|''[[Love per Square Foot]]''
|Lata Chaturvedi
|
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava|Aravindha Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
|Jeji
|Telugu film
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019
!scope="row" |''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]''
|Gaddalakonda Ganesh's mother
|Telugu film
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
|Amma
|
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Happi (film)|Happi]]''
|Rukmani
|Released on [[ZEE5]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=jha |first=subhash k |date=29 December 2019 |title=Happi is Pankaj's ode to Chaplin! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/291219/happi-is-pankajs-ode-to-chaplin.html |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
!scope="row"|''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''
|Laali Khanna
|<ref name=indtod>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-singh-and-sonalli-seygall-s-film-jai-mummy-di-to-release-on-january-17-see-new-motion-poster-1596255-2019-09-06 |title=Sunny Singh and Sonnalli Seygall's film Jai Mummy Di to release on January 17. See new motion poster |work=India Today |date=6 September 2019 |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" |2021
!scope="row" |''[[The Big Bull]]''
|Hemant Shah's mother
|Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Toofaan]]''
|Sister D'Souza
|Released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
| Mimi's mother
|Released On [[Netflix]] And [[JioCinema]]
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
| Bhanuben Virah Chibber, Rashmi's mother
|Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
|2022
!scope="row" | ''[[Kehvatlal Parivar]]''
|Kalindi Thakar
|Gujarati film<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=Kehvatlal Parivar promises to create history |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/kehvatlal-parivar-promises-to-create-history/articleshow/90671595.cms |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
!scope="row" | ''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''
| Diwali
|
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Khichdi 2: Mission Paanthukistan]]''
| Hansa Parekh
|
|-
|2024
!scope="row" | ''[[Luv Ki Arrange Marriage]]''
|Supriya
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-01 |title=Luv Ki Arrange Marriage: Sunny Singh-Avneet Kaur starrer to release on ZEE5 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/luv-ki-arrange-marriage-trailer-sunny-singh-avneet-kaur-starrer-release-zee5-date/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
!scope="row" |[[Raid 2 (film)|''Raid 2'']]
|Mrs. Bhankar
|
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Fari Ek Vaar]]''
|Kusum
|Gujarati film<ref name=DB1>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/teaser-of-gujarat-film-fari-ek-vaar-released-135599428.html |title=ગુજરાત ફિલ્મ 'ફરી એક વાર'નું ટીઝર રિલીઝ: સુપ્રિયા પાઠક-ટીકુ તલસાણીયા કોમેડીની સાથે ખાસ મેસેજ આપશે; 12 સપ્ટેમ્બરથી તમારા નજીકના થિયેટરમાં |date=4 August 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Auntypreneur''
|
|Gujarati film<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auntypreneur (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/auntypreneur/ET00439413?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2026
!scope="row" |''[[Assi (film)|Assi]]''
|
|
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Episodes
|-
|1985
!scope="row"| ''[[List of programs broadcast by DD National|Darpan]]''
| || 1 Episode
|-
|1985
!scope="row"| ''[[Idhar Udhar]]''
| Poonam ||
|-
|1986
!scope="row"| ''[[Katha Sagar]]''
| Anuradha / Shabnam || 2 Episodes
|-
| rowspan="3"|1987
!scope="row"| ''Naqli Chehra''
| Asha
| Television film
|-
!scope="row"| ''Shahadat''
|
| Television film
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[List of programs broadcast by DD National|Zindagi]]''
| Kamal Gupta ||
|-
|1994
!scope="row"| ''[[Philips Top 10]]''
| || 1 Episode
|-
|1997–1998
!scope="row"| ''[[Idhar Udhar|Idhar Udhar (Season 2)]]''
| Poonam ||
|-
|1998
!scope="row"| ''[[Mohandas B.A.L.L.B.]]''
| Mohini ||
|-
|1999
!scope="row"| ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]''
| Neelu Nanavati ||
|-
|1999–2000
!scope="row"|''Zindagi''
|Kamal
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct17/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|2002–2004
!scope="row"| ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''
| Hansa Parekh ||
|-
|2005
!scope="row"| ''[[Instant Khichdi]]''
| Hansa Parekh ||
|-
| 2006
!scope="row"| ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
| Gunvanti ||
|-
| 2006
!scope="row"| ''[[Office Office|Naya Office Office]]''
| Mahabali || Cameo
|-
| 2007–2009
!scope="row"| ''Remote Control''
| Baari Babulnath ||
|-
| 2010
!scope="row"| ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
| Hansa Parekh || Special appearance for promoting ''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]''
|-
| 2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]]''
| Shanti ||
|-
| 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Chhanchhan]]''
| Umaben Borisagar ||
|-
| 2014
!scope="row"| ''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai''
| Ganga Mausi ||
|-
| 2015–2016
!scope="row"| ''[[Jaane Kya Hoga Rama Re]]''
| Rambhateri||
|-
| 2018
!scope="row"| ''[[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|Khichdi Returns]]''
| Hansa Parekh ||
|-
| 2019
!scope="row"| ''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''
| Geeta Maa ||
|-
|}

===Web series===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Platform
! scope="col"|Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
! scope="row"|''[[Cartel (web series)|Cartel]]''
| Rani Mai
| [[ALTBalaji]]
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Tabbar]]''
| Sargun Kaur
| [[SonyLIV]]
|
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"|''[[Home Shanti]]''
| Sarla Joshi
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
![[29th Filmfare Awards|1982]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Kalyug (1981 film)|Kalyug]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
![[30th Filmfare Awards|1983]]
|''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
![[55th Filmfare Awards|2010]]
|''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/articles/55th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-461.html 55th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations]</ref>
|-
![[56th Filmfare Awards|2011]]
|''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
![[59th Filmfare Awards|2014]]
|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=13 January 2014 |access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
![[67th Filmfare Awards|2022]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.amp |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |date=18 August 2022|access-date=28 January 2023|website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|2022]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Comedy Series
|''[[Home Shanti]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/filmfare-ott-awards-2022-complete-nominations-list/articleshow/96390952.cms |title=Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2022: Complete Nominations List |date=21 December 2022|access-date=28 January 2023|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
|''[[Tabbar]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/winners|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022|date=21 December 2022|access-date=28 January 2023 |website=FilmFare|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|2022
|rowspan="2"|FOI Online Awards
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/7th-foi-online-awards |title=7th FOI Online Awards 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Performance by an Ensemble Cast
|{{won}}
|-
![[11th IIFA Awards|2010]]
|rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100530/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_1.html |title=Colombo gets ready for IIFA 2010 |work=Sunday Times |accessdate=22 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
![[15th IIFA Awards|2014]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="Bollyspice">{{cite web |url=http://bollyspice.com/76075/iifa-nominations-bhaag-milkhabhaag-leads-10 |title=IIFA Nominations Announced and Bhaag Mikha Bhaag leads with 10! |publisher=Bollyspice |date=20 February 2014 |accessdate=24 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
!2004
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[ITA Award for Best Actress - Comedy|Best Actress - Comedy]]
|''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=323 |title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2004 |website=gr8mag.com |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
!2008
|''Remote Control''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=327 |title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2008 |website=gr8mag.com}}</ref>
|-
!2003
|rowspan="4"|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Comic Role|Best Actress in a Comic Role]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2003 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915081219/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!2004
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards nominees |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm |access-date=9 July 2012 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!2005
|''[[Instant Khichdi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm |access-date=9 July 2012 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!2008
|''Remote Control''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2008 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083458/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!2006
|rowspan="4"|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series|Best Actress in a Drama Series]]
|''[[Instant Khichdi]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=2nd Apsara awards nominees}}</ref>
|-
!2009
|rowspan="2"|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|''[[Sarkar Raj]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsaraawards.org/4th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=4th Apsara awards nominees}}</ref>
|-
!2010
|''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|2014
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|rowspan="3"|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=20th Annual Screen Awards 2014: The complete list of nominees |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/20th-annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees/444093-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108104623/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/20th-annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees/444093-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2014 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=25 January 2014 |date=8 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Complete list of nominations |date=6 February 2014 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Supriya Pathak
| list =
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActressAward}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Comic Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Comic Actress}}

}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Supriya}}
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Pathak Shah family|Supriya Pathak]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Sudarshan Singh Babloo

2026-02-17T12:01:03Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sudarshan Singh Babloo
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1981}}
| birth_place = Chintpurni, Una district, Maharashtra
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Indian politician from Himachal Pradesh
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sudarshan Singh Babloo''' (born 1981)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sudarshan Singh Babloo(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- CHINTPURNI (SC)(UNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=381 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Chintpurni Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Una district]]. He won the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly election results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-8312715/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Himachal Pradesh election results 2022 LIVE: Check full list of constituency-wise winners/leading |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-won-lost-leading-and-trailing-candidates-article-96070701 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Babloo is from [[Chintpurni]], Una District, Himachal Pradesh. He is the son of Nanak Singh. He studied Class 12 at Government Senior Secondary School, Thathal and passed in 2001 as a private candidate.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Babloo won from Chintpurni Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 32,712 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, Balbir Singh of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 4,858 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chintpurni Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Sudarshan Singh Babloo Of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/chintpurni-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562591.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Chintpurni Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: INC Candidate SUDARSHAN SINGH BABLOO wins from Chintpurni , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chintpurni-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-news-1568243 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He was the state president of [[Congress Seva Dal|Congress Sewa Dal]], the youth wing, and the Congress high command chose the new face ahead of former Minister Kuldip Kumar to contest the 2022 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress bags 4 of 5 seats in Una district, 3 new faces elected |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-bags-4-of-5-seats-in-una-district-3-new-faces-elected-459453 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Babloo, Sudarshan Singh}}

[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Una district]]

Harakh Chand Nahata

2026-02-07T19:34:50Z

LinetteFisher: revised

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1936–1999)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harakh Chand Nahata
[[File:hcnnew.jpg|200px|centre|Shri Harakh Chand Nahata]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|07|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1999|02|21|1936|07|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| spouse = Rukhmani Devi Nahata
| children = 4 Sons
|occupation = Commodities Trader Film Financier [[Real Estate Developer]]
}}

'''Harakh Chand Nahata ''' (18 July 1936 – 21 February 1999) was a prominent [[India]]n businessman and social leader.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nahata Group Founder| website=Nahata Group | url=https://www.nahatagroup.com/team.html | access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]] on 18 July 1936. His uncle, Agar Chand Nahata, and elder brother, Bhanwar Lal Nahata, were acknowledged authorities on [[Prakrit literature]], [[Jainism|Jain]] canonical literature and scriptures. The family has a private collection of more than 85,000 books, manuscripts, works of arts etc. at Abhay Jain Granthagar in Bikaner. His family has more than 175 years of business presence in the field of trading and distribution in [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[West Bengal]], [[Calcutta]], [[Tripura]] and the former [[East Bengal]] (now Bangladesh).

He completed his schooling at Bikaner and his college education in Calcutta.

He died on 21 February 1999 in [[New Delhi]], after a brief illness.

==Business and trade==

===Tripura Town Out-Agency===
Nahata was the first person to start road transportation in the difficult and inhabitable terrain of Tripura. Handling the largest Railway Out agency in Tripura (Tripura Town out Agency) and establishing a large network of road transport at heavy costs and risks, he was instrumental in starting economic development and two-way traffic to bring economic gains for the tribal people and the state of Tripura.

===Technicians' studio===
Nahata contributed a lot for the development of cinema in Eastern India through his Technicians Studio. Calcutta, with which many internationally acclaimed directors like Satyajit Ray, Hritwik Ghatak & Basu Bhattacharya etc. were associated. Later, he turned a film financier and realtor. He encouraged many upcoming artists of films and performing arts with his advice, help and patronage. He was a connoisseur of art and literature and secretly helped many budding artists, poets and writers. He spotted talents of writers and published many books at his own cost to encourage them including a [[Hindi]] monthly magazine.

For his multi-faceted contributions to trade and industry, Nahata was honoured with awards by the [[Vice President of India]] and [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant-Governor of Delhi]].

==Social contributions==
He was a well-known social leader and [[philanthropist]], associated with more than 60 socio-religious organizations and Trusts like [[Heart Care Foundation of India]], Shanti Mandir-Bithari, Prakrit Bharati, Rishabhdev Foundation, Veerayatan, Rajasthan Bharati, Shri Ambika Niketan Trust, Ahimsa International, Shri Jain Mahasabha. Bharat Jain Mahamandal, Vishwa Jain Parishad and many others in different capacities. From (1990 onwards) he was the President of Akhil Bhartiya Shree Jain Shwetamber Khartargachha Mahasangh, the apex national representative body of thousands of Jains of this sect.

==Commemorations==
'''RELEASE OF MEMORIAL BOOK 'PRANAM' IN NEW DELHI'''

A 625 page voluminous memorial book 'Pranam' was released at FICCI Auditorium, New Delhi on 21.02.2001, by Union Cabinet Minister, Shri [[Sunder Lal Patwa]] and Dr. [[Satya Narayan Jatia]], Ex-Chief Minister of Delhi Dr. [[Sahib Singh Verma]], Diplomat, Eminent Lawyer and Member of Parliament Dr. L.M. Singhvi, Famour Film Star and MP Shri [[Raj Babbar]] and many other dignitaries graced the momentous occasion.

[[File:Harakh Chand Nahata Marg inauguration.JPG|thumb|[[Dara Singh]] inaugurating Harakh Chand Nahata Marg]]
'''HARAKH CHAND NAHATA MARG, NEW DELHI'''

On 1 March 2007, the wrestler, actor and member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Dara Singh]], opened Harakh Chand Nahata Marg, a road that interconnects three villages of [[South-West Delhi]], namely Nanakheri, Badusarai and Raghopur. Nahata's family is in the process of developing a Farmhouse Scheme in that area by the name of Westyn Park.
[[File:HCN Bust.jpg|thumb|Hema Malini unveiling the bust of Shri Harakh Chand Nahata]]
[[File:HCN Stamp Release.jpg|thumb|Hon. Governor Shri S. C. Jamir releasing the Stamp]]

'''BUST UNVEILING, BHATI, NEW DELHI'''

In a ceremony held on the occasion of [[Mahavir Jayanti]] on 31 March 2007, [[Hema Malini]], an actor, dancer and member of the Rajya, unveiled a [[marble]] bust of Nahata at Mahabalipuram Teerth, Village Bhatti, New Delhi.

'''RELEASE OF COMMEMORATIVE POSTAGE STAMP BY THE DEPARTMENT OF POSTS, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA'''

A commemorative 5-[[rupee]] stamp was released by Shri [[S. C. Jamir]], Governor of [[Maharashtra]], on Shri Harakh Chand Nahata on 28 February 2009 in [[Mumbai]] to honor his selfless service to society and [[India]].

[[File:HCN Marg BKN.jpg|thumb|Harakh Chand Nahata Marg inauguration in Bikaner by Mayor Shri Bhawani Shankar Sharma]]
'''HARAKH CHAND NAHATA MARG, BIKANER, RAJASTHAN'''

On 28 September 2013, a 100 feet wide, 2 km prominent road connecting National Highway 89 to Rani Bazaar Industrial Area, [[Bikaner]] was named "Harakh Chand Nahata Marg" to honor him and his contributions. The inauguration was presided over by the Mayor of Bikaner Shri Bhawani Shankar Sharma in the presence of the Deputy Mayor Smt. Shakeela Banu, Shri Janardhan Kala, President City Congress Committee, Shri Chandra Prakash Gehlot, President Block Congree Bikaner, Shri Kanhaiya Lal Bothra. Also, in the picture is his wife Smt. Rukhmani Devi Nahata along with her sons.

'''BUST UNVEILING, BHADDILPUR, JHARKHAND'''

A marble bust of Nahata was unveiled at Shri Bhaddilpur Kalyanak Tirth ([[Jharkhand]]) by (Retd.) Justice Shri U.N. Bhachawat on 12 May 2012.

'''BUST UNVEILING, MITHILA, BIHAR'''

Shri [[Pramod Kumar]], Minister of Art & Culture, Government of Bihar, integrated a marble bust of Nahata at Shri Mithila Kalyanak Tirth ([[Bihar]]) on 1 February 2020.

'''RELEASE OF COMMEMORATIVE PURE SILVER COIN, BIKANER, RAJASTHAN'''

A Commemorative [[Silver]] Coin of 99.9% purity and weighing 40 grams, was issued by the [[Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]] and was released by His Excellency Shri [[Haribhau Bagade]], [[Governor]] of [[Rajasthan]] on 2 February 2025 in Bikaner, Rajasthan. Hon'ble [[Union Minister of Culture]] Shri [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]] also graced this momentous occasion with his presence.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

2. [https://www.indianphilatelics.com/stamps/commemorative-stamps/2009/item/14638-harakh-chand-nahata.html Commemorative Postage Stamp]

3. [https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/bikaner-25-rupee-coin-40-grams-silver-released-governor-haribhau-bagde-in-memory-of-harakhchand-nahta-7617390 Commemorative Silver Coin]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nahata, Harakh Chand}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Social leaders]]

Sangatpur

2026-01-27T13:47:08Z

LinetteFisher: minor enhanced references for clarity additionally after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sangatpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|16|12.87|N|75|49|43.82|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2260
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sangatpur''' is a village in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], Tehsil [[Phagwara]], [[Kapurthala district]], in [[India]], The village of Begampur is administratively part of Sangatpur and is a relatively new settlement. Neighbouring villages include [[Lakhpur]], [[Mahliana]], [[Malikhpur]], [[Chak Prema]], [[Ghuman (Gurdaspur)|Ghummana]], Pandori and Akalgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wikimapia.org/#lat=31.2711417&lon=75.8287525&z=14&l=0&m=b&search=sangatpur|title=Sangatpur|work=wikimapia.org}}
</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2001 Census, Sangatpur has 2,260 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maavooru.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124075201/https://www.maavooru.net/|archivedate=24 November 2009|title=Maavooru.net|work=OurVillageIndia}}</ref>

The village has a Gurdwara, a Quilla (fort), shops, a primary school, a Shiv Mandir and Ma Kaali Temple. Sangatpur is famous for the annual Baba Shah Fateh Ali Mela which attracts a large attendance.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kapurthala district}}
[[Category:Villages in Kapurthala district]]

{{Phagwara-geo-stub}}

Maanaadu (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T06:08:32Z

LinetteFisher: started details

{{Short description|2021 soundtrack album by Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Maanaadu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover = Maanaadu album cover.jpeg
| released = 7 November 2021
| recorded = 2020–2021
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:03
| language = [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| label = [[U1 Records]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Dikkiloona]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Plan Panni Pannanum]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Maanaadu
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Meherezylaa
| single1date = 21 June 2021
| single2 = Voice of Unity
| single2date = 3 November 2021
}}
}}

'''''Maanaadu''''' is the soundtrack for the 2021 [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]]-language [[science fiction]] [[action thriller film]] [[Maanaadu|of the same name]], starring [[Silambarasan]], and [[S. J. Suryah]]. The film is directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and produced by Suresh Kamatchi of V House Productions. The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], after regularly collaborating with Prabhu and Silambarasan and lyrics are written by [[Madhan Karky]] and [[Arivu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2019 |title=Director Venkat Prabhu reveals the music director of Simbu's 'Maanadu' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-venkat-prabhu-reveals-the-music-director-of-simbus-maanadu/articleshow/69675822.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-venkat-prabhu-reveals-the-music-director-of-simbus-maanadu/articleshow/69675822.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The album featured two songs: "Meherezylaa" and "Voice of Unity", which did not feature in the film. These tracks were released as singles on 21 June and 3 November 2021; coinciding a promotional pre-release event held in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title='Maanaadu' audio launch on 3rd November! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/maanaadu-audio-launch-on-3rd-november-news-tamil-vlqeCGeajifia.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The music album consisting of 7 tracks, including few instrumentals being used in the background score was released on 7 November 2021 by [[U1 Records]],<ref name=":4" /> and received positive response from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvan is overwhelmed with the positive reviews of 'Maanaadu'! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-is-overwhelmed-with-the-positive-reviews-of-maanaadu-news-tamil-vmcgmVdfeahfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202102245/https://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-is-overwhelmed-with-the-positive-reviews-of-maanaadu-news-tamil-vmcgmVdfeahfe.html |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Development ==
During the announcement of the project in late-June 2018, rumours regarding [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Anirudh Ravichander]] as the music director surfaced through social media, as [[Venkat Prabhu]] had to collaborate with one of the composers for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2018 |title=Simbu not playing a gangster in Venkat Prabhu's film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-not-playing-a-gangster-in-venkat-prabhus-film/articleshow/64854739.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916094410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-not-playing-a-gangster-in-venkat-prabhus-film/articleshow/64854739.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2018 |title=Simbu's film with Venkat Prabhu titled 'Maanadu' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbus-film-with-venkat-prabhu-titled-maanadu/articleshow/64928006.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbus-film-with-venkat-prabhu-titled-maanadu/articleshow/64928006.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, rubbishing these reports, Venkat chose to work with his regular collaborator [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2019 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja for Venkat Prabhu's 'Maanaadu' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-for-venkat-prabhus-maanaadu/articleshow/67721760.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-for-venkat-prabhus-maanaadu/articleshow/67721760.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Madhan Karky]] was brought in to pen lyrics for the album. In November 2018, a rough cut of the track, sung by Silambarasan titled "Unakku Naa Venum Di" was leaked onto the internet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=6 May 2019 |title=Leaked 'Maanaadu song' not mine: Yuvan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leaked-maanaadu-song-not-mine-yuvan/articleshow/69203073.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leaked-maanaadu-song-not-mine-yuvan/articleshow/69203073.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Yuvan stated that he did not composed the song and the track is not included in the album.<ref name=":0" />

Yuvan started composing the music album in January 2020, before the film's production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2020 |title=Yuvan starts composing for STR's 'Maanaadu' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-starts-composing-for-strs-maanaadu/articleshow/73120996.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-starts-composing-for-strs-maanaadu/articleshow/73120996.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-19 |title=Yuvan – The Mr.Cool of Music! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yuvan-shankar-raja-apecial-article-tamil-news-227816 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153611/https://www.indiaglitz.com/yuvan-shankar-raja-apecial-article-tamil-news-227816 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the film is based on [[Time loop|time-loop]] genre, the producers decided to reduce the scope for songs, where the film would have only one track in the album.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=90% of Maanaadu complete! Only one song to feature in the movie! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28212/maanaadu-silambarasan-tr-venkat-prabhu-simbu-str |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=moviecrow.com |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153612/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28212/maanaadu-silambarasan-tr-venkat-prabhu-simbu-str |url-status=live }}</ref> Yuvan had denied this, since he felt that an album needed minimum 3-4 songs in order to provide listeners, a wholesome experience.<ref name=":1" /> Within February 2020, the composer had finished work on all the songs from the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2020 |title=Yuvan ready with the songs for Silambarasan TR's 'Maanaadu' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-ready-with-the-songs-for-silambarasan-trs-maanaadu/articleshow/74281622.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-ready-with-the-songs-for-silambarasan-trs-maanaadu/articleshow/74281622.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> with one of the tracks will be reportedly sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2020 |title=Yuvan ropes in Shreya Ghoshal for a song in STR's Maanadu? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-ropes-in-shreya-ghoshal-for-a-song-in-strs-maanadu/articleshow/73202892.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-ropes-in-shreya-ghoshal-for-a-song-in-strs-maanadu/articleshow/73202892.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> but was not chosen in the final soundtrack. Another song, with vocals by [[Silambarasan]] (later deciphered as "Voice of Unity"), co-crooned by [[Arivu]], will also be included in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2021 |title=I take some special effort when Ajith and I come together: Yuvan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-take-some-special-effort-when-ajith-and-i-come-together-yuvan/articleshow/81599962.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153848/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-take-some-special-effort-when-ajith-and-i-come-together-yuvan/articleshow/81599962.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Yuvan simultaneously worked on the film's score in mid-December. The background music and re-recording process were completed within September 2021, and literally the score will be bundled and released along with the soundtrack album.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=11 September 2021 |title=Silambarasan TR's Maanaadu to release for Diwali |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-trs-maanaadu-to-release-for-diwali/articleshow/86112266.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912032444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-trs-maanaadu-to-release-for-diwali/articleshow/86112266.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Since, the score featured in the film's motion poster and teaser,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=Silambarasan's 'Maanadu' first look motion poster is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/silambarasan-s-maanadu-first-look-motion-poster-out-141531 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=The News Minute |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153611/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/silambarasan-s-maanadu-first-look-motion-poster-out-141531 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=Maanaadu movie teaser: STR messes with time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/maanaadu-teaser-simbu-messes-with-time-7172771/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153611/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/maanaadu-teaser-simbu-messes-with-time-7172771/ |url-status=live }}</ref> received positive response from fans, the team decided to release along with the album, the first time for a Tamil film.<ref name=":2" /> Yuvan, who attended the [[India Today Conclave]] South Edition on 11 March 2021, stated about the film's background music which is considered the "highlight of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja talks about his inspiration at India Today Conclave South |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/yuvan-shankar-raja-talks-about-his-inspiration-at-india-today-conclave-south-1778700-2021-03-12 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=India Today |date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153607/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/yuvan-shankar-raja-talks-about-his-inspiration-at-india-today-conclave-south-1778700-2021-03-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The re-recording of the film's music and score began during August 2021, and was completed within early-October.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2021 |title=Yuvan completes re-recording for 'Maanaadu' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-completes-re-recording-for-maanadu/articleshow/87276121.cms |access-date=2021-11-09 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109041443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-completes-re-recording-for-maanadu/articleshow/87276121.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The album cover of the soundtrack, released by [[U1 Records]], featured a still of [[Silambarasan]], [[S. J. Suryah]] and the composer Yuvan Shankar Raja.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Maanaadu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=2021-11-07 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4V7aye4YWto4yT0i6l5Vuq |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225052638/https://open.spotify.com/album/4V7aye4YWto4yT0i6l5Vuq |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
Producer Suresh Kamatchi initially announced that the first single of the film would be released on 14 May 2021, during the occasion of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanaadu first single to be out on Eid |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/23/maanaadu-first-single-to-be-out-on-eid-24112.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190314/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/23/maanaadu-first-single-to-be-out-on-eid-24112.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=23 April 2021 }}</ref> But due to the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] as well as the death of Venkat Prabhu's mother, the release had been postponed indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2021 |title='Maanaadu': Release of the film's first single track postponed |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-release-of-the-films-first-single-track-postponed/articleshow/82543120.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830063428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-release-of-the-films-first-single-track-postponed/articleshow/82543120.cms |archive-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> In late-May, after fans requested about the single, Suresh Kamatchi assured them to co-operate and said that the team will release the single post-lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |title=Simbu's Maanadu single launch postponed. Producer Suresh Kamatchi asks fans to wait |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-s-maanadu-single-launch-postponed-producer-suresh-kamatchi-asks-fans-to-wait-1808012-2021-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709193215/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-s-maanadu-single-launch-postponed-producer-suresh-kamatchi-asks-fans-to-wait-1808012-2021-05-28 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]|date=28 May 2021 }}</ref> On 9 June, Yuvan Shankar Raja tweeted that he bought the film's audio rights under his own label [[U1 Records]] and also announced that the single would be released on the occasion of [[World Music Day]] (21 June 2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Simbu's 'Maanaadu' first single release date is finally here |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/simbus-maanaadu-first-single-release-date-is-finally-here-tamil-news-288411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190637/https://www.indiaglitz.com/simbus-maanaadu-first-single-release-date-is-finally-here-tamil-news-288411 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

Two days before the single release the makers revealed the title of the song as "Meherezylaa" and featured vocals by Yuvan, [[Bhavatharini]] and Rizwan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=19 June 2021 |title=Maanaadu Song Teaser: A Glimpse to the Beautiful Track from Simbu, Venkat Prabhu's Film |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maanaadu-song-teaser-glimpse-beautiful-track-simbu-venkat-prabhus-film-837800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185351/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maanaadu-song-teaser-glimpse-beautiful-track-simbu-venkat-prabhus-film-837800 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> The song teaser also released on the same day, with Yuvan revealed that "the song takes place in a wedding ceremony and was touted to be a perfect celebration anthem".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Meherezylaa will be a perfect celebration song: Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/06/22001551/1302313/Meherezylaa-will-be-a-perfect-celebration-song-Yuvan-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185451/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/06/22001551/1302313/Meherezylaa-will-be-a-perfect-celebration-song-Yuvan-.vpf |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-19 |title=Surprise announcement from STR's Maanaadu ahead of its first single release ft Meherezylaa |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/surprise-announcement-from-strs-maanaadu-ahead-of-its-first-single-release-ft.html |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153610/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/surprise-announcement-from-strs-maanaadu-ahead-of-its-first-single-release-ft.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was launched at [[Twitter Spaces]] with the film's cast and crew being present.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2021 |title=Silambarasan, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Venkat Prabhu to launch Maanaadu single on Twitter Spaces |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2021/jun/21/venkat-prabhu-maanaadu-is-evenbigger-than-mankatha-25100.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032254/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2021/jun/21/venkat-prabhu-maanaadu-is-evenbigger-than-mankatha-25100.html |archive-date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Meherezylaa – Lyric Video {{!}} Maanaadu {{!}} Silambarasan TR {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja {{!}} Venkat Prabhu | date=20 June 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQAs_P9JrJQ |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153606/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQAs_P9JrJQ |url-status=live }}</ref> Four months after the single launch, on 3 November 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Simbu breaks down in tears at Maanaadu event: 'I will handle the problems, you take care of me' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/simbu-breaks-down-at-maanaadu-event-7629597/ |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118173513/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/simbu-breaks-down-at-maanaadu-event-7629597/ |url-status=live }}</ref> prior to the [[Diwali]] festival, the makers hosted a pre-release event at Krishnaveni Theatre in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Maanaadu pre-release event: Venkat Prabhu heaps praise on Silambarasan \ |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maanaadu-pre-release-event-venkat-prabhu-praises-silambarasan-maanaadu-release-date-tamil-news-301384 |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118101034/https://www.indiaglitz.com/maanaadu-pre-release-event-venkat-prabhu-praises-silambarasan-maanaadu-release-date-tamil-news-301384 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An emotional Silambarasan TR, a confident Venkat Prabhu set the stage for Maanaadu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/18/the-stage-for-maanaadu-27927.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118133414/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/18/the-stage-for-maanaadu-27927.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with the appearances of the cast and crew. A second trailer,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title=The second trailer of Simbu's Maanadu to arrive on this date? |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maanadu-simbu-str-venkat-prabhu-sj-surya-latest-update-second-trailer-audio-launch-songs-release-date-tamil-news-301242 |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118173514/https://www.indiaglitz.com/maanadu-simbu-str-venkat-prabhu-sj-surya-latest-update-second-trailer-audio-launch-songs-release-date-tamil-news-301242 |url-status=live }}</ref> and lyrical video of the second song "Voice of Unity" was launched in the event.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Silambarasan breaks down at the 'Maanaadu' pre-release event |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/silambarasan-breaks-down-at-the-maanaadu-pre-release-event/videoshow/87785655.cms |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118173514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/silambarasan-breaks-down-at-the-maanaadu-pre-release-event/videoshow/87785655.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Janani K. |date=November 3, 2021 |title=Simbu cries at Maanaadu press meet, says he will take care of his problems |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-cries-at-maanaadu-press-meet-says-he-will-take-care-of-his-problems-1878217-2021-11-03 |magazine=India Today |access-date=2021-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Voice of Unity Lyric Video {{!}} Maanaadu {{!}} Silambarasan TR {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja {{!}} Arivu {{!}} Venkat Prabhu | date=18 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1QvwQBodeI |access-date=2021-12-09 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210120505/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1QvwQBodeI&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref> The video song of "Meherezylaa" was launched on 1 December 2021 through [[YouTube]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Meherezylaa – Official Video {{!}} Maanaadu {{!}} Silambarasan TR {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja {{!}} Venkat Prabhu | date=30 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpU7V98AE_Y |access-date=2021-12-09 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209140004/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpU7V98AE_Y |url-status=live }}</ref> and was simultaneously broadcast on [[Sun Music]] and [[Star Vijay Music]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1465958451062865922 |user=U1Records |title=The magical and soulful #MeherezylaaVideoSong from #Maanaadu is broadcasting on @SunMusic channel 😍😍 |author=U1 Records}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1466021364377083904 |user=U1Records |title=Watch your favourite #MeherezylaaVideoSong from #Maanaadu on @VijayMusicOffl. Broadcasting now! |author=U1 Records}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
The incomplete track list of the film (only having the name of the tracks) released during late-October, which had three theme songs — two themes for [[Silambarasan]] and one for the antagonist [[S. J. Suryah]], a rap track written and sung by [[Arivu]], remixed version of "Meherezylaa" and few tracks from the film score, produced during the re-recording has been presented.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title='Maanaadu' tracklist has been revealed and features eight songs composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/maanaadu-tracklist-has-been-revealed.html |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=Behindwoods }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The music album however featured 7 tracks released on 7 November 2021.<ref name=":3" /> The latter was not included in the album, but released as a separate track on 19 January 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Meherezylaa (Remix) [From "Maanaadu"] |date=2022-01-19 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4t5p5kMWLmzPFFU6yNR5rA |access-date=2022-01-25 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125065105/https://open.spotify.com/album/4t5p5kMWLmzPFFU6yNR5rA |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Meherezylaa
| length1 = 4:19
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Bhavatharini]], Rizwan
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| title2 = Voice For Unity
| length2 = 3:57
| extra2 = [[Silambarasan]], [[Arivu]]
| lyrics2 = [[Arivu]]
| title3 = Dhanush Kodi Theme
| length3 = 1:55
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = [[Instrumental]]
| title4 = Maanaadu Theme
| length4 = 2:19
| extra4 = Instrumental
| lyrics4 = —
| title5 = A Walk in the Fire
| length5 = 2:36
| extra5 = Instrumental
| lyrics5 = —
| title6 = Dead End
| length6 = 1:22
| extra6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = —
| title7 = Follow My Lead
| length7 = 1:48
| extra7 = Instrumental
| lyrics7 = —
| title8 = Meherezylaa
| note8 = Remix
| length8 = 3:03
| extra8 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Nirupan Chakravarthy
| lyrics8 = Madhan Karky
| total_length = 21:03
| headline =
| note5 = Theme
| note6 = Theme
| note7 = Theme
}}

== Reception ==
{{Blockquote|text="My erstwhile collaborations with Venkat Prabhu and Silambarasan have had myriad songs, but this is the first time our collaboration had a limited number of tracks. However, I am completely spellbound by the way music lovers and audiences have noticed my efforts in BGM and appreciated them."|source=[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], on the response for his work in the musical score of ''Maanaadu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-02 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja Thanks Audiences For Success Of 'Maanaadu': "With My Heart Brimming With Praises To God" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/yuvan-shankar-raja-thanks-audiences-for-success-of-maanaadu-with-my-heart-brimming-with-praises-to-god/ |access-date=2021-12-20 |website=Koimoi |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220070235/https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/yuvan-shankar-raja-thanks-audiences-for-success-of-maanaadu-with-my-heart-brimming-with-praises-to-god/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'', reviewing the first single "Meherezylaa", called it as "peppy and catchy". He further praised Yuvan for the arrangements of the song influenced with [[Western culture#Music|Western]] and [[Arabic music|Arabic]] music styles, adding that "The tune is typical Yuvan, with catchy beats ensuring that you instantly get hooked to the number. It is hard to capture the impact and nuances of a song based on just a single listen, but on the whole, 'Meherezylaa' is something that is new for Yuvan".<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2021 |title=First impressions: Maanaadu's Meherezylaa is a peppy, catchy song from Yuvan |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-impressions-maanaadus-meherezylaa-is-a-peppy-catchy-song-from-yuvan/articleshow/83665344.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711224356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-impressions-maanaadus-meherezylaa-is-a-peppy-catchy-song-from-yuvan/articleshow/83665344.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> A review from ''Behindwoods'' called the track as a "foot-tapping celebratory song".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-21 |title=STR and Yuvan are back with another peppy track for Maanaadu titled Meherezylaa; viral video ft Kalyani |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/str-and-yuvan-are-back-with-another-peppy-track-for-maanaadu-titled-meherezylaa.html |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621173825/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/str-and-yuvan-are-back-with-another-peppy-track-for-maanaadu-titled-meherezylaa.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Suganth rated the album and film score, 4 stars (out of 5) praising the two themes "Maanadu Theme" and "Dhanushkodi Theme" elevating the momentum of the scenes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maanaadu Movie Review: Maanaadu is a supremely entertaining high-concept movie |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maanaadu/movie-review/87907040.cms |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125183047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maanaadu/movie-review/87907040.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' stated that Yuvan "amplifies the proceedings with his powerful background score".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanaadu review:Engaging and entertaining! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/-maanaadu-reviewengaging-and-entertaining--review-tamil-vlzkaPdahehgj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125173248/https://www.sify.com/movies/-maanaadu-reviewengaging-and-entertaining--review-tamil-vlzkaPdahehgj.html |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Quint]]''-based critic Sujatha Narayanan too praised Yuvan's work and added that "the background score is a rough and tough mix of staccato flutes, drum rolls and South-Indian percussion, which stays with the audience".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=2021-11-25 |title=Maanaadu Review: Simbu-Starrer Time-Loop Thriller Takes a Bold Political Stand |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maanaadu-full-movie-review-simbu-comeback-film-venkat-prabhu-director-s-j-suriyah |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=TheQuint |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126033440/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maanaadu-full-movie-review-simbu-comeback-film-venkat-prabhu-director-s-j-suriyah |url-status=live }}</ref> A week after the film's release, the soundtrack topped the second position in [[iTunes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=u1recordsoffl |author-link=U1 Records |date=2021-12-02 |title=Thanks for all this love! #MaanaaduSoundtrack is trending on iTunes @applemusic now! Listen to the 🔥 tracks right now in your apple devices 🎧 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CW-i6OVsJB6/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/u1recordsoffl/2719764759685664890_2719764755986347951 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-09 |website=[[Instagram]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Yuvan Shankar Raja soundtracks]]

KGF: Chapter 2 (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T02:41:42Z

LinetteFisher: made basic details basic info

{{short description |2022 soundtrack album by Ravi Basrur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = KGF: Chapter 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cover = K.G.F Chapter 2 album.jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|04|16}}
| recorded = 2019–2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:25
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] MRT Music (Hindi)
| studio =
| producer = [[Ravi Basrur]] Bharath Madhusudhanan Sachin Basrur
| prev_title = [[Abbara]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{External media|
| audio1 = {{YouTube|3jIBmRUxBFc|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles|
| name = KGF: Chapter 2
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Toofan
| single1date = 21 March 2022
| single2 = Gagana Nee
| single2date = 6 April 2022
| single3 = Sulthana
| single3date = 13 April 2022
| single4 = Mehabooba
| single4date = 14 April 2022
| single5 = The Monster Song
| single5date = 24 April 2022
}}
}}
'''''KGF: Chapter 2''''' is the [[soundtrack album]], composed by [[Ravi Basrur]], to the 2022 Indian [[Kannada]] language [[Period piece|period]] [[action film]] [[KGF: Chapter 2|of the same name]] directed by [[Prashanth Neel]] starring [[Yash Gowda|Yash]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 trailer to come out on March 27 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/yash-kgf-chapter-2-trailer-gets-a-launch-date-7798840/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
Music sessions of the film began in April 2019, at Basrur's newly renovated recording studio in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='KGF Chapter-2' music takes off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-music-takes-off/articleshow/68976837.cms |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> However, music production was disrupted in mid-March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which was resumed during that May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=May 18, 2020|title=KGF: Chapter 2 team resumes post-production work |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-team-resumes-post-production-work-1679268-2020-05-18 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=KGF Chapter 2: Makers resume work with music sessions for the Yash starrer |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kgf-chapter-2-makers-resume-work-music-sessions-yash-starrer-533690 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426100227/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kgf-chapter-2-makers-resume-work-music-sessions-yash-starrer-533690 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After work on the film's music and score being completed, Basrur later edited the score and songs, during mid-2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjana |title=Exclusive- KGF Chapter 2 Music Director Ravi Basrur Interview |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/video/entertainment/exclusive-kgf-chapter-2-music-director-ravi-basrur-interview-ycb-qo7j7q |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> The Naik Brothers (Laxman and Sandesh Datta), recorded two songs "Toofan" and "Sultan", used in the Hindi-dubbed version of the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Naik brothers from South Goa trigger storm with their songs for KGF 2 |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Naik-brothers-from-South-Goa-trigger-storm-with-their-songs-for-KGF-2/188776 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=oHeraldo|date=13 April 2022 }}</ref> They stated "We went there and he dubbed four songs in Telugu and Kannada in our voice. Later, [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] happened. After a long wait of two years, they recorded two songs for the Hindi dubbed version titled Toofan and Sultan and finalised for the movie".<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The music rights for ''KGF: Chapter 2'' were bought by [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for {{INRConvert|7.2|c}} for south languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahari Music bags audio rights of KGF Chapter 2 for B7.2 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/03/lahari-music-bags-audio-rights-of-kgf-chapter-2-for-b72-crore-2324675.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=3 July 2021 }}</ref> The music rights of Hindi version was bought by MRT Music. On 21 March 2022, the first single titled "Toofan" was released from the album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=KGF 2 song Toofan: Yash's Rocky becomes the saviour of enslaved miners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-song-toofan-yash-rocky-becomes-the-saviour-of-enslaved-miners-7829217/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The song depicts the rise of Rocky ([[Yash Gowda|Yash]]) as a saviour of enslaved people in the gold mines of Kolar, as depicted in the [[KGF: Chapter 1|predecessor's plot]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Janani K. |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Yash whips up a Toofan in KGF Chapter 2 new song. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-whips-up-a-toofan-in-kgf-chapter-2-new-song-watch-1927531-2022-03-21 |access-date=2022-04-21 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It crossed over 26 million views within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=KGF Chapter 2's Toofan Trending on YouTube After 26 Million Views in 24 Hours |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2s-toofan-trending-on-youtube-after-26-million-views-in-24-hours-4900952.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On 6 April 2022, the second single titled "Gagana Nee" was released,<ref>{{Cite news |title=K.G.F: Chapter 2 - The emotionally stirring 'Mother's Anthem' becomes a major success among netizens! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/k-g-f-chapter-2-the-emotionally-stirring-mothers-anthem-becomes-a-major-success-among-netizens/articleshow/90726291.cms |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On 13 April 2022, the third single titled "Sulthana" was released. On 14 April 2022, the fourth single titled "Mehabooba" was released. On 16 April 2022, the makers released the soundtrack album, containing four songs.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kgf Chapter 2 |date=2022-03-25 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/61o7rl6Tsa8CIYCcmIdVS2 |language=en |access-date=2022-04-21}}</ref> On 24 April 2022, the fifth single titled "The Monster Song" was also released.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/25/good-news-for-kgf-2-fans-as-makers-release-the-monster-song-2446352.html|title=Good news for 'KGF 2' fans as makers release 'The Monster Song'|date=25 April 2022 }}</ref>

== Track listing ==

=== Kannada ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Toofan
| length1 = 3:34
| lyrics1 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]], Mohan Krishna, Sachin Basrur, Ravi Basrur, Puneeth Rudranag, Varsha Acharya, Giridhar Kamath, Raksha Kamath, Sinchana Kamath, Nishanth Kini, Bharath Bhat, Anagha Nayak, Avani Bhat, Swathi Kamath, Shivanand Nayak, Keerthana Basrur
| title2 = Gagana Nee
| length2 = 2:57
| lyrics2 = Kinnal Raj
| extra2 = Suchetha Basrur
| title3 = Sulthana
| length3 = 3:48
| lyrics3 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| extra3 = Santhosh Venky, Mohan Krishna, Sachin Basrur, Ravi Basrur, Puneeth Rudranag, Manish Dinakar, Varsha Acharya
| title4 = Mehabooba
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Kinnal Raj
| extra4 = [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title5 = The Monster Song
| length5 = 2:40
| lyrics5 = [[Aditi Sagar]]
| extra5 = Aditi Sagar
| total_length = 16:25
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Toofan
| length1 = 3:34
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], Prudhvi Chandra, Arun Kaundinya, Bhaskaruni Sai Charan, [[Santhosh Venky]], Mohan Krishna, Sachin Basrur, [[Ravi Basrur]], Puneeth Rudranag, Manish Dinakar, Harini Ivaturi, Giridhar Kamath, Raksha Kamath, Sinchana Kamath, Nishanth Kini, Bharath Bhat, Anagha Nayak, Avani Bhat, Swathi Kamath, Shivanand Nayak, Keerthana Basrur
| title2 = Yadagara Yadagara
| length2 = 2:57
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra2 = Suchetha Basrur
| title3 = Sulthana
| length3 = 3:48
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = Sai Krishna, Prudhvi Chandra, Arun Kaundinya, Sai Charan, Santhosh Venky, Mohan Krishna, Sachin Basrur, Ravi Basrur, Puneeth Rudranag, Manish Dinakar, Harini Ivaturi, [[Sarwar Khan]]
| title4 = Mehabooba
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title5 = The Monster Song
| length5 = 2:40
| lyrics5 = [[Aditi Sagar]]
| extra5 = Aditi Sagar
| total_length = 16:25
}}

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| headline = Toofan
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Toofan
| length1 = 3:38
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| extra1 = [[Brijesh Shandilya]], Mohan Krishna, Laxman Datta Naik, Saaj Bhatt, [[Santhosh Venky]], Sandesh Datta Naik, Sachin Basrur, [[Ravi Basrur]], Puneeth Rudranag, Priyanka Bharali, Giridhar Kamath, Raksha Kamath, Sinchana Kamath, Nishanth Kini, Bharath Bhat, Anagha Nayak, Avani Bhat, Swathi Kamath, Shivanand Nayak, Keerthana Basrur
| title2 = Falak Tu Garaj Tu
| length2 = 3:03
| lyrics2 = Deepak V Bharti
| extra2 = Suchetha Basrur
| title3 = Sulthan
| length3 = 3:48
| lyrics3 = Shabbir Ahmed
| extra3 = Brijesh Shandilya, Mohan Krishna, Laxman Datta Naik, Saaj Bhatt, Santhosh Venky, Sandesh Datta Naik, Sachin Basrur, Ravi Basrur, Puneeth Rudranag, Manish Dinakar, Priyanka Bharali
| title4 = Mehabooba
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Shabbir Ahmed
| extra4 = [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title5 = The Monster Song
| length5 = 2:40
| lyrics5 = [[Aditi Sagar]]
| extra5 = Aditi Sagar
| total_length = 16:29
}}

=== Tamil ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Toofan
| length1 = 3:34
| lyrics1 = Madhurakavi
| extra1 = [[Deepak Blue]], Govind Prasad, Yogisekar, Mohan Krishna, [[Santhosh Venky]], Sachin Basrur, [[Ravi Basrur]], Puneeth Rudranag, Vaish, Giridhar Kamath, Raksha Kamath, Sinchana Kamath, Nishanth Kini, Bharath Bhat, Anagha Nayak, Avani Bhat, Swathi Kamath, Shivanand Nayak, Keerthana Basrur
| title2 = Agilam Nee
| length2 = 2:57
| lyrics2 = Madhurakavi
| extra2 = [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title3 = Sulthana
| length3 = 3:48
| lyrics3 = Madhurakavi
| extra3 = Deepak Blue, Govind Prasad, Yogisekar, Mohan Krishna, Santhosh Venky, Sachin Basrur, Ravi Basrur, Puneeth Rudranag, Manish Dinakar, Vaish
| title4 = Mehabooba
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Madhurakavi
| extra4 = Ananya Bhat
| title5 = The Monster Song
| length5 = 2:40
| lyrics5 = [[Aditi Sagar]]
| extra5 = Aditi Sagar
| total_length = 16:25
}}

=== Malayalam ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Toofan
| length1 = 3:34
| lyrics1 = Sudhamsu
| extra1 = Mohan Krishna, Anwar Sadath, M.T. Sruthikanth, Vipin Xavier, Prakash Mahadevan, [[Santhosh Venky]], Aishwarya Rangarajan, Giridhar Kamath, Raksha Kamath, Sinchana Kamath, Nishanth Kini, Bharath Bhat, Anagha Nayak, Avani Bhat, Swathi Kamath, Shivanand Nayak, Keerthana Basrur
| title2 = Gaganam Nee
| length2 = 2:57
| lyrics2 = Sudhamsu
| extra2 = Anna Baby
| title3 = Sulthana
| length3 = 3:48
| lyrics3 = Sudhamsu
| extra3 = Mohan Krishna, Anwar Sadath, M.T. Sruthikanth, Vipin Xavier, Prakash Mahadevan, Santhosh Venky, Aishwarya Rangarajan
| title4 = Mehabooba
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Sudhamsu
| extra4 = [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title5 = The Monster Song
| length5 = 2:40
| lyrics5 = [[Aditi Sagar]]
| extra5 = Aditi Sagar
| total_length = 16:25
}}

== Album credits ==

=== Original soundtrack ===
Credits adapted from [[Lahari Music]]

=== Song writer(s) ===

* [[Ravi Basrur]] (Composer, Arranger)

=== Performers ===

* [[Music Composer|Composition]], [[Music Production|production]], [[musical arrangements]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|recording]], [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]] – [[Ravi Basrur]]
* [[Lyrics]] – [[Ravi Basrur]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], Madhurakavi, Sudhamsu, Kinnal Raj, Deepak V Bharti, [[Aditi Sagar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{KGF (film series)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kannada film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2022 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

Shaheed Nagar metro station

2026-01-18T23:10:02Z

LinetteFisher: minor edit

{{Short description|Metro station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Shaheed Nagar
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Shaheed Nagar Metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = GT Road, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Shaheed Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201006
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}} Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|R}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date|2019|3|8|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Red|right=Raj Bagh|left=Dilshad Garden}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Red Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Shaheed Nagar''' is a metro station located on the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. It is located in the Sahibabad Industrial Area locality of [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History==
This station opened on 8 March 2019.

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Raj Bagh}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dilshad Garden}} (UP-Delhi Border)
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[List of Metro Systems]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ghaziabad}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy }}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|red line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ghaziabad district, India]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Mising Autonomous Council

2026-01-16T08:12:05Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Short description|District council in Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Mising Autonomous Council
| native_name = Mising Ka:sí:suné Milung
| house_type = Autonomous District Council
| term_limits = 5 years
| body =
| houses =
| coa_pic = Mising Autonomous Council logo.png
| coa_res = 200px
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = Sunil Kumar Pegu
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Chief Executive Councillor
| leader2 = [[Paramananda Chayengia]]
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members = 36
| structure1 = Assam_Mising Autonomous Council 2019.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (35)'''
*{{Color box|#B7032E}} [[Sanmilita Gana Shakti|SGS]] (29)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Assam%3A-BJP-and-its-allies-win-Rabha-Hasong%2C-Sonowal-Kachari-and-Mising-Autonomous-Council-elections&id=358819|title=Assam: BJP and its allies win Rabha Hasong, Sonowal Kachari and Mising Autonomous Council elections|work=News On Air|accessdate=28 January 2019}}</ref>
'''Vacant (1)'''
*{{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (1)
| voting_system1 = [[First past the post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = January 2019
| next_election1 = 2026
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = MAC Secretariat, Gogamukh, [[Dhemaji]]
| website = https://www.macassam.org
}}

The '''Mising Autonomous Council''' (MAC), (sometimes '''Mishing'''), is an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous district council]] for the [[Mishing people|Mising people]] in [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]] and [[Majuli district|Majuli]] in the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]], with its headquarters in [[Dhemaji]].<ref>{{cite news|title=6 Tribal Autonomous Councils in Assam gets Central fund to build own offices|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/6-tribal-autonomous-councils-in-assam-gets-central-fund-to-build-own-offices/articleshow/21374218.cms|accessdate=8 January 2015|publisher=The Economic Times|date=26 Jul 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of the Executive Members along with their Designation and Port-folios.|url=http://macgov.in/pdf/List_of_C.E.C._and_P.S..pdf|website=macgov.in|publisher=Mising Autonomous Council|accessdate=8 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228003617/http://macgov.in/pdf/List_of_C.E.C._and_P.S..pdf|archivedate=28 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=First anniversary of Mising Autonomous Council|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov2214/state052|accessdate=8 January 2015|publisher=Assam Tribune|date=21 November 2014|archive-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108160441/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov2214%2Fstate052|url-status=dead}}</ref> The council was established in 1995.<ref name="Sharma">{{Cite book|chapter=Mapping The Trajectory of Contemporary Ethnic Identity Movement: The Case of the Misings of Assam|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/40787605/Mapping_the_Trajectory_of_a_Contemporary_Ethnic_Identity_Movement_The_Case_of_the_Misings_of_Assam|last=Sharma|first=Chandan Kumar|editor-last=Mahanta|editor-first=Nani Gopal|title=Peace and Conflict Studies: Perspectives from South Asia|year=2012|isbn= 9788192401317|pages=24-26|publisher=Department of Political Science, Gauhati University}}</ref>

== Current General Members ==
=== List of the Elected Members 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.No<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Members {{!}} Mising Autonomous Council |url=https://www.macassam.org/general-members |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.macassam.org}}</ref>
!Constituency
!District
!Elected General Member
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| 1.
| Lali
| Dhemaji
| Ratiram Basumatary

|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 2.
| Murkongselek
| Dhemaji
| Naresh Kumbang
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 3.
| Gali Bijoypur
| Dhemaji
| Raju Medak
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 4.
| Debing Detak
| Dhemaji
| Podum Rai
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 5.
| Owang Jonai
| Dhemaji
| Bobikanta Pegu
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 6.
| Sanjari Nwgwr
| Dhemaji
| Malendra Narzary
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 7.
| Simen Somkong
| Dhemaji
| Bhabani Duwarah
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 8.
| Silasuti
| Dhemaji
| Kanak Doley
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 9.
| Muktiar
| Dhemaji
| Pratap Chandra Taye
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 10.
| Akajan
| Dhemaji
| TBA
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
| Election Not Held
|-
| 11.
| Ujani Sisi Tongani
| Dhemaji
| Jagyeswar Kutum
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 12.
| Namoni Sisi Tongani
| Dhemaji
| Johan Doley
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 13.
| Sisimukh
| Dhemaji
| Labanya Mili
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 14.
| Jiadhal
| Dhemaji
| Bani Kantara Doley
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 15.
| Gogamukh
| Dhemaji
| Raju Pegu
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 16.
| Nalbari
| Dhemaji
| Prabhat Basumatary
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 17.
| Mingmang
| Dhemaji
| Paramananda Chayengia
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 18.
| Bhimpora Boginodi
| Lakhimpur
| Anil Payeng
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 19.
| Ghunasuti Pub Telahi
| Lakhimpur
| Biju Pegu
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 20.
| Obonori
| Lakhimpur
| Indira Kumbang
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 21.
| Pub Dhakuakhana
| Lakhimpur
| Sunil Pegu
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 22.
| Kherkota Danghora
| Lakhimpur
| Beauty Pegu
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-

| 23.
| Luhit Pashim
| Lakhimpur
| Mukul Pegu
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 24.
| Ranganadi
| Lakhimpur
| Debaranjan Morang
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 25.
| Dikrong
| Lakhimpur
| Dilip Pegu
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 26.
| Jiabhoroli
| Sonitpur
| Raju Chintey
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 27.
| Lohitmukh
| Sonitpur
| Rekha Pegu Kutum
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 28.
| Dhansiri Disoi
| Golaghat
| Sushir Morang
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 29.
| Gelabil
| Golaghat
| Liva Pegu Mili
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 30.
| Sangga Majuli
| Jorhat
| Nilo Doley
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 31.
| Phuloni Jokaibowa
| Jorhat
| Troilukya Pamegam
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 32.
| Ra:dang Rikkong Majuli
| Jorhat
| Uma Pathori
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 33.
| Jorhat
| Jorhat
| Purusutam Doley
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 34.
| Dikhow-Disang
| Sibsagar
| Niva Pegu Mili
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 35.
| Dihing Sessa
| Dibrugarh
| Prashanta Bori
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
| 36.
| Saidya
| Tinsukia
| Mulson Pegu
|
| width="4px" bgcolor="white" |
|
|-
|}

== Executive Members ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Executive Members<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Members {{!}} Mising Autonomous Council |url=https://www.macassam.org/executive-members |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.macassam.org}}</ref>
! Sl. no.
! Name
! Designation
! Department
|-
|1
| Sunil Kumar Pegu
| Chairman
|
|-
|2
| Jogyeswar Kutum
| Vice-Chairman
|
|-
|3
| Paramananda Chayengia
| Chief Executive Member
| PWD, Education, Museum & Archaeology and any other departments not allotted to other Executive Members
|-
|4
| Raju Medok
| Executive Member
|
|-
|5
| Johan Doley
| Executive Member
| Councillor P&RD, Tribal Research, Museum
|-
|6
| Purusutam Doley
| Executive Member
| Family & Health Welfare, Land & Land Revenue
|-
|7
| Prabhat Basumatary
| Executive Member
| PHE, Sports & Youth Welfare
|-
|8
| Molendra Narzary
| Executive Member
| WPT & BC
|-
|9
| Naresh Kumbang
| Executive Member
| Water Resources
|-
|10
| Biju Pegu
| Executive Member
| Minor Irrigation, Social Forestry
|-
|11
| Debaranjan Morang
| Executive Member
| Agriculture & Transport
|-
|12
| Prasanta Kr Bori
| Executive Member
| Cultural Affairs, Tourism
|-
|13
| Indira Kumbang
| Executive Member
| Handloom & Sericulture
|-
|14
| Bhawani Dowarah
| Executive Member
| Social Welfare
|-
|15
| Uma Pathori
| Executive Member
| Fishery
|}

== Departments under MAC ==
There are 27 departments under the jurisdiction of Mising Autonomous Council. All departments are listed in the table below.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.macassam.org/ |website=www.macassam.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of departments under Mising Autonomous Council (MAC)
!Sl. no.
!Name of the Department
|-
|1
|Cottage Industry
|-
|2
|Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
|-
|3
|Forest
|-
|4
|Agriculture
|-
|5
|Rural Roads and Bridges
|-
|6
|Sericulture
|-
|7
|Education
|-
|8
|Cultural Affairs
|-
|9
|Soil Conservation
|-
|10
|Co-operation
|-
|11
|Fisheries
|-
|12
|Panchayat & Rural Development
|-
|13
|Handloom & Textiles
|-
|14
|Public Health Engineering-Drinking Water
|-
|15
|Minor Irrigation
|-
|16
|Social Welfare
|-
|17
|Flood Control Schemes for protection of Villages
|-
|18
|Sports & Youth Welfare
|-
|19
|Weights & Measures
|-
|20
|Library Services
|-
|21
|Museum & Archaeology
|-
|22
|Urban Development, Town & Country Planning
|-
|23
|Tribal Research
|-
|24
|Land & Land Revenue
|-
|25
|Publicity & Public Relation
|-
|26
|Tourism
|-
|27
|Transport
|}

== Election ==
=== 2019 Election ===
The NDA alliance, [[Sanmilita Gana Shakti]], won the election securing 29 seats on the council. The BJP and SGS together secured 34 out of the 35 seats. Paramananda Chayengia was appointed as Chief Executive Member of the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP sweeps Tribal Council Elections |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/bjp-sweeps-tribal-council-elections |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mising Agom Kebang]]
* [[Takam Mising Porin Kebang]]
* [[Sanmilita Gana Shakti]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}

[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Mising people]]
[[Category:Dhemaji district]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Dalits in Bihar

2026-01-12T06:54:34Z

LinetteFisher: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Post independence mobilisation of Dalits in Bihar}}
'''Dalits in Bihar''' are a social group composed of many [[Scheduled Caste]]s, placed at the bottom of the "[[Caste system in India|caste-based social order" in India]]. The Dalits also include some of the erstwhile [[Untouchability|untouchable]] [[caste]]s, who suffered various forms of oppression in the [[feudalism|feudal]]-[[Agrarian society|agrarian]] society of [[Bihar]]. Some of the Dalit castes have specific cultural practices, which differ from those of orthodox [[Hinduism]].

In the post-independence period, the failure of [[Land reform in India|land reform]] led to a lack of socio-economic mobility among them, in contrast to the [[Upper Backward Castes|agricultural castes]]. This led to an increase in caste-based strife between the Dalit supported [[Naxalite]] groups and the state authorities backed by the [[Forward Castes|dominant social groups]]. In the meantime, many caste-based private armies were formed by the landlord class to quell the Dalit assertion under the banner of [[Maoism]]. [[Ranvir Sena]] was the most dreaded caste-based [[militia]] of the landlords, and perpetrated a number of massacres against the Dalits. Some of the [[Other Backward Castes|backward castes]] also emerged as landlords, due to the partial success of the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]] and land reform, and Dalits came into conflict with them as well. In the later years, a socio-political assertion was witnessed in the Dalits of Bihar. After the 1990s, many welfare drives were undertaken by the [[Government of Bihar]] to improve the condition of Dalits.
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=350
| image1 = Temple of Chauharmal.jpg
| image2 = The statue of Chauharmal in front of his temple.jpg
| image3 = Chauharmal fair.jpg
| image4 = Annual Gathering at Chauharmal temple Patna -Hajipur by pass.jpg
| footer = Annual fair organised at the [[Religious precinct|sacred precinct]] of [[Chauharmal]], near [[Patna]]-[[Hajipur]] main route. Scenes from the fair representing the participation of people. The Chauharmal fair is a significant festival of Dalit castes like [[Dusadh]]; it includes performance of rituals and worship of the folk deity.
}}

==Dalit communities of Bihar==
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], the Dalits constitute 16% of the population of Bihar, and 21 out of 23 Dalit castes are categorised as ''[[Mahadalit]]s''— a new category created by the government of Bihar to identify the most underprivileged Dalits. The Dalit castes identified as ''Mahadalits'' are:
*Bantar,
*[[Bauris|Bauri]],
*[[Bhogta]],
*[[Bhuiya]],
*Chaupal,
*[[Dabgar]],
*Dom ([[Dom (caste)]]),
*[[Ghasi]],
*[[Halalkhor]],
*Hari ([[Hela Mehtar|Mehtar]], Bhangi),
*[[Kanjar]],
*Kurariar,<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40278917 Violence against Nomadic Tribes], Sanjay Kolekar,
Economic and Political Weekly
Vol. 43, No. 26/27 (Jun. 28 - Jul. 11, 2008), pp. 569-571
Published By: Economic and Political Weekly</ref>
*[[Lal Begi]],
*[[Musahar]],
*Nat,
*[[Pano (caste)|Pan]] (Swasi),
*[[Rajuar|Rajwar]],
*[[Turi (Caste)|Turi]],
*[[Dhobi]],
*[[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]],
*[[Chamar]] and
*[[Paswan]] (Dusadh).

The Paswan caste was initially left out of the ''Mahadalit'' category, but later included. The population of Scheduled Castes in Bihar has remained almost constant, with only a 2% increase, between the census of 2001 and the census of 2011. The census data of 2011 shows the [[sex ratio]] among the Scheduled Castes increasing, as compared to the 2001 census. It was 923 in 2001 and in 2011 it increased to 925 females per 1,000. In recent times, Bihar has witnessed a jump in the [[literacy rate]] among the Scheduled Castes of 20.2 percentage points, from 28.5 percent in 2001 to 48.6 percent in 2011.<ref name="Chaudhary">{{cite journal|first= Choudhary|last=R.|title=Subalternity, Development Initiatives and Empowerment of Dalit Women in Bihar|journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit|year=2018|volume=10|issue=2|pages=182–191|doi=10.1177/2455328X18785302|publisher=Sage journals|s2cid=158763419 }}</ref>

The growth of the literacy rate is primarily attributed to the increased enrollment rates among Scheduled Caste women. The enrollment ratio increased between 2009 and 2014, for both the primary and upper primary level of schooling. In 2009–2010 it was 10 lakh in the primary level and 2.09 lakh at the upper primary level. It increased to 14.39 lakh in the primary and 5.47 lakh in the upper primary level in the year 2013–2014. Since at the primary level enrollment rate is much higher as compared to the upper primary level, it is opined by Renu Chaudhary, professor at A.N Sinha Institute of Social Sciences ([[Patna]]), that the [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] girls are not encouraged to pursue their studies further, after completing the primary level of schooling.<ref name="Chaudhary"/>

===Important Dalit castes===
===Paswans===
{{Main|Paswan}}
Paswans, also called "Dusadh", are an upwardly mobile Dalit caste, primarily inhabiting Bihar. Paswans follow various rituals to show their valour, which include walking on fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/who-are-the-paswans-upwardly-mobile-powerful-dalit-group-at-centre-of-bihar-polls-buzz/528964/|title=Who are the Paswans? 'Upwardly mobile, powerful' Dalit group at centre of Bihar polls buzz|website=The Print|date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130224957/https://theprint.in/politics/who-are-the-paswans-upwardly-mobile-powerful-dalit-group-at-centre-of-bihar-polls-buzz/528964/|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> They have created a unique space among the Scheduled Castes of Bihar with their mythical folklore, which revolves around folk heroes like [[Chauharmal]] and [[Sahlesh]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NinRMPp1cUC&pg=PA56|title=Scheduled Castes Today|author=Makhan Jha|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1997|isbn=8175330600|page=56|access-date=2022-07-23|archive-date=2022-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709204852/https://books.google.com/books?id=-NinRMPp1cUC&pg=PA56|url-status=live}}</ref> In Bihar, they are the second-largest community among the Scheduled Castes, and in the census of 1981, their population was lower only than that of the [[Chamar]]s. Some Dusadhs believe that they descended from the [[Kaurava]] prince [[Dushasana]], and since the latter was a [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi Kshatriya]], they claim to be this also. However, some Dusadhs claim to be the descendants of [[Gahlot]] Rajputs; according to this school of thought, the original Gahlots branched into 24 sub-castes, and the 21st came to be known as Dusadh. Since then, they have been primarily landless. Economic backwardness exists among them and they had instances of indebtedness to the ''Mahajans'' ([[moneylender]]s) in the past.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOST-_H3oGcC|page=130 |title=Changing Status of Depressed Castes in Contemporary India|author=Shyam Nandan Chaudhary
|editor1=Shyama Charan Dube|editor2=Shyam Nandan Chaudhary|
publisher=Daya Books|year=1988|
isbn=8170350425|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

The Dusadhs, according to political scientist Sanjay Kumar, have been voting for [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] ever since his rise as a leader of the community, or for the alliance to which he belongs, both in the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|State Assembly]] election in 2009–10. Ram Vilas Paswan is also popular among other Dalit castes, but a division from other Dalits is seen, when the opportunity to vote for him comes. Over time, other political parties have also initiated programs to win the support of the Dalit constituency of the state. It is opined by Kumar that most of the benefits of government policies for Dalits in Bihar have been cornered by Dusadhs only, at the cost of other Dalit communities. This is true for the policy of [[Reservation in India|reservation]] too.<ref>{{cite book | doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198099178.003.0012 | chapter=Bihar | title=Party Competition in Indian States | year=2014 | last1=Kumar | first1=Sanjay | last2=Ranjan | first2=Rakesh | pages=262–283 | isbn=978-0-19-809917-8 }}</ref>

Due to the nature of their occupation and social standing, Dusadhs of Bihar were first among the Dalit castes to form caste-based organisations for social upliftment. They also participated in the reform movement and struggles against the established order for their castemen. One of the first caste-based organisation of Dusadhs, called ''Bhartiya Dusadh Sabha'', was formed as early as 1915, by the elites among them. According to [[Shaibal Gupta]], the [[Arya Samaj]] movement also influenced them, and in their case, instead of making them progressive, it strengthened their belief in the conservative ideals of [[Hinduism|Brahminism]] like ''[[karma]]'' and ''[[dharma]]''.<ref name="BP" />

===Pasi caste===
{{Main|Pasi (caste)}}
Pasi were generally a [[Palm wine|Toddy]] tapper caste. They are considered physically strong, but culturally and educationally behind many other Dalit castes with more educational mobility. Earlier, due to their physical fitness, they were employed by ''[[Zamindar]]s'' as ''[[Baton (law enforcement)|lathi]]''-wielding guards. They possess very small landholdings and perform some craft work too, on their doorsteps, to earn a living. Compared to Bihar, their population in Uttar Pradesh is quite high. By 1994, some educational mobility had been seen among them, and they started giving importance to the education of their children. The [[palm tree]] not only provides them the drink called [[Palm wine|toddy]], but the raw materials for their craft are also extracted from it.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ST-xVholq0gC&pg=PA53 |title=Social Sustainability And Economic Development|author=G. C. Pande|page=54
|publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors|year= 2003|
isbn=8179750167|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

===Musahar===
{{See also|Musahar}}
Musahar are a caste of [[rat]] catchers and have been one of the most underprivileged communities of Bihar. Like many other untouchables, they were involved in menial work and this provided [them] very little scope for upward mobility. Due to their socio-economic backwardness, the state government has categorised them as ''Mahadalits'', and both the central and state government have pursued a policy of [[social justice]] for them, through various schemes. Apart from Bihar, they are also found in [[West Bengal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Jharkhand]]. According to the census of 2011, the Musahar form the third-largest scheduled caste in the state after Dusadhs and Chamars. Their population, according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] was 2,725,114 in the state of Bihar. Musahar were earlier classified as a [[tribe]] rather than a caste; they are said to have moved from the hills of [[Chhotanagpur]] to the plains of Bihar, as late as the 12th century. After their inclusion in Brahminical society, they were put at the lowest end of the caste-based social hierarchy, and were branded as untouchables. Further, after settling into the north Indian plains, the Musahars have been classified into ''Magahiya Musahars'' and ''Tirhutiya Musahars''. The socio-economic conditions of ''Magahiya Musahars'' are slightly better than those of the ''Tirhutiya'', and no instances of inter-marriage are observed between them.<ref name="Sahay">{{cite journal|last=Sahay|first= GR.|title=Substantially Present but Invisible, Excluded and Marginalised: A Study of Musahars in Bihar.|journal= Sociological Bulletin|year=2019|volume=68|issue=1|pages=25–43|doi=10.1177/0038022918819357|s2cid= 159432566|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Many colonial records also identify Musahars as a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] tribe; they are known by various names such as Bhuyan, Bhumia, Cheru and Bhuihar. According to Gyan Prakash, in the British period, many [[Forward Castes|upper-caste]] became [[Zamindars of Bihar|Zamindar]]s and they introduced many systems in the rural agrarian setup to exploit agricultural labourers. Systems like ''Kamiauti'' and ''Badaliya'' were set up in north and south Bihar and Musahar became a significant part of this class of agricultural labourers. Hence, in several parts of Bihar, they are also called ''Badaliya'' and ''Kamiya''. Others argue that imposition of an image of rat eaters, pork eaters and 'people involved in alcoholism' on Musahars has been done by higher and dominant castes.<ref>{{cite book|first=Prakash|last= G. |year=1990|title= Bonded histories: Genealogies of labour servitude in colonial India|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>

The Musahar also believe themselves to be Hindus of [[Kshatriya]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]; their folklores and folksongs represent the struggle and resistance against the dominant sections of society and the prevailing social order. During wedding ceremonies, Musahar women sing ''Jhoomar'' (a folk song); these songs are also sung during cultivating seasons. Some of these songs narrate the sexual exploitation faced by Musahar women. They also sing songs in praise of Dina and Bhadri, their folk deities, whom they believe to be their protectors during hardship.<ref name="Sahay"/> According to Sahay, one of their folk songs, which gives insights into their socio-economic condition is:
{{blockquote|Bachpan mein baba kailan gawanawa, Sainya kahe rope chala dhanawa, Rope hum gaili jamindar ke badhariya, Jamindar papi nirkhai badaniya (While young, father got me married. My husband says, let's go to plant [[Rice|paddy]]. To plant paddy, I go to the [[zamindar]]'s field; zamindar, the sinner, ogles at me), Majoori laawe gaili hum jamindar ke aganwa, Eke hathe jamindar papi taula hai majooriya, Doosar haathe toai aapan manwa and Saiyan kahe rope chala dhanawa (To fetch my [[wage]]s, I go to the zamindar's courtyard. Zamindar, the sinner, weighs the wages with one hand and sexually fondles himself with the other hand; my husband says let us go to plant paddy.)<ref name="Sahay"/>}}

===Dhobi caste===
{{See also|Rajak (caste)}}
[[File:The Minister of Food and Civil Supplies of Bihar, Shri Shyam Rajak calls on the Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan, in New Delhi on May 19, 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Shyam Rajak]], president of ''Akhil Bharatiya Dhobi Mahasangh'' (a caste organization of the Dhobi community)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-assembly-election-shyam-rajak-political-profile-dalit-leader-jdu-rjd-lalu-yadav-nitish-kumar-tpt-1114244-2020-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727160425/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-assembly-election-shyam-rajak-political-profile-dalit-leader-jdu-rjd-lalu-yadav-nitish-kumar-tpt-1114244-2020-08-17|archive-date=27 July 2022 |title=बिहार: कौन हैं श्याम रजक, 11 साल बाद लालू की पार्टी में वापसी इतनी चर्चा में क्यों?|website=AajTak|date=17 August 2020 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> (left) with former union minister [[Ram Vilas Paswan]].]]
Dhobi caste has been associated with the profession of washerman in past. They are also called ''Rajak'' or ''Baintha'' and are often known in rural folk culture for quarrelsome women and [[donkey]]s. {{clarify|donkeys?|date=October 2022}} In their society, women perform the task of washing clothes at washing spots called ''[[ghat]]s''. Unlike other Dalit communities, who are primarily landless, Dhobis do possess some land. This is attributed to their role in society, since every village needed a Dhobi in the past. Some land was allotted to them for their service to the village community. Due to the availability of this land, some of the Dhobis also practice agriculture. They were paid in kind for their work and treated fairly, in comparison to other Dalit communities. The association of Dhobis to upper-caste families led to their cultural development, and of late, literacy has also become one of the observable phenomena in this caste. Nearly 30% of their men and 23% of women were literate by 1994.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ST-xVholq0gC |title=Social Sustainability And Economic Development
|author=G. C. Pande
|publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors|year=2003|
isbn=8179750167|pages=54|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

==Culture, belief and folklore==
[[File:Chauharmal statue near Mahatma Gandhi Setu.jpg|thumb|A statue of [[Chauharmal]]; the folk deity of Dusadh caste, located near [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]], close to [[Patna]].]]
Many Dalit communities of Bihar associate themselves with the martial tradition, and their tales of the origin of their community also portray them as protectors of Hinduism. Many such castes found in Bihar and [[Uttar Pradesh]] share beliefs regarding their origin and martial tradition. The [[Pasi (caste)|Pasis]] consider themselves to have originated from the sweat of [[Parashuram]]. They believe that they originated when Parashuram was fighting with the destroyers of cows, and in the course of time, as he sweated, the Pasis were born. Similarly, communities like Dusadh (Paswan), in some areas, consider their folk hero [[Chauharmal]] also a protector of cows.<ref name="Narayan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bJ_rhfu6yUC|title=Fascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit Mobilisation|author=Badri Narayan|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2009|isbn=978-8132101055|pages=72–74|access-date=23 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHhQDwAAQBAJ |title=Men and Feminism in India|editor1=Romit Chowdhury|editor2 =Zaid Al Baset
|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year= 2018|isbn=978-1351048224|access-date=24 July 2022|quote=Popular Dalit histories, however, emphasize the participation of their own Dalit viranganas, foreshadowing Lakshmibai and Begum Hazrat Mahal. Dalit female icons, engaged in radical armed struggles, far outnumber Dalit men in 1857, and remain significant in both Dalit pasts and their present identities. Women like Jhalkari Bai of the Kori caste, Uda Devi, a Pasi, Avanti Bai, a Lodhi, Mahabiri Devi, a Bhangi, and Asha Devi, a Gurjari, all stated to be involved in the 1857 revolt..|language=en}}</ref>

These folk tales reflect antagonism against [[Muslim]]s and are also common among the [[Musahar]]s. The folk hero of the Musahar caste, Dina Bhadri, is also associated with saving cows. Many Dusadh and Musahar also believe that their ancestors migrated to Bihar, protecting the ''[[matha]]s'' and temples, along with Rajput soldiers, amidst the Muslim invasion in the medieval period. Some Dalit castes with martial tradition like the Pasi and Dusadh say that they were settled outside the perimeter of villages, because they were assigned the duty to protect the cattle owned by the villagers from the Muslims.<ref name="Narayan"/>

Pasi even claim they were the saviours of upper-caste Hindus, and they adopted the practice of rearing pigs, as pigs are anathema to Muslims, who avoid them. Educated and enlightened Pasi stress that the same caste Hindus, who assigned the rearing of pigs as a caste occupation for them, now consider this practice to be associated with [[untouchability]]. The Pasi also believe that before the arrival of Muslims, they ruled several parts of present-day Uttar Pradesh. They ascribe to a conspiracy of upper-caste Hindus and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal reign]] their dethronement. Their king, Baldev, committed suicide rather than submit to his adversaries, according to their beliefs.<ref name="Narayan"/>

Another popular narrative among the Dalits is about a saint called Gauriya Baba. He lived in the Mughal period, and is known for opposing the unjust rule of the Mughals, who oppressed non-Muslims. According to Dalit folklore, Gauriya Baba primarily belonged to Dusadh community, like Sahlesh and Chauharmal. But he used to protect [[Dhanuk]], [[Rajpoot]], [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Mali and other castes as well. The Mughals used to kidnap Hindu girls and marry them forcibly. Baba, who was said to be a skilled horseman, fought a one-man battle against them, to prevent them from converting the Hindus and to protect the property of rich Hindus from looting. Baba also used to slaughter a pig and bury its head in his yard, to prevent Muslim soldiers from entering his house and arresting him. His house was located in the front side of the village and preventing entry into his house was like preventing the Muslims from entering the village. According to folklore, he used to guard the villagers under his protection, regularly patrolling on his horse.<ref name="Narayan"/>

Unlike Dusadhs and Pasis, who have generated their own folklore regarding their origin, the origin of Musahars is mentioned in Brahminical mythology and the earliest history of Musahars are also known to the scholars from these mythologies as well as British records. According to them, when lord [[Shiva]] created mankind, he generated the first man of each caste group, and gave them some tools and a horse to ride. When the first man of Musahar caste got these tools, unlike others, who rode their horses, he began to dig two holes on the two sides of the belly of the horse, in order to fix his feet there. Lord Shiva became angry, and he cursed the whole caste to dig the holes in ground and catch the rats for their survival. Shiva also observed the habit of Musahar men of licking plates after eating, and he further cursed this caste by saying that they would lick the plates of others for leading their lives. Hence, the Brahminical mythology degraded them and considered them as "most impure
caste". There are various proverbs, which are popular in Hindu mythology, which show a negative attitude towards the Musahars among the Hindu castes.<ref name="Sahay"/>

The [[deification]] of death is also observed among some of the Dalit castes of Bihar; it, being a common theme in the culture of India as the spirit worship, is popular among the Musahars of the [[Gaya district]] of Bihar. According to one opinion, the worship of ''Preta'' ([[Spirit (vital essence)|spirit]]) is a manifestation of the memories of injustice in the minds of community, who prefer to display it, through the cult of violent and malevolent spirit. Among the Musahars of this region, there is a belief regarding a violent spirit called ''Murkatwa'', a headless creature, or a beheaded person, who keeps on avenging his death.<ref name="BP">{{cite book | doi=10.1093/oso/9780199490813.003.0003 | chapter=Landscape | title=Cultural Labour | year=2019 | last1=Prakash | first1=Brahma | pages=96–129 | isbn=978-0-19-949081-3 }}</ref>

A major section of ''Kamia'' (usually consisting of low caste population) in south Bihar also sees the ''Bhuiyan Puja'' as a form of cultic dispossession. This particular performance, which involves the worship of earth,is popular in various parts of country with various names, and in Bihar too, and though it forms part of the culture of Dalits, it is not limited to them. Gyan Prakash argues that instead of creating the mythical past, the performance of ''Bhuyan Puja'' moves the present to some kind of mythical or ideal past. This cult is also popular among cattle herders and small agricultural communities apart from the ''Kamias'' and according to popular belief, ''Bhuiyan'' was a female deity, who sacrificed her life for protection of land, and she has an ability to interfere in the problems of one's everyday life.<ref name="BP" />

In south Bihar region, the story of Reshama and Chauharmal is popular among the Dalits. The story represents a symbolic victory of the Dalits over the upper castes. In this region, many caste riots have also happened over the theatrical performances based on this story. Since, in caste-based society, Dalit boys flirting with upper-caste girls is considered objectionable, the [[Bhumihar]]s take this story as an insult to their prestige. In a particular village of south Bihar, it was reported that, after one such riot, two rival groups of caste emerged; while one consisted of the castes like [[Dusadh]], [[Chamar]], [[Koeri]] and other OBCs, the second group contained Bhumihars, who were against this performance.<ref name="Brahma">{{cite book | doi=10.1093/oso/9780199490813.003.0006 | chapter=Performativity | title=Cultural Labour | year=2019 | last1=Prakash | first1=Brahma | pages=205–239 | isbn=978-0-19-949081-3 }}</ref>
According to the narrative of the Dusadh caste, Chauharmal and Ajabi Singh were friends, and former was the son of a wrestler from the Anjani village located in present-day [[Mokama]] region. Ajabi Singh was the son of local king and the theatrical narrative of Dusadhs says that both of them went to same school and were classmates too. Ajabi Singh looked after the affairs of his court, while Chauharmal is said to be owner of an ''Akhada'' (Gym), where he trains the local wrestlers, apart from looking after his cattles.<ref name="Brahma"/>

In the story or in representation of Chauharmal, he is portrayed as an upper-caste, who puts a vermillion mark (''Tika'') on his forehead and carries a sword. Further, Chauharmal was also described as a devotee of the goddess [[Durga]], and unlike Ajabi Singh, who is also a devotee of same goddess, he is blessed with special powers by the goddess. One day Chauharmal was invited by Ajabi Singh to his home for food, and Reshma, the sister of Ajabi Singh served food to him. Meanwhile, when Chauharmal is talking to her brother, she behaved in a lustful manner. She tries to convince Chauharmal for her love, but latter, being a 'man of moral standards' neglects her. It is opined by the scholars, that through the cult of Chauharmal, Dusadhs portray the lack of morality among the Bhumihar women.<ref name="Brahma"/>

The cult of Chauharmal and other folk heroes like Dina Bhadri (of the Musahar caste) also became tool of mobilisation of Dalits in this region, after the [[Naxalism]] emerged against the feudal dominance of the upper-castes. In their battles against the landlords, the Naxalite guriellas, who primarily belonged to the lower caste, didn't chanted slogans in the name of [[Karl Marx|Marx]] or [[Mao Tse-tung|Mao]], but the names of caste heroes like Dina Bhadri and Chauharmal baba was invoked. Leaders like [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], who emerged as the leader of Backwards in the 1990s, also used Chauharmal to mobilise the Dalits.<ref name="Brahma"/>

There are several genres of the ''Chauharmal-Reshama'' story, prevalent in different part of Bihar. According to another version of this story, Chauharmal falls in love with a [[Brahmin]] girl and dies prematurely. Due to his premature death, he gets converted into a benevolent spirit, who takes care of the community inside the home. In the agricultural fields, outside the home, he becomes a malevolent spirit, who, if not propitiated, takes revenge by uprooting the crops of the big farmers. This particular story comes from Ram Prakash Chaubey's collection of the folklores of the Bihar. The Dusadh also worship spirit of Chauharmal, whom they consider their ancestral deity, in the land worship ceremony (''Bhuiyan Puja''). On this particular occasion, a ''Bhagat'' (officiating priest of the ceremony) sings the song to glorify Baba Chauharmal.<ref name="9prakash">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w7SmDwAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Labour: Conceptualizing the 'Folk Performance' in India|author=Brahma Prakash|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2019|isbn=978-0199095841|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

Brahma Prakash believes that these stories represents a social message; they work in two way, in one, it signifies community solidarity of the Dusadhs among themselves and in other way, it represents their aspiration of the dominant caste, propitiating the spirit of their ancestral deity because of its terrorising image. [[George Abraham Grierson]] has documented Chauharmal as a thief in his initial life, which represents the colonial bias against the marginalized heroes of the lower caste communities. As per this version of story, Chauharmal used to work as an attendant of the king, who didn't pay him wages on time, and in order to avenge the insult meted out to him, latter decides to become a thief. He punishes the king by stealing the [[jewellery]] of the king's daughter. While this version keeps Dusadhs and Chauharmal in negative light, the Dusadh caste was further criminalised in the [[British Indian Empire|colonial period]] by being included in the [[Criminal Tribes Act]].<ref name="9prakash"/>

===''Naach'' or ''Launda Naach''===
[[File:Ramchandra Manjhi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Ramchandra Manjhi]], a popular performer of the Launda Naach folk dance, who belonged to A Dalit caste.]]
The ''Naach'' which is also called ''Launda Naach'', is a dance form originating in the state of Bihar, but also practiced in the neighbouring states like [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was a popular folk dance of the depressed castes and its popular themes also included the "caste struggle" inherent in the society of Bihar. With the passage of time, the dominant castes also associated with it and [[Bhikhari Thakur]] reorganized it with little variation to rename it as ''[[Bidesiya (play)|Bideshiya]]'' (migrant). The term ''Launda'' literally mean a young land, but in everyday language, it represents a person who is effeminate, vulgar, immature and from an inferior class or caste. According to author Jainendra Kumar Dost renaming of ''Naach'' as ''Launda Naach'' was a strategy employed by the upper-castes and classes of [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuri]] society as a way of belittling a popular folk tradition that belongs to the Other.<ref name="Dost">{{cite journal|title=Naach, Launda Naach or Bidesiya Politics of (re)naming|first=Jainendra Kumar|last= Dost|
pages=106–112 | year=2017|journal=Performance Research|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/13528165.2017.1384187|s2cid=158697968}}</ref>

In Bihar, during the Mughal period and afterwards, the ''Baiji Naach'' (dance of ''[[Tawaif|Tawayafs]]'') catered to the upper section of society, primarily the feudal lords and the moneylenders. In the lower strata i.e. among lower and middle castes, the dance of male acting as a female was popular, and it was known as ''Naach'', later ''Launda Naach''. Here, the term ''Launda'' describes the male, who is acting as a female. The ''Naach'' performance always attacked the upper caste and classes for the atrocities they committed on the lower castes and hence, it was stigmatised by the upper castes as the vulgar and uncouth art. As per Dost, most of the artists and proprietors of the ''Naach'' folk art comes from the lower castes and its songs, music, dance, plot and comic elements are largely associated with lower caste-class experiences and aesthetics.<ref name="Dost"/>

One of the popular performance in this theatrical art form used to be Lakhdev Ram's famous play Ghurva Chamaar (1965). The story revolves around the Dalit person called Ghurva Chamaar, who wanted to go to [[temple]] in order to worship the deity, but the temple priest wouldn't allow him because of his caste. As caste restrictions were applied on Dalits in earlier times, the play portrays it through the story of Ghurva Chamaar. When the protagonist tries to enter the temple, the priest stops him. Chamaar requests him that he has brought a gold coin to donate to the deity and the greedy priest allows him to enter the temple.<ref name="Dost"/>

Suddenly the Queen arrives, and she asks the priest that how the lower caste man entered the temple. Unable to answer her, the priest lies that he sneaked into temple. Chamaar was then beaten badly as punishment for his act of defiance. But, the news of the incident spreads and the Queen loses the elections, because of her act of punishing the lower caste man. The lower caste audience liked this theme after it was introduced in the ''Naach'' performances.<ref name="Dost"/>

==Atrocities against Dalits==

===Root cause of atrocities against Dalits===
{{See also|History of Backward Caste movement in Bihar|Zamindars of Bihar}}
The government of Bihar, led by [[KB Sahay]] was the chief architect of land reforms. The land reforms determined the upper ceiling for the land to be held by an individual household and the distribution of surplus land to the landless. But, the [[Zamindar]]i abolition didn't immediately follow the land reforms, as the [[Indian National Congress]] in initial decades of the post-independence period, remained dominated by [[Rajput]] and the [[Bhumihar]] caste, who became suspicious of these reforms. Apart from this, these land reform laws had a number of conciliatory measures, which allowed the landlords to manipulate its provisions. Many problems like "[[absentee landlordism]]", illegal distribution of land, "[[Bataidari system|bataidari]]" on unfavorable terms led to brewing of discontent among the landless population. The [[Bhoodan movement]] launched by [[Vinoba Bhave]] also had limited success, not enough to satisfy the needs of large section of landless people. These challenges provided fertile ground for [[Naxalism]] to emerge. The Naxalite groups began organising these landless labourers for their rights.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198|title=Politics And Governance In Indian States Bihar, West Bengal And Tripura|author1=Subrata Kumar Mitra|author2=Harihar Bhattacharyya|publisher=World Scientific|year=2018|isbn=978-9813208247|pages=198–200|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609193754/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198&dq=|url-status=live}}Zamindari abolition was not immediately followed by land reforms measures, as Bhumihars and Rajputs, the landowning classes dominant in the Congress, became suspicious. K B Sahay, the main architect of the land reforms, had to restrain the efforts.This worsened the conditions of non-occupancy tenants. Fixation of ceiling and distribution of surplus land could not be imple mented effectively as these laws had a number of conciliatory provisions and the landowners could keep the land under various other categories in excess of the stipulated area.
Thus, the illegal distribution of land, absentee landlordism and the system of sharecropping or bataidari on unfavorable terms, lack of employment in other sectors, absence of modernization of agri culture, lack of adequate irrigation facilities and power etc. led to brewing of discontent to an unimaginable extent. This provided the naxals a fertile ground for fighting on behalf of the poor peasants and organizing them.</ref>

Oliver Mendelsohn and [[Marika Vicziany]] have explained that the untouchables who formed the bottom of the social set up in Bihar have clashed with many communities including [[Yadav]]s, [[Kurmi]]s etc. in the middle segment and Bhumihars, Rajputs, [[Brahmin]]s from the upper segment of the society. The scholars have identified land control being the major characteristic of the opponents and not the caste identity in itself. It has been suggested that neither the exploiters of the untouchables have the same caste identity in all the region nor were the conflicts only restricted to Bihar. This has been the situation of untouchables throughout the country where they have also come into conflict with peasant communities and not only the upper castes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mendelsohn |first1=Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGbp9MjhvKAC |title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India |last2=Vicziany |first2=Marika |date=1998-04-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55671-2 |pages=58 |language=en|quote=In the case of the castes which lie in the bottom stratum of Bihari society, particularly the Untouchables, they too are acting out of a class as well as a caste logic. So their enemies are far from constant in terms of caste identity: Untouchables have violently clashed with Kurmis and Yadavs from the middle stratum, and Bhumihars, Rajputs and Brahmins from the upper stratum. The key characteristic of their opponents has not been caste identity but rather land control: in the particular region where violent conflict has become endemic, Untouchables have tended to come into conflict with those castes which happen to control the land. Nor is this a merely Bihari phenomenon: throughout India there have been reports of Untouchables coming into conflict with newly rising peasant communities, rather than simply their traditional exploiters from upper castes.}}</ref>

While Yadav can be the bitter enemies of landless Dalits on one instance, in the other instance, poor among the Yadavs can fight together with Dalits too. It is evident from various instances that sometimes caste feelings lead to unification of Yadavs from various socio-economic background, at the other times, it may not. Further, after the rise of [[Naxalism]] from the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] in Bihar, many [[Other Backward Class|Backward Caste]] leaders had provided the leadership to the movement besides the untouchable leaders, in order to improve the situation of Dalits.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGbp9MjhvKAC&pg=PA59| title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India|author1=Oliver Mendelsohn|author2=Marika Vicziany|editor=Jan Breman
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1998|pages=58, 59|
isbn=0521556716|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

Sumit Srivastava noted that more than two-third of the land in Bihar was with upper castes which included Bhumihars, Rajputs and Brahmins. The lower castes were mostly tenants, agricultural labourers and in many instances even bonded labourers. To make the situation worse for the Dalits, the backward communities like [[Koeri]]s, Yadavs and Kurmis who in some parts of Bihar had gained from the partial success of green revolution were equally violent with Dalit labourers. Overall the poor results of land reforms and failures of Bhoodan-Gramdan movement was responsible for the bad condition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Sumit S. |date=2007 |title=Violence and Dalit Women's Resistance in Rural Bihar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41920038 |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=35 |jstor=41920038 |issn=0970-0927|quote= The upper castes i.e. Brahman, Bhumihar and Rajput own more than two third of the total land and as the consequence, the lower castes have been reduced to the category of tenants, agricultural labourers and in most cases bonded labourers (Chakravarti, 2001:282-286). To make the scenario more exploitative, the newly emerged kulak class of backward castes/ classes like Yadav, Kurmi and Koeri (due to pale success of green revolution in some parts of Bihar) are equally ruthless while dealing with dalit agricultural labourers. The failures of Bhoodan - Gramdan movement along with State enacted land reform measures have been held responsible for such a dismal situation.}}</ref>

===Forms of atrocities===
{{See also|1970 Bhojpur uprising}}
In the feudal society of rural Bihar, the lower castes were dehumanised, as indicated by the available records of the initial decades after [[Independence of India|independence]]. Author Kalyan Mukherjee's account of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur region]] (a stronghold of Naxalism in Bihar), points towards the dual challenge of wages and honour in front of the lower castes, who were subjected to the tyrannical attitude of the upper-caste landlords, primarily belonging to [[Rajput]] and [[Bhumihar]] [[caste]]s. Mukherjee elaborates that the landlords were not only involved in the sexual exploitation of the lower caste women, but they also treated the lower castes in inhumane manner. According to Mukherjee, sitting in front of the landlord, on the cot, even in front of their own houses, and wearing a clean [[dhoti]] was also considered as a challenge to the authority of the upper-castes. The existence of the practices like ''Dola Pratha''— the custom in which the newly wed [[Dalit]] bride was forced to spend her first night with the Rajput and Bhumihar landlord of her locality— also points towards the dehumanisation of the Dalits, under the socio-political dominance of the [[Forward Castes|upper-castes]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Kalyan |last=Mukherjee|title=Peasant Revolt in Bhojpur|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume= 14|issue= 36|year= 1979|pages= 1536–38|jstor=4367921}}The dehumanisation of lower caste is violent and physical: rampant sexual tyranny perpetrated by the upper castes on ower caste women; the pride of Bhu- miars, whose unwritten law prohibits lower castes to remain seated in their presence even at their own doorstep; its viewing even the wearing of a clean dhoti or receiving education as intolerable arrogance: the 'hakim suffix after every sentence; at places, the taking of dole, i.e., the Bhumihar or Rajput landlord's privilege to sleep with the new bride of a lower caste labourer on the wedding night.
It is at the level of sexual tyranny that the theme of upper caste domi- nation becomes most pronounced, (At the other end, the submission to an order of sexual devaluation is cano- nised.) The Mathin dai temple at Be- hea in Bhojpur was built to comme morate the memory of Mathin, a woman, who was raped (in the taking of dola' tradition) by the sexual tyrant, Ran Pal Singh, a scion of the Harihobans Rajput rulers of Behea. Till this day the mythology of Mathin is part of the mental map of countless harijan women to whom a journey to Arrah is fraught with imminent horrors of rape.</ref>

== Dola pratha ==
{{Main|Dola pratha}}

=== Other form of oppression ===

Journalist Farzand Ahmed writing for [[India Today]] narrates the oppression of Dalits in pre-independence period. In the 1930s, according to Ahmed, the [[Forward Castes|upper-caste]] landlords in the [[Gaya district]] of Bihar used to visit the houses of Dalits, demanding one seer of milk from each Dalit household. If they were unable to fulfill the demand of the landlords, the same amount of milk was to be supplied from the lactating womenfolks of the Dalits.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910731-bhojpur-carnage-exposes-victimisation-of-harijans-in-bihar-814593-1991-07-31|title=Bhojpur carnage exposes victimisation of Harijans in Bihar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609173731/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910731-bhojpur-carnage-exposes-victimisation-of-harijans-in-bihar-814593-1991-07-31|archive-date=9 June 2022 |website=India Today|access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>

In another report from the [[Palamu district|Palamu]] district of Bihar, Journalist Uttam Sengupta narrates the feudal practice of upper-caste landlords, who often visit nearby "[[Dalit|Harijan tola]]" (hamlets inhabited by the Dalits) and ask the men to send their wives and daughters to ''Kothi'' ([[bungalow]]s of the landlords). They'll further remind the Dalit men to ask their women to have a bath before visiting the ''Kothi'', in order to spend their night there. The reporting from [[Jehanabad district|Jahanabad]] district reveals that [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] landlords in this region found it stimulating to rape the Dalit women in their own homes, in the presence of their menfolks. Some of these landlords would make the Dalit men lie below the cot, when they rape their wives and any noise and resistance from the former would provoke the landlord to shoot them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/increase-number-of-women-and-dalits-in-the-police-to-make-women-safer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207211755/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/increase-number-of-women-and-dalits-in-the-police-to-make-women-safer |title=Increase number of women and Dalits in the police to make women safer|first=Uttam|last=Sengupta|website=National Herald|date=3 October 2020 |access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] reports have identified [[Alcoholism]] and 'rape of Dalit women' by upper-caste groups like Bhumihars as the prime reason behind some of the massacres that took place in the 1990s, one such incident was Haibaspur carnage in the [[Patna]] district, where the rape of [[Musahar]] women repeatedly by the Bhumihars, when they came to drink liquor prepared by them, triggered the carnage of Musahar people.<ref name="HRW">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA70|title=Broken People Caste Violence Against India's untouchables|author1=Human Rights Watch Asia|author2=Smita Narula|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|year=1999|isbn=1564322289|page=70|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611130531/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Quote box|width=90em|align=center|quote='''Haibaspur carnage'''

The Dalits made alcohol, and Bhumihars drank it. When Bhumihars fought among themselves, they went to the Mushahars [Dalits], gave them drinks, and got them to take revenge on their enemies by taking their field crops and so on. But the Dalits were working for both sides so the Bhumihars killed them. They were double-crossing them. They only gave them liquor to get them to do the work. Bhumihars give them money to make the liquor, then give some liquor to the Dalits to get them to do the work. Whoever makes alcohol also pays a commission to the police. When the Bhumihars came and drank, they also raped the Mushahar women. Mushahar men did not like it so they protested and were killed. The people killed were mostly innocent, but these are the two reasons it happened."""|salign=left|source=- [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name="HRW"/> }}

In the [[Agiaon Assembly constituency]] of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] district, the local residents from the downtrodden [[Musahar]] caste alleged the Bhumihar landlords of being exploitative in the past. According to them, they were not allowed to wear slippers in front of the landlords and their daughters were forced to visit the house of the landlords, night before their marriage. The question of 'enhancement of wages' also brought violent reaction leading to killings of the [[Musahar]]s. It is opined that the state apparatus also supported the Rajputs and the Bhumihars in these clashes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-bhojpur-dalits-communists-land-struggle|title=After a Lasting Land Struggle, Communists Aid Bhojpur Dalits' Fight for Self-Respect|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612172112/https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-bhojpur-dalits-communists-land-struggle|archive-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

Authors Kalyan Mukherjee and Rajendra Singh Yadav opined that the numerical supremacy was not the cause of exploitation of the people from the lower castes like [[Chamar]] and [[Musahar]]s by the landed class. It was control over economic resources and the labour force which ensured the supremacy of the Rajputs and the Bhumihars. In order to keep these people in a submissive state and to maintain their overlordship over them, the 'culture of violence' was adopted by the ''lathails'' (strongmen and proteges) of the landlords. Often in the evening or in the lonely stretches of the fields, the womenfolks of lower-caste Dalits were raped by the men of the landlords. Besides ''[[Veth (India)|Begar]] ''(unpaid work in the fields of master), wearing of clean clothes and sitting on a cot even in front of their own houses were not allowed to the lower castes.<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPKpCQAAQBAJ|title=Maoist Insurgency and India's Internal Security Architecture|author1=E M Rammohun|author2=Amritpal Singh|author3=A K Agarwal|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|year=2012|isbn=978-9381411636|pages=18|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612175104/https://books.google.com/books/about/Maoist_Insurgency_and_India_s_Internal_S.html?id=mPKpCQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}Consider the oppression of the lower castes in Bihar. In Bhojpur district of Bihar, the lower castes lived in utter poverty and were also subjected to social exploitation. Kalyan Mukherjee and Rajender Singh Yadav described that the oppression of the lower castes at the hands of the upper castes did not flow from numerical superiority, but rather from niches in the economic hierarchy apropos land ownership and the monopoly over labour. Further the culture of violence ensured that the Chamar or the Musahar never raise their heads in protest. Though begar was a thing of the past, the banihar worked often for nothing. Wearing a clean dhoti, remaining seated in the presence of the master, even on a cot outside his own hut, walking erect were taboo. When the evenings fell or in lonely stretches of field, the rape of his womenfolk by the landlord's lathieths and scions complete a picture of unbridled Bumihar, Rajput over lordship.</ref>

=== Sexual misconducts as part and parcel of life ===
{{See also|Pararia mass rape (1988)}}
In the [[Shahabad district]], Rajput and Bhumihar landowners frequently [[rape]]d lower-caste women, and by the 1930s, the [[Triveni Sangh]] gave the abused women a platform to express their frustration.<ref name="Damodaran1992">{{cite book | author = Vinita Damodaran | date = 1992 | title = Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism, and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935-1946 | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 75 | isbn = 978-0-19-562979-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rNa1AAAAIAAJ | quote = The rape of lower-caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landowners was common in Shahabad where , by the 1930s , anger and resentment against the frequent violation of women were openly expressed on the platform of the Tribeni Sangh | access-date = 2022-07-23 | archive-date = 2022-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220612204105/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNa1AAAAIAAJ | url-status = live }}</ref> In a survey conducted in a few villages in Bhojpur, rape of lower caste women from [[Musahar]] and [[Chamar]] caste, by the Rajput and Bhumihar landlords was a major cause of anguish until Naxalism emerged on the scene.<ref name="SharmaSinghKumar1994">{{cite book | author1 = Kaushal Kishore Sharma | author2 = Prabhakar Prasad Singh | author3 = Ranjan Kumar | date = 1994 | title = Peasant Struggles in Bihar, 1831-1992: Spontaneity to Organisation | publisher = Centre for Peasant Studies | pages = 247 | isbn = 9788185078885 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBHAAAAMAAJ | quote = According to them, before the emergence of Naxalism on the scene and consequent resistance on the part of these hapless fellows, "rape of lower caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landlords used to cause so much anguish among the lower cates, who, owing to their hapless situation, could not dare oppose them. In their own words, "within the social constraints , the suppressed sexual hunger of the predominant castes often found unrestricted outlet among the poor, lower caste of Bhojpur-notably Chamars and Mushars. | access-date = 2022-07-23 | archive-date = 2022-07-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220723225254/https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBHAAAAMAAJ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd"/> As per one opinion, in parts of central Bihar, "Even as late as the 1970s , the rape of lower caste women by Rajputs and Bhumihars had almost become a tradition, an accepted social evil, a fate which many bore unquestioningly".<ref name="Franco2002">{{cite book | author = Fernando Franco | date = 2002 | title = Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh | publisher = Indian Social Institute | isbn = 9788187218463 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ | quote = Even as late as the 1970s , the rape of lower caste women by Rajputs and Bhumihars had almost become a tradition , “ an accepted social evil , a fate which many bore unquestioningly ” , in parts of central Bihar | page = 52 | access-date = 2022-07-23 | archive-date = 2022-04-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220424083853/https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Ranabir Samaddar]] cited example of one Anwa village where upper-caste Rajputs practiced ''Dola Pratha'' in which the newly wed bride of the [[Dalit]]s and landless labourers (who worked for wages in their fields), had to spend one night with the landlord before commissioning of her nuptial rites.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNCGAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|title=State of Justice In India Issues of Social Justice|author=Ranabir Samaddar|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2009|pages=46, 65|isbn=978-8132104193|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214137/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNCGAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Govind Kelkar, the Co-ordinator of the Gender and Development Studies Unit at the [[Asian Institute of Technology]] in
Pathumthani, [[Thailand]]:
{{blockquote|One of the features of the caste system is a strict endogamy. But the subordination of the lower castes to the upper castes has also resulted in the general 'sexual availability' of lower caste women to large landowning, upper caste men. Rape and sexual assault on lower caste women,particularly [[Chamar]]s and [[Musahar]]s, were once considered the privilege of [[Rajput]] and [[Bhumihar]] landlords. The Dola custom (forcing every bride of the lower caste to spend the first night following her marriage with the local landlord) prevailed in the villages of [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] and [[Rohtas District|Rohtas]] districts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelkar |first1=Govind |title=Poor Peasant Women Organize for Land Rights |journal=[[Canadian Woman Studies]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |url=https://cws.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cws/article/download/37661/34211&ved=2ahUKEwja8s_Cjsb4AhUdS2wGHbeECfAQFnoECAoQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2kNws_aGV4S2oK9CkdDI8V |access-date=2022-07-23 |archive-date=2022-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625202046/https://cws.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cws/article/download/37661/34211%26ved%3D2ahUKEwja8s_Cjsb4AhUdS2wGHbeECfAQFnoECAoQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw2kNws_aGV4S2oK9CkdDI8V |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

A report from a particular village of Bihar called Sonatola tells that in neighbouring village Berath, some Dalit women alleged that when the lower caste women rejected the landlord's proposal of sexual contact, it was common for the landlords of the village to falsely implicate the male members of their families and their kin in criminal cases. There was also a practice to force the Dalit women from agricultural labourer families to have sexual contacts with their Rajput landlords. Besides sexual assaults, the drawing of water from the village wells and walking on the pathways alongside the landlords in that particular Rajput village were also forbidden for the lower castes as per their allegations. Some women also alleged that they had faced the undignified teasings like "pinching on the breast" by [[Forward Castes|upper-caste]] landlords earlier.<ref name="UN">{{cite book |last=Kelkar |first=Govind |chapter=Women and Land Rights Movements |title=Case Studies on Strengthening Co-ordination Between Non-governmental Organizations and Government Agencies in Promoting Social Development |publisher=United Nations (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |year=1989 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-s9SIp1-OsC&pg=PA73 |at=Sec. "Kisan Sabha and Kisan Samiti: Peasant Movements and Women (India)", pp.  72–73 |access-date=2022-07-23 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516202732/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-s9SIp1-OsC&pg=PA73 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The upper-caste men also exercised their social control and hegemony in the rural society through appropriation of the sexuality of the Dalit women. While the upper-caste women were secluded and confined to the home by their menfolks, the lower caste (particularly landless labourer women from the Dalit families) were not confined to home leaving them vulnerable to the gaze of upper caste men, who often forget the notion of 'purity and pollution' when getting into sexual contacts with the lower caste women. The Dalit men were often unable to save the dignity of their women primarily due to power relation and work situation in the rural areas. The pattern of sexual atrocities against the Dalit women were often more than just rapes and sexual misconducts. In one such example from a village of [[Samastipur]] district of north Bihar in 1994, a woman named Bhukli Devi was paraded naked on the charges of stealing some potatoes from the fields of Bhumihars. The public humiliation was followed by her [[rape]] and subsequently her ''[[Saree]]'' was inserted into her [[vagina]]. The insertion of ''Saree'' ( a piece of cloth) in the vagina of Dalit women could be understood as the upper-caste conception of the ritual impurity of the womb of a Dalit woman and their condemnation of the birth of future progeny of the Dalits.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iy0cLkigiEC&pg=PA139|title=The Situated Politics of Belonging|author=Professor and Regional Director Council for Social Development Kalpana Kannabiran|editor1=Nira Yuval-Davis|editor2=Kalpana Kannabiran|editor3=Ulrike Vieten|publisher=SAGE|year=2006|isbn=1412921015|page=139|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723225254/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6iy0cLkigiEC&pg=PA139&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] region remained a hotbed of caste wars in Bihar. The region witnessed one of the biggest massacres of the Bihar. One such was 'Naarhi massacre' in which 7 Dalits were killed by the Upper Caste landlords. A reporting in the region by [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]], involving the local Dalit people belonging to Musahar caste, revealed the presence of feudal practices like not allowing the Dalits to sit in the presence of the feudal lords, and prevalence of "bonded labour system" in the past. It was also alleged by the locals that most of the development fund allotted by the government for the region was utilised in the regions inhabited by local Rajputs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-bhojpur-dalits-communists-land-struggle|title=After a Lasting Land Struggle, Communists Aid Bhojpur Dalits' Fight for Self-Respect|website=The Wire|editor=Ajoy Ashirwad Mahaprashasta|access-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615150728/https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-bhojpur-dalits-communists-land-struggle|archive-date=15 June 2022 }}</ref>

By the 1960s, most of the prevalent feudal practices came to an end due to the activism of [[Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)|Kisan Sabha]]s, the organization led by middle peasant castes who also brought the issues of women rights and dignity within its fold and allowed the agricultural labourer women to voice for themselves.<ref name="UN"/>{{rp|pages=72–73}}

===Ranvir Sena===
{{main|Ranvir Sena}}
[[File:Ranvir Sena affected BiharDistricts.png|thumb|The map showing the [[district]]s of Bihar, affected by Ranvir Sena.]]
Out of all caste based armies of [[Bihar]], which were launched to take on the [[Naxalite]]s, who were encouraging the lower-caste [[Dalit]]s to become vocal for their rights, [[Ranvir Sena]] was the most dreaded one. The Sena derived its identity and political support from [[Bhumihar]]s, but other upper-caste groups like [[Rajput]]s also supported it. It was manned by the members of both Rajput and the Bhumihar caste.<ref name=theHindu19April2012>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states//article61761683.ece | location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603185535/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states//article61761683.ece|archive-date=3 June 2022 | work=The Hindu | first=Shoumojit | last=Banerjee | title=For residents of Bathani, it is a horror they cannot forget | date=19 April 2012}}</ref> According to some sources, Rang Bahadur Singh Rajput happened to be the first president of Ranvir Sena,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-history-of-ranveer-sena-3349663.html|title=रणवीर सेना के बारे में जाने वो सब, जो आप जानना चाहते हैं!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621063210/https://www.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-history-of-ranveer-sena-3349663.html|url-status=live|archive-date=21 June 2022|website=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> but later on the leadership passed into the hands of [[Brahmeshwar Singh]]. It committed many massacres on Dalits, out of which [[Laxmanpur Bathe massacre]] is most notable. An eyewitness account of one of the resident of the particular village, collected by a visiting team of [[Human Rights Watch]] explains the killing pattern of the Sena members and atrocities they committed against the [[Dalit]] women and girls. Surajmani Devi, a thirty two years old victim states:
{{Blockquote|
Everyone was shot in the chest. I also saw that the panties were torn. One girl was Prabha. She was fifteen years old. She was supposed to go to her husband's house two to three days later. They also cut her breast and shot her in the chest. Another was Manmatiya, also fifteen. They raped her and cut off her breast. The girls were all naked, and their panties were ripped. They also shot them in the vagina. There were five girls in all. All five were raped. All were fifteen or younger. All their breasts were cut off.<ref>{{cite book |page=133 |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA133 |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611122022/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA133&dq= |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The tactics followed by Ranvir Sena members to terrorise the lower caste villagers included [[rape]]s, looting of villages and massacres. The raising of voice against the rapes of Dalit women and girls also brought retaliation from the Sena members in some cases. As for example in 1997, three Dalit youths were gunned down for protesting against the rape of a Dalit girl by the upper-caste youths.<ref name="HRW-pattern">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-06.htm|title=THE PATTERN OF ABUSE: RURAL VIOLENCE IN BIHAR AND THE STATE'S RESPONSE|editor=Human Rights Watch|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621061852/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-06.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

The hobnobbing between the state administration, particularly the police force and Ranvir Sena members, also remained a controversy for long. Many Naxalites were killed in police encounters while Ranvir Sena members were never subjected to confrontation with the police force. In districts of central Bihar, particularly the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], the police force has traditionally been dominated by the upper-caste Rajputs and Bhumihars, and in Bhojpur, "caste ties" has remained an important factor in the police force. Human rights activists hence argued that the collusion between Ranvir Sena and police officials have resulted in some small scale extrajudicial killings of Naxalites as well, apart from the large scale massacres perpetrated by the Sena members.<ref name="HRW-pattern"/>

Ranvir Sena also enjoyed considerable political patronage with the chief Brahmeswar Singh himself being an activist of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]. The Sena was also said to be dominated by the leaders of various political parties which included [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Janata Party]]. It was also alleged that Sena received arms and ammunition from some of the former members of [[Central Reserve Police Force]]. According to reports from ''People Union For Democratic Right'' and [[Human Rights Watch]], the politicians from [[Arrah|Ara district]] often used the Sena during election campaigns to gain votes in their favour, as the "booth capturing" (forcibly capturing the votes of people in the favour of a particular candidate) and manipulation of elections were common phenomenon in the 1990s. Further, the prosecution of the members of Sena were negligible and its members were frequently given bails after being arrested on various charges. In contrast, the members of left-wing extremist groups when held were often given death sentences.<ref name="HRW-pattern"/>

According to one opinion, Ranvir Sena alone was responsible for raping more than 200 Dalit women including young girls of the age of 6 years to 70 years old elderly women. Between 1995 and 1999, it is estimated that they were also responsible for killing of more than 400 Dalits.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYwkDwAAQBAJ|title=A Savage Order How the World's Deadliest Countries Can Forge a Path to Security|author=Rachel Kleinfeld|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2018|isbn=978-1524746872|page=187|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621101502/https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Savage_Order.html?id=KYwkDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}The Yadavs' militias and higher-caste armies grew, and their deadly sprees continued. Two years after Lalu took office, Maoists massacred thirty-four landlords. The Ranvir Sena militia retaliated by raping over two hundred Dalit women, from six-year-old girls to seventy year-old grandmothers. Between 1995 and 1999, the Ranvir Sena killed more than four hundred Dalits. Maoists fought back, and the death toll escalated throughout Lalu's rule.</ref> Most of the [[Massacre|carnage]] organised by the Sena took place in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] and [[Jehanabad district|Jahanabad]] districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-bhumihar-bomb-is-ticking/229348 |title=The Bhumihar Bomb Is Ticking|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709201139/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-bhumihar-bomb-is-ticking/229348|url-status=live|archive-date=9 July 2022 |website=OutlookIndia|date=5 February 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>

====Bathani Tola incident====
{{Main|1996 Bathani Tola massacre}}
In 1996, a group of armed men belonging to [[Ranvir Sena]] (comprising [[Rajput]] and [[Bhumihar]] men) rushed from Baraki Kharaon village of the Bhojpur district of Bihar towards Bathani Tola village, inhabited by [[Dalit]] and [[Muslim]] landless labourers. These men were armed with swords and guns and the subsequent attack by them on the village led to killing of 8 children, 12 women and 1 men, all belonging to poor strata of society. There were three police stations within a distance of 1 Kilometres from the village but despite the carnage being conducted for at least 2 hours, no policeman reached the village in order to prevent the crime. As per news reports, the perpetrators chopped off the breasts of a 25 years old women before killing her, an 18-year-old girl was [[Gang rape|gang-raped]] and a newborn was tossed in the air and slashed into two parts with swords.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30166128.ece|title=Back to Bathani Tola|editor=AJOY ASHIRWAD MAHAPRASHASTA|website=Frontline|date=28 June 2012 |access-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621105940/https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30166128.ece|archive-date=21 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

This was a time, when political mobilisation of the upper caste landlords in the support of Ranvir Sena was taking place and major changes in the socio-economic condition of the Bihar was occurring. The organised communal massacre were becoming routine affairs according to the news reports and as per one opinion, these killings can be understood as assertion by the upper-caste to save their honour amidst the rising Backward Caste movement. As per a report, 16 years later, the [[Patna High Court]] acquitted all the accused of the massacre and interestingly no comments were made regarding the land order of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], which was primary reason behind the communal massacre of 1996.<ref name="Frontline"/>

The village of Baraki Kharaon, which was adjacent to the village of Bathani Tola (a Dalit and Muslim inhabited area), was stronghold of [[Rajput]] and [[Bhumihar]] landlords. In the 1990s the movement for minimum wages reached its peak and the disenchanted agricultural labourers and poor people of the village and adjoining region started electing [[Communist]] leaders to the [[Panchayat]] and [[Legislative Assembly]]. The Rajput and Bhumihar landlords of the region were involved in illegal acquisition of the ''Panchayati land'' (land belonging to local bodies) and in the subsequent events in 1995, a local ''Imam Bara'' ( a place of worship for the [[Muslim]]s) was occupied and destroyed. The [[Patna High Court]] gave verdict in the favour of Muslims and to implement the decision of the High Court, Dalits and Muslims had participated in ''Karbala Mukti Morcha'' (a rally to gain control of the illegally occupied land), in order to showcase the solidarity. This intensified the tension between the landlords and the Dalits leading to infamous carnage of 1996.<ref name="Frontline"/>

====1997 Ekwari incident====
Ekwari village of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] witnessed another scene of extremism in 1997, when the members of Ranvir Sena launched an attack on the lower caste villagers in collaboration with the police. As per the media reports and the account of the victims, the police forced the people to open the gates of their houses, conducted searching operations and left the way open for Sena members to perpetrate the massacre of the people belonging to [[Dalit]] communities belonging to [[Dhobi]], [[Kahar]], [[Chamar]] and [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]] caste. As per a report of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'', the attackers also raped two women; a 15-year-old girl and a pregnant woman, who was said to be a relative of Jai Kahar, a veteran CPI-ML activist. The rape was followed by killing of the two victims and a 10-year boy was also shot dead. A visit by [[Human Rights Watch]] team in 1998 to the village revealed that a police camp was established in the neighborhood of the village, but it was in the region inhabited by the [[Bhumihar]]s. The residents of the victim village, particularly the leader of the lower-caste villagers also alleged that there exist collusion between the members of Ranvir Sena and the police. In his oral account to the team of [[Human Rights Watch]], he said:<ref name="Human Rights Watch">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables"|author1=Human Rights Watch Asia|author2=Smita Narula|pages=66–68|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1999|isbn=1564322289|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623200242/https://books.google.com/books/about/Broken_People.html?id=Kd28Ay09adgC|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Police are here for law and order. They see what's going on, but they are allied with the Ranvir Sena. They get money and food from the [[forward castes]] so they favor the forward castes. The police don't care about the poor. We don't go to the police, nor any other state agencies. We asked for help from the [[Bhumihar]]s to keep the killings low. They said they cannot control them even though the Bhumihar population belongs to the Ranvir Sena. We have no protection."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables"|author1=Human Rights Watch Asia|author2= Smita Narula|pages=66–68|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1999|
isbn=1564322289|access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>}}

====1998 Nagri Baazar massacre====
In May 1998, upper-caste landlords, in the Nagri Bazar village of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of Bihar, gunned down 10 members of the [[Schedule Caste]]. The incident was reported to be a part of the regular skirmishes between the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)]] and the Ranvir Sena, and some of the victims were reported to be the supporter of the former organization. As per news reports, most of the victims were wage labourers, share-croppers and small vendors. The 11 accused were charged and sentenced by the lower court. These included Chandra Bhushan Singh, Sudarshan Pandey and Ravindra Singh, who were sentenced to death by the trial court. While Arvind Pandey; Kameshwar Rai alias Kameshwar Singh; Sri Kant Pandey; Dadan Pandey; Salik Pandey alias Shaligram Pandey; Janeshwar Pandey; Anil Kumar Singh; and Virendra Pandey were handed life imprisonment. In 2013, the [[Patna High Court]], acquitted the convicts, on the ground of lack of sufficient evidences, which resulted in fear and a sense of insecurity among the [[Dalit]]s of the victim village.<ref name="Gaikwad">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states//article60029095.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Fear descends on Nagri after acquittals|date=4 March 2013 |editor=Rahi Gaikwad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706224838/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states//article60029095.ece|archive-date=6 July 2022|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/hc-acquits-11-bihar-massacre-convicts/|website=[[Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706230319/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/hc-acquits-11-bihar-massacre-convicts/|archive-date=6 July 2022|title=HC acquits 11 Bihar massacre convicts|date=2 March 2013 |access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

As per news reports, the High Court rejected the evidences provided by brother of one of the victims. Umashankar, the brother of victim Sunil Kumar, who was shot dead, allegedly by the members of Ranvir Sena, claimed to be a witness of the incident. But, the High Court found his conduct to be indicative of his habit of falsely implicating the innocent persons.<ref name="Gaikwad"/>

===Other significant incidents of violence by the Upper-Caste landlords===

====1989 Danwar-Bihta and 1991 Deo-Saharia massacre====
The two massacres were perpetrated by the same group of landlords, the "Jwala Singh group", which was active in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur region]]. In the 1990s, the elections to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] or to the Parliament, were hardly free and fair, as explained by the contemporary media reports. The [[Ballot rigging]] events were common, and Dalits, who constituted approximately 14% of the state's population, were forcibly excluded by the landed castes from casting their votes. The incident of 1989, at Danwar-Bihta village, took place due to a clash between the [[Indian People's Front]], a [[Leftism|left-wing]] political party, supported by the Dalits and the [[Naxalites]] and [[Rajput]] landlords like Jwala Singh and his henchmen.<ref name="Ahmed"/>

In the 1989 event, the attempt of upper-caste youths to capture the polling booth, during an election was negated by the Naxalites, who shot them dead in the daylight. The "Jwala Singh group" allegedly retaliated and gunned down large number of Dalit men and women. It was reported that, the [[Dalits|Harijan]]s in this area supported the ultra-left groups like [[Indian People's Front]], because of the lack of empathy towards them on the part of Dalit leaders, after joining the mainstream politics. As per reports, in the infamous Danwar-Bihta incident, 23 Dalits were killed, while in the Deo-Sahiara incident, 14 more were killed, allegedly by Jwala Singh and his men.<ref name="Ahmed"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ex-dm-puts-1989-ara-blood-spill-in-black-and-white/articleshow/44928852.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711062854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ex-dm-puts-1989-ara-blood-spill-in-black-and-white/articleshow/44928852.cms|archive-date=11 July 2022|title=Ex-DM puts 1989 Ara blood spill in black and white|editor=Raj Kumar|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

The primary cause of the 1989 incident was attempt to exclude Dalits from voting, and subsequent skirmishes between [[Rajput]]s and Naxalites.In the 1991 event, however, the suspicions that the victim Dalits are murderers of three of the henchmen of local landlords, led to the midnight carnage. Even after being implicated in 1989 massacre, Jwala Singh managed to get "[[anticipatory bail]]", and ensured that, in the subsequent elections, not a single Dalit can vote.<ref name="Ahmed"/>

==Dalits and Backward Castes after emergence of Naxalism ==
{{See also|List of caste based violence in Bihar}}
It was evident that the emergence of [[Naxalism]] in the plains of Bihar took place due to two main factors. The question of ''Ijjat'' (honour) was one of them. According to [[Gail Omvedt]], in the central [[district]]s of Bihar the prevalent feudalism and electoral malpractices led a school teacher found the 'naxal movement of Bihar'. The [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] became the birthplace of Naxalism in Bihar due to various factors, most important being unequal distribution of the land and the frequent rapes of the Dalit women by the landlords of the [[Rajput]] and the [[Bhumihar]] castes. The founder of the movement was [[Jagdish Mahto]].<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Kaushal Kishore Sharma | author2 = Prabhakar Prasad Singh | author3 = Ranjan Kumar | date = 1994 | title = Peasant Struggles in Bihar, 1831-1992: Spontaneity to Organisation | publisher = Centre for Peasant Studies | pages = 247| isbn = 9788185078885 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBHAAAAMAAJ|quote=According to them, before the emergence of Naxalism on the scene and consequent resistance on the part of these hapless fellows, "rape of lower caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landlords used to cause so much anguish among the lower cates, who, owing to their hapless situation, could not dare oppose them. In their own words, "within the social constraints , the suppressed sexual hunger of the predominant castes often found unrestricted outlet among the poor, lower caste of Bhojpur-notably Chamars and Mushars.}}</ref><ref name="Gail">{{cite book|title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|first=Gail|last=Omvedt|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|pages=58–60|year=1993|isbn=0765631768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC|access-date=2020-06-16|archive-date=2022-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611110255/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=|url-status=live}}
The Naxalite challenge developed in the central districts where some agricultural development was producing an objective base to challenge the bonds of ex ploitation they called "semifeudalism." Its first mass leader was Jagdish Mahto, a koeri teacher who had read Ambedkar before he discovered Marx and started a paper in the town of Arrah called "Harijanistan" (dalit land), even leading a march of dalits on this demand. This was similar to innumerable assertions throughout India at the time, but Bihar contradictions drove Mahto in a more violent direction. Beaten up after supporting the CPI in the 1967 elections, he turned to Naxalism and began to organize murders of landlords and their gang ster henchmen in the area around his native village. The issues on which dalits were stirring were not only those of their abominably low wages, but also izzat, social honor, and especially honor defined in terms of the unrestricted and arro gant access of the upper castes to dalit women. In 1971, before he was killed, Mahto told a fellow teacher, "Brother, I know that I am going to die one of these days. But I will die partly satisfied. For one change that our movement has brought about is that landlords now do not dare to touch the women of the poor."</ref> In the north Bihar, the Upper Castes represented the class which owned most of the land and other castes including the [[Upper Backward Castes|Upper-Backwards]] and [[Schedule Castes]] represented the land-scarce group, while the situation was entirely different in central Bihar, where the "[[Land reform in India|land reforms]]" had brought to the fore new landlords, who hailed from the [[Other Backward Class|Backward Castes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19861231-root-cause-of-almost-all-rural-conflicts-in-bihar-attributed-to-land-801564-1986-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611164843/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19861231-root-cause-of-almost-all-rural-conflicts-in-bihar-attributed-to-land-801564-1986-12-31|archive-date=11 June 2022 |title=Root cause of almost all rural conflicts in Bihar attributed to land|website=[[India Today]]|first=Farzand Ahmed|last=Ajay Kumar| access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>

In some of the districts like [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district of Bihar, the forces of Dalits against the Upper Caste landlords belonging to Rajput caste were led by the peasant communities like the [[Koeri]]s and the [[Yadav]]s from the front, with large presence of Dalits behind them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/end-of-a-dynasty-in-chittorgarh-of-bihar-728009.html|title=End of a dynasty in 'Chittorgarh of Bihar'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612163248/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/end-of-a-dynasty-in-chittorgarh-of-bihar-728009.html|archive-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 April 2019 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

===Confrontation with the Backward Caste landlords===
{{Main|Bhumi Sena|Lorik Sena}}
{{quote box |width=250px |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=Naksaliyon ki ek hi dawai 
Chhah inch chhota kr do bhai
|source= — Slogan raised by [[Bhumi Sena]].<ref name="Kunnath">{{cite book|title=Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal|editor1=Alpa Shah|editor2=Judith Pettigrew|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jp4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|chapter=Smouldering Dalit Fires in Bihar|author=GEORGE J. KUNNATH|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1351381819|access-date=16 June 2022|pages=89–96|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616120642/https://books.google.com/books?id=jp4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

It was not only the caste armies of the upper-caste landlords which perpetrated the caste based atrocities on the Dalits, but also that of Backward Castes like [[Kurmi]]s. In a village called Dumri, located in [[Jehanabad district]] of Bihar, the Kurmi were considered as the "dominant caste", just like the other villages of the [[district]] and all the households belonging to the Kurmi caste were owners of vast stretches of land. It was natural ground for the [[Bhumi Sena]]— a caste army of Kurmi landlords to strengthen its root here.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jp4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|title=Smouldering Dalit Fires in Bihar|author=GEORGE J. KUNNATH|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1351381819|access-date=16 June 2022|pages=90–97|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616120642/https://books.google.com/books?id=jp4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|url-status=live}}The dominant caste here, as in various other villages of Jehanabad District, was the Kurmi. Some elements that made a caste dominant in a village numerical strength, economic power, political patronage, ritual status, education and occupation-could easily be identified in relation to the Kurmis in Jehanabad. Out of 270 households in Dumari, 118 were Kurmi, the largest for any single caste in the village. The Kurmis owned more than 95 per cent of the total land in the village. According to my Kurmi and Dalit respondents, there were seven households which owned land in excess of 40 bighas.10 The average holding among the Kurmis was between five and ten bighas. There were no landless households among the Kurmis. Those with small holdings entered into sharecropping arrangements.</ref> Alarmed by the killing of the prominent Kurmi landlords, Bhumi Sena was formed in Punpun-Masaurhi region of the [[Patna district]] in 1982 and soon after its formation it arrived in the Dumari village. There were also some sympathizers of the [[Maoist]]s and the "Dalit resurgence" among the members of Kurmi caste. These were primarily the poor Kurmis, who were at an unprivileged position in the village of Dumri due to their low socio-economic status. The Bhumi Sena targeted not only the Dalits but also those members of Kurmi caste, who sympathized with the latter and were part of the Maoist movement.<ref name="Kunnath"/>

The Sena not only forced the Kurmi households to give "protection money" and support to its cadres but also tried to radicalise the Kurmi youths in the name of saving the 'prestige and pride' of the community. Slogans were raised to woo the community to fight the Maoists. The absence of [[Brahmin]]s in the village and due to presence of limited number of households of the [[Rajput]] and the [[Bhumihar]]s, the Kurmis were at the top of caste hierarchy in the village.The [[Dalit]]s which included castes like [[Chamar]], [[Dusadh]], [[Musahar]], [[Dhobi]] and [[Domba|Dome]] were at the bottom of this hierarchy and the Kurmis, whom they refer to as ''[[Zamindar]]'' and ''[[Malik]]'', imposed on them all those discriminatory practices which the upper-caste landlords applied in other areas of Bihar. This includes getting up from their cot, when the Kurmi Malik passed by, even in their own homes. They were also not allowed to wear watches or sandles.<ref name="Kunnath"/>

Despite the struggle between the Kurmis and the Dalits in this village, some Kurmi youths were sympathetic to the Dalits and ironically the Maoist first came into the village on invitation of a Kurmi youth, who was a member of [[Socialist Party]] and a sympathiser of the Dalits. Some landlords from the Kurmi caste even claimed that the arrival of Maoists in the village was not due to any form of oppression but due to factional fights amongst the Kurmis themselves. They also claimed that the bringing of Maoists in the village was aimed at establishing the supremacy of the other group of rival Kurmis, who were against the peaceful co-existence of the farmers and the labourers.<ref name="Kunnath"/>

The struggle here was led by an organisation called ''Mazdoor Kisan Sangram Samiti'' (MKSS), a front organization of [[Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Party Unity|CPI (ML) Party Unity]]. Most of the Dalits joined the struggle under the aegis of ''MKSS'' and while its president Dr. Vinayan was from [[Uttar Pradesh]], its vice president was a person from the Kurmi caste from [[Jehanabad]] itself. The ordinary people didn't draw a distinction between the ''Party Unity'' and the ''MKSS'', and they used a collective term ''Sangathan'', to denote the two groups. However, the activities and composition of the two groups were different.<ref name="Kunnath"/>

{{quote box |width=250px |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=
"Mazdur kisan bhai bhai; Naxali beech main kahanse aayi?"
|source=— Slogan raised by the [[Kurmi]] landlords of Dumari village.<ref name="Kunnath"/>}}

The ''Party Unity'' maintained its own armed squad and mostly drew its membership from the [[Dalit]]s. The commander of the armed squad was a Dalit named Raju Bhai. The ''Party Unity's'' first armed intervention in the village of Dumri took place in 1981, in support of a strike organised by the ''MKSS''. The ''MKSS'' preferred the mass protests and economic blockade of the landlords, as their method to show the dissension against the feudal setup.<ref name="Kunnath"/>

The caste strife was witnessed between the Dalit Maoists and the Kurmi landlords in 1981, when a Kurmi landlord called Munna Singh, who operated a [[Kiln|brick kiln]], refused to increase the wages of his Dalit labourers. In order to keep the Kiln functioning amidst the protest organised by Dalit labourers under the banner of ''MKSS'', he brought his own gunmen and other labourers. The Dalit protesters tried to stop new workers from operating the kiln, as a response to which, the gunmen opened fire. The [[Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Party Unity|PU armed squad]] also retaliated from the homes of the Dalits, and a gun battle ensued. A landlord was killed and Maoists hunged his head on a tree. The battle was followed by the policy of "selective annihilation", in which most oppressive landlords were killed one after another. It was this policy of annihilation that led to the rise of [[Bhumi Sena]]— the caste army of Kurmi landlords.<ref name="Kunnath"/>

By the end of 1982, the retaliatory action by the Bhumi Sena, and the activity of Police in the region, led to the weakening of Maoists. The Bhumi Sena forced many Dalits and the Kurmis, who sympathised with them, to leave the region and migrate elsewhere. The Maoist guriella now resorted to "economic blockade" and selective killing once again, and in a short period of time, as many as 16 landlords were killed. By 1984, the tactics followed by the Maoists, of burning the stores of grain of the Kurmis, broke the resistance on latter's part. The Kurmis resolved to stop this fight with the ''Sangathan'' and the terms of surrender were decided. Pradeep Das, a Dalit leader, from the [[Ravidasi]] community, organised the surrender of the Kurmi landlords, in which the latter gave written confirmation to the ''MKSS'', that they will not wage a war against it and will not interfere in its activities. The surrender led to an end of all the feudal practices and discrimination, and a Dalit leadership emerged in the village as a challenge to Kurmi dominance.<ref name="Kunnath"/>

In the Magadhi region of Bihar, it had been observed that the villages with mixed population of different communities were more inclined to violence against Dalits when compared to the villages which had population of only upper castes and Dalits. The villages having [[Koeri]]s as dominant caste with good numbers of Dalit population were equally vulnerable to violence and land dispute with Dalits.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RW_aAAAAMAAJ |title=Exploitation and Atrocities on the Dalits in India |date=2004 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-217-6 |pages=13|quote= In the Magahi belt also, such areas, which have mixed population of the Bhumihar, the Rajputs, the Koeri, the Yadavs and the Dalits, are more prone to atrocities than the one which has only the upper caste and Dalits. Such villages which have the Koeri as the dominant caste and good concentration of Dalit population is equally prone to atrocity, Land dispute.|language=en}}</ref>

====1977 Belchhi massacre====
{{main|Belchhi massacre}}
[[Belchi]] is a village located in the [[Patna district]], and in the 1970s, Kurmis happened to be the "dominant caste" here. The village has a nominal presence of upper-castes, and the "educational mobility" between the upper-caste was also nominal, contrary to the other caste groups, like the [[Scheduled Caste]] and the middle range castes, in which Kurmis were included. The region was known as "Kurmistan" (land of Kurmis), and the peasants of the Kurmi community had become landlords, with complete monopoly over the agricultural land, as a result of their flourishing business of Onion and Potato cultivation, which brought surplus income to them. They owned most of the cold storage, trucks and brick-kilns in the area and the dominance of armed gangsters like Indradeo Chaudhary, Mahavir Mahto and Parsuram Dhanuk, also bolstered the preponderance of Kurmis over the region.<ref name="Pathak">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC|title=Action Sociology and Development|author=Bindeshwar Pathak|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1992|pages=28–34|isbn=8170223199|access-date=6 July 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706065541/https://books.google.com/books/about/Action_Sociology_and_Development.html?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Of the Schedule Caste groups, the Paswans and the [[Musahar]]s, were numerically important. The Dalits were led by Singheshwar Paswan, popularly known as "Singhwa", who according to several accounts, didn't like the exploitation of Dalits. He was also reported to be involved in a murder. Singhwa challenged Mahavir Mahto and the "Kurmi dominance", and this became the root cause of the 1977 event, which drew nationwide attention. Singhwa mobilised his friends and his castemen, and asserted himself before the ''[[Kulak]]s'' of the Kurmi caste, which led to threats and intimidation by the latter; he was warned and the ''Kulaks'', showing a potential threat in him, decided to eliminate him at all.<ref name="Pathak"/>

In May 1977, a gang under the leadership of Indradeo Chaudhary, Mahavir Mahto and Parsuram Dhanuk attacked Singhwa. The [[Dusadh]]s and Musahar, retailiated by firing at the attacking party and pelted stones at them, emboldened by the initial victory, they were to take a step ahead, but soon, another gang emerged from the Mahavir's house, and to save themselves, the "pupils of Singhwa" rushed towards Rohan Mahto's house and locked themselves in. The massacre took place after the "hiding party" was forced out of the house by the armed men belonging to the three gangs, and the shooting of the eleven people was followed by the burning all of them in funeral pyre, prepared by the Kurmis, who stood nearby as the witnesses.<ref name="Pathak"/> Arun Ranjan reports the event as follows:
{{blockquote|One by one 50-60 men armed with rifles streamed into the house. Eleven persons including Sindhwa, were marched in a procession to an open field, their hands tied behind their backs. The women and children of [[Kurmi]] families frantically scampered around collecting firewood and hay to put together a pyre. And then right before the eyes of 300 people each one of the 11 captives was first shot dead and thrown into the fire. But eye witnesses say that Keshto Sonar writhing with pain jumped out of the fire. and caught hold of a Mahto by neck. He was overpowered and once again thrown into fire. A 14-year old innocent boy, Raja Ram again and again jumped off the pyre and he was promptly thrown back into the fire. The killer-gang went on roasting human flesh till 5 p.m. They ran away when the police arrived. Four young members of [[Paswan]] family and three brothers from a [[Sunar|Sonar]] family were consigned to the fire.<ref name="Pathak"/>}}

Different opinions surfaced after the massacre. For some, like [[Charan Singh]], the former Prime Minister of [[Government of India]], it was not an issue of "feudal dominance" of the one caste over another, and [it] was merely a conflict between two criminal gangs. Others, however, dispute this view. The incident saw death on people, who primarily belonged to [[Dalit]] castes, but along with them, some of the [[Other Backward Class|Backward Caste]] people, belonging to Sonar caste were also killed. Singhwa is said to have mobilised people belonging to other castes as well, in opposition to the tyrant attitude of the Kurmi landlords, who according to the reports, colluded with the local police force, on many occasions. The rigging of polling booth, during elections and the virtual control of the infrastructure like roads on occasions, was also common for the Kurmis. Singhwa was also supported by a [[Brahmin]], who had faced the wrath of Kumis in the past.<ref name="Pathak"/> According to Lal (1981):
{{Blockquote|"A [[Brahmin]] whose wife was mercilessly beaten by the leader of the [[Kurmi]]s in the village was so pleased that he honoured Singhwa by offering sacred thread to him."<ref name="Pathak"/>}}

====1980 Pipra massacre====
Pipra was one of the large-scale massacres committed on untouchables by Kurmis within a time span of two and a half years, the previous ones being [[Belchi]] in 1977 and Bishrampur in 1978. Pipra was a village in Punpun division of [[Patna district|Patna]] district in Bihar. The conflict happened because of a land dispute between two communities of [[Kurmis|Kurmi]] and [[Chamars|Chamar]]. Historically, the village of Pipra was owned by Muslims who had left the place after independence. As per Chamars, during communal violence of 1947, the Muslims who were departing from the village were provided safe refuge by Chamars and the Muslims in return had rewarded them with a four bigha of land. According to them, the Kurmis through various means had occupied all of the land in the village and only a small plot of land remained with their community. In the subsequent period, the status of Kurmis in the village had also changed from being labourers in the fields of Muslims to the landowners employing labourers. Kurmis on their part claimed that they had purchased the land from the Muslims who left the village.<ref name="Mendelsohn 62–64">{{Cite book |last1=Mendelsohn |first1=Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGbp9MjhvKAC |title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India |last2=Vicziany |first2=Marika |date=1998-04-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55671-2 |pages=62–64 |language=en}}</ref>

The situation in the village was tense for quite a period of time. There was also a sexual scandal involving Kurmi landowner named Radhika Singh and a Chamar woman. the Chamars were angry over it. The political discourse in the village was also impacted by Naxalite related conflicts in the surrounding regions. The Chamars had also stopped working for Kurmis over the issue of poor wages. Before the massacre, two Kurmi landlords named Bhola Singh and Deonandan Singh of Kisan Suraksha Sangh were killed in December 1979 and January 1980 respectively. The Kurmis in the village suspected some involvement of Chamars into the incident. On the night of 25/26 February 1980, in a carefully organised manner 500 Kurmis from many villages descended on two Chamar houses and shot dead four men, four women, three boys and three girls. The bodies of the dead along with their houses and cattles were put on fire. The mob had left the village before police arrived at crime scene in the next morning.<ref name="Mendelsohn 62–64"/>

===Backward Castes in the Dalit-Naxal movement===
The broad categorisation of the various caste groups in North India falls in three categories. The upper-caste or the [[Forward Castes]], who constituted some big ''[[Zamindar]]s'', but most of the landowners from the upper-caste had such landholdings, which might qualify them as belonging to the "middle peasants" category. In fact, their landholdings, barring some exceptions were identical to the intermediate caste groups of [[Koeri]], [[Kurmi]] and the [[Yadav]]s—another category of castes, who fall within the categorisation of [[Other Backward Class]]. The economic status of majority of the upper-castes, thus, was similar to the middle peasants from these Backward Castes.<ref name="Sen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtEiEAAAQBAJ|title=Farewell to Arms: How Rebels Retire Without Getting Killed|author=Rumela Sen|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2021|isbn=978-0197529867|pages=48–49|access-date=12 July 2022|quote=the majority of these high-caste households were small landlords with landholdings that might also qualify them as "middle peasants." Their economic status was very similar to the middle peasant households among the backward-caste (Bania, Yadav, Kurmi, and Koeri). Although the Maoists identified these backward castes as a sympathetic class, some landowning, backward-caste households actually had economic interests in common with the upper-caste farming families.|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712115253/https://books.google.com/books/about/Farewell_to_Arms.html?id=EtEiEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The caste was the most important unifier at the rural level for the upper-castes, as on the question of "wage suppression" and making the hiring of Dalit labours affordable for the farming families of their caste, the upper-castes had common opinion. On these questions, even poorest of the poor upper-caste families united with the prosperous families of their own caste. On the other hand, many [[Other Backward Class|OBC]]s, who owned no land, worked along with Dalits as the [[agricultural labourer]]s without much interaction with them on the social level. However, some of the landed families of the Backward Castes also shared same interest with the farming families of the upper-caste, on the question of wages and affordability of the agricultural labourers. This section of the Backward Castes complained that due to Maoists the availability of cheap labour for the commencement of farming operations has become difficult. But, above all, the social interaction and alliance of upper-caste and the Backward Castes were not viable, because of the [[taboo]]s related to [[inter-caste marriage]]s and the social interaction between them.<ref name="Sen"/>

The Maoists primarily considered the landed gentry from the upper-caste as the class enemy of the Dalits and the poor. They mobilised the landless agricultural labourers from the Dalit communities as well as the Backward Castes. Though, some of the rich farmers from the Backward Castes were anti-Maoist, given the economic prosperity they achieved in the years after independence. The Maoist considered the Backward Castes as the sympathetic group for the cause of Dalits and the landless labourers. The Maoists, hence, recruited from the Backward Castes as well, apart from the Dalits.<ref name="Sen"/>

A report published by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]], titled ''Reports From The Flaming Fields Of Bihar'', asserts that the unity with the middle peasant castes like the [[Koeri]]s develops easily because of the position of these castes in the social hierarchy and their status in the rural power relation. It identifies that being hard-working nature and sufferers of both the discrimination (by the upper-caste landlords) and the widespread ''[[dacoity]]'', as the primary reason behind attraction of these castes to the revolutionary movement. The report also outlines that barring some exceptions, [[Yadav]]s also serve as good allies of the [[Leftist]]s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ|title=From Popular Movements to Rebellion: The Naxalite Decade|editor=[[Ranabir Samaddar]]|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-0429648977|access-date=13 July 2022|quote=The question of building solid unity with middle peasants, who make up nearly twenty per cent of the rural population, is a question of decisive importance in tilting the balance in favour of agrarian revolution. Recent changes in the agrarian scene and caste-based rigid social divisions in the countryside of Bihar have rendered the task much more complicated.Solid unity with middle and even rich peasants belonging to the Koiris and other backward castes down the social ladder develops rather easily due the peculiar position of these castes. Hardworking by nature and oppressed by upper-caste landlords and harassed by widespread theft and dacoity, they quickly come over to the fold of revolutionary organizations. The most complicated is the question of unity with the Yadava middle peasantry, as they often obstruct the rural poor's struggle against the zamindars by coming in between the two conflicting sides. For instance, often when a wage or land struggle against a zamindar reaches the verge of victory, he suddenly switches over from cultivation through hired labour to that through tenants, and in effecting this switch he finds readymade takers in the Yadavas. Thus the zamindar retreats into the background while the Yadavas come to the fore and the struggle naturally loses its edge. Then there are the questions of use of communal land, tanks etc, and struggle against theft and dacoity. All this leads to the contradiction with them taking a serious and sharp turn. But fortunately enough, such frictions prevail only in certain pockets and are not widespread. In fact, in many other cases they are quite good allies.|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712233848/https://books.google.com/books/about/From_Popular_Movements_to_Rebellion.html?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CPI-ML">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmFDAAAAYAAJ|title=Report from the Flaming Fields of Bihar: A CPI (ML) Document|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Original from the University of Virginia|publisher=Prabodh Bhattacharya|year=1986|page=20|access-date=13 July 2022|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713000233/https://books.google.com/books/about/Report_from_the_Flaming_Fields_of_Bihar.html?id=tmFDAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Quote box |width=90em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=center |salign = center
|quote='''CPI(ML)’S APPEAL TO KURMI PEASANTS'''

Dear Peasants,

THE Kurmi caste is well known as an honest, hard-working and brave caste. It has produced quite a considerable number of progressive individuals and revolutionaries. Many whole-time cadres of our Party hail from your caste. Many leaders and cadres, like Mahendra Singh, Sachchidanand Singh and Shyamnarayan Patel, of democratic organisations, like the IPF or the Kisan Sabha, also belong to your caste. Altogether, your caste is held in high esteem in the whole society.

Our Party is leading the people towards a revolutionary transformation of the entire society, and you are an integral part of the people. But some persons are out to drive a wedge between us by giving you a false impression about our Party. We admit that we had made certain mistakes in the past, but we have already rectified them. Undoubtedly, some shortcomings may still be there and you are absolutely welcome to point them out, but please know us closely and don't misunderstand us. We are consistently fighting for your all-round development.

Now, some arch-reactionaries and their goons, who also happen to come mainly from the Kurmi caste, have formed a gang like the Bhoomi Sena that is out to perpetuate your deprivation and backwardness and to make life hell for you. And some persons are associating your entire caste with this notorious gang to tarnish your great image. You must be knowing it very well what a tremendous hatred the people have for this Bhoomi Sena. Do you not want to preserve the respect the people have always shown towards your caste? Do you not want to prosper economically, socially, politically and culturally? Do you not want to break out of this bondage of backwardness? Surely you do, and we, therefore, appeal to you to isolate and smash this notorious gang and to march forward to a better tomorrow. And in this forward march towards the fulfilment of your just aspirations, you can always count on our fullest help and cooperation.

Just think how many progressive individuals and revolutionaries have been murdered by this gang and what a great loss it has inflicted on the people. They have snatched away from you such beloved mass leaders as Premchand Sinha, Lalbabu Singh and Sharda Singh. This gang is indeed a disgrace to the entire society and as such it is imperative to wipe it out completely from the face of this earth.

As far as we are concerned, we associate only Girish Singh, Lallu Singh, Beni Singh, Jeevlal Singh and Vijay Singh with the Bhoomi Sena. They are the main enemy in this area and we will not spare them. If anyone else has, by mistake, aligned himself with these elements, he should dissociate himself immediately. We bear no enmity towards anybody else. However, in the interest of the masses, particularly of the Kurmi caste, we are prepared to work out a compromise with these elements and avoid bloodshed if possible. We will not take any action against them till 31 March and wait for their response. But if we do not get any response from them by 30 March, we will assume that they do not want any compromise, they do not have any sympathy for the Kurmi peasants and want to play with their lives. After that we will be free to mobilise the masses in any action against this gang of five.

Peasants of the Kurmi caste, unite with the peasants of all other castes. No caste can prosper in isolation. Landlords of all castes are getting united. You, too, must take immediate steps. You must make your choice between light and darkness. Our Party is also your Party, and it will remain yours for ever.

[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)]]<ref name="CPI-ML"/> 15 February 1986 }}

==Socio-political empowerment==
[[File:Birbal Jha speaking for SCST Welfare Dept Bihar.jpg|thumb|A program organised for the ''Mahadalit'' communities, by the department for welfare of [[Scheduled Castes]] and [[Scheduled Tribes]], [[Government of Bihar]] (2014)]]

The [[Nitish Kumar]] government in Bihar identified the most deprived of the Dalits, by categorising the Dalit castes into two categories. A new category of ''Mahadalits'' was created, containing castes on the state list of [[Scheduled Caste]]s, other than the [[Dusadh]], [[Chamar]], [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]] and [[Dhobi]] caste. Since these four castes were better placed than rest of the Dalit communities, in terms of taking benefits of the [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] of the government, and were more politically conscious, a need for sub-categorisation of the SCs arose. An organisation called ''Mahadalit Vikas Mission'' was also created to enlist the Dalit castes on the basis of their socio-economic deprivation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tD3BCAAAQBAJ|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|author=[[Ranabir Samaddar]]|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2015|isbn=978-1472434913|page=196|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712165607/https://books.google.com/books/about/Government_of_Peace.html?id=tD3BCAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dalit| ]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Caste system in Nepal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]

List of Mumbai Indians cricketers

2025-12-24T08:26:45Z

LinetteFisher: adding the data needs work - done

{{Short description|List of cricketers}}
{{one source|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

This is a list of '''cricketers''' who have represented [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] since the [[2008 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Indians Squads for all cricket series and tournaments |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/mumbai-indians-335978/squads |access-date=2023-04-10 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Players are listed in [[alphabetical order]] followed by the year(s) that they have been active as a Mumbai Indians player.

For a list of current players, see the [[Mumbai Indians#Current squad|current squad]].

{{compact TOC|center=yes|o=O|w=W|x=X|refs=yes|biblio=yes|nobreak=yes}}
{{updated|24 November 2023}}

==A==
* [[Aaron Finch]] (2015)
* [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] (2015)
* [[Abhishek Nayar]] (2008-2010)
* [[Abu Nechim]] (2010-2013)
* [[Adam Milne]] (2021)
* [[Aditya Tare]] (2010-2015; 2018–2021)
* [[Aiden Blizzard]] (2011-2013; 2015)
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (2008-2010)
* [[Akash Madhwal]] (2022–2024)
* [[Akila Dananjaya]] (2018)
* [[Akshay Wakhare]] (2015-2016)
* [[Alex Hales]] (2015)
* [[Ali Murtaza]] (2010-2011)
* [[Alzarri Joseph]] (2019)
* [[Ambati Rayudu]] (2010-2017)
* [[Amitoze Singh]] (2012-2013)
* [[André Nel]] (2008)
* [[Andrew Symonds]] (2011)
* [[Ankeet Chavan]] (2008)
* [[Anmolpreet Singh]] (2019-2022)
* [[Anshul Kamboj]] (2024)
* [[Anukul Roy]] (2017-2021)
* [[Apoorv Wankhade]] (2012; 2014)
* [[Arjun Tendulkar]] (2021–present)
* [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]] (2022-2023)
* [[Aryan Juyal]] (2022)
* [[Asela Gunaratne]] (2017)
* [[Ashish Nehra]] (2008)
* [[Ashwani Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwani Kumar]] (2025)
* [[Ashwell Prince]] (2008)
* [[Axar Patel]] (2013)

==B==
* [[Barinder Sran]] (2019)
* [[Basil Thampi]] (2022)
* [[Ben Cutting]] (2018-2019)
* [[Ben Dunk]] (2014)
* [[Ben Hilfenhaus]] (2015)
* [[Beuran Hendricks]] (2019)

==C==
* [[Cameron Green]] (2023)
* [[Chandan Madan]] (2010)
* [[Chetanya Nanda]] (2009)
* [[Chidhambaram Gautam]] (2014)
* [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] (2023)
* [[Chris Lynn]] (2020-2021)
* [[Clint McKay]] (2011-2012)
* [[Colin Munro]] (2015)
* [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] (2014-2016)
*

==D==
* [[Daniel Sams]] (2022)
* [[Davy Jacobs]] (2011-2012)
* [[Deepak Chahar]] (2025)
* [[Deepak Punia (cricketer)|Deepak Punia]] (2016-2017)
* [[Dewald Brevis]] (2022–2024)
* [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] (2008-2013; 2020–2021)
* [[Digvijay Deshmukh]] (2020)
* [[Dilhara Fernando]] (2008-2011)
* [[Dilshan Madushanka]] (2024)
* [[Dominic Thornely]] (2008)
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] (2012-2013)
* [[Duan Jansen]] (2023)
* [[Dwayne Bravo]] (2008-2010)
* [[Dwayne Smith]] (2008; 2012–2013)

==E==
* [[Evin Lewis]] (2018-2019)

==F==
* [[Fabian Allen]] (2022)

==G==
* [[Gaurav Dhiman]] (2008)
* [[Gerald Coetzee]] (2024)
* [[Glenn Maxwell]] (2013)
* [[Graham Napier]] (2009-2010)

==H==
* [[Harbhajan Singh]] (2008-2017)
* [[Hardik Pandya]] (2015-2021; 2024–present)
* [[Herschelle Gibbs]] (2012)
* [[Hrithik Shokeen]] (2022-2023)

==I==
* [[Ishan Kishan]] (2018–2024)
* [[Ishan Malhotra]] (2010)

==J==
* [[Jacob Oram]] (2013)
* [[Jagadeesha Suchith]] (2015-2016)
* [[Jalaj Saxena]] (2013-2014)
* [[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]] (2011-2013)
* [[James Neesham]] (2021)
* [[James Pattinson]] (2020)
* [[Jason Behrendorff]] (2019; 2023–2024)
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (2013–present)
* [[Javed Khan (cricketer)|Javed Khan]] (2013)
* [[Jayant Yadav]] (2020-2021)
* [[Jaydev Shah]] (2009)
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (2022)
* [[Jerome Taylor]] (2016)
* [[Jhye Richardson]] (2023)
* [[Jitesh Sharma]] (2016-2017)
* [[Jofra Archer]] (2022-2023)
* [[Jos Buttler]] (2016-2017)
* [[Josh Hazlewood]] (2014-2015)
* [[JP Duminy]] (2009-2010; 2018)

==K==
* [[Karn Sharma]] (2017; 2025)
* [[Kieron Pollard]] (2010-2022)
* Kishore Kamath (2016)
* [[Krishmar Santokie]] (2014)
* [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] (2017)
* [[Krunal Pandya]] (2016-2021)
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (2012)
* [[Kulwant Khejroliya]] (2017)
* [[Kumar Kartikeya]] (2022–2024)
* [[Kyle Mills]] (2009)

==L==
* [[Lasith Malinga]] (2008-2017; 2019–2020)
* [[Lendl Simmons]] (2014-2017)
* [[Loots Bosman]] (2008)
* [[Luke Ronchi]] (2008-2009)

==M==
* [[Manish Pandey]] (2008)
* [[Marco Jansen]] (2021)
* [[Marchant de Lange]] (2014-2015)
* [[Martin Guptill]] (2016)
* [[Mayank Markande]] (2018-2019; 2022)
* [[MD Nidheesh]] (2018)
* [[Michael Hussey]] (2014)
* [[Mitchell Johnson]] (2012-2013; 2017)
* [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] (2015-2019)
* [[Mitchell Santner]] (2025)
* [[Mohammad Ashraful]] (2009)
* [[Mohammad Nabi]] (2024)
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] (2018; 2020–2021)
* [[Moises Henriques]] (2011)
* [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] (2025)
* [[Munaf Patel]] (2011-2013)
* [[Murugan Ashwin]] (2022)
* Musavir Khote (2008)
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]] (2018)

==N==
* [[Naman Dhir]] (2024–present)
* [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]] (2013)
* [[Nathu Singh (cricketer)|Nathu Singh]] (2016)
* [[Nehal Wadhera]] (2023–2024)
* [[Nicholas Pooran]] (2017)
* [[Nitish Rana]] (2015-2017)
* [[Nuwan Thushara]] (2024)

==P==
* [[Pankaj Jaswal]] (2019)
* [[Parthiv Patel]] (2015-2017)
* [[Pat Cummins]] (2018)
* [[Pawan Suyal]] (2011-2015)
* [[Phillip Hughes]] (2013)
* [[Pinal Shah]] (2008-2009)
* [[Piyush Chawla]] (2021; 2023–2024)
* [[Pradeep Sangwan]] (2018)
* [[Pragyan Ojha]] (2012-2015)
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] (2014)
* Prince Balwant Rai (2020)

==Q==
* [[Quinton de Kock]] (2019-2021)

==R==
* [[Raghav Goyal]] (2023)
* Rahil Shaikh (2009)
* [[Rahul Buddhi]] (2022)
* [[Rahul Chahar]] (2018-2021)
* [[Rahul Shukla]] (2010-2012)
* [[Rajagopal Sathish]] (2010-2011)
* [[Rajesh Pawar]] (2008)
* [[Raj Angad Bawa]] (2025)
* [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] (2022-2023)
* [[Rasikh Salam]] (2019)
* [[Richard Levi]] (2012)
* [[Ricky Ponting]] (2013)
* [[Riley Meredith]] (2022-2023)
* [[Rishi Dhawan]] (2013)
* [[Robin Minz]] (2025)
* [[Robin Peterson]] (2012)
* [[Robin Uthappa]] (2008)
* [[Rohan Raje]] (2008-2009)
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (2011–present)
* [[Romario Shepherd]] (2024)
* [[Roosh Kalaria]] (2021)
* [[R. P. Singh]] (2012)
* [[Ryan McLaren]] (2010)
* [[Ryan Rickelton]] (2025)

==S==
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (2008-2013)
* [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (2008-2010)
* [[Sandeep Warrier]] (2023)
* [[Santosh Yadav (cricketer)|Santosh Yadav]] (2011)
* [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] (2022)
* [[Sarul Kanwar]] (2011)
* [[Satyanarayana Raju (cricketer)|Satyanarayana Raju]] (2025)
* [[Saurabh Tiwary]] (2008-2010; 2017–2018; 2020–2021)
* [[Shams Mulani]] (2023–present)
* [[Sharad Lumba]] (2018)
* [[Shaun Pollock]] (2008)
* [[Sherfane Rutherford]] (2020)
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (2009-2010)
* [[Shivalik Sharma]] (2024)
* [[Shreyas Gopal]] (2014-2017; 2024)
* [[Siddharth Chitnis]] (2008)
* [[Siddhesh Lad]] (2015-2019)
* [[Simarjeet Singh]] (2021)
* [[Sujit Nayak]] (2012)
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (2012; 2018–present)
* [[Sushant Marathe]] (2012-2014)
* [[Swapnil Singh]] (2008)
* [[Syed Shahabuddin (cricketer)|Syed Shahabuddin]] (2010)

==T==
* [[Tajinder Singh]] (2018)
* [[Thisara Perera]] (2012)
* [[Tilak Varma]] (2022–present)
* [[Tim David]] (2022–2024)
* [[Tim Southee]] (2016-2017)
* [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] (2011-2012)
* [[Trent Boult]] (2020-2021; 2025)
* [[Tristan Stubbs]] (2022-2023)
* [[Tymal Mills]] (2022)

==U==
* [[Unmukt Chand]] (2015-2016)

==V==
* [[Vignesh Puthur]] (2025)
* Vikrant Yeligati (2008)
* [[Vinay Kumar]] (2015-2017)
* [[Vishnu Vinod]] (2023–2024)
* Vipin sevaram (2010-2013)

== W ==

* [[Will Jacks]] (2025)

==Y==
* [[Yogesh Takawale]] (2008)
* [[Yudhvir Singh (cricketer)|Yudhvir Singh]] (2021)
* [[Yuvraj Singh]] (2019)
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (2011-2013)

==Z==
* [[Zaheer Khan]] (2009-2010; 2014)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mumbaiindians.com/ Official website of Mumbai Indians]

{{Indian Premier League}}
{{Mumbai Indians}}

[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Mumbai-related lists|Cricket]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian Premier League cricketers|Mumbai Indians]]

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

2025-12-10T15:16:22Z

LinetteFisher: started a data - done

{{Short description|Former government ministry of India}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name =
|seal = Emblem of India.svg
|seal_width = 70px
|seal_caption = [[Emblem of India]]
|formed = 27 May 2004
|preceding2 =
|dissolved = 6 July 2017
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
|headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
|latd =
|latm =
|lats =
|latNS =
|longd =
|longm =
|longs =
|longEW =
|employees =
|budget =
|website = {{url|http://mhupa.gov.in}}
}}
The '''Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation''' was a ministry of the [[Government of India]] responsible for urban [[poverty]], [[housing]], and [[employment]] programs. It was involved in national policy decisions and coordinates with Indian central [[minister (government)|ministries]], state governments, and central sponsor programs.

On 6 July 2017, the ministry was re-united with the Ministry of Urban Development to form the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MoHUA is the new name for urban development & housing ministry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mohua-is-the-new-name-for-urban-development-housing-ministry/articleshow/59507442.cms|access-date=6 November 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== History ==
The ministry was first created in 1999 as the "Ministry of Urban Affairs and Poverty Alleviation" and existed alongside the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India)|Ministry of Urban Development]]. On 22 November 1999, the ministry was renamed as the "Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation" and was concerned with generating employment in urban areas. On 27 May 2000, the ministry was merged along with the Ministry of Urban Development and renamed as the "Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation".

Following the formation of the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]] on 22 May 2004, the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation was re-bifurcated into the "Ministry of Urban Development" and the "Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation". The Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation was renamed as the "Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation" on 1 June 2006. The ministry was re-merged with the Ministry of Urban Development on 6 July 2017 to form the "[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India)|Ministry of Urban Affairs]]".

== Overview ==
The [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] has allocated responsibility for [[housing]] and [[urban development]] to the state; and the 74th amendment to the Constitution delegates some responsibility to the local governments. The ministry was responsible for the [[Capital districts and territories|national capital territory]] of [[Delhi]] and [[Union territory|union territories]]. It also provided finances through federal institutions and allocates resources to the state governments. The ministry supported the country's external housing and urban development assistance programs.<ref name=intro>[http://mhupa.gov.in/ministry/index2.htm The Ministry.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914210620/http://mhupa.gov.in/ministry/index2.htm |date=14 September 2010 }} The Ministry of Housing And Urban Poverty Alleviation. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</ref>

== Divisions ==
The ministry had administrative control over the [[National Buildings Organisation]] (NBO) attached office and the Hindustan Prefab Limited (HPL) and [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]] (HUDCO) [[public sector undertaking]]s. It was also responsible for the following statutory and autonomous bodies:
* Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC)
* [[Central Government Employees Welfare Housing Organisation]] (CGEWHO)
* National Cooperative Housing Federation of India (NCHFI)
* Principal Account Office (PAO)

== Sectors for improvement ==
For poverty alleviation programs to be successful, the following sectors should realise improvements: Income generation, health, shelter, education, environment and infrastructure. Environmental Improvement for Urban Slum, Urban Basic Service programs, Nehru Rozgar Yojana, Shelter and Infrastructural facilities, and Low Cost Sanitation Night Shelter are examples of schemes to meet these objectives.<ref>{{cite book | title=Slum in India: A Case Study of Bhubaneswar City | publisher=APH Publishing | author=L. N. P. Mohanty, Swati Mohanty | year=2005 | pages=76–77 | isbn=8176488925}}</ref>

The Ministry had constituted a Committee on Streamlining Approval Procedures for Real Estate Projects (SAPREP)<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=94267 |title= Single Window System for Clearance for Real Estate Projects Soon: Ajay Maken }}</ref> under the chairmanship of [[Dhanendra Kumar]], former chairman of Competition Commission of India. Amongst other things, the concept of single window clearance as advocated by this committee report draw parallels with government's effort towards improving ease of doing business in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcFWtXAZ8A0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/pcFWtXAZ8A0 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title= Giving Housing Sector a Boost}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== National programs and legislation ==
The [[Government of India]] has launched various programs since its [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]], such as some of the [[Five-Year plans of India|five-year plans]], to alleviate poverty and address the widening income gap, both, amongst the upper and lower classes of society, and amongst the rural and urban parts of the country.<ref name=Kanbur>{{Citation | author-last1 = Kanbur | author-first1 = Ravi | author-last2 = Gajwani | author-first2 = Kiran | author-last3 = Zhang | author-first3 = Xiaobo | author-link1 = Ravi Kanbur | contribution = Patterns of spatial convergence and divergence in India and China | editor-last1 = Bourguignon | editor-first1 = François | editor-last2 = Pleskovic | editor-first2 = Boris | editor-link1 = François Bourguignon | title = Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics Regional 2007 beyond transition | pages = 3–4 and 9–10 | publisher = World Bank | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780821368435 | postscript = .}} [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/84797-1251813753820/6415739-1257192350745/Xiabo.PDF Pdf version.]</ref> For instance, the "[[Five-Year plans of India|Eighth Plan]] policy guidelines envisage integrated approach to alleviation of urban poverty and servicing the urban poor with basic facilities so that their quality of life improves."<ref>{{cite book | title=Slum in India: A Case Study of Bhubaneswar City | publisher=APH Publishing | author=L. N. P. Mohanty, Swati Mohanty | year=2005 | pages=75 | isbn=8176488925}}</ref>

As trends in the [[Gini coefficient]] reflect,<ref name=Kanbur /> the income gaps were not as pronounced until the early 1980s, but the situation has been continually getting worse since. Misplaced priorities of the Indian Government and bad planning of subsidy programs is largely responsible for this.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Hosting the Commonwealth Games in New Delhi in 2010 that cost the exchequer an approximate {{INRConvert|110|b}}, excluding the price of non-sports related infrastructure, is a case in point.<ref>Sengupta, Mitu. [http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/45041 Corruption, Poverty and India's Commonwealth Games.] Green Left Weekly. 7 August 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.</ref>

While newly launched programs like [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (MNREGA), [[National Rural Health Mission]] (NRHM), [[Right to food by country|Food Security Act]], Mid-day Meals and [[Bharat Nirman|Bharat Nirman Yojana]] have demonstrated success in the initial stages, their performance over the long-run still remains to be seen. The shortsightedness of the Indian government often leads it to launch populist programs that may not necessarily work well. Low-hanging fruit like increasing worker's [[minimum wage]] can go a long way in achieving the goal of poverty alleviation, but are yet to be taken up in spite of reminders from leading [[economist]]s.<ref>Ashenfelter, Orley, and Stěpán Jurajda. [http://www.crei.cat/activities/sc_conferences/12/ashenfe.pdf Cross-country Comparisons of Wage Rates: The Big Mac Index.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821154230/http://www.crei.cat/activities/sc_conferences/12/ashenfe.pdf |date=21 August 2010 }} Diss. Princeton University and Charles University, 2001. Center De Recerca En Economia Internacional. October 2001. Retrieved 11 November 2010.</ref>

On 6 September 2012 the Union Minister, [[Kumari Selja]], introduced the [[Street Vendors Act, 2014]] in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bill in Lok Sabha to protect rights of street vendors|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/news/33649866_1_street-vendors-livelihood-rights-coal-block-allocation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226194140/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/news/33649866_1_street-vendors-livelihood-rights-coal-block-allocation |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2014 |work=The Economic Times|date=6 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name=toisep12>{{cite news |title=Govt introduces street vending bill in Lok Sabha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-introduces-street-vending-bill-in-Lok-Sabha/articleshow/16289632.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104005803/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-07/india/33676083_1_livelihood-and-regulation-street-vendors-lok-sabha |url-status=live |archive-date=4 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 September 2012 }}</ref>

== Cabinet Ministers ==
* '''Note:''' MoS, I/C {{ndash}} Minister of State (Independent Charge)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Urban Affairs and Poverty Alleviation
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Satyanarayan Jatiya (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]]}}
|{{small|13 October}} 1999
|{{small|22 November}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|13|1999|11|22}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]'''
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Jagmohan.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Jagmohan]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]}}
|{{small|22 November}} 1999
|{{small|26 November}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|11|22|1999|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
!3
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|[[File:Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]''' {{small|(born 1936) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]}}
|{{small|26 November}} 1999
|{{small|27 May}} 2000
!{{ayd|1999|11|26|2000|5|27}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| colspan="10" |''Ministry disestablished during this interval''{{Efn|The ministry's competences were transferred to the Ministry of [[
Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Urban Development]].}}
|-
!4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Kumari Selja.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Selja Kumari]]''' {{small|(born 1962) MP for [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]}} (MoS, I/C)
|{{small|23 May}} 2004
|{{small|1 June}} 2006
!{{ayd|2004|5|23|2006|6|1}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']]
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
|-
!rowspan="2"| 5
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Kumari Selja.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Selja Kumari]]''' {{small|(born 1962) MP for [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]}} (MoS, I/C until 22 May 2009)
|{{small|1 June}} 2006
|{{small|22 May}} 2009
!{{ayd|2006|6|1|2009|5|22}}
|rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']]
|rowspan="4"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|{{small|28 May}} 2009
|{{small|28 October}} 2012
!{{ayd|2009|5|28|2012|12|28}}
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan II''']]
|-
!6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ajay Maken (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ajay Maken]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]}}
|{{small|28 October}} 2012
|{{small|16 June}} 2013
!{{ayd|2012|10|28|2013|6|16}}
|-
!7
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Girija Vyas assuming office in 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Girija Vyas]]''' {{small|(1946{{ndash}}2025) MP for [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]}}
|{{small|17 June}} 2013
|{{small|26 May}} 2014
!{{ayd|2013|6|17|2014|5|26}}
|-
!8
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[M. Venkaiah Naidu]]''' {{small|(born 1948) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]], till 2016 Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]], from 2016}}
|{{small|26 May}} 2014
|{{small|6 July}} 2017
!{{ayd|2014|5|26|2017|7|6}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]'''
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
!colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Merged with [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Ministry of Urban Development]] to form the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]''}}
|-
|}

== Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Babul Supriyo 2018.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Babul Supriyo]]''' {{small|(born 1970) MP for [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]}}
|{{small|9 November}} 2014
|{{small|12 July}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|11|9|2016|7|12}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Rao Inderjit Singh taking over as Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Planning in May 2014 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Rao Inderjit Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]]}}
|{{small|5 July}} 2016
|{{small|6 July}} 2017
!{{ayd|2016|7|5|2017|7|6}}
|-
!colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Merged with [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Ministry of Urban Development]] to form the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]''}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Housing in India]]
* [[Illegal housing in India]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]]
* [[Poverty in India]]
* [[List of slums in India|Slums in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Annual Report | author=India. Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation | publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation }}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070612040127/http://mhupa.gov.in/index.htm Official website]

{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct government ministries of India|H]]
[[Category:Poverty in India]]
[[Category:Housing organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Housing ministries|India]]
[[Category:Urban planning in India]]

Brackish water

2025-12-08T15:31:40Z

LinetteFisher: added info

{{Short description|Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater}}
{{Redirect|Brackish|the Kittie song|Spit (album)}}
{{Water salinity}}
'''Brackish water''', sometimes termed '''brack water''',<ref>{{cite web | title=What is brackish water and what effect does a high concentration of ammonia have? | website=The Laboratory People | date=15 June 2012 | url=https://camblab.info/what-is-brackish-water-and-what-effect-does-a-high-concentration-of-ammonia-have/ | access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Klaassen | first1=K. | last2=Bormann | first2=H. | last3=Klenke | first3=T. | last4=Liebezeit | first4=G. | title=The impact of hydrodynamics and texture on the infiltration of rain and marine waters into sand bank island sediments — Aspects of infiltration and groundwater dynamics | journal=Senckenbergiana Maritima | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=38 | issue=2 | year=2008 | issn=0080-889X | doi=10.1007/bf03055293 | pages=163–171| s2cid=6229273 }}</ref> is water occurring in a natural environment that has more [[salinity]] than [[freshwater]], but not as much as [[seawater]]. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in [[estuary|estuaries]], or it may occur in brackish [[Fossil water|fossil aquifers]]. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root ''[[:wikt:brak#Dutch|brak]]''. Certain human activities can produce brackish water, in particular [[civil engineering]] projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal [[marsh]]land to produce brackish water pools for [[freshwater prawn farming]]. Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the [[Osmotic power|salinity gradient power]] process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species, without appropriate management it can be damaging to the environment (see article on [[shrimp farming|shrimp farms]]).

Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of [[salt]] per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 [[parts per thousand]] (‰), which is a [[specific gravity]] of between 1.0004 and 1.0226. Thus, ''brackish'' covers a range of [[Salinity#Systems of classification of water bodies based upon salinity|salinity regimes]] and is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their [[salinity]] can vary considerably over space or time. Water with a [[Salinity|salt concentration]] greater than 30‰ is considered [[Saline water|saline]].
== Brackish water habitats ==

=== Estuaries ===
[[File:Monodactylus argenteus.JPG|thumb|A brackish water fish: ''[[Silver moony|Monodactylus argenteus]]'']]
Brackish water condition commonly occurs when fresh water meets seawater. In fact, the most extensive brackish water habitats worldwide are [[estuary|estuaries]], where a river meets the sea.

The [[River Thames]] flowing through [[London]] is a classic river estuary. The town of [[Teddington]] a few miles west of London marks the boundary between the [[tide|tidal]] and non-tidal parts of the Thames, although it is still considered a freshwater river about as far east as [[Battersea]] insofar as the average salinity is very low and the fish fauna consists predominantly of freshwater species such as [[Rutilus|roach]], [[Common dace|dace]], [[carp]], [[perch]], and [[pike (fish)|pike]]. The [[Thames Estuary]] becomes brackish between Battersea and [[Gravesend]], and the diversity of freshwater fish species present is smaller, primarily roach and dace; [[euryhaline]] marine species such as [[flounder]], [[European seabass]], [[mullet (fish)|mullet]], and [[Smelt (fish)|smelt]] become much more common. Further east, the salinity increases and the freshwater fish species are completely replaced by euryhaline marine ones, until the river reaches Gravesend, at which point conditions become fully marine and the fish fauna resembles that of the adjacent [[North Sea]] and includes both euryhaline and [[stenohaline]] marine species. A similar pattern of replacement can be observed with the aquatic plants and invertebrates living in the river.<ref>[http://www.the-river-thames.co.uk/thames.htm The River Thames – its geology, geography and vital statistics from source to sea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516000937/http://www.the-river-thames.co.uk/thames.htm |date=2010-05-16 }}, The-River-Thames.co.uk</ref><ref>[http://www.the-river-thames.co.uk/wildlife.htm The River Thames – its natural history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818220921/http://www.the-river-thames.co.uk/wildlife.htm |date=2006-08-18 }} The-River-Thames.co.uk</ref>

This type of [[ecological succession]] from freshwater to marine [[ecosystem]] is typical of river estuaries. River estuaries form important staging points during the migration of [[Fish migration|anadromous and catadromous]] fish species, such as [[salmon]], [[American shad|shad]] and [[eel]]s, giving them time to form social groups and to adjust to the changes in salinity. Salmon are anadromous, meaning they live in the sea but ascend rivers to spawn; eels are catadromous, living in rivers and streams, but returning to the sea to breed. Besides the species that migrate through estuaries, there are many other fish that use them as "nursery grounds" for spawning or as places young fish can feed and grow before moving elsewhere. [[Herring]] and [[plaice]] are two commercially important species that use the Thames Estuary for this purpose.

Estuaries are also commonly used as [[fishing grounds]] and as places for fish farming or ranching.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eattilapia.com/tilapia-farming.php |title= Tropical Aquaculture|website=www.eattilapia.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929170847/http://www.eattilapia.com/tilapia-farming.php |archive-date=September 29, 2010}}</ref> For example, [[Atlantic salmon]] farms are often located in estuaries, although this has caused controversy, because in doing so, [[Fish farming|fish farmers]] expose migrating wild fish to large numbers of external [[parasitism|parasites]] such as [[sea lice]] that escape from the pens the farmed fish are kept in.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saveourseatrout.com/|title=脱毛の口コミまとめ|work=saveourseatrout.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717032912/http://www.saveourseatrout.com/|archive-date=2006-07-17}}</ref>

=== Mangroves ===
{{main|Mangrove}}
Another important brackish water habitat is the [[mangrove swamp]] or '''mangal'''. Many, though not all, mangrove swamps fringe estuaries and [[lagoon]]s where the salinity changes with each tide. Among the most specialised residents of [[Mangrove forest|mangrove forests]] are [[mudskippers]], fish that forage for food on land, and [[archerfish]], perch-like fish that "spit" at insects and other small animals living in the trees, knocking them into the water where they can be eaten. Like estuaries, mangrove swamps are extremely important breeding grounds for many fish, with species such as [[Lutjanidae|snappers]], [[halfbeak]]s, and [[tarpon]] spawning or maturing among them. Besides fish, numerous other animals use mangroves, including such species as the [[saltwater crocodile]], [[American crocodile]], [[proboscis monkey]], [[diamondback terrapin]], and the [[crab-eating frog]], ''Fejervarya cancrivora'' (formerly ''Rana cancrivora''). Mangroves represent important nesting sites for numerous birds groups such as [[Heron|herons]], [[Stork|storks]], [[Spoonbill|spoonbills]], [[Ibis|ibises]], [[Kingfisher|kingfishers]], [[shorebirds]] and [[Seabird|seabirds]].

Although often plagued with [[mosquito]]es and other insects that make them unpleasant for humans, mangrove swamps are very important buffer zones between land and sea, and are a natural defense against hurricane and tsunami damage in particular.<ref>[http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1823&language=1 Mangrove forests 'can reduce impact of tsunamis'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618043027/http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readnews&itemid=1823&language=1 |date=2006-06-18 }}, Science and Development Network, December 30, 2004</ref>

The [[Sundarbans]] and [[Bhitarkanika Mangroves]] are two of the large mangrove forests in the world, both on the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]].

=== Brackish seas and lakes ===
{{See also|Salt lake}}
Some seas and lakes are brackish. The [[Baltic Sea]] is a brackish sea adjoining the [[North Sea]]. Originally the [[Eridanos (geology)|Eridanos]] river system prior to the [[Pleistocene]], since then it has been flooded by the North Sea but still receives so much freshwater from the adjacent lands that the water is brackish. As [[seawater]] is denser, the water in the Baltic is stratified, with seawater at the bottom and freshwater at the top. Limited mixing occurs because of the lack of tides and storms, with the result that the fish fauna at the surface is freshwater in composition while that lower down is more marine. [[Cod]] are an example of a species only found in deep water in the Baltic, while [[Northern pike|pike]] are confined to the less saline surface waters.

The [[Caspian Sea]] is the world's largest lake and contains brackish water with a salinity about one-third that of normal seawater. The Caspian is famous for its peculiar animal fauna, including one of the few non-marine seals (the [[Caspian seal]]) and the great [[sturgeon]]s, a major source of [[caviar]].

[[Hudson Bay]] is a brackish [[marginal sea]] of the [[Arctic Ocean]], it remains brackish due its limited connections to the open ocean, very high levels freshwater [[surface runoff]] input from the large [[Hudson Bay drainage basin]], and low rate of evaporation due to being completely covered in ice for over half the year.

In the [[Black Sea]] the surface water is brackish with an average salinity of about 17–18 parts per thousand compared to 30 to 40 for the oceans.<ref name="Lüning 1991 p.121">{{cite book |last=Lüning |first=Klaus |title=Seaweeds: Their Environment, Biogeography, and Ecophysiology |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=1991-01-16 |isbn=978-0-471-62434-9 |ol=7619451M |page=121}}</ref> The deep, [[anoxic event|anoxic]] water of the Black Sea originates from warm, salty water of the [[Mediterranean]].

[[Lake Texoma]], a reservoir on the border between the U.S. states of [[Texas]] and [[Oklahoma]], is a rare example of a brackish lake that is neither part of an [[endorheic basin]] nor a direct arm of the ocean, though its salinity is considerably lower than that of the other bodies of water mentioned here. The reservoir was created by the damming of the [[Red River of the South]], which (along with several of its tributaries) receives large amounts of salt from natural seepage from buried deposits in the upstream region. The salinity is high enough that [[striped bass]], a fish normally found only in salt water, has self-sustaining populations in the lake.<ref>Malewitz, Jim (21 November 2013). [https://www.texastribune.org/2013/11/21/along-salty-red-river-communities-seek-feds-help/ "Communities Along Red River Seek Feds' Help."] ''The Texas Tribune''. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref><ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-170-97/FS_170-97.htm U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 170-97]. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref>

=== Brackish marsh ===
{{Main|Brackish marsh}}

=== Other brackish bodies of water===
* {{annotated link|Anchialine pool}}

== Human uses ==
Brackish water is used by humans in many different sectors. It is commonly used as cooling water for power generation and in a variety of ways in the mining, oil, and gas industries. Once [[Desalination|desalinated]] it can also be used for agriculture, livestock, and municipal uses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Program |first=USGS - U.S. Geological Survey Water Availability and Use Science |title=How is Brackish Groundwater Being Used? - USGS National Brackish Groundwater Assessment |url=https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/brackishgw/use.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=water.usgs.gov |date=22 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Brackish water can be treated using [[reverse osmosis]], [[electrodialysis]], and other filtration processes.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ahdab |first1=Yvana D. |title=Desalination of brackish groundwater to improve water quality and water supply |date=2020 |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/126566 |work=Prof. Lienhard |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-12-818172-0 |access-date=2022-03-08 |last2=Lienhard |first2=John H.|hdl=1721.1/126566 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of brackish bodies of water]]
* {{annotated link|Biosalinity}}
* {{annotated link|Brackish-water aquarium}}
* {{annotated link|Desalination}}
* {{annotated link|Halocline}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10452-005-6041-y Moustakas, A. & I. Karakassis. How diverse is aquatic biodiversity research?, Aquatic Ecology, '''39''', 367-375]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Liquid water]]
[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Coastal geography]]
[[Category:Brackish water organisms|*]]

Sarup Ram Singh

2025-11-13T21:39:41Z

LinetteFisher: adding a biography.

{{short description|Maharao of Sirohi (1920 - 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Sarup Ram Singh
| title = [[Maharajadhiraja]] [[Maharao]]
| succession = [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]]
| reign = 29 April 1920 – 23 January 1946
| predecessor = [[Kesari Singh]]
| successor = [[Tej Ram Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1888|09|27|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|01|23|1888|09|27|df=yes}}
| spouse = Krishna Kumari of Kutch
| house = [[Deora Chouhan]]
| father = [[Kesari Singh]]
| religion = Hindu
}}
'''Sarup Ram Singh''' was the [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]] in India from 1920 until his death in 1946.

==Early life==
He was born on 27 September 1888 to [[Kesari Singh]] and his first wife, Puarji, a daughter of Jalam Singh, the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lala |first=Sitaram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413/ |title=History Of Sirohi Raj From The Earliest Times To The Present Day |date=1920 |pages=360–361,365–367,370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref>

He received his [[primary education]] from Pandit Mansa Ram Shukul.<ref name=":0" /> Following this, his father appointed Captain Pritchard, the Assistant to the Resident for the Western Rajputana States, to provide [[higher education]] and teach him [[English language|English]].<ref name=":0" /> Pritchard taught him for two years.<ref name=":0" /> Afterward, J. H. Smith took over and instructed him for eighteen months.<ref name=":0" /> Smith instructed him in law, political economy, and various aspects of administration and governance.<ref name=":0" />

In 1910, his father abolished the posts of Diwan and Naib-Diwan and appointed him as Musahib-i-Ala of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]].<ref name=":0" />

On his father's voluntary abdication on 29 April 1920, Sarup succeeded him as the [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127533/ |title=Rajputana And Ajmer List Of Ruling Princes, Chiefs And Leading Personages |date=1931 |pages=154–155|edition=six }}</ref>

==Personal life==
He became engaged on 30 June 1900 to a Princess of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] at [[Abu Road]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_cvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref> However, the marriage was later called off.<ref name=":0" /> On 20 November 1907 he married Krishna Kumari, the daughter of [[Khengarji III]], the [[Maharao]] of [[Cutch State|Kutch]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35384/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1938 |date=1938 |pages=279}}</ref> He later married a daughter of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> then to the Thakur of Kuwar in [[Gujarat]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and then to the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of Junia in [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He converted to [[Islam]] in the 1940s to marry a [[Muslims|Muslim]] woman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Zaidi |first=Annie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63LcDwAAQBAJ |title=Bread, Cement, Cactus: A Memoir of Belonging and Dislocation |date=2020-05-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-84064-4 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref> He was advised not to publicly announce his conversion.<ref name=":3" /> He followed this advice to prevent protests against him.<ref name=":3" />

He had three daughters.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97056/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 |date=1939 |pages=269}}</ref> Among them were Jeet Kunverba and Gulab Kunverba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /> Gulab Kunverba married Digvijaysinhji on 7 March 1935.<ref name=":6" />

He also had a Khanda wife. By her, he had a son named Lakhpat Ram Singh.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=249 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 23 January 1946 in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvSRBT6eqI8C |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Sirohi |last2=Sehgal |first2=K. K. |date=1967 |pages=239 |language=en}}</ref> Upon his death, and in accordance with his will, he was buried according to Islamic rites.<ref name=":4" /> This caused significant agitation within his family, his subjects, and Hindu organizations.<ref name=":3" /> Since he had no legitimate heir, three claims were put forward before the [[British government of India|Government of India]] for the vacant throne, by [[Tej Ram Singh|Tej Singh]],. who belonged to the Mandar branch, by Abhai Singh,<ref name=":5" /> who was a grandson of Umed Singh’s brother, and by Lakhpat Ram Singh. [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General]] recognized [[Tej Ram Singh|Tej Singh]] as the successor. After [[India]]’s independence, the other two resubmitted their claims to the [[Government of India]]. Ultimately, Abhai Singh was recognized as the legitimate successor.<ref name=":5" />

== Titles, styles and honours ==

=== Titles and styles ===
[[His Highness]] [[Maharajadhiraja]] [[Maharao]] [[Shri]] Sarup Ram Singh [[Baghatur|Bahadur]], [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36031/ |title=Rajputana And Ajmer-merwara |date=1933 |pages=28,81,82}}</ref>

=== Honours ===
He was appointed [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India]] on 3 June 1924. On 1 January 1932, he was appointed [[Knight Grand Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]].<ref name=":7" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category: 1888 births]]
[[Category: 1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Sirohi district]]

Wazir Khan (Tonk State)

2025-10-09T12:41:09Z

LinetteFisher:

{{Short description|Ruler of the princely state of Tonk from 1834–1864}}
{{One source|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}'''Muhammad Wazir Khan''' (reigned 1834–1864) was the second ruler of the princely state of [[Tonk State|Tonk]] (in the present day [[Rajasthan]] state of India). {{Infobox royalty
| name = Muhammad Wazir Khan
| title = Nawab of Tonk
| succession = Nawab of [[Tonk State]]
| reign = 1834–1836
| predecessor = [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)|Amir Khan Pindari]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Ali Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Ali Khan]]
| death_date = 1864
| death_place = [[Tonk State]], [[British Raj]], modern day [[Rajasthan]]
| issue = [[Muhammad Ali Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Ali Khan]]
| father = [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)|Amir Khan Pindari]]
| occupation = Commander of [[British Raj]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

He was the son of [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Amir Khan]] whom he succeeded. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] he allied himself with the [[United Kingdom|British]] and repulsed rebels.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_415.gif Tonk State] [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 23, ''p. 409''</ref>

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Nawab]] of [[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]]
| before = [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)|Amir Khan]]
| after = [[Muhammad Ali Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Ali Khan]]
| years = 1834-1864
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Tonk}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Wazir Khan}}
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Tonk]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency

2025-10-06T06:41:36Z

LinetteFisher: Started Post!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Dadra and Nagar Haveli/Dadra and Nagar Haveli.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency
| map_alt =
| union_territory = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| mp = [[Kalaben Delkar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| electors = 2,83,024<ref>https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |date=26 May 2024 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>
| preceded_by =
}}

'''Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the two [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]. This constituency is reserved for the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan=4 align=center| Before 1967: The seat did not exist
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| Sanjibhai Rupjibhai Delkar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | Ramubhai Ravjibhai Patel
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| Ramji Potla Mahala
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| Sitaram Jivyabhai Gavli
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Navshakti Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Natubhai Gomanbhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]{{efn|Died mid-term in 2021}}
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 2021{{efn|by-poll}}
| rowspan=2|[[Kalaben Delkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin
| title = [[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Dadar & Nagar Haveli">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Dadar & Nagar Haveli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U032.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722182115/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U032.htm |archive-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kalaben Delkar]]|votes=121074|percentage=58.89|change={{increase}}25.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ajit Rambhai Mahla|votes=63,490|percentage=30.88|change=+27.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Adivasi Party|candidate=Deepak Bhai Kurada|votes=10,197|percentage=4.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate= Borsa Sandipbhai Shankarbhai|votes=3,152 |percentage=1.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|[IND]|candidate=Shaileshbhai Vartha|votes=2,524|percentage=1.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the Above|votes=5,151|percentage=2.51|change={{decrease}}0.28}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 57,584
| percentage = 28.01
| change = {{increase}}2.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,05,248|percentage=72.52|change={{decrease}}4.13}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Shiv Sena
| swing = {{increase}}25.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 Bye-poll ===

A bye-poll was needed for this constituency due to the death of the sitting MP, [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]] on 22 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rajiv |date=23 February 2021 |title=Mohan Delkar death case: Suicide note holds politicians responsible for 'injustice', 'insult' meted out to him
|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/mohan-delkar-death-case-suicide-note-reveals-political-links-insult-injustice-bias-allegation-mumbai-police-probe-686796 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=India TV |language=en}}</ref>

{{Election box begin
| title = Bye-Election, 2021 : Dadra and Nagar Haveli
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Kalaben Delkar]]
| votes = 1,18,035
| percentage = 59.53
| change = {{increase}}57.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Mahesh Gavit
| votes = 66,766
| percentage = 33.68
| change = -7.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mahesh Kumar Balubhai Dhodi
| votes = 6,150
| percentage = 3.10
| change = -1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the
Above]]
| votes = 5,531
| percentage = 2.79
| change = +1.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
| candidate = Ganesh Bhujada
| votes = 1,782
| percentage = 0.90
| change = +0.48
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 51,269
| percentage = 25.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,98,391
| percentage = 76.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Independent politician
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin
| title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
| votes = 90,421
| percentage = 45.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Natubhai Gomanbhai Patel]]
| votes = 81,420
| percentage = 40.92
| change = -7.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Prabhubhai Tokiya
| votes = 8,608
| percentage = 4.33
| change = -40.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Ankita Patel
| votes = 4,000
| percentage = 2.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Deepakbhai Kurada
| votes = 3,630
| percentage = 1.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Manoj Dayat
| votes = 2,287
| percentage = 1.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Mukti Party
| candidate = Pravinbhai Janathiya
| votes = 1,596
| percentage = 0.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Navsarjan Bharat Party
| candidate = Rajeshbhai Halpati
| votes = 1,160
| percentage = 0.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dhirubhai Patel
| votes = 1,120
| percentage = 0.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ishwarbhai Dongarkar
| votes = 948
| percentage = 0.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
| candidate = Bhikhlabhai Khulat
| votes = 843
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 2,950
| percentage = 1.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,001
| percentage = 4.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = {{Formatnum:198983}}
| percentage = 79.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
| reg. electors = {{Formatnum:250021}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent (politician)
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 General Elections ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ceodnh.nic.in/Contesting_Candidates_Details_2014.pdf | title=Candidates List for 2014 General Election : Dadra and Nagar Haveli | work=Election Commission of India | access-date=6 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505234051/http://ceodnh.nic.in/Contesting_Candidates_Details_2014.pdf | archive-date=5 May 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU031.htm|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=10 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610002958/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU031.htm?|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Natubhai Gomanbhai Patel]]
| votes = 80,790
| percentage = 48.88
| change = +2.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
| votes = 74,576
| percentage = 45.12
| change = -0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Janiabhai C. Khulat
| votes = 1,611
| percentage = 0.97
| change = +0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 2,962
| percentage = 1.79
| change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,214
| percentage = 3.76
| change = +3.20
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = {{Formatnum:165286}}
| percentage = 84.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 General Elections ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<ref name="Election Results 2009">{{Cite news|title=Election Results 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 May 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Natubhai Gomanbhai Patel]]
| votes = 51,242
| percentage = 46.43
| change = +30.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
| votes = 50,624
| percentage = 45.87
| change = +20.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Laxmanbhai Navasubhai Mishal
| votes = 5,711
| percentage = 5.17
| change = +5.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhikalya Vanshya Khulat
| votes = 1,401
| percentage = 1.27
| change = +1.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Yohanbhai Bhadiyabhai Bij
| votes = 1,385
| percentage = 1.25
| change = +0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 618
| percentage = 0.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 110,363
| percentage = 73.23
| change =+4.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Bharatiya Navshakti Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 General Elections ===

In the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections, the constituency had 122,681 eligible
voters, of whom 69.04% exercised their franchise.
There were ten candidates. Election was conducted at 128 polling stations,
and 84,703 valid votes were counted.
[[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]] of the [[Bharatiya Navshakti Party]] was elected by a margin of 12,893 votes.

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<ref name=" Election Results 2004 ">{{Cite news | title=Election Results 2004 | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=1 January 2014 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Navshakti Party
| candidate = [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
| votes = 34,665
| percentage = 40.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sitaram Jivyabhai Gavli
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 21,772
| percentage = 25.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Patel Anilbhai
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| votes = 13,178
| percentage = 15.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Patel Uttambhai
| party = Shiv Sena
| votes = 5,823
| percentage = 6.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Ram Milan
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 8,785
| percentage = 1.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Patel Dhirubhai Sukarbhai
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 3,652
| percentage = 4.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Harishchandra Khulat
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| votes = 1,576
| percentage = 1.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Aminbhai Patel
| party = Independent (politician)
| votes = 1,213
| percentage = 1.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Gimbhal Ladak
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| votes = 1,158
| percentage = 1.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sumitra Ramji Patel
| party = Samajwadi Party
| votes = 941
| percentage = 1.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Patel Ganesh
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 725
| percentage = 0.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,893
| percentage = 15.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 84,703
| percentage = 69.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Navshakti Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1971 General Elections ===

* Ramubhai Ravjibhai Patel (INC) : 8,484 votes<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1971-election-results.html |title=1971 India General (5th Lok Sabha) Elections Results |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref>
* Samjibhai Rupjibhai Delkar (NCO) : 7,138

== See also ==

* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
* [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/dadra-nagar-haveli Dadra And Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha Election 2019 '''Delkar Mohanbhai Sanjibhai'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603015831/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/dadra-nagar-haveli |date=3 June 2019 }}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu}}

{{Coord|20.27|N|73.02|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Politics of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Elections in Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]

Lall Singh

2025-09-27T04:14:28Z

LinetteFisher: further corrected content after review and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian Test cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Lall Singh
| country = India
| fullname = Lall Singh Gill
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|12|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Federated Malay States]], [[British Malaya]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|11|19|1909|12|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|slow-medium]]
| role = [[Batsman]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1932

| onetest = true
| testdebutdate = 25 June
| testdebutyear = 1932
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 4
| lasttestdate = 25 June
| lasttestyear = 1932
| lasttestagainst = England

| club1 = [[Patiala cricket team|Patiala]]
| year1 = 1933–1936
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]
| year2 = 1935–1936
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]]
| year3 = 1934–1935
| clubnumber4 =
| club4 = Maharaja of Patiala's XI
| year4 = 1935
| clubnumber5 =
| club5 = [[Cricket Club of India]]
| year5 = 1935
| clubnumber6 =
| club6 = [[Retrievers cricket team|Retrievers]]
| year6 = 1934
| clubnumber7 =
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 44
| bat avg1 = 22.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 29
| deliveries1 = 0
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/0
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 32
| runs2 = 1123
| bat avg2 = 24.95
| 100s/50s2 = 1/5
| top score2 = 107[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 80
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 59.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/9
| catches/stumpings2 = 23/0
| date = 9 May
| year = 2020
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30743.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Lall Singh''' {{audio|Lall_Singh.ogg|pronunciation}} ({{langx|pa|ਲਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ|Lāla sigha}}; 16 December 1909 – 19 November 1985) was an early Indian [[Test cricket]]er from [[British Malaya]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30743.html |title=Lall Singh|access-date=9 May 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

== Cricket career ==
[[File:1932 Indian Test Cricket team.jpg|thumb|left|Lall Singh is seen standing first from right in photo of 1932 Test team captained by [[Maharaja of Porbandar]], that toured England.]]
Lall Singh, whose full name was Lall Singh Gill, was born in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia|Malaya]] on 16 December 1909 and died at Petaling Jaya, Kuala Lumpur on 19 November 1985. He was a member of [[Indian cricket team|India's]] team on its one-Test [[Indian cricket team in England in 1932|inaugural tour of England]] in 1932. He was a right-handed batsman and an outstanding fielder. In the only Test played during the tour he scored 29 in the second innings, adding 74 runs in partnership with [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] in 40 minutes. During England's first innings, he ran out [[Frank Woolley]] with a magnificent pick up and throw on the opening morning.

Lall Singh's was a prominent name in the matches played in Kuala Lumpur between 1926 and 1940. In August 1931 he scored 138 for Federated Malay States against Straits Settlements at [[The Padang]], [[Singapore]]. Three years later in the same fixture, he had 118 to his name.

== Early life ==
[[File:Family of Lall Singh.jpg|left|thumb|290x290px|Seated Left to Right: Wife of SS Gill with son on lap, Mother of Lall Singh, Wife of BS Gill with sister's son on lap.
On Floor Left to Right: Elder daughter of SS Gill, Ajmer Kaur later Neelum Shamsi and mother of Tariq B Shamsi; Younger daughter of SS Gill, Amar Kaur
]]
Lall Singh was born into the affluent Gill Jat family of Malaya, who had migrated to Malaya from India 3 generations before. He was the youngest of 3 sons, the eldest being Santha Singh Gill (maternal grandfather of Tariq B Shamsi) and middle brother being Bishen Singh Gill.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

All three brothers studied at the prestigious Victoria Institution (V.I.) in Kuala Lumpur that had been set up under the auspices of Sultan Abdul Samad ibni Almarhum Raja Abdullah KCMG, the fourth Sultan of Selangor, and was named after [[Queen Victoria]]. Victoria Institution or V.I. as it was and is known, had been opened specially to commemorate the golden jubilee of her reign. V.I. has had many honourable and distinguished individuals among its alumni, including royals like the [[Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] - Sultan of Brunei and other royalty. Complete list that includes name of Lall Singh is available at [http://www.viweb.mysite.com/viperson.htm viweb website]

== Lall Singh at Victoria Institution and Cricket in India ==
[[File:V.I. Prefects1928.jpg|left|thumb|320x320px|Prefects Victoria Institution 1928. Lall Singh seated third from right]]
[[File:Viig cricket24.jpg|thumb|418x418px|Lall Singh and BS Gill Victoria Institution Cricket Team 1924]]
[[File:Viig cricket25.jpg|thumb|440x440px|BS Gill and Lall Singh, Victoria Institution Cricket Team 1925]]

[[File:Viig cricket26.jpg|left|thumb|464x464px|Lall Singh and BS Gill, Victoria Institution Cricket Team 1926]]

Being highly passionate to play cricket at the highest possible level, he convinced his mother to allow and sponsor him to play cricket in India. The family accordingly approached Maharajah Patiala, [[Bhupindar Singh]] who was known to the family. Maharajah [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupindir Singh]], himself a good cricketer and lover of the game, advised the family to send Lall Singh to Patiala to play in his team, Maharajah Patiala XI, which was led by the Maharajah himself. He reached Patiala in 1931 and in the company of Maharajah [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bupindar Singh]] developed his lifelong love for the [[Patiala peg|'Patiala Peg']]. The next year Lall Singh was selected for India's inaugural tour to England in 1932. The Captain of the team was to be [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Maharajah Bhupindar Singh]] but a few weeks before the departure of the team, he fell ill and the [[Natwarsinhji Bhavsinhji]], the [[Maharaja of Porbandar|Maharajah of Porbundar]] replaced him as [[captain]].

In 1934–35, Lall Singh represented Hindus in the Bombay Quadrangular tournament and South Punjab in the inaugural Ranji Trophy. The South Punjab team was led by the Maharajah of Patiala [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupindar Singh]]. Notable players who played alongside the Maharajah and Lall Singh were [[Lala Amarnath]], Mohammad Saeed, Nazir Ali and [[Mohammad Nissar|Nissar Mohammad]]. In the first match against United Provinces, batting at number 8, Lall Singh scored 56, the highest in the [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]'s only innings.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Lall Singh write up.jpg|center|thumb|820x820px]]
He represented India in an unofficial 'Test' at Bombay against Jack Ryder's Australian side in 1935–36.

Lall Singh's sole first-class hundred (107 not out) came in the 1935-36 Bombay Quadrangular Tournament for Hindus against Parsees at [[Bombay Gymkhana Ground|Gymkhana Ground, Bombay]]. Walking in with his team's score at 99–6, he shared an unbeaten stand of 132 for 8th wicket with a somewhat subdued, [[Vijay Merchant]] (30 not out).

Maharajah [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupindar Singh]] was very fond of Lall Singh and this closeness of Lall Singh to the Maharajah gave rise to many enemies, as a result of which, there was an attempt on the life of Lall Singh in 1936. He was seriously injured but survived. After recovery, with the permission of Maharajah [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupindar Singh]], he left for Paris in 1936.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

== Falling in Love and Paris ==
While in India, he met [[Myrtle Watkins]], an Afro-American singer, who was performing at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Hotel]] in Bombay. After recovering from his injuries, he and Myrtle proceeded to Paris, where Lall Singh opened a night club for Myrtle to perform nightly. The money to open the night club was sent to Lall Singh by his mother.

From Paris he send a studio photograph of himself and Myrtle to the family, behind which he had written, ‘This is she and this is me ….. very soon and we might be three’.

Unfortunately, this affair did not last long and Myrtel and Lall Singh parted ways and selling off his night club he returned to Malaya in August 1939. The following month Germany invaded Poland and that was the beginning of WWII. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and started the gradual occupation of Malaya the following day. By 31 January 1942 the whole of the Malayan peninsula had been was captured by [[Japan]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

== Second World War ==
In June 1942, SS Gill, the eldest brother of Lall Singh was arrested by the Japanese as he was helping British Army officers to escape from Malaya to Singapore. The following day his brothers BS Gill and Lall Singh were also arrested, all their assets including three houses, rubber plantation and a gold mine were confiscated by the Japanese. Within 3 months SS Gill and BS Gill were hanged by the Japanese occupation forces for helping the British and Lall Singh was sent to a slave labour camp in Borneo.

SS Gill's elder daughter Ajmer Kaur (later Neelum Shamsi), then only 15 years old, was allowed to live in a portion of one house with her younger sister and paternal grandmother. However, the Mother Superior, of the sprawling Bukit Nanas Convent in Kuala Lumpur, where Ajmer Kaur and her sister Amar Kaur studied, took both the sisters and their paternal grandmother into the Convent and kept them there and looked after them for the duration of the War. Lall Singh, managed to escape from the slave labour camp in Borneo and make his way back to Kuala Lumpur in August 1945. When he was reunited with his mother and two nieces he was mere skeleton of the person he used to be. He had been tortured so badly that his own mother initially refused to recognise him as her son.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

== After the War ==
'''After the War'''
[[File:Lall Singh after the war.png|left|thumb]]
Japan surrendered to the Allied forces on 5 September 1945. The immediate problem facing Lall Singh was how to look after and care for his ailing mother and two nieces as the family had been left penniless due to Japan's occupation of Malaya. Lall Singh had never worked in his life and was too proud to knock on anyone's door for help. Immediately, he started to look for a job and the only one in post war ravaged Malaya was that of groundsman at the acclaimed Selangor Club in Kuala Lumpur.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

While in captivity, the Japanese had shaved his head and beard. Thereafter, he never again grew his hair or beard or wore a turban.

A.B. Shamsi, ([[Baseer Shamsi]]) then a captain in the British Indian Army, was posted from Burma to Malaya, Kuala Lumpur and being a keen cricketer, he went to the Selangor Club to play cricket and was surprised to meet Lall Singh working as groundsman at the club. In 1946, A.B. Shamsi, married Lall Singh's elder niece Ajmer Kaur, who converted to Islam taking the maiden name of Neelum, on 11 September 1946.

In 1950, Sultan Sir Hishamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj, the Sultan of Selangor, a friend of the Gill family, visited the Selangor Club and was shocked to see Lall Singh working as a groundsman. To cut a long story short, the Sultan started the process of rehabilitating the estates of the Gill family to Lall Singh. Since most of the estates, fixed and moveable assets were in the name of Lall Singh's mother who had died in 1946 and SS Gill who had been hanged in 1942, it took over 2 years for these properties to be reissued in the name of Lall Singh in 1953.

Lall Singh, spent rest of his days travelling abroad, mostly to Paris on a yearly basis in summer. He died peacefully on 19 November 1985 in [[Petaling Jaya]], Kuala Lumpur. An inter school cricket tournament is held annually in Kuala Lumpur for the ‘Lall Singh Shield’. The [[Sikhism in Malaysia|Sikh community in Malaysia]], organise an annual tournament between clubs for the ‘Lall Singh Trophy’.

== Golden Jubilee ==
He was one of oldest players to attend the [[Golden Jubilee]] Test in [[Wankhede Stadium|Bombay]] in 1980 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]].

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricketers born in non-Test playing nations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=30743}}
* {{CricketArchive|id=594}}
* {{note|PPC}} Richard Cashman, ''Patrons, Players and the Crowd : The Phenomenon of Indian Cricket''
* {{note|Bose}}[[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket'' (1990 edition)
* {{note|EWC}} Roy Morgan, ''Encyclopedia of World Cricket''
* [[Christopher Martin-Jenkins]], ''A Complete Who's Who of Test Cricketers''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Lall}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Federated Malay States cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from British Malaya]]
[[Category:Malaysian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Patiala cricketers]]
[[Category:Hindus cricketers]]
[[Category:Southern Punjab cricketers]]

Agrahar (Devadurga)

2025-09-16T01:34:22Z

LinetteFisher: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Agrahara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Agrahar (Devadurga) is in Raichur district
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Devadurga
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Raichur
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

''' Agrahar (Devadurga) ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161209/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |url-status=dead }} , Census Village code= 500300</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Agrahar (Devadurga), Raichur, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Devadurga, India|Devadurga]] [[taluk]] of [[Raichur district]] in Karnataka.

==See also==
* [[Raichur]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Raichur.nic.in/

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Raichur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raichur district]]

{{Raichur-geo-stub}}

Chitral Bodyguard

2025-08-27T22:46:20Z

LinetteFisher: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Chitral Bodyguard''' or informally the '''Mehtar's Bodyguard''', was a military force under the direct command of the Mehtar of the [[princely state]] of [[Chitral (princely state) |Chitral]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D80EAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral+bodyguards|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1939-01-01|publisher=Manager of Publications|pages=207|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ&q=chitral+bodyguards|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1931-01-01|pages=100|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Upon [[British Raj|British]] occupation of Chitral following the [[Chitral Expedition]] of 1895, the British took a keen interest in reorganizing the state's military capabilities. In 1903 the [[Chitral Scouts]], a force under direct British command, was raised.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJQ3AQAAMAAJ&q=chitral+scouts+1903|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial series. North-west Frontier Province|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693513363|pages=71|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYffAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral+scouts+1903|title=Defence Journal|date=1994-01-01|pages=20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXY5AAAAIAAJ&q=chitral+scouts+1903|title=The Himalayan Journal|date=1936-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=153|language=en}}</ref> The Mehtar (native ruler) was also entitled to a personal military bodyguard.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXAABAAAQBAJ&q=chitral+bodyguards&pg=RA1-PA281|title=Hist Afghanistan V 1 & 2|last=Sykes|first=Percy|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317845874|pages=307|language=en}}</ref>

The Mehtar's Bodyguard was raised by Mehtar [[Shuja ul-Mulk]] in the early 1900s and consisted of a professional standing army which had been raised by his father [[Aman ul-Mulk]] in the 1880s and by [[conscription|conscripts]] from the Yuft [[caste]] of Chitral, who were exempted from taxes but served the Mehtar in times of war. The officers were selected from amongst the [[Katoor Dynasty|Katur]] and related clans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwru5G6KMOMC&q=chitral+bodyguards|title=Notes on Chitral|last=Scott|first=Ian Dixon|date=1937-01-01|publisher=Manager, Government of India Press|language=en}}</ref>

The Bodyguard first saw active combat during the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PggeAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral+bodyguards+1919|title=Viceroy's Agent|last=Trench|first=Charles Chenevix|author-link=Charles Chenevix Trench|date=1987-01-01|publisher=Jonathan Cape|isbn=9780224024785|pages=41|language=en}}</ref> The Bodyguard, under the command of [[Nasir ul-Mulk]], captured [[Birkot]] in the [[Kunar Province]] of [[Afghanistan]],<ref>Lt-Col. Mohammad Afzal Khan. Chitral and Kafirstan - A Personal Study. Ferozsons (Peshawar) Ltd., 1973</ref> carrying away much booty from Kunar as well as taking many prisoners.<ref>
IUCN Pakistan (2004). Chitral: A Study in Statecraft (1320–1969).
IUCN Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan</ref> Another arm of the Bodyguard went north to defend the [[Dorah Pass|Dorah]] and [[Broghol]] passes with [[Badakhshan]]. Yet another company of the Bodyguard, led by [[Khan Bahadur]] Dilaram Khan, captured Barge Matal in [[Nuristan]] after some light hearted resistance by Afghan troops. The locals supported Chitral and reaffirmed their age-old allegiance to the Mehtar's rule.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXAABAAAQBAJ&q=chitral+bodyguards+1919&pg=RA1-PA281|title=Hist Afghanistan V 1 & 2|last=Sykes|first=Percy|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317845874|pages=281|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gvfAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral+bodyguards+1919|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903-91|last=Gaylor|first=John|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Spellmount|isbn=9780946771981|pages=310|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxNDAQAAIAAJ&q=chitral+bodyguards+1919|title=Pioneer Mail and Indian Weekly News|date=1919-01-01|language=en}}</ref>

The Chitral Bodyguards most noteworthy accomplishments were during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Kashmir War of 1947-48]]. Under the terms of [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]], signed by Mehtar [[Muzaffar ul-Mulk]], Chitral State would continue to maintain an armed force, thus Chitral was in a position to take the [[Gilgit Agency]] away from [[Kashmir]]. Following the revolt of the [[Gilgit Scouts]], the Mehtar sent his Bodyguard, under the command of [[Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral|Burhan-ud-Din]], to secure [[Gilgit]] town and reinforce the Gilgit Scouts in the [[Astore Valley|Astore Sector]].{{cn|date=August 2020}} In August 1948, the Gilgit Scouts had been conducting the [[Siege of Skardu]] for several months but had been unable to take the [[Dogras|Dogra]] Garrison within the fortress of [[Skardu Fort|Kharpoche (Skardu Fort)]], because they lacked [[artillery]]. In August a 400 strong force of the Chitral Bodyguard, under Mata ul-Mulk, arrived in Skardu, backed by four light [[Mountain gun|Mountain Guns]].{{cn|date=August 2020}} The [[Gilgit Scouts]] left Skardu and pushed on into [[Ladakh]], while the Bodyguard, with the help of artillery, took the [[Skardu Fort|Kharpoche Fort]] within weeks.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv0VAQAAMAAJ&q=siege+of+skardu|title=The Pakistan Review|date=1963-01-01|publisher=Ferozsons Limited|pages=16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sneAAAAMAAJ&q=siege+of+skardu+chitral|title=In the Line of Duty: A Soldier Remembers|last=Singh|first=Harbakhsh|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9788170621065|language=en}}</ref>

Following the death of Mehtar [[Muzaffar ul-Mulk]] and the constitutional crisis which subsequently erupted in [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral State]], the powers of the Bodyguard were curtailed. After 1954, the Bodyguard was reduced to a company of 100 men whose duty would be to serve as the Mehtar's personal security force. The Chitral Bodyguard was finally disbanded in 1969, when Chitral State was [[Annexation|annexed]] by the [[Federal Government of Pakistan|Government of Pakistan]].

== Equipment and organization ==
The Headquarters of the Bodyguard was a portion of the Chitral Fort called ''Bodyguard-o-Sharaan'' where one company of Bodyguards was always stationed. Other companies of the Bodyguard would serve throughout the State. The total size of the Mehtar's Bodyguard in 1940 was 4000 men.<ref>IUCN Pakistan (2004). Chitral: A Study in Statecraft (1320–1969).
IUCN Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFzfAAAAMAAJ&q=siege+of+skardu+chitral|title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India|date=1992-01-01|publisher=United Service Institution of India.|pages=341|language=en}}</ref>

Upon its formation the Bodyguard used [[jezail]]s of Badakhshani manufacture including the Siyah Kamaan and Kotha Kamaan together with the British .577 [[Snider–Enfield]] and .577 [[Martini–Henry]]. After 1920 these weapons were replaced by the [[Lee–Enfield]] .303. Swords were used for close combat up to and including the 1947-48 Kashmir War. The Bodyguard also had a [[Russia]]n [[PM M1910]] machine gun which had been donated by a [[Central Asia]]n refugee prince fleeing the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]]. The Bodyguard's artillery included several Afghan-made cannons (including four seized from Birkot in 1919) and six [[3.7-inch mountain howitzer]]s.

The Chitral Bodyguard followed the ancient Chitrali tradition of going into battle with the accompaniment of musicians playing [[war tune]]s <ref>IUCN Pakistan (2004). Chitral: A Study in Statecraft (1320–1969). IUCN Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan</ref> or ''Jhang Waar''. These tunes were played on the [[zurna|surnay]] accompanied by drums. During the capture of Birkot, the Afghans were surprised when they heard the ''Jhang Waar'' playing at dawn, as they did not have a tradition of martial music.

== See also==
* [[State of Chitral]]
* [[Katoor Dynasty]]
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
* [[First Kashmir War]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Military units and formations of the princely states of India]]
[[Category:Chitral (princely state)]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1969]]