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Sarangadhariya

2026-05-07T22:53:20Z

LibbyAlba221: done

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Padmarao Abbisetti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Sarangadhariya
| image = Sarangadhariya (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Padmarao Abbisetti
| screenplay =
| writer = Padmarao Abbisetti
| producer = {{plain list|
* Umadevi Challapalli
* Sarat Chandra Challapalli
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Raja Ravindra]]
* Mohi Shm
* Mohit Pedada
* Yashaswini Srinivas
* Neela Priya Devulapalli
* Shivakumar Ramachandravarapu
}}
| cinematography = Sidharth Swayamboo
| editing = Rakesh Reddy
| music = M. Ebenezer Paul
| studio = Saija Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|07|12}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sarangadhariya''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Padmarao Abbisetti (Pandu).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=18 April 2024 |title=Sarangadariya Teaser Out |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sree-vishnu-unveils-raja-raveendars-sarangadariya-teaser-890035 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814080842/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sree-vishnu-unveils-raja-raveendars-sarangadariya-teaser-890035 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film has an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Raja Ravindra]], Mohi Shm, Mohit Pedada, Yashaswini Srinivas, Neela Priya Devulapalli and Shivakumar Ramachandravarapu. ''Sarangadhariya'' was released on 12 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarangadhariya makes gains as Indian 2 falls flat, actor Raja Raveender says demand for OTT rights doubled |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raja-raveender-on-sarangadhariya-the-demand-for-ott-rights-has-doubled/6bf99137ad581 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814080843/https://www.ottplay.com/news/raja-raveender-on-sarangadhariya-the-demand-for-ott-rights-has-doubled/6bf99137ad581 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Krishnakumar (Raja Ravindra) works as a lecturer in a private engineering college and leads a secluded life with his wife Lakshmi (Neela Priya Devulapalli), sons Arjun (Moin Mohammad) and Sai (Mohit Pedada), and daughter Anupama (Yashaswini Srinivas). He is already struggling with huge debts and the errant behavior of his sons, Arjun and Sai, who are caught in tumultuous romantic relationships. Their lives take a drastic turn when a startling truth about his daughter Anupama is revealed. How this revelation impacts their lives and connects to Raju (Shivakumar Ramachandravarapu), millionaire Batley (Srikanth Iyengar), Fathima (Madhu Latha), and College Head Murthy (Harsha Vardhan) forms the crux of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Krishna Kumar, father of Arjun, Sai and Anupama
* Mohi Shm as Arjun
* Mohit Pedada as Sai
* Yashaswini Srinivas as Anupama
* Shivakumar Ramachandravarapu as Raj
* Neela Priya Devulapalli as Lakshmi
* LV Prasad CH
* Madhu Latha as Fathima
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Manager
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Murthy
* Kadambari Kiran
* Gemini Suresh
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sarangadhariya
| type = soundtrack
| artist = M. Ebenezer Paul
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = M. Ebenezer Paul
}}

The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] were composed by M. Ebenezer Paul.{{citation needed|date= August 2024}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = M. Ebenezer Paul
| title1 = Andukova
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Ee Jeevithamante
| length2 =
| lyrics2 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra2 = Dinker Kalvala
| title3 = Naa Kannule
| lyrics3 = Kadali
| extra3 = [[P V N S Rohit]]
| title4 = Entha Andhamo
| lyrics4 = Kadali
| extra4 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| title5 = Kannaa Nenunnaa
| lyrics5 = Danty Jayakumar
| extra5 = Aishwarya, Laxmi Meghana
}}

==Release and reception==
''Sarangadhariya'' was released on 12 July 2024.

BH Harsh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying "''Sarangadhariya'' has an interesting, albeit somewhat dully-paced, slice-of-life quality".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=13 July 2024 |title='Sarangadhariya' movie review: A formulaic drama with some interesting things to say |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jul/13/sarangadhariya-movie-review-a-formulaic-drama-with-some-interesting-things-to-say |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814080843/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jul/13/sarangadhariya-movie-review-a-formulaic-drama-with-some-interesting-things-to-say |url-status=live}}</ref> Praising Raja Ravindra's performance, Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' stated that "''Sarangadhariya'' is an average family drama that can give you reasons to root for it".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=Sarangadhariya Movie Review: An Average Family Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/sarangadhariya-movie-review-an-average-family-drama-review-111682125 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814080842/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/sarangadhariya-movie-review-an-average-family-drama-review-111682125 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' too gave the same rating and wrote "''Sarangadhariya'' is a film with its heart in the right place, shedding light on several social issues that warrant discussion".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarangadhariya Movie Review : A bold social commentary wrapped in a family drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sarangadhariya/movie-review/111740821.cms |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814083847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sarangadhariya/movie-review/111740821.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32080090|title=Sarangadhariya}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor

2026-05-07T12:11:19Z

LibbyAlba221:

{{Short description|Indian Police Service Officer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|10|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jind|Jhind]], [[Haryana]], India
| father =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = IPS officer
| profession = [[Civil service|Civil servant]]
| awards = [[File:Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|50px]] [[Indian Police Medal]] awarded by the [[central government]] for Meritorious Service [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|50px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers#Magazine|Mechanical Engineering]]
| office = [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
| term_start = 15 January 2026
| predecessor = [[Praveen Kumar (police officer)|Praveen Kumar]]
}}

'''Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor''' (born 21 October 1966<ref>{{cite web|url=https://haryanapolice.gov.in/IPS|title=
haryana ips officers gradation list|website=haryana police.gov.in}}</ref>) is a 1990-batch [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer from [[Haryana]] Cadre who is currently serving as the [[Director general|Director General]] of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] Since 15 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/shatrujeet-singh-kapoor-appointed-itbp-chief-praveen-kumar-to-head-bsf/articleshow/126531809.cms|title=Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor appointed as the ITBP Chief|website=economictimes.com}}</ref> He served as the former [[Director general|Director General]] of Police, [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-is-shatrujeet-kapur-haryana-top-cop-named-in-ips-officers-suicide-case-2800745-2025-10-09|title=Who is Shatrujeet Kapur? Haryana top cop named in IPS officer's suicide case|website=indiatoday.com}}</ref>

==Early life and Education==
Kapoor was born on 21 October 1966 in [[Jind]], [[Haryana]], India and Kapoor, who hails from [[Phagwara]] in [[Punjab]], He completed his [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers#Magazine|Mechanical Engineering]] from the [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/jobs-who-is-haryana-dgp-shatrujeet-kapur-named-in-ips-y-puran-kumar-suicide-note-shatrujeet-kapur-craked-upsc-after-btech-ws-n-9730480.html|title=इंजीनियरिंग के बाद पास की UPSC, DGP तक पहुंचे, अब IPS की मौत में आया नाम!|website=hindi.news18.com|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-shatrujeet-kapur-haryana-dgp-named-in-ips-y-puran-kumar-suicide-note-to-be-sent-on-leave-fir-registered-3183556|title=Who is Shatrujeet Kapur? Haryana DGP.|website=dnainndia.com}}</ref>

==Career==
From 15 January 2026 Kapoor serving as the [[Director general|Director General]] of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] and He previously served as the [[Director general of police]] of [[Haryana]].
Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor's tenure as Chief of the [[Anti-Corruption Bureau]] (ACB).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/success-story-of-ips-shatrujeet-singh-kapoor-haryanas-new-dgp-2649846.html|title=Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor:Haryana's New DGP|website=Zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/haryana-ips-officers-death-shatrujeet-kapur-relieved-from-dgp-charge/article70397723.ece|title=Haryana IPS officer's death: Shatrujeet Kapur relieved from DGP charge|website=thehindu.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]

Anish Kapoor

2026-05-07T12:10:21Z

LibbyAlba221:

{{short description|British-Indian artist (born 1954)}}
{{for|the other artist known as Anish Kapoor|Stuart Semple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sir Anish Kapoor
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|RA}}
| image = Anish Kapoor 2017.jpg
| caption = Kapoor in 2017
| birth_name = Anish Mikhail Kapoor
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|3|12|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Töniges |first1=Sven |title=Anish Kapoor: Master of darkness at 65 {{!}} DW {{!}} 12 March 2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/anish-kapoor-master-of-darkness-at-65/a-47866693 |website=DW.COM |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Sculpture]]
| works = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Cloud Gate]]''
* ''[[Sky Mirror]]''
* ''[[ArcelorMittal Orbit]]''
* ''[[Tees Valley Giants|Temenos]]''
}}
| training = {{plainlist|
* [[The Doon School]]
* [[Hornsey College of Art]]
* [[Chelsea School of Art and Design]]
}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Susanne Spicale|1995|2013|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Sophie Walker|2016|2023|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Oumaima Boumoussaoui|2023}}
}}
| relatives = [[Ilan Kapoor]] (brother)
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Turner Prize]] (1991)
* [[Praemium Imperiale]] (2011)
* [[Genesis Prize]] (2017)
}}
| website = {{URL|anishkapoor.com}}
}}

'''Sir Anish Mikhail Kapoor''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|RA}} (born 12 March 1954) is a [[British people|British]]<ref name="Nationality">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/I-wouldnt-have-given-up-my-Indian-nationality-but-I-had-to-be-practical-Anish-Kapoor/articleshow/45509307.cms |title=I wouldn't have given up my Indian nationality but I had to be practical: Anish Kapoor |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 February 2017 |date=14 December 2014}}</ref> [[sculpture|sculptor]] specializing in installation art and conceptual art.<ref name="Ina Cole">{{cite book |editor1-last=Cole |editor-first1=Ina |title=From the Sculptor's Studio: Conversations with Twenty Seminal Artists |year=2021 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing Ltd |pages=122–133|isbn=9781913947590 |oclc=1420954826}}</ref> Born in [[Mumbai]],<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Wadhwani |first=Sita |url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/play/anish-kapoor-810204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116070923/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/play/anish-kapoor-810204 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2009 |title=Anish Kapoor |publisher=CNNGo.com |date=14 September 2009 |access-date=26 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/1647-anish-kapoor |title=Anish Kapoor |publisher=ArtSlant |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> Kapoor attended the all-boys Indian boarding school [[The Doon School]], before moving to the [[United Kingdom]] to begin his art training at [[Hornsey College of Art]] and, later, [[Chelsea School of Art and Design]].

His notable public sculptures include ''[[Cloud Gate]]'', also known as "The Bean" (2006) in Chicago's [[Millennium Park (Chicago)|Millennium Park]]; ''[[Sky Mirror]]'', exhibited at the [[Rockefeller Center]] in New York City in 2006 and [[Kensington Gardens]] in London in 2010;<ref name="serpentinegalleries.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/whats-on/anish-kapoor-turning-world-upside-down/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203011257/http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/anish-kapoor-turning-world-upside-down|url-status=dead|title=Anish Kapoor: Turning the World Upside Down|archivedate=3 December 2016|website=Serpentine Galleries}}</ref> ''[[Tees Valley Giants|Temenos]]'', at Middlehaven, [[Middlesbrough]]; ''Leviathan'',<ref name="anishkapoor.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/684/Leviathan.html |title=Anish Kapoor Leviathan |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> at the [[Grand Palais]] in Paris in 2011; and ''[[ArcelorMittal Orbit]]'', commissioned as a permanent artwork for London's [[Olympic Park, London|Olympic Park]] and completed in 2012.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/332/Orbit.html |title=Anish Kapoor Orbit |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> In 2017, Kapoor designed the statuette for the [[2018 Brit Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|title=This is what Brit winners will take home next year|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42136252|agency=BBC|date=10 December 2017}}</ref>

An image of Kapoor features in the [[British culture|British cultural icons]] section of the newly designed [[British passport]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 November 2016|title=Introducing the new UK passport design|agency=Gov.uk|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/473495/HMPO_magazine.pdf}}</ref> In 2016, he was announced as a recipient of the [[LennonOno Grant for Peace]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sculptor Anish Kapoor among winners of Lennon Ono peace prize|url=http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/national/article/Sculptor-Anish-Kapoor-among-winners-of-Lennon-Ono-peace-prize-e31a7493-9da2-4a5a-8a5e-958aceb13989-ds|access-date=26 August 2016|work=News & Star online|date=17 August 2016|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118140857/https://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/national/article/Sculptor-Anish-Kapoor-among-winners-of-Lennon-Ono-peace-prize-e31a7493-9da2-4a5a-8a5e-958aceb13989-ds/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kapoor has received several distinctions and prizes, such as the Premio Duemila Prize at the 44th [[Venice Biennale]] in 1990, the [[Turner Prize]] in 1991, the Unilever Commission for the Turbine Hall at [[Tate Modern]], the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Indian government]] in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-gives-away-Padma-awards/articleshow/12374803.cms?referral=PM |title=President gives away Padma awards |work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] in the [[2013 Birthday Honours]] for services to visual arts, an honorary doctorate degree from the [[University of Oxford]] in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/11295624.sculptor-given-degree-sheldonian/|title=Sculptor to be given degree at Sheldonian|website=Oxford Mail|date=24 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2014/140206_1.html |title=Oxford announces honorary degrees for 2014 |access-date=25 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628075133/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2014/140206_1.html |archive-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[2017 Genesis Prize]] for "being one of the most influential and innovative artists of his generation and for his many years of advocacy for refugees and displaced people".<ref name="Genesis">{{cite web|url=https://www.genesisprize.org/honorees/laureate-2017|title=Sir Anish Kapoor, 2017 Genesis Prize Laureate|website=The Genesis Prize|quote=Mr. Kapoor was recognized for being one of the most influential and innovative artists of his generation and for his many years of advocacy for refugees and displaced people.}}</ref><ref name="Jeffries">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/08/anish-kapoor-on-wagner-he-was-antisemitic-and-im-jewish-who-cares |title=Anish Kapoor on Wagner: 'He was antisemitic and I'm Jewish. Who cares?' |last=Jeffries |first=Stuart |date=8 June 2016 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Times of Israel">{{Cite news |url=http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/anish-gensis/ |title=Anish Kapoor receives 'Jewish Nobel' Genesis Prize, and donates $1m to refugees |date=6 February 2017|access-date= 6 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Abhorrent">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/feb/06/anish-kapoor-condemns-abhorrent-refugee-policies-as-he-wins-genesis-prize |title=Anish Kapoor condemns 'abhorrent' refugee policies as he wins Genesis prize |date=6 February 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.artpremium.com/it-waves-you-to-a-more-removed-ground/|title=ArtPremium – Anish Kapoor – "It waves you to a more removed ground"|date=13 March 2017|work=[[ArtPremium]]|access-date=3 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134940/https://www.artpremium.com/it-waves-you-to-a-more-removed-ground/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Anish Mikhail Kapoor was born in [[Mumbai, India]]. His father, an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Punjabi Hindu]] was a [[hydrographer]] and applied physicist who served in the [[Indian Navy]],<ref name="Higgins">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/nov/08/anish-kapoor-interview |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=A life in art: Anish Kapoor |first=Charlotte |last=Higgins |date=8 November 2008 |access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref> while his mother was of [[Iraqi Jewish]] origin.<ref name="Jeffries"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Riba |first=Naama |date=3 May 2017 |title='Jewish Nobel' Ceremony Canceled at Anish Kapoor's Request Over Syrian Refugees |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-anish-kapoor-s-jewish-nobel-ceremony-canceled-over-syrian-refugees-1.5467861 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> His maternal grandfather served as [[Hazzan|cantor]] of the [[synagogue]] in [[Pune]]. At the time, [[Baghdadi Jews]] constituted the majority of the [[History of the Jews in Mumbai|Jewish community in Mumbai]].<ref name="WeinerJulia">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejc.com/arts/arts-interviews/interview-anish-kapoor-biggest-name-art|last=Weiner|first=Julia|place=London|work=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]|title=Interview: Anish Kapoor is the biggest name in art|date=24 September 2009|access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref> Kapoor is the brother of [[Ilan Kapoor]], a professor at [[York University]], [[Toronto, Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewidgetsonline.net/dxreader/Reader.aspx?token=SdM95J3G5C++HWNBNmqW5A%3d%3d&rand=2036086087&buyNowLink=&page=&chapter=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331131113/http://www.ewidgetsonline.net/dxreader/Reader.aspx?token=SdM95J3G5C++HWNBNmqW5A%3d%3d&rand=2036086087&buyNowLink=&page=&chapter=|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2022|title=Acknowledgements in The Postcolonial Politics of Development|publisher=Routledge|access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>

Kapoor attended [[The Doon School]], an all-boys [[boarding school]] in [[Dehradun]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sooke |first=Alastair |title=The rise & rise of Anish Kapoor Inc. |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturecritics/alastairsooke/7546719/The-rise-and-rise-of-Anish-Kapoor-Inc..html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404005646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturecritics/alastairsooke/7546719/The-rise-and-rise-of-Anish-Kapoor-Inc..html |archive-date=4 April 2010 |access-date=19 September 2012 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> In 1971 he moved to [[Israel]] with one of his two brothers, initially living on a [[kibbutz]].<ref name="Lunch with the FT: Anish Kapoor">Jackie Wullschlager (5 May 2012), [https://www.ft.com/content/04b333f0-9457-11e1-bb47-00144feab49a Lunch with the FT: Anish Kapoor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102106/https://www.ft.com/content/04b333f0-9457-11e1-bb47-00144feab49a |date=20 December 2016}} ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref> He began to study [[electrical engineering]],<ref name="WeinerJulia" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.kon.org/urc/v8/sexton.html |title=Finding Everything in the Space of Emptiness |journal=Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences |date=26 April 2009 |volume=8 |issue=1 |publisher=www.kon.org |access-date=19 September 2012 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828152512/http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/sexton.html |archive-date=28 August 2012 |last1=Sexton |first1=Rose |last2=Cempellin |first2=Leda }}</ref> but had trouble with mathematics and quit after six months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/191/In-conversation-with-Greg-Hilty-and-Andrea-Rose.html |title=In conversation with Greg Hilty and Andrea Rose |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |date=14 February 2010 |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> In Israel, he decided to become an artist.<ref name="WeinerJulia" /> In 1973, he left for Britain to attend [[Hornsey College of Art]] and [[Chelsea School of Art and Design]].<ref name="Higgins"/> There he found a role model in [[Paul Neagu]], an artist who provided a meaning to what he was doing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jury |first=Louise |date=13 October 2002 |title=Anish Kapoor: 'The government doesn't understand the importance of |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/anish-kapoor-the-government-doesn-t-understand-the-importance-of-culture-140025.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191444/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/anish-kapoor-the-government-doesnt-understand-the-importance-of-culture-140025.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Kapoor went on to teach at [[Wolverhampton Polytechnic]] in 1979 and in 1982 was Artist in Residence at the [[Walker Art Gallery]], Liverpool. He has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s.<ref name=royalacademy />

==Career==
Kapoor became known in the 1980s for his [[geometric]] or [[biomorphic]] sculptures using simple materials such as [[granite]], [[limestone]], [[marble]], pigment and [[plaster]].<ref name="publicartfund.org">[http://www.publicartfund.org/pafweb/projects/06/kapoor/kapoor-06.html#about Anish Kapoor: ''Sky Mirror'', 19 September – 27 October 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402174353/http://www.publicartfund.org/pafweb/projects/06/kapoor/kapoor-06.html#about |date=2 April 2012 }} Public Art Fund.</ref> These early sculptures are frequently simple, curved forms, usually monochromatic and brightly coloured, using powder [[pigment]] to define and permeate the form. He has said of the sculptures "While making the pigment pieces, it occurred to me that they all form themselves out of each other. So I decided to give them a generic title, ''A Thousand Names'', implying [[infinity]], a thousand being a symbolic number. The powder works sat on the floor or projected from the wall. The powder on the floor defines the surface of the floor and the objects appear to be partially submerged, like icebergs. That seems to fit inside the idea of something being partially there..."<ref name="bombsite1990">Kapoor, Anish. "Anish Kapoor." {{cite web|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/30/articles/1273 |title=BOMB Magazine: Anish Kapoor by Ameena Meer |access-date=16 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204409/http://bombsite.com/issues/30/articles/1273 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }} "[[BOMB Magazine]]" Spring 1990, Retrieved 16 April 2012.</ref> Such use of pigment characterised his first high-profile exhibit as part of the ''New Sculpture'' exhibition at the [[Hayward Gallery]] London in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/anish-kapoor-386786|title=Anish Kapoor: From Conceptualism to Activism|first=Amah-Rose|last=Abrams|date=8 December 2015|website=Artnet News}}</ref>

[[File:Anish Kapoor Holocaust Memorial 1996.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Holocaust Memorial, [[Liberal Jewish Synagogue]] London, 1996]]
In the late 1980s and 1990s, Kapoor was acclaimed for his explorations of matter and non-matter, specifically evoking the void in both free-standing sculptural works and ambitious installations. Many of his sculptures seem to recede into the distance, disappear into the ground or distort the space around them. In 1987, he began working in stone.<ref>[http://venicebiennale.britishcouncil.org/people/id/117 Anish Kapoor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010061729/http://venicebiennale.britishcouncil.org/people/id/117 |date=10 October 2016 }} British Council</ref> His later stone works are made of solid, quarried stone, many of which have carved apertures and cavities, often alluding to, and playing with dualities (earth-sky, matter-spirit, lightness-darkness, visible-invisible, conscious-unconscious, male-female, and body-mind). "In the end, I'm talking about myself. And thinking about making nothing, which I see as a void. But then that's something, even though it really is nothing."<ref name="bombsite1990"/>

Since 1995, he has worked with the highly reflective surface of polished [[stainless steel]]. These works are [[mirror|mirror-like]], reflecting or distorting the viewer and surroundings. Over the course of the following decade Kapoor's sculptures ventured into more ambitious manipulations of form and space. He produced a number of large works, including ''Taratantara ''(1999),<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/124/Taratantara-%28Gateshead%29.html |title=Anish Kapoor Taratantara (Gateshead) |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> a 35-metre-high piece which was installed in the [[Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art#The building|Baltic Flour Mills]] in [[Gateshead]], England, prior to the renovation beginning there which turned the structure into the [[Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art]]; and ''[[Marsyas (sculpture)|Marsyas]]'' (2002), a large work consisting of three steel rings joined by a single span of [[polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] membrane that reached end to end of the {{convert|3400|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Turbine Hall of [[Tate Modern]].<ref name="Ina Cole"/> Kapoor's ''Eye in Stone'' (Norwegian: ''Øye i stein'') is permanently placed at the shore of the [[fjord]] in [[Lødingen Municipality]] in northern Norway as part of [[Artscape Nordland]]. In 2000, one of Kapoor's works, ''Parabolic Waters'', consisting of rapidly rotating coloured water, was shown outside the [[Millennium Dome]] in London.

The use of red [[wax]] is also part of his repertoire, evocative of flesh, blood, and transfiguration.<ref name="StClair">{{Cite book|title=The Secret Lives of Colour|last=St. Clair|first=Kassia|publisher=John Murray|year=2016|isbn=9781473630819|location=London|page=137|oclc=936144129}}</ref> In 2007, he showed ''Svayambh'' (which translated from [[Sanskrit]] means "self-generated"), a 1.5-metre block of red wax that moved on rails through the [[Nantes]] [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes|Musée des Beaux-Arts]] as part of the Biennale estuaire; this piece was shown again in a major show at the [[Haus der Kunst]] in Munich and in 2009 at the [[Royal Academy]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/580/Mus%C3%A9e-des-Beaux-Arts%2C-Nantes-2007.html |title=Anish Kapoor Musée des Beaux-Arts, Nantes 2007 |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> Some of Kapoor's work blurs the boundaries between architecture and art. In 2008, Kapoor created ''Memory'' in [[Berlin]] and New York for the [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|Guggenheim Foundation]], his first piece in [[Cor-Ten]], which is formulated to produce a protective coating of rust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/128/Memory.html |title=Anish Kapoor Memory |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> Weighing 24 tons and made up of 156 parts, it calls to mind [[Richard Serra]]'s huge, rusty steel works, which also invite viewers into perceptually confounding interiors.<ref>Ken Johnson (22 October 2009), [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/arts/design/23kapoor.html Inside, Outside, All Around the Thing] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009192234/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/arts/design/23kapoor.html |date=9 October 2016 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>

In 2009, Kapoor became the first Guest Artistic Director of [[Brighton Festival]]. Kapoor installed four sculptures during the festival: ''[[Sky Mirror]]'' at [[Brighton Pavilion]] gardens; ''C-Curve''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/571/Brighton-Festival-2009.html |title=Anish Kapoor Brighton Festival 2009 |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> at [[Chattri (Brighton)|The Chattri]], ''Blood Relations'' (a collaboration with author [[Salman Rushdie]]); and ''1000 Names'', both at the Fabrica Gallery. He also created a large site-specific work titled ''The Dismemberment of Jeanne d’Arc'' and a performance-based installation: ''Imagined Monochrome''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/131/Dismemberment-of-Jeanne-d%26rsquo%3BArc.html |title=Anish Kapoor Dismemberment of Jeanne d'Arc |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115040700/http://www.anishkapoor.com/131/Dismemberment-of-Jeanne-d%26rsquo%3BArc.html |archive-date=15 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The public response was so overwhelming that police had to re-divert traffic around ''C Curve'' at the Chattri and exercise crowd control.

In September 2009, Kapoor was the first living artist to have a solo exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts. As well as surveying his career to date, the show also included new works. On display were ''Non-Object'' mirror works, cement sculptures previously unseen, and ''Shooting into the Corner'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/583/Shooting-Into-the-Corners.html |title=Anish Kapoor Shooting into the Corners |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> a cannon that fires pellets of wax into the corner of the gallery.<ref name="Ina Cole"/> Previously shown at MAK, Vienna, in January 2009, it is a work with dramatic presence and associations and also continues Kapoor's interest in the self-made object, as the wax builds up on the walls and floor of the gallery the work slowly oozes out its form.

In early 2011, Kapoor's work, ''Leviathan'',<ref name="anishkapoor.com"/> was the annual ''Monumenta'' installation for the [[Grand Palais]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/741/Grand-Palais-2011.html |title=Anish Kapoor Grand Palais 2011 |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ministère de la culture – CNAP – Grand Palais – RMN |url=http://www.monumenta.com/en/2011/leviathan |title=Monumenta 2011 au Grand Palais – Anish Kapoor |publisher=Monumenta.com |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909004344/http://www.monumenta.com/en/2011/leviathan/ |archive-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ina Cole"/> Kapoor described the work as: "A single object, a single form, a single colour...My ambition is to create a space with in a space that responds to the height and luminosity of the Nave at the Grand Palais. Visitors will be invited to walk inside the work, to immerse themselves in colour, and it will, I hope, be a contemplative and poetic experience."

In 2011, Kapoor exhibited ''Dirty Corner'' at the Fabbrica del Vapore in [[Milan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/686/Dirty-Corner.html |title=Anish Kapoor Dirty Corner |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> Having fully occupied the site's "cathedral" space, the work consists of a huge steel volume, 60 metres long and 8 metres high, that visitors enter. Inside, they gradually lose their perception of space, as it gets progressively darker and darker until there is no light, forcing people to use their other senses to guide them through the space. The entrance of the tunnel is goblet-shaped, featuring an interior and exterior surface that is circular, making minimal contact with the ground. Over the course of the exhibition, the work was progressively covered by some 160 cubic metres of earth by a large mechanical device, forming a sharp mountain of dirt which the tunnel appears to be running through.

In 2016, his art exposition in [[Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo|MUAC]] ([[Mexico City]]) was a success, with literary contributions from Catherine Lampert, Cecilia Delgado, and Mexican writer [[Pablo Soler Frost]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaceta.unam.mx/20160526/la-unam-presenta-obras-del-artista-anish-kapoor/|title=La UNAM presenta obras deal artists Anish Kapoor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531154123/http://www.gaceta.unam.mx/20160526/la-unam-presenta-obras-del-artista-anish-kapoor/|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kapoor sued the [[National Rifle Association of America]] (NRA) in 2018. The gun lobby group had, without the sculptor's consent, used a filmed image of ''Cloud Gate'' in an approximately one-minute-long promotional video called "The Violence of Lies". The suit was ultimately [[Settlement (litigation)|settled out of court]]. Kapoor reported that the settlement included the removal of his work from the NRA's film, saying "They have now complied with our demand to remove the unauthorized image of my sculpture ''Cloud Gate'' from their abhorrent video, which seeks to promote fear, hostility, and division in American society".<ref>{{cite web|date=7 December 2018|title=Anish Kapoor Settles Lawsuit with NRA over "Toxic Video" Featuring His Art – Artforum International|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/anish-kapoor-settles-lawsuit-with-nra-over-toxic-video-featuring-his-art-77942|access-date=6 April 2019|publisher=Artforum.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208123424/https://www.artforum.com/news/anish-kapoor-settles-lawsuit-with-nra-over-toxic-video-featuring-his-art-77942|archive-date=8 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cascone|first=Sarah|title=Anish Kapoor Declares 'Victory Over the NRA' in a Settlement That Requires the Gun Group to Remove His Art From an Ad | artnet News|date=6 December 2018|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/anish-kapoor-nra-settlement-1412923|access-date=6 April 2019|publisher=News.artnet.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206232837/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/anish-kapoor-nra-settlement-1412923|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2025, a new work designed by Kapoor titled ''Butchered'' was hung on Skiff, a [[Shell plc]] oil rig 45 nautical miles off the coast of [[Norfolk]]. The work comprises a 12 metre by 8 metre canvas sprayed with a "blood-like solution" mixed from seawater, beetroot powder and non-toxic food-based pond dye. The artwork was erected illegally by [[Greenpeace]] activists with Kapoor's blessing to draw attention to "the vast suffering extreme weather is causing", and is believed to be "the first fine artwork exhibited from a working gas extraction platform", according to ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gayle |first1=Damien |title=Huge 'Butchered' artwork installed on North Sea gas rig by Greenpeace activists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/aug/14/greenpeace-activists-install-huge-artwork-by-anish-kapoor-on-north-sea-gas-rig |website=The Guardian |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

===Public commissions===
[[File:TWUP Jerusalem 190810 1.JPG|thumb|left|upright|''Turning the World Upside Down'', [[Israel Museum]], 2010]]

Kapoor's earliest public commissions include the ''Cast Iron Mountain'' at the Tachikawa Art Project in Japan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anishkapoor.com/4432/mountain-3|title = Mountain}}</ref> as well as an untitled 1995 piece installed at Toronto's [[Simcoe Place]] resembling mountain peaks. In 2001, ''[[Sky Mirror]]'', a large mirror piece that reflects the sky and surroundings, was commissioned for a site outside the [[Nottingham Playhouse]]. Since 2006, ''[[The Bean]]'', a 110-[[short ton|ton]] stainless steel sculpture with a mirror finish, officially titled ''Cloud Gate'', has been permanently installed in [[Millennium Park]] in [[Chicago]].<ref name="Ina Cole"/> Viewers are able to walk beneath the sculpture and look up into an [[bellybutton]] or "omphalos" above them. The sculpture has been the subject of an absurd rumor/hoax turned Airbnb joke in which an activist group, The Man In Bean Coalition, has distributed pamphlets claiming that there is a man living inside of the sculpture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Is a Man Trapped in Anish Kapoor's 'Bean'? |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/is-a-man-trapped-in-anish-kapoors-bean-2676618 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the autumn of 2006, a second 10-metre ''[[Sky Mirror]]'', was installed at [[Rockefeller Center]], New York City.<ref name="Ina Cole"/> This work was later exhibited in Kensington Gardens in 2010 as part of the show ''Turning the World Upside Down'', along with three other major mirror works.<ref name="serpentinegalleries.org"/>

[[File:ArcelorMittal Orbit, April 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ArcelorMittal Orbit|ArcelorMittal ''Orbit'']], [[Olympic Park, London|London Olympic Park]], 2012]]
In 2009, Kapoor created the permanent, site-specific work ''Earth Cinema''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/463/Earth-Cinema.html |title=Anish Kapoor Earth Cinema |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> for [[Pollino National Park]], the largest national park in Italy, as part of the project ''ArtePollino – Another South''.<ref name="uni">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicreditgroup.eu/en/events/Event0472.htm|title="ArtePollino- Another South". Three contemporary artists in the region of Basilicata|date=5 September 2009|publisher=UniCredit Group|access-date=7 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="artkey">{{cite web|url=http://www.teknemedia.net/magazine_detail.html?mId=7307|title=Artepollino un altro sud: Immaginazione al potere|last=Guadagno|first=Letizia|date=9 November 2009|work=ARTKEY|publisher=teknemedia.net|language=it|access-date=7 October 2010}}</ref> Kapoor's work, ''Cinema di Terra'' (''Earth Cinema''), is a 45m long, 3m wide and 7m deep cut into the landscape made from concrete and earth.<ref name="uni"/> People can enter from both sides and walk along it, viewing the earth void within.<ref name="artkey"/><ref name="Pisani">{{cite web|url=http://www.landscape-me.com/show-articles.php?id=3|title=Artepollino Another South. An Emblematic Project – The Role of Art|last=Pisani|first=Mario|publisher=landscape-me.com|access-date=7 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910135915/http://www.landscape-me.com/show-articles.php?id=3|archive-date=10 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Cinema di Terra'' officially opened to public in September 2009.<ref name="uni"/>

Kapoor was also commissioned by [[Tees Valley Regeneration]] (TVR) to produce five pieces of public art, collectively known as the ''[[Tees Valley Giants]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teesvalleyregeneration.co.uk |title=Tees Valley Regeneration |publisher=Tees Valley Regeneration |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> The first of these sculptures, ''Tememos'', was unveiled to the public in June 2010. ''Temenos'' stands 50 metres high and is 110 metres in length. A steel wire mesh pulled taut between two enormous steel hoops, it remains an ethereal and an uncertain form despite its colossal scale.

In 2010, ''Turning the World Upside Down, Jerusalem'' was commissioned and installed at the [[Israel Museum]] in [[Jerusalem]]. The sculpture is described as a "16-foot tall polished-steel hourglass" and it "reflects and reverses the Jerusalem sky and the museum's landscape, a likely reference to the city's duality of celestial and earthly, holy and profane".<ref name="Bronner">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/21/arts/design/21museum.html|title=Cleaning Up Intersection of Ancient and Modern |last=Bronner |first=Ethan |date=20 July 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100722043939/http://www.nytimes.com//2010//07//21//arts//design//21museum.html| archive-date=22 July 2010| url-status= live}}</ref>

The [[Greater London Authority]] selected Kapoor's ''Orbit'' sculpture from a shortlist of five artists as the permanent artwork for the Olympic Park of the [[2012 Olympic Games]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Ina Cole"/> At 115 metres tall, ''Orbit'' is the tallest sculpture in the UK.

When asked if engagement with people and places is the key to successful public art, Kapoor said:
{{blockquote|I’m thinking about the mythical wonders of the world, the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]] and the [[Tower of Babel]]. It's as if the collective will comes up with something that has resonance on an individual level and so becomes mythic. I can claim to take that as a model for a way of thinking. Art can do it, and I’m going to have a damn good go. I want to occupy the territory, but the territory is an idea and a way of thinking as much as a context that generates objects.}}

===Architectural projects===
Throughout his career, Kapoor has worked extensively with architects and engineers. He says this body of work is neither pure sculpture nor pure architecture.

His notable architectural projects include:
* ''Ark Nova'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ark-nova.ch/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005170610/http://www.ark-nova.ch/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2011 |title=ark-nova.ch |publisher=ark-nova.ch |date=11 March 2011 |access-date=19 September 2012 }}</ref> an inflatable concert hall that will travel around the earthquake struck regions of Japan, designed in collaboration with architect [[Arata Isozaki]].
* ''Orbit'',<ref name="ReferenceA"/> the permanent artwork for London's Olympic Park, in collaboration with engineer [[Cecil Balmond]].
* ''Temenos'' the first work of the ''[[Tees Valley Giants]]'', the world's five largest sculptures, in collaboration with [[Cecil Balmond]]. Temenos<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/157/Temenos.html |title=Anish Kapoor Temenos |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> is situated in Middlehaven Dock, Middlesbrough.
*''Dismemberment Site 1'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/127/Dismemberment%2C-Site-I.html |title=Anish Kapoor Dismemberment, Site I |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> installed in New Zealand at the [[Gibbs Farm]] sculpture park, owned by New Zealand businessman and art patron [[Alan Gibbs]].
*[[56 Leonard Street]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/223/56-Leonard-Street.html |title=Anish Kapoor 56 Leonard Street |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> New York, in collaboration with architects [[Herzog and de Meuron]].
* Two subway stations in [[Naples]] at Monte San Angelo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/216/Subway-Station%2C-Monte-S.-Angelo.html |title=Anish Kapoor Subway Station, Monte S. Angelo |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> and Triano<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/151/Subway-Station%2C-Triano.html |title=Anish Kapoor Subway Station, Triano |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> in collaboration with [[Future Systems]].
* ''Taratantara''<ref name="ReferenceB"/> (1999–2000) was installed at the [[Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art]], Gateshead and later at Piazza Plebiscito, Naples.
* An unrealised project<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/158/Millennium-Dome-project.html |title=Anish Kapoor Millennium Dome project |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> for the [[Millennium Dome]], London, (1995) in collaboration with Philip Gumuchdjian.
* Building for a Void,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/215/Building-for-a-Void.html |title=Anish Kapoor Building for a Void |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ina Cole"/> created for [[Seville Expo '92|Expo '92]], [[Seville]], in collaboration with David Connor.

Of his vision for the Cumana station in Monte Sant'Angelo, Naples, Italy under construction ({{as of|2008|06|lc=y}}), Kapoor has said:

''{{blockquote|It's very vulva-like. The tradition of the Paris or Moscow metro is of palaces of light, underground. I wanted to do exactly the opposite – to acknowledge that we are going underground. So it's dark, and what I’ve done is bring the tunnel up and roll it over as a form like a sock.<ref>Gayford, Martin. [http://apollo-magazine.co.uk/features/750276/part_3/all-and-nothing.thtml "All and Nothing: Anish Kapoor on sexuality, spirituality and capturing emptiness"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811150121/http://apollo-magazine.co.uk/features/750276/part_3/all-and-nothing.thtml |date=11 August 2011 }}, ''[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]]'', 2008-06-01. Retrieved on 28 May 2009.</ref>}}''

===Working with text===
In a collaboration with author [[Salman Rushdie]], Kapoor conceived a sculpture consisting of two bronze boxes conjoined with red wax and inscribed around the outside with the first two paragraphs of Rushdie's text; "Blood Relations"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anishkapoor.com/413/Blood-Relations.html |title=Anish Kapoor Blood Relations |publisher=Anishkapoor.com |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ina Cole"/> or an "Interrogation of the Arabian Nights" in 2006.<ref>[http://www.lissongallery.com/#/exhibitions/2006-10-13_anish-kapoor/ Anish Kapoor, 13 October – 11 November 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112082933/http://www.lissongallery.com/#/exhibitions/2006-10-13_anish-kapoor/ |date=12 November 2016 }} Lisson Gallery, London.</ref>

===Stage design===
Kapoor has designed [[stage set]]s including for; the opera ''[[Idomeneo]]'' at Glyndebourne in 2003; ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'', [[La Monnaie]] in Brussels, and a dance-theatre piece called ''in-i'' with [[Akram Khan (dancer)|Akram Khan]] and [[Juliette Binoche]] at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] in London.<ref>Charlotte Higgins (8 November 2008),[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/nov/08/anish-kapoor-interview A life in art: Anish Kapoor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423161949/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/nov/08/anish-kapoor-interview |date=23 April 2016 }} ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref>

==Anish Kapoor Foundation==
The Anish Kapoor Foundation was founded as a charity in 2017, registered in London. Kapoor purchased [[Palazzo Priuli Manfrin]] in Venice in 2018,<ref name="Anish Kapoor’s Material Values">Rebecca Mead (15 August 2022), [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/22/anish-kapoors-material-values Anish Kapoor’s Material Values] ''[[The New Yorker]]''.</ref> and in early 2021, the Venice city council approved construction plans for the foundation to convert the palazzo into an exhibition venue, artist studio and repository for a number of the artist's works from the foundation's collection.<ref name="auto">Kabir Jhala (30 July 2021), [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/anish-kapoor-foundation-venice-palazzo Anish Kapoor is converting a vast, crumbling Venetian palace into his permanent exhibition space and workshop] ''[[The Art Newspaper]]''.</ref> The project will be led by architecture firms FWR Associati of Venice and Studio Una of Hamburg.<ref name="auto"/>

==Vantablack controversy==
In 2014, Kapoor began working with [[Vantablack]], which was thought to be one of the least reflective known substances. He would later be granted [[Exclusive license|exclusive rights]] to use the material for artistic purposes.<ref name="Wired_2017-06-22">{{cite magazine|title=Art Fight! The Pinkest Pink Versus the Blackest Black|url=https://www.wired.com/story/vantablack-anish-kapoor-stuart-semple/|access-date=16 January 2018|magazine=Wired|last1=Rogers |first1=Adam |date=22 June 2017}}</ref> His exclusive license to the material has been criticized in the art world, but he has defended the agreement, saying: "Why exclusive? Because it's a collaboration, because I am wanting to push them to a certain use for it. I've collaborated with people who make things out of stainless steel for years and that's exclusive."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/sep/26/anish-kapoor-vantablack-art-architecture-exclusive-rights-to-the-blackest-black |title='You could disappear into it': Anish Kapoor on his exclusive rights to the 'blackest black' |last=Delaney |first=Brigid |date=26 September 2016 |work=The Guardian |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref>

[[Christian Furr]] and [[Stuart Semple]] criticised Kapoor for what they view to be the appropriation of a unique material to the exclusion of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/anish-kapoor-angers-artists-by-seizing-exclusive-rights-to-blackest-black-pigment_us_56d4791fe4b0871f60ec1c94|title=Anish Kapoor Angers Artists By Seizing Exclusive Rights To 'Blackest Black' Pigment|first=Priscilla|last=Frank|date=29 February 2016|work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/03/469082803/some-artists-are-seeing-red-over-a-new-black|title=Some Artists Are Seeing Red Over A New 'Black'|work=[[NPR.org|NPR]] |access-date=31 March 2017|language=en |date=3 March 2016 |first=Elizabeth |last=Blair}}</ref> In retaliation, Semple developed a pigment called the "pinkest pink" and specifically made it available to everyone except Anish Kapoor and anyone affiliated with him.<ref>{{cite web |first=Roisin |last=O'Connor |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/anish-kapoor-pinkest-pink-blackest-black-paint-war-a7497751.html |url-access=registration |title=Anish Kapoor in an act of childish greed, gets his hands on 'pinkest pink' after being banned from use by its creator |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=27 December 2016 |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://culturehustle.com/products/pink-50g-powdered-paint-by-stuart-semple|title=*The World's Pinkest Pink – 50g powdered paint by Stuart Semple|website=Culture Hustle|access-date=17 August 2017}}</ref> He later stated that the move was itself intended as something like [[performance art]] and that he did not anticipate the amount of attention it received.<ref name="Wired_2017-06-22"/> In December 2016, Kapoor obtained the pigment and posted an image on [[Instagram]] of his extended [[The finger|middle finger]] which had been dipped in Semple's pink.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanchez |first1=Kait |title=Please keep Anish Kapoor away from the whitest white paint |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/15/22386299/whitest-white-paint-anish-kapoor-vantablack |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=16 April 2021 |date=15 April 2021}}</ref> Semple also developed more products such as "Black 2.0" and "Black 3.0", which are supposed to look nearly identical to Vantablack despite being acrylic, and "Diamond Dust", an extremely reflective glitter made of crushed glass shards that are designed to hurt Kapoor if he dipped his finger in it, all of which were released with the same restriction against Kapoor as the "pinkest pink".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2017/02/13/stuart-semple-cherry-scented-version-anish-kapoor-vantablack-colour-design-news/|title=Stuart Semple creates cherry-scented version of Anish Kapoor's Vantablack|date=13 February 2017|work=Dezeen|access-date=17 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2017/07/07/anish-kapoor-banned-from-using-stuart-semple-colour-changing-paint-design-news/|title=Anish Kapoor banned from using colour-changing paint in ongoing rights war|date=7 July 2017|work=Dezeen|access-date=17 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2024, Semple officially changed his name to Anish Kapoor.<ref name="name change">{{Cite web |last=Cascone|first=Sarah|date=2024-10-31|title=Stuart Semple Has Changed His Name to Anish Kapoor|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/stuart-semple-changed-name-anish-kapoor-2560653?amp=1|access-date=2024-11-01|website=Artnet News}}</ref> In a later interview with [[Charles Saatchi]], Semple stated that his dispute with Anish Kapoor had ended and that he had resumed using the name Stuart Semple.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Small|first=Kate|title=Dorset Art Weeks 2026 returns – what to expect|url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/25869833.dorset-art-weeks-2026-returns-expect/|work=Bournemouth Echo|date=20 February 2026|access-date=2026-04-29}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==
Kapoor initially began exhibiting as part of [[New British Sculpture]] art scene, along with fellow British sculptors [[Tony Cragg]] and [[Richard Deacon (sculptor)|Richard Deacon]].<ref name="publicartfund.org"/> His first solo exhibition took place at Patrice Alexandra, Paris, in 1980.<ref>[http://www.guggenheim-bilbao.es/microsites/anish_kapoor/?idioma=en Anish Kapoor, 16 March – 12 October 2010] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204184534/http://www.guggenheim-bilbao.es/microsites/anish_kapoor/?idioma=en |date=4 February 2012 }} Museo Guggenheim, Bilbao.</ref> He achieved widespread recognition when he represented Britain at the 1990 [[Venice Biennale]],<ref>''[[Imagine (TV series)|Imagine]] – Winter 2009 – 1. The Year of Anish Kapoor'': BBC One, 11:35 pm Tuesday 17 November 2009.</ref> and recounts the experience in [[Sarah Thornton]]'s ''Seven Days in the Art World''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Seven days in the art world|last=L.)|first=Thornton, Sarah (Sarah|isbn=9780393337129|location=New York|oclc=489232834|date = 2 November 2009}}</ref> In 1992 Kapoor contributed to [[Documenta|documenta IX]] with ''Building Descent into Limbo''.<ref>[http://www.lissongallery.com/#/exhibitions/2000-05-05_anish-kapoor/ Anish Kapoor, 5 May – 1 July 2000] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112082933/http://www.lissongallery.com/#/exhibitions/2000-05-05_anish-kapoor/ |date=12 November 2016 }} Lisson Gallery, London.</ref><ref name="Ina Cole"/> In 2004, he participated in The 5th [[Gwangju Biennale]] in Gwangju, Korea. Solo exhibitions of his work have since been held in the [[Tate]] and [[Hayward Gallery]] in London, [[Kunsthalle Basel]] in [[Switzerland]], [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Reina Sofia]] in Madrid, the [[National Gallery of Canada]] in [[Ottawa]], Musée des arts contemporains (Grand-Hornu) in Belgium, the [[CAPC Museum of Contemporary Art]] in [[Bordeaux]], the [[Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil]] in Brazil, and the [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao|Guggenheim]] in [[Bilbao]], [[New York City]] and [[Berlin]].

In 2008, the [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston|Institute of Contemporary Art]] in [[Boston]] held the first U.S. mid career survey of Kapoor's work.<ref>Sebastian Smee, [http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2008/05/30/anish_kapoor_challenges_perceptions_in_a_mind_bending_show_at_the_ica/ Anish Kapoor challenges perceptions in a mind-bending show at the ICA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318105646/http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2008/05/30/anish_kapoor_challenges_perceptions_in_a_mind_bending_show_at_the_ica/ |date=18 March 2015 }}. ''The Boston Globe'', 30 May 2008.</ref> That same year, Kapoor's ''Islamic Mirror'' (2008), a circular concave mirror, was installed in a 13th-century Arab palace now being used as by the Convent of Santa Clara in [[Murcia]], Spain.<ref>Quinn Latimer (11 December 2008), [http://www.blouinartinfo.com/contemporary-arts/article/29658-rosa-martinez-on-anish-kapoors-islamic-mirror Rosa Martinez on Anish Kapoor's "Islamic Mirror"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211132650/http://www.blouinartinfo.com/contemporary-arts/article/29658-rosa-martinez-on-anish-kapoors-islamic-mirror |date=11 December 2013 }} ''Blouin Artinfo''.</ref>

Kapoor was the first living British artist to take over the Royal Academy, London, in 2009;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p00f2 |title=BBC One – Imagine, Winter 2009, The Year of Anish Kapoor |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=18 February 2011 |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> the show attracted 275,000 visitors, rendering it at the time the most successful exhibition ever by a living artist held in London. Eventually it was overtaken by the more than 478,000 who attended the [[David Hockney]] exhibition at the Tate Modern in 2017.<ref>Rebecca Tyrrel (27 November 2010), [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/nov/27/anish-kapoor-india-exhibition Anish Kapoor: Look out India, here I come] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313083830/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/nov/27/anish-kapoor-india-exhibition |date=13 March 2016 }} ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/press/press-releases/hockney-tate-britains-most-visited-exhibition-ever |title=Hockney Is Tate Britain'S Most Visited Exhibition Ever – Press Release |publisher=Tate |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> This show subsequently travelled to the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. In 2010, Kapoor retrospective exhibitions were held at the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA) in New Delhi and Mumbai's [[Mehboob Studio]], the first showcase of his work in the country of his birth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yazmany-arboleda/a-candid-conversation-wit_1_b_791463.html|title=The Return of the Wizard|last=Arboleda|first=Yazmany|author-link=Yazmany Arboleda|date=3 December 2010|newspaper=The Huffington Post|access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/nov/27/anish-kapoor-india-exhibition?INTCMP=SRCH|title=Anish Kapoor: Look out India, here I come |last=Tyrrel |first=Rebecca |date=27 November 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=8 December 2010|location=London}}</ref> In 2011 Kapoor had a solo touring exhibition with the Arts Council, part of their "Flashback " series of shows. In May he exhibited ''Leviathan'' at the [[Grand Palais]], and two concurrent shows in Milan at the [[Rotonda della Besana]] and Fabbrica del Vapore. He had a major exhibition at the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney]] (MCA) from December 2012 to April 2013 as part of the Sydney International Art Series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Andrew|title=Waxing lyrical done by the tonne with Kapoor|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/waxing-lyrical-done-by-the-tonne-with-kapoor-20121218-2bl4u.html|access-date=8 February 2013|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=19 December 2012}}</ref>

''Dirty Corner'', exhibited at the [[Palace of Versailles]] in 2015, was a topic of controversy due to its "blatantly sexual" nature. Kapoor himself reportedly described the work as "the vagina of a queen who is taking power".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/british-indian-sculptor-anish-kapoor-sparks-uproar-in-france-769612 |title=Huge Uproar Over Anish Kapoor's 'Blatantly Sexual' Sculpture at Versailles |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=8 June 2015 |website=NDTV |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

In 2020 Kapoor unveiled a new exhibition at the grounds of [[Houghton Hall]] in [[Norfolk]]. It was the largest ever outdoor exhibition of pieces by Kapoor, containing 21 sculptures, some previously unseen, as well as a selection of drawings of his.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anish Kapoor Bringing Heaven To Earth – Houghton Hall – James Payne|url=https://www.artlyst.com/reviews/anish-kapoor-bringing-heaven-earth-houghton-hall-james-payne/|access-date=13 August 2020|website=Artlyst|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shurvell|first=Joanne|title=Anish Kapoor's Largest Outdoor Sculpture Show Includes New Work Plus Famous Sky Mirror|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanneshurvell/2020/07/20/anish-kapoors-largest-outdoor-sculpture-exhibition-now-open-at-houghton-hall-norfolk/|access-date=13 August 2020|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

From 2 October 2021 – 13 February 2022 an exhibition of works created during the pandemic – ‘Painting’ – was shown at the Museum of Modern Art Oxford.

In 2024, [[Liverpool Cathedral]] hosted an exhibition of Kapoor's work, entitled ''Monadic Singularity'', to mark its 100th anniversary''.'' It was his first in Liverpool since his show at Walker Art Gallery in 1983.<ref name=":2" />

In 2025, the Jewish Museum, New York, hosted, 'Anish Kapoor: Early Works’ showing his pigment sculptures from the 1970 and 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anish Kapoor: Early Works |url=https://thejewishmuseum.org/exhibitions/anish-kapoor-early-works/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=The Jewish Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

2025 also saw Greenpeace Activists unveil 'BUTCHERED' a 12m x 8m canvas depicting 1,000 litres of a blood-red liquid onto active Shell platform in the North Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |first=Greenpeace |date=2025-08-14 |title=Anish Kapoor and Greenpeace take on Shell |url=https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/news/anish-kapoor-shell-north-sea/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Greenpeace UK |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2026, the [[Hayward Gallery]], London, will exhibit ''Anish Kapoor'' featuring works from Kapoor’s five decade career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anish Kapoor {{!}} Southbank Centre |url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/anish-kapoor/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.southbankcentre.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Collections==
Kapoor's work is collected worldwide, notably by the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York City; [[Tate Modern]] in London; Fondazione Prada in Milan; the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], Sydney; the [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao|Guggenheim]] in Bilbao; [[De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art]] in Tilburg, the Netherlands; the [[Moderna Museet]], Stockholm; the [[21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa|21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art]] in [[Kanazawa, Ishikawa|Kanazawa]], Japan; and the [[Israel Museum]] in Jerusalem.<ref name=royalacademy />

==Personal life==
===Family===
In 1995, Kapoor married German-born [[medieval art]] historian Susanne Spicale.<ref>Andrew Anthony (7 June 2015), [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/07/anish-kapoor-sculpture-versailles-controversy Anish Kapoor: superstar sculptor who loves to court scandal] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221053510/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/07/anish-kapoor-sculpture-versailles-controversy |date=21 December 2016 }} ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref> They have a daughter, Alba, and a son, Ishan.<ref name="Lunch with the FT: Anish Kapoor"/> The couple separated and divorced in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/A-shining-sculptor-481154 |title=A shining sculptor |first=Steve |last=Linde |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=10 February 2017 |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>

Kapoor later married garden designer Sophie Walker, a former studio assistant, after the two began dating in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-02 |title=Art lovers: man-of-steel Anish Kapoor has found a new muse |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/art-lovers-manofsteel-anish-kapoor-has-found-a-new-muse-8683114.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Evening Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Voien |first=Guelda |date=2016-09-14 |title=Anish Kapoor Talks Void Forms and Vag |url=https://observer.com/2016/09/corpus-kapoorial-indian-british-sculptor-at-seouls-kukje-gallery/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Wise |first=Louis |date=2022-02-25 |title=Anish Kapoor's 'mad, mad project' |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6a371cb7-9042-4f6f-8cc3-5a7f0f8444ad |access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Mead |first=Rebecca |date=2022-08-15 |title=Anish Kapoor's Material Values |language=en-US |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/22/anish-kapoors-material-values |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=de Wolf |first=Joke |date=2024-03-13 |title=Het schijnbaar lichtzinnige van Laure Prouvost kan soms diep ontroeren |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/samen-vliegen |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=De Groene Amsterdammer |language=nl}}</ref> The couple had one daughter together<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and after separating in 2022 later divorced. In 2023, Kapoor married Oumaima Boumoussaoui.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fantasy |first=Joseph |title=Lo spazio Treccani Arte, la cena con Anish Kapoor e il gala per Marina Abramovic |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/roma-capoccia/2023/10/14/news/lo-spazio-treccani-arte-la-cena-con-anish-kapoor-e-il-gala-per-marina-abramovic-5774743/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Il Foglio |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Acquisto |first=Germano |date=2023-10-05 |title=Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi Highlights Anish Kapoor's Elusive Art |url=https://saywho.co.uk/events/palazzo-strozzi-highlights-art-elusive-anish-kapoor/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Say Who |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Residences===
During his first marriage, Kapoor lived in a house designed by architect [[Tony Fretton]] in [[Chelsea, London]].<ref>Jonathan Glancey (23 September 2008), [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/sep/23/architecture.art Through the looking-glass] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221053658/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/sep/23/architecture.art |date=21 December 2016 }} ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref><ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/art-lovers-man-of-steel-anish-kapoor-has-found-a-new-muse-8683114.html Art lovers: man-of-steel Anish Kapoor has found a new muse] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220234023/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/art-lovers-man-of-steel-anish-kapoor-has-found-a-new-muse-8683114.html |date=20 December 2016 }} ''[[London Evening Standard]]'', 2 July 2013.</ref>

In 2009, Kapoor purchased a {{convert|14500|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} Georgian-style residence at [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]] for about £3.6 million and had it redesigned by [[David Chipperfield]].<ref>Mark David (22 September 2021), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/anish-kapoor-central-london-home-1234604625/ Anish Kapoor Asks $26 Million for One of Central London's Largest Homes] ''[[ARTnews]]''.</ref> In 2016, he also purchased a 3,576-square-feet unit at [[56 Leonard Street]] in New York for roughly $14 million.<ref>Francesca Aton (25 July 2025), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/anish-kapoor-lists-56-leonard-street-apartment-new-york-1234748246/ Anish Kapoor Lists New York Apartment for $17.75 M.] ''[[ARTnews]]''.</ref> In addition, he maintains a residence on [[Harbour Island, Bahamas]].<ref name="Anish Kapoor’s Material Values"/>

== Literature ==
* Cole, Ina, ''From the Sculptor’s Studio'' (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2021, conversation with Anish Kapoor, held in 2006 and 2020, page 122-133) {{ISBN|9781913947590}} {{OCLC|1420954826}}.
*[[Heinz-Norbert Jocks]]in conversation with Anish Kapoor. Scheitere oft, aber schnell, Kunstforum International, Bd. 254, Cologne 2018, pp. 174–195
*Attlee, James (ed.). Anish Kapoor : Painting. Köln, König, Walther, 2022. {{ISBN|9783753301259}}
*Fredholm, Sarah (ed.). Anish Kapoor: Unseen. ARKEN Museum of Contemporary Art, 2024. {{ISBN|9788794418232}}
*Galansino, Arturo (ed.). Anish Kapoor - untrue unreal. Venice, Marsilio, 2024. {{ISBN|9791254631362}}

==Awards and honours==
'''Artistic accolades'''
*1990 ''Premio Duemila'', Venice Biennale
*1991 [[Turner Prize]]
*1999 elected Royal Academician<ref name="royalacademy">{{Cite web |title=Sir Anish Kapoor |url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/anish-kapoor-ra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718052103/http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/academicians/sculptors/anish-kapoor-ra,110,AR.html |archive-date=18 July 2009 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Royal Academy of Arts}}</ref>
*2011 [[Praemium Imperiale]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/life/Winners-receive-Japans-Praemium-Imperiale-culture--30168088.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129132025/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/life/Winners-receive-Japans-Praemium-Imperiale-culture--30168088.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2013|last=Kambayashi|first=Takehiko|title=Winners receive Japan's Praemium Imperiale culture prize|place=Tokyo|publisher=The Nation|date=19 October 2011|access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref>

'''Civilian honours'''
*2003 [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) – [[2003 Birthday Honours|2003 Queen's Birthday Honours List]]
*2011 French [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
*2012 [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third-highest civilian honour.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-gives-away-Padma-awards/articleshow/12374803.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212081518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-23/india/31229286_1_padma-awards-padma-bhushan-khaled-choudhury |url-status=live |archive-date=12 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=President gives away Padma awards |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
*2013 [[Knight Bachelor|Knighthood]]<ref name='HM Birthday Honours 2013'>{{cite web | url = https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/206698/Birthday_Honours_List_2013.pdf | title = Birthday Honours List 2013 | access-date = 14 June 2013 | date = 14 June 2013 | publisher = HM Government}}</ref> – [[2013 Birthday Honours|2013 Queen's Birthday Honours List]]

'''Honorary Fellowships'''
*1997 London Institute
*1997 [[University of Leeds]]
*1999 [[University of Wolverhampton]]
*2001 [[Royal Institute of British Architects]]<ref name=royalacademy />

'''Other'''
*2016 [[LennonOno Grant for Peace]]
*2017 [[Genesis Prize]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Renowned sculptor Anish Kapoor wins prestigious Genesis Prize|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=40129|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|date=6 February 2017|access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Scheps v Fine Art Logistic Ltd]]''

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Art UK bio}}

{{Anish Kapoor}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{New British Sculpture}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Anish}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century British male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century British sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century British male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century British sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Wolverhampton]]
[[Category:Alumni of Chelsea College of Arts]]
[[Category:Alumni of Middlesex University]]
[[Category:BRIT Award trophy designers]]
[[Category:British contemporary artists]]
[[Category:British humanists]]
[[Category:British installation artists]]
[[Category:British Jews]]
[[Category:British male sculptors]]
[[Category:British people of Indian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish sculptors]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale]]
[[Category:Royal Academicians]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Turner Prize winners]]
[[Category:British people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]

Lok Bhavan, Panaji

2026-05-05T20:21:04Z

LibbyAlba221: started new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}{{Short description|Residence of the Goa Governor}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lok Bhavan
| native_name = Palácio do Cabo
| image = Cabo Raj Bhavan in Goa.png
| caption = Aerial view of the Raj Bhavan.
| location = [[Dona Paula]], [[Goa]]
| location_town =
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|15.462826|73.789159|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date = 1534
| floor_area = 88 acres
| current_tenants = [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]
}}

'''Lok Bhavan,''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' (''Government House'') is a residential palace and fort situated in [[Dona Paula]], Goa, which serves as the [[official residence]] of the [[governor of Goa]]. The sprawling 88 acres estate is located on a cape in the [[Goa]]n capital, [[Panaji]]. Known by the name "''Palácio do Cabo''"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goa-tourism.com/GTDC-holidays/see-forts-cabo-raj-niwas.htm|title=Cabo Raj Niwas|publisher=Goa Tourism}}</ref> ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "Palace of the Cape") until it gained official status as the residence of the governor of Goa, this palace is said to be built between the 16th and 17th centuries<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/goa/dona-paula/sights/military/cabo-raj-bhavan|title=Cabo Raj Bhavan|publisher=Lonely Planet}}</ref> in the erstwhile [[Portuguese India]]. The fort is strategically positioned facing the Arabian sea opposite the well-preserved 17th century [[Fort Aguada|Forte Aguada]].

==History==
In 1540, the eighth governor of [[Portuguese India]], [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|Estêvão de Gama]], proposed the idea of constructing some fortifications to guard the entrance to the Goa harbor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goadelight.com/forts-in-goa/cabo-raj-bhavan|title=Cabo Raj Bhavan Goa|publisher=Goa Delight|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702061907/http://www.goadelight.com/forts-in-goa/cabo-raj-bhavan|url-status=dead}}</ref> As per their long-established defense strategy they quickly built a [[Church (building)|church]] and [[Fortification|fort]] and subsequently attached a [[convent]]. The ''Cabo'' (Portuguese for "cape") was converted into one of the best equipped and important fortresses over the years, although these days nothing remains of the old citadel that served as the Franciscan Convent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goaprism.com/cabo-fort-raj-bhavan/|title=Cabo Fort (Raj Bhavan)|date=2014-07-31|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-02}}</ref> Since the canons were not often used, the buildings at some point of time were also used as temporary accommodation for the [[archbishop]]. Over course of time it became the official residence of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese governor of Goa]].

It is said to be a strategically designed fort, not just holding panoramic views of the meeting of three water bodies, the Mandovi and Zuari rivers with the Arabian sea, but also of the river bay, [[Fort Aguada]] and the busy port of [[Mormugao]]. The scenic beauty and solitude combined with its uniqueness and planning are some of the attractions that remain at the ''Palacio do Cabo''. The small church founded in 1541<ref name=":0" /> at the very end of the mansion is dedicated to Our Lady of The Cape (''Nossa Senhora do Cabo''). This church also served as a landmark for the seafarers and celebrates its annual ''fest'' (feast) on 15 August.

The ''Palácio do Cabo'' is now known as the ''Raj Bhavan'', the official name given to the residence of the [[Governors of states of India|governors]] of the states in India. It is also said to be among the finest residences of Indian governors owing to its location and display of [[Architecture of Portugal|Portuguese]]-Goan architecture.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} Indeed, it is said to hold the title as the oldest as no other residence of a governor of India has its origin over four hundred years ago.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Architecture and antiques==
[[File:Raj bhavan gate - goa.jpg|thumbnail|The gates to the Palácio in Panjim]]
The palace is a double-storey structure of great dimensions and architectural significance. While the ground level consists of the office chamber and residence of the governor in addition to few guest suites. The upper level holds halls for gatherings (Durbar hall), conferences and banquets along with the main kitchen and additional guest suites or rooms.<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/rajbhavan_history2.htm |title = Goa India – Rajbhavangoa.org}}</ref> A row of ''varandas'' (verandahs) elevated on pillars on the rear side of the mansion overlook the Mandovi river to the right, the Zuari river to the left, and the Arabian sea ahead.

Bohemian [[chandelier]]s, Chinese porcelain, [[silver]] and [[Wood|wooden furniture]] form the assets of this palace. The pieces of antique Chinese porcelain are said to be presumably manufactured in Canton. A worn-out set of crockery having a similar design with [[Coat of arms of Portugal|Portuguese coat of arms]] were specially ordered for the use of the Portuguese governor general. An excellent collection of high quality solid wooden furniture with exquisite workmanship adorn some of the spaces in this palatial mansion. A set of intricately carved chairs with figurines of Hindu gods and temples indicate the complete harmony between Christians and Hindus that existed in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goaprism.com/cabo-fort-raj-bhavan/|title=Cabo fort (Raj Bhavan)|date=31 July 2014|publisher=Goa Prism}}</ref> Five tall Cantonese vases believed to be over 300 years old as well as two large-sized Cantonese bowls, all of which hold the Portuguese coat of arms are among the prized antique items at the palace. So are two wooden [[Ormolu]] mounted chests with veneer wood inlay and carara marble tops. On the walls of the Durbar Hall are large mirrors and a painting of a fisherman by ''Francisco Jose Rezende'' (1866). Carved furniture of ingenious and rare workmanship form part of the collections of the palace – the quality of which has not diminished even after use for centuries, owing to the up-keep.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

===Renovation===
During the years 1999 and 2000, the palace underwent a major renovation. In order to strengthen the structure as per expert advice, old wooden beams that held the upper level were replaced with steel beams. The beams are said to have been decayed over the years. The process was carried out in phases to allow for careful alterations and avoid any damages to the historically significant structure. In areas behind the palace facing the Arabian sea, considerable distress had been faced over the last few years in turn calling for major remedial steps to protect and preserve this historical building.<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/>

==Landmarks==

=== Our Lady of The Cape Church ===
The over 500 year old Catholic church also known as ''Nossa Senhora do Cabo'' occupies a corner on the site with views of the bay and sea. It is open for morning [[Mass (Catholic Church)|masses]] on all Sundays as well as on special occasions like [[Christmas]], [[Easter]] and the annual church feast. The Feast is celebrated on the morning of 15 August which also coincides with the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day of India]]. Thousands of devotees, cutting across religious lines, attend the special prayers held on this occasion. A '''fest'<nowiki/>'' and ''<nowiki/>'mela'<nowiki/>'' is held annually on this day on the premises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/rajbhavan_chapel.htm |title = Goa India – Rajbhavangoa.org}}</ref>

===Grotto===
A small distance away from the main church located on the slope, after descending through steps is the grotto dedicated to [[Saint Paula|St. Paula]]. The altar in this grotto is installed in a cut-out of the cape rock and holds the saint's sculpture in a recumbent position. Behind it lies the image of Jesus on a [[trefoil]] cross. There is a common belief that those who offer prayers here will have their wishes fulfilled. The history associated with it as written on a board hung at the place, states as follows:

''"St. Paula (347 – 404 A.D.), a Roman Senator's widow and her daughter [[Eustochium]] were living an austere life in Rome when [[Jerome|St. Jerome]] (341 – 420 A.D.) came there from Palestine in 383 A.D. Four years later, mother and daughter followed the great doctor to Palestine and went with him to Egypt to visit the hermits in the [[Wadi El Natrun|Nitrain]] desert. Upon returning to the [[Holy Land]], they settled at [[Bethlehem]]. Here, they erected a [[monastery]] under St. Jerome's direction and three convents ruled by St. Paula".''

The Feast of the Grotto is celebrated in the evening on 2 August. A large number of faithful living on the estate as well as the nearby areas attend this annual tradition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/rajbhavan_grotto.htm |title = Goa India – Rajbhavangoa.org}}</ref>

===The estate===
The ''Palácio do Cabo'' estate is surrounded on three sides by sea and has a total area of about 80 acres. One massive laterite stone wall exists to the East which serves as the estate's boundary on that side. On the sea-shore side there are masonry walls which have withstood the onslaught of time for over four centuries. The flat table land in the middle of the estate covers about 3/4th of the total land but it has steep side slopes towards the water bodies. About 5 hectares of the flat table land is occupied by buildings, gardens, lawns, and the remaining is full of vegetation consisting of large number of species of trees, plants, shrubs, creepers, etc. Adding new species of trees in large number has been an annual phenomenon at the palatial estate. The premises also have a kitchen garden where seasonal vegetables are grown.

The main garden in front of the palace consists of three lawns enclosed by seasonal flower beds. The Palacio estate has got the best prize for its well maintained gardens in year 2000 (State of Goa) and also bagged the second prize the following year. Various species of birds flock to the estate taking advantage of its location and vegetation. These include peacocks, eagles, kingfishers, tree-pies, doves, bee-eaters, etc. There are also a variety of reptiles like pythons, cobras, rat-snakes, chameleons and monitor-lizards. Smaller animals like mongoose, hare, jackals, squirrels and porcupines also reside on the estate. There have been no known cases over the years of any harm causes to residents or visitors alike. However the estate foot fall is also limited to the main buildings and surrounding areas. Special care is taken to protect, preserve and enrich the flora and fauna of the Palacio estate. In its form, the estate seems to serve as a treasure-house of bio-diversity incorporating the diverse flora and fauna of the [[Western Ghats]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/rajbhavan_estate.htm |title = Goa India – Rajbhavangoa.org}}</ref>

===The Estate Beach===
Another tourist spot in the Palacio estate is a narrow strip of beach only accessible by a series of steps. There is a natural spring with sweet water about 20 meters away from the sea water towards the property. From here one can get a view of the Mormugão harbor. However, it is not safe for diving.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/destinations/other-attractions/176-cabo-raj-niwas-raj-bhavan|title=Cabo Raj Niwas (Raj Bhavan)|publisher=Goa Tourism}}</ref>

===Cannon Point===
On the western side just a three minutes drive from the main palace through the dense vegetation is a spot named "Cannon Point". A small park complete with pathways and lighting have been provided at this location owing to its scenic nature. Two old Portuguese-era cannons were retrieved from the shore below and placed on pedestals here.<ref name=":1" />

===The Jetty===
There is also a non-operational jetty located where the Mandovi river joins the sea. It is presumed to have been in active use in the yesteryear's. Near the Portuguese era jetty is a flat area bound with scores of trees particularly the coconut tree, that gives enchanting Goa its paradise charm. This is a deal place to relax and let time pass in the typical ''Sussegado'' style. There is also a small narrow sandy strip but the place is not practical for swimming. Customary to Goan way of life, an old well daunts the estate at a comfortable 30 meters away from the sea coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/rajbhavan_jetty.htm |title = Goa India – Rajbhavangoa.org}}</ref>

==British Cemetery==
Just outside the gates of ''Palacio do Cabo'', there is a 180-year-old cemetery which is the only remaining evidence of the presence of the British forces in the fortress. British military personnel were stationed in Goa from 1799 to 1813, in order to assist the Portuguese against the [[French First Empire]] during the [[Peninsular War]]. During this period the British also constructed several edifices in the [[Fort Aguada|Forte Aguada]], Gasper Dias and Mormugão areas but most of these were demolished by the Portuguese in 1848 leaving little presence, if any, of their arrival. The cemetery was built sometime in 1802 to serve the purpose of British garrisons stationed at [[Mormugão fort|Forte Mormugão]], Palacio do Cabo and [[Fort Aguada|Forte Aguada]]. Mr. W. Walker, a traveler once described the cemetery in 1855. He stated:

''"I visited the burial ground at Cabo built and used by the British force of 10,000 (sic) men when they held possession of the seaboard points of Goa, to prevent the French entering India by this route in 1805. The massive laterite stone wall which surrounds it is as perfect as the day it was built, the laterite in this neighborhood being the best I have anywhere seen, but the lofty arched entrance gates have long been despoiled of every particle of wood. The burial ground is used for rice cultivation and the very tombstones are worn down from the sharpening of native tools on them; where not cultivated, it is overgrown with high rank grass said to be alive with deadly cobras de capello. If it be true, as I have heard, that the Collector of Belgaum allows an annual sum to keep in order, I can assure him that not a piece worth of care is bestowed on it."''

On 19 May 1869 a request was made by the then [[British India|Government of British India]] to the [[List of governors of Portuguese India|governor-general of Portuguese India]] to repair and maintain the cemetery, which was considered by the Portuguese government in Goa. Sr. Gerson da Cunha described the cemetery in 1878 as an oblong area about 180 yards by 145 yards long with an enclosed wall all around and a massive ornamental gate of teak wood. The key to this door was with the [[chaplain]] of a neighboring convent. There are 47 tombstones and 56 gravestones in the cemetery.

The cemetery which was repaired by the British consul in 1941 is now in good condition. The old wooden gate has since been replaced by a metal one. Out of the six mango trees which were there in the past, two have survived. There is a well inside the cemetery which is dry. The earliest burial according to the tomb plates was on 19 December 1808 and the latest on 10 August 1912.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/rajbhavan_britishcemetery.htm |title = Goa India – Rajbhavangoa.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://rajbhavan.goa.gov.in/ Raj Bhavan website]

{{Raj Bhavan}}
{{Goa Topics}}

[[Category:Government of Goa]]
[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Panaji]]
[[Category:Forts in Goa]]

Rajdeep Gupta

2026-05-01T06:48:47Z

LibbyAlba221: Created initial details first draft

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajdeep Gupta
| image = PSX 20191205 153349.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{start date and age|1987|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actor]] / [[Dj]]
| television =
| children =
| parents = Rajesh Gupta (father), Deepa Gupta (mother)
| relatives =
| awards = Telesamman Award for Best Debutante (2010), Tele Academy Award for Best Actor in Television (2014)
| website =
| years_active = 2008–present
| domestic_partner =
}}
'''Rajdeep Gupta''' is an Indian actor who works in Bengali cinema, television, and web series.

He has appeared in productions such as the film ''[[The Play (film)|The Play]]'' (2013), the series ''[[Byomkesh (TV series)|Byomkesh]]'' (2014), and the television series ''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]'' (2009).

==Career==
Rajdeep Gupta was born on 29 October 1987 in [[West Bengal]], [[India]], and raised in [[Kolkata]]. Before entering the entertainment industry, he had a brief stint as a [[DJ]], performing at popular clubs in [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Dhaka]]. His passion for acting led him to the small screen, where he debuted in 2009 as ''Ishaan'' in the hit television series ''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]'', produced by Ravi Ojha Productions and aired on [[Star Jalsha]]. The show became a massive success.

In 2014 Gupta appeared in the episodic detective drama ''[[Byomkesh (TV series)|Byomkesh]]''. He later starred in lead roles in shows like ''Aponjon'' (produced by [[Surinder Films]]) and ''Jhanjh Lobongo Phool'' (produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]). He portrayed a negative character{{Vague|date=August 2025}} for the first time in ''Premer Kahini'' ([[Star Jalsha]]) in 2017.

Gupta's film career began with ''[[Damadol]]'' in 2013, followed by critically acclaimed projects ''Bhaarate'', ''[[Aamar Aami]]'', ''Mukti'', and ''Dwitiyo Bosonto''. His foray into Hindi television came with ''Pyaar Ka The End''.

He has also established himself in the digital entertainment space. He starred in popular [[Hoi Choi|Hoichoi]] Originals such as ''Japani Toy'', ''[[Mismatch (TV series)|Mismatch]]'', ''Japani Doll'', ''Bou Keno Psycho'', ''[[Rahasya Romancha|Rohoshya Romancho]]'', ''[[Murder in the Hills]]'', and ''Uttoron''.

Gupta served as the face of national campaigns for renowned brands, including the 2016 [[Uber]] India campaign.

He has earned multiple accolades for his contributions across multiple platforms.

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===

* ''[[Damadol]]'' (2013)
* ''[[The Play (film)|The Play]]'' (2013)
* ''Mukti'' (2013)
* ''Bharaate'' (2014)
* ''Onnyo Basonto'' (2014)
* ''Mon Jane Na'' (2015)
* ''Bagh Bondhir Khela'' (2015)
* ''Teen Cup Chaa'' (2018)

=== Television ===
* ''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]'' (Star Jalsha)
* ''Jhaanjh Lobongo Phool'' (''Star Jalsha'')
* ''Premer Kahini'' (''Star Jalsha'')
* ''Ponchomi'' (''Star Jalsha'')
* ''Jai Kali Kalkatte Wali'' (''Zee Bangla'')
* ''Baksho Bodol'' (''Zee Bangla'')
* ''Apanjon'' (''Colors Bangla'')
* ''Dwitiyo Basanta'' (''Sun Bangla'')
* ''Pyaar Ka The End'' (''UTV Bindass'')
* ''Rajrajeshwari Rani Bhabani (Star Jalsha)''

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Series
!OTT
!Character
|-
|2018
|''Japani Toy''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Mismatch (web series)|Mismatch]]''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|2018
|''Bou Keno Psycho''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Mismatch (web series)|Mismatch 2]]''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|2019
|''Japani Doll''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Rahasya Romancha Series]]''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Mismatch (web series)|Mismatch 3]]''
|Hoichoi
|Imtiaz
|-
|2021
|''[[Murder in the Hills]]''
|Hoichoi
|Suvankar
|-
|2021
|''Dware Bouma''
|Uribaba
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''Uttoron''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|''[[Mahabharat Murders]]''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Kaalratri (web series)|Kaalratri]]''
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Nishir Daak (TV series)|Nishir Daak]]''
|Hoichoi
|
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Year
|Award
|Category
|Work
|Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|Telesanman Award
|Debutant TV Award
|''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]''
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|-
|Anandolok Awards
|Best actor TV
|
|{{Coltit|#F2D4CE}}'''Nominated'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|Telesanman Award
|Best Actor - TV
|''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]''
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|-
|Jalsha Awards
|Best Actor - TV
|
|{{Coltit|#F2D4CE}}'''Nominated'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|Yatra Pothe Sanmam Awards
|Debutant Film
|''[[Damadol]]''
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|-
|BFJ Awards
|Best Supporting Actor - Film
|
|{{Coltit|#F2D4CE}}'''Nominated'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|Telecine Awards
|Best Actor - TV
|''Jhanj Lobongo Phool''
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|-
|Telecine awards
|Negative role TV
|
|{{Coltit|#F2D4CE}}'''Nominated'''
|-
|2015
|Tele Academy Award
|Best Actor - TV
|''Aponjon''
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|-
|2022
|Josh Popular Choice Award
|Popular Choice Award
|
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|-
|2018
|Rising Star OTT Award
|
|
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|-
|2019
|Katha Kahini Awards
|OTT Face of the Year
|
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|-
|2024
|Bengal Achievers Award
|Best Actor - TV
|''Dwitiyo Bosonto''
|{{Coltit|#D4F2CE}}'''Won'''
|}

==References==

# [https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-actor-rajdeep-gupta-reveals-why-his-character-ended-in-the-serial-panchami-so-soon-dgtl/cid/1442971 'পঞ্চমী' (Panchami) সিরিয়াল থেকে সরে দাঁড়ালেন রাজদীপ গুপ্ত, নেপথ্যে রয়েছে কোন কারণ?]
# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/bengali/Rajdeep-Gupta-back-on-TV/articleshow/47733010.cms Rajdeep Gupta (Aponjon) back on TV]
# [https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/actor-rajdeep-gupta-on-his-mismatch-experience-and-trying-to-not-get-stereotyped-in-sex-comedies/cid/1792266 Actor Rajdeep Gupta on his Mismatch experience]
# [https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rajdeep-gupta-talks-about-his-lifetime-experience-on-sets-with-anjan-dutt/cid/1823658 Rajdeep Gupta on working with Anjan Dutta (Murder In The Hills in Darjeeling)]
# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Rajdeep-and-Pamela-play-lovers-on-national-TV/articleshow/38804416.cms Rajdeep and Pamela play lovers on national TV (Pyar Ka The End)]
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20241213184631/https://aajkaal.in/story/24769/last_day_shoot_of_sun_bangla_serial_dwitiyo_basanta_en হয়ে গেল শেষ দিনের শুটিং! নতুন গল্প আসার খবর পেয়েই তড়িঘড়ি শেষ হচ্ছে কোন ধারাবাহিক? (Dwitiyo bosonto)]

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5762847}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Rajdeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:Actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali television actors]]
[[Category:Indian web series actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bhawanipur Education Society College alumni]]

Vela Ramamoorthy

2026-04-27T21:02:35Z

LibbyAlba221: pg

{{Short description|Indian writer and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vela Ramamoorthy
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|02|01|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actor-vela-ramamoorthy-celebrated-his-68th-birthday/articleshow/107350927.cms|title=Here's how actor Vela Ramamoorthy celebrated his 68th birthday|website=Times of India}}</ref>
| birth_place = Perunali, [[Kamuthi]], [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Writer]]|[[Theatre director]]}}
| othername =vela sir
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Kaliammal
| parents = Velusamy Thevar (Veyanna)
}}

'''Vela Ramamoorthy''' is an Indian writer and actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. Before coming to the film industry, he worked as a district coordinator for Arivoli Iyakkam, a government special program for giving education and knowledge to the Tamil community for several years. He wrote several stage drama scripts and created a drama and cultural group named Karvaikattu Kalaikkuzu.

==Career==
Ramamoorthy is a PUC Graduate. He joined the Indian Army and served for five years before being posted in Post office. Since he is a writer, many people would come to meet him in his office.

Ramamoorthy has written acclaimed Tamil novels including ''Kuttra Parambarai'', ''Kuruthi Aattam'', ''Pattathu Yaanai'' and is considered one of the leading Tamil story writers of his time. He was also involved in the dispute regarding the rights of making a film out of ''Kuttra Parambarai''. He had supported [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s project ahead of [[Bharathiraja]]'s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010416/bala-and-bharathiraja-face-off-over-rights-to-film.html|title=Bala and Bharathiraja face off over rights to film|date=April 2016}}</ref> He has also written the book ''Vela Ramamoorthy Kathaikal'' which is a compilation of short stories.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Aayudham Seivom]]'' || Inspector || Uncredited role
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]'' || Veera Thevar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Komban]]'' || Duraipandi ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Jayaseelan's father ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2016 || ''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' || Chellakaruppan ||
|-
| ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' || Vathiyar ||<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Popular writer Vela Ramamoorthy to become a director next |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 June 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-writer-vela-ramamoorthy-to-become-a-director-next/articleshow/76214035.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' || Dhayalan's Father in law ||
|-
| ''[[Kidaari]]'' || Kombiah || Best Villain award from Vikatan Magazine<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2017 || ''[[Yeidhavan]]'' || Krishna's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Vanamagan]]'' || Jara's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' || Vishnu and Mahi's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Aramm]]'' || MLA ||
|-
| ''[[Veeraiyan]]'' || Devarajan ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2018 || ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Vela Ramamoorthy talks about his role in Dhanush's ENPT and Vikram's Sketch |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vela-ramamoorthy-talks-about-his-role-in-dhanushs-enpt-and-vikrams-sketch.html}}</ref>'' || Jeeva's father ||
|-
| ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]'' || Village Head ||
|-
| ''[[Madura Veeran]]'' || Gurumoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Kaali (2018 film)|Kaali]]'' || Gounder ||
|-
| ''[[Thuppakki Munai]]'' || Brahmaraja ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2019 || ''[[Mehandi Circus]]'' || Amaladass ||
|-
| ''[[Devarattam]]'' || Kalyani Thevar ||
|-
| ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''|| Ramamoorthy || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vela Ramamoorthy confirms Dhanush-Selvaraghavan film |website=[[Sify]] |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vela-ramamoorthy-confirms-dhanush-selvaraghavan-film-news-tamil-tiij9ldggfafi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808061538/https://www.sify.com/movies/vela-ramamoorthy-confirms-dhanush-selvaraghavan-film-news-tamil-tiij9ldggfafi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mayuran]]'' || Periyavar ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' || Maniyakkarar ||
|-
| ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' || Raghu's father ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=The News Minute |title=Writer Vela Ramamoorthy plays Dhanush's father in ENPT |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/writer-vela-ramamoorthy-plays-dhanush-s-father-enpt-55972 |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808072142/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/writer-vela-ramamoorthy-plays-dhanush-s-father-enpt-55972 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|2020 || ''[[Utraan]]'' || VVK ||
|-
| ''[[Danny (2020 film)|Danny]]'' || Chidambaram || Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
| ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'' || Tirukannan, Ariyanachi's father ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021 || ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' || Sannasi Thevar ||
|-
| ''[[Kalathil Santhippom]]'' || Kavya's father ||
|-
| ''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]'' || Chezhiyan ||
|-
|''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' ||Saamiyaadi ||
|-
| ''[[Udanpirappe]]'' || Maathangi and Vairavan's cousin ||
|-
| ''[[Annaatthe]]'' || Kalaiyaan’s uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Vanam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 ||''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]''|| Kaverinandan||
|-
|''[[Nadhi]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]''|| Natarajan ||
|-
| ''[[Therkathi Veeran]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="6" |2023 ||''[[Deiva Machan]]'' || Saattaikkaran ||
|-
|''[[Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku]]'' || Aanamalaiyar ||
|-
|''Vivasayi Ennum Naan''|| ||
|-
|''[[Tamil Kudimagan]]''|| Gandhi ||
|-
|''[[800 (film)|800]]'' || Muthiah ||
|-
|''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]''|| Chinnaswamy ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024 ||''[[Oru Nodi]]''|| Karimedu Thyagu ||
|-
|''[[Veerayi Makkal]]''|| Maruthamuthu ||<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2024|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/09/veerayi-makkal-movie-review-a-melodrama-with-excessive-sermonizing-about-family-values|title=Veerayi Makkal Movie Review: A melodrama with excessive sermonizing about family values|access-date=14 August 2024|newspaper=Cinema Express|language=en|url-status=live|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814023112/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/09/veerayi-makkal-movie-review-a-melodrama-with-excessive-sermonizing-about-family-values}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai]]'' || a [[Zamindar|jamin]] ||
|-
|''[[Little Jaffna (film)|Little Jaffna]]'' || Ayya ||
|-
| rowspan="7"|2025 ||''[[Good Day (film)|Good Day]]'' || Bairava Moorthy ||
|-
|''[[Jenma Natchathiram]]'' || MLA Velayudham ||
|-
|''Veerathamizhachi'' || ||
|-
|''[[Middle Class (film)|Middle Class]]'' || Sivapunniyam ||
|-
|''[[Theeyavar Kulai Nadunga]]'' || Chandrasekhar ||
|-
|''[[Aaryan (film)|Aaryan]]'' || Minister Ashok ||
|-
|''Galatta Family'' || Chella Pandian ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2026 ||''[[Draupathi 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vasool Mannan]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |last=விஜி |date=2026-03-09 |title=Vasool mannan Review {{!}} சீரியல் டூ சினிமா.. 'சிறகடிக்க ஆசை' சீரியல் நாயகன் நடிப்பில் 'வசூல் மன்னன்' படம்.. எப்படி இருக்கு? |url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/siragadikka-aasai-serial-hero-vasool-mannan-movie-review-family-entertainment-movie |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Program Name
!Role
!Network
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2022
|''[[Pettaikaali (web series)|Pettaikaali]]''
|Selvasekaran
|[[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Sengalam]]''
|Ganesamoorthy
| [[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=அரசியல் திரில்லராக உருவாகியுள்ள 'செங்களம்' இணையத் தொடர்! - மார்ச் 24 ஆம் தேதி ஜீ5 தளத்தில் வெளியாகிறது|url=https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-cinemadetail/political-thriller-web-series-sengalam-release-in-zee-5-8880.html|website=www.cinemainbox.com|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
|Aadhi Gunasekaran
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|<ref name="cineulagam">{{cite web |title=ஆதி குணசேகரனாக மாஸ் என்ட்ரி கொடுத்த வேல ராமமூர்த்தி.. வெளிவந்த எதிர்நீச்சல் ப்ரோமோ |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/new-aadhi-gunasekaran-entry-in-ethirneechal-serial-1696229728 |website=cineulagam.com}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Inspector Rishi]]''
|Kaliaperumal
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
|2024–Present
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargiradhu]]''
|Aadhi Gunasekaran
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|<ref name="cineulagam" />
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|1=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm7945153}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramamoorthy, Velu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:People from Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamaulipas]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Amilineni Surendra Babu

2026-04-24T22:52:13Z

LibbyAlba221: new first page added tags.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amilineni Surendra Babu
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[K. V. Ushashri Charan]]
| constituency = [[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandurg]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1970
}}
'''Amilineni Surendra Babu''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency]] in [[Anantapur district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amilineni Surendra Babu, TDP Candidate from Kalyandurg Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/amilineni-surendra-babu-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a154e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=KALYANDURG Assembly Election Results 2024: KALYANDURG Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kalyandurg-constituency-result-1154 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyandurg Constituency Election Results 2024: Kalyandurg Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kalyandurg |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Babu is from [[Kalyandurg]], Anantapur district. His late father was Amilineni Venkatappa. He is a businessman and his wife is a homemaker. He studied only till Class 10. He completed his secondary school certificate examination in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amilineni Surendra Babu(TDP):Constituency- KALYANDURG(ANANTAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=103 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He declared assets worth Rs.189 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amilineni Surendra Babu, TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Amilineni Surendra Babu, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/amilineni-surendra-babu-01154-3 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Babu won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 118,878 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Talari Rangaiah]] of [[YSR Congress Party]], by a margin of 37,734 votes.<ref name=":0" /> After getting elected, he promised the local people that he would complete the Bhairavani Tippa irrigation project in two years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Ravi P. |date=2024-06-20 |title=BT project will be completed in 2 years, assures MLA |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/bt-project-will-be-completed-in-2-years-assures-mla-886067 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surendra Babu, Amilineni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Umesh Kamat

2026-04-23T07:54:31Z

LibbyAlba221: adding - done

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Umesh Kamat
| image = Umesh Kamat.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|12|12}}<ref name="tv9birth"/>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Priya Bapat]]|2011}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news-interviews/Why-isnt-real-life-couple-Priya-and-Umesh-getting-reel-life-roles-together/articleshow/28049501.cms | title=Why isn't real-life couple Priya and Umesh getting reel-life roles together? | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 December 2013 | access-date=21 January 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Umesh Kamat''' (born 12 December 1978)<ref name="tv9birth">{{Cite web
|title=Happy Birthday Umesh Kamat {{!}} दोघांच्या वयात जास्त अंतर म्हणून लग्नाचा निर्णय लांबणीवर, अशी होती प्रिया-उमेशची लव्हस्टोरी!
|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/cinema-photos/happy-birthday-umesh-kamat-know-about-actors-love-story-594037.html
|date=2021-12-12
|website=TV9 Marathi
|language=mr
|access-date=2026-02-20
}}</ref> is an Indian actor and [[model (person)|model]], who predominantly works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi-language regional films]], television series, plays and TV commercials. Kamat has been a recipient of [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] for the film Samar - Ek Sangharsh.

He has worked in a series of [[Soap opera|daily soaps]] recently, making him a star actor of Marathi television. Some of his memorable roles are Adinath Shastri from ''[[Asambhav (TV series)|Asambhav]]'', Nishad from ''Shubham Karoti''. But, the most popular role of his was that of Adv. Om Chaudhari in ''[[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]]'', aired in 2013, in which he was paired with [[Spruha Joshi]]. His recent film was ''Mumbai Time'', which was released in February 2016.

==Personal life==
Kamat married [[Priya Bapat]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-04 |title=Priya Bapat & Umesh Kamat: उमेश-प्रिया या cute couple च्या लव्हस्टोरीमध्ये 9 आणि 18 तारखेचं काय आहे खास महत्त्व? |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/priya-bapat-umesh-kamat-love-story-cute-couple-adorable-live-dating-life-marathi-celebrity-couple-morn-712732.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== Media image ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra
! rowspan="1" | Sponsor
! rowspan="1" | Year
! colspan="2" | Rank
|-
|
|
! Film
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[The Times of India]] ([[Maharashtra Times]])
|2017
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra's Most Desirable Men 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2017/pune-times-most-desirable-men|date=2018-03-06|access-date=2022-06-14|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|14
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra's Most Desirable Men 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2018/pune-times-most-desirable-men|date=2019-01-23|access-date=2022-06-14|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film name
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|2005 || ''[[Kaydyacha Bola]]''|| Abhijit Vaidya||
|-
|2007 || ''Samar – Ek Sangharsha''||Samar||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 || ''Tandala''||Keshav||
|-
| ''Patla Tar Ghya''||Riteish||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Goshta''||Rajeeev Phansalkar||
|-
| ''Mani Mangalsutra''||Shantanu||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4924334814088268217&SectionId=4724885822106096577&SectionName=Entertainment&NewsDate=20101023&NewsTitle=The%20Thread|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306150121/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4924334814088268217&SectionId=4724885822106096577&SectionName=Entertainment&NewsDate=20101023&NewsTitle=The%20Thread|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 March 2014|title=The Thread|newspaper=[[Sakal]]|date=23 October 2010|access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 || ''Thodi Khatti Thodi Hatti''||Mihir Kamat||
|-
| ''Dhaagedore''||Prasad Karnik||style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/20120604201206040754191283ae9db51/Holding-the-threads.html?pageno=4|title=Holding the threads |newspaper=Pune Mirror|date=4 June 2012|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013 || ''Lek Ladki''|| ||
|-
| ''Parees''||Ramchandra Dhaigude||
|-
| ''[[Time Please]]''||Hrishikesh Deshpande||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Priya-Umesh-set-for-a-foreign-holiday/articleshow/46514731.cms|title=Priya-Umesh set for a foreign holiday|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''My Dear Yash''||Anshuman Karnik||
|-
| ''[[Lagna Pahave Karun]]''||Nishant Barve||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/201307042013070407561646557d489e0/From-tech-to-takes-IT-pros-turn-f-ilm-producers.html?pageno=2|title=From tech to takes: IT pros turn f ilm producers|newspaper=Pune Mirror|date=4 July 2013|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2014 || ''[[Pune Via Bihar]]''||Abhijeet Bhosle||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/Pune-Via-Bihar-is-about-love-not-politics/articleshow/26630036.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131212233443/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-30/news-interviews/44595412_1_marathi-manoos-love-story-film|url-status=live|archive-date=12 December 2013|title='Pune Via Bihar' is about love not politics|date=30 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || ''[[Balkadu]]''||Balkrishna Patil||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Umesh-bitten-by-the-biopic-bug/articleshow/45626904.cms|title=Umesh bitten by the biopic bug|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[A Paying Ghost]]''||Madhav Mategaonkar||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Spruha-Joshi-Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Gosht-Eka-Lagnachi-Dusari-Gosht-Umesh-Kamat-Anita-Date-Sushrut-Bhagwat/articleshow/39419799.cms|title=Umesh-Spruha team up for PG after ELTG|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2016 || ''Mumbai Time''||Amar Bhargav Surve||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-umesh-kamat-turns-angry-young-man-for-first-marathi-underworld-film-5212810-PHO.html|title=Chocolate Hero Umesh Kamat turns angry young man for First Marathi Underworld Film|work=divyamarathi.bhaskar.com|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa]]''||Aditya||
|-
| ''[[Asehi Ekada Vhave]]''||Siddharth Vaidya||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title='Asehi Ekada Vhave'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-umesh-kamat-a-look-at-the-best-marathi-movies-of-the-actor/photostory/79693617.cms|access-date=2021-01-04|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019 || ''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''||Cameo appearance ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Dhurala]]''||Atul (Cameo)||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Alibaba Aani Chalishitale Chor (film)|''Alibaba Aani Chalishitale Chor'']]
|Abhishek
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Alibaba Aani Chalishitale Chor Movie (2024): AACC Marathi Movie, Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/alibaba-aani-chalishitale-chor-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=17 March 2024 |date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[MyLek (film)|MyLek]]''
|Vaibhav
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-09 |title=Sonali Khare turns producer with Priyanka Tanwar's 'MyLek' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sonali-khare-turns-producer-with-priyanka-tanwars-mylek/articleshow/91430610.cms |access-date=2024-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 3]]''
|Aditya
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Yere Yere Paisa 3 Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 3 {{!}} येरे येरे पैसा ३ {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/yere-yere-paisa-3-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=16 May 2024 |date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Taath Kana''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-10-13 |title=अभिनेता उमेश कामतचा 'ताठ कणा' लवकरच मोठ्या पडद्यावर; साकारतोय 'ध्येयवेड्या डॉक्टरची भूमिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/umesh-kamats-taath-kana-to-hit-the-big-screen-soon-portrays-the-role-of-a-p-s-ramani-psn14 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

===Theatre===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Play Name
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| 1988||''Sonchafa''||Sonchafa||
|-
| 1989||''Swami''||Narayanrao Peshwe||
|-
| 1998||''And They Lived Happily Ever After''|| ||
|-
| 1999||''ArthNirarth''|| ||
|-
| 2001||''Ranangan''||Jankoji Shinde||
|-
| 2002||''Investment''||Rohit||
|-
| 2009||''Man Udhan Varyache''||Mayuresh||
|-
|2010||''Nava Gadi Nava Rajya''||Hrishikesh Deshpande||
|-
|2013||''Gandhi Aadva Yeto''||Lalya||
|-
|2015||''[[Don't Worry Be Happy (play)|Don't Worry Be Happy]]''||Akshay||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Spruha-Joshi-Umesh-Kamat-play/articleshow/50354093.cms|title=Spruha-Umesh team up again|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2018||''Dada Ek Good News Aahe''|| Vineet||<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahadik|first=Abhishek|date=2021-11-06|title=Dada, Ek Good News Aahe Review • Marathi Natak Review • रंगभूमी.com|url=https://www.rangabhoomi.com/reviews/dada-ek-good-news-ahe-marathi-natak-review/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=रंगभूमी.com|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/theatre/play/dada-ek-good-news-aahe.php|title=Dada Ek Good News Aahe (दादा, एक गुड न्यूज आहे)|date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Jar Tar Chi Goshta''
| Samar
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jar Tar Chi Goshta Marathi Play, Natak, Umesh Kamat, Priya Bapat {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/jar-tar-chi-goshta/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=17 March 2024 |date=27 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2002||''[[Aabhalmaya]]''|| Bunty||
|-
| 2003||''Runanubandh''|| Keshav||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004||''Padgham''|| Anchor||
|-
|''[[Vadalvaat]]''|| Soham||
|-
| 2005||''Sasu Soon Aflatoon''||Anchor||
|-
| 2006||''Hya Gojirvanya Gharat''|| Sahil||
|-
|2007-09||''[[Asambhav (TV series)|Asambhav]]''||Adinath Shastri||
|-
| 2010||''Shubham Karoti''||Nishad||
|-
| 2011||''Madhu Ethe An Chandra Tithe''||Bhaskar||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy8uPe68pyE|title = Madhu Ethe Ani Chandra Tithe | Zee Marathi Honeymoon Special TV Show | Full EP - 6|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2012||''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]''||Abir Ranade||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/The-new-entrants-in-Marathi-tele-serials/articleshow/14774465.cms|title=The new entrants in Marathi tele serials|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2013-14||''[[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]]''||Advocate Om Choudhary||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Goshta-Spruha-Joshi-Umesh-Kamat-Suhrud-Godbole-Sagar-Deshmukh/articleshow/26039479.cms|title='Eka Lagnachi Tisari Goshta' narrates love story of Lawyers|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || In Sanvidhan serial by Shyam Benegal, acted as H.V.Kamat || {{citation needed|date=August 2025}} ||
|-
|2021-22||''[[Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe]]''||Adiraj Pathak||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mukta-barve-and-umesh-kamat-are-all-set-to-make-their-tv-comeback-with-a-new-show-ajunahi-barsaat-aahe/articleshow/83361603.cms|title=Mukta Barve and Umesh Kamat set for their TV comeback with soon-to-be-launched 'Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe'|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022||''[[Fu Bai Fu]]''||Judge||
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Platform
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''Aani Kay Hava''
|rowspan="3"|Saket
|rowspan="3"|[[MX Player]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title='Aani Kay Hava' Review: Priya Bapat and Umesh Kamat Enthral us by their Charming Chemistry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/aani-kay-hava-review-priya-bapat-and-umesh-kamat-enthral-us-by-their-charming-chemistry/articleshow/70392029.cms|access-date=2019-10-14|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Aani Kay Hava Season 2''
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Aani Kay Hava Season 2 Review: A heart-warming tale of love that has you smiling throughout|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/marathi/aani-kay-hava/aani-kay-hava-season-2/seasonreview/75951088.cms|access-date=2020-12-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Aani Kay Hava Season 3''
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Aani Kay Hava Season 3 Review: Well-made, and relatable, Aani Kay Hava lives up to expectations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/marathi/aani-kay-hava/aani-kay-hava-season-3/seasonreview/85073868.cms|access-date=2021-08-11|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Hey Kay Navin?]]''
|Aditya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya Bapat on Hey Kay Navin?: `Entire family can sit and watch together`|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/priya-bapat-says-hey-kay-navin-will-make-you-look-at-your-life-more-objectively-23622951|access-date=2026-03-31|website=Mid-day|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.umeshkamat.com}}
*{{IMDb name|4382451}}
*[https://www.instagram.com/umesh.kamat/?hl=en Umesh Kamat Instagram]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamat, Umesh}}
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]

Juliet Prowse

2026-04-21T15:58:43Z

LibbyAlba221:

{{short description|South African-American dancer/actress (1936–1996)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Juliet Prowse
| image = Juliet Prowse (1960).JPG
| caption = Juliet Prowse in 1960
| birth_name = Juliet Anne Prowse
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1936|09|25}}
| birth_place = Bombay, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1996|09|14|1936|09|25}}
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Actress
* dancer
* singer}}
| years_active = 1955–1995
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Eddie Frazier|1969|1970|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[John McCook]]|1972|1979|end=divorced}}
}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Juliet Anne Prowse''' (25 September 1936 – 14 September 1996) was a British-American dancer and actress whose four-decade career included stage, television, and film. She was born in [[Bombay]] (today's [[Mumbai]]) then part of [[British India]], and raised in [[South Africa]].<ref name="Lisanti">{{Cite book |last=Lisanti |first=Tom |url=https://archive.org/details/driveindreamgirl0000lisa |title=Drive-in dream girls: a galaxy of B-movie starlets of the sixties |date=2003 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1575-5 |location=Jefferson, N.C |pages=307, 311 }}</ref> Known for her attractive legs, she was described after her death as having "arguably the best legs since [[Betty Grable]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Juliet Prowse Dies At 59 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/09/15/juliet-prowse-dies-at-59/4f0f02fb-29e9-4964-8f66-152b06398389/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
Prowse was born in [[Bombay]], to an English father and a South African mother, Phyllis Donne. After her father's death when she was three years old, her mother returned with her to South Africa. She began studying dance a year later, at the age of four.<ref name="Lisanti" />

In her early twenties, she was dancing at a club in Paris when she was spotted by a talent agent and eventually signed to play the small role of Claudine in the upcoming [[Walter Lang]] film ''[[Can-Can (film)|Can-Can]]'' (1960). She had already missed several opportunities to go to Hollywood due to existing contractual obligations, but eventually left a show in Spain in which she was starring to travel to Southern California to appear in ''Can-Can'', which starred [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Louis Jourdan]], and [[Shirley MacLaine]].

==Career==
It was during the filming of ''Can-Can'' in 1959 that she captured the international spotlight. The [[Soviet Union]]'s then–[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]], during his first American trip, visited the Los Angeles set of the film, and after Prowse performed a rather saucy exhibition of the 19th-century [[France|French]] dance the "[[can-can]]" for the Russian leader, he proclaimed it immoral. The ensuing publicity brought Prowse considerable attention in the United States. From there, her career accelerated, especially after her next film later that year, co-starring with rock and roll star [[Elvis Presley]].<ref name="immoral">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Juliet Prowse |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-480770/Juliet-Prowse |access-date=15 September 2007}}</ref>

===Film and television===
[[File:Juliet Prowse-Elvis Presley in G.I. Blues.jpg|thumb|Juliet Prowse with [[Elvis Presley]] in ''[[G.I. Blues]]'' (1960)]]

Prowse met Frank Sinatra on the set of ''Can-Can'' when she was 23 and he was 43 years old. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine did not rate the movie highly, but declared Prowse the best thing in it: "In fact, the only thing really worth seeing is Juliet Prowse, a young South African hoofer who puts some twinkle in the stub-toed choreography. And the only thing really worth hearing is the crack that Frank flips back at Juliet when she whips a redoubtable hip in his direction. 'Don't point,' he gasps. 'It's rude.{{'"}}<ref name=review>{{cite magazine |title=New Pictures, movie review of Can-Can |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894827,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307133011/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894827,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2008 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=21 March 1960 |access-date=17 September 2007}}</ref> She would also go on to appear with Sinatra and other notable guests such as [[Ella Fitzgerald]], [[Peter Lawford]], [[Hermione Gingold]], [[the Hi-Lo's]], [[Red Norvo]], and [[Nelson Riddle]] and his orchestra on the December 1959 ''Frank Sinatra Show''. She at times would sing in the chorus with other guests or Sinatra would sing to her.<ref name="its alright with me">{{cite web |via=YouTube |title=The Frank Sinatra Show December 13, 1959 with Juliet Prowse |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB6A7gf1zZ4 |access-date=17 September 2007}}</ref>

Prowse's next major musical and dancing role was alongside [[Elvis Presley]] in his film shot partially in West Germany about his recent Army draftee experiences that drew world youth attention for two years in ''[[G.I. Blues]]'' (1960). During shooting of the film, they had a short and intense romantic fling mirroring the movie plot. "Elvis and I had an affair... We had a sexual attraction like two healthy young people, but he was already a victim of his fans. We always met in his room and never went out," she later described in an interview.<ref name=Guardian/> Prowse also made a brief cameo appearance a decade later in the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] documentary film, ''[[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]]'' (1970) as an interviewed audience member about to attend Elvis Presley's opening night show return as he restarted his concert tours and public appearances schedule after his 1960s feature film-making career lagged. It was held at the [[Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino|International Hotel]] (now the Westgate Resort & Casino) in Las Vegas on 10 August 1970.

She starred with [[Denny Miller|Denny Scott Miller]] on her own brief [[NBC]] sitcom in the 1965–1966 season: ''[[Mona McCluskey]]'', which was produced by [[George Burns]]. The series was based on the idea that the couple, Mike and Mona McCluskey, would live on his military salary, rather than her lucrative earnings as an actress.

Prowse also did other feature films, including ''[[The Fiercest Heart]]'' (1961) and ''[[Who Killed Teddy Bear?]]'' (1965) with [[Sal Mineo]] and [[Elaine Stritch]].

Although her film and television career did not make her as big a star as predicted, Prowse had a rather philosophical way of looking at it. "Things generally happen for the best... I never worry about what happens in my career, because I can always do something else."<ref name="career">{{cite web |publisher=The Free Library |title=Juliet Prowse |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/JULIET+PROWSE,+59,+ACTRESS,+DANCER+IN+1960S+TELEVISION,+MOVIE...-a083967450 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080802/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/JULIET+PROWSE,+59,+ACTRESS,+DANCER+IN+1960S+TELEVISION,+MOVIE...-a083967450 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Prowse would later go on to headline successful Las Vegas shows, commanding a very high salary. Stating that Las Vegas was the most demanding place she ever worked, she won Entertainer of the Year for the Vegas run of ''[[Sweet Charity]]''. She would later show off her famous dancer's legs in a series of lucrative nationwide TV commercials for several advertisers, including [[L'eggs]] hosiery and Mannington Flooring.

Prowse was a guest in the first season of ''[[The Muppet Show]]''.<ref name="Muppet Show, The, Season One">Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Inc. 2005. Muppet Show, The, Season One. US: The Muppets Holding Company, LLC.</ref>

In 1987, she was mauled by the same 80-pound [[leopard]] on two occasions: the first time while filming a scene for ''[[Circus of the Stars]]'', then later while rehearsing a promotional stunt on ''[[The Tonight Show]]''. The latter attack was more serious, requiring upwards of twenty stitches to reattach her ear.<ref name=LAT>{{cite news |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-12-03-me-26193-story.html |title=Juliet Prowse Bitten Again by Same Leopard |access-date=21 February 2011 |date=3 December 1987}}</ref>

Throughout the mid-1980s and 1990s, Prowse hosted the ''Championship Ballroom Dance Competition'' on [[PBS]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Personal life==
Prowse was living with actor [[Nico Minardos]] when Frank Sinatra invited her to join him in Las Vegas.<ref>{{Citation| last=Prell| first=Owen| title=Watch Finding Nico Online| website=Vimeo On Demand| date=2017-01-19| url=https://vimeo.com/ondemand/findingnico| access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> She and Sinatra announced their engagement in 1962, which lasted only six weeks before the relationship ended. Prowse wanted to focus on her career and, shortly before calling off the wedding, she told celebrity columnist [[Hedda Hopper]], "Frank wants me to give up the business," and stated that was a problem for her.<ref name="LATimes Obit">{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-09-15-mn-44283-story.html| title=Juliet Prowse; Actress, Dancer on Stage, TV and Film| first=Bob| last=Pool| newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]| date=15 September 1996| access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref> Prowse later admitted, "I was as much flattered as I was in love. He (Sinatra) was a complex person, and after a few drinks he could be very difficult."<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news| newspaper=[[The Guardian]]| location=London| title=Juliet Prowse, obituary| date=16 September 1996| author-link=Ronald Bergan| first=Ronald| last=Bergan}}</ref>

Prowse married Eddie Frazier, a dancer and choreographer, in 1969. The couple separated after eight months, and then divorced.<ref name="LATimes Obit" /> She married actor [[John McCook]] in 1972, after the wedding had been delayed for five weeks when she gave birth to their only child, a son whom they named Seth, on the originally scheduled date.<ref name="LATimes Obit" /> The marriage ended in divorce in 1979.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E4DB123AF936A2575AC0A960958260| title=Juliet Prowse is Dead at 59| first=Robert| last=Thomas| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=15 September 1996| url-access=subscription| access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

==Death==
In 1994, Prowse was diagnosed with [[pancreatic cancer]]. In 1995, she went into remission and was well enough to tour with [[Mickey Rooney]] in ''[[Sugar Babies (musical)|Sugar Babies]]'', but the cancer subsequently returned. Prowse died on 14 September 1996, 11 days before her 60th birthday.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-juliet-prowse-1363611.html| title=Obituary: Juliet Prowse| first=Tom| last=Vallance| newspaper=[[The Independent]]| date=16 September 1996| access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
* ''[[Gentlemen Marry Brunettes]]'' (1955) as Specialty Dancer (uncredited)
* ''[[Can-Can (film)|Can-Can]]'' (1960) as Claudine
* ''[[G.I. Blues]]'' (1960) as Lili
* ''[[The Fiercest Heart]]'' (1961) as Francina (A.K.A. ' No Right to Love ')
* ''[[The Right Approach]]'' (1961) as Ursula Poe
* ''[[The Second Time Around (1961 film)|The Second Time Around]]'' (1961) as Rena Mitchell
* ''[[Run for Your Wife (1965 film)|Run for Your Wife]]'' (1965) as Jenny
* ''[[Dingaka]]'' (1965) as Marion Davis
* ''[[Who Killed Teddy Bear?]]'' (1965) as Norah Dain
* ''Spree'' (1967) as herself (documentary)

===Television===

* ''[[The Frank Sinatra Timex Show: Here's to the Ladies]]''
* ''[[The Steve Allen Plymouth Show]]'' (14 March 1960)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''[[Adventures in Paradise (TV series)|Adventures in Paradise]]'' as Simone (season 2, episode 6 "A Whale of a Tale")
* ''The [[Perry Como]] Show'' (12 November 1960)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''Remember How Great?'' (9 February 1961)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''The [[Bob Hope]] Buick Show'' (13 May 1961)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''[[Kraft Music Hall (TV series)|The Kraft Music Hall]]'' (10 January 1962)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''Hollywood Melody'' (19 March 1962)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''Highways of Melody'' (22 April 1962)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''[[The Red Skelton Show]]'' as Daisy June (season 12, episode 2 in 1962)
* ''The [[Bob Hope]] Show'' (24 October 1962)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''Story of a Songwriter'' (1963)<ref name="Lisanti" />
* ''[[Burke's Law (1963 TV series)|Burke's Law]]'' as Angel Crown /(2 episodes, 1963–1964)
* ''[[The Dean Martin Show]]'' (3 February 1966, and 14 September 1967)
* ''[[Mona McCluskey]]'' as Mona Carroll McCluskey (1965–1966)
* ''[[The Danny Thomas Hour]]'' as Aphrodite (1 episode, 1967)
* ''[[The Name of the Game (TV series)|The Name of the Game]]'' as Aja Fowler (1 episode, 1968)
* ''The Carol Burnett Show in London'' (1970) (TV) as guest performer
* ''Second Chance'' (1972) as Martha Foster
* ''Tattletales'' as herself
* ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' as herself (1 episode, 1976)
* ''[[Match Game|Match Game 77]]'' as herself (5 episodes, 1977)
* ''Musical Comedy Tonight II'' (1981) (TV)
* ''[[The Love Boat]]'' as Samantha Bricker (3 episodes, 1979–1984), as Faye Marsh (episode 65 and 66, 1984)
* ''[[Fantasy Island]]'' (1 episode, 1983)
* ''[[Glitter (American TV series)|Glitter]]'' (1984) (TV)
* ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' as Valerie Bechet (1 episode, 1987)

==Theatre==
*''[[Kismet (musical)|Kismet]]'' (1955)
*''[[Eddie Fisher (singer)|Eddie Fisher]] at the Winter Garden'' (1962)
*''[[Irma La Douce (musical)|Irma La Douce]]'' 1963, 1966 (Houston Music Theater), 1968
*''[[The Boy Friend (musical)|The Boy Friend]]'' (1966)
*''[[Sweet Charity]]'' (1967; 1971)
*''[[Mame (musical)|Mame]]'' (1969; 1990; 1994)
*''[[Damn Yankees]]'' (1972)
*''[[The Pajama Game]]'' (1973)
*''[[I Do! I Do!]]'' (1976)
*''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]'' (1984)
*''[[Follies]]'' (1987; 1988; 1990)
*''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'' (1992)
*''[[Sugar Babies (musical)|Sugar Babies]]'' (1995), second national tour (1984–85)

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[List of dancers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{TCMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prowse, Juliet}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:British female dancers]]
[[Category:British film actresses]]
[[Category:British musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:British television actresses]]
[[Category:British people of South African descent]]
[[Category:American female dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from California]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in California]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Actresses from British India]]
[[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:South African actresses]]
[[Category:South African female dancers]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:South African emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:South African people of English descent]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century British actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century British women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century British dancers]]

Rafiqul Islam (politician, born 1979)

2026-04-20T09:03:11Z

LibbyAlba221: Created a stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Dr., Maulana, Hafiz
| name = Rafiqul Islam
| birth_name = Rafiqul Islam
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|09|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kalgachia]], Barpeta district, Assam, India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|[[Gauhati University]], ([[Master of Arts|MA]] – Gold Medal / [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| profession = Politician and Islamic Theologian
| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Jania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jania]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Abdul Khaleque (Assamese politician)|Abdul Khaleque]]
| successor1 =
| constituency2 = [[Jania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jania]]
| term_start2 = 2011
| term_end2 = 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Abdul Khaleque (Assamese politician)|Abdul Khaleque]]
| successor2 = [[Abdul Khaleque (Assamese politician)|Abdul Khaleque]]
| party = [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| website =
| spouse = Safwana Khanam <ref>{{cite web
| title=Affidavit of Rafiqul Islam (2019 Bye-Election)
| url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/2019/pdf/affidavit/4-RafiqulIslam.pdf
| publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Assam
| access-date=7 September 2025
}}</ref>
| children = Mohammad Huzaifa, Sumaiya Bushra, Humaira Bushra <ref>{{cite web
| title=Affidavit of Rafiqul Islam (2019 Bye-Election)
| url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/2019/pdf/affidavit/4-RafiqulIslam.pdf
| publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Assam
| access-date=7 September 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title=Facebook post mentioning Humaira Bushra
| url=https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1CooMomtKW/
| website=Facebook
| access-date=7 September 2025
}}</ref>
}}

'''Rafiqul Islam''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF). He has served multiple terms as the elected representative from the [[Jania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jania]] constituency.

==Early life and education==
Rafiqul Islam was born on 3 September 1979 in [[Kalgachia]], a town in [[Barpeta]] district of Assam.<ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/politician/21-assam/1870-Assam_MLA_Rafiqul_Islam.html Rafiqul Islam MLA Assam, Rafiqul Islam Biography]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafiqul Islam(AIUDF):Constituency- JANIA(BARPETA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=976 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr RAFIQUL ISLAM |url=https://assambidhansabha.org/members?id=86 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Assam Legislative Assembly |language=en}}</ref>

Islam studied Islamic theology at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He also received training in English language and literature at the [[Markazul Ma'arif Education and Research Centre]] in Bombay (now Mumbai), and later worked as a lecturer at a college in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Zafar |date=2 May 2021 |title=دارالعلوم دیوبند کے فارغ حافظ رفیق الاسلام نے ایک لاکھ 19 ہزار ووٹوں سے لگاتار تیسری مرتبہ تاریخی جیت حاصل کی |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/69774 |website=[[Millat Times]] |language=ur |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>

He later pursued higher education at [[Gauhati University]], where he earned a Master of Arts (MA) degree with a gold medal and subsequently completed a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in 2016.<ref name="India Today NE"/>

==Career==
Rafiqul Islam is not only a politician but also an Islamic theologian. He holds a leadership position as secretary in the Assam State chapter of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]. He has served as a guest professor at Gauhati University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/rafiqul-islam-2011.html|access-date=2021-06-22|website=assamassembly.gov.in}}</ref> According to a 2021 report by the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR), Islam was among the most educated legislators in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himanta, AIUDF legislator most educated MLAs in present Assam house: Report {{!}} Association for Democratic Reforms |url=https://adrindia.org/content/himanta-aiudf-legislator-most-educated-mlas-present-assam-house-report-0 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=adrindia.org}}</ref><ref name="India Today NE">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma, Rafiqul Islam highest qualified MLAs in Assam |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/himanta-biswa-sarma-rafiqul-islam-highest-qualified-mlas-assam-417431-2021-02-22 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rafiqul Islam was first elected to the Assam Legislative Assembly from the [[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]] constituency in 2011 as a candidate of [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]. After losing the seat in 2016, he reclaimed it in the 2019 by-election.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/jania.html Jania Election Results 2016, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up ]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-bypolls-bjp-retains-three-assembly-seats/articleshow/71738034.cms Assam byelection results: BJP retains three assembly seats]</ref> In the by-election, he received 82,780 votes, defeating Congress candidate Shamsul Hoque (46,639 votes) and BJP candidate Towfiqur Rahman (15,360 votes).<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP 3, AIUDF 1 in Assam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bjp-3-aiudf-1-in-assam/cid/1714060 |website=The Telegraph |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>

In the lead-up to the 2019 general elections, Islam was announced as the AIUDF candidate from [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]], replacing sitting MP [[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]. The party, aiming to avoid splitting opposition votes, decided to contest only three Lok Sabha seats: Dhubri, Barpeta, and Karimganj. The BJP alleged a secret alliance between AIUDF and Congress, but both parties denied any formal collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Assam: AIUDF to contest three seats, BJP sees 'unholy alliance' |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/assam-aiudf-to-contest-three-seats-bjp-sees-unholy-alliance-5642642/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325221546/https://indianexpress.com/elections/assam-aiudf-to-contest-three-seats-bjp-sees-unholy-alliance-5642642/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2021, Rafiqul Islam was again nominated by AIUDF for the Jania seat as part of the Congress-led Grand Alliance, also known as the [[Secular Democratic Alliance|Mahajot]], and won the seat in the state assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIUDF announces first list for Assam polls, renominates 7 sitting MLAs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Mar/08/aiudf-announces-first-list-for-assam-polls-renominates-7-sitting-mlas-2273595.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 March 2021 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>

Rafiqul Islam is also the General Secretary of the [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF).<ref name="HT">{{Cite web |title='They only see Muslims in Karim': AIUDF attacks Himanta Biswa Sarma over Karimganj renaming |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/they-only-see-muslims-in-karim-aiudf-attacks-himanta-biswa-sarma-over-karimganj-renaming-101732101304233-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=20 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>

In February 2025, during the Assam Assembly's budget session, he publicly expressed dissatisfaction over the discontinuation of a Friday break traditionally observed to allow Muslim legislators to offer ‘namaz’. He criticized the move, stating that it was "imposed on the strength of numbers" by the ruling party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No 'namaz break' in Assam Assembly after nearly 90 years |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/no-namaz-break-in-assam-assembly-after-nearly-90-years-3416319 |website=Deccan Herald |date=21 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>

In March 2025, Rafiqul Islam supported a demand in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for a condemnation motion against BJP MP [[Sudhanshu Trivedi]], who had referred to [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]] as "mini Bangladesh" in the Rajya Sabha. Islam questioned whether the government considered Dhubri a part of Assam and urged the House to adopt a resolution against the remark.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opposition in Assam seeks motion against BJP's Sudhanshu Trivedi for calling Dhubri 'mini Bangladesh' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/opposition-in-assam-seeks-motion-against-bjps-sudhanshu-trivedi-for-calling-dhubri-mini-bangladesh/article69357088.ece |website=The Hindu |date=21 March 2025 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rafiqul Islam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India United Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:People from Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Jugal Kishore (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-19T21:49:35Z

LibbyAlba221: Adding initial pg more to come!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Jugul Kishore
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 5 July 2010
| term_end = 4 July 2016
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Beni Prasad Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Jugal Kishore''' (born 24 February 1959 in Churai Purwa, Shivpuri, Lakhimpur Kheri (Uttar Pradesh)) is a politician from [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and a Member of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Shri Jugul Kishore|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2159|publisher=Govt. Of India|accessdate=13 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053916/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2159|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Jugal}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BSP-politician-stub}}

Sikanderpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:38Z

LibbyAlba221: new

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sikanderpur
| map_image = 359-Sikanderpur.svg
| mla = [[Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 307,974
| constituency_no = 359
}}

'''Sikanderpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Sikanderpur in the [[Ballia district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Sikanderpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 359 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=SikanderpurElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sikanderpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jagganath Chaudhari
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Rajaram Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Nirbhai Narain Singh
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sheo Mangal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Nirbhai Narain Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sheo Mangal Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Rajdhari
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Markandey Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Deena Nath Chaudhary
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Rajdhari
|style="background-color: {{party color|Social Action Party}}" |
|Social Action Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi|Ziauddin Rizvi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Sribhagwan Pathak
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi|Ziauddin Rizvi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Sanjay Yadav (politician)|Sanjay Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi|Ziauddin Rizvi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sikanderpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jiyauddin Rizvi
|votes = {{formatnum:75446}}
|percentage = 42.75
|change = +14.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:63591}}
|percentage = 36.03
|change = -6.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:29604}}
|percentage = 16.78
|change = -4.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Ashok
|votes = {{formatnum:2060}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change = -0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Brijesh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1857}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1089}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11855}}
|percentage = 6.72
|change = -7.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176471}}
|percentage = 57.3
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''Sanjay Yadav''' won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi by a margin of 23,548 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sikanderpur.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sikanderpu<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:69536}}
|percentage = 42.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ziauddin Rizwi
|votes = {{formatnum:45988}}
|percentage = 27.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajnarain
|votes = {{formatnum:34968}}
|percentage = 21.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arvind Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:2936}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Satyendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2260}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Munna Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:2066}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1122}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23548}}
|percentage = 14.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164615}}
|percentage = 57.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Scope=col|#
!scope=col|Term
!scope=col|Member of Legislative Assembly
!scope=col|Party
!scope=col|From
!scope=col|To
!scope=col|Days
!scope=col|Comment
|-
| 01|| [[3rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|3rd Vidhan Sabha]] ||Jagarnath ||[[Indian National Congress]]|| March 1962|| March 1967 ||1,828 ||
|-
| 02|| [[4th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|4th Vidhan Sabha]] ||R. Ram || rowspan="2"|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]|| March 1967|| April 1968 ||402 || <ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03|| [[5th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|5th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="2"|Nirbhay Narayan Singh Alias Lal Babu||February 1969 ||March 1974 || 1,832||<ref name="1969 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04|| [[6th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|6th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Indian National Congress]]|| March 1974 ||April 1977 || 1,153||<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05|| [[7th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|7th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Shiv Mangal Singh||[[Janata Party]] || June 1977 ||February 1980 || 969||<ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06|| [[8th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|8th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Nirbhay Narayan Singh]] Alias Lal Babu|| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] || June 1980 ||March 1985 ||1,735||<ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07|| [[9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|9th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Shiv Mangal Singh|| [[Lok Dal]] || March 1985 ||November 1989 || 1,725||<ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08|| [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Rajdhari|| [[Janata Party]] ||December 1989 ||April 1991 ||488||<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09|| [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]]||Markandey||[[Indian National Congress]]|| June 1991 ||December 1992 ||533||<ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10|| [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]]||Deena Nath Chaudhary||[[Samajwadi Party]]|| December 1993 ||October 1995 ||693||<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11|| [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Rajdhari||[[Social Action Party]]|| October 1996 ||March 2002 || 1,967||<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12|| [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi]]||[[Samajwadi Party]]||February 2002 ||May 2007 || 1,902||<ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13|| [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Shri Bhagwan||[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| May 2007 ||March 2012 ||1,736||<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=21 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14|| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi]]||[[Samajwadi Party]]|| March 2012 ||March 2017 || 1,829||<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=21 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15|| [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]]||[[Sanjay Yadav (politician)|Sanjay Yadav]]|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]|| March 2017 || March 2022 ||{{age in days|2017|03|19}}||<ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|16
|18th Vidhan Sabha
|[[Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|March 2022
|Incumbent
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.03|84.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ballia district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jobat Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:12:54Z

LibbyAlba221: Adding a entry needs work!

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jobat
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 192
| map_image = 192-Jobat.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Ratlam]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Sena Mahesh Patel]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Sulochana Rawat]]
}}
'''Jobat''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=ceo1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=1 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]] since its inception.<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Jobat (constituency number 192) is one of the two Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Alirajpur district]]. This constituency covers the entire Bhavra [[tehsil]], Jobat [[nagar panchayat]] and parts of Jobat and Alirajpur tehsils of this district.<ref name="eci2">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=245, 252}}</ref>

Jobat is part of [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Alirajpur Assembly constituency|Alirajpur]] in this district, [[Jhabua Assembly constituency|Jhabua]], [[Thandla Assembly constituency|Thandla]] and [[Petlawad Assembly constituency|Petlawad]] in [[Jhabua district]] and [[Ratlam Rural Assembly constituency|Ratlam Rural]], [[Ratlam City Assembly constituency|Ratlam City]] and [[Sailana Assembly constituency|Sailana]] in [[Ratlam district]].<ref name="eci2"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="eci1" />
|Premsingh
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/basoda.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ganga
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Raysinha
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="8" |Ajmer Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Madhosingh Dawar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi)|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref>
|[[Sulochana Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="results2013">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2013.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|access-date= November 25, 2020}}</ref>
|Madhosingh Dawar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="results2018">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Election2018/Result%20Booklet%20AE%202018%20v6.pdf |title=2018 Vidhan Sabha Elections Result Book of Madhya Pradesh |access-date= November 21, 2020}}</ref>
|Kalawati Bhuria
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2021^
|[[Sulochana Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Jobat">{{cite news |title=Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Jobat |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S12192.htm |accessdate=27 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227162530/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S12192.htm |archivedate=27 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jobat Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Jobat Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/jobat |accessdate=27 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227162512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/jobat |archivedate=27 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Sena Mahesh Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jobat<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Jobat"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sena Mahesh Patel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:80784}}
|percentage = 48.71
|change = +15.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vishal Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:42027}}
|percentage = 25.34
|change = -6.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Madhosingh Dawar
|votes = {{formatnum:21312}}
|percentage = 12.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajnar Surpal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9614}}
|percentage = 5.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Samajik Party
|candidate = Mohansingh Ningwal
|votes = {{formatnum:3216}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dawar Rinku Bala
|votes = {{formatnum:2527}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dileep Singh Bhuriya
|votes = {{formatnum:1737}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4643}}
|percentage = 2.8
|change = -0.94
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38757}}
|percentage = 23.37
|change = +21.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165860}}
|percentage = 55.02
|change = +2.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title= By-election, 2021: Jobat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sulochana Rawat
|votes = 68,949
|percentage = 46.92
|change = +14.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahesh Rawat
|votes = 62,845
|percentage = 42.77
|change = +8.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 5,611
|percentage = 3.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Sardar Harmal Parmar
|votes = 3,071
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,104
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,47,014
|percentage = 53.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jobat<ref name="results2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kalawati Bhuriya
|votes = {{formatnum:46067}}
|percentage = 33.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Madhosingh Dawar
|votes = {{formatnum:44011}}
|percentage = 32.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishal Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:31229}}
|percentage = 22.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Madhu Singh Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:2699}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandrasingh Raiychand Bamaniya
|votes = {{formatnum:2649}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikram Singh Vasuniya
|votes = {{formatnum:2020}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Savesingh
|votes = {{formatnum:1821}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohansingh Ningwal
|votes = {{formatnum:1738}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5139}}
|percentage = 3.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2056}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:137373}}
|percentage = 52.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jobat]]
* Ajay Kanesh

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.42|74.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Alirajpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Manglesh Kumar Srivastava

2026-04-10T20:20:36Z

LibbyAlba221: started biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manglesh Kumar Srivastava
| office = [[Mayor]] of [[Gorakhpur]]
| image = [[File:Dr. Manglesh Kumar Srivastava.jpg|Manglesh Kumar Srivastava|200px]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2023–present)}}
| office1 = Member of Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation
| predecessor1 = Sitaram Jaiswal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|07|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|Name not publicly available}}
| children = {{unbulleted list|Divyanshu Srivastava}}
| alma_mater = [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]]
| profession = {{hlist|Politician|Physician}}
| term_start = May 2023
| appointer = Elected by voters
}}

'''Manglesh Kumar Srivastava''' (born 1 July 1961) is an Indian politician and physician serving as the Mayor of [[Gorakhpur]] since 2023. He is also the Senior Vice-President of the [[All India Council of Mayors]] and a former director of Tilak Pathology. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], he has been active in the medical community and municipal governance for several decades.

==Personal life==
Manglesh was born on 1 July 1961 in [[Gorakhpur]] to Adya Prasad and Shushila Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Nagar Nikay Chunav Gorakhpur: जानिए कौन हैं डॉक्टर मंगलेश श्रीवास्तव जिन्हे भाजपा ने बनाया मेयर प्रत्याशी |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/gorakhpur/doctor-manglesh-shrivastava-will-bjp-mayor-candidate-from-gorakhpur-765245.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |language=hi}}</ref> He completed his MBBS and MD in Pathology from [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=#Pathologist Dr. Manglesh Srivastava |url=https://www.nayalook.com/tag/pathologist-dr-manglesh-srivastava/ |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>

He is married and has children. His younger son, Divyanshu Srivastava, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Dermatology at [[BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Dermatology, BRD Medical College |url=https://brdmc.ac.in/DeptDermatology |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>

His family has longstanding ties to the [[Gorakhnath Temple]], and both his father and he have been involved in local community and educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Nagar Nikay Chunav Gorakhpur: जानिए कौन हैं डॉक्टर मंगलेश श्रीवास्तव |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/gorakhpur/doctor-manglesh-shrivastava-will-bjp-mayor-candidate-from-gorakhpur-765245.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Medical career==
Srivastava has served as the director of Tilak Pathology. He was president of the [[Indian Medical Association]] (IMA) Gorakhpur in 2020, and has been Secretary of the Pathology Association, Gorakhpur. He is also a member of the [[Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists]] and the [[Indian Association of Cytology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMA Gorakhpur: डा. मंगलेश अध्यक्ष, डा. वीएन अग्रवाल सचिव चुने गए |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-dr-manglesh-president-elected-president-of-ima-gorakhpur-21042661.html |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>

==Political career==

===Early political involvement===
Srivastava is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and became vice president of [[Saraswati Shishu Mandir]], Saraswati Shiksha Samiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorakhpur seat stays with BJP, vote share rises |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/gorakhpur-seat-stays-with-bjp-vote-share-rises/articleshow/100220057.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>

===Mayor election 2023===
He won the [[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections]] for Mayor of Gorakhpur with 2,14,983 votes against the Samajwadi Party candidate Kajal Nishad, who received 1,47,957 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorakhpur mayor election 2023 results |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-gorakhpur-mayor-election-2023-results-live-updates-bjp-manglesh-srivastava-samajwadi-party-kajal-nishad-congress-naveen-sinha-8161175.amp.html |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>

Bidding adieu to the gown-wearing tradition, the Mayor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayors Message To All |url=https://gorakhpurnagarnigam.up.gov.in/mmes.aspx |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref> Manglesh Srivastav took oath as the new mayor of Gorakhpur, donning a saffron Pagri and a scarf with the BJP symbol, on 27 May 2023. He said it is the right time to shun the gown as the country had completed 75 years of independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manglesh Srivastava takes oath as Gkp mayor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/newly-elected-gorakhpur-mayor-shuns-gown-dons-saffron-pagri-and-bjp-scarf-during-oath-ceremony-with-80-corporators-101685202027762.html |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>

===Awards and recognition===
* 4th rank nationally in [[Swachh Survekshan]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP CM lauds civic team as Gorakhpur rises to 4th place in Swachh Survekshan rankings |url=https://theprint.in/india/up-cm-lauds-civic-team-as-gorakhpur-rises-to-4th-place-in-swachh-survekshan-rankings/2700140/?amp |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>
* National honour for water conservation efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorakhpur bags nat’l honour for water conservation efforts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/gorakhpur-bags-natl-honour-for-water-conservation-efforts/articleshow/125446737.cms |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>
* International WaterTech Award for smart flood management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोरखपुर नगर निगम को मिला इंटरनेशनल वाटरटेक अवार्ड |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/news/gorakhpur-municipal-corporation-received-international-watertech-award-135599443.html |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>
* 'Prez Award' for central scheme benefits distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोरखपुर नगर निगम को मिला 'प्रेज पुरस्कार' |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/news/gorakhpur-municipal-corporation-got-prez-award-133629908.html |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! Opponent !! Opponent votes !! Result
|-
| 2023 || Gorakhpur Mayor || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 2,14,983 || [[Samajwadi Party]] || 1,47,957 || Won
|}

==See also==
* [[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections]]
* [[List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Politicians from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Indian pathologists]]

Madhvendra Pratap Singh

2026-04-10T13:57:48Z

LibbyAlba221: started new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhvendra Pratap Singh
| office = [[Legislative assembly|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|17th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end = March 2022
| predecessor = Padamrag Singh Yadav
| successor = Self – established seat
| constituency = [[Sawaijpur Assembly constituency|Sawaijpur]]
| office1 = [[Legislative assembly|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Padamrag Singh Yadav
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|10|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sawayajpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| father = Bhagwan Bakhs Singh
| spouse = Shailza Singh
| children = 1 son 1 daughter
| education = Graduate
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Agriculturist]]
}}

'''Kunwar Madhvendra Pratap Ranu''', also known as '''Madhvendra Pratap Singh''', is an [[India]]n [[politician]] who is currently serving as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Sawaijpur Assembly constituency]], and the party member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election result 2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/sawaijpur-953001818|title=UTTAR PRADESH ELECTION 2022: SAWAIJPUR ASSEMBLY SEAT|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sawaijpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851461.html|title=Sawaijpur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Madhavendra Pratap Singh of BJP Wins.|date=10 March 2022|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sawaijpur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923183-2022-03-09|title=Sawaijpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Madhavendra Pratap Singh wins Sawayazpur with 63974 votes|date=10 March 2022|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Singh was born to Bhagwan Bakhs Singh in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/kunvar-madhvendra-pratap-singh/|title=Kunvar Madhvendra Pratap Singh|publisher=ourneta.com}}</ref>

Singh has graduated from KA College, Kasganj under [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University|Agra University]], and his occupation is [[agriculturist]] in addition to politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2717|title=Madhvendra Pratap Singh|publisher=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Singh was married to Shailza Singh in year 1998 and Singh has 1 son and 1 daughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://up.punjabkesari.in/election2022/profile/madhavendra-pratap/334|title=Biodata of Madhvendra Pratap Singh|publisher=up.punjabkesari.in}}</ref>

==Political career==
Singh previously served as the first-time MLA representing [[Sawaijpur Assembly constituency]] from the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|17th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2017/story/election-results-2017-final-election-result-965215-2017-03-11|title=Final Election Results 2017: BJP wins over 320 seats in UP|date=11 March 2017|website=India Today}}</ref>

In the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]; Madhvendra Pratap Ranu of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won the seat by defeating Padmaraj Singh Pammu of the [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of 26,970 votes.<ref name="election result 2017"/>

In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]; Madhvendra Pratap Ranu of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won the seat by defeating Padmaraj Singh Pammu of the [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of 25,687 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/sawayazpur-assembly-elections-up-154/|title=Sawayazpur Election Result 2022 LIVE: Sawayazpur MLA Election Result & Vote Share – Oneindia}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Madhvendra Pratap}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hardoi district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]

François Caron

2026-04-05T21:40:14Z

LibbyAlba221: Added Initial Entry From Scratch

{{Short description|French explorer (1600–1673)}}
{{About|the 17th century merchant-trader in Asia|the Canadian politician and Member of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada|François Caron (politician)}}
{{other people|François Caron}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = François Caron
|image = CaronMap.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption = A map of Japan in François Caron's "A True Description of the Mighty Kingdoms of Japan and Siam".
|order = 1st
|office = Director-General of the French East India Company
|term_start = 1667
|term_end = 1673
|predecessor =
|successor =
|order2 = 8th
|office2 = Governor of Formosa
|term_start2 = 1644
|term_end2 = 1646
|predecessor2 = [[Maximiliaan le Maire]]
|successor2 = [[Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater]]
|order3 = 12th
|office3 = Opperhoofd in Japan
|term_start3 = 2 February 1639
|term_end3 = 13 February 1641
|predecessor3 = [[Nicolaes Couckebacker]]
|successor3 = [[Maximiliaan le Maire]]
|birth_date = 1600
|birth_place = [[Brussels]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1673|4|5|1600|df=yes}}
|death_place = at sea, near [[Portugal]]
|spouse = Constantia Boudaen
}}

'''François Caron''' ({{IPA|fr|fʁɑ̃swa kaʁɔ̃}}; 1600 – 5 April 1673) was a French [[Huguenot]] refugee to the [[Netherlands]] who served the [[Dutch East India Company]] (''Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie'' or VOC) for 30 years, rising from cook's mate to the director-general at [[Jakarta|Batavia]] (Jakarta), only one grade below governor-general.<ref>Asia Society. (1874). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ez0OAAAAIAAJ&q=francois+caron ''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan,'' p. 29.]</ref> He retired from the VOC in 1651, and was later recruited to become director-general of the newly formed [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East Indies Company]] in 1665 until his death in 1673.<ref name="f42">Frazer, Robert Watson. (1896). [https://books.google.com/books?id=axg3AAAAMAAJ&dq=francois+caron&pg=PA42 ''British India,'' p. 42.]</ref>

Caron is sometimes considered the first Frenchman to set foot in Japan,<ref>References [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Fran%C3%A7ois+Caron+premier+Fran%C3%A7ais+Japon]: - "Si on peut dire de lui qu'il était français, il est probablement le seul français qui ait visité le Japon sous l'ancien régime." Diderot; le XVIIIe siecle en europe et au Japon, Colloque franco-japonais ... - Page 222 by Hisayasu Nakagawa - 1988 
- "En 1635 ce fut le tour de François Caron, sur lequel nous voudrions nous arrêter un moment, ... comme le premier Français venu au Japon et à Edo." Histoire de Tokyo - Page 67 by Noël Nouët - Tokyo (Japan) - 1961 - 261 pages 
- "A titre de premier représentant de notre langue au Japon, cet homme méritait ici une petite place" (Bulletin de la Maison franco-japonaise by Maison franco-japonaise (Tokyo, Japan) - Japan - 1927 Page 127)</ref> although he was actually born in [[Brussels]] to a family of Huguenot refugees.<ref>"Colbert avait alors sous la main François Caron, qui, né en Hollande de parents français, avait été embarqué pour le Japon dès l'âge le plus tendre". Societe de la Revue des Mondes, François Buloz, Page 140 [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Fran%C3%A7ois+Caron+premier+Fran%C3%A7ais+Japon&sa=N&start=10] "Francois Caron was born in 1600 of Huguenot parents, who were then settled in Brussels, but who shortly after his birth moved to the United Provinces." A True Description of the Mighty Kingdoms of Japan and Siam (1986)[https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Fran%C3%A7ois+Caron+Huguenot]</ref> He only became a naturalized citizen of France when he was persuaded by [[Jean Baptiste Colbert|Colbert]] to become head of the French East Indies Company, in his 60s.<ref>Yavari, Neguin ''et al.'' (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=98s_RXcO2c4C&q=francois+caron&pg=PA15 ''Views From The Edge: Essays In Honor Of Richard W. Bulliet,'' p. 15.]</ref> Thus the native-born French [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionary [[Guillaume Courtet]] may have the stronger claim. Regardless, the first known instance of any [[Franco-Japanese relations]] precedes them both, being the visit of [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] to France in 1615.

==Japan==
[[File:HiradoVOCfactory(montanus-1669).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Dutch [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] trading factory in Hirado. 17th-century engraving.]]
Caron began as a cook's mate<ref name="o355">Otterspeer, Willem. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dUv3dF7aDycC&dq=francois+caron&pg=PA355 ''Leiden Oriental Connections, 1850–1940'', p. 355.]</ref> on board the Dutch ship ''Schiedam'' bound for Japan, where he arrived at [[Hirado]] in 1619. He transferred off the ship (either legitimately or via desertion) and began working in Hirado, becoming a full factory assistant in 1626. He quickly developed an aptitude for the Japanese language, and became involved with a local woman (the daughter of Eguchi Jūzaemon) with whom he had six children.<ref name="o355"/> In 1627 he served as interpreter on a VOC mission to the [[Shōgun|shogunal]] capital of [[Edo]], the first of many diplomatic trips he would make.<ref name="o355"/>

On 9 April 1633, Caron was promoted to senior merchant, making him the second ranking Company official in Japan. In 1636, the new VOC Director-General [[Philip Lucasz]], wishing to learn about the territories he was charged with overseeing, sent a list of 31 questions about Japan which Caron was charged with answering. Caron's answers formed the outline for his work ''Beschrijvinghe van het machtigh coninckrijcke Jappan'' ("Description of the Mighty Kingdom of Japan"), published as an appendix to a corporate history in 1645 and as an independent book in 1661. This was one of the first reports to introduce Japan in any detail to a European audience and was widely read, receiving translations into German, French, and English.<ref name="Maes">{{Cite journal|title=François Caron and his Beschryvinghe van Iappan – His Perception of the Japanese|journal=MaRBLe Research Papers|url=https://openjournals.maastrichtuniversity.nl/index.php/Marble/article/view/221|last=Maes|first=Ben|date=2014|volume=6|pages=117–132|doi=10.26481/marble.2014.v6.221|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Caron was a gifted diplomat and was important to Dutch efforts to ingratiate themselves with the Shogunate at whose mercy their trade operated. In 1636, on another mission to Edo, Caron presented a magnificent copper lantern (which was installed and still stands at [[Nikkō Tōshō-gū]] shrine) as a gift to secure the release of the hostage [[Pieter Nuyts]], who as VOC ambassador to Japan had instigated a diplomatic incident so severe it forced the shutdown of Hirado for several years.<ref name="Maes"/><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Deciphering The Dutch In Deshima|last=Mochizuki|first=Mia M.|title=Boundaries and their Meanings in the History of the Netherlands|pages=63–94|date=2009|publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004176379.i-258.23|isbn=9789047429814}}</ref>

On 3 February 1639, Caron succeeded [[Nicolaes Couckebacker]] as the VOC ''[[VOC Opperhoofden in Japan|opperhoofd]]'' (chief ''[[factor (agent)|factor]]'' or merchant) in Japan. At this time, the shogunate was implementing severe [[Sakoku|isolationist policies]], including the expulsion of nearly all foreigners and the criminalization of Christian proselytizing. The Portuguese trading out of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] were completely expelled, and the VOC warehouses at Hirado were destroyed, ostensibly because one was engraved with the Christian date of its erection ("AD 1638"). The Dutch, now the only Europeans allowed to trade on Japanese soil, were forced to relocate to the small artificial island of [[Dejima]], although Caron ended his term as ''opperhoofd'' shortly before the move took place in the summer of 1641.<ref>[http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/tokushu/kaigai/Diaries/Volumes/4947AA1F-1DCD-456E-9A82-7FD8BA719D77.html Summary of Francois Caron's diary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205458/http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/tokushu/kaigai/Diaries/Volumes/4947AA1F-1DCD-456E-9A82-7FD8BA719D77.html |date=4 January 2014 }}, Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref>

==Return to the Netherlands==
[[File:Kingdoms Japan Siam - Caron - title page.jpg|thumb|300px|"A True Description of the Mighty Kingdoms of Japan and Siam" by François Caron, German Edition, 1663.]]
[[File:Caron1663.jpg|thumb|300px|Illustration of the [[Siege of Osaka]], from Caron's book: "The Burning of Osaka Castle"]]

In 1641, Caron's Japan contract with the company expired, and he went to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] awaiting a transfer to Europe, accompanied by his family.<ref name="Leup">Leup, Gary P. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-I6owJcCOdwC&q=francois+caron&pg=PA8 ''Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543–1900)''. p. 8], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-I6owJcCOdwC&q=Caron pp. 62-63]</ref> At that time, he was nominated member of the [[Council of the East Indies]], the governing body of the VOC in Asia, next to the governor-general. On 13 December 1641 Caron sailed back to Europe as commander of the merchant fleet.

==New assignments in Asia==
Although he was rewarded handsomely for his services with a capital of 1,500 guilders, he again left for Asia in 1643 aboard the ''Olifant''. He arrived in Batavia to find that his Japanese consort had died. As they were never legally married, Caron submitted a formal petition to legitimize his children by her, which was accepted. Meanwhile, during his brief return to Europe, he had become engaged to Constantia Boudaen, who arrived in 1645 and bore him a further seven children.<ref name="Leup"/>

In September 1643, he headed an army of 1,700 men against the Portuguese in [[Ceylon]]. In 1644, Caron was then named governor of [[Taiwan|Formosa]] ([[Taiwan]]); and was the chief VOC official on the island until 1646.<ref>Campbell, William. (1903). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OpdMq-YJoeoC&dq=francois+caron&pg=PA213 ''Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records,'' p. 75.]</ref> During this period, Caron's achievements included restructuring the production of rice, sulfur, sugar and indigo, and moderating the trade with Chinese pirates.

He had to return to Batavia in 1646. In 1647, he was appointed director-general, second in command after the governor-general. In 1651, Caron was recalled to the Netherlands, together with [[Cornelis van der Lijn]], due to allegations of private trade, but he successfully defended his case, and was able to resign with honor from the company.

==Appointment with the French East Indies Company==
The arenas of French rivalry with England and Holland expanded to Asia in 1664 when the French Finance Minister [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] persuaded [[Louis XIV]] to grant a patent to a newly contrived French East Indies Company. Somehow Colbert managed to entice Caron into accepting a leadership role in this nascent enterprise. He became the company's Director General in 1665.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ames, Glenn J.|year=1996|title=Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|page=30}}</ref> This action was perceived as treason by the Dutch, and Caron was banned eternally from the Provinces.

===Japan and China===
Caron advocated for establishing trade with both Japan and China, laying out a system of purchasing silks and other trade good from China, then selling them in Japan for silver at "60 or 70 percent profit". This silver could then be immediately used to purchase more goods from China to sell in a "wheel of commerce," self-sustaining after only an initial outlay of silver from France itself. In Caron's view, "this is the only trade that can enrich the French Company".<ref>{{cite book|title=Travels In Persia|last=Chardin|first=John|orig-year=1st pub. 1720|year=1927|publisher=Argonaut Press|publication-place=London|page=19|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169543/page/n51/mode/2up}}</ref> An official letter from Louis XIV to the Emperor of Japan was drawn up and instructions prepared for its delivery and subsequent trade negotiations, but it seems that this plan was not carried to fruition and the letter was never conveyed to Japan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Japan As It Was and Is|last=Hildreth|first=Richard|year=1905|edition=2nd|publisher=Phillip, Sampson and Company|publication-place=Boston|page=204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4MCAAAAMAAJ&q=%22French%20trade%20with%20Japan%22}}</ref> It is unlikely that this effort would have succeeded, as Japan was deeply committed to its ''[[Sakoku]]'' policy of isolation at that time.

===Madagascar===
In 1665, François Caron sailed to [[Madagascar]]. The Company failed to found a [[colony]] on Madagascar but established ports on the nearby islands of Bourbon (now [[Réunion]]) and [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (now [[Mauritius]]). In the late 17th century, the [[France|French]] established trading posts along the east coast.

===India===
{{Further|French India}}
Caron succeeded in founding French outposts at [[Surat]] (1668) and at [[Masulipatam]] (1669) in [[India]];<ref name="p266">Pope, George Uglow. (1880). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xpABAAAAQAAJ&dq=francois+caron&pg=PA266 ''A Text-book of Indian History,'' p. 266.]</ref> and Louis XIV acknowledged those successes by awarding him the [[Order of St. Michael]].<ref name="f42"/> He was "Commissaire" at [[Surat]] between 1668 and 1672. The French East India Company formally set up a trading centre at Pondicherry in 1673. This outpost eventually became the chief French settlement in India.

In 1672, he helped lead French forces in [[Ceylon]], where the strategic bay at Trincomalee was captured and St. Thomé (also known as Meilâpûr) on the Coromandel coast was also taken;<ref name="p266" /> however, the consequences of his military success was short-lived. The French were driven out these modest conquests while Caron was en route to Europe in 1673.<ref name="f42"/>

He died as his ship sank off Lisbon on 5 April 1673, while he was returning to Europe.

===Honors===
* [[Order of St. Michael]], 1672

==See also==
*[[Nanban trade period]]
*[[Franco-Japanese relations]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Ames|first=Glenn J. |title=Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade|year=1996|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|location=DeKalb, IL|isbn=0-87580-207-9 }}
* Campbell, William. (1903). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OpdMq-YJoeoC&q=francois+caron ''Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records.''] London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd.
* [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, Frederick Charles]]. (1888). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cak9AAAAIAAJ&q=francois+caron ''Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on the Records of the Records of the India Office: Records Relating to Agencies, Factories and Settlements not Now Under the Administration of the Government of India.''] London: Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), by Eyre and Spottiswoode.
* Frazer, Robert Watson. (1896). [https://books.google.com/books?id=axg3AAAAMAAJ&q=francois+caron ''British India.''] London: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
* Leup, Gary P. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-I6owJcCOdwC&q=francois+caron ''Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543-1900).''] London: [[Continuum International Publishing Group]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8264-6074-5}}
* Otterspeer, Willem. (1989). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dUv3dF7aDycC&q=francois+caron ''Leiden Oriental Connections, 1850-1940.''] Leiden: [[Brill Publishers]]. {{ISBN|978-90-04-09022-4}} (paper)
* Pope, George Uglow. (1880). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xpABAAAAQAAJ&q=francois+caron ''A Text-book of Indian History.''] London: W. H. Allen.
*{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ac-sciences-lettres-montpellier.fr/academie_edition/fichiers_conf/Proust2003.pdf|first=Jacques|last=Proust|year=2003
|journal=Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier|title=Un déscendant de huguenots français au japon au debut XVIIe siècle}}
* Jozef Rogala. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=29cty-eprmgC&q=francois+caron ''A Collector's Guide to Books on Japan in English: A Select List of Over 2500 Titles with Subject Index.''] London: [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-1-873410-91-2}} (paper)
* Yavari, Neguin, Lawrence G. Potter and Jean-Marc Ran Oppenheim (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=98s_RXcO2c4C&q=francois+caron ''Views From The Edge: Essays In Honor Of Richard W. Bulliet.''] New York: [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-231-13472-9}} (cloth)
* ''Mémoires de François Martin, Fondateur de Pondichéry (1665-1694)'', publiées par Alfred Martineau, ''Bibliothèque d'Histoire Coloniale'', Paris, 1934

{{S-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{Succession box| before= [[Nicolaes Couckebacker]] |title=[[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] [[Opperhoofd]] of [[Hirado, Nagasaki|Hirado]] | after= VOC relocated to [[Dejima]] | years=1639–1641}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[Maximilian le Maire]]
|title=[[List of governors of Formosa|VOC Governor of Formosa]]
|after=[[Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater]]
|years=1644–1646}}
{{Succession box| before= - |title= ([[Louis XIV's East India Company]]) Commissioner of [[Surat]] | after=François Baron | years=1668–1672}}
{{S-end}}

{{Dutch Formosa}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caron, Francois}}
[[Category:1600 births]]
[[Category:1673 deaths]]
[[Category:French explorers]]
[[Category:Colonial governors of Dutch Formosa]]
[[Category:Governors of French India]]
[[Category:Dutch chiefs of factory in Japan]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Brussels]]
[[Category:Dutch East India Company people]]

India–Pakistan Confederation

2026-03-29T21:40:56Z

LibbyAlba221: Adding initial entry initial version!

{{Short description|Proposed political confederation}}

[[Image:south asia.jpg|thumb|250px|Map of [[South Asia]]]]
The concept of an '''India–Pakistan Confederation''' advocates for a political [[confederation]] consisting of the sovereign states of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] as a means of ending [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|bilateral conflicts]] and promoting common interests in defence, foreign affairs, and cultural and economic development.<ref name="IV" /> While this idea does not propose to end the sovereign existence of either nation through [[Indian reunification|reunification]], it is aimed to resolve the conflicts afflicting [[the subcontinent]] since the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="Dawn.com"/>

==Background==
The [[Partition of India|partitioning of India]] formally came into effect on 14 August 1947, dividing the provinces of [[Bengal]] (with [[East Pakistan]], now [[Bangladesh]]) and [[Punjab]] (with [[West Pakistan]], now [[Pakistan]] proper) to create a separate nation (from [[Greater India|India]]) as outlined by the [[Pakistan Movement]], which advocated the "[[Two-nation theory (Pakistan)|Two-Nation Theory]]" — that [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]] cannot [[Hindu–Muslim unity|sustain a nation together]] because of religious differences that would prove too difficult to compromise on or, in some cases, simply impossible to reach a mutual consensus on.<ref name="TW">[http://www.country-studies.com/pakistan/the-two-nations-theory.html Two-nation theory]</ref> The partition provoked great communal conflicts and shortly afterwards, a major dispute over the territory of [[Kashmir]] (a former [[princely state]] under the [[British Raj]] which was sovereignly claimed in full by both the [[Dominion of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan]]) sparked a large-scale war between the two neighbouring countries. [[India]] and Pakistan have, since their independence, engaged in four armed conflicts against each other ([[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], [[Kargil War|1999]]), all of them stemming from their disputes in Kashmir with the exception of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|war in 1971]]. However, some diplomatic efforts have succeeded in promoting bilateral trade and sports events between the two nations as well as permitting Indians and Pakistanis to peacefully cross the [[India–Pakistan border|border]] and visit through services provided by the [[Samjhauta Express]] and the [[Delhi–Lahore Bus|Delhi-Lahore binational bus route]]. The [[Simla Agreement|1972 Shimla Agreement]] and subsequent bilateral accords have bound both nations to seek a peaceful solution to the [[Kashmir conflict]] while promoting trade and economic cooperation.

==Confederation==
Some politicians and academicians in India and Pakistan have promoted the concept of a confederation between the two republics as a means to resolve their conflicts while promoting common cultural bonds, economic development and solidarity in major issues, with a ceremonial [[head of state]] and important posts held alternately by Indians and Pakistanis.<ref name="Mir">{{cite book |last1=Qāsim |first1=Sayyid Mīr |title=My Life and Times |date=1992 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-355-8 |page=102}}</ref><ref name="IV">{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Opinions|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051113/edit.htm|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Prime Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir [[Sheikh Abdullah]] supported the idea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Denis |title=India-Pakistan Relations, 1962–1969 |date=1989 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |page=50}}</ref> In 1972, [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], the civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan, explored the possibility of a Pakistan-India Confederation and asked "the Government-owned ''Pakistan Times'' to write in favour of India-Pakistan confederation."<ref name="Mir" /> Some advocates of the concept perceive the [[Opposition to the two-nation theory|two-nation theory to have been a failure]], being unable to resolve conflicts between Muslims and Hindus, and that a closer bonding of the two nations would be the best possible solution and bring about a greater possibility of peace, prosperity and progress in the region.<ref name="ADV">[http://www.siasat.com/english/index2.php?option=content&do_pdf=1&id=261035 Advani moots Indo-Pak confederation]</ref> According to some advocates, such an arrangement would not only end the Kashmir conflict and bring about peace, but would forge a powerful geopolitical entity of equal standing with various global powers such as the [[United States]], [[European Union]], [[Russian Federation|Russia]] and [[China]].<ref name="IV" /> As a result of a confederation between Pakistan and India, [[M. V. Kamath]] said that instead of spending exorbitant amounts of money on defense, the India–Pakistan Confederation would have funds "available for constructive activities like health, education and economic infrastructure."<ref name="IV" /> Kamath appealed to the [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] demonstrated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|War of Indian Independence in 1857]] as support for an India–Pakistan Confederation.<ref name="IV" /> The India–Pakistan Confederation, according to Kamath, would have a common currency and a common Parliament.<ref name="IV" />

Former Vice President of India [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] called for an India–Pakistan Confederation that would be "based on the principle of equality" and in which "India, Pakistan and Bangladesh should remain separate, and yet together on issues of common concern and common benefit."<ref name="Dawn.com">{{cite web |title=Indian author moots confederation to settle Kashmir issue |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1305116 |website=DAWN.COM |date=December 29, 2016}}</ref> According to Pakistani historian [[Ayesha Jalal]] and former Pakistani Prime Minister [[Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar]], the [[Lahore Resolution]] originally called for a Hindustan-Pakistan Confederation in a United India, not for Pakistan as a separate state from the rest of India.<ref name="Kulkarni">{{cite web |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Sudheendra |title=Pakistan Without Partition: Let's Revive The Buried Idea Of Indo-Pak Confederation |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/sudheendra-kulkarni/pakistan-without-partitio_b_7986022.html |website=HuffPost |date=August 14, 2015}}</ref> Chundrigar "said that the object of the Lahore Resolution was not to create [[Ulster|Ulsters]] (a reference to the violent separatist movement aimed at Northern Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom), not to 'destroy the unity of India', but to get the 'two nations (Pakistan and Hindustan)... welded into united India on the basis of equality'.<ref name="Kulkarni"/> [[Harry Hodson]], the Reforms Commissioner in India in 1941, said that leaders of the All-India Muslim League "interpreted Pakistan as consistent with a confederation".<ref name="Kulkarni"/>

Lieutenant General [[Asad Durrani]], the former director-general of both Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] and [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]], envisioned in 2018 a future India–Pakistan Confederation that would possess a common currency and laws.<ref name="TSC">{{cite book |author1=[[A. S. Dulat]], [[Aditya Sinha]], [[Asad Durrani]] |title=The Spy Chronicles: RAW, ISI and the Illusion of Peace |date=2018 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-93-5277-926-0 |page=223}}</ref> Durrani stated that such an India–Pakistan Confederation would soften the borders of India and Pakistan and eventually integrate the armed forces of both entities, paving the way for [[Indian reunification]], in which [[Delhi]] would serve as the capital city.<ref name="TSC"/>

[[Asghar Ali Engineer]] envisaged a broader confederation between the members of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) – [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]] – akin to the [[European Union]].<ref>[http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss64.htm Asghar Ali Engineer – IISCSSS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514071152/http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss64.htm |date=2008-05-14 }}</ref><ref name="IV" /> [[Dinanath Mishra]] supported such a confederation, and believed that along with India, "Countries like Afghanistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka may be willing to start the process this decade itself".<ref name="Mishra">{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Dinanath |title=Dinanath Mishra on the idea of a confederation |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/12guest.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=July 12, 2002}}</ref>

Pakistani Minister for Kashmir Affairs, [[Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat]], advocated an India–Pakistan Confederation that would govern the state of Jammu and Kashmir, "taking responsibility for defence, currency and foreign affairs".<ref name="IV"/>

Critics have described the proposal as naïve and impractical given the extent of mutual distrust and antagonism between India and Pakistan after decades of consistent fighting and skirmishes.<ref name="RF">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/12guest.htm Rediff]</ref>

==Reactions==
The idea of a confederation gained prominence with the endorsement of senior [[India|Indian]] political leader and then-[[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]], who on April 29, 2004, said in an interview to the [[Pakistan|Pakistani]] newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', that he envisaged both nations coming together to form a confederation: ''"I conceive that there would be a time when decades hence, both the countries would feel that partition has not solved matters. Why not come together and form some form of confederation or something like that."''<ref name="R">[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990307/ige07052.html Indian Express]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ADV"/><ref name="II">[http://news.indiainfo.com/2004/03/03/0303pak.html Advani's remarks on Indo-Pak union a 'mirage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050422023302/http://news.indiainfo.com/2004/03/03/0303pak.html |date=2005-04-22 }}</ref> Another senior Indian politician, Dr. [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] had similarly advocated the idea. This public endorsement from Advani, a prominent [[Hindus|Hindu]] leader, gave rise to much speculation and media coverage, but the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Pakistan]] responded by calling the idea a "mirage," stating that both nations were sovereign in their own right and this status was in their view "irreversible."<ref name="II"/> On the other hand, Pakistani leader [[Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician)|Altaf Hussain]] who founded the [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|Muttahida Qaumi Movement]] has had a favourable stance towards an India-Pakistan confederation, saying that such a confederation would "set another example like the [[European Union]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/A-Muhajirs-Prayer/articleshow/494482109.cms |last1=Hussain |first1=Altaf |title=A Muhajir's Prayer |publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=July 22, 2001}}</ref> Some leaders throughout other nations of [[South Asia]] have discussed the practicality of this idea. Some advocates added ideas such as the two nations retaining their sovereignty but issuing and dealing in the same [[Rupee|currency]] and also signing an accord with which they can resolve problems related to defence with world powers like the [[United States]], European Union and [[Russia]].<ref name="IV" />

Some Pakistani commentators have argued that Indian leaders specifically rejected the notion of such a confederation during the early years of the [[Cold War]], when Pakistan attempted to covertly contact India to outline the possibility of India–Pakistan defence cooperation in Kashmir against [[Aksai Chin|growing Chinese ambitions in the region]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 September 1965|title=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00472A000600010008-7.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123172238/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00472A000600010008-7.pdf|archive-date=23 January 2017|access-date=12 September 2020|website=The Kashmir Dispute – Intelligence Memorandum}}</ref> which was rejected by India with the reasoning that the entirety of Kashmir is an integral part of India alone which shuts down the question of any Pakistani presence in the region.<ref name="IV"/> Others have contended that two nations did not necessarily imply two states, and the fact that [[Bangladesh]] did not merge with India despite the cultural similarities (especially with [[West Bengal|Indian Bengal]]) after [[Bangladesh Liberation War|separating from Pakistan]] supports the initial [[Two-nation theory (Pakistan)|two-nation theory]] professed by the [[Pakistan Movement]]. However, many see the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in itself to be a rejection of the two-nation theory,<ref>{{cite news|first=Rajiv|last=Jayaram|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/serendipity/when-two-nation-theory-was-torn|title=When Two-Nation Theory was Torn|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=16 December 2011|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> since ethnic nationalism trumped religious nationalism.

==See also==
*[[Greater India]]
*[[India–Pakistan relations]]
**[[Partition of India]]
**[[Opposition to the partition of India|Opposition to the Partition of India]]
***[[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]]
**[[Indian reunification]]
*[[Bangladesh–Pakistan Confederation]]
*[[Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.dawn.com/news/1305116 Indian author moots confederation to settle Kashmir issue]
*[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/sudheendra-kulkarni/pakistan-without-partitio_b_7986022.html Pakistan Without Partition: Let's Revive The Buried Idea Of Indo-Pak Confederation]
*[https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01062001/08.htm Indo-Pak confederation? By Ghulam Muhammad]

{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan Confederation}}
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Politics of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Proposed political unions]]
[[Category:Power sharing]]

Kurunji Venkataramana Gowda

2026-03-15T22:52:15Z

LibbyAlba221:

{{Short description|Indian educationist and founder of Academy of Liberal Education}}

{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=Very very promotional and uses the long -}}
'''Kurunji Venkataramana Gowda''' (26 December 1928 – 7 August 2013) was an Indian [[educationist]] and [[philanthropist]]. He was the founder-president of the Academy of Liberal Education (AOLE), Sullia, and is widely credited with transforming the then-backward region of Sullia in Dakshina Kannada into a major hub of education and healthcare.<ref>{{cite web |title=About AOLE – KVG NMC |url=https://kvgnmc.org/about-aole/}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| name = Kurunji Venkataramana Gowda
| image = Kurunji Venkatramana Gowda.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 26 December 1928<ref>{{cite news |title=A Tribute of Homage to Dr. Kurunji Venkatramana Gowda on 07/08/2021 – KVG Medical College & Hospital {{!}} Best Medical College & Hospital in Karnataka, India |url=https://kvgmch.org/2024/06/24/a-tribute-of-homage-to-dr-kurunji-venkatramana-gowda-on-07-08-2021/}}</ref>
| birth_place = Sullia, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
| death_date = 7 August 2013<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurunji Venkataramana Gowda no more |url=https://www.coastaldigest.com/kurunji-venkataramana-gowda-no-more |work=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India |language=en}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Sullia]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = [[Educationist]], [[Philanthropist]]
| known_for = Founder of Academy of Liberal Education (AOLE)<ref>{{cite web |title=About AOLE – KVG NMC |url=https://kvgnmc.org/about-aole/}}</ref>
| alma_mater =
| notable_works = Establishment of multiple educational and healthcare institutions in Sullia
| children = Chidhanada, Renuka Prasad and Govardni
}}
== Early life ==
Gowda was born on 26 December 1928 in an agrarian family in what is now Sullia taluk of [[Dakshina Kannada]] district. His father died when Gowda was about 15 years old, which forced him to take responsibility for his family at a young age. Financial hardship meant that he discontinued his formal education after around eighth standard.

== Educational and social initiatives ==
Gowda believed strongly in education as a means for social upliftment and rural transformation. Under his vision, the Academy of Liberal Education was established in 1976.

The first institution under AOLE was Nehru Memorial College, Sullia (NMC)<ref>{{cite web |title=KVG NMC |url=https://kvgnmc.org/}}</ref>, located at Kurunjibag, Sullia. Over the decades, the academy expanded to include a variety of educational and professional institutions – including engineering, medical, dental, [[ayurveda]], nursing, polytechnic, ITI, law, and teacher training – turning Sullia and surrounding areas into a recognized educational hub.
*[[KVG Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[KVG College of Engineering]]
*KVG Polytechnic
*KVG Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital
*KVG Dental College
*[[Nehru Memorial College, Sullia]]

== Philosophy and social commitment ==
Gowda’s guiding philosophy emphasized hard work, integrity, honesty, discipline, service to marginalized communities, and upliftment through education. He believed that true empowerment for underprivileged communities — including Dalits, women, and the rural poor — could be achieved through access to education and healthcare.

== Business ==
Kurunji Venkatramana Gowda began his career through small business work at a young age. After leaving school due to family circumstances, he started a small shop in Sullia to support his household. This early experience introduced him to trade, finance, and community needs.

Over time, his business activities grew, and he became known as a local entrepreneur. He invested in small commercial ventures and gradually built financial stability. The income he earned from these early business efforts later helped him establish his first educational institutions.

Although he continued to manage certain business responsibilities, his primary focus shifted from commerce to institution-building and social development, using his business skills to plan, fund, and expand the Academy of Liberal Education and its network of institutions.

== Philanthropy ==
Kurunji Venkatramana Gowda was widely recognized for his strong commitment to public welfare and rural development. His philanthropic work was closely connected to his belief that education and healthcare should be accessible to all, especially people from rural and economically disadvantaged backgrounds.

== Awards and honours ==
Kurunji Venkataramana Gowda received several national and international recognitions for his contribution to education and rural development. His major honours include:

* Honorary Doctorate from Florida University, USA<ref>{{cite web |title=Venkateshwara Dental college and Hospital |url=https://www.svdc.ac.in/about-aole |website=www.svdc.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Rajiv Gandhi]] Ekta Award
* Glory of India Award
* Parisararatna Award
* Vikas Jyoti Award
* [[Indira Gandhi]] Sadbhavana Award
* Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award
* Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=News headlines |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=28121 |work=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
</references>

[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

Adbhutham

2026-03-15T16:06:19Z

LibbyAlba221:

{{Short description|2021 Indian science fiction romance film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|te-latn|Adbhutham}}
| image = Adbhutham Poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Mallik Ram
| story = [[Prasanth Varma]]
| screenplay = Lakshmi Bhupala
| based_on =
| producer = Mogulla Chandrashekhar Reddy 
Srujan Yarabolu
| starring = {{Plain list |
* [[Teja Sajja]]
* [[Shivani Rajashekar]]}}
| cinematography = Vidya Sagar Chinta
| editing = [[Garry BH]]
| music = [[Radhan]]
| studio = Mahaateja Creations S Originals
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|11|19}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''{{Lang|te-latn|Adbhutham}}''' ({{translation|Wonder}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[science fiction]] [[romance film]] directed by Mallik Ram from the screenplay of Lakshmi Bhupala with a story by [[Prasanth Varma]]. The film stars [[Teja Sajja]] and [[Shivani Rajashekar]]. It was premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on November 19, 2021.<ref name="అద్భుతం.. ఓ ఫాంటసీ ప్రేమకథ">{{cite news |last1=Eenadu |title=అద్భుతం.. ఓ ఫాంటసీ ప్రేమకథ - director mallik ram abou adbhutham movie |url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/director-mallik-ram-abou-adbhutham-movie/0201/121234096 |accessdate=18 November 2021 |work= |date=16 November 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118061722/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/director-mallik-ram-abou-adbhutham-movie/0201/121234096 |archivedate=18 November 2021 |language=te}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews.
This movie was inspired from the 2015 Kannada movie 'Minchagi Neenu Baralu' which itself is inspired from the 2000 South Korean film ''[[Il Mare]]''.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=March 2022}}
Surya and Vennela are standing on top of an office building and near a lake, respectively, both wanting to commit suicide.

12 hours earlier, Surya wakes up in a dream about a car accident and answers his friend's call, asking him to reach the office early because he is late for a music director interview that his friend is hosting. He gets an unknown call, which he disconnects, and also gets food from an unknown person. He receives a call from someone asking him to participate in a competition. However, he gets lost in his thoughts about his father and is about to meet with an accident, but nothing happens. During the interview, Surya insults the music director and gets insulted by his manager, who happens to be his father's friend. The manager says that his being adamant about music was the primary reason behind his father's death.

Meanwhile, at Vennela's house, the groom and his family have come to see her. She tries to cancel the arranged marriage to follow her dreams, but the groom still wants to marry her. Also, her father wants her to get married as she has been unable to clear her entrance exam for the past two years. She assures her father that she will pass the entrance test this time. It turns out that she has failed the mock test. Because of these reasons, each of them wants to commit suicide.

Surya decides to message someone that he is going to commit suicide. Confused about whom to message, he messages himself. Vennela receives the message and starts arguing that the other person is sending it to their own number. In this confusion, Surya aborts his plan to commit suicide, and his friend also comes to his rescue. Vennela gets a call from her father saying her grandmother had had a heart attack. After a series of misunderstandings and conflicts, they became friends on condition that they not meet. One day, Vennela comes across one of her friends who was cheated by her online boyfriend, who had asked her for money as a favor and never returned. She decides to meet Surya at the clock tower, to which he agrees. Both reach the place; however, the place where Surya is has strong winds, while Vennela's is sunny. Though Surya explains this to Vennela, she does not understand. Surya gets an umbrella from a kid, reaches home, and calls Vennela. Vennela, feeling cheated that Surya wanted to get money from her, answers the call and starts to fight. During the fight, Surya asks her to watch the television, where the news reports a cyclone; however, Vennela tells him that the news is all about the Telangana agitation, to which Surya responds that a separate Telangana state was declared on February 18, 2014. Then he realises that Vennela is in 2014, when she confirms the date as February 14, 2014, while he is in 2019.

Vennela feels that Surya has cheated her; however, she is surprised when separate Telangana is announced on February 18, as Surya had said to her. She asks Surya to come to the clock tower and wants to know whether any other incident occurred that day to confirm they are from different timelines. Unable to figure out any incident, she scribbles on the bench where they both are sitting in their respective timelines, which Surya confirms. Both try to meet the other person within their respective timelines, on Vennela's grandmother's advice, but to no avail. Time passes, and their friendship blossoms. One day, Vennela proposes to Surya while they are sitting on the same bench. However, Surya says he never had feelings for her and may not love anyone, having been rejected by the person he loved. Vennela gets angry with him and cuts the phone. She is proposed to by an unknown person, but she slaps him and rejects his proposal. The unknown person happens to be Surya. Vennela and her grandmother start drinking, thinking about her rejection. Meanwhile, Surya calls Vennela to find out if she is all right and tells her his story, revealing his life, how he fell in love, being rejected by his love, getting drunk, and his father's death.

As her father wants to finalize the marriage, she says that if she does not clear the entrance test, she will do as he says. Her grandmother comes up with a plan to get the answers from Surya for the 2014 exam in 2019. Vennela passes the exam with an All India rank of 87. Though her father is impressed by her, she feels guilty for cheating, and Surya asks her to disclose it to her father. Surya receives multiple calls from Vennela on his father's death anniversary. When he is reverted, he realizes that Vennela can save his father and guides her to the place where his father was found dead. It happens to be that his father died saving Vennela, whom some thugs kidnapped. Vennela realises the same but loses her phone during the tussle. She tries multiple times to meet Surya, but nature keeps stopping her. Not knowing any of this, Surya of 2019 tries to contact her but receives no response because Vennela has lost her phone. Vennela's grandmother tells her that nature does not want her to meet Surya and that, in the future, Surya will not have Vennela by his side. Surya, remembering one of his interactions with Vennela, goes to the lakeside, where she keeps wishes in letters under the Lord Rama idol. He reads one of those that has his father's last wish and finds the guitar that he loved as a gift. Surya decides to participate in a music competition and performs well.

Meanwhile, Surya asks one of his friends to find out what has happened to Vennela's number, as he is unable to contact her. His friend tells him that since the number was disabled in 2014, the same number was given to Surya. She also mentions that Vennela has died in a car accident on the same day as his performance. Looking at the newspaper, Surya realizes that Vennela is none other than the woman he proposed to. 2014 Surya receives his father's belongings and comes across Vennela's mobile phone, then calls the last number. 2019 Surya answers the call and realizes that 2014 Surya is on the other side. He guides 2014 Surya to reach Vennela and save her from her impending death. However, Vennela's car is involved in an accident. Surya, dejected, goes to the clock tower. He finds Vennela standing behind him, and they hug. It is shown that Vennela sees one of Surya's friends and gets out of the car before the car is involved in an accident. She explains that she left for higher studies after listening to her grandmother, and since she came back, she has tried to meet him, but every time she tried, there was some harm to his life, one being the incident shown at the beginning. She mentions that she was always around him, as she used to order him food daily and also give him an umbrella. She also mentions that she waited for the day she lost her mobile phone to meet him, which happened to be the day of his performance. They understand that whatever has happened is nature-driven and are brought together after each of them has fulfilled their goals.

== Cast ==
* [[Teja Sajja]] as Surya
* [[Shivani Rajashekar]] as Vennela
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Sathya]] as Prasad, Surya's friend
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Chandra Mohan, Surya's father
* Devi Prasad as Vennala's father
* [[Tulasi Shivamani]] as Vennela's grandmother
* Jaiyetri Makana as Surya's friend, also one of the band members
* Divyasree as Vennela's friend

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Radhan]] and released by [[Lahari Music]].<ref name="JioSaavn 2021">{{cite web | title=Perenti Oorenti (From "Adbhutham") (Full Song) - Perenti Oorenti (From "Adbhutham") - Download or Listen Free | website=JioSaavn | date=2021-11-18 | url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/perenti-oorenti-from-adbhutham/MyBSQzN0XGY | access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Adbhutham
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Radhan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 4:06
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = Radhan
| prev_title = [[Paagal]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal (2022 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal]]
| next_year = 2022
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1= Perenti Oorenti
| extra1= Yogisekar, Sameera Bharadwaj
| lyrics1= Krishna Kanth
| length1= 4:06
| title2= Arrere Enti E Dorram
| extra2= Satya Yamini, Sweekar Agastya
| lyrics2= Krishna Kanth
| length2= 1:45
}}

== Release==
Initially planned as a theatrical film and a debut for both the leading actors, the film was postponed and eventually premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on November 19, 2021.<ref name="తేజ సజ్జా అద్భుతం ఓటీటీలోనే రిలీజ్‌… వ‌చ్చేది ఎప్పుడంటే..">{{cite news |title=తేజ సజ్జా అద్భుతం ఓటీటీలోనే రిలీజ్‌… వ‌చ్చేది ఎప్పుడంటే.. |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/teja-sajja-adbhutam-movie-to-be-release-in-ott-platform-disney-hotstar-295845/ |accessdate=18 November 2021 |date=10 November 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118062352/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/teja-sajja-adbhutam-movie-to-be-release-in-ott-platform-disney-hotstar-295845/ |archivedate=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hymavathi 2021">{{cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2021-11-09 |title=Teja Sajja And Shivani Rajashekar's 'Adbhutam' Trailer Is All New With An Interesting Concept |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/teja-sajja-and-shivani-rajashekars-adbhutam-trailer-is-all-new-with-an-interesting-concept-714539 |access-date=2021-11-21 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Mukesh Manjunath writing for ''[[Film Companion]]'' praised the film to be one of the best entertainers of the year.<ref name="Film Companion 2021">{{cite web | title=Adbhutham Movie Review: This Sci-Fi Film Lives Up To Its Title | website=Film Companion | date=2021-11-19 | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/adbhutam-movie-2021-review-hotstar-this-sci-fi-film-lives-up-to-its-title/ | access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', noted that this science fiction romance comedy does not leverage on its interesting premise.<ref name="The Hindu 2021">{{cite web | title='Adbhutham' movie review: Doesn't live up to its title | website=The Hindu | date=2021-11-20 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/adbhutham-movie-review-doesnt-live-up-to-its-title/article37593371.ece | access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt14994064}}
*{{official website|https://www.hotstar.com/1260073266}} at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in 2014]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]
[[Category:2021 science fiction films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]

Educational institutions in Ernakulam district

2026-03-15T00:45:24Z

LibbyAlba221: Added Initial Place W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Ernakulam District''' is a district of the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]].

==Institutions of higher learning in Ernakulam District==
* [[School of Engineering, CUSAT]]
* [[St. Teresa's College]]
* [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]]
* [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]
*[[St. Albert's College]]
* [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|Cochin University]]
*[[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]]
* [[Mar Athanasius College|Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam]]
* [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering|Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam]]
*[[Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology]]
* SCMS School of Engineering and Technology
*[[Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences]]
*[[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|Amrita School of Arts and Science]]
*[[SCMS Cochin School of Business|School of Communication and Management Studies]]
* [[Model Engineering College]]
*[[Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training]]
*[[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute]]
*[[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts|RLV College of Music]]
* Cochin College
* [[Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship]]
* [[CBSE Centre of Excellence Kochi]]
* [[Westford Institute of Film Technology]]

== Primary education ==
The pattern of primary education is essentially the same all over the state. There are government owned schools and government aided schools, which are affiliated to the [[Kerala State Education Board]]. A few privately owned schools are also affiliated to the system. Most of the schools owned by private organisations or individuals are affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE). [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) have some schools affiliated to them as well. The state education board offers both Malayalam and English medium instruction, while the other boards offer English medium alone. There are a few schools that follow international curricula, such as IB and IGCSE.

{{multiple image
| align = right
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| image1 = Maharajas_College,_Ernakulam.jpg
| width1 = 220
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Established in 1875, the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]] is one of the oldest colleges in the state
| image2 = Mec_aryabhatta.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 = The main building of [[Model Engineering College]] was inspired from India's first satellite, [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhatta]]
| image3 = Rajagiri college of social science.jpg
| width3 = 220
| alt3 =
| caption3 = [[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]] at [[Kalamassery]]
| total_width =
}}

There 34 government schools, 67 private aided schools and 31 unaided schools affiliated to the Kerala State Education Board in the city and suburbs.<ref name="List of Schools">{{cite web |publisher=Government of Kerala, Education Department |url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/schoollist/lp/ekm.pdf |title=List of Schools in Ernakulam District |accessdate=24 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627005413/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/schoollist/lp/ekm.pdf |archivedate=27 June 2011 }}</ref> There are 62 CBSE Schools, 2 IGCSE and 9 ICSE Schools as well.<ref name="CBSE Schools">{{cite web|publisher=Central Board of Secondary Education|url=http://cbse.nic.in/|title=Central Board of Secondary Education|accessdate=24 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="ICSE Schools">{{cite web |publisher=Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations |url=http://www.cisce.org/LocateSchool.jsp |title=Locate Affiliated Schools |accessdate=23 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417190534/http://cisce.org/LocateSchool.jsp |archivedate=17 April 2011 }}</ref>

The general pattern of education is ten years of common schooling to reach the secondary level. Kindegartens are widely available, but considered separate from formal schooling, and generally unregulated. After the secondary level, three streams, namely [[liberal arts|Arts]], Commerce or Science are offered for higher secondary education. After finishing the school, students can opt for higher education related to the streams they had undergone for higher secondary schooling.

The notable schools in the government sector are [[Sree Rama Varma High School]], Edappally High School, Government School-Kochi and Govt Girls Higher Secondary School in Kacheripady. There are [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Chinmaya Mission]] and [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] run several quasi-private charter schools within the city limits, as well as in the suburbs. There are several fully private schools that are owned by secular and religious trusts which are of particular renown, such as [https://asokaworldschool.com Asoka World School], The Delta Study, [[Rajagiri|Rajagiri Public School]], Campion School, [[Assisi Vidyaniketan]], [[Cochin Refineries School]], Gregorian Public School, Greets Public School, Toc-H Public School, Global Public School, [[Choice School]], [[Vidyodaya School]], [[Mar Thoma Public School]], Nava Nirman Public School and St. Pauls International School, Kalamassery, The Charter School Kochi.

==See also==
* [[Ernakulam]] town
* [[Ernakulam district]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Education in Ernakulam district]]

Jacinta Kerketta

2026-03-14T11:53:45Z

LibbyAlba221: Adding new info nd citations!

{{Short description|Indian journalist and poet (born 1983)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jacinta Kerketta
| image = Jacinta Kerketta.jpg
| alt = Jacinta Kerketta
| caption = Jacinta Kerketta
| birth_name = Jacinta Kerketta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|08|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khudaposh]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum District]], [[Jharkhand]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = journalist, writer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
* ''Angor''
* ''Jodon Ki Jameen''
}}
'''Jacinta Kerketta''' (born 3 August 1983) is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] journalist, poet and activist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Jasodhara |date=9 December 2022 |title=Jacinta Kerketta: Becoming The Voice Of Indigenous Communities |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/jacinta-kerketta-becoming-the-voice-of-indigenous-communities/81795/1 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Her poetry and journalism discusses the [[Adivasi]] identity of youth, protests against the systemic oppression of Adivasis in India, gender-based violence, especially against women, displacement and questions the state apathy of governance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Mrinalini |date=2025-02-03 |title=Jacinta Kerketta: The Voice Of The Adivasi Vision |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2025/02/03/jacinta-kerketta-the-voice-of-the-adivasi-vision/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Forbes India]] named her one of India's top 20 Self-Made Women list. Her first Hindi-English bilingual poetry collection ''Angor'' was translated into German, Italian and French. Her second Hindi-English bilingual poetry collection ''Jadon ki Zameen'' was translated into English and German. ''Ishwar aur Bazaar'' is her third poetry collection.

== Life ==

=== Childhood ===
Kerketta was born on 3 August 1983, to Pushpa Anima Kerketta and Jay Prakash Kerketta in [[Khudaposh]], a village in the [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum District]] of the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] located on the surroundings of the [[Saranda forest]] near the Jharkhand-[[Odisha]] border. She and her family are from the [[Oraon people|Oraon tribe]]. Her father was a marathon athlete who worked as a security guard at a local school run by a church and then temporarily worked in the police force.<ref>Interview mit Jacinta Kerketta zum Jahr der indigenen Sprachen. In: [https://www.adivasi-koordination.de/wpdev/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/AKD_rundbrief67-1.pdf ''Adivasi-Rundbrief 67,''] April 2019</ref>

=== Education ===
Kerketta mostly studied in different schools in the [[Santhal Pargana division]] in Jharkhand and also in [[Betiya, Biha|Betiya]] of [[West Champaran district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-08-09 |title=Know about Jacinta Kerketta (An Adivasi Young Poet and Journalist) |url=https://kavishala.in/@kavishala-labs/know-about-jacinta-kerketta-an-adivasi-young-poet-and-journalist |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=kavishala.in |publisher=GroundXero, Kavishala Labs |language=en}}</ref> She went to a missionary boarding school in [[Manoharpur railway station|Manoharpur]] at the age of 13.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Anumeha |title=The anger of Adivasis turns to poetry of anguish and hope in a young woman's hands |url=http://scroll.in/article/808591/the-anger-of-adivasis-turns-to-poetry-of-anguish-and-hope-in-a-young-womans-hands |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Scroll.in |date=5 June 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> graduated with a degree in [[mass communication]] and [[video production]] from [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]] in 2006. In 2016 she completed her master's degree in mass communication at the [[Ranchi University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=In Brief |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/2015-04-19-90502.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

=== Career ===
According to her own account, Kerketta decided to become a journalist after witnessing intense violence that went unnoticed by local reporters.<ref>Il Manifesto, Rom, 5. Mai 2018 (Übertragung aus dem Italienischen)</ref> From 2010 to 2013 she was employed as a reporter by the [[Ranchi]] edition of the Hindi daily [[Dainik Jagran]]. In 2014 she received an award from [[UNDP]] and conducted a study titled "Adivasi And Mining In Five Districts Of Jharkhand".<ref>Jacinta Kerketta, Glut, Gedichte Hindi-Deutsch, Heidelberg 2016, S. 159</ref> Since 2019 she has been a consulting for the Hindi edition of the Indian online news portal [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] and for the Ranchi edition of the daily newspaper [[Prabhat Khabar]]. In addition to her journalistic work, Kerketta is also a social worker. Since 2015 she has been working in girls' education in Adivasi villages in the [[Simdega district|Simdega]] and [[Khunti district]]s in Jharkhand,<ref>Adivasi-Rundbrief 60, Juni 2017, Die Verzweiflung der Armen: Bericht über die Tätigkeit von Jacinta Kerketta in der Bildungsarbeit für Adivasi-Mädchen, https://www.adivasi-koordination.de/wpdev/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2017-06-akd-rundbrief-60.pdf</ref> with support from the Kutchina Foundation, [[Kolkata]], among others.

== Views ==
Kerketta's work focuses on her home state Jharkhand which was separated in 2000 from Bihar with over 26 percent Adivasi population.<ref>''Neuer Bundesstaat Jharkhand: Werden die Träume der Adivasi wahr?'' In: [https://www.adivasi-koordination.de/wpdev/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2000-11-akd-rundbrief-14.pdf ''Adivasi-Rundbrief 14''] November 2000</ref> The industrialisation that followed the state's formation and its endangering impact on the livelihood of the Adivasi are illustrated in her writing.<ref>Gladson Dungdung, Whose country is it anyway? Untold Stories of the Indigenous Peoples of India, adivaani, Kalkutta 2013</ref> She has also criticized the violent state response to conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacinta Kerketta: Becoming The Voice Of Indigenous Communities |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/jacinta-kerketta-becoming-the-voice-of-indigenous-communities/81795/1 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2014 she was awarded by the Asia Indigenous People's Pact (AIPP) in [[Bangkok]] for her journalistic work ''Indigenous Voice of Asia''. That year she also received an award for her poems from the civil society organization Jharkhand Indigenous Peoples Forum and the Prerana Samman award from the Chota Nagpur Cultural Association. The Ravishankar Upadhyay Memorial Institute in Varanasi awarded her the Ravishankar Upadhyay Memorial Youth Poetry Award.<ref>Jacinta Kerketta, Glut, Gedichte Hindi-Deutsch, Heidelberg 2016, S. 159</ref> In 2017 the daily Prabhat Khabar awarded her the Aparajita Award. In 2019 she received the Foundation of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Women Exemplar Recognition Award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2020 |title=Ad Meliora Catalyzing Transformation: Activity Report 2019-2020 |url=https://ciifoundation.in/document/NewsLetter/CII-Foundation-Activity-Report-2019-20.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=CII Foundation}}</ref> She was named one of India's top 20 Self-Made Women in 2022 by [[Forbes India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=W-Power List 2022 {{!}} Meet India's Top Self-Made Women in 2022 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/w-power-2022/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Self-Made Women 2022: Making Of The List |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/indias-selfmade-women-2022-making-of-the-list/81671/1 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2023, Kerketta declined to accept the ''Aaj Tak Sahitya Jagriti Udyman Pratibha Samman,'' a literary award given by the [[India Today Group]], for her collection of Hindi-language poems ''Ishwar aur Bazaar.'' Explaining her decision, she posted on X, saying: “At a time when there’s loss of respect for the lives of tribals in the country, tribals of central India and Manipur have no dignity of life and the lives of people and children of other communities are under continuous attack, how can any honor thrill a poet or writer?”<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-11-25 |title=Adivasi poet Jacinta Kerketta turns down literary prize from India Today Group |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1059628/adivasi-poet-jacinta-kerketta-turns-down-literary-prize-from-india-today-group |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, she called out mainstream media's lack of coverage of incidents in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodhi |first=Tanishka |date=2023-11-24 |title='Mainstream media silent on tribal issues': Adivasi writer Jacinta Kerketta refuses press award |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/11/24/mainstream-media-silent-on-tribal-issues-adivasi-writer-jacinta-kerketta-refuses-press-award |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref>

In September 2024, Kerketta rejected the ''Room to Read Young Author Award'', issued in recognition of her children's poetry collection ''Jirhul''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muzaffar |first=Maroosha |date=2024-10-01 |title=Indian poet rejects US-backed arts award 'in solidarity with Palestine' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/jacinta-kerketta-usaid-room-to-read-india-author-award-b2621234.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Kerketta rejected on the award in protest of awarding entities [[US AID]] and [[Room to Read]] India Trust complicity in [[Gaza war|Israel's genocide on Gaza]], and particularly Room to Read India Trust's ties to [[Boeing]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Adivasi poet Jacinta Kerketta rejects US AID-supported award in solidarity with Palestine |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/adivasi-poet-jacinta-kerketta-rejects-us-aid-supported-award-in-solidarity-with-palestine/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Maktoob Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='For Children of Palestine': Writer Jacinta Kerketta Turns Down Award Co-Sponsored by USAID |url=https://thewire.in/books/jacinta-kerketta-award-usaid-palestine |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

=== Books ===
* ''Angor''
* ''Land of The Roots''
* ''Ishwar Aur Bazar''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerketta |first=Jacinta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCVpEAAAQBAJ |title=Ishwar Aur Bazar |date=1 April 2022 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-93-92757-83-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Jacinta Ki Diary''
* ''Prem Me Ped Hona''<ref>{{Cite web |last=कोठारी |first=डॉ शुभ्रा पंत |date=20 April 2025 |title=प्रेम में पेड़ होना: प्रकृति और मानवीय प्रेम का मिलन |url=https://thewirehindi.com/299561/book-review-jacinta-kerketta-prem-mein-ped-hona/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=The Wire - Hindi |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayushman |date=26 April 2024 |title=प्रेम में पेड़ होनाः जसिंता केरकेट्टा |url=https://hindi.feminisminindia.com/2024/04/26/prem-me-ped-hona-by-jacinta-kerketta-book-review-hindi/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ''Jirhul''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerketta, Jacinta}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hindustani verbs

2026-03-14T08:18:21Z

LibbyAlba221: Adding a pg nd citations!

{{Short description|Verbs in the Hindi and Urdu languages}}
{{cleanup lang|date=February 2021}}
{{Hindustani_language}}

[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]) [[verbs]] [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugate]] according to [[Grammatical mood|mood]], [[Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Grammatical person|person]], [[Grammatical number|number]], and [[Grammatical gender|gender]]. Hindustani inflection is markedly simpler in comparison to [[Sanskrit]], from which Hindustani has inherited its verbal conjugation system (through [[Prakrit]]). Aspect-marking participles in Hindustani mark the [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. [[Grammatical gender|Gender]] is not distinct in the present tense of the indicative mood, but all the participle forms agree with the gender and number of the subject. Verbs agree with the gender of the subject or the object depending on whether the subject pronoun is in the dative or ergative case (agrees with the object) or the nominative case (agrees with the subject).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Abbas |first1=Qaiser |last2=Zia |first2=Tehseen |last3=Nabi Khan |first3=Ahsan |title=Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Urdu Modal Verbs using XLE Parser |journal=International Journal of Computer Applications |date=18 December 2014 |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.5120/18791-0127 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Overview ==

=== Verbs ===
In Hindustani, all verbs have a base form called the infinitive which is marked by the -'''''nā''''' ending of verbs (compare [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] *''-aną'').<ref name="Montaut 115–146">{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110610796-006 |chapter=On the nature of the Hindi infinitive: History as an answer to its syntactic behavior? |title=Trends in Hindi Linguistics |year=2018 |pages=115–146 |isbn=9783110610796 |s2cid=126397294 |last1=Montaut |first1=Annie }}</ref> Some of the most common verbs are: '''''honā''' (to be), '''karnā''' (to do), '''rahnā''' (to stay), '''chalnā''' (to walk), '''bolnā''' (to speak).''

=== Complex verbs ===
Hindustani is extremely rich in complex verbs formed by the combinations of noun/adjective and a verb. Complex verbs are of two types: [[Transitive verb|transitive]] and [[Intransitive verb|intransitive]].<ref name=":5">{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110610796-009 |chapter=Conjunct verbs in Hindi |title=Trends in Hindi Linguistics |year=2018 |pages=217–244 |isbn=9783110610796 |s2cid=69388985 |last1=Fatma |first1=Shamim }}</ref>

* The transitive verbs are obtained by combining nouns/adjectives with verbs such as '''''karnā''''' 'to do', '''''lenā''''' 'to take', '''''denā''''' 'to give', '''''jītnā''''' 'to win' etc.
* The intransitive verbs are formed with the help of verbs such as '''''honā''''' 'to be/happen', '''''lagnā''''' 'to feel', '''''ānā''''' 'to come' etc.

Complex verbs (Complex [[Predicate (grammar)|predicates]]) are of the following three combinations:

# '''''noun + verb'''''
# '''''adjective + verb'''''
# '''''verb + verb'''''

where the noun, adjective or the first verb contributes the [[Semantics|semantic]] content and the verb or second verb accounts for the [[syntactic]] information of the construction. Noun/adjective and verb combinations are termed conjunct verbs, as in (1) and (2) in the examples below, whereas the combinations of two verbs are called compound verbs, as in the example (3) below:
{|
| colspan="2" |'''''NOUN + VERB'''''
|-
|'''(1)'''
|{{interlinear|Shīlā-nē kām kiyā.|Shila(FEM).SG-ERG work(MASC).SG.NOM do.PRF.MASC.SG|'Shila did the work'|transl1=iso|lang1=hi}}
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''ADJECTIVE + VERB'''''
|-
|'''(2)'''
|{{interlinear|Shīlā-nē kamrā sāf kiyā.|Shila(FEM).SG-ERG room(MASC).SG.NOM clean do.PRF.MASC.SG|'Shila cleaned the room'|transl1=iso|lang1=hi}}
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''VERB + VERB'''''
|-
|'''(3)'''
|{{interlinear|Shīlā-nē sach bōl diyā.|Shila(FEM).SG-ERG truth(MASC).SG.NOM say give.PRF.MASC.SG|'Shila told the truth.'
| transl1 = iso
| lang1 = hi
}}
|}
In the above examples, there are verbal constructions which can be grouped into two categories of complex verbs, namely, ''conjunct verbs'' and ''compound verbs''.<ref name=":5" /> (1) and (2) are examples of conjunct verbs since in (1) we find a noun '''''kām''''' 'work' and a perfective form of the verb '''''karnā''''', 'do' whereas in (2) the verbal predicate exhibits a complex construction made of two elements, namely an adjective '''''sāf''''' 'clean' plus a verb '''''karnā''''', 'do'. The example in (3), on the other hand, is considered a compound verb since the predicate exhibits two or more than two verbal elements, '''''bōl''''' 'tell' and '''''diyā''''' 'gave' (a form of ''dēnā'' 'give').

=== Aspects ===
There are three primary grammatical aspects: ''[[habitual aspect]]'', ''[[perfective aspect]]'' and [[Continuous and progressive aspects|''progressive aspect''.]]<ref name="Van Olphen 1975">{{cite journal |last1=Van Olphen |first1=Herman |title=Aspect, tense, and mood in the Hindi verb |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=1975 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=284–301 |doi=10.1163/000000075791615397 |jstor=24651488 |s2cid=161530848 }}</ref> [[Periphrasis|Periphrastic]] verb forms consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element is the [[Tense–aspect–mood|tense-mood]] marker.<ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/> The three aspects are formed from their participle forms being used with the copula verb ('''''honā''''' "to be"). However, the primary participles which mark the aspects can be modified periphrastically by adding auxiliary participles constructed from auxiliary verbs such as '''''rahnā''''' (to stay/remain), '''''ānā''''' (to come), '''''jānā''''' (to go) after the primary participle to add a nuance to the aspect.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0475-9|location=New Delhi|pages=216–246}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=George L.|title=Compendium of the World's Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|isbn=0-415-11392-X|location=Great Britain|pages=225–229}}</ref>

==== Habitual aspect ====
The [[habitual aspect]] is marked using the habitual participle, which is constructed by taking the verb root and suffixing '''''-tā''''' to it.

==== Perfective aspect ====
The [[perfective aspect]] is marked using the perfective participle, which is constructed by taking the verb root and suffixing '''''-ā''''' to it. If the verb root ends in a vowel, then '''''-yā''''' is suffixed to the verb root instead.

==== Progressive aspect ====
Hindustani has distinct constructions to convey [[Progressive and continuous aspects|progressive and continuous]] actions. Progressive actions are marked through the progressive aspect participle '''''rahā''''' used along with the verb root, while the continuous action is conveyed through the perfective adjectival participle, which is a combination of the verb's perfective participle and the perfective participle of the verb '''''honā''''' (to be), which is '''''huā'''''.<ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/> The verbs in the examples ''1a'' and ''2a'' below are in the progressive aspect while in ''1b'' and ''2b'' the verbs are in their perfective adjectival participle form.
{|
|
|
|
|'''''Hindustani'''''
|
|
|'''''Translation'''''
|-
|'''''1a'''''
|
|
|''baiṭh rahā hai''
|
|
|''He is sitting. (nuance: he is in the process of sitting)''
|-
|'''''1b'''''
|
|
|''baiṭhā huā hai''
|
|
|''He is sitting. (nuance: he is already sitting)''
|-
|'''''2a'''''
|
|
|''śarṭ pahan rahī hū̃''
|
|
|''I am wearing a shirt. (nuance: I (female) am in the process of wearing a shirt)''
|-
|'''''2b'''''
|
|
|''śarṭ pahnī huī hū̃''
|
|
|''I am wearing a shirt. (nuance: I (female) am already wearing a shirt)''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Aspectual declension
!Gender
!Number
!Habitual
!Perfective
!Progressive
!Continuous
|-
|rowspan="2"|Masculine
|Sing.
|'''''-tā'''''
|'''''-(y)ā'''''
|'''''+ rahā'''''
|'''''+ huā'''''
|-
|Plu.
|'''''-te'''''
|'''''-(y)e'''''
|'''''+ rahe'''''
|'''''+ hue'''''
|-
|rowspan="2"|Feminine
|Sing.
|'''''-tī'''''
|'''''-(y)ī'''''
|'''''+ rahī'''''
|'''''+ huī'''''
|-
|Plu.
|'''''-tī̃'''''
|'''''-(y)ī̃'''''
|'''''+ rahī̃'''''
|'''''+ huī̃'''''
|}

=== Moods ===
There are five grammatical moods which the three aspects can be put into.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Smriti|last2=Sarma|first2=Vaijayanthi M.|date=December 2011|title=Verbal Inflection in Hindi: A Distributed Morphology Approach|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1030|journal=Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation|location=Singapore|publisher=Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University|pages=283–292}}</ref> Moods in Hindustani are:

# [[Indicative mood]]
# [[Presumptive mood]]
# [[Subjunctive mood]]
#* Regular subjunctive
#**Present subjunctive
#**Future subjunctive
#* Perfective subjunctive<ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/>
#**Future subjunctive
# [[Counterfactual mood]]
#*[[Conditional mood|Conditional]]
#* [[Past subjunctive]]
# [[Imperative mood]]
#* Present imperative
#* Future imperative<ref>{{Citation|last=Sharma|first=Ghanshyam|title=A pragmatic account of directive strategies in Hindi|date=2015|url=https://hal-inalco.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01420856|language=en|access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref>

'''Notes:'''

* When making an [[If clause|if-clause]], the conditional mood is used in both [[Apodosis (linguistics)|apodosis]] and the [[Conditional sentence|protasis]] unlike other languages such as the ones in the [[Romance languages|Romance branch]] which make use of unique past-subjunctive and conditional verb forms in the apodosis and the protasis, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Ghanshyam|title=On Hindi Conditionals|chapter=On Hindi Conditionals - Ghanshyam Sharma|date=2016|chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01377532|work=Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|pages=1–29|editor-last=Singh|editor-first=Rajendra|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref>
*The regular future subjunctive is replaced by the perfective future subjunctive when an [[If clause|if-clause]] or a [[relative clause]] is used.

== Set of related verbs ==
Verbs are morphologically contrastive, leading to the existence of related verb sets divisible along such lines. While the derivation of different verb forms shows patterns, it does reach a level of variegation so as to make it somewhat difficult to outline all encompassing rules. Furthermore, some verb sets may have as many as four to five distinct members; also, the meaning of certain members of given sets may be [[Idiosyncrasy|idiosyncratic]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=270}}</ref> These below are the verb forms that a verb can have —

# '''Intransitive'''
## '''Involitional''' — these are actions that cannot be done intentionally.
###'''Dative''' — these involitional verbs require the subject to be in the dative case.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hong|first1=Sungok|last2=Bhatt Kumar|first2=Sunil|last3=Ranjan|first3=Rajiv|last4=Gusain|first4=Lakhan|date=|title=Hindi-Urduː Dative Subject Construction|url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/hindiurdu/chapter/grammar-notes-7-1-dative-subject-construction-i/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
###'''Non-dative''' — these verbs require the subject to be in the nominative case.
## '''Volitional''' — these are actions that can be intentionally done.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Piepers |first=Joske |date=May 2016 |title=Optional ergative case marking in Hindi |hdl=123456789/2440 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=197863131 }}</ref>
### '''Ergative''' — these verbs require the subject to be in the ergative case when the verb is in the perfective aspect.
### '''Non-ergative''' — these verbs always require the subject to be in the nominative case even when the verb is in perfective aspect.
# '''Transitive'''
## '''Direct''' — the subject itself experiences the action but the subject and the object are not the same
## '''Indirect''' — the subject imparts the action onto the object, the object is the experiencer of the action by the usually translated into English as "to make (someone/something) verb"
## '''Reflexive''' — the verb does action on the subject itself, the doer and experiencer of the action is the same subject
## '''Causative''' — the subject causes the action to happen

Starting from direct transitive verb forms, the other verb stems i.e., intransitive, causative, reflexive, indirect stems are produced according to these following (not exhaustive) assorted rules —

# Root vowel changeː
#* '''''a → ā'''''
#* '''''u / ū → o'''''
#* '''''i / ī → e'''''
# Sometimes the root vowel change accompanies the root's final consonant changeː
#* '''''k → c'''''
#* '''''ṭ → r̥'''''
#* '''''l → Ø'''''
# Suffixation of '''''-ā''''' to form the indirect or reflexive formː
#* Root vowel changeː '''''ū/o → u; e/ai/ā/ī → i'''''
#* Insertion of [[semivowel]] '''''l''''' between such vowel-terminating stems
# Suffixation of -'''''vā''''' (in place of '''''-ā''''' where it would occur) to form the causative verb stem

The meaning each verb in the verb set has is constructed from the direct form of the verb, for example: '''dekhnā''' (to see), '''dikhnā''' (to be seen), '''dikhānā''' (to make someone see; to show), '''dikhvānā''' (to cause to see). The table below shows some verbs and its verb set.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=270}}; {{harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=243–244}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| colspan="9" |'''''Set of related verbs'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" |''English''
''verbs''
! colspan="4" |''Intransitive''
! colspan="4" |''Transitive''
|-
! colspan="2" |'''''involitional'''''
! colspan="2" |'''''volitional'''''
! rowspan="2" |''direct''
! rowspan="2" |''indirect''
! rowspan="2" |''reflexive''
! rowspan="2" |''causative''
|-
!''non-dative''
!''dative''
!''non-ergative''
!''ergative''
|-
|''be''
|''honā''
|''—''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
| rowspan="2" | '''''—'''''
| rowspan="2" | '''''—'''''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
|''—''
|-
|''happen''
|''—''
|''honā''
|''hovānā''
|-
|''do''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''karnā''
|''karānā''
| ''—''
|''karvānā''
|-
|''fall''
|''girnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''girānā''
| ''—''
|''girvānā''
|-
|''prepare''
|''bannā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''banānā''
| ''—''
|''banvānā''
|-
|''send''
|''bhijnā''
|''—''
| '''''—'''''
| '''''—'''''
|''bhejnā''
| '''''—'''''
|''bhejānā''
|''bhijvānā''
|-
|''dance''
|''nacnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''nācnā''
| '''''—'''''
|''nacānā''
|'''''—'''''
|''nacvānā''
|-
|''be found''
|''milnā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
|''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
|''—''
|-
|''unite''
|''—''
|''milānā''
|''milvānā''
|-
|''receive''
|'''''—'''''
|''milnā''
|''—''
|''milvānā''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''open''
| rowspan="2" |''khulnā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
| rowspan="2" |''kholnā''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
|''khulānā''
|''khulvānā''
|-
|''kholānā''
|''kholvānā''
|-
|''learn''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''sīkhnā''
|''sikhānā''
| ''—''
|''sikhvānā''
|-
|''eat''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''khānā''
|''khilānā''
| ''—''
|''khilvānā''
|-
|''come''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''—''
|''anā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|-
|''to know how to''
|''anā''
|''—''
|-
|''drink''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''pīnā''
|''pilānā''
| ''—''
|''pilvānā''
|-
|''sell''
|''biknā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''becnā''
| ''—''
|''becānā''
|''bikvānā''
|-
|''see''
|''—''
|''dikhnā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''dekhnā''
|''dikhānā''
| ''—''
|''dikhvānā''
|-
|''look like''
|''lagnā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
|''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
|''—''
|-
|''touch, stick (to)''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''lagnā''
| rowspan="2" |''lagānā''
| rowspan="2" |''lagvānā''
|-
|''feel, feel like''
|''lagnā''
|''—''
|-
|''tell''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''kêhnā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''kêhlānā''
|''kêhêlvānā''
|-
|''say''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''bolnā''
| ''—''
|''bulānā''
| ''—''
|''bulvānā''
|-
|''spin''
|''ghumnā''
|''—''
|''ghūmnā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| rowspan="2" |''ghumānā''
|''—''
| rowspan="2" |''ghumvānā''
|-
|''travel around''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''—''
|''ghūmnā''
| ''—''
|-
|''lie down''
| ''—''
|''—''
|''leṭnā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''leṭānā''
| ''—''
|''leṭvānā''
|-
|''sit''
|''biṭhnā''
|''—''
|''baiṭhnā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''baiṭhānā''
| ''—''
|''baiṭhvānā''
|-
|''walk''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''calnā''
|''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''calānā''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |calvātā
|-
|''move''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''calnā''
|-
|''be okay with''
|''calnā''
|''—''
|-
|''sleep''
|''sutnā''
|''—''
|''sonā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''sulānā''
| ''—''
|''sulvānā''
|-
|''wash, clean''
|''dhulnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''dhonā''
| ''—''
|''dhulānā''
|''dhulvānā''
|-
|''break''
|''ṭūṭnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''tor̥nā''
| ''—''
|''tur̥ānā''
|''tur̥vānā''
|-
|''die''
|''marnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''mārnā''
| ''—''
|''marānā''
|''marvānā''
|-
|''move, shake''
|''hilnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''hilānā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''hilvānā''
|-
|''understand''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''samajhnā''
| ''—''
|''samjhānā''
| ''—''
|''samajhvānā''
|-
|''spread out''
|''bichnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''bichānā''
| ''—''
|''bichvānā''
|-
|''friction, rub''
| ''—''
|''—''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
|''ghisnā''
| rowspan="2" | ''—''
| ''—''
| rowspan="2" |''ghisvānā''
|-
|''wear out''
|''ghisnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''ghisānā''
|-
|''ashtonish''
|''ca͠uknā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''ca͠ukānā''
|''—''
|''ca͠ukvānā''
|-
|''tear''
|''phaṭnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''phār̥nā''
| ''—''
|''phar̥ānā''
|''phar̥vānā''
|-
|''blast, shatter''
|''phūṭnā, phaṭnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''phor̥nā''
| ''—''
|''phor̥ānā''
|''phor̥vānā''
|-
|''beat''
|''piṭnā''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''pīṭnā''
| ''—''
|''piṭānā''
|''piṭvānā''
|-
|''cough''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''khā̃snā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''khãsvānā''
|-
|''sneeze''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''chī̃kna''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''chĩkāna''
|''chī̃kvāna''
|-
|''bathe''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''nahānā''
| ''—''
|''nêhlānā''
|''nêhêlnā''
|''nêhêlvānā''
|-
|''shout''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''cillānā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''cilvānā''
|-
|''scream''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''cīkhna''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''cikhānā''
|''cīkhvānā''
|-
|''digest''
|''pacnā''
|''—''
|
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''pacānā''
| ''—''
|''pacvānā''
|-
|''play''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''khelnā''
|''khelānā''
| ''—''
|''khelvānā''
|-
|''know''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''jānnā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''janvānā''
|-
|''sing''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
|''gānā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''gavānā''
|-
|''fry''
| ''—''
|''—''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''talnā''
| ''—''
|''talānā''
|''talvānā''
|-
|''laugh''
|''—''
|''—''
| ''hãsnā''
| ''—''
| ''—''
|''hãsānā''
| ''—''
|''hãsvānā''
|}

== Verb conjugations ==
There are four distinguished conjugation sets in Hindustani.<ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/> The first person [1P] singular pronoun '''''mãĩ''','' the second person [2P] singular intimate pronoun '''''tū''','' the 2P plural familiar pronoun '''''tum''','' and the 2P plural formal pronoun '''''āp'''''. The 1P plural pronoun '''''ham''''' and the 3P plural conjugations are the same as the conjugations of '''''āp''''', and the 3P singular conjugations are the same as that of 2P singular pronoun '''''tū'''''. Hindi does not have 3P personal pronouns and instead the demonstrative pronouns ('''''ye''''' "this/these", '''''vo''''' "that/those") double as the 3P personal pronouns when they lack a noun argument.

There are very few irregular verbs. There are three types of irregularities that may occurː

# Irregular indicative perfect conjugationsː
#* '''''honā''' - to be;'' '''''karnā''' - to do;'' '''''denā''' - to give;'' '''''lenā''' - to take;'' '''''pīnā''' - to drink;'' '''''jānā''' - to go''
#Irregular subjunctive conjugationsː
#*'''''honā''' - to be;'' '''''lenā''' - to take;'' '''''denā''' - to give;'' '''''pīnā''' - to drink; '''jīnā''' - to live''
#Irregular imperative conjugationsː
#*'''''lēnā''' - to take; '''dēnā''' - to give; '''pīnā''' - to drink; '''jīnā''' - to live''

=== Subjunctive mood conjugations ===
[[Subjunctive mood]] can be put into two tenses: the present and future tense. The only verb that has both the present and future subjunctive conjugations is the verb '''''honā''''' "to be" while all the other verbs only have the future subjunctive conjugations.

==== Present regular subjunctive ====
The present subjunctive conjugations for the verb '''''honā''''' "to be" are mentioned below. Present subjunctive conjugations of '''''honā''''' "to be" act as copulas that mark present subjunctive when used with aspectual participles.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
|'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''present'''''
|♂ & ♀
|''hū̃''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
|''hõ''
|}

==== Future regular subjunctive ====
The future subjunctive forms are constructed the following way by adding the conjugational suffixes to the verb root. The future subjunctive conjugations for the [[regular verb]] '''''bolnā''''' "to speak" (the verb root is '''''bol-''''') is shown below. Future subjunctive conjugations of '''''honā''''' "to be" and '''''rahnā''''' "to stay" act as copulas that mark future subjunctive when used with aspectual participles.<ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''subjunctive'''''
| rowspan="2" |'''''future'''''
|♂ & ♀
|''-ū̃''
|''-e''
|''-o''
|''-ẽ''
|-
|♂ & ♀
|''bol'''ū̃'''''
|''bol'''e'''''
|''bol'''o'''''
|''bol'''ẽ'''''
|}
There are a couple of verbs with irregular future subjunctive forms, they are mentioned below. Every monosyllabic verb root such as in '''''pīnā''''' "to drink"'','' '''''jīnā''''' "to live" and '''''sīnā''''' "to sew" etc. change their long vowel '''''ī''''' to short vowel '''''i''''' when conjugated into future subjunctive.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!'''''verb'''''
!''regular''
''stem''
!''irregular''
''stem''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''subjunctive'''''
| rowspan="3" |'''''future'''''
|♂ & ♀
|''lenā "to take"''
|''le-''
|''l-''
|''lū̃''
|''le''
|''lo''
|''lẽ''
|-
|♂ & ♀
|''denā'' "to give"
|''de-''
|''d-''
|''dū̃''
|''de''
|''do''
|''dẽ''
|-
|♂ & ♀
|''pīnā'' "to drink"
|''pī-''
|''pi-''
|''piyū̃''
|''piye''
|''piyo''
|''piyẽ''
|}

==== Future perfective subjunctive ====
(The conjugations for future perfective subjunctive are the same as past perfect conjugations and they are discussed in the [[#Perfect past tense|past perfect section below]])

There are two future subjunctive moods, first the regular subjunctive and the second, the perfective subjunctive which superficially has the same form as the perfect past forms of verbs but still expresses future events, it is only used with [[if clause]]s and [[relative clause]]s. In a semantic analysis, this use of the perfective aspect marker would not be considered perfective, since it is more closely related to subjunctive usage. Only the superficial form is identical to that of the perfective.<ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/> This usage of perfective past as a future subjunctive is especially common colloquially; by describing the future action with a perfective verb and so stressing its completion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McGregor|first=R. S.|title=Outline of Hindi Grammar|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-19-560797-X|location=United States|pages=123–124}}</ref>

==== Regular and perfective subjunctive usage ====
The regular subjunctive when used implies that the event in question is not envisaged as definitely, but does not at all imply that it is unlikely to come about. It also expresses desire or wish.

# ''āp '''cāhẽ''' to ma͠i āpse hindi bolū̃gā. — "If you like, I'll speak Hindi with you".''
# ''acchā rahegā agar āp '''āyẽ''' — It'll be better if you come.''
# ''vo cāhtī hai ki ma͠i '''āū̃'''. — "she wants that I come."''
# ''usne bolā ki tum '''nā jāo'''. — "s/he said (wanted) that you don't go."''

The perfect future subjunctive either assumes that an event will definitely happen or the event is actually going to happen. Perfective future subjunctive are not used with events that are relatively unlikely happeningsː

# ''agar vo '''āye''' to mujhe usse milvānā. — Introduce me to him in case he comes.''
# ''jab vo '''āye''' to mujhe usse milvānā. — Introduce me to him when he comes.''

Usually with [[If clause|if-clauses]] using either the regular future subjunctive or the perfect future subjunctive will give grammatically correct sentences, the meanings however will be different. There's a nuance of precaution, and perfective (completed) action attached to the future perfective subjunctive, it is also used when giving out warnings, while the regular subjunctive expresses just a desire or wishː

# ''agar tūm '''kaho''' to ma͠i nahī̃ gāū̃gā — I won't sing if you say. (nuanceː "If you say so then I'll take your advice and won't sing.")''
# ''agar tūmne '''kahā''' to ma͠i nahī̃ gāū̃gā — I won't sing if you say (anything). (nuanceː "If you say anything to me, I won't sing at all.")''

And usually replacing the perfective subjunctive with the regular subjunctive in [[relative clause]]s makes the sentence ungrammatical. However, replacing the perfective subjunctive with indicative future would still result in a grammatical sentence but with a different nuanceː

# ''jis din tum '''āye''' us din karū̃gā — I'll do it the day you come.''
# '''''*'''jis din tum '''āo''' us din karū̃gā — (intended) I'll do it the day you (will) come.''
# ''jis din tum '''āoge''' us din karū̃gā — I'll do it the day you will come.''

=== Indicative mood conjugations ===

==== Present tense ====
The only verb in Hindustani that has indicative present tense forms is the verb '''''honā''''' "to be" and all other verbs lack this conjugation. Older forms of the language used to have present indicative forms but over time their meaning have change and now those forms are considered the future subjunctive forms which are discussed in the section above. These conjugations act as the present indicative copula with aspectual participles.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
|'''''indicative'''''
|'''''present'''''
|♂ & ♀
|''hū̃''
|''hai''
|''ho''
|''ha͠i''
|}
Indicative present tense conjugations of '''''honā''''' "to be" act as copulas that mark the indicative present tense when used with aspectual participles.

==== Perfect past tense ====
The indicative perfect conjugations are derived from a participle and hence decline according to number and gender of the pronoun and not the pronoun itself. They are constructed by taking the verb root and adding the vowels '''-ā''', '''-e''', '''-ī''', & '''-ī̃''' respectively for masculine singular, masculine plural, feminine singular, and feminine plural. The perfect past conjugation also doubles as the [[Perfective aspect|perfective participle]]. Past perfect conjugations for the [[regular verb]] '''''bolnā''''' "to speak" (verb root is '''''bol-''''') is shown below. Past perfect tense conjugations of '''''honā''''' "to be" and '''''rêhnā''''' "to stay" act as copulas that mark future perfective subjunctive when used with aspectual participles.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''''indicative'''''
| rowspan="4" |'''''perfect'''''
|♂
| colspan="2" |''-ā''
| colspan="2" |''-e''
|-
|♀
| colspan="3" |''-ī''
|''-ī̃''
|-
|♂
| colspan="2" |''bol'''ā'''''
| colspan="2" |''bol'''e'''''
|-
|♀
| colspan="3" |''bol'''ī'''''
|''bol'''ī̃'''''
|}
There are a couple of verbs that have irregular perfect past forms, these are mentioned belowː
{| class="wikitable"
|+''Verbs Irregular in Indicative Perfect Conjugations''
! rowspan="2" |''Verb''
! rowspan="2" |''Regular''
''Stem''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''Irregular''
''Stem''
! colspan="2" |''Masculine''
! colspan="2" |''Feminine''
|-
!''Singular''
!''Plural''
!''Singular''
!''Plural''
|-
|''honā "to be"''
|''ho-''
| colspan="2" |''hu-''
|''huā''
|''hue''
|''huī''
|''huī̃''
|-
|''jānā "to go"''
|''jā-''
| colspan="2" |''ga-''
|''gayā''
|''gaye''
|''gayī''
|''gayī̃''
|-
|''karnā "to do"''
|''kar-''
|''ki-''
|''kī-''
|''kiyā''
|''kiye''
|''kī''
|''kī̃''
|-
|''denā "to give"''
|''de-''
|''di-''
|''dī-''
|''diyā''
|''diye''
|''dī''
|''dī̃''
|-
|''lenā "to take"''
|''le-''
|''li-''
|''lī-''
|''liyā''
|''liye''
|''lī''
|''lī̃''
|-
|''pīnā "to drink"''
|''pī-''
|''pi-''
|''pī-''
|''piyā''
|''piye''
|''pī''
|''pī̃''
|}

==== Imperfect past tense ====
The only verb in Hindustani that has indicative present tense forms is the verb '''''honā''''' "to be" and all other verbs lack this conjugation. These indicative imperfect forms of '''''honā''' "to be"'' come from [[Sanskrit]] स्थित ''('''stʰita''')'' "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root '''''*steh₂-''''' (“to stand”).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pokorny|first=J.|url=https://dnghu.org/|title=Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|publisher=Indo-European Language Revival Association|year=2007|pages=2906–2914}}</ref> Imperfect past tense conjugations of '''''honā''''' "to be" act as copula that mark indicative imperfect past when used with aspectual participles.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''indicative'''''
| rowspan="2" |'''''perfect'''''
|♂
| colspan="2" |''th'''ā'''''
| colspan="2" |''th'''e'''''
|-
|♀
| colspan="3" |''th'''ī'''''
|''th'''ī̃'''''
|}

==== Future tense ====
The indicative future tense forms are constructed using the future subjunctive conjugations (which are discussed above) by adding the future marking suffix '''''-gā''''' that declines for the number and the gender of the noun that the pronoun refers to.
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future inflectional suffix
!''gender''
!''singular''
!''plural''
|-
|♂
|''-gā''
|''-gē''
|-
|♀
| colspan="2" |''-gī''
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
|'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''future'''''
|♂ & ♀
|''-ū̃''
|''-e''
|''-o''
|''-ẽ''
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''''indicative'''''
| rowspan="4" |'''''future'''''
|♂
|''-ū̃-gā''
|''-e-gā''
|''-o-ge''
|''-ẽ-ge''
|-
|♀
|''-ū̃-gī''
|''-e-gī''
|''-o-gī''
|''-ẽ-gī''
|-
|♂
|''bol'''ū̃gā'''''
|''bol'''egā'''''
|''bol'''oge'''''
|''bol'''ẽge'''''
|-
|♀
|''bol'''ū̃gī'''''
|''bol'''egī'''''
|''bol'''ogī'''''
|''bol'''ẽgī'''''
|}
|}

=== Presumptive mood conjugations ===
The only verb that has [[presumptive mood]] conjugations is the verb '''''honā''''' "to be" and all other verbs lack this conjugation. These are constructed from the present subjunctive by adding the future suffix '''-''gā'''''. The same conjugation is used for all three tensesː present, past, and future. Presumptive mood conjugations of '''''honā''''' "to be" act as copulas that mark presumptive mood when used with aspectual participles.
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future inflectional suffix
!''gender''
!''singular''
!''plural''
|-
|♂
|''-gā''
|''-gē''
|-
|♀
| colspan="2" |''-gī''
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
|'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''present'''''
|♂ & ♀
|''hū̃''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
|''hõ''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''presumptive'''''
| rowspan="2" |'''''present'''''
'''''past'''''

'''''future'''''
|♂
|''h'''ū̃gā'''''
| colspan="2" |''h'''ogā'''''
|''h'''õge'''''
|-
|♀
|''h'''ū̃gī'''''
| colspan="2" |''h'''ogī'''''
|''h'''õgī'''''
|}
|}

=== Contrafactual mood conjugations ===
Just like the indicative imperfect past and the indicative perfect past conjugations, the contrafactual mood conjugations are also derived from a participle form and declines the same way as them. It is constructed by taking the verb root and adding the suffix '''''-tā''''' to it which declines for number and gender of the noun that the pronoun refers to. Contrafactual mood conjugations for all verbs are regular. Contrafactual mood can only be used in the past tense as it expresses hypothetical scenarios that "could have" happened but didn't. It acts as both the [[past subjunctive]] and the [[past conditional]]. Contrafactual mood conjugations of '''''honā''''' "to be" and '''''rêhnā''''' "to stay" act as copulas that mark contrafactual mood when used with aspectual participles.

The participle that makes up the contrafactual mood conjugations also double as the [[habitual aspect]] participle.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''mood''
!''tense''
!''gender''
!{{tooltip|2=1P singular conjugation|''ma͠i''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P intimate, 3P singular conjugations|''tū''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P familiar conjugation|''tum''}}
!{{tooltip|2=2P formal, 3P plural, 1P plural conjugations|''āp''}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''''contrafactual'''''
| rowspan="4" |'''''past'''''
|♂
| colspan="2" |''-tā''
| colspan="2" |''-te''
|-
|♀
| colspan="3" |''-tī''
|''-tī̃''
|-
|♂
| colspan="2" |''bol'''tā'''''
| colspan="2" |''bol'''te'''''
|-
|♀
| colspan="3" |''bol'''tī'''''
|''bol'''tī̃'''''
|}

=== Imperative mood conjugations ===
The rules to form the imperatives areː Whenever a single-syllable verb root ends in the vowel -ī then the consonant -j- is added between the imperative conjugation suffix and the verb root.

# '''Intimate pronoun''' ('''''tū''''')ː
## ''Present imperative'' — The verb root is the imperative form. All the present imperatives for the pronoun '''''tū''''' are regular.
## ''Future imperative'' — The suffix '''-''iyo''''' is added to the verb root. For the verbs '''''lenā''''' and '''''denā''''', the verb stem changes from '''''le-''''' and '''''de-''''' to just '''''l-''''' and '''''d-''''', respectively. Hence forming the future imperatives '''''diyo''''' and '''''liyo'''''.
# '''Familiar pronoun''' ('''''tum''''')ː
## ''Present imperative'' — The suffix '''''-o''''' (or '''''-yo''''' when the verb root ends in a vowel) is added to the verb root. For the verbs '''''lenā''''' and '''''denā''''' the verb root changes to '''''l-''''' and '''''d-''''', respectively. Hence forming '''''do''''' and '''''lo'''''. For '''''pīnā''''' the stem changes to '''''pi-'''''.
## ''Future imperative'' — The future imperative for '''''tum''''' is the same as the infintive form. All future imperative forms of '''''tum''''' are regular.
# '''Formal pronoun''' ('''''āp''''')ː
## ''Present imperative'' — The suffix '''''-iye''''' is added to the verb root. Some verbs whose roots are one-syllabled and end in the vowel '''''-ī''''' or '''''-i''''' form the formal imperatives by adding the consonant '''''-j-''''' between the root and suffix as '''''-j-iye'''''.
## ''Future imperative'' — The future suffix '''''-gā''''' is added to the present imperative form for the pronoun '''''āp'''''. So, equivalently the suffix '''''-iyegā''''' is added to the verb root as suffix following the same rules as the present imperative for '''''āp'''''.

{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+''Irregular verbs in imperative conjugations''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''Verb''
! colspan="6" |''2nd person pronoun''
|-
! colspan="2" |''tū''
''(2P intimate)''
! colspan="2" |''tum''
''(2P familiar)''
! colspan="2" |''āp''
''(2P formal)''
|-
!''present''
!''future''
!''present''
!''future''
!''present''
!''future''
|-
|''regular''
|''bolnā "to speak"''
|''bol''
|''boliyo''
|''bolo''
|''bolnā''
|''boliye''
|''boliyegā''
|-
| rowspan="3" |''irregular''
|''denā "to give"''
|''de''
|'''''diyo'''''
|'''''do'''''
|''denā''
|'''''dījiye'''''
|'''''dījiyegā'''''
|-
|''lenā "to take"''
|''le''
|'''''liyo'''''
|'''''lo'''''
|''lenā''
|'''''lījiye'''''
|'''''lījiyegā'''''
|-
|''pīnā "to drink"''
|''pī''
|''pīiyo''
|'''''piyo'''''
|''pīnā''
|'''''pījiye'''''
|'''''pījiyegā'''''
|}
|-
|'''''Noteː''' The irregular forms are bolded in the table above.''
|}

== Participles ==
There are two types of participles, aspectual participles which mark the aspect and non-aspectual participles which do not mark aspect. In the table below which mentions the different participles present in the language, ''ɸ'' denotes the verb root. The verb root ''ɸ'' for non-complex verbs is a single root however for complex verbs ''ɸ'' is in the form of ''ɸ1 + ɸ2'' where ''ɸ2'' acts like ''ɸ'' of the non-complex verbs which is declinable according to the aspect, for example, for the verb ''karnā'' ("to do") the root is ''kar'' and for the complex verb ''kar jānā'' (which is one of the perfective forms of "to do") the root is "''kar jā-''" where ''ɸ1 = kar'' and ''ɸ2 = jā.''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="7" |'''''Participles'''''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''Participle''
! colspan="4" |''Participle <ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/><ref name=":22"/>''
! rowspan="3" |''Usage and Copulas <ref name=":22"/>''
|-
! colspan="2" |'''''♂'''''
! colspan="2" |'''''♀'''''
|-
!''singular''
!''plural''
!''singular''
!''plural''
|-
! rowspan="7" |''Aspectual''
|'''''Habitual''' <ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/><ref name=":22"/>''
|''ɸ-tā''
|''ɸ-te''
|''ɸ-tī''
|''ɸ-tī̃''
| rowspan="2" |''The copulas that can be used with habitual and perfective aspect participles are:''
# '''''honā''' (to be)''
# '''''rahnā''' (to stay, remain)''
# '''''ānā''' (to come)''
# '''''jānā''' (to go)''
|-
|'''''Perfective <ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/><ref name=":22"/>'''''
|''ɸ-(y)ā''
|''ɸ-(y)e''
|''ɸ-(y)ī''
|''ɸ-(y)ī̃''
|-
|'''''Progressive <ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/><ref name=":22"/>'''''
|''ɸ + rahā''
|''ɸ + rahe''
|''ɸ + rahī''
|''ɸ + rahī̃''
|''The copulas that can be used with progressive aspect participle are:''

# '''''honā''' (to be)''
# '''''rahnā''' (to stay, remain)''
|-
|'''''Perfective adjectival''' <ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tokaj |first1=Joanna |title=A comparative study of participles, converbs and absolute constructions in Hindi and Medieval Rajasthani |journal=Lingua Posnaniensis |date=1 June 2016 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1515/linpo-2016-0007 |doi-access=free |hdl=10593/17971 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":4" />''
|''ɸ-(y)ā huā''
|''ɸ-(y)e hue''
|''ɸ-(y)ī huī''
|''ɸ-(y)ī huī̃''
|''translation: "(already) verbed"''
|-
|'''''Imperfective adjectival'''''
|''ɸ-tā huā''
|''ɸ-te hue''
|''ɸ-tī huī''
|''ɸ-tī huī̃''
|''translation: "(while) verbing"''
|-
|'''''Imperfective progressive'''''
| colspan="4" |''ɸ-te-ɸ-te''
|''translation: "(while in the process of) verbing", "during verbing"''
|-
|'''''Perfective progressive'''''
| colspan="4" |''ɸ-(y)e-ɸ-(y)e''
|''Only a few verbs which express a temporary state have perfective progressive''
''participle. For e.g.''

# '''''baiṭhnā''' (to sit) → '''baiṭhe-baiṭhe''' = while (already) sitting''
# '''''par̥nā''' (to lie flat, to fall flat) → '''par̥e-par̥e''' = while (already) lying flat''
# '''''bichnā''' (to get spread out) → '''biche-biche''' = while (already) spread out''
|-
! rowspan="4" |''Non-aspectual''
|'''''Infinitive<ref name="Montaut 115–146"/>'''''
|''ɸ-nā''
|''ɸ-ne''
|''ɸ-nī''
|''ɸ-nī̃''
|''Infinitive participle is always takes in the dative case pronouns as the subject. (seeː [[Dative construction|Dative subjects]] & [[Quirky subject]]s)''
''The copulas that are used with the infinitive participle are:''
# '''''honā''' (to be) — shows what is to be done; "have to verb" or "want to verb"''
# '''''rahnā''' (to stay, remain) — shows what was remaining to do''
# '''''ānā''' (to come) — shows ability; ableness''
# '''''par̥nā''' (to fall flat) — shows cumpulsion; inevitability; "(will) have to verb"; "had to verb" etc.''

''Grammaticalised conjugated verbs that are used with the infintive participle:''

# '''''chāhiye''' (want) (from the verb chāhnā "to want/love") — used to give advice; "should"''
|-
|'''''Oblique infinitive'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd|year=2003|isbn=81-208-0508-9|location=New Delhi|pages=116|ref=none}}</ref>''
| colspan="4" |''ɸ-ne''
|'''''1.''' with postpositions''
* '''''ɸ-ne mẽ''' (= in verbing)''
* '''''ɸ-ne se''' (= because of verbing)''
* '''''ɸ-ne ke liye''' (= for verbing, to verb)''
* '''''ɸ-ne ko''' (= to verb)''
*'''''ɸ-ne kā''' (= of verbing; with which could be verbed)''

'''''2.''' without postpositions''

* '''''ɸ1-ne'' ''ɸ2-nā''''' ''(e.g. '''karne jānā''' = to go somewhere to do something; '''karne lagnā''' = to start to do; to start doing)''
|-
|'''''Prospective''' '''<ref name=":3" />'''''
|''ɸ-ne-vālā''
|''ɸ-ne-vāle''
|''ɸ-ne-vālī''
|''ɸ-ne-vālī̃''
|''translation: "going to verb" ("'''honā'''" (to be) and "'''rahnā'''" (to stay) can be used as copulas)''
|-
|'''''Conjunctive''' <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Subbarao|first1=K.|last2=Arora|first2=Harbir|date=2009-01-01|title=The Conjunctive Participle in Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu: Making the Best of Both Worlds |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284936098|volume=70|pages=359–386}}</ref>''
| colspan="4" |''ɸ-ke (short for, ɸ-kar)''
|''translations: "after verbing", "by verbing", "because of verbing", "while verbing"''
|}
'''Notes:'''

* ''ɸ-(y)ā denotes that when the verb root ɸ ends in a vowel, the consonant -y- is added, else it isn't.''
* ''The participles which do not end in the vowel ā in their masculine singular form are cannot be declined according to gender or number, for example, the oblique infinitive and the progressive participle end in the vowel -e and hence have the same form for all gender and number combinations. Also, usually such participles do not take in the copula after them but instead a verb.''
* ''Infinitive participles always use the [[Quirky subject|dative pronouns as subjects]],<ref name=":32">Bhatt, Rajesh (2003). Experiencer subjects. Handout from MIT course “Structure of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages”.</ref> while other participles can have the nominative or the dative case pronouns as subjects, depending on the verb used. For example:''
*#''mujhe '''bolnā''' acchā lagtā hai. = I like to speak.'' ("bolnā" here is the infinitive participle, and not the infinitive. It agrees in gender and number with the direct object in the sentence. It takes the default masculine form when no object is present.)
*#''ma͠i '''bolnā''' pasand kartā hū̃. = I like to speak.'' ("bolnā" here is the infinitive, and hence it cannot decline according to the gender and number)
*#''mujhe '''bolne se''' thakān hotī hai. = I get tired because of speaking.''
*#''ma͠i '''bolne se''' thak jātā hū̃. = I get tired because of speaking.''

== Copulas and subaspects ==
As discussed in the above section, there are three aspect marking participles which take in a copula in order to assign a grammatical mood and tense to the aspectual form. There are four verbs which can be used as the copula: '''''honā''''' (to be), '''''rêhnā''''' (to stay), '''''ānā''''' (to come), '''''jānā''''' (to go), and '''''karnā''''' (to do). Each of the four copulas provide a unique nuance to the aspect. The default (unmarked) copula is '''''honā''''' (to be).<ref name=":22"/><ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/> Below is a table showing the infinitive forms of each of the aspectual forms using different copulas:
{| class="wikitable"
!''Simple''
''aspect''
! colspan="5" |''Perfective''
''aspect''
! colspan="4" |''Habitual''
''aspect''
! colspan="2" |''Progressive''
''aspect''
!''Translation''
|-
|''honā''
|''huā honā''
|''huā rêhnā''
|''huā jānā''
|''huā ānā''
|''huā karnā''
|''hotā honā''
|''hotā rêhnā''
|''hotā jānā''
|''hotā ānā''
|''ho rahā honā''
|''ho rahā rêhnā''
|to happen
|-
|''karnā''
|''kiyā honā''
|''kiyā rêhnā''
|''kiyā jānā''
|''kiyā ānā''
|''kiyā karnā''
|''kartā honā''
|''kartā rêhnā''
|''kartā jānā''
|''kartā ānā''
|''kar rahā honā''
|''kar rahā rêhnā''
|to do
|-
|''marnā''
|''marā honā''
|''marā rêhnā''
|''marā jānā''
|''marā ānā''
|''marā karnā''
|''martā honā''
|''martā rêhnā''
|''martā jānā''
|''martā ānā''
|''mar rahā honā''
|''mar rahā rêhnā''
|to die
|}
The other copulas unlike '''''honā''''' (to be) can also again be put into their aspectul forms and then the copula '''''honā''''' (to be) is used to mark the tense and the mood, hence forming subaspects. However, these copulas cannot be put into all three aspects. It depends on the verb and also the copula itself what grammatical aspects can the copula can be put into. The following two tables show subaspectual forms for each of the three aspects.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="12" |''Perfective''
''aspect''
|-
! colspan="3" |''rêhnā''
| rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" |''jānā''
| rowspan="5" |
!''ānā''
| rowspan="5" |
!''karnā''
|-
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
!Perfective
subaspect
!''Progressive''
''subaspect2''
!''Habitual''
''subaspect1''
!Perfective
subaspect''1''
! colspan="2" |''Progressive''
''subaspect2''
!''Progressive''
''subaspect''
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
|-
|''huā rêhtā honā''
|''huā rahā honā''
|''huā rêh rahā honā''
|'''''*'''huā jātā honā''
|'''''*'''huā gāyā honā''
|''huā jā rahā honā''
|''huā jā rahā rêhnā''
|''huā ā rahā honā''
|''huā kartā honā''
|-
|''kiyā rêhtā honā''
|''kiyā rahā honā''
|''kiyā rêh rahā honā''
|''kiyā jātā honā''
|''kiyā gayā honā''
|''kiyā jā rahā honā''
|''kiyā jā rahā rêhnā''
|''kiyā ā rahā honā''
|''kiyā kartā honā''
|-
|''marā rêhtā honā''
|''marā rahā honā''
|''marā rêh rahā honā''
|''marā jātā honā''
|''marā gayā honā''
|''marā jā rahā honā''
|''marā jā rahā rêhnā''
|''marā ā rahā honā''
|''marā kartā honā''
|}
'''''1''''' When the copula '''''jānā''''' (to go) is used, only [[Transitive verb|transitive]] and [[Volitional verbs|volitional]] intransitive verbs can be put into the habitual and perfective subaspect. So, '''''*huā jātā honā''''' and '''''*huā gāyā honā''''' are not valid constructions. However, somehow '''''huā jā rahā honā''''' is a valid construction but it means the same as '''''hotā jā rahā honā''''' which is the progressive subaspect of the habitual aspect using the copula '''''jānā''''' (shown below) but just emphasising the rate (shows its faster) at which the action is happening; progressive subaspects of the perfective aspect using '''''jānā''' (to go)'' is often just the more emphasised version of the progressive subaspect of the habitual aspect using '''''jānā''' (to go)''. '''''marnā''''' ''(to die)'' is intransitive but it is a volitional action especially when used [[metaphor]]ically as in "'''''pizzā khāne ke liye marā jā rahā hū̃'''''" = ''"I am dying to eat a pizza"''. Other commonly used voliational usage of '''''marnā''''' (to die) is for e.g. "''dying in a videogame''".

'''''2''''' The progressive subaspect of the perfective aspect can also use the copula '''''rêhnā''' (to stay, remain)'' and it can be again conjugated into aspectual participle forms, hence forming what could be called a sub-sub-aspect. An example using habitual sub-subaspectː '''''"jab bhī uske sāth bāhar jātī hū̃ vo marā jā rahā rêhtā hai pizzā khāne ke liye"''''' = ''"Whenever I go out with him he always is (nuanceː I always find him) dying to eat a pizza"''. This sentence combines and mixes the nuances of all the three, perfective ''(main)'', progressive ''(sub)'', and habitual ''(subsub)'', aspects on the same verb '''''marnā''''' (to die).
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="9" |''Habitual''
''aspect''
| rowspan="6" |
!''Progressive''
''aspect''
|-
! colspan="3" |''rêhnā''
| rowspan="5" |
! colspan="2" |''jānā''
| rowspan="5" |
! colspan="2" |''ānā''
!''rêhnā''
|-
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
!Perfective
subaspect
!''Progressive''
''subaspect''
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
!''Progressive''
''subaspect''
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
!''Progressive''
''subaspect''
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
|-
|''hotā rêhtā honā''
|''hotā rahā honā''
|''hotā rêh rahā honā''
|''hotā jātā honā''
|''hotā jā rahā honā''
|''hotā ātā honā''
|''hotā ā rahā honā''
|''ho rahā rêhtā honā''
|-
|''kartā rêhtā honā''
|''kartā rahā honā''
|''kartā rêh rahā honā''
|''kartā jātā honā''
|''kartā jā rahā honā''
|''kartā ātā honā''
|''kartā ā rahā honā''
|''kar rahā rêhtā honā''
|-
|''martā rêhtā honā''
|''martā rahā honā''
|''martā rêh rahā honā''
|''martā jātā honā''
|''martā jā rahā honā''
|''martā ātā honā''
|''martā ā rahā honā''
|''mar rahā rêhtā honā''
|}

== Light verbs ==
[[Compound verb]]s, a highly visible feature of Hindustani grammar, consist of a verbal stem plus a [[light verb]]. The light verb (also called "subsidiary", "explicator verb", and "vector"<ref name="Shapiro2003p269">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=269}}</ref>) loses its own independent meaning and instead "lends a certain shade of meaning"<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=154}}</ref> to the main or stem verb, which "comprises the lexical core of the compound".<ref name="Shapiro2003p269" /> While almost any verb can act as a main verb, there is a limited set of productive light verbs.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|pp=269–270}}</ref> Shown below are prominent such light verbs, with their independent meaning first outlined, followed by their semantic contribution as auxiliaries. Finally, having to do with the ''manner'' of an occurrence, compounds verbs are mostly used with completed actions and imperatives, and much less with negatives, conjunctives, and contexts continuous or speculative. This is because non-occurrences cannot be described to have occurred in a particular manner.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p1562">{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=156}}</ref> The auxiliaries when combined with the main verb provides an aspectual sense to the main verb it modifies. Light verbs such as '''''jānā''' "to go", '''ānā''' "to come", '''cuknā''''' when combined with the main verb give the formed compound verb a [[perfective aspect]], while retaining the original meaning of the main verb.
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |'''''Frequent light verbs'''''
|-
!Light verb
!Explanation
!Main verb
!Examples
|-
|'''''jānā''''' "to go"
|''Shows perfective aspect (completed action) of the main verb which''
''means gives a sense of completeness of the action, finality,''

''or change of state.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=155}}</ref>''
|''1. '''ānā''' "to come"''
''2. '''khānā''' "to eat"''

''3. '''marnā''' "to die"''

''4. '''pīnā''' "to drink"''

''5. '''baiṭhnā''' "to sit"''

6. '''''honā''' "to happen"''
|''1. '''ā jānā''' "to arrive" " to have come"''
''2. '''khā jānā''' "to eat up (all/everything/completely)"''

''3. '''mar jānā''' "to be dead"''

''4. '''pī jānā''' "to drink up (all/everything/completely)" "to gulp"''

''5. '''baiṭh jānā''' "to sit down" "to have sit down"''

6. '''''ho jānā''' "to have happened (completely)" "to have finished happening"''
|-
|'''''lenā''''' "to take"
|''Suggests that the action is completed and the benefit of the action flows''
''towards the doer.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p1562"/> This auxiliary verb can also be used to soften down''

''the tone of imperatives (commands) and usually is used to give suggestions.''
|''1. '''paṛhnā''' "to read"''
''2. '''karnā''' "to do"''

''3. '''calnā''' "to walk"''

''4. '''mārnā''' "to kill, hit"''
|''1. '''{{IAST|paṛh lenā}}''''' "to read (for oneself/for own's desire)"
2. '''''kar lenā''''' "to do (something fully for oneself)" "to have finished doing something"

3. '''''cal lenā''''' ''"to have walked"''

4. '''''mār lenā''' "to kill (for oneself)"''
|-
|'''''denā''''' "to give"
|''suggests that the action was completed and the benefit of the action flows''
''away from the doer.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p1562" />''
|''1. '''paṛhnā''' "to read, study"''
''2. '''mārnā''' "to kill, hit"''

''3. '''karnā''' "to do"''
|''1. '''{{IAST|paṛh denā}}''''' "to read (for someone)" "to read out"
2. '''''mār denā''' "to kill", "to kill off", "to murder"''

3. '''''kar denā''''' ''"to do (something completely for someone else and not oneself)"''
|-
|'''''ānā''''' "to come"
|''Shows perfective aspect of the main verb which means gives''
''a sense of completeness of the action, finality, or change of state.''

''The meaning conveyed is the doer went somewhere to do something''

''and came back after completing the action.''
|''1. '''karnā''' "to do"''
''2. '''nikalnā''' "to come out"''
|1. '''''kar''''' '''''ānā''' "to finish (and come back)", "to do (and return)";''
''2. '''nikal ānā''''' "to escape"
|-
|'''''cuknā''' "to have (already) completed something"''
|''Shows sense of completeness of an action in the past, that the action''
''was already done/finished/completed by the doer sometime in the past.''
|1. '''''marnā''' "to die"''
2''. '''jītnā''' "to win"''
|1. '''''mar cuknā''' "to have already died"''
2. '''''jīt cuknā''' "to have already won"''
|}
The first three light verbs in the above table are the most common of auxiliaries, and the "least marked", or "lexically nearly colourless".<ref name="Schmidt2003p3372">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|pp=337}}</ref> The nuance conveyed by an auxiliary can often be very subtle, and need not always be expressed with different words in English translation. '''''lenā''''' (to take) and '''''denā''''' (to give), transitive verbs, occur with transitives, while intransitive '''''jānā''''' (to go) occurs mostly with intransitives; a compound of a transitive and '''''jānā''''' (to go) will be grammatically intransitive as '''''jānā''''' (to go) is.
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |'''''Other light verbs'''''
|-
!Light verb
!Explanation
!Examples
|-
|'''''{{IAST|ḍālnā}}''''' "to throw, pour"
|''Indicates an action done vigorously, decisively, violently or recklessly.''
''it is an intensifier, showing intensity, urgency, completeness, or violence.<ref name="Schmidt2003p338">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=338}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=220}}</ref>''
|''1. '''mārnā''' "to hit/kill" → '''{{IAST|mār ḍālnā}}''' "to kill (violently)"''
''2. '''pīnā''' "to drink" → '''{{IAST|pī ḍālnā}}''' "to drink (all of something in one go)".''
|-
|'''''{{IAST|baiṭhnā}}''''' "to sit"
|''Implies an action done foolishly or stubbornly;<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p221">{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=221}}</ref> shows speaker disapproval''
''or an impulsive or involuntary action.<ref name="Schmidt2003p338" />''
|''1. '''kêhnā''' "to say" → '''{{IAST|kêh baiṭhnā}}''' "to say something (involuntarily or by mistake)"''
''2. '''karnā''' "to do" → '''{{IAST|kar baiṭhnā}}''' "to do (something as a blunder)"''

''3. '''{{IAST|laṛnā}}''' "to fight" → '''{{IAST|laṛ baiṭhnā}}''' "to quarrel (foolishly, or without giving a second thought)".''
|-
|'''''{{IAST|paṛnā}}''''' "to fall flat"
|''Connotes involuntary, sudden, or unavoidable occurrence;<ref name="Schmidt2003p3372"/>''
|''1. '''uṭhnā''' "to get up" → '''uṭh {{IAST|paṛnā}}''' "to suddenly get up"''
|-
|'''''{{IAST|uṭhnā}}''''' "to rise"
|''Functions like an intensifier;<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|pp=337–338}}</ref> suggests inception of action or feeling,''
''with its independent/literal meaning sometimes showing through''

''in a sense of upward movement.''
|''1. '''jalnā''' "to burn" → '''{{IAST|jal uṭhnā}}''' "to burst into flames"''
''2. '''nācnā''' "to dance" → '''{{IAST|nāc uṭhnā}}''' "to break into dance".<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p221" />''
|-
|'''''{{IAST|saknā}}''''' "to be able to"
|''A modal verb that indicates the capability of performing an action.''
|''1. '''karnā''' "to do" → '''kar saknā''' "to be able to do"''
''2. '''dekhnā''' "to see" → '''dekh saknā''' "to be able to see"''
|-
|'''''rakhnā''''' "to keep, maintain"
|''Implies a firmness of action, or one with possibly long-lasting results or implications.''
''It occurs with '''lenā''' and '''denā''', meaning "to give/take (as a loan)",<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=222}}</ref>''

''and with other appropriate verbs, showing an action performed beforehand.<ref name="Schmidt2003p338" />''

''It usually works almost the same as '''cuknā''' the main difference being the nuance conveyed''

''by '''rakhnā''' is that the action has either "continued effect till the present time" or "is more''

''recent than the same action conveyed using '''cuknā'''." '''cuknā''' conveys a distant past.''
|''1. '''dekhnā''' "to see" → '''dekh rakhnā''' "to have already seen"''
''2. '''karnā''' "to do" → '''kar rakhnā''' "to have already done"''
|-
|'''''rêhnā''''' "to remain/stay"
|''The continuous aspect marker '''rahā''' apparently originated as a compound verb with '''rahnā''' ("remain"):''
''thus '''ma͠i bol rahā hū̃''' = "I have remained speaking" → "I have continued speaking" → "I am speaking".''

''However, it has lost the ability to take any form other than the imperfective, and is thus considered''

''to have become grammaticalized.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=329}}</ref>''
|''1. '''karnā''' "to do"→ '''kar rahā rêhnā''' "to be/stay doing."''

''2. '''karnā''' "to do"→ '''kar rahā honā''' "to be doing."''
|-
|'''''mārnā''''' "to hit"
|''It is a non-productive light verb (LV) and is used with very limited verbs, most commonly with '''denā''' "to give".''
|''1. '''denā''' "to give" → '''de mārnā''' "to hit once but with all force"''
|-
|'''''phāṛnā''''' "to tear"
|''It is a non-productive LV. Used only with the verb '''cīrnā''' "to tear apart"''
|''1. '''cīrnā''' "to tear apart" → '''cīr phāṛnā''' "to tear apart brutally"''
|}

== Ergativity and light verbs ==
Hindustani is an aspectually split ergative language, with the ergative case marker, -'''''ne''''', appearing on the subject of the transitive perfective clauses.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Mahajan|first=Anoop|date=2012-02-01|title=Ergatives, antipassives and the overt light v in Hindi|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024384111002282|journal=Lingua|series=Accounting for Ergativity|language=en|volume=122|issue=3|pages=204–214|doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2011.10.011|issn=0024-3841|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A standard ergative construction is shown below — the verb is a transitive perfective participle, the subject carries the ergative case marker -ne, the object is unmarked and the participle agrees in gender with the object.
{|
!(a)
|{{interlinear|Kabir-nē vo gār̥ī jaldī-se becī.|Kabir(MASC)-ERG that.DEM car(FEM).NOM quick-INST sell.PRF.FEM|"Kabir sold that car quickly"}}
|-
!(b)
|{{interlinear|Kabir-nē vo gār̥ī jaldī-se bec dī.|Kabir(MASC)-ERG that.DEM car(FEM).NOM quick.INST sell take.PRF.FEM|"Kabir sold that car quickly"}}
|}
The light verb construction exemplified in (b) above has been studied extensively in Hindi linguistics. It is a two-verb sequence (referred to here as V1–v2) [''bec = V1, dī = v2'' ] in which the first verb (V1) is morphologically the bare stem and the second verb (v2) carries the usual clausal inflection. The V1 functions as the main verb, providing the bulk of meaning/thematic information, and the v2 is "relatively" light. This "light" v2 does provide certain subtle semantic information, mostly (though not entirely) aspectual/directional in nature.<ref name=":6" />

=== Compound verbs and ergative marking ===
Ergative case marking in compound verb constructions is affected by the transitivity of the v2. McGregor (1972:104) notes that "''Compound verbs are used in construction with -'''ne''' when both the stem verb and the auxiliary (=v2) are themselves used independently with '''-ne'''.''" Amritavalli (1979:77–78) comments "''In sentences with compound verbs it is the transitivity (and perfectivity) of v2 that determines the ergative case-marking.''" The basic pattern of compound verb constructions is given in (1a)–(1c) below.
{|
!(1a)
|{{interlinear|Kabir-nē vo kitāb jaldī-se par̥h lī.|Kabir(MASC)-ERG that.DEM book(FEM).NOM quick-INST read take.PRF.FEM|"Kabir read that book quickly"}}
|-
!(1b)
|{{interlinear|'''*'''Kabir-nē vo kitāb jaldī-se par̥h gayī.|Kabir(MASC)-ERG that.DEM book(FEM).NOM quick-INST read go.PRF.FEM|intendedː "Kabir read that book quickly"}}
|-
!(1c)
|{{interlinear|Kabir vo kitāb jaldī-se par̥h gayā.|Kabir(MASC).NOM that.DEM book(FEM).NOM quick-INST read go.PRF.MASC|"Kabir read that book quickly"}}
|}
Certain intransitive V1s do allow for ergative subjects when the light v2 is transitive.<ref>McGregor (1972:105)</ref> Intransitive V1s that permit ergative subjects with transitive v2's belong to the unergative '''''khā̃snā''''' "to cough" class of verbs. Verbs in this class of intransitives independently permit ergative subjects and the choice of -'''''ne''''' subjects has been argued to be associated with properties of volitionality or conscious choice. Some other voliational (intransitive) verbs which allow ergative case assignment are '''''bolnā''''' "to speak", '''''chī̃knā''''' "to sneeze", '''''cillānā''''' "to shout", '''''nahānā''''' "to take a bath" etc. In all these cases the agent has complete control and volition of the activity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Atreyee|date=November 2017|title=Revisiting Ergativity in Hindi|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325734608|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-03|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>
{|
!(2a)
|{{interlinear|Kabir-ne khā̃s diyā|Kabir(MASC)-ERG cough do.PRF.MASC|"Kabir coughed"}}
|-
!(2b)
|{{interlinear|Kabir-ne khā̃sā|Kabir(MASC)-ERG cough.PRF.MASC|"Kabir coughed"}}
|}
Examples in (1a)–(2b) show that V1v2 compound verb constructions allow ergative subjects when both V1 and v2, when functioning as main verbs, independently allow ergative subjects. Crucial evidence as to the source of ergativity in V1v2 constructions comes from pairings in which the case properties of the V1 are distinct from those of the v2. Though it is rare to find V1([[Intransitive verb|intransitive]])v2([[Transitive verb|transitive]]) sequences in which the V1 is not independently an ergative case licensing verbs, such examples do exist: '''''cal denā''''' "to move-give" (=move, depart), '''''khisak lenā''''' "to slip away-take" (=to slip away) and '''''sarak lenā''''' "crawl-take" (=to slip away/to move away). Interestingly, V1v2 sequences of this type do not permit ergative subjects, despite the ability of the v2 to license ergative subjects when functioning as main verbs.
{|
!(3a)
|{{interlinear|gār̥ī cal dī|car(FEM).NOM move give.PRF.FEM|"The car moved"}}
|-
!(3b)
|{{interlinear|'''*'''gār̥ī-ne cal diyā|car(FEM).ERG move give.PRF.MASC|intendedː "The car moved"}}
|}
Examples in (4a)-(4b) below show that the ergative case licensing property of the light v2 is nevertheless critical, as intransitive (usually unaccusative) v2's never allow ergative subjects, regardless of the ergative case licensing properties of the V1.
{|
!(4a)
|{{interlinear|'''*'''Kabir-nē vo kitāb jaldī-se par̥h gayī.|Kabir(MASC)-ERG that.DEM book(FEM).NOM quick-INST read go.PRF.FEM|intendedː "Kabir read that book quickly"}}
|-
!(4b)
|{{interlinear|'''*'''Sītā-nē bahut bar̥ī galtī kar baiṭhī.|Sita(FEM)-ERG very big.FEM mistake(FEM) do sit.PRF.FEM|intendedː "Sita made a very big mistake"}}
|}

== Verb paradigm ==

=== Non-personal Forms ===
{|
| colspan="2" |'''''Participles'''''
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |'''''Undeclined forms'''''
|-
!
!''Verb forms''
!''translation''
|-
!'''''Infinitive'''''
|''honā''
|1. to be
2. to exist

3. to happen

4. to have
|-
!'''''Oblique'''''
'''''infinitive'''''
|''hone''
|1. being
2. existing

3. happening

4. having
|-
!'''''Conjunctive'''''
|''hoke / hokar''
|1. after happening
2. after being/becoming
|-
!''Imperfective''
'''''progressive'''''
|''hote-hote''
|1. while happening
2. while being

4. while existing
|-
!''Perfective''
''progressive1''
|''hue-hue''
|1. while (already) been
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="6" |'''''Participles (Declined forms)'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |'''''♂'''''
! colspan="2" |'''''♀'''''
! rowspan="2" |''translation''
|-
!'''''singular'''''
!'''''plural'''''
!'''''singular'''''
!'''''plural'''''
|-
!'''''Habitual'''''
|''hotā''
|''hote''
|''hotī''
|''hotī̃''
|''1. happens (habitually) [present]''
''2. used to happen [past]''
|-
!'''''Perfective'''''
|''huā''
|''hue''
|''huī''
|''huī̃''
|''1. happened''
|-
!''Progressive''
|''ho rahā''
|''ho rahe''
|''ho rahī''
|''ho rahī̃''
|''1. happening''
''2. being''
|-
!'''''Infinitive'''''
|''honā''
|''hone''
|''honī''
|''honī̃''
|''1. have/want/should (to) be''
''2. have/want/should (to) happen''

''3. have/want/should (to) exist''
|-
!'''''Prospective'''''
|''honevālā''
|''honevāle''
|''honevālī''
|''honevālī̃''
|''1. going to be''
''2. going to happen''

''3. going to exist''
|-
!'''''Perfective adjectival'''''
|''huā-huā''
|''hue-hue''
|''huī-huī''
|''huī-huī̃''
|''1. already been''
''2. already happened''
|-
!'''''Habitual adjectival'''''
|''hotā-huā''
|''hote-hue''
|''hotī-huī''
|''hotī-huī̃''
|''1. already been''
''2. already happened''
|}
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''1''''' ''perfective progressive form of verbs is mainly only used with verbs that describe a temporary state. for e.g.''
* ''baiṭhnā (to sit) → baiṭhe-baiṭhe = while (already) sitting''
* ''baiṭhnā (to sit) → baiṭhte-baiṭhte = while (in the process of) sitting''
|}

=== Conjugation of verbs ===
All the verbs except ''honā'' (to be) are [[Defective verb|defective]] and cannot be conjugated into the following moods and tenses in their non-aspectual forms (or simple aspect):

* ''present indicative''
* ''imperfect indicative''
* ''presumptive mood''
* ''present subjunctive''

The verb '''''honā''''' (to be) serves as the copula whose conjugations are used to form the three aspectual forms of verbs (habitual, perfective, and progressive). In the tables below all the conjugations of the copula are shown on the top and all the conjugations of the verb '''''karnā''''' (to do) (like which all other verbs behave) are shown on the bottom.

'''''VERB CONJUGATIONS (NON-ASPECTUAL FORMS)'''''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="11" |''honā'' (to be)
|-
! rowspan="4" |''mood''
! rowspan="4" |''tense''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''1P - ma͠i''
''(singular)''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''2P - tum1''
''(singular & plural)''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''3P - yah/ye, vah/vo''
''(singular)''
! colspan="2" |''1P - ham (plural)''
! rowspan="4" |Translations
''(3rd person)''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - āp1 (singular & plural)''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - tū (singular)''
! colspan="2" |''3P - ye, ve/vo (plural)''
|-
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''''indicative'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |''hū̃''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
| colspan="2" |''hai''
| colspan="2" |''ha͠i''
|''is, there is, exists''
|-
|'''''perfect3'''''
|''huā''
|''huī''
|''hue''
|''huī''
|''huā''
|''huī''
|''hue''
|''huī̃''
|''was, happened''
|-
|'''''imperfect'''''
|''thā''
|''thī''
|''the''
|''thī''
|''thā''
|''thī''
|''the''
|''thī̃''
|''was''
|-
|'''''future2'''''
|''hoū̃gā''
|''hoū̃gī''
|''hooge''
|''hoogī''
|''hoegā''
|''hoegī''
|''hoẽge''
|''hoẽgī''
|''will be''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''presumptive'''''
|'''''present'''''
| rowspan="3" |''hū̃gā''
| rowspan="3" |''hū̃gī''
| rowspan="3" |''hoge''
| rowspan="3" |''hogī''
| rowspan="3" |''hogā''
| rowspan="3" |''hogī''
| rowspan="3" |''hõge''
| rowspan="3" |''hõgī''
|''might be''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|''might have been''
|-
|'''''future2'''''
|''might be''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |''hū̃''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
| colspan="2" |''hõ''
|''(that) it be''
|-
|'''''future'''''
| colspan="2" |''hoū̃''
| colspan="2" |''hoo''
| colspan="2" |''hoe''
| colspan="2" |''hoẽ''
|''(that) it become''
|-
|'''''future3'''''
''(perfective)''
|''huā''
|''huī''
|''hue''
|''huī''
|''huā''
|''huī''
|''hue''
|''huī̃''
|''(if/when) it happens''
|-
|'''''contrafactual'''''
|'''''past'''''
|''hotā''
|''hotī''
|''hote''
|''hotī''
|''hotā''
|''hotī''
|''hote''
|''hotī̃''
|''would have been''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''imperative'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |''—''
| colspan="2" |''hoo''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
| colspan="2" |''hoiye''
|''beǃ (right now)''
|-
|'''''future'''''
| colspan="2" |''—''
| colspan="2" |''honā''
| colspan="2" |''hoiyo''
| colspan="2" |''hoiyegā''
|''beǃ (in the future)''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="11" |''karnā'' (to do)
|-
! rowspan="4" |''mood''
! rowspan="4" |''tense''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''1P - ma͠i''
''(singular)''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''2P - tum1''
''(singular & plural)''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''3P - yah/ye, vah/vo''
''(singular)''
! colspan="2" |''1P - ham (plural)''
! rowspan="4" |Translations
''(3rd person)''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - āp1 (singular & plural)''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - tū (singular)''
! colspan="2" |''3P - ye, ve/vo (plural)''
|-
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''indicative'''''
|'''''perfect3'''''
|''kiyā''
|''kī''
|''kiye''
|''kī''
|''kiyā''
|''kī''
|''kiye''
|''kī̃''
|''did''
|-
|'''''future'''''
|''karū̃gā''
|''karū̃gī''
|''karoge''
|''karogī''
|''karegā''
|''karegī''
|''karẽge''
|''karẽgī''
|''will do''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''future'''''
| colspan="2" |''karū̃''
| colspan="2" |''karo''
| colspan="2" |''kare''
| colspan="2" |''karẽ''
|''(that) s/he do''
|-
|'''''future3'''''
''(perfective)''
|''kiyā''
|''kī''
|''kiye''
|''kī''
|''kiyā''
|''kī''
|''kiye''
|''kī̃''
|''(if/when) s/he does''
|-
|'''''contrafactual'''''
|'''''past'''''
|''kartā''
|''kartī''
|''karte''
|''kartī''
|''kartā''
|''kartī''
|''karte''
|''kartī̃''
|''would have done''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''imperative'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |''—''
| colspan="2" |''karo''
| colspan="2" |''kar''
| colspan="2" |''kariye''
|''doǃ (right now)''
|-
|'''''future'''''
| colspan="2" |''—''
| colspan="2" |''karnā''
| colspan="2" |''kariyo''
| colspan="2" |''kariyegā''
|''doǃ (in the future)''
|}

'''''1''''' the second person pronouns tum, āp can be used both in singular and plural sense akin to the English second person pronoun "you". 
'''''2''''' the indicative future and presumptive future conjugations are often used [[synonym]]ously. 
'''''3''''' ''the simple perfect verb forms when used in an [[If clause|if-cause]] or a [[relative clause]], they would not be considered perfect indicative but instead a type of future subjunctive.''<ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/>

=== Aspectual form of verbs ===
Using the three aspectual participles, the habitual, perfective, and the progressive aspectual forms are constructed. The aspectual forms for the verb '''''karnā''''' (to do) are shown in the table below:
{|
|'''''VERB CONJUGATIONS (ASPECTUAL FORMS)'''''
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="4" |''mood''
! rowspan="4" |''tense''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''1P - ma͠i''
''(singular)''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''2P - tum1''
''(singular & plural)''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''3P - yah/ye, vah/vo''
''(singular)''
! colspan="2" |''1P - ham (plural)''
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Translations
''(3rd person)''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - āp1 (singular & plural)''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - tū (singular)''
! colspan="2" |''3P - ye, ve/vo (plural)''
|-
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
|-
! colspan="12" |'''''HABITUAL ASPECT3'''''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''indicative'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''kartā hū̃''
|''kartī hū̃''
|''karte ho''
|''kartī ho''
|''kartā hai''
|''kartī hai''
|''karte ha͠i''
|''kartī ha͠i''
! rowspan="11" |
|''s/he does''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|''kartā thā''
|''kartī thī''
|''karte the''
|''kartī thī''
|''kartā thā''
|''kartī thī''
|''karte the''
|''kartī thī̃''
|''s/he used to do''
|-
|'''''future3'''''
|''kartā rahũgā''
|''kartī rahũgī''
|''karte rahoge''
|''kartī rahogī''
|''kartā rahegā''
|''kartī rahegī''
|''karte rahẽge''
|''kartī rahẽgī''
|''s/he will keep doing''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''presumptive'''''
|'''''present'''''
| rowspan="2" |''kartā hū̃gā''
| rowspan="2" |''kartī hū̃gī''
| rowspan="2" |''karte hoge''
| rowspan="2" |''kartī hogī''
| rowspan="2" |''kartā hogā''
| rowspan="2" |''kartī hogī''
| rowspan="2" |''karte hõge''
| rowspan="2" |''kartī hõgī''
|''s/he (presumably) does''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|''s/he (presumably) used to do''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''kartā hū̃''
|''kartī hū̃''
|''karte ho''
|''kartī ho''
|''kartā ho''
|''kartī ho''
|''kartā hõ''
|''kartī hõ''
|''(that) s/he does''
|-
|'''''future'''''
|''kartā rahũ''
|''kartī rahũ''
|''karte raho''
|''kartī raho''
|''kartā rahe''
|''kartī rahe''
|''karte rahẽ''
|''kartī rahẽ''
|''(that) s/he continuous doing''
|-
|'''''future6'''''
''(perfective)''
|''kartā rahā''
|''kartī rahī''
|''karte rahe''
|''kartī rahī''
|''kartā rahā''
|''kartī rahī''
|''karte rahe''
|''kartī rahī̃''
|''(if/when) s/he keeps doing''
|-
|'''''contrafactual'''''
|'''''past'''''
|''kartā hotā''
|''kartī hotī''
|''karte hote''
|''kartī hotī''
|''kartā hotā''
|''kartī hotī''
|''karte hote''
|''kartī hotī̃''
|''1. s/he would have been doing''
''2. (wish) she were doing''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''imperative4'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''—''
|''—''
|''karte raho''
|''kartī raho''
|''kartā rêh''
|''kartī rêh''
|''karte rahiye''
|''kartī rahiye''
|''keep doingǃ (as you are doing right now)''
|-
|'''''future'''''
|''—''
|''—''
|''karte rêhnā''
|''kartī rêhnā''
|''kartā rahiyo''
|''kartī rahiyo''
|''karte rahiyegā''
|''kartī rahiyegā''
|''keep doingǃ (in the future as well)''
|-
! colspan="12" |'''''PERFECTIVE ASPECT'''''
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''''indicative'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''kiyā hū̃''
|''kī hū̃''
|''kiye ho''
|''kī ho''
|''kiyā hai''
|''kī hai''
|''kiye ha͠i''
|''kī ha͠i''
! rowspan="13" |
|''s/he has done''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|''kiyā thā''
|''kī thī''
|''kiye the''
|''kī thī''
|''kiyā thā''
|''kī thī''
|''kiye the''
|''kī thī̃''
|''s/he had done''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''future5'''''
|''kiyā hoū̃gā''
|''kī hoū̃gī''
|''kiye hooge''
|''kī hoogī''
|''kiyā hoegā''
|''kī hoegī''
|''kiye hoẽge''
|''kī hoẽgī''
|''s/he will have done''
|-
|''kiyā rahū̃gā''
|''kī rahū̃gī''
|''kiye rahoge''
|''kī rahogī''
|''kiyā rahegā''
|''kī rahegī''
|''kiye rahẽge''
|''kī rahẽgī''
|''s/he will have done''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''presumptive'''''
|'''''present'''''
| rowspan="2" |''kiyā hū̃gā''
| rowspan="2" |''kī hū̃gī''
| rowspan="2" |''kiye hoge''
| rowspan="2" |''kī hogī''
| rowspan="2" |''kiyā hogā''
| rowspan="2" |''kī hogī''
| rowspan="2" |''kiye hõge''
| rowspan="2" |''kī hõgī''
|''s/he might have done''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|''s/he might have done''
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''kiyā hū̃''
|''kī hū̃''
|''kiye ho''
|''kī ho''
|''kiyā ho''
|''kī ho''
|''kiye hõ''
|''kī hõ''
|''(that) s/he has done''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''future5'''''
|''kiyā hoū̃''
|''kī hoū̃''
|''kiye hoo''
|''kī hoo''
|''kiyā hoe''
|''kī hoe''
|''kiye hoẽ''
|''kī hoẽ''
|''(that) s/he will have done''
|-
|''kiyā rahū̃''
|''kī rahū̃''
|''kiye raho''
|''kī raho''
|''kiyā rahe''
|''kī rahe''
|''kiye rahẽ''
|''kī rahẽ''
|''(that) s/he will have done''
|-
|'''''future6'''''
''(perfective)''
|''kiyā rahā''
|''kī rahī''
|''kiye rahe''
|''kī rahī''
|''kiyā rahā''
|''kī rahī''
|''kiye rahe''
|''kī rahī̃''
|''(if/when) s/he will have done''
|-
|'''''contrafactual'''''
|'''''past'''''
|''kiyā hotā''
|''kī hotī''
|''kiye hote''
|''kī hotī''
|''kiyā hotā''
|''kī hotī''
|''kiye hote''
|''kī hotī̃''
|''1. s/he would have done''
''2. (wish) s/he had done''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''imperative4'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kiye raho''
|''kī raho''
|''kiyā rêh''
|''kī rêh''
|''kiye rahiye''
|''kī rahiye''
|''keep it doneǃ (right now)''
|-
|'''''future'''''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kiye rêhnā''
|''kī rêhnā''
|''kiyā rahiyo''
|''kī rahiyo''
|''kiye rahiyegā''
|''kī rahiyegā''
|''keep it doneǃ (in the future)''
|-
! colspan="12" |'''''PROGRESSIVE ASPECT'''''
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''''indicative'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''kar rahā hū̃''
|''kar rahī hū̃''
|''kar rahe ho''
|''kar rahī ho''
|''kar rahā hai''
|''kar rahī hai''
|''kar rahe ha͠i''
|''kar rahī ha͠i''
! rowspan="14" |
|''s/he is doing''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|''kar rahā thā''
|''kar rahī thī''
|''kar rahe the''
|''kar rahī thī''
|''kar rahā thā''
|''kar rahī thī''
|''kar rahe the''
|''kar rahī thī̃''
|''s/he was doing''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''future2,5'''''
|''kar rahā hoū̃gā''
|''kar rahī hoū̃gī''
|''kar rahe hooge''
|''kar rahī hoogī''
|''kar rahā hoegā''
|''kar rahī hoegī''
|''kar rahe hoẽge''
|''kar rahī hoẽgī''
|''s/he will be doing''
|-
|''kar rahā rahū̃gā''
|''kar rahī rahū̃gī''
|''kar rahe rahoge''
|''kar rahī rahogī''
|''kar rahā rahegā''
|''kar rahī rahegī''
|''kar rahe rahẽge''
|''kar rahī rahẽgī''
|''s/he will be doing''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''presumptive'''''
|'''''present'''''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahā hū̃gā''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahī hū̃gī''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahe hoge''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahī hogī''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahā hogā''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahī hogī''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahe hõge''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahī hõgī''
|''s/he might be doing''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|''s/he might have been doing''
|-
|'''''future2'''''
|''s/he presumably will be doing''
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''kar rahā hū̃''
|''kar rahī hū̃''
|''kar rahe ho''
|''kar rahī ho''
|''kar rahā ho''
|''kar rahī ho''
|''kar rahe hõ''
|''kar rahī hõ''
|''(that) s/he is doing''
|-
|'''''future'''''
|''kar rahā hoū̃''
|''kar rahī hoū̃''
|''kar rahe hoo''
|''kar rahī hoo''
|''kar rahā hoe''
|''kar rahī hoe''
|''kar rahe hoẽ''
|''kar rahī hoẽ''
|''(that) s/he will be doing''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''future5,6'''''
''(perfective)''
|''kar rahā huā''
|''kar rahī huī''
|''kar rahe hue''
|''kar rahī huī''
|''kar rahā huā''
|''kar rahī huī''
|''kar rahe hue''
|''kar rahī huī̃''
|''(if/when) s/he will be doing''
|-
|''kar rahā rahā''
|''kar rahī rahī''
|''kar rahe rahe''
|''kar rahī rahī''
|''kar rahā rahā''
|''kar rahī rahī''
|''kar rahe rahe''
|''kar rahī rahī̃''
|''(if/when) s/he will be doing''
|-
|'''''contrafactual'''''
|'''''past'''''
|''kar rahā hotā''
|''kar rahī hotī''
|''kar rahe hote''
|''kar rahī hotī''
|''kar rahā hotā''
|''kar rahī hotī''
|''kar rahe hote''
|''kar rahī hotī̃''
|''1. s/he would have been doing''
''2. (wish) s/he were doing''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''imperative'''''
|'''''present'''''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kar rahe raho''
|''kar rahī rêhnā''
|''kar raha rêh''
|''kar rahī rêh''
|''kar rahe rahiye''
|''kar rahī rahiye''
|''be doingǃ (now)''
|-
|'''''future'''''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kar rahe rehnā''
|''kar rahī rêhnā''
|''kar rahā rahiyo''
|''kar rahī rahiyo''
|''kar rahe rahiyegā''
|''kar rahī rahiyegā''
|''be doingǃ (in the future)''
|}
|-
|'''''1''' the pronouns '''tum''' and '''ham''' are grammatically plural but are more often used in as singular pronouns, akin to the English pronoun "you".''
|-
| '''''1''' the pronouns '''tum''' and '''ham''' are grammatically plural but they are more commonly used as singular pronouns, to explicitly mark plurality, words such as "sab" (all), "log" (people) are added after the pronouns.'' |'''''2''' the indicative and presumptive future conjugations using the copula '''honā''' (to be) are often used [[synonym]]ously.''
|-
|'''''3''' the habitual aspect cannot express the future using the copula "'''honā'''" (to be), instead the copula verb "'''rêhnā'''" (to stay) is used to construct future forms.''
|-
|'''''4''''' ''the imperative mood of the habitual and perfective aspect forms require the copula "'''rêhnā'''" (to stay).''
|-
|'''''5''''' ''the indicative future for the perfective and progressive aspects can alternatively also use the copula "'''rêhnā'''" (to stay), they are roughly synonymous.''
|-
|'''''6''''' ''the simple perfect verb forms when used in an [[If clause|if-cause]] or a [[relative clause]], they would not be considered perfect indicative but instead a type of future subjunctive.''<ref name="Van Olphen 1975"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| last= Masica| first= Colin| author-link= Colin Masica| year= 1991| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages| place= Cambridge| publisher= Cambridge University Press| isbn= 978-0-521-29944-2| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC}}
* {{cite book |last =Schmidt|first=Hans|editor=John Lynch|year= 2003|chapter= Temathesis in Rotuman|title=Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology|publisher= Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies|pages = 175–207|chapter-url=http://www.rotuma.net/os/Temathesis%20in%20Rotuman.pdf|isbn=978-0-85883-503-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|year=2003|chapter=Hindi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|pages=250–285}}
* {{cite book|last1=Snell|first1=Rupert|last2=Weightman|first2=Simon|year=1989|title=Teach Yourself Hindi|publisher=McGraw-Hill|edition=2003|isbn=978-0-07-142012-9|title-link=Teach Yourself}}

{{Hindi topics}}
{{Language verbs}}

<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
PRF:perfective; ERG:ergative case; SG:singular; MASC:masculine; FEM:feminine; DIR:direct case; ACC:accusative case; NOM:nominative case; DEM:demonstrative pronoun; INST:instrumental case
</div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>

[[Category:Hindustani language]]
[[Category:Indo-European verbs]]

Sefali Debbarma

2026-03-11T06:02:04Z

LibbyAlba221: adding - done

{{Short description|Indian poet and novelist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sefali Debbarma
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1964|02|03|df=y}}
| awards = Tripura State Award for Poetry (2004), Ranchak Richak Award (2022)
| occupation = *Poet
| notable_works = Lamination
| language = [[Kokborok]]
| image = [[File:Sefali Debbarma in 2022.jpg|150px]]
| caption = Sefali Debbarma in 2022
| birth_place = Pattabil Kami, Tripura
}}

'''Sefali Debbarma''' is an Indian [[poet]] and [[novelist]] from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vol. 51, No. 5 (241), September-October 2007 of Indian Literature on JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23339892 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[JSTOR]] |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202004713/https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23339892 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2010 |title=Poetry finds an English voice |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/poetry-finds-an-english-voice/cid/522817 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[Telegraph India]] |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202004713/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/poetry-finds-an-english-voice/cid/522817 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her poem "Lamination" was included in the collection ''100 Great Indian Poems.''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=100 Great Indian Poems |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/100-great-indian-poems-9789386950932/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[Bloomsbury Publishers]] |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202004713/https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/100-great-indian-poems-9789386950932/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Writings ==
Debbarma's works mostly reflect on the reality of the [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] (Tiprasa) people's lifestyle, spanning from the contemporary times of the 20th century to the present political reality of Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review Article: The Fragrant Joom Revisited: A Translation of Kokborok Poetry in English by Ashes Gupta – Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |url=https://rupkatha.com/v9n136/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=rupkatha.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202012214/https://rupkatha.com/v9n136/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singha |first=Sukla |date=2017-05-07 |title=Review Article: The Fragrant Joom Revisited: A Translation of Kokborok Poetry in English by Ashes Gupta |url=http://rupkatha.com/v9n136/ |journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.21659/rupkatha.v9n1.36 |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202012214/https://rupkatha.com/v9n136/ |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Her writings were translated and published in the anthology ''The Fragrant Jhum: a Translation of Kokborok Poetry in English'' by Ashes Gupta.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Fragrant Joom revisited: An Anthology of Kokborok poetry in English |date=2017 |publisher=Akshar Publications |isbn=978-81-89742-24-9 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Ashes |edition= |location=Agartala, Tripura}}</ref>

Her latest 2024 release, a poem collection is ''<nowiki/>'Yakung Yak Barsajak'.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb Barma |first=B Motom |title=Sefali Debbarma as one of the most influential Kokborok woman writer |url=https://homchang.in/articles/sefali-debbarma-as-one-of-the-most-influential-kokborok-woman-writer |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=homchang.in}}</ref>

===Poetry===
*Lamination
*Hor Diporo Rwchapmung
*Imangni Yakharai Ninango
*Tal Kwchang Yorkhlai Thango
*Kothoma Sichai Tongo
*Yakung Yak Barsajak (2024)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sefali Debbarma}}
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category: Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Writers from Tripura]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century women poets]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Vijay Lakshmi

2026-03-03T23:08:56Z

LibbyAlba221: brief expanded lead for accuracy further and added references per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Vijay Lakshmi
| image =

| caption =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1943}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vijay Lakshmi''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1943|1943]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|title=-|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=23 August 2012|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0378980 |title =Vijay Lakshmi }}

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mitti (2001 film)

2026-03-03T12:04:07Z

LibbyAlba221: updated

{{short description|2001 film by Iqbal Durrani}}
{{for|2010 Punjabi film|Mitti (2010 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mitti
| image = Mitti 2001 film.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Iqbal Durrani]]
| producer = Salim Akhtar
| writer = Iqbal Durrani
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Ferdous Ahmed]]|[[Sharbani Mukherjee]]|[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]|[[Arif Zakaria]]|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]}}
| music = [[Sajid–Wajid]], Ali-Gani, Monty
| cinematography = Nimesh Bhat
| editing = Waman Bhonsle
| studio = Aftab Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|10|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mitti''''' is a 2001 Hindi crime-thriller film written and directed by Iqbal Durrani, produced by Salim Ahamed, and starring [[Ferdous Ahmed]], [[Sharbani Mukherjee]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Arif Zakaria]], and [[Mukesh Tiwari]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mitti- Cast & Crew|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539957|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223114225/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539957|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2021|title=Mitti - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Ferdous Ahmed]] as Deva (the main protagonist
*[[Sharbani Mukherjee]] as Pooja (Deva's love interest)
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Dadaji (Deva's grandfather)
*[[Arif Zakaria]] as Pahelwaan
*[[Kiku Sharda]] as Qasma
*[[Raju Mavani]] as Phala Keshto
*[[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Paglajaan (the main antagonist)
*[[Raza Murad]] as Narrator (uncredited role)

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chori Chori Akhiyon Mein<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mitti/nHaBCeMWRF0_|title=Mitti - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=1 February 2018|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref>
| singer1 =
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]], Mohammed Salamat
| length1 = 5:33
| title2 = Na Jaane Kya Jadoo Kiya
| singer2 =
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Vicky
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Oh Calcutta
| singer3 =
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
| length3 = 5:13
| title4 = Na Jaane Kya Jadoo Kiya - 2
| singer4 =
| extra4 = Vicky
| length4 = 4:32
| title5 = Malum Nahin Mujhko
| singer5 =
| extra5 = Sonu Nigam, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Vinod Rathod]]
| length5 = 11:26
| title6 = Na Jaane Kya Jadoo Kiya - 1
| singer6 = Sonu Nigam
| extra6 =
| length6 = 4:33
| title7 = Papaji Tusi Great Ho
| singer7 =
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam
| length7 = 4:38
| title8 = Dhol Bajhe
| singer8 =
| extra8 = [[Udit Narayan]], Kavita Krishnamurthy, [[Mohammad Aziz]]
| length8 = 6:41
| title9 = Oh Calcutta (version 2)
| singer9 =
| extra9 = Abhijeet, Sunidhi Chauhan
| length9 = 5:11
| title10 = Malum Nahin Mujhko
| singer10 =
| extra10 = Ali-Ghani, Sonu Nigam
| length10 = 9:03
| title11 = Ishq Na Hota
| extra11 = Anuradha Paudwal
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|0446159}}

[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sajid–Wajid]]
[[Category:Films scored by Monty Sharma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ali-Ghani]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mistry (TV series)

2026-02-28T09:52:14Z

LibbyAlba221:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mistry.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| creator = [[Andy Breckman]]
| based_on = {{Based on| ''[[Monk (TV series)|Monk]]'' | [[Andy Breckman]]}}
| writer = Ritviq Joshi Aarsh Vora
| director = Rishab Seth
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ram Kapoor]]
* [[Mona Singh]]
* Shikha Talsania
* Kshitish Date
}}
| music = Sarthak Nakul
| cinematography =
| editor = Sourabh Prabhudesai
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi (language)|Hindi]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Nilamber Majumdar
*Alok Jain
*Vivek Srivastava
*Neha Sinha
*Dimpi Dey
}}
| company = [[Banijay Asia]] Universal International Studios
| producer = Deepak Dhar Rishi Negi Rajesh Chadha Mrinalini Jain Shyam Rathi
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
}}

'''''Mistry''''' is a [[Hindi (language)|Hindi]]-language [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] television series directed by Rishab Seth.<ref name="deadline">{{cite web |title=Ram Kapoor To Lead Indian Adaptation Of 'Monk' |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/ram-kapoor-indian-adaptation-monk-1236411328/ |website=Deadline |date=28 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> The series was written by Ritviq Joshi and Aarsh Vora.
It stars [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Mona Singh]], Shikha Talsania and Kshitish Date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Kapoor and Mona Singh Bring Quirky Detective Drama To Life in Mistry Teaser|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ram-kapoor-and-mona-singh-bring-quirky-detective-drama-to-life-in-mistry-teaser-74177.html|website=Filmfare|date=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mistry OTT Release Date: When & Where To Watch Ram Kapoor, Mona Singh's Web Series Online|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/mistry-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-ram-kapoor-mona-singhs-web-series-online|access-date=2025-06-25|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
The show is a franchised adaptation of the award-winning American [[Crime fiction|murder-mystery]] TV series ''[[Monk (TV series)|Monk]]'', created by [[Andy Breckman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Kapoor headlines Mistry, the Indian adaptation of Monk. Watch teaser|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/mistry-teaser-ram-kapoor-monk-remake-ocd-detective-drama-jiohotstar-2731158-2025-05-27|website=India Today|date=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Shrishty|last=Mishra|title='Monk' Heads Overseas for New Series Adaptation|url=https://collider.com/monk-series-indian-adaptation/|website=Collider|date=21 October 2024}}</ref>

The series was released on 27 June 2025 on [[JioHotstar]], an Indian subscription video-on-demand [[Streaming media|streaming service]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mistry Teaser: Ram Kapoor, Mona Singh Headline Remake Of US Comedy; To Release On THIS Date - Watch|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/mistry-teaser-ram-kapoor-mona-singh-headline-remake-of-us-comedy-to-release-on-this-date-watch-article-151730713|website=Times Now|date=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Kapoor To Play Lead Detective In Indian Adaptation Of 'Monk'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/webseries/ram-kapoor-to-play-lead-detective-in-indian-adaptation-of-monk-ws-kl-9354257.html|website=News 18|date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Ram Kapoor]] as Armaan Mistry
* [[Mona Singh]] as ACP Sehmat Siddiqui
* Shikha Talsania as Sharanya
* Kshitish Date as Inspector Bunty Sawant
* Ankit Dabas as Nishant
* [[Shraddha Nigam]] as Sushmita
* Vidhaan Sharma as Shravan

==Reception==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars and observed that " Watch it for a soulful spin on the classic detective genre and Ram Kapoor’s eccentric performance."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Archika|last=Khurana|title=Mistry Season 1 Review : A quirky crime drama anchored by Ram Kapoor's sharp performance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/mistry/mistry-season-1/seasonreview/122049022.cms|access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' stated that "The official adaptation of the Emmy-winning ‘Monk’ is incurious and functional."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rahul|last=Desai|title='Mistry' Series Review: Ram Kapoor Stars in This Uninspiring Remake of 'Monk'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/mistry-series-review-ram-kapoor-plays-the-monk-who-sold-his-soul|access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>
Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "The nature of the performances and background music suggest the tone is going to be perennially light and lunatic but in good ways. And Kapoor surely has a ball playing Armaan Mistry."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vinamra|last=Mathur|title='Mistry' web-series review: A lovable Ram Kapoor and a solid Mona Singh make this crime-comedy work|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mistry-web-series-review-a-lovable-ram-kapoor-and-a-solid-mona-singh-make-this-crime-comedy-work-13897504.html|access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

Sushmita Dey of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and observed that "Is Mistry perfect? No. But is it entertaining? Yes, a bit. It’s not a deep dive into crime or psychology, but it offers a fun, breezy watch led by an actor who clearly enjoys being back in the spotlight."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sushmita|last=Dey|title=
Mistry Review: Ram Kapoor, Mona Singh Shine In A Crime Show That Has More Quirk Than Mystery
|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/mistry-review-ram-kapoor-mona-singh-shine-in-a-crime-show-that-has-more-quirk-than-mystery-review-152164816|access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Times Now |date=27 June 2025 }}</ref>
Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated it 2/5 stars and said that "Ram Kapoor shines in a refreshing role in Mistry, but the show lacks intrigue. Despite solid performances, predictable plots and shallow mysteries make it a forgettable adaptation of Monk."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Aishwarya|last=Vasudevan|title=Mistry review: Ram Kapoor tries to be all in — but where's the mystery?|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mistry-review-ram-kapoor-tries-to-be-all-in-but-where-the-mystery/7a0e8d1d29386|access-date=2025-06-27 |website=OTT Play}}</ref>
Anindita Mukherjee of ''[[News 18]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and commented that "Mistry will give you such opportunities in bounty. All in all, if you have been rooting for a show that will make you laugh, think and bite your nails at the same time, Mistry is worth every ounce of your valuable weekend time."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anindita|last=Mukherjee|title=Mistry Review: Ram Kapoor Impresses As Ex-Cop Battling OCD, Mona Singh Holds Her Own|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/mistry-review-ram-kapoor-impresses-as-ex-cop-battling-ocd-mona-singh-holds-her-own-ws-l-9407173.html|access-date=2025-06-26 |website=News 18}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated that "Mistry is a pleasant enough time-passer, with a hero who is antsy rather than angsty, troubled rather than traumatised. "<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anindita|last=Mukherjee|title='Mistry' review: New 'Monk' in a newish bottle|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1083674/mistry-review-new-monk-in-a-newish-bottle|access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
Subhash K Jha of ''[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 "Director Rishabh Seth allows Ram Kapoor no room to innovate or even move an inch away from the original version. Resultantly the character seems stilted and frozen."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Subhash K|last=Jha|title=Mistry Review: A Tame Lame Version Of The Original|url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/mistry-review-a-tame-lame-version-of-the-original/595086/|access-date=2025-06-26 |website=News 24}}</ref>
Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP News]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Ram Kapoor starrer is a neat (pun intended) little series that won’t revolutionise the genre but offers just enough fun, curiosity, and emotional pull to keep you hooked."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Amit|last=Bhatia|title=Mistry Review: Ram Kapoor's OCD Detective Is Quirky, Clean And Surprisingly Entertaining|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/mistry-review-starring-ram-kapoor-mona-singh-on-jio-hotstar-detective-series-1783353|access-date=2025-06-26 |website=ABP News}}</ref>
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 2.5 stars and noted that "Mistry may work for some, but also raises the question about mental illness being treated as a means of amusement for audiences."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|title=Mistry Review: Mildly Entertaining|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mistry-review/20250627.htm|access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
==Controversy==
In June 2025, actor Ram Kapoor was removed from promotional activities for the upcoming series Mistry after allegations surfaced that he made sexually suggestive and off-colour remarks during a media interaction, causing discomfort among members of the JioHotstar promotional and publicity teams.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Kapoor No Longer Part of Mistry Promotions After Passing Alleged Sexual Comments: Report|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ram-kapoor-no-longer-part-of-mistry-promotions-after-passing-alleged-sexual-comments-report-8746826|work=NDTV|date=24 June 2025}}</ref>
Following internal review and a formal complaint, the platform decided to cancel his remaining promotional appearances, thereafter conducting media interviews solely with co-star Mona Singh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jio Hotstar removes Ram Kapoor from 'Mistry' promotions following reports of inappropriate behaviour|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/jio-hotstar-removes-ram-kapoor-from-mistry-promotions-following-reports-of-inappropriate-behaviour-2025-06-24-996082|work=India TV|date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Kapoor excluded from the promotions of Mistry after making s*xually offensive and inappropriate remarks: Report|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ram-kapoor-excluded-from-the-promotions-of-mistry-after-making-sxually-offensive-and-inappropriate-remarks-report/articleshow/122043481.cms|work=The Times of India|date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

In a subsequent statement, Kapoor publicly addressed the controversy, admitting that “everything I’ve been accused of saying, I have said,” and declaring himself “guilty as charged,” while explaining that he did not intend to offend those present and had perceived the environment as casual and friendly.
He also said that had he sensed anyone was uncomfortable, he would have corrected himself immediately.<ref>{{cite web|title=After apologising, Ram Kapoor brushes off inappropriate sexual remarks controversy as 'not a big deal', but admits his family 'went berserk'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ram-kapoor-brushes-off-inappropriate-sexual-remarks-controversy-family-friends-reaction-10108114/|work=The Indian Express|date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Kapoor admits he is 'guilty' of making inappropriate remarks after getting dropped from Mistry promotions: 'Can't be my obnoxious normal self' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ram-kapoor-admits-he-is-guilty-of-making-inappropriate-remarks-after-getting-dropped-from-mistry-promotions-10088468/|work=The Indian Express|date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Kapoor Breaks Silence On Being Dropped From Mistry Promotions Due To Inappropriate Sexual Comments: "Guilty As Charged"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ram-kapoor-breaks-silence-on-being-dropped-from-mistry-promotions-due-to-inappropriate-sexual-comments-guilty-as-charged-8759558|work=NDTV|date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt37048622}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]

Mao language (India)

2026-02-25T07:31:54Z

LibbyAlba221: started a page

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
{{Distinguish|Mao languages|Southern Mao language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Mao
| nativename = Sopvoma, Emela, Mao' La
| image =
| imagecaption = ''Mao'' written in [[Meitei script]]
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]]
| ethnicity = [[Mao Naga people|Mao Naga]], [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai Naga]]
| speakers = 240,205
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]]
| lc1 = nbi
| ld1 = Mao
| lc2 = pmx
| ld2 = Poumei Naga
| glotto = naga1397
| glottorefname = Naga Maoic
| dia1 =
| fam1 = Sino-Tibetian
| minority = India
| pronunciation = mau
}}

{{Naga people}}

'''Mao''', also known as '''Sopvoma''', is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of the [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]] linguistic sub-branch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mao (Naga) language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mao.htm |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref> It is spoken primarily in [[Senapati district]], northwestern [[Manipur]] and in [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It is similar to [[Angami language|Tenyidie]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mao (Naga) language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mao.htm |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of the morphological rules for the Tenyidie language: a low-resource language|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10579-024-09788-y}}</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal fricative|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]
!voiceless
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|({{IPA link|t̪ʰ}})
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!voiced
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}}
|
|
|({{IPA link|ɡ}})
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Affricate]]
!voiceless
|{{IPA link|p͡f}}
|
|{{IPA link|t͡s}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|({{IPA link|p͡fʰ}})
|
|
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
|
|
|-
!voiced
|{{IPA link|b͡v}}
|
|{{IPA link|d͡z}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!voiceless
|{{IPA link|f}}
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!voiced
|{{IPA link|v}}
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
!voiced
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|
|
|{{IPA link|r̥|ʰr̥}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|({{IPA link|w}})
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

* /t͡ʃʰ/ and /w/ only rarely occur, and with /t͡ʃʰ/ only occurring in word-initial position.
* The pre-aspirated voiceless /ʰr̥/, may have a word-initial allophone of {{IPAblink|ʂ}}, [ʂ] rarely occurs phonemically.
* [ɡ] only occurs marginally from loanwords.
* /t̪, p͡f/ in word-initial position may be heard as [t̪ʰ, p͡fʰ] in free variation, rarely as phonemic.
* /h/ may have an allophone of {{IPAblink|x}} word-initially, word medially in free variation. [x] rarely occurs as a phoneme.
* /m/ before a central vowel /ɨ/ can have an allophone of a labiodental {{IPAblink|ɱ}}.
* /n/ before high vowel sounds can have an allophone of a palatalized {{IPAblink|nʲ}}.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|({{IPA link|ə}})
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

* [ə] only occurs inter-morphemically.
* /ɨ/ can be heard as rounded [ʉ] in free variation.
* In word-initial position, /i, u/ can be lowered to [ɪ, ʊ].
* /e, o/ can be lowered to [ɛ, ɔ] in word-final position.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Giridhar|first=P. P.|title=Mao Naga Grammar|publisher=Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1994}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

__FORCETOC__

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]

{{st-lang-stub}}
{{India-culture-stub}}

A. K. M. Fazlul Haque

2026-02-21T22:48:39Z

LibbyAlba221: updated page

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician (born 1949)}}
{{distinguish|A. K. Fazlul Huq}}
{{about|former Vice President of Bangladesh|other people with the same name|AKM Fazlul Haque (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. K. M. Fazlul Haque
| office = Member of Parliament of [[Sherpur-3]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2013
| predecessor = [[Mahmudul Haque Rubel]]
| successor = A. K. M. Fazlul Haque
| termstart1 = 2014
| termend1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = A. K. M. Fazlul Haque
| successor1 = A. K. M. Fazlul Haque
| termstart2 = 2019
| termend2 = 2023
| predecessor2 = A. K. M. Fazlul Haque
| successor2 = [[A.D.M Shahidul Islam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|16 January 1949}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Awami League]]
}}
'''A. K. M. Fazlul Haque''' (এ, কে, এম, ফজলুল হক; born 16 January 1949) is an [[Awami League]] politician and the former Member of Parliament from [[Sherpur-3]].<ref>{{cite news|title=JS panel for quick dredging of rivers around Dhaka|url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/41661/js-panel-for-quick-dredging-of-rivers-around-dhaka|accessdate=5 September 2019|work=New Age|date=20 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=8,000 Sherpur farmers to get incentive for Aush cultivation |url=https://www.bssnews.net/agriculture-news/117955 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=BSS}}</ref>

==Early life==
Haque was born on 16 January 1949.<ref name=":0" /> He studied engineering in his undergrad.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=A K M Fazlul Haque |url=https://amarmp.com/mp/546 |website=Amarmp |accessdate=9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Haque is a retired civil servant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=স্বাধীনতার ৪৭ বছরে একই পরিবার এম.পি হয়েছেন ৭বার, এবার কে হচ্ছেন নৌকার মাঝি {{!}} আমাদের সময়.কম – AmaderShomoy.com |url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2018/11/01/725883.htm |access-date=2024-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304101352/https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2018/11/01/725883.htm |archive-date=4 March 2020 }}</ref>

Haque was elected to Parliament in 2008 from Sherpur-3 as a candidate of Bangladesh Awami League.<ref>{{cite web |title=A K M Fazlul Haque History |url=https://amarmp.com/mp/546/history |website=Amarmp |accessdate=9 November 2018}}</ref> He received 106,631 votes while his nearest rival [[Mahmudul Haque Rubel]] of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party received 65,753 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Electoral Area Result Statistics |url=https://amarmp.com/election/result/electoral?seat_id=179/year=0 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Amarmp |language=en}}</ref> Haque is the younger brother of Rubel's father, [[Serajul Haque]], who was a former member of parliament who died in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-25 |title=Uncle, nephew contenders from Sherpur-3 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/news/uncle-nephew-contenders-sherpur-3-1678348 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Haque was re-elected to Parliament in December 2013 from Sherpur-3 as a candidate of the Awami League.<ref name=":1" /> He received 96,234 votes while his nearest rival, Md. Hedayetul Islam, an independent candidate, received 8548 votes.<ref name=":1" /> The election was boycotted by the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-25 |title=Sherpur-3 - Constituency detail of Bangladesh General Election 2018 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/seats?s=Sherpur-3&d=mymensingh |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Haque was re-elected to Parliament in 2018 from Sherpur-3 as a candidate of the Awami League.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who runs from which seat for Awami League {{!}} banglatribune.com |url=https://en.banglatribune.com/politics/news/20511/Awami-League-Who-runs-from-which-seat |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He received 251,936 votes while his nearest rival, Md. Hedayetul Islam, an independent candidate, received 12,491 votes.<ref name=":2" /> He was a Member of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources Ministry.<ref>{{cite news |title=JS body for quick dredging of three rivers |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/150723 |accessdate=9 November 2018 |work=theindependentbd.com}}</ref>

Haque did not receive the Awami League nomination in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=71 AL MPs fail to get party tickets to run election |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/71-al-mps-fail-get-party-tickets-run-election-746966 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, A. K. M. Fazlul}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Sherpur District]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi civil servants]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mymensingh Division]]

List of Marian apparitions

2026-02-19T18:40:54Z

LibbyAlba221: typo fix

{{short description|List of notable alleged supernatural appearances by Mary, mother of Jesus}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Catholic Mariology sidebar|expanded=Apparitions}}

'''[[Marian apparition]]s''' are reported supernatural appearances by [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary, The Mother of God]]. Below is a list of alleged events concerning notable Marian apparitions, which have either been approved by a major Christian church, or which retain a significant following despite the absence of official approval or despite an official determination of inauthenticity. While a number of Marian apparitions are approved or received positive judgments, many<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apparitions Statistics, Modern : University of Dayton, Ohio|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/apparitions-statistics-modern.php|access-date=June 19, 2020|website=udayton.edu}}</ref> receive no-decision or negative judgments from the church.

== Catholic Church ==
{{See also|Normae Congregationis}}

According to norms of the [[Catholic Church]] which have been in effect since the [[Council of Trent]] in the 16th century,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2019/05/15/this-map-illustrates-500-years-of-marys-apparitions/|title=This map illustrates 500 years of Mary's apparitions|website=[[Aleteia]]|first=Philip|last=Kosloski|date=May 15, 2019|access-date=October 7, 2019|quote=It wasn't until the Council of Trent in the 16th century that a more formal method of approving apparitions was established, which has been further refined during the past century. This has allowed the Church the ability to properly discern which apparitions are supernatural in nature and worthy of belief.}}</ref> the initial responsibility of evaluating the merits of any purported apparition falls to the [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] of the area in which the events allegedly occurred.<ref name="nc">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19780225_norme-apparizioni_en.html|title=Norms Regarding the Manner of Proceeding in the Discernment of Presumed Apparitions or Revelations|publisher=[[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]|date=February 24, 1978}}</ref> If, after an investigation, the bishop determines that the apparition constitutes an authentic supernatural appearance of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], then the apparition is considered approved for the entire Catholic Church, unless his successor or the [[Holy See]] were to contradict his decision.

On May 18, 2024, the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]]'s Prefect, [[Víctor Manuel Fernández]], published a 2024 [[religious text]] signed by [[Pope Francis]] which replaced the 1978 ''[[Norms regarding the manner of proceeding in the discernment of presumed apparitions or revelations]]'' rulings. It sets [[Religious law|new norms]] and guidelines for Catholic bishops in discerning claims of [[private revelation]] such as [[Marian apparition]]s. Fernández enumerated six possible conclusions for alleged supernatural phenomena discernment. "[[Nihil obstat]]" substitutes Declaration of supernatural authenticity. A Bishop's canonical investigation and decision requires prior submission to the Dicastery before publication.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lowen |first1= Mark|title=Vatican tightens rules on supernatural phenomena|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cekl9jd883yo|accessdate=May 17, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=May 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= McLellan|first1= Justin |title=Vatican publishes new norms to discern alleged supernatural phenomena|url= https://www.usccb.org/news/2024/vatican-publishes-new-norms-discern-alleged-supernatural-phenomena|accessdate=May 17, 2024 |publisher= [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]|date=May 17, 2024}}</ref>

=== Positive judgment ===

The apparitions in this category have been judged to be "worthy of belief".

==== Approved, with widespread veneration endorsed by the Holy See ====


A distinction is sometimes made between apparitions that are "Vatican approved" and those that are not. However, by the now abrogated ''[[Norms regarding the manner of proceeding in the discernment of presumed apparitions or revelations]]'', the only formal mechanisms for [[Holy See]] approval of an apparition would be the [[pope]] approving an apparition that had occurred in the [[Diocese of Rome]], or the pope approving an apparition against the will of the local bishop, neither of which has happened to date. Even in cases in which the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] cooperates with an investigation that yields a positive result, the consequent approval derives its authority from the local bishop, not from the Holy See.<ref name="rahner">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0y1VdAQZSYC&pg=PA109|title=Visioni e profezie: mistica ed esperienza della trascendenza|first=Karl|last=Rahner|author-link=Karl Rahner|date=1995|language=it|translator-first=Roberto|translator-last=Dell'Oro|page=109|publisher=Vita e Pensiero |isbn=9788834338766|quote=è sorprendente che la Santa Sede abbia evitato nei casi di Beauraing e Banneaux di concedere l'autorizzazione come i vescovi volevano; per questo però diede il permesso, a che essi facessero ciò con la loro autorità episcopale}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/10/09/a-conversation-with-bishop-ricken-about-the-apparition-of-our-lady-of-good-help/|title=A conversation with Bishop Ricken about the Apparition of Our Lady of Good Help|date=October 9, 2019|first=Rev. Seán|last=Connolly|access-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref> Because approval by the Holy See can therefore only be claimed based on informal indicators of endorsement, lists of "Vatican-approved Marian apparitions" vary widely depending on the criteria used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miraclehunter.com/marian_apparitions/approved_apparitions/vatican.html|title=Bishop Approved Apparitions with Vatican Recognition|website=Miracle Hunter|access-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2018/04/18/these-apparitions-were-officially-approved-by-the-holy-see-as-worthy-of-belief/|title=These apparitions were officially approved by the Holy See as "worthy of belief"|first=Philip|last=Kosloski|date=April 18, 2018|website=[[Aleteia]]|access-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://carm.org/catholic/what-are-the-approved-mary-apparitions-of-the-roman-catholic-church|title=What are the approved apparitions of Mary in the Roman Catholic Church?|first=Matt|last=Slick|website=Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry|date=September 26, 2014|access-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref> The criterion used here is that the Holy See must have approved the widespread veneration of the apparition by inscribing it on a [[liturgical calendar]] besides that of the particular diocese in which the apparition occurred.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! class="unsortable" style="padding:0;width:7px" |
! scope="col" width="20%" | Associated Marian titles
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Seers
! scope="col" | Approval
! scope="col" | Feast day

|- id="Guadalupe"
| style="background-color:#22b;padding:0" title="Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Guadalupe" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Guadalupe]]'''
| 1531
| data-sort-value="Mexico Tepeyac" | {{flagdeco|Mexico}} [[Tepeyac]], Mexico (Spanish colonial empire)
| data-sort-value="2 Cuauhtlatoatzin Juan Diego" | [[Juan Diego|Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin]] [[Juan Bernardino]]
| data-sort-value="1555" | 1555<ref>{{cite news|url=https://udayton.edu/news/articles/2016/01/our_lady_of_guadalupe.php|title=Ten Things to Know About Our Lady of Guadalupe|publisher=[[University of Dayton]]|date=January 27, 2016|access-date=October 5, 2019|quote=The church approved the apparition in 1555.}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="12-12" | December 12 in the [[General Roman Calendar]]
|- class="expand-child"
| colspan="7" class="description" style="background: white;" |[[Juan Diego]], an Aztec who had recently converted to the Catholic faith, saw an apparition of Mary early in the morning on December 9, 1531, during which Mary asked that a church be built in the site of the apparition. The local bishop did not believe his story. In response, during another appearance to Juan Diego three days later, after also appearing to Diego's sick uncle [[Juan Bernardino]], Our Lady imprinted an image of herself on Juan Diego's cloak (tilma). The cloak is on display at the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe]] in [[Mexico City]]. Over the years, Our Lady of Guadalupe became a symbol of the Catholic faith in Mexico and the Mexican diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brading|first=David A.|title=Mexican Phoenix Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2001|isbn=9780521801317|page=[https://archive.org/details/mexicanphoenixou00dabr/page/58 58]|url=https://archive.org/details/mexicanphoenixou00dabr/page/58}}</ref>

|- id="Miraculous_Medal"
| style="background-color:#22b;padding:0" title="Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Miraculous Medal" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal]]''' Our Lady of Graces
| 1830
| data-sort-value="France Paris" | {{flagdeco|France}} [[Rue du Bac, Paris|Rue du Bac]] in [[Paris]], France
| data-sort-value="1 Labouré Catherine" | [[Catherine Labouré]]
| data-sort-value="1836" | 1836<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/saint-catherine-laboure-of-the-miraculous-medal-5307|title=Saint Catherine Laboure of the Miraculous Medal|first=Fr. Joseph|last=Dirvin|website=[[EWTN]]|quote=Archbishop de Quelen [decided] to institute a canonical inquiry. He appointed Monseigneur Quentin, Vicar General of Paris, to conduct it. The sessions were opened on 1836 ... The findings of the Canonical Inquiry of Paris completely vindicated Catherine. The court extolled her character and virtue, and placed wholehearted credence in her visions. Two important conclusions were reached: that the Medal was of supernatural origin, and that the wonders worked through it were genuine.}}</ref> [[Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen|Archbishop Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris|Archdiocese of Paris]]
| data-sort-value="11–27" | November 27 in the [[General Roman Calendar|Roman Calendar]] for Venezuela and the Vincentian orders{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
|- class="expand-child"
| colspan="7" class="description" style="background: white;" | [[Catherine Labouré]], a [[Catholic novice|novice]] with the [[Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul]], reported several apparitions of Mary in the [[Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal|chapel]] of her convent. On July 18, 1830, she was awakened and led to the chapel by a child. There, the Virgin Mary appeared to her and revealed that God wished to entrust her with a mission. Mary also said to her that "times were evil" and foretold sorrows for France and the world. On November 27, 1830, Catherine reported another apparition, where Mary showed her specific visions and requested to "have a Medal struck after this model". She asked her to take these images to her [[confessor]], and that "all who wear them will receive great graces".<ref>{{cite CE1913|id=10115a|title=Miraculous Medal|first=Joseph|last=Glass|access-date=September 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Catherine Laboure of the Miraculous Medal {{!}} EWTN |url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/saint-catherine-laboure-of-the-miraculous-medal-5307 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=EWTN Global Catholic Television Network |language=en}}</ref> The first medals were produced in 1832 and became widely known as the [[Miraculous Medal]], due to the many miracles attributed to the medal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Miraculous Medal |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10115a.htm |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> The front of the medal depicts Mary as she appeared to Catherine, while the reverse design includes the letter M under a cross, along with the [[Sacred Heart]] and the [[Immaculate Heart of Mary]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Popes and the Miraculous Medal: A Legacy of Devotion |url=https://www.ewtnvatican.com/articles/popes-and-the-miraculous-medal-a-legacy-of-devotion-1922 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=EWTN Vatican |language=en}}</ref>

|- id="La_Salette"
| style="background-color:#22b;padding:0" title="Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration" |
! data-sort-value="La Salette" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of La Salette]]'''
| 1846
| data-sort-value="France La Salette" | {{flagdeco|France}} Mount Sous-Les Baisses, [[La Salette-Fallavaux]], France
| data-sort-value="2 Calvat Mélanie" | [[Mélanie Calvat]] [[Maximin Giraud]]
| data-sort-value="1851-09-19" | September{{nbs}}19,{{nbs}}1851<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lasalette.info/mission/history-of-congregation|title=History of La Salettes|website=[[Missionaries of La Salette|Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette]]|date=April 26, 2013|access-date=October 11, 2019|quote=1851 ... Bishop de Bruillard publishes the Doctrinal Statement of September 19: the Apparition is authentic; public worship is authorized; a church will be built on the site of the Apparition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miraclehunter.com/marian_apparitions/statements/lasalette_statement_01.html|title=Excerpts from The Pastoral Letter of Mgr de Bruillard, Bishop of Grenoble, on the Fifth Anniversary of the La Salette Apparition|website=Miracle Hunter|date=September 19, 1851|access-date=October 11, 2019|quote=We judge that the Apparition of the Blessed Virgin to the two cowherds on the 19th of September, 1846, on a mountain of the chain of Alps, situated in the parish of LaSalette, in the archpresbytery of Corps, bears within Itself all the characteristics of truth, and that the faithful have grounds for believing it indubitable and certain.}}</ref> {{ill|Philibert de Bruillard|lt=Bishop Philibert de Bruillard|fr||pl}} [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Grenoble-Vienne|Diocese of Grenoble]]
| data-sort-value="09-19" | September 19 in the [[General Roman Calendar#France|Roman Calendar for France]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.diocesedegap.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/EDHA-n%C2%B0-122-juin-2016.pdf|journal=Église dans les Hautes-Alpes|date=June 2016|issue=122|page=4|title=La Salette au propre de France|language=fr|access-date=October 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230092131/https://www.diocesedegap.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/EDHA-n%C2%B0-122-juin-2016.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=December 30, 2019}}</ref>
|- class="expand-child"
| colspan="7" class="description" style="background: white;" | Two shepherd children reported seeing an apparition of Mary, who was weeping because of disrespect shown to the [[Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy|Lord's Day]] and to the [[Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain|Lord's name]]. She entrusted one secret to each of the two children, which they wrote down and delivered to [[Pope Pius IX]].

|- id="Lourdes"
| style="background-color:#22b;padding:0" title="Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Lourdes" scope="row" | '''[[Lourdes apparitions|Our Lady of Lourdes]]''' The Immaculate Conception
| 1858
| data-sort-value="France Lourdes" | {{flagdeco|France}} [[Lourdes]], France
| data-sort-value="1 Soubirous Bernadette" | [[Bernadette Soubirous]]
| data-sort-value="1862-01-18" | January{{nbs}}18,{{nbs}}1862<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-lourdestimeline7-2008sep07-story.html|title=Lourdes, France, through the centuries|first=Susan|last=Spano|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 7, 2008|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote=1862: After questioning Bernadette, Bishop Bertrand-Severe Laurence of the diocese of Tarbes (later Tarbes and Lourdes) confirms the apparitions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miraclehunter.com/marian_apparitions/statements/lourdes_comm_report.html|title=Report of the Episcopal Commission|date=January 18, 1862|first=Bertrand|last=Laurence|website=Miracle Hunter}}</ref> {{ill|Bertrand-Sévère Laurence|lt=Bishop{{nbs}}Bertrand-Sévère{{nbs}}Laurence|fr}} [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes|Diocese of Tarbes]]
| data-sort-value="02-11" | February 11 in the [[General Roman Calendar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://osvnews.com/2017/01/01/the-meaning-of-fatima-100-years-later/|title=The meaning of Fatima: 100 years later|first=Dr. Robert|last=Fastiggi|date=January 1, 2017|access-date=October 11, 2019|website=[[Our Sunday Visitor]]}}</ref>
|- class="expand-child"
| colspan="7" class="description" style="background: white;" | A 14-year-old shepherd girl named Bernadette Soubirous reported seeing Mary appear to her while she was out gathering firewood in the countryside. Mary identified herself as "the [[Immaculate Conception]]" and told Bernadette of the location of a spring with many miraculous healings associated with its waters. Since 1862, more than sixty medical cures associated with Lourdes have been certified as "miraculous" by the Catholic Church, which established its own Medical Bureau in 1883 to review and evaluate claims of cures. An independent study of cures published during 2012 concluded that some of the cures were "currently beyond our ken but still impressive, incredibly effective, and awaiting a scientific explanation."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=François |first1=Bernard |last2=Sternberg |first2=Esther M. |last3=Fee |first3=Elizabeth |date=January 2014 |title=The Lourdes Medical Cures Revisited |pmc=3854941 |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=135–162 |doi= 10.1093/jhmas/jrs041|pmid=22843835}}</ref>

|- id="Knock"
| style="background-color:#22b;padding:0" title="Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Knock" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Knock]]'''
| 1879
| data-sort-value="Ireland Knock" | {{flagdeco|Ireland}} [[Knock, County Mayo|Knock]], Ireland
| data-sort-value="15" | Group of 15 people
| data-sort-value="1879-10" | 1879<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knockshrine.ie/history/|title=The Story of Knock: 1879|website=Knock Shrine|access-date=October 10, 2019|quote=On 8 October 1879, Archbishop Mac Hale of Tuam set up an ecclesiastical Commission of Enquiry to investigate the Apparition. It consisted of Canon Ulick Burke, PP Claremorris, Canon James Waldron of Ballyhaunis, Archdeacon Cavanagh, PP, Knock and 6 local curates. The testimonies of all 15 official witnesses to the Apparition were found to be trustworthy and satisfactory.}}</ref> [[John MacHale|Archbishop John MacHale]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuam|Archdiocese of Tuam]]
| data-sort-value="08-17" | August 17 in the [[General Roman Calendar#Ireland|Roman Calendar for Ireland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liturgy-ireland.ie/liturgy-news-2011-2015.html|title=31 March 2011: Additions to the National Calendar and Proper|website=National Centre for Liturgy, [[St Patrick's College, Maynooth]]|date=July 5, 2023 |quote=Approval has been received from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments for the following additions to the National Calendar and Proper: 17 August – Our Lady of Knock – memorial}}</ref>
|- class="expand-child"
| colspan="7" class="description" style="background: white;" |
On August{{nbs}}21,{{nbs}}1879, a group of 15 men, women, and children, ranging in age from 5 to 75, reported seeing an apparition behind their church, against the back wall, of an altar with a [[Lamb of God|lamb]] on it (understood to represent [[Jesus]]), surrounded by a multitude of angels. Off to the side in prayer stood Mary, [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]], and [[John the Apostle|St. John]] (with St. John dressed as a bishop). Because Mary was among those seen, the apparition is classified as Marian, although the simultaneous appearance of Jesus, Mary, Joseph, John, and numerous angels makes it unique among this category. A further distinctive characteristic is that this apparition was silent: no verbal messages were given. The apparition lasted for an hour and a half.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miraclehunter.com/marian_apparitions/approved_apparitions/knock/phill_statement.html|first=Patrick|last=Hill|date=1879|title=Deposition to the investigatory commission|website=Miracle Hunter|access-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref>

|- id="Fátima"
| style="background-color:#22b;padding:0" title="Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Fatima" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Fátima]]''' Our Lady of the Rosary The Immaculate Heart of Mary
| 1917
| data-sort-value="Portugal Fatima" | {{flagdeco|Portugal}} [[Cova da Iria]], [[Fátima, Portugal]]
| data-sort-value="3 Santos Lucia" | [[Sister Lúcia|Lúcia Santos]] [[Francisco and Jacinta Marto|Jacinta Marto]] [[Francisco and Jacinta Marto|Francisco Marto]]
| data-sort-value="1930-10-13" | October{{nbs}}13,{{nbs}}1930<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fatima.org/about/fatima-the-facts/approval-by-the-bishop-1930/|title=Approval by the Bishop (1930)|website=The Fatima Center|date=February 9, 2017 |access-date=October 10, 2019|quote=[W]e hereby: 1. Declare worthy of belief, the visions of the shepherd children in the Cova da Iria, parish of Fatima, in this diocese, from the 13th May to 13th October, 1917. 2. Permit officially the cult of Our Lady of Fatima.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lucia-dos-Santos|title=Lucia dos Santos|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=October 10, 2019|quote=After years of investigation, the veneration of Our Lady of Fátima was authorized by the bishop of Leiria, Portugal, on October 13, 1930.}}</ref> [[José Alves Correia da Silva|Bishop José Alves Correia da{{nbs}}Silva]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Leiria-Fátima|Diocese of Leiria]]
| data-sort-value="05-13" | May 13 in the [[General Roman Calendar]]
|- class="expand-child"
| colspan="7" class="description" style="background: white;" | Three shepherd children reported seeing apparitions of an angel (who identified himself as the [[Guardian Angel of Portugal]]) followed by apparitions of Mary. Mary revealed to the children [[Three Secrets of Fátima|three secrets]]: first, the reality of [[hell]] and the means of saving people from it through personal [[Sacrifice#Christianity|sacrifices]] and [[Acts of reparation]]; second, a prediction of future upheavals (beginning with [[World War II]]), the spiritual means of ending them (a [[Consecration of Russia]] and [[Eucharist|Communions]] of [[Acts of Reparation|reparation]] on [[First Saturdays Devotion|First Saturdays]]), and a prediction of an eventual "triumph of the [[Immaculate Heart of Mary]]"; third, an obscure vision of future persecution of the Catholic Church. The apparitions culminated with the [[Miracle of the Sun]], an astronomical phenomenon witnessed by a crowd of approximately 70,000 people, and even by others located miles away.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/10/13/our-lady-of-fatima-the-virgin-mary-promised-three-kids-a-miracle-that-70000-gathered-to-see/|title=Our Lady of Fatima: The Virgin Mary promised three kids a miracle that 70,000 gathered to see|date=October 13, 2017|first=Katherine|last=Arcement|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref> All nine popes since the apparitions – [[Pope Benedict XV|Benedict XV]], [[Pope Pius XI|Pius XI]], [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]], [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]], [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]], [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]], [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] and [[Pope Francis|Francis]] – have indicated their belief in the authenticity of the apparitions. [[Pope John Paul II]] credited Our Lady of Fátima with saving his life after [[Pope John Paul II assassination attempt|he was shot in Rome]] on May 13 feast day of the apparition in 1981, and donated the bullet that wounded him to the [[Sanctuary of Fátima|Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Razaq|last=Raj|date=2007|title=Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Festivals|isbn=9781845932251|page=214}}</ref> In 1925, eight years after the Fátima events, Lúcia, then [[Sister Lúcia]], reported another set of related apparitions, which became known as the [[Pontevedra apparitions]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/8654/anniversary-of-apparition-of-child-jesus-to-sister-lucia-to-be-commemorated-in-spain|title=Anniversary of apparition of child Jesus to Sister Lucia to be commemorated in Spain|date=February 15, 2007|access-date=October 11, 2019|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]}}</ref>
|}

==== Approved ====


Below is a list of additional apparitions which have been approved by the local [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|ordinary]] (i.e. the bishop assigned to the area in which the events allegedly occurred).

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! class="unsortable" style="padding:0;width:7px" |
! scope="col" width="20%" | Associated Marian titles
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Seers
! scope="col" | Approval

|- id="Good_Event"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Good Event" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of the Good Event]]'''
| 1594–1634
| data-sort-value="Ecuador Quito" | {{flagdeco|Ecuador}} [[Quito]], Ecuador (Spanish colonial empire)
| data-sort-value="1 Torres Mariana" | Mariana de Jesus Torres
| data-sort-value="1611" | 1611<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/marian-messenger|title=Marian Messenger|work=[[National Catholic Register]]|date=March 31, 2011|first=Jim|last=Graves|access-date=October 6, 2019}}</ref> [[Salvador Ribera Avalos|Bishop{{nbs}}Salvador{{nbs}}Ribera{{nbs}}Avalos]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quito|Diocese of Quito]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | A religious sister, Mother Mariana de Jesus Torres, reported that the Virgin Mary appeared to her at the Conceptionist Convent in Quito, Ecuador, under the title "Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso".<ref>{{cite web|title=Conceptionists celebrate their 500th anniversary|url=http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/concepcionistas-cumplen-500-anos-500997.html|access-date=September 20, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201135940/http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/concepcionistas-cumplen-500-anos-500997.html|archive-date=December 1, 2012}}</ref> According to Mother Mariana, Mary requested that a statue be made in her likeness and made several predictions, saying that the church and the world would enter into a period of crisis beginning in the mid-20th century, and that this period would be followed by a complete restoration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2012/07/26/our-lady-of-quito-prophesied-that-in-the-60s-there-would-be-spiritual-catastrophe-in-the-church-then-through-the-faith-of-the-just-a-complete-restoration/|title=Our Lady of Quito prophesied that in the 60s there would be spiritual catastrophe in the Church; then, through the faith of the just, a 'complete restoration'|publisher=[[The Catholic Herald]]|date=July 26, 2012|first=William|last=Oddie|access-date=March 1, 2019}}</ref> Although the phrase "Good Event" in the apparition title is also understood to refer to this prophesied restoration, the phrase, properly speaking, refers to the [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|Purification of Mary and the Presentation of Jesus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nuestrasenoradelbuensucesodelapurificacion.com/clarification-on-the-title|title=Clarification on the Title 'Buen Suceso of the Purification'|author=Governing Council of the Real Monasterio de la Immaculada Concepción of Quito, Equador|date=July 1, 2017}}</ref>

|- id="Hens"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Hens" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of the Hens]]'''
| 1609
| data-sort-value="Italy Hens" | {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Pagani, Campania]], [[Italy]] (Kingdom of Naples)
| data-sort-value="1609" | 11 different people
| data-sort-value="1786-08" | August{{nbs}}1786
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="7" style="background: white;" | Despite the first apparition is dated back to the 16th century, the [[Madonna of the Hens]] is said to have performed eight miracles in the years 1609–1610. It all began when a cripple, who had fallen asleep in front of a dressing room belonging to the ancient parish of San Felice, where the table found by the hens was kept, saw the Madonna in his sleep; she invited him to get up and throw away his crutches because he was healed. The evident miracle attracted general attention to the small oratory, and in a very short time there were new healings: between 1609 and 1610 there were seven other miracles that confirmed in the faithful the devotion to the 'Madonna of the Hens' in and out of the region.

It was then decided the building of a more worthy church to welcome the faithful, and in 1610 Msgr. Lunadoro, [[bishop of Nocera de' Pagani]], tells us that "thanks to the help of the devout people, who give large alms, a much more capable church is begun" to be built in the place where the hens had found the table, and Msgr. Stefano de Vicari, in his pastoral visit made in 1615, speaks of a 'newly built church' (Latin: ecclesia noviter erecta), namely the [[Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens]].

In August 1786 the diocesan bishop, Msgr. Benedetto dei Monti Sanfelice, published a decree with which the [[cathedral chapter|chapter]] of [[St. Peter's Basilica|Saint Peter in the Vatican]] decided to solemnly crown the 'Madonna delle Galline' in gratitude for the protection of Mary to the population. The coronation ceremony took place in 1787.
|- id="Laus"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Laus" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Laus]]'''
| 1664–1718
| data-sort-value="France Saint-Étienne-le-Laus" | {{flagdeco|France}} [[Saint-Étienne-le-Laus]], France
| data-sort-value="1 Rencurel Benoîte" | [[Benoîte Rencurel]]
| data-sort-value="2008-05-04" | May{{nbs}}4,{{nbs}}2008{{refn|group=note|Although news outlets widely reported the apparition as being "Vatican approved,"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/12546/vatican-recognizes-marian-apparitions-in-france|title=Vatican recognizes Marian apparitions in France|date=May 5, 2008|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref> the approval was given by the local bishop with the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|CDF]]'s permission, not by the CDF directly.<ref name="laus_approval">{{cite web|url=http://www.sanctuaire-notredamedulaus.com/fr/decouvrir/reconnaissance-2008.html|title=La reconnaissance officielle des apparitions|language=fr|website=Sanctuary of Our Lady of Laus|access-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref>}} {{ill|Jean-Michel Di Falco|lt=Bishop Jean-Michel Di Falco|de|Jean-Michel di Falco Leandri|it||la|Ioannes Michael di Falco|nl||pl|}} [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gap|Diocese of Gap and Embrun]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | In May 1664, a young shepherdess named [[Benoîte Rencurel]], 17 years old, reported that [[Saint Maurice]] appeared to her and said that she would see the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] in a nearby valley. The next day, Benoîte went to this valley and saw a "beautiful lady", who later revealed her identity: "I am [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Lady Mary]], the Mother of my very dear Son". Benoîte was then told to go to Laus and find a chapel there, "from which sweet scents will emanate". There, Mary appeared to her and said "I have asked my Son for this place for the conversion of sinners, and He has granted it to me".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Histoire du Laus |url=https://www.sanctuaire-notredamedulaus.com/le-message/histoire |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.sanctuaire-notredamedulaus.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-04 |title=Before Lourdes and Fatima, Our Lady Appeared in Laus |url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/before-lourdes-and-fatima-our-lady-appeared-in-laus |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=NCR |language=en}}</ref> Mary asked for a sanctuary to be built, and charged Benoîte to welcome the pilgrims and to prepare them for the [[Sacrament of Penance]], having received the gift of reading souls.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/12546/vatican-recognizes-marian-apparitions-in-france|title=Vatican recognizes Marian apparitions in France|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|date=May 5, 2008|access-date=October 5, 2019|quote=Benedicta took the mission she received from Mary seriously and dedicated herself to preparing sinners to receive the sacrament of Penance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/joseph-pronechen/are-the-laus-apparitions-the-foundation-for-la-salette-and-lourdes|title=Before Lourdes and Fatima, Our Lady Appeared in Laus|date=August 4, 2019|first=Joseph|last=Pronechen|quote=Our Lady told her God was giving her the gift of reading souls, much as what would later be given to Padre Pio, in order to help people to know their sins, remembered or forgotten, repent, confess in the sacrament of Penance, and return to God.}}</ref> Benoîte continued to receive apparitions of Mary for 54 years, until her death in 1718. The local archbishop at the time approved the public veneration of the initial apparitions in 1665, but the apparitions themselves were approved four centuries later, on May 5, 2008.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="laus_approval" />

|- id="Good_Help"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Good Help" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Champion]]'''
| 1859
| data-sort-value="United States Wisconsin" | {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Champion, Wisconsin]], [[United_States|United States of America]]
| data-sort-value="1 Brise Adele" | Adele Brise
| data-sort-value="2010-12-08" | December{{nbs}}8,{{nbs}}2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gbdioc.org/newsevents/news/857-worthy-of-belief.html|title=Bishop Ricken Approves Marian Apparitions at Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help|date=December 8, 2010|website=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay|Diocese of Green Bay]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213223836/http://www.gbdioc.org/newsevents/news/857-worthy-of-belief.html|archive-date=December 13, 2012|url-status=dead|quote='I declare with moral certainty and in accord with the norms of the Church that the events, apparitions and locutions given to Adele Brise in October of 1859 do exhibit the substance of supernatural character, and I do hereby approve these apparitions as worthy of belief (although not obligatory) by the Christian faithful.'|access-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref> Bishop [[David L. Ricken]] [[Diocese of Green Bay]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | In Robinsonville (now called [[Champion, Wisconsin|Champion]]), Wisconsin, a young Belgian immigrant woman named Adele Brise was walking through a wooded area when she saw a beautiful woman standing between a maple and a hemlock tree. She saw the lady again on her way to Mass, and walked past her again. After Mass she told her priest about the apparition, and he told her to ask the Lady "In God's name, who are you and what do you want of me?" When Adele walked past the spot again, the Lady was there, and Adele asked what she was told by the priest. The Lady replied, "I am the Queen of Heaven who prays for the conversion of sinners." She gave Adele the mission to pray for sinners and teach the children of the area their [[Catechism]], with the assurance, "Go and fear nothing, I will help you." Soon after, Adele's father built a small chapel between the trees, and later two more churches were built on the spot before the present brick church, built in 1942. Our Lady of Champion is the first approved apparition in the United States. In April 2023, the National Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help announced its official name change to The National Shrine of Our Lady of Champion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/21565/wisconsin-chapel-approved-as-first-us-marian-apparition-site|title=Wisconsin chapel approved as first US Marian apparition site|first=Benjamin|last=Mann|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|date=December 9, 2010|access-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref>

|- id="Pontmain"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Pontmain" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Pontmain]]''' Our Lady of Hope
| 1871
| data-sort-value="France Pontmain" | {{flagdeco|France}} [[Pontmain]], France
| data-sort-value="4 Barbadette Eugene" | Eùgene Barbadette Joseph Barbadette Jeanne-Marie Lebossé Françoise Richer
| data-sort-value="1872-02-02" | February{{nbs}}2,{{nbs}}1872<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHV6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|title=L'éloquente apparition de Notre-Dame de La Salette|language=fr|first=Victor|last=Hostachy|pages=18–19|date=1943|publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique |isbn=9782402275736|quote=Mgr Wicart, évêque de Laval, portait son jugement, le 2 février 1872, sur le prodige de Pontmain ... : «...Nous jugeons que l'Immaculée Vierge Marie, Mère de Diu, a véritablement apparu, le 17 janvier 1871 à Eugène Barbedette, Joseph Barbedette, Françoise Richer et Jeanne-Marie Lebossé, dans le hameau de Pontmain.»}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Woman and the Dragon: Apparitions of Mary|last=Lindsey|first=David Michael|publisher=Pelican Publishing|date=January 31, 2001|page=103|quote=The apparition of Mary at Pontmain was authenticated by the local bishop on February 2, 1872.}}</ref> {{ill|Casimir Wicart|lt=Bishop Casimir Wicart|fr}} [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval|Diocese of Laval]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | At the height of the [[Franco-Prussian War]], [[Pontmain]], a hamlet of about 500 inhabitants, found itself between the oncoming Prussian army and the city of [[Laval, Mayenne|Laval]]. While two boys, Joseph and Eugène, aged ten and twelve, were helping their father in the barn, Eugène saw in the night sky an apparition of a beautiful woman smiling at him; she was wearing a blue gown covered with golden stars, and a black veil under a golden crown. Joseph came to look and could see the lady as well. As a crowd gathered, two girls, Françoise Richer and Jeanne-Marie Lebosse, ages nine and eleven, reported seeing Mary as well, and described her in the same way. None of the adults, however, could see Mary, but only saw three stars forming a triangle. The crowd began praying the [[Rosary]]. The children saw a banner unfurl beneath the Lady with a message: "But pray, my children. God will hear you in time. My Son allows Himself to be touched." The apparition lasted about three hours. It was later discovered that the advance of the Prussian troops was halted at the same time that the apparition began; the general reported that the advance was blocked by a "[[Madonna (art)|Madonna]]".

|- id="Gietrzwałd"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Gietrzwald" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|[[Our Lady of Gietrzwałd]]}}'''
| 1877
| data-sort-value="Poland Gietrzwald" | {{flagdeco|Poland}} [[Gietrzwałd]], Poland (German Empire)
| data-sort-value="2 Samulowska Stanislawa" | Stanisława Samulowska Justyna Szafryńska
| data-sort-value="1977-09-01" | September{{nbs}}1,{{nbs}}1977<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aleteia.org/2017/10/18/our-lady-of-gietrzwald-polands-only-approved-marian-appearance/|title=Our Lady of Gietrzwald: Poland's only approved Marian appearance|date=October 18, 2017|publisher=[[Aleteia]]|quote=On September 1, 1977 ... Bishop Józef Drzazga of Warmia solemnly recognized the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Gietrzwałd. He issued a decree validating the credibility of the apparitions and proclaiming them as in compliance with Christian faith and morality.}}</ref> [[Józef Drzazga|Bishop Józef Drzazga]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warmia|Diocese of Warmia]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | A 13-year-old girl named Justyna Szafryńska reported that, while praying the [[Angelus]] on June 27, 1877, she saw a woman seated on a gold throne near a maple tree, accompanied by an angel. The following day, she saw another apparition, this time also with the [[Christ child]]. Three days after the first event, both she and 12-year-old Barbara Samulowska saw Mary, and Justyna asked: "What do you want, Holy Mary?" Mary answered in the local Polish dialect, "I want you to pray the Rosary daily." During the apparition the next day, Justyna asked, "Who are You?" and Mary replied, "I am the Blessed Virgin Mary of Immaculate Conception."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=P.M. |date=2013 |title=Multiple visions, multiple viewpoints: apparitions in a Polish-German borderland, 1877–1880 |journal=The Polish Review |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=35–64 |doi=10.5406/polishreview.58.3.0035|jstor=10.5406/polishreview.58.3.0035 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/polishreview.58.3.0035|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the coming days, Mary promised that fervent prayer would be able to end the persecutions of Catholic Poles that had occurred under [[Kulturkampf]]. The apparitions continued for three months. On September 8, about a week before the apparitions ended, Mary blessed a spring of water, from which pilgrims have subsequently reported healings. Our Lady of Gietrzwałd is the only approved Marian apparition in Poland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aleteia.org/2017/10/18/our-lady-of-gietrzwald-polands-only-approved-marian-appearance/|title=Our Lady of Gietrzwald: Poland's only approved Marian appearance|website=[[Aleteia]]|date=October 18, 2017|access-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref>

|- id="Tears"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Tears" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Our Lady of Tears}}'''
| 1930
| data-sort-value="Brazil" | {{flagdeco|Brazil}} [[Campinas]], Brazil
| data-sort-value="Amália de Jesus Flagelado" | [[Amália de Jesus Flagelado]]
| data-sort-value="1931-03-08" | March{{nbs}}8,{{nbs}}1931<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apostolichrist.com/post/nossa-senhora-das-l%C3%A1grimas|title=Nossa Senhora das Lágrimas|language=pt|trans-title=Our Lady of Tears|website=Apostoli Christi|access-date=April 2, 2023|quote=On March 8, 1931, Monsignor Dom Francisco de Campos Barreto, Bishop of Campinas, recognized the veracity of the phenomena... He declared that they were of supernatural origin, as recorded in the diocese's Livro do Tombo.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miraclehunter.com/marian_apparitions/approved_apparitions/campinas/index.html|title=Nossa Senhora das Lagrimas (Our Lady of the Tears)|publisher=Miracle Hunter|access-date=April 2, 2023|quote=Devotion to this Rosary was approved by Bishop Francisco Campos Barreto, Bishop of Campinas, who not only allowed the recognition of the events, but he did his utmost to spread everywhere the commemorative medal of Our Lady of Tears, the source of many conversions and graces.}}</ref> {{ill|Francisco de Campos Barreto|lt=Bishop Francisco de Campos Barreto|pt|}} [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campinas|Archdiocese of Campinas]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | On November 8, 1929, a friend of Sister Amalia came to her to ask for prayers for his seriously ill wife. The nun then went to the chapel of the [[Institute of the Missionary Sisters of Jesus Crucified]] to pray in this intention, when suddenly [[Jesus]] appeared to her and said that she should ask him for this grace through the tears of her mother [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], teaching her a prayer and assuring her that nothing would be denied her if the request was made in the name of his mother's tears. He also stated that Maria would visit Amália soon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oespiritosanto.com/aparicao-de-nossa-senhora-das-lagrimas-de-jesus-flagelado|title=Aparição de Nossa Senhora das Lágrimas de Jesus Crucificado|language=pt|trans-title=Apparition of Our Lady of Tears of Jesus Crucified.|access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref> On March 8, 1930, she was praying in the same place when the Virgin appeared to her. Maria was dressed in a purple tunic, a dark blue mantle, a white veil that stretched from her head to her chest and in her hands she held a rosary of glittering pearls. Maria then asked Amália to propagate the rosary, calling it "Crown of Tears". She also stated that she would bestow graces on those who would pray it with devotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nossasenhoradaslagrimas.com/br/irma-amalia/|title=A Irmã Amália de Jesus Flagelado e as origens da Coroa de Nossa Senhora das Lágrimas|language=pt|trans-title=Sister Amália de Jesus Flagelado and the origins of the Crown of Our Lady of Tears|access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref> On April 8 of the same year, Maria appeared again to Amália, indicating a medal that should be used by her devotees so that they could obtain her protection and miracles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caminhadadeemaus.com.br/destaque-banner/coroa-das-lagrimas-de-nossa-senhora/|title=Uma Devoção guardada por Jesus durante 20 séculos, revelada em 1929 e guardada até agora, no tempo oportuno!|date=December 23, 2022 |language=pt|trans-title=A Devotion guarded by Jesus for 20 centuries, revealed in 1929 and kept until now, in due time!|access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref>

|- id="Beauraing"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Beauraing" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Beauraing]]''' Virgin of the Golden Heart
| 1932–1933
| data-sort-value="Belgium Beauraing" | {{flagdeco|Belgium}} [[Beauraing]], Belgium
| data-sort-value="5 Degeimbre Andree" | Andree Degeimbre Gilberte Degeimbre Albert Voisin Fernande Voisin Gilberte Voisin
| data-sort-value="1949-07-02" | July{{nbs}}2,{{nbs}}1949<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miraclehunter.com/marian_apparitions/statements/beauraing_statement.html|title=Letter to the Clergy of the Diocese|first=André-Marie|last=Charue|date=July 2, 1949|website=Miracle Hunter|access-date=October 11, 2019|quote=we are able in all serenity and prudence to affirm that the Queen of Heaven appeared to the children of Beauraing during the winter of 1932–1933}}</ref> {{ill|André-Marie Charue|lt=Bishop André-Marie Charue|de|André Marie Charue|fr||fi|André Marie Charue|lb|}} [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Namur|Diocese of Namur]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | Between November 29, 1932, and January 3, 1933, five children, ages 9 to 15, reported seeing 33 apparitions of Mary in the garden of a boarding school run by the [[Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy|Sisters of the Christian Doctrine]]. During the apparitions, Mary appeared in a white robe with rays of blue and a crown of light. In the final apparitions, the Virgin Mary revealed a Heart of Gold, from which the title of the Virgin of the Golden Heart was given to her. Mary told the children she was the [[Immaculate Conception]], the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] and the [[Queen of Heaven]]. Mary asked for prayer, sacrifice and for the construction of a chapel as a place of pilgrimage, promising to convert sinners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/armstrong/the-golden-heart-apparition-of-our-lady-of-beauraing|last=Armstrong|first=Patti|title=The "Golden Heart" Apparition of Our Lady of Beauraing|publisher=[[National Catholic Register]]|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharkey |first=Don |url=https://archive.org/details/iwillconvertsinn00shar/page/6/mode/2up?view=theater |title="I will convert sinners" : Our Lady's apparitions at Beauraing, 1932–1933 |date=1957 |publisher=Techny, IL : Divine Word Publications |others=Boston College Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Récit des apparitions |url=https://sanctuairedebeauraing.be/recit-des-apparitions/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=Sanctuaire Notre-Dame de Beauraing |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

|- id="Banneux"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Banneux" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Banneux]]''' Virgin of the Poor
| 1933
| data-sort-value="Belgium Banneux" | {{flagdeco|Belgium}} [[Banneux]], Belgium
| data-sort-value="1 Beco Mariette" | [[Mariette Beco]]
| data-sort-value="1949-08-22" | August{{nbs}}22,{{nbs}}1949<ref>{{cite letter|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_19990731_banneux.html|author=[[Pope John Paul II]]|recipient=Bishop Albert Houssiau|subject=On the 50th Anniversary of the Recognition of the Apparitions of Our Lady at Banneux|date=July 31, 1999|quote=Fifty years ago, on 22 August 1949, Bishop Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs, your predecessor in the see of Liège, definitively recognized the reality of the apparitions of Our Lady of the Poor in Banneux.}}</ref> [[Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs|Bishop Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège|Diocese of Liège]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | Between January 15, 1933, and March 2, 1933, an 11-year-old girl named Mariette Beco reported eight apparitions of Mary. The first apparition took place in the garden of her family’s house, followed by other apparitions near a nearby spring that Mary led Mariette to. Mary said to Mariette that "this spring is reserved for all nations... to relieve the sick" and that through this spring miracles of healing would be worked. Mary identified herself as "the Virgin of the Poor", the Mother of the [[Redeemer (Christianity)|Savior]] and the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2011/12/07/visionary-who-reported-eight-apparitions-of-mary-dies-aged-90/|title=Visionary who reported eight apparitions of Mary dies aged 90|first=Madeleine|last=Teahan|date=December 7, 2011|publisher=[[Catholic Herald]]|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apparitions After Beauraing – from the Catholic Herald Archive |url=https://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/15th-november-1957/7/apparitions-after-beauraing |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=archive.catholicherald.co.uk}}</ref> Mary asked for prayer, for the construction of a chapel and to believe in her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholicexchange.com/marys-message-for-belgium-beauraing-and-banneux|title=Mary's Message for Belgium: Beauraing and Banneux|date=March 23, 2016|first=Rev. Edward|last=Looney|publisher=Catholic Exchange|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Les apparitions (1933) |url=https://banneux-nd.be/fr/les-apparitions/ |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=Banneux Notre-Dame |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

|- id="Graces"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Graces" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Cimbres Marian apparition|Our Lady of Graces}}'''
| 1936–1937
| data-sort-value="Brazil" | {{flagdeco|Brazil}} [[Cimbres]], [[Pesqueira, Pernambuco|Pesqueira]], Brazil
| data-sort-value="2 Carvalho Maria" | Maria da Luz Teixeira de Carvalho Maria da Conceição Silva
| data-sort-value="2021-10-13" | October{{nbs}}13,{{nbs}}2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.diocesedepesqueira.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CARTA-PASTORAL-DOM-JOSE-LUIZ.pdf|title=Carta Pastoral – Dom José Luiz|language=pt|trans-title=Pastoral Letter – Dom Jose Luiz|access-date=April 5, 2023|publisher=Diocese de Pesqueira}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.folhape.com.br/noticias/igreja-catolica-reconhece-oficialmente-pela-primeira-vez-que-irma/201581/|title=Igreja reconhece possível aparição, e Irmã Adélia pode se tornar a primeira santa pernambucana|language=pt|trans-title=Church recognizes possible apparition, and Sister Adélia may become the first Pernambuco saint|date=October 13, 2021|publisher=Folha de Pernambuco|quote=The Catholic Church officially accepted yesterday, for the first time, that Sister Adélia, as a child, may have witnessed the apparition of Our Lady in Cimbres... The recognition was recorded in a Pastoral Letter written by the diocesan bishop of Pesqueira, Dom José Luiz Salles...}}</ref> {{ill|José Luiz Ferreira Salles|lt=Bishop José Luiz Ferreira Salles|pt|}} [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pesqueira|Diocese of Pesqueira]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | On August 6, 1936, young Maria da Luz, 13 years old, and Maria da Conceição, 16 years old, were walking near the town of Cimbres. The two girls, as well as all the residents of the place, lived in fear of encountering thieves [[Cangaço|cangaceiros]] along the way. The younger girl said that if they were found by the thieves, [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Our Lady]] would protect them. After saying that, the two girls saw a woman with a baby in her arms, surrounded by luminous rays. The girls then asked her her name and she replied "I am grace". At this, they recognized that the woman they saw was Mary and her child that she was carrying with her was [[Jesus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://curiosamente.diariodepernambuco.com.br/project/80-anos-da-primeira-aparicao-de-nossa-senhora-em-cimbres-pesqueira/|title=O mistério da aparição de Nossa Senhora em Pesqueira|language=pt|trans-title=The mystery of the apparition of Our Lady in Pesqueira|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> In the days that followed, Maria revealed to the girls that she had appeared to them to warn them of the danger of communism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fratresinunum.com/2016/05/31/38923/|title=Atualidade da mensagem de Nossa Senhora das Graças de Cimbres|date=May 31, 2016 |language=pt|trans-title=Actuality of the message of Our Lady of Graces of Cimbres|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vocacaodejesus.com/nossa-senhora/a-virgem-santissima-afirma-que-o-brasil-passara-por-uma-sangrenta-revolucao-promovida-pelo-comunismo/|title=A Virgem Santíssima afirma que o Brasil passará por uma sangrenta revolução promovida pelo comunismo!|date=May 3, 2021 |language=pt|trans-title=The Blessed Virgin claims that Brazil will undergo a bloody revolution promoted by communism!|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> She asked them to avoid the punishment of heaven over Brazil, to warn the people to do penance and to devote themselves to the heart of Jesus and her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bibliacatolica.com.br/blog/a-virgem-santissima-afirma-que-o-brasil-passara-por-uma-sangrenta-revolucao-promovida-pelo-comunismo/|title=A Virgem Santíssima afirma que o Brasil passará por uma sangrenta revolução promovida pelo comunismo!|date=October 17, 2013 |language=pt|trans-title=The Blessed Virgin claims that Brazil will undergo a bloody revolution promoted by communism!|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> To prove his presence, he made clear, crystalline water come out of a dry rock, stating that those who would drink from it would be cured of their illnesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://misericordia.com.br/voce-conhece-nossa-senhora-de-cimbres-em-pernambuco/|title=Você conhece Nossa Senhora de Cimbres em Pernambuco?|language=pt|trans-title=Do you know Our Lady of Cimbres in Pernambuco?|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> At the beginning of the phenomena, the German priest Joseph Kehrle was appointed by the bishop to accompany the apparitions and concluded that they were true apparitions of the Virgin Mary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://templariodemaria.com/bispo-reconhece-aparicoes-de-nossa-senhora-em-cimbres/|title=Bispo reconhece aparições de Nossa Senhora em Cimbres, que alertou o Brasil contra o Comunismo|date=October 16, 2021 |language=pt|trans-title=Bishop recognizes apparitions of Our Lady in Cimbres, which warned Brazil against Communism|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> The last apparition occurred in 1985 to Maria da Luz, who later became a nun and adopted the religious name ''Adélia''. At that time she was suffering from terminal cancer and was cured after witnessing a new apparition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arquidioceseolindarecife.org/morre-irma-adelia-religiosa-que-presenciou-a-aparicao-de-nossa-senhora-em-cimbres/|title=Morre irmã Adélia, religiosa que presenciou a aparição de Nossa Senhora em Cimbres|language=pt|trans-title=Died Sister Adélia, religious who witnessed the apparition of Our Lady in Cimbres|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> Maria da Conceição continued her lay life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nossasenhoradagraca-brasil.weebly.com/as-videntes.html|title=As videntes|language=pt|trans-title=the seers|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref>

|- id="Akita"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Akita" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Akita]]'''
| 1973
| data-sort-value="Japan Akita" | {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yuzawadai]], Japan
| data-sort-value="1 Sasagawa Agnes" | [[Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa]]
| data-sort-value="1984-04-22" | April{{nbs}}22,{{nbs}}1984<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/akita_apparition.html|first=John Shojiro|last=Ito|title=Akita apparition letter|date=April 22, 1984|website=[[The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813223303/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/akita_apparition.html|archive-date=August 13, 2011}}</ref> Bishop John Shojiro Ito [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Niigata|Diocese of Niigata]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | Sister Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa reported seeing a statue of [[The Lady of All Nations]] illuminate and reported hearing messages, even though she was deaf. The same statue also miraculously wept, a phenomenon repeated on 101 occasions and broadcast on Japanese national television. The messages were apocalyptic in nature, warning of coming calamities if mankind is to not repent. One such prophesy stated, {{blockquote|text=If men do not repent and better themselves, the Father will inflict a terrible punishment on all humanity. It will be a punishment greater than [[Genesis flood narrative|the deluge]], such as one will never have seen before. Fire will fall from the sky and will wipe out a great part of humanity, ... the good as well as the bad, sparing neither priests nor faithful. The survivors will find themselves so desolate that they will envy the dead. The only arms which will remain for you will be the Rosary and the Sign left by My Son. Each day recite the prayer of the Rosary. With the Rosary pray for the Pope, bishops and the priests. The work of the devil will infiltrate even into the Church in such a way that one will see cardinals opposing cardinals, and bishops against other bishops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/message-from-our-lady--akita-japan-5167|title=A Message From Our Lady – Akita, Japan|first=John|last=Ata|publisher=[[EWTN]]}}</ref>|title=|source=}}

|- id="Cuapa"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Cuapa" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|[[Our Lady of Cuapa]]}}'''
| 1980
| data-sort-value="Nicaragua San Francisco de Cuapa" | {{flagdeco|Nicaragua}} [[San Francisco de Cuapa]], Nicaragua
| data-sort-value="1 Martinez Bernardo" | Bernardo Martinez
| data-sort-value="1994" | 1994<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aleteia.org/2019/01/20/our-lady-of-cuapa-these-alleged-apparitions-from-1980-will-remind-you-of-fatima/|title=Our Lady of Cuapa: These alleged apparitions from 1980 will remind you of Fatima|publisher=[[Aleteia]]|first=Larry|last=Peterson|date=January 20, 2019|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote=In 1994, Bishop Robelo gave a diocesan-level approval to the apparitions, saying that they were 'worthy of belief.'}}</ref> [[César Bosco Vivas Robelo]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of León in Nicaragua|Diocese of León in Nicaragua]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | A [[sacristan]] named Bernardo Martinez reported seeing a supernatural light emanating from a statue of the Virgin Mary in the parish church on April 15, 1980. When walking through the fields shortly thereafter on May{{nbs}}8, he saw a vision of the Virgin Mary, who encouraged him to pray the Rosary daily and to promote peace, saying, "Make peace. Don't ask Our Lord for peace because, if you do not make it, there will be no peace."<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Heaven and Earth Unite|first=Miriam and Stephen|last=Weglian|page=24|publisher=Faith Publishing Company|location=Milford, Ohio|date=1996}}</ref> At this time, Nicaragua was going through a civil war, with the [[Sandinista]] government facing armed opposition from the [[Contras]]. Bernardo reported that Mary asked people to burn books that deny God and promote sin. Many locals understood this to mean Marxist books, and the consequent book-burnings resulted in backlash from supporters of the Communist government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/3184|title=Revista Envío – Church-State Relations A Chronology – Part II|access-date=September 8, 2016}}</ref> In 2005, Silvio Sirias wrote a novel, ''Bernardo and the Virgin'', based on the apparition events.<ref>{{cite book|first=Silvio|last=Sirias|title=Bernardo and the Virgin|publisher=Northwestern University Press|date=2005|isbn=9780810124271}}</ref>

|- id="Kibeho"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Kibeho" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Kibeho]]''' Mother of the Word
| 1981–1983<ref name="kibeho_approval">{{cite web|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2001/06/29/0382/01118.html|title=Dichiarazione del vescovo di Gikongoro in merito alle apparizioni di Kibeho|language=fr|trans-title=Declaration of the Bishop of Gikongoro on the merits of the Kibeho apparitions|publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]]}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="Rwanda Kibeho" | {{flagdeco|Rwanda}} [[Kibeho]], Rwanda
| data-sort-value="3 Mumureke Alphonsine" | Alphonsine{{nbs}}Mumureke Nathalie{{nbs}}Mukamazimpaka Marie{{nbs}}Claire{{nbs}}Mukangango
| data-sort-value="2001-06-29" | June{{nbs}}29,{{nbs}}2001<ref name="kibeho_approval" /> [[Augustin Misago|Bishop Augustin Misago]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gikongoro|Diocese of Gikongoro]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | On November 28, 1981, in the African college of Kibeho, Rwanda, the Virgin Mary reportedly appeared to three teenage students, Alphonsine Mumureke, Nathalie Mukamazimpaka, and Marie Claire Mukangango. The apparition identified herself in the native Rwandan dialect as "Nyina wa Jambo" ("Mother of the Word")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zenit.org/articles/jubilee-year-to-focus-on-mary-s-message-in-rwanda/|title=Jubilee Year to Focus on Mary's Message in Rwanda|publisher=[[Zenit News Agency|Zenit]]|date=November 13, 2006}}</ref> and warned of the coming [[Rwandan genocide|1994 Rwandan Genocide]] (in which Mukangango was killed). The Marian sanctuary at Kibeho was named "Shrine of [[Our Lady of Sorrows]]" in 1992, two years before the genocide. Only the apparitions to Mumureke, Mukamazimpaka, and Mukangango were approved; other apparitions reported by several other girls and one boy were not. An estimated 500,000 pilgrims visit the site every year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/kibeho-decry-lack-investments-hospitality-industry|title=Kibeho decry lack of investments in the hospitality industry|first=Michel|last=Nkurunziza|date=January 26, 2019|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote='We now receive between 500,000 and 600,000 pilgrims every year'}}</ref>

|- id="San_Nicolás"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Rosary of San Nicolas" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás]]'''
| 1983–1990<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/33982/a-marian-apparition-has-been-approved-in-argentina-and-its-a-big-deal|title=A Marian apparition has been approved in Argentina – and it's a big deal|date=June 4, 2016|access-date=October 6, 2019|quote=...the bishops have approved the apparition messages from 1983 to 1990, even though the apparition is continuing today.}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="Argentina San Nicolas de los Arroyos" | {{flagdeco|Argentina}} [[San Nicolás de los Arroyos]], Argentina
| data-sort-value="1 Motta Gladys" | Gladys Quiroga de Motta
| data-sort-value="2016-05-22" | May{{nbs}}22,{{nbs}}2016<ref name="sannicolas_cna">{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/33982/a-marian-apparition-has-been-approved-in-argentina-and-its-a-big-deal|title=A Marian apparition has been approved in Argentina – and it's a big deal|date=June 4, 2016|access-date=October 6, 2019}}</ref> [[Héctor Sabatino Cardelli|Bishop Héctor Cardelli]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos|Diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | In 1983, amid reports of rosaries mysteriously glowing in homes throughout San Nicolás, a mother and grandmother named Gladys Quiroga de Motta, upon witnessing the phenomenon, began to pray the Rosary. On 25 September 1983, the Virgin Mary appeared to Gladys wearing a blue gown and veil, holding the baby Jesus and a rosary in her hand. Later, Mary asked Gladys to go look for a statue that had been blessed by [[Pope Leo XIII]] but was hidden away, forgotten, in a church. She found the Marian statue, which bore a resemblance to Mary's appearance in the apparition, in the belfry of the diocesan cathedral. Among other requests, Mary asked for a medal to be cast with the title Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás and a new Sanctuary to be built. Gladys continued to receive apparitions from Mary and Jesus, some of them apocalyptic in nature, warning of mankind's impending self-destruction and the loss of many souls. Between 1983 and 1990, approximately 1,800 messages were approved following the positive judgment of the apparitions by the local bishop on May 22, 2016.<ref name="sannicolas_cna" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-18 |title=Bishop stops publication of revelations at Argentine Medjugorje |url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/03/bishop-stops-publication-revelations-argentine-medjugorje |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Crux |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-27 |title=It's Official: Major Apparitions of Mary Are Approved |url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/its-official-major-apparitions-of-mary-are-approved |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=NCR |language=en}}</ref>

|- id="Reconciler"
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Reconciler" scope="row" | '''{{ill|Finca Betania apparitions|lt=Mary, Virgin and Mother, Reconciler of All Peoples and Nations|it|Apparizioni di Finca Betania}}'''
| 1984
| data-sort-value="Venezuela Finca Betania" | {{flagdeco|Venezuela}} Finca Betania, Venezuela
| data-sort-value="151 Bianchini Maria" | [[Maria Esperanza de Bianchini]] and 150 other people
| data-sort-value="1987" | 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archbalt.org/metuchen-opens-sainthood-cause-for-venezuelan-mystic-who-died-in-us/|title=Metuchen opens sainthood cause for Venezuelan mystic who died in US|date=January 19, 2012 |access-date=October 6, 2019|quote=The apparition was deemed valid by Bishop Pio Bello Ricardo of Los Teques, Venezuela, in 1987.}}</ref> [[Pío Bello Ricardo|Bishop Pío Bello Ricardo]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Los Teques|Diocese of Los Teques]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | [[Maria Esperanza de Bianchini]] had several Marian apparitions among her many mystical experiences. In one event on March{{nbs}}25,{{nbs}}1984, 150 other people also said they saw the Blessed Mother along with Maria Esperanza. The apparition is known under the title "Mary, Virgin and Mother, Reconciler of All Peoples and Nations".
|}

=== Positive judgment of related effects ===


In some cases, the apparitions do not receive a positive judgment in themselves (because an investigation is still in progress, or because an investigation is judged not to be feasible or necessary, etc.), but elements surrounding the apparition receive approval.

==== Approved contemporaneous miracle ====

In cases in which a seer reports that Mary appeared to him or her and worked a miracle, ecclesial authorities will occasionally evaluate and certify the miracle – thereby implying belief in the person's account of how it happened – but without directly commenting on the apparition itself.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! class="unsortable" style="padding:0;width:7px" |
! scope="col" width="20%" | Associated Marian titles
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Seers
! scope="col" | Approval of associated miracle

|- id="Miracle"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved contemporaneous miracle" |
! data-sort-value="Miracle" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Madonna of the Miracle}}''' Our Lady of Zion
| 1842
| data-sort-value="Italy" | {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Sant'Andrea delle Fratte]] in [[Rome]], Italy (Papal States)
| data-sort-value="1 Ratisbonne Marie-Alphonse" | [[Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne]]
| data-sort-value="1841-06-03" | June{{nbs}}3,{{nbs}}1842<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Decree verifying and accrediting the Miraculous Conversion of M. Maria-Alphonse Ratisbonne|last=Patrizi|first=Costantino|pages=18–19|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/1842TheConversionOfM.MarieAlphonseRatisbonneBrusieres/page/n17|title=The Conversion of M. Maria-Alphonse Ratisbonne: Original Narrative of Baron Théodore De Bussières|editor-last=Lockhart|editor-first=Rev. W.|publisher=Burns and Oates, Ltd.}}</ref> Cardinal [[Costantino Patrizi Naro|Costantino Patrizi]] [[Vicariate of Rome]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | A Jewish man named Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne reported seeing an apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary in a side chapel in the church of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte in Rome. The experience led him to convert to Catholicism. His complete transformation from vehement opposition to the Catholic faith was determined a miracle. [[Maximilian Kolbe|St. Maximilian Kolbe]], a devotee of the apparition, celebrated his first Mass as a priest in that same chapel.
|}

==== Approved public veneration ====
There are cases in which the Holy See or a local [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|ordinary]] chooses not to open or definitively conclude an investigation into the supernatural character of the apparitions themselves, but approves of the public religious activity inspired by the apparition. Such approval can come by way of an explicit decree or by implicit means such as the authorization of liturgical veneration.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! class="unsortable" style="padding:0;width:7px" |
! scope="col" width="20%" | Associated Marian titles
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Seers
! scope="col" | Approval of public veneration

|- id="Pillar"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Pillar" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of the Pillar]]'''
| 40
| data-sort-value="Spain" | {{flagdeco|Spain}} [[Zaragoza]], Spain
| data-sort-value="1 James" | [[James the Great|James the Apostle]]
| data-sort-value="1723-08-07" | Liturgical veneration approved<ref name="pillar_aleteia">{{cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2017/10/12/did-you-know-the-1st-apparition-of-the-blessed-mother-was-an-act-of-bilocation/|title=Did you know the 1st apparition of the Blessed Mother was an act of bilocation?|first=Larry|last=Peterson|date=October 12, 2017|website=[[Aleteia]]|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> 1730 [[Pope Clement XII]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] tradition holds that, in the early days of Christianity, the [[Apostles of Jesus]] spread the Gospel throughout the known world, with [[James the Greater]] [[evangelization|evangelizing]] in [[Roman Hispania]] (modern-day [[Spain]]). James confronted great difficulties in his missionary efforts and faced severe discouragement. In AD 40, while he was praying by the banks of the [[Ebro]] at [[Caesaraugusta]] (Zaragoza), Mary [[bilocation|bilocated]] from [[Jerusalem]], where she was living at the time, and appeared to James accompanied by thousands of [[angel]]s, to console and encourage him.<ref name="pillar_aleteia" /> Our Lady of the Pillar is considered the first [[Marian apparition]], although it is unique in this regard because it is the only one to have occurred while Mary may have still been alive on Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/nuestra-senora-del-pilar-our-lady-of-the-pillar-622|title=Nuestra Senora del Pilar (Our Lady of the Pillar)|website=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=May 30, 2019|quote=Unlike every other recorded apparition, this one took place during the earthly life of the Mother of God.}}</ref>

|- id="Walsingham"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Walsingham" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Walsingham]]'''
| 1061
| data-sort-value="Italy" | {{flagdeco|England}} [[Walsingham]], England
| data-sort-value="1 Faverches Richeldis" | [[Richeldis de Faverches]]
| data-sort-value="1897" | Shrine approved<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walsingham.org.uk/a-brief-history|title=A Brief History|website=[[Basilica of Our Lady of Walsingham]]|quote=In 1897 by rescript of Pope Leo XIII, the sanctuary of Our Lady of Walsingham was restored with the building of a Holy House as the Lady Chapel of the [[Our Lady of the Annunciation Church, King's Lynn|Catholic Church of the Annunciation]], King's Lynn.|access-date=October 13, 2019|archive-date=April 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424143528/http://www.walsingham.org.uk/a-brief-history|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://aleteia.org/2018/05/08/englands-only-approved-marian-apparition-gives-us-a-peek-at-nazareth/|title=England's only approved Marian apparition gives us a peek at Nazareth|first=Larry|last=Peterson|date=May 8, 2018|publisher=[[Aleteia]]|access-date=October 10, 2019|quote=The importance of Our Lady of Walsingham is shown through pontifical approbation (recognition), which has been given to it by four popes: Pope Leo XIII, in 1897; Pope Pius XII, in 1954; Pope St. John Paul II, in 1982; and Pope Francis, in 2015.}}</ref> 1897 [[Pope Leo XIII]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | In 1061, a devout Saxon noblewoman named [[Richeldis de Faverches]] reported that Mary showed her, through a vision, [[Basilica della Santa Casa|the house of Mary in Nazareth]] in which the [[Annunciation]] took place, and asked her to build a replica of it. Once constructed, the shrine passed into the care of the Canons Regular of St. Augustine sometime between 1146 and 1174. Late in 1538, King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s soldiers [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|sacked the priory]] at Walsingham, killed two monks and destroyed the shrine. In 1896, the 14th-century [[Slipper Chapel]] was restored. In 1897, [[Pope Leo XIII]] established the Holy House in the Lady Chapel of [[Our Lady of the Annunciation Church, King's Lynn]] as a Roman Catholic shrine. There is the also the [[Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham]] in the care of the [[Church of England]].

|- id="Mount_Carmel"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Mount Carmel" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]'''
| 1251
| data-sort-value="England" | {{flagdeco|England}} [[Aylesford]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zenit.org/articles/brown-scapular-a-silent-devotion/|title=Brown Scapular: a 'Silent Devotion'|date=July 16, 2008|publisher=[[Zenit News Agency|Zenit]]|access-date=October 13, 2019|archive-date=April 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424153531/https://zenit.org/articles/brown-scapular-a-silent-devotion/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="1 Stock Simon" | [[Simon Stock]]
| data-sort-value="1251" | Repeated endorsement of the associated [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|devotional scapular]] by the Holy{{nbs}}See<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html#Chapter%20Five|title=Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy: Principles and Guidelines|publisher=[[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]]|date=December 2001|quote=The history of Marian piety also includes 'devotion' to various scapulars, the most common of which is devotion to the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Its use is truly universal and, undoubtedly, it is one of those pious practices which the Council described as 'recommended by the Magisterium throughout the centuries'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/2001/march/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20010326_ordine-carmelo.html|title=Message of John Paul II to the Carmelite Family|author=[[Pope John Paul II]]|date=March 25, 2001|quote=I too have worn the Scapular of Carmel over my heart for a long time!}}</ref><ref>{{cite CE1913|id=13508b|title=Scapular|first=Joseph|last=Hilgers|quote=The authentic list of indulgences, privileges, and indults of the Scapular Confraternity of Mount Carmel was last approved on 4 July 1908, by the Congregation of Indulgences.}}</ref>
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | According to [[Carmelite Order|Carmelite]] tradition, Mary appeared to [[Simon Stock]], who was Prior General of the Order in the mid-13th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carmelnet.org/biographies/SimonStock.pdf|first=Louis|last=Saggi, O.Carm|title=Simon Stock|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613025421/http://carmelnet.org/biographies/SimonStock.pdf|archive-date=June 13, 2010}}</ref> The earliest reference to the tradition of his Marian apparition, dating from the late 14th century, states that "St. Simon was an [[English people|Englishman]], a man of great holiness and devotion, who always in his prayers asked the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin]] to favor his Order with some singular privilege. The Virgin appeared to him holding the [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Brown Scapular]] in her hand saying, 'This is for you and yours a privilege; the one who dies in it will be saved.'"<ref name="carmel_cn">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.net/index.php?option=dedestaca&id=3309|first=Eamon R.|last=Carroll, O.Carm|title=Medieval Devotion to Mary Among the Carmelites}}</ref> A scapular, properly speaking, is a double-sided apron-like garment that forms part of the Carmelite [[religious habit]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfjHzeh6QBEC|title=The Carmelites and Antiquity. Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages|first=Andrew|last=Jotischky|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|date=2002|isbn=9780191542503}}</ref> In its original context, the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]'s promise was an assurance that Carmelites who persevered in their [[religious vocation|vocation]] would be saved. Beginning in the latter half of the 16th century, a small devotional scapular became very popular as a [[sacramentals|sacramental]].<ref name="carmel_cn" />

|- id="Guardia"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Watch" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Our Lady of the Watch}}'''
| 1490
| data-sort-value="Italy" | {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Monte Figogna]], Italy (Republic of Genoa)
| data-sort-value="1 Pareto Benedetto" | Benedetto Pareto
| data-sort-value="1915-03-11" | Shrine elevated to Minor Basilica<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2010/08/29/la-madonna-della-guardia-un-culto-deciso.html|title=La Madonna della Guardia: Un Culto Deciso a Tavolino|language=it|date=August 29, 2010|publisher=[[la Repubblica]]|quote=Nel 1915 il papa genovese Benedetto XV (Giacomo Della Chiesa) dà un notevole appoggio all'affermazione del «nuovo» culto, elevando a «basilica minore» il nuovo santuario}}</ref> March{{nbs}}11,{{nbs}}1915 [[Pope Benedict XV]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | An Italian peasant named Benedetto Pareto reported seeing an apparition of Mary on top of [[Monte Figogna]] (near [[Genoa]], Italy) on August{{nbs}}29,{{nbs}}1490. Pareto said that the Virgin Mary appeared to him and asked him to build a church atop the mountain. Pareto at first refused, saying that he was just a poor man, but he eventually built a small wooden structure, which in time gathered many pilgrims and is now contained within the [[Shrine of Nostra Signora della Guardia|Shrine of Our Lady of the Watch]]. (The apparition is so-named because Monte Figogna used to be a watch-point for the strategic observation of armies and ships.)

|- id="Good_Health"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Good Health" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Our Lady of Good Health}}''' Our Lady of Velankanni
| 1570 and 1587<ref name="velankanni_ct">{{cite web|url=https://thecatholictravelguide.com/destinations/india-catholic-shrines-places-interest/vailankanni-india-basilica-lady-good-health-lourdes-east/|title=Vailankanni, India: Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health, "The Lourdes of the East"|website=The Catholic Traveler|access-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="India" | {{flagdeco|India}} [[Velankanni]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India (Portuguese colonial empire)
| Two children, on separate occasions
| data-sort-value="1962" | Shrine elevated to Minor Basilica<ref name="velankanni_ct" /> 1962 [[Pope John XXIII]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | The [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] in [[Velankanni]] commemorates two distinct but similar apparitions: the first in 1570 and the second in 1587. In each case, a local child reported a woman appearing and asking for milk to feed her infant. Each appearance was followed by a miracle, leading the locals to believe that both times it was Mary with [[Christ Child|the child Jesus]] who had appeared.<ref name="velankanni_ct" />

|- id="Šiluva"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Šiluva" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Šiluva#Apparition|Our Lady of Šiluva]]'''
| 1608
| data-sort-value="Lithuania Šiluva" | {{flagdeco|Lithuania}} [[Šiluva]], Lithuania (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)
| data-sort-value="99" | Group of non-Catholics<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zenit.org/articles/envoy-named-for-centenary-of-lithuania-apparitions/|title=Envoy Named for Centenary of Lithuania Apparitions|publisher=[[Zenit News Agency|Zenit]]|date=August 22, 2008|access-date=October 5, 2019|quote=Mary appeared in Siluva in 1608 to non-Catholics. Little shepherds saw what they described as a beautiful woman, dressed in white and blue, with a baby in her arms, enveloped in gentle splendor. The Lady wept bitterly and suddenly disappeared. Subsequently, the Virgin, again weeping, appeared to a crowd that had formed at the site where the children indicated. The town's Calvinist pastor was among the group.|archive-date=June 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601155729/https://zenit.org/articles/envoy-named-for-centenary-of-lithuania-apparitions/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="1755" | Public veneration approved<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Faces of Mary: Stories, Devotions, and Pictures of the Holy Virgin Around the World|first=Ann|last=Ball|date=2004|page=153|quote=Pope Pius VI approved the cult of Our Lady of Siluva and enriched it with indulgences.}}</ref> 1755 [[Pope Pius VI]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | With the advent of the Reformation in 16th century Lithuania, many of the inhabitants in the region around Šiluva converted to Calvinism. This caused the Catholic church building in Šiluva to eventually be ransacked and closed around 1569. The last parish priest, John Holubka, buried the remaining church valuables and legal documents and deeds in an iron box near the vandalized church. Subsequent attempts by the Catholics to regain the property through legal proceedings against the Calvinists were hindered by the fact that the exact location of the documents pertaining to the church were unknown. In 1608, Mary appeared to miraculously intervene in the matter by appearing at the church and holding the baby Jesus in her arms and weeping bitterly. The apparition was on the site of the buried valuables and documents, leading to the recovery of the deed, the reclaiming of the church land by the Catholics, and the conversion of many Calvinists. Devotion to Our Lady of Šiluva was temporarily suppressed during the period that Lithuania was part of the Soviet Union. She remains a significant symbol of Lithuanian cultural heritage.

|- id="La_Vang"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="La Vang" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of La Vang]]'''
| 1798
| data-sort-value="Vietnam" | {{flagdeco|Vietnam}} [[Hải Lăng District|Hải Lăng]], Vietnam (Tây Sơn dynasty)
| data-sort-value="999" | Vietnamese villagers
| data-sort-value="1961-08-22" | Shrine elevated to Minor Basilica<ref name="lavang_lor">{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=481|title=The Catholics of Viet Nam Pay Homage to Our Lady of La Vang|date=August 12, 1998|publisher=[[L'Osservatore Romano]]|website=CatholicCulture.org|access-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref> August{{nbs}}22,{{nbs}}1961 [[Pope John XXIII]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | A group of Vietnamese had been fleeing anti-Catholic persecution by hiding in the jungle, and many had become very ill. The community would gather every night at the foot of a tree to pray the Rosary. The group reported that, one night, Mary appeared to them all, wearing the traditional [[áo dài]] Vietnamese dress, holding the child Jesus, and accompanied by angels. She comforted them and instructed them on how to use herbs in the rainforest to cure their illnesses. Although ecclesial authorities never opened a formal investigation, Our Lady of La Vang and her importance for Vietnamese Catholics has been endorsed numerous times by various bishops and popes.<ref name="lavang_lor" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicsun.org/2018/08/22/feast-of-our-lady-of-la-vang/|title=Feast of Our Lady of La Vang|date=August 22, 2018|publisher=[[The Catholic Sun]]|quote=Although not formally recognized by the Vatican, Our Lady of La Vang's to the Vietnamese people importance has been widely recognized.}}</ref> She is also venerated by some Vietnamese Protestants and Buddhists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Some-80,000-Catholics-visited-La-Vang-shrine-to-celebrate-the-Assumption-of-Mary-(photos)-47805.html|title=Some 80,000 Catholics visited La Vang shrine to celebrate the Assumption of Mary|date=August 22, 2019|publisher=AsiaNews.it|quote=The veneration for Our Lady of La Vang is not limited to Catholics. Buddhists and Protestants also pray to the Virgin Mary for special graces.}}</ref>

|- id="Pellevoisin"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Pellevoisin" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Our Lady of Pellevoisin}}'''
| 1876
| data-sort-value="France" | {{flagdeco|France}} [[Pellevoisin]], France
| data-sort-value="1 Faguette Estelle" | Estelle Faguette
| data-sort-value="1876" | Associated confraternity and [[Scapular of the Sacred Heart|scapular]] approved by [[Pope Leo XIII|Pope{{nbs}}Leo{{nbs}}XIII]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Ann|date=2003|title=Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCBLswEACAAJ|location=[[Huntington, Indiana]]|publisher=[[Our Sunday Visitor]]|page=515|quote=The Confraternity of Our Lady of Pellevoisin was established, and Pope Leo XIII gave approbation both to the confraternity and to the scapular.| isbn=9780879739102}}</ref>
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | In 1876, a French domestic servant, Estelle Faguette, reported seeing a series of 15 apparitions of the Virgin Mary in the bedroom where she was staying near [[Pellevoisin]], France. When her visions allegedly began, Faguette was terminally ill with [[tuberculosis]] and near death. However, in the second apparition, she heard Mary tell her that she would be healed; she recovered and lived until 1929. (In 1983, following a medical and theological inquiry, Archbishop Paul Vignancour of [[Bourges]] recognized her recovery as having a miraculous nature.) Faguette also said that during a later apparition, she saw Mary show her the design for the [[Scapular of the Sacred Heart]] and told her to ask her bishop to encourage its devotional use. The Shrine of [[Our Lady of Pellevoisin]] was later constructed near the site of the apparitions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cruz|first=Joan Carroll|date=2012|title=See How She Loves Us: 50 Approved Apparitions of Our Lady|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OirGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT205|location=[[Charlotte, North Carolina]]|publisher=[[TAN Books]]|pages=205–211|isbn= 9780895558039}}</ref> Although [[Pope Leo XIII]] approved the scapular and a confraternity to spread its use, the apparition itself was never approved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/p/pellevoisin-apparitions.php|title=All About Mary: Pellevoisin Apparitions|website=[[The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute]]|access-date=October 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413181236/https://www.udayton.edu/imri/mary/p/pellevoisin-apparitions.php|archive-date=April 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

|- id="Donglu"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Donglu" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of China]]''' Our Lady of Donglü Queen of All Chinese People in Heaven
| 1900
| data-sort-value="Donglu, Hebei" | {{flagdeco|China}} [[Donglü]], China (Manchu dynasty)
| data-sort-value="700" | Small Christian community, ~700
| data-sort-value="1928" | Commemorative image approved<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/pm/PMourladyofchina.php|title=Our Lady of China|website=Cardinal Kung Foundation|access-date=August 18, 2020}}</ref> 1928 [[Pope Pius XI]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | In April 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, a large number of soldiers attacked the small village of Donglü. Our Lady reportedly appeared dressed in white, and a fiery horseman (believed to be [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]]) chased the soldiers away. A small shrine was built to venerate her in the village, but was destroyed twice. The village pastor, Fr. Wu, commissioned a painting of Mary and Jesus in Chinese royal garb. It has been used as a popular symbol of Chinese Christians. Despite the rampant persecution, there are many shrines consecrated to Our Lady of Donglü.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=3172|title=Our Lady of China|first=Zsolt|last=Aradi|website=Catholic Culture|access-date=August 18, 2020}}</ref>

|- id="Prayer"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Prayer" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|[[Our Lady of Prayer]]}}'''
| 1947
| data-sort-value="France" | {{flagdeco|France}} [[L'Île-Bouchard]], France
| data-sort-value="4 Aubry Jacqueline" | {{ill|Jacqueline Aubry|fr}} Jeannette Aubry Nicole Robin Laura Croizon
| data-sort-value="2001-12-08" | Public{{nbs}}veneration{{nbs}}approved<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecatholictravelguide.com/destinations/france/llle-bouchard-france-apparitions-lady-prayer/|title=L'lle-Bouchard, France: Apparitions of Our Lady of Prayer|website=The Catholic Travel Guide|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote=The site was declared an official pilgrimage site of the diocese of Tours on 8 December 2001 by the archbishop Monseigneur André Vingt-Trois. ... The apparitions themselves, however, still await approval}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/indre-et-loire/commune/l-ile-bouchard/chinon-disparition-d-une-des-fillettes-qui-declaraient-avoir-vu-la-sainte-vierge|title=Chinon: disparition d'une des fillettes qui déclaraient avoir vu la Sainte Vierge|language=fr|trans-title=Chinon: Death of one of the girls who claimed to see the Virgin Mary|date=March 17, 2016|publisher=[[La Nouvelle République du Centre-Ouest]]|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote=[les] apparitions ... n'ont été officiellement reconnues par l'église qu'en 2001, quand Mgr André Vingt-Trois, alors archevêque de Tours, autorisait officiellement les pèlerinages et le culte public à Notre-Dame-de-la-Prière}}</ref> December 8, 2001 Archbishop [[André Vingt-Trois]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tours|Archdiocese of Tours]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | On December 8, 1947, 12-year-old Jacqueline Aubry, her sister Jeannette, and cousin Nicole Robin were among students in [[L'Île-Bouchard]] in France whose teacher asked them to spend the lunch hour "praying for France". Although their families were nonpracticing and anticlerical, the girls agreed to their teacher's request. This was a period of [[1947 strikes in France|intense civil strife in France]] and many believed civil war was imminent. The girls were saying the Rosary in the church of St. Gilles when they experienced the first of several Marian apparitions. They said they saw a beautiful young lady with long curly blonde hair, accompanied by an angel (whom they later identified as [[Gabriel]]) who knelt at her side. Running out into the street, the girls asked two friends to come and see the vision: one, Laura Croizon, was able to see it and became the fourth visionary. The day after the first apparition, labor unions agreed to go into negotiations with the government, and believers credited the apparition and the children's prayers. The visitations went on for six days.

|- id="Rosa Mystica"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public veneration" |
! data-sort-value="Rosa Mystica" scope="row" | '''[[Rosa Mystica]]''' Mystical Rose – Mother of the Church
| 1945–1966
| data-sort-value="Italy" | {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Montichiari]] and Fontanelle, Italy
| data-sort-value="Pierina Gilli" | [[Pierina Gilli]]
| data-sort-value="2001-12-08" | Public{{nbs}}veneration{{nbs}}approved<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diocesi.brescia.it/wd-document/istituzione-santuario-diocesano-rosa-mistica-madre-della-chiesa/|title=Istituzione Santuario Diocesano Rosa Mistica – Madre della Chiesa|date=December 7, 2019 |language=it|trans-title=Institution of the Rosa Mystica Diocesan Shrine – Mother of the Church|access-date=February 14, 2023|quote=Comforted by the support of the Holy See and in full communion with the Supreme Pontiff Francis, we have the joy of dedicating this sanctuary to the Mother of the Lord, recognizing in her the full truth that these two suggestive qualifications express.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.diocesi.brescia.it/wd-annuario-enti/14-zona-della-bassa-orientale-del-chiese-2061/montichiari-parrocchia-di-s-maria-assunta-289/santuario-diocesano-maria-rosa-mistica-madre-della-chiesa-8174/|title=SANTUARIO DIOCESANO MARIA ROSA MISTICA MADRE DELLA CHIESA|language=it|trans-title=DIOCESAN SANCTUARY OF MARY MYSTICAL ROSE MOTHER OF THE CHURCH|date=December 7, 2019|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Brescia]]|access-date=February 14, 2023}}</ref> December 7, 2019 Bishop [[Pierantonio Tremolada]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Brescia|Diocese of Brescia]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | From 1947 to 1966, Pierina Gilli, an Italian nurse, witnessed apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in [[Montichiari]] and [[Montichiari|Fontanelle]], Italy, firstly appearing with three swords piercing her [[Immaculate Heart of Mary|Immaculate Heart]] and after in a splendidly different manner: in a white dress and with a white mantle around her head that reached to the floor; the three swords were on the floor, and on the chest of the Virgin Mary were three roses: one white, one red, and one gold. Initially Our Lady said just three words to her: "Prayer, Sacrifice, Penance". Pierina had offered all her [[redemptive suffering|sufferings]] for the [[sanctification]] of Roman Catholic [[consecrated life|consecrated]] [[Soul in the Bible|souls]] (namely, for the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priests]] and for members of male and female [[List of some religious institutes (Catholic)|religious institutes]], as listed in the Holy See's ''Pontifical Yearbook'', in Italian, ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]''). On December 7, 2019, Bishop [[Pierantonio Tremolada]] instituted an official Sanctuary of Our Lady Rosa Mystica at the apparition site in Fontanelle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rosamisticafontanelle.it/en/home-en/|title=Diocesan Shrine Rosa Mystica – Mother of the Church}}</ref>
|- id="Medjugorje"
| style="background-color:#beb;padding:0" title="Approved public pilgrimages" |
! data-sort-value="Medjugorje" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Medjugorje]]''' The Gospa Queen of Peace
| 1981–present
| data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina" | {{flagdeco|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Medjugorje]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
| data-sort-value="6 Colo Jakov" | Jakov Čolo Ivan Dragičević Mirjana Dragičević Marija Pavlović Ivanka Ivanković Vicka Ivanković
| Public{{nbs}}veneration{{nbs}}approved<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.quotidiano.net/cronaca/medjugorje-sentenza-apparizioni-madonna-ab3r3wvl|title=Medjugorje, la sentenza del Vaticano: sì a culto e pellegrinaggi. Ma sull'autenticità delle apparizioni nessuna conferma|first=Giovanni|last=Panettiere|date=September 19, 2024|publisher=[[Quotidiano Nazionale]]}}</ref> September{{nbs}}19,{{nbs}}2024 Cardinal [[Víctor Manuel Fernández]] Prefect of the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | The reported apparitions of the Virgin Mary to six children in [[Medjugorje]], beginning in 1981, have received significant attention due to the numerous miracles that large crowds of pilgrims report experiencing on an almost-daily basis, including dramatic conversions, visions, rosaries turning to a gold color, astronomical phenomena like the [[Miracle of the Sun]], etc. The alleged apparitions are also notable for their duration, having been occurring continuously for almost 40 years. The apparition messages contain five main requests: first, to pray the entire [[Rosary]] daily; second, to [[Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church|fast]] on Wednesdays and Fridays; third, to attend [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]] as often as possible; fourth, to go to [[Sacrament of Penance|Confession]] at least monthly; and fifth, to read the [[Bible]] daily. The alleged apparitions were vigorously opposed by the local bishop, [[Pavao Žanić]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mostar-Duvno|Mostar-Duvno]]. Various commissions appointed to investigate the apparitions did not come to a definitive conclusion and left the events open to further study.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/medjugorje-deception-or-miracle-5427|title=Medjugorje Deception or Miracle?|website=[[EWTN]]|first=Antonio|last=Gaspari|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref> On March{{nbs}}17,{{nbs}}2010, the [[Holy See]] announced it was taking over formal investigation of the alleged apparitions at Medjugorje, with Cardinal [[Camillo Ruini]] heading an investigatory commission that ran from 2010 to 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2017/05/17/news/medjugorje-the-findings-of-the-ruini-report-1.34601186|title=Medjugorje; the findings of the Ruini report|first=Andrea|last=Tornielli|date=May 17, 2017|access-date=October 11, 2019|publisher=[[La Stampa]]}}</ref> [[Pope Francis]] authorized official church pilgrimages in 2019, but without making any declaration on the alleged apparitions themselves.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-europe/2019/05/12/pope-okays-pilgrimage-to-medjugorje-says-apparitions-need-study/|title=Pope okays pilgrimage to Medjugorje, says apparitions 'need study'|first=Elise|last=Harris|date=May 12, 2019|publisher=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]]}}</ref>
|}

=== No judgment ===


Apparitions in this category have not received judgment on the apparitions themselves or on associated elements, either because an investigation was never opened, or because an investigation is still in progress.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! class="unsortable" style="padding:0;width:7px" |
! scope="col" width="25%" | Associated Marian titles
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Seers

|- id="Universe"
| style="background-color:#666;padding:0" title="No judgment" |
! data-sort-value="Universe" scope="row" | '''[[Bronx Marian apparitions|Our Lady of the Universe]]''' Our Lady of the Concourse
| 1945
| data-sort-value="United States" | {{flagdeco|United States}} [[The Bronx]], [[New York State|New York]], [[United_States|United States of America]]
| data-sort-value="1 Vitolo Joseph" | Joseph{{nbs}}Vitolo
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="5" style="background: white;" | On October 29, 1945, at 7{{nbs}}pm, 9-year-old Joseph Vitolo was one of a group of children playing outside his home near [[The Bronx]]'s Grand Concourse. Joseph saw a young woman, whom he identified as the Virgin, invisible to the other children.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=McGreevy|first=John T.|date=2000|title=Bronx Miracle|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30041856|journal=American Quarterly|volume=52|issue=3|pages=407|issn=0003-0678}}</ref> He heard her ask him to come back at the same hour for sixteen nights and to pray for world peace. Joseph did so, accompanied by his mother and numerous onlookers. Within a few days, the visitations were receiving worldwide attention and up to 30,000 people attended the nightly vigil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-12 |title=It’s been 65 years since Joseph Vitolo’s divine sighting of The Blessed Virgin Mary |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2010/11/12/its-been-65-years-since-joseph-vitolos-divine-sighting-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=New York Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref> Among those who expressed interest in the events were [[Fulton J. Sheen|Fulton Sheen]] and [[Francis Spellman]], while [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Lou Costello]] were rumored to have done so.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=McGreevy |first=John T. |date=2000 |title=Bronx Miracle |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30041856 |journal=American Quarterly |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=410 |issn=0003-0678}}</ref> Revered by the pilgrims, Joseph was frequently asked to cure the sick and injured and would respond by praying with them. The place where Joseph allegedly saw the visions was bought by a devotee who created a shrine there, but there was never any official investigation or attempt to confirm the reported visitations as legitimate. Joseph struggled throughout his life, taking various menial jobs to support him and his family. He continued to visit the shrine at 7 p.m. each evening until age and poor health prevented him from climbing the hill. The alleged apparitions were never officially approved, but the nearby St. Philip Neri church holds special Masses at the shrine on the anniversaries of the first and last reported visitations.<ref>Peter Duffy, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/22/nyregion/the-boy-who-saw-the-virgin.html The Boy who Saw the Virgin]". ''New York Times'', December 22, 2002.</ref><ref>Patrice O'Shaughnessy, "[http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/faithful-65-years-italian-boy-joseph-vitolo-witnesses-miracle-night-article-1.199052 Still faithful 65 years after Italian boy Joseph Vitolo witnesses miracle night.]" ''New York Daily News'', February 22, 2010.</ref><ref>Joseph Sciorra, ''Built with Faith: Italian-American Imagination and Catholic Material Culture in New York City'' (Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2015), p. 21.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McGreevy | first1 = John T. | year = 2000 | title = Bronx Miracle | journal = American Quarterly | volume = 52 | issue = 3| pages = 405–43 | jstor=30041856 | doi=10.1353/aq.2000.0037| s2cid = 201764570 }}</ref>

|- id="Soufanieh"
| style="background-color:#666;padding:0" title="No judgment" |
! data-sort-value="Soufanieh" scope="row" | '''[[Our Lady of Soufanieh]]'''
| 1982–1983
| data-sort-value="Syria" | {{flagdeco|Syria}} Soufanieh, [[Damascus]], Syria
| Mary Kourbet "Myrna" (Al-Akhras) Nazzour
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="5" style="background: white;" | Myrna Nazzour, a [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite Catholic]] woman married to an Orthodox husband,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://detroitcatholic.com/news/daniel-meloy/syrian-mystic-to-speak-at-two-area-melkite-churches|title=Syrian mystic to speak at two area Melkite churches|first=Daniel|last=Meloy|date=May 26, 2016|access-date=October 11, 2019|publisher=Detroit Catholic}}</ref> has reported experiencing various mystical phenomena over the years beginning in 1982, including olive oil oozing both from an [[icon]] and from her own hands, [[stigmata]] wounds on her body, and apparitions of Mary. Mary appeared five times between 1982 and 1983, asking for prayers for Christian unity (especially between [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]), particularly stressing the importance of a [[Reform of the date of Easter|unified date for Easter]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/myrna-and-the-oil-an-everyday-miracle-how-does-a-woman-become-a-modern-saint-in-damascus-brigid-1382838.html|title=Myrna and the oil: an everyday miracle: How does a woman become a modern saint?|date=August 11, 1994|first=Brigid|last=Keenan|access-date=October 11, 2019|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Myrna reported continuing to receive [[Interior locution|locutions]] even after the alleged apparitions ceased.
|}

=== Neutral judgment ===


Apparitions in this category have been evaluated, but received neither approval nor rejection. This is known as a "non constat de supernaturalitate" judgment, or "non constat" for short.<ref name="garabandal_ewtn">{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/alleged-apparitions-at-garabandal-3719|title=The Alleged Apparitions at Garabandal|first=José|last=Vilaplana Blasco|website=[[EWTN]]|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref> The apparitions listed here also lack approval for any related public cultus, such as public veneration or pilgrimages.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! class="unsortable" style="padding:0;width:7px" |
! scope="col" width="25%" | Associated Marian titles
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Seers
! scope="col" | Neutral judgment

|- id="Garabandal"
| style="background-color:#fc0;padding:0" title="Neutral judgment" |
! data-sort-value="Mount Carmel of Garabandal" scope="row" | '''[[Garabandal apparitions|Our Lady of Mount Carmel of Garabandal]]'''
| 1961–1965
| data-sort-value="Spain" | {{flagdeco|Spain}} [[San Sebastián de Garabandal]] in [[Cantabria]], Spain
| data-sort-value="4 Gonzalez Jacinta" | Jacinta{{nbs}}González Mari{{nbs}}Cruz{{nbs}}González Maria{{nbs}}"Conchita"{{nbs}}Concepción{{nbs}}González Mari{{nbs}}Loli{{nbs}}Mazón
| November{{nbs}}7,{{nbs}}2001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.garabandal.it/en/documentation/statements-from-the-bishops-of-santander|title=Statements from the Bishops of Santander|website=garabandal.it|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name="garabandal_ewtn" /> {{ill|José Vilaplana Blasco|lt=Bishop José Vilaplana Blasco|ca||es|José Vilaplana|de||fi||pl|}} [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Santander|Diocese of Santander]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | Four girls reported seeing apparitions of [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael the Archangel]] and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The girls heard Mary predict a forthcoming "Warning" from God, apparent to the whole world, that will precede a "Great Miracle". If these do not result in the conversion of the world, a great Chastisement will follow.

|- id="America"
| style="background-color:#fc0;padding:0" title="Neutral judgment" |
! data-sort-value="America" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Our Lady of America}}''' Our Lady of the Divine{{nbs}}Indwelling
| 1956–1959
| data-sort-value="United States" | {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Rome City, Indiana|Rome City]], [[Indiana]], [[United_States|United States of America]]
| data-sort-value="1 Neuzil Mildred" | Sister{{nbs}}Mildred{{nbs}}Mary{{nbs}}Neuzil
| data-sort-value="2020" | May 7, 2020<ref name="oloa_nonconstat">{{Cite press release|date=May 7, 2020|title=Statement Regarding the Devotion to Our Lady of America|last=Rhoades|first=Bishop Kevin C.|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend]]|quote=Bishop Rhoades came to the conclusion that 'the visions and revelations themselves cannot be said to be of supernatural origin in the sense of objective occurrences (''non constat de supernaturalitate''); thus further, I cannot approve or support public devotion or cult.' The bishops of the other five dioceses have read and also accept these findings and conclusions.}}</ref> [[Kevin C. Rhoades|Bishop Kevin C. Rhoades]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend|Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | Sister Mildred Mary Ephrem Neuzil of the Sisters of the Most Precious Blood reported seeing multiple apparitions of Mary, [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]], and angels. In the alleged apparition messages, Mary identified herself as patroness of the [[United States]] under the title Our Lady of America,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Archbishop Raymond|last=Burke|title=Regarding Our Lady of America|date=May 31, 2007|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/regarding-our-lady-of-america-3661|publisher=[[EWTN]]|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote=Sister Mary Ephrem responded that Our Lady of Guadalupe is Empress of all the Americas, whereas "Our Lady of America, The Immaculate Virgin," is the patroness of our nation, the United States of America.}}</ref> and pleaded for the United States to return to the virtue of purity. She also identified herself as Our Lady of the Divine Indwelling, a title which describes Mary as exemplar of one who possesses [[sanctifying grace]]. [[Saint Joseph]] reportedly requested a First Wednesday devotion to the Pure Heart of Joseph, to complement the existing [[First Friday Devotion|First Friday]] and [[First Saturdays Devotion|First Saturday]] devotions. [[Paul Francis Leibold|Archbishop Paul Leibold]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati|Archdiocese of Cincinnati]] authorized various aspects of public devotion, but without passing judgment on the supernatural character of the alleged apparitions themselves. The alleged apparitions were also endorsed by Cardinal [[Raymond Leo Burke|Raymond Burke]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regarding Our Lady of America|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/regarding-our-lady-of-america-3661|last=Burke|first=Archbishop Raymond|date=May 31, 2007|publisher=[[EWTN]]|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote=What can be concluded canonically is that the devotion was both approved by Archbishop Leibold and, what is more, was actively promoted by him. In addition, over the years, other Bishops have approved the devotion and have participated in public devotion to the Mother of God, under the title of Our Lady of America.}}</ref> However, in 2020, Bishop [[Kevin C. Rhoades]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend|Fort Wayne–South Bend]] concluded an official investigation into the alleged apparitions with a "non constat de supernaturalitate" judgment. He, together with a group of other bishops, determined that they could not approve public devotion or cult, but private devotion could continue without harm to the faith.<ref name="oloa_nonconstat" />
|}

=== Negative judgment ===


Some apparitions, despite being officially rejected, are notable for continuing to have a substantial following. In rare cases, rejected apparitions are approved at a later date once new evidence becomes available.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! class="unsortable" style="padding:0;width:7px" |
! scope="col" width="20%" | Associated Marian titles
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Seers
! scope="col" | Rejection
|- id="Lipa"
| style="background-color:#c00;padding:0" title="Negative judgment" |
! data-sort-value="Mediatrix of All Grace" scope="row" | '''[[Mary, Mediatrix of All Grace]]'''
| 1948
| data-sort-value="Philippines Lipa" | {{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Lipa, Batangas]], Philippines
| data-sort-value="1 Castillo Teresita" | [[Teresita Castillo]]
| data-sort-value="1951" | 1951<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34064/the-curious-case-of-the-lipa-marian-apparitions|title=The curious case of the Lipa Marian apparitions|date=December 28, 2016|first=Mary|last=Farrow|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref> [[Pope Pius XII]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | A postulant at a Carmelite Monastery reported seeing multiple apparitions of Mary during 1948. In 1951, the alleged apparitions were rejected by a panel of bishops, a decision confirmed by the [[Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith]] under [[Pope Pius XII]]. Despite the rejection, the apparition continued to receive high-profile support, including from two [[President of the Philippines|Presidents of the Philippines]] ([[Corazon Aquino]] and [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]). In 2015, the local bishop declared the apparitions to be approved, in what is the only known case of a local bishop attempting to ignore a Vatican decision on the authenticity of an apparition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34064/the-curious-case-of-the-lipa-marian-apparitions|title=The curious case of the Lipa Marian apparitions|date=December 28, 2016|first=Mary|last=Farrow|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote='This is completely historic that the archbishop flipped over a Vatican confirmation of a previous judgement, and historic that the Vatican has come back over and flipped back a statement of the local bishops; those two things have never happened before'}}</ref> The Vatican overruled the bishop and reasserted its previous decision later that same year. The apparition is also notable for likely being the only case in which the supernatural nature of the apparitions is denied, but the veneration surrounding the apparition is allowed to continue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34064/the-curious-case-of-the-lipa-marian-apparitions|title=The curious case of the Lipa Marian apparitions|date=December 28, 2016|first=Mary|last=Farrow|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=October 8, 2019|quote='I believe it to be the singular case in history where you have a negative judgement, but the devotion is allowed'}}</ref>
|- id="All_Nations"
| style="background-color:#c00;padding:0" title="Negative judgment" |
! data-sort-value="All Nations" scope="row" | '''[[The Lady of All Nations|Our Lady of All Nations]]''' The Mother of All Nations Coredemptrix, Mediatrix, and Advocate
| 1945–1959
| data-sort-value="Netherlands Amsterdam" | {{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands
| data-sort-value="1 Peerdeman Ida" | Ida Peerdeman
| data-sort-value="1996" | 2024<ref name="card_fernandez_2024">{{cite web | url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20240711_comunicato-apparizioni-amsterdam_en.html | title=Press Release about Alleged Apparitions in Amsterdam from 1945 to 1959 (11 July 2024) }}</ref> [[Pope Francis]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | A Dutch secretary named Ida Peerdeman claimed to have received Marian apparitions over the course of 14 years. Peerdeman's apparition messages predict a future Marian [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|dogma]] that will express Mary's universal motherhood using the three titles of [[Coredemptrix]], [[Mediatrix]], and Advocate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.de-vrouwe.info/en/1945-1959/117-botschaft-1951|title=35th Message|date=August 15, 1951|website=The Lady of All Nations}}</ref>

In light of ongoing interest and persistent doubts about the apparitions, the CDF, reorganised by Pope Francis in 2022 as the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, issued a press release on July 11, 2024 reaffirming the 1974 decision. This clarification, communicated by Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, the current Prefect, serves to ensure the faithful and their pastors are well-informed about the Church’s official stance.<ref name="card_fernandez_2024" />
|}

== Coptic Orthodox Church ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! class="unsortable" style="padding:0;width:7px" |
! scope="col" width="20%" | Associated Marian titles
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Seers
! scope="col" | Approval
|-
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Zeitoun" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Our Lady of Zeitoun}}'''
| 1968
| data-sort-value="Egypt" | {{flagdeco|Egypt}} [[Zeitoun, Cairo|Zeitoun]], Egypt
| data-sort-value="999" | Thousands, including Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
| data-sort-value="1968-05-04" | May 4, 1968<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeitun-eg.org/zeitoun1.htm|title=The Official Statement from the Papal Residence in Cairo on the Apparition of Saint Mary in the Zeitoun Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church in Cairo, Egypt|date=May 4, 1968}}</ref> [[Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria|Cyril VI]] [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Patriarchate of Cairo]]
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | According to witnesses, Mary appeared in different forms over the [[Coptic Orthodox]] [[Church (building)|Church]] of Saint Mary in the [[Zeitoun, Cairo|Zeitoun]] district of [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], for a period of 2–3 years, beginning on April 2, 1968, some ten months after the [[Six-Day War]]. It was a mass apparition, reportedly witnessed by many thousands of people, including Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], and captured by newspaper photographers and Egyptian television. The apparitions each lasted from a few minutes up to several hours and were sometimes accompanied by dove-shaped luminous bodies. There have been [[conversion to Christianity|conversions to Christianity]] and claims of miraculous cures<ref>"Thousands of Egyptians lined up outside the church until the small hours of the morning, hoping to catch a glimpse of the Virgin. Men and women who had lost sons, husbands and fathers during the war sought solace in the apparition, Miraculous cures were reported." Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid, and Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. A short history of modern Egypt. Cambridge University Press, 1985, 126.</ref> associated with the apparitions. A month into the events, the apparitions up to that point were approved by [[Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria]].
|-
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Assuit" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Our Lady of Assiut}}'''
| 2000–2001
| data-sort-value="Egypt" | {{flagdeco|Egypt}} [[Asyut]], Egypt
| data-sort-value="999" | Thousands
| data-sort-value="2000-10-13" | October{{nbs}}13,{{nbs}}2001 Acknowledged as "apparitions of Virgin Mary" by Coptic priests in Assiut<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miraclehunter.com/marian_apparitions/statements/assiut_01.html|title=Declaration of the Coptic Priests in Assiut Concerning the Marian Apparitions at St. Mark Church|website=Miracle Hunter|date=October 13, 2001}}</ref>
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | The apparitions of [[Our Lady of Assiut]] were also mass apparitions in [[Assiut]], [[Egypt]], during 2000 and 2001 and many thousands of witnesses produced photographs of them, which were reprinted in several newspapers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeitun-eg.org/assiut.htm|title=August 2000: Our Lady Appears in Assiut, Upper Egypt|access-date=September 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/862081.stm|title=Apparitions in Assiut|date=September 5, 2000|access-date=September 8, 2016|via=BBC}}</ref> The reports state that during Mass, pictures hung on the wall inside the altar, which show St Mary with a dove above her started to illuminate first, then the light from the dove in the pictures started to flow down. The lights thereafter appeared above the church as well and were seen by thousands of people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeitun-eg.org/assiut2006.htm|title=Holy Lights in Assiut, Upper Egypt (March/April 2006)|access-date=September 8, 2016}}</ref> The Coptic church approved of the apparitions.
|-
| style="background-color:#2b2;padding:0" title="Approved" |
! data-sort-value="Warraq" scope="row" | '''{{No selflink|Our Lady of Warraq}}'''
| 2009
| data-sort-value="Egypt" | {{flagdeco|Egypt}} Warraq al-Hadar, [[Giza]], Egypt
| data-sort-value="3000" | Approximately 3,000 people<ref name="warraq_approval">{{cite web|url=http://en.wataninet.com/archive-articles/statement-from-giza-coptic-orthodox-bishopric/9119/|title=Statement from Giza Coptic Orthodox Bishopric|first=Anba|last=Theodosius|date=December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231012416/http://www.wataninet.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?A=25232|archive-date=December 31, 2009}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="2009-12-11" | December{{nbs}}2009<ref name="warraq_approval" /> Bishop Anba Theodosius Giza
|- class="expand-child"
| class="description" colspan="6" style="background: white;" | Early on December 11, 2009, various phenomena began appearing above a church in Warraq al-Hadar. Shortly thereafter, the bishop authenticated the apparitions with a statement describing the events: {{Blockquote|text=The Bishopric of Giza announces that the Holy Virgin has appeared in a transfiguration at the Church named after her in Warraq al-Hadar, Giza, in the early hours of Friday 11 December 2009 at 1:00 am. The Holy Virgin appeared in her full height in luminous robes, above the middle dome of the church, in pure white dress and a royal blue belt. She had a crown on her head, above which appeared the cross on top of the dome. The crosses on top of the church's domes and towers glowed brightly with light. The Holy Virgin moved between the domes and on to the top of the church gate between its two twin towers. The local residents all saw her. The apparition lasted from 1:00 am till 4:00 am on Friday, and was registered by cameras and cell phones. Some 3,000 people from the neighbourhood, surrounding areas, and passers-by gathered in the street in front of the church to see the apparition. Since Friday, the huge crowds gathered in the vicinity of the church have been seeing luminous white pigeons soaring above the church during various times of the night, as well as a star which emerges suddenly in the heaven, travels some 200 metres across, then disappears. The huge crowds gathered around the church do not cease singing hymns and praises for the Holy Virgin.<ref name="warraq_approval" />|title=|source=}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Holy Guardian Angel]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Marian apparitions}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190924070345/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/11/151113-virgin-mary-sightings-map/ ''National Geographic'': 500 Years of Virgin Mary Sightings in One Map]

{{Virgin Mary}}
{{Private revelation}}
{{Roman Catholic approved apparitions}}

[[Category:Marian apparitions]]
[[Category:Catholic Mariology]]
[[Category:Anglican Mariology]]
[[Category:Christian miracles]]
[[Category:Marian visionaries]]
[[Category:Christianity-related lists|Marian]]

Kalhana

2026-02-19T05:08:44Z

LibbyAlba221: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Kashmiri poet and chronicler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Kalhana''' (c. 12th century) was the author of ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (''River of Kings''), an account of the [[History of Jammu and Kashmir|history of Kashmir]]. He wrote the work in [[Sanskrit]] between 1148 and 1149.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 15.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Editorial Staff |date=2025-02-04 |title=The Life and Legacy of Pandit Kalhana and the Historical Significance of Rajtarangini in Kashmiri History |url=https://azaditimes.com/history/the-life-and-legacy-of-pandit-kalhana-and-the-historical-significance-of-rajtarangini-in-kashmiri-history/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The Azadi Times |language=en-US}}</ref> All information regarding his life has to be deduced from his own writing, a major scholar of which is [[Aurel Stein|Mark Aurel Stein]]. Robin Donkin has argued that with the exception of Kalhana, "there are no [native Indian] literary works with a developed sense of chronology, or indeed much sense of place, before the thirteenth century".<ref>Donkin, p. 152.</ref>

==Life==
{{History of Kashmir}}
{{History of India}}
Kalhana was born in a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family to a Kashmiri minister, Chanpaka, who probably served king Harsha of the [[Lohara dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kalhana | title=Kalhana &#124; Kashmir Brahman |work=Encyclopædia Britannica }}</ref> It is possible that his birthplace was [[Parihaspore]] and his birth would have been very early in the 12th century. The introductory verses to each of the eight Books in his ''Rajatarangini'' are prefaced with prayers to [[Shiva]], a Hindu deity. In common with many Hindus in Kashmir at that time, he was also sympathetic to Buddhism, and Buddhists tended to reciprocate this feeling towards Hindus.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, pp. 6-9, 15.</ref> Even in relatively modern times, Buddha's birthday has been a notable event for Kashmiri Brahmins and well before Kalhana's time Buddha had been accepted by Hindus as an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 9.</ref>

Kalhana was familiar with earlier epics such as the ''Vikramankadevacharita'' of [[Bilhana]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', to all of which he alludes in his own writings.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, pp. 10-11.</ref> However, his own writings did not employ what Stein has described as "the very redundant praise and flattery which by custom and literary tradition Indian authors feel obliged to bestow on their patrons". From this comes Stein's deduction that Kalhana was not a part of the circle surrounding Jayasimha, the ruling monarch at the time when he was writing the ''Rajatarangini''.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 17.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dynasties of Ancient Kashmir]]
*[[Historiography of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC |access-date=2011-07-11 |ref=Stein1900V1}}
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |access-date=2011-07-10 |ref=Stein1900V2}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society |volume=224 |year=1998 |title=Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing: origins to the age of discoveries |first1=Robin A. |last1=Donkin |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-224-5 |author-link=Robin Donkin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leHFqMQ9mw8C}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*Dhar, K. N. [http://www.koausa.org/Glimpses/Kalhana.html ''Kalhana - The Chronicler''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311012500/http://koausa.org/glimpses/kalhana.html |date=11 March 2016 }}. Retrieved on 15 November 2008.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Kashmiri male writers]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Hindu people]]

Commissioner of Police (India)

2026-02-17T05:33:36Z

LibbyAlba221: slightly updated information per sources and updated info after review

{{Short description|Indian heads of the police force}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Kiren Rijiju inspecting the guard of honour, during his visit to the Delhi Police Headquarters, in New Delhi on December 30, 2014. The Delhi Police Commissioner, Shri B.S. Bassi is also seen.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#List of Ministers of State|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] [[Kiren Rijiju]] inspecting the guard of honour, accompanied by [[Police Commissioner of Delhi|CP Delhi]], [[B.S. Bassi]], in 2014]]

'''Commissioners of Police''' in India are heads of the police force in certain metropolitan areas colloquially referred to as 'police commissionerates'.

They are traditionally members of the [[Indian Police Service]] with [[District magistrate|executive magisterial]] powers not granted to other senior police officers (members of the Indian Police Service), evolving from the historical role of [[justice of the peace]], assigned to commissioners leading the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|presidency towns]] of [[British Raj|British India]].

The rank and authority conferred upon commissioners of police is largely uniform throughout India in that they are all executive magistrates under the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India, 2023)|Code of Criminal Procedure]], however varies in that a commissioner of police forces of larger cities tend to be equated to higher ranks in the Indian Police Service—three of India's four biggest cities are led by commissioners equated to the rank of [[Director general of police|director-general of police]]. The police commissioner of lowest rank in India is that of [[Thrissur City Police]], which is led by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent]] (the lowest possible rank of a police commissioner)

Commissioners of police and their police forces are generally subordinate to and part of the police force of the state thereof, the only exceptions being [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]. The police forces of Mumbai and Kolkata are not part of the police force of their respective states; they report directly to their states' home ministers. As Delhi is a [[union territory]] with limited self-government, the commissioner does not report to the local government; it reports directly to the central minister of home affairs. All, except one ([[Patna]]), of the 20 largest cities in India have police forces headed by commissioners of police.

Commissioners of Police in [[Kerala]] do not have magisterial powers. The [[Government of Kerala]] appointed senior [[Inspector-general of police|IGP]]-rank IPS officers as Commissioners of Police for [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kochi]] as an initial step towards a full police commissionerate system; however, the move faced opposition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-07 |title=Vijay Sakhare, Dinendra Kashyap to head Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram commissionerates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/sakhare-kashyap-to-head-kochi-and-tpuram-commissionerates/articleshow/69682681.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Consequently, the state government has not granted magisterial powers to the commissioners due to political opposition, including from within the ruling coalition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Shan A. |date=2025-01-02 |title=Kerala govt bins commissionerate proposal, DIGs to hold commissioner posts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Jan/02/kerala-govt-bins-commissionerate-proposal-digs-to-hold-commissioner-posts |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Analysis {{!}} What happens when executive power shifts from IAS to IPS |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/06/14/analysis-what-happens-when-executive-power-shifts-from-ias-to-ip.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Analysis {{!}} What happens when executive power shifts from IAS to IPS |language=en}}</ref>

==History and description==
Traditionally at the district level, the [[Superintendent of Police]] (SP) or Senior SP (SSP) maintains law and order by working with the [[District Magistrate]] (DM). Under the Commissioners of Police (CP) system, the state governments may or may not grant certain powers of the executive magistrate to the commissioner, contrary to the Superintendent of Police or Senior SP of a [[police district]] who depends on the district magistrate. For large metropolitan cities, the CP system is generally considered more suitable policing system. The commissioner is assisted by special commissioner, joint commissioner, additional commissioner, deputy commissioner, assistant commissioner of police.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-commissionerate-system-recently-implemented-in-lucknow-noida-6214871/|title=Explained: What is a police commissionerate system|publisher=Indian Express|date=15 January 2020|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref>

The Commissionerates present in [[New Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Madurai]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Kolkata]] can be considered true Commissionerates as they exercise the powers of the District Magistrate and the Executive Magistrate. The organisational structure of the police commissionerates varies state to state. For instance, the Police Commissioners of [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] report directly to the state government and not to the [[Director general of police|DGP]]. Similarly, in [[Kerala]], the Commissioner of Police does not have magisterial powers.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Impact of police commissionerates on police effectiveness and policing outcomes. |url=https://www.bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/202212280356389608596ImpactofPoliceCPEPO.pdf |journal=Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD), Government of India}}</ref>

=== Commissionerates ===
A Police Commissionerate's jurisdiction can consist of several adjoining [[District (India)|districts]]. The [[Hyderabad City Police]] commissionerate since 1847 AD, established in the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]] by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]] is the oldest police commissionerate in India.<ref name="hp">{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/AboutUs.html |publisher=Hyderabad City Police |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="cp">{{cite web |title=Know your police station |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/who-will-control-law-and-order-in-hyderabad-after-formation-of-telangana/articleshow/26730958.cms?from=mdr |publisher=The Economic Times|date=2 December 2013|access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> The British India government brought the CP system first to Kolkata and Chennai in 1856, and followed it in Mumbai in 1864.<ref name="Hindu_FromPaddyFields">{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Vivek |date=11 October 2013 |title=From paddy fields to colonial houses |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-paddy-fields-to-colonial-houses/article5222395.ece?ref=sliderNews |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chaware |first=Dilip |date=24 November 2003 |title=How the city police slowly lost its glory |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/How-the-city-police-slowly-lost-its-glory/articleshow/298198.cms |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Empire At Its Zenith |url=http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/TheEmpireAtZenith.aspx |publisher=Kolkata Police}}</ref>

=== Organisational structure ===
The police commissionerate is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP). The post of Commissioner of Police can be held by an IPS officer of the rank SP and above, depending upon the sanction provided by the respective state government (or, in the case of [[Delhi Police|Delhi]], by the [[Government of India]]). The commissioner of police is assisted by special, joint, additional, deputy, and assistant commissioners of police, sanctioned by the respective state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organizational Structure {{!}} Pune City Police |url=https://admin.punepolice.gov.in/org |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=admin.punepolice.gov.in}}</ref> The organisation consists units like law and order, crimes, administration, armed reserve police, traffic police, special branch, security, etc. For the maintenance of law and order, there are police zones, divisions and sub divisions. Typically divisions are headed by [[Deputy commissioner#India|deputy commissioners of police]] (DCPs), and sub divisions are headed by [[Assistant commissioner of police#India|assistant commissioners of police]] (ACPs).

==== Hierarchy ====
The [[hierarchy]] of posts in Police Commissionerate system of [[Delhi]] is as given below, Police Commissionerate system in other cities may not have one or more of these posts:-
* [[Commissioner of Police]] (CP) i.e. DGP equivalent
* [[Special Commissioner of Police]] (Spl.CP) i.e. Addl. DGP equivalent
* [[Joint Commissioner of Police]] (Jt. CP) i.e. IG equivalent
* [[Additional Commissioner of Police]] (Addl.CP) i.e. DIG equivalent
* [[Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (DCP) i.e. SSP or SP equivalent
* [[Additional Deputy Commissioner]] of Police (Addl.DCP) i.e. Addl. SP equivalent
* [[Assistant commissioner of police]] (ACP) i.e. DSP or ASP equivalent

The subordinate police officers' hierarchy in the Police Commissionerate system is the same as in a district police headed by a Senior SP/SP, including ranks such as police inspector, sub-inspector, assistant sub-inspector, head constable, and constable.<ref>IMPACT OF POLICE COMMISSIONERATES ON POLICE EFFECTIVENESS AND POLICING OUTCOMES; [[Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development]] Government of India.[https://www.bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/202212280356389608596ImpactofPoliceCPEPO.pdf]</ref>

==List of commissioners of police==
Following is the list of commissioners of police (CP) in India, along with their respective ranks (these ranks can vary from time to time):-

===[[Andhra Pradesh Police]]===
{{see also|Vijayawada City Police|Visakhapatnam City Police}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Additional Director General of Police]] (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vizagcitypolice.gov.in/|title=Official Website of Visakhapatnam City Police|website=vizagcitypolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Vijayawada]]
|[[Additional Director General of Police]] (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vijayawadapolice.ap.gov.in/|title=VijayawadaPolice – Providing Effective & Efficient Police Services}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Assam Police]]===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Guwahati]]
|[[Additional Director General of Police]] (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://police.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/commissionerate-of-police-guwahati|title=Commissionerate of Police Guwahati}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Chhattisgarh Police]]===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Raipur]]
|[[Inspector General of Police]] (IG)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://raipur.cgpolice.gov.in/photo-gallery|title=Photo Gallery}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Delhi Police]]===
[[File:Delhi Police Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Delhi Police Headquarters, which serves as office of Delhi Police Commissioner]]
{{main|Police Commissioner of Delhi}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Delhi]]
|[[Director General of Police]] (DGP){{efn|The Delhi Police Commissioner, a Director General (DGP) rank officer, is the head of Delhi Police. This is the only case in India where a CP (Commissioner of Police) heads the police force of the whole state/UT.}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhipolice.nic.in/sn_2.html|title=Delhi Police}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Gujarat Police]]===
{{see also|Ahmedabad City Police}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Ahmedabad]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabad.nic.in/police/|title=Police | Ahmedabad District, Government Of Gujarat | India}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Surat]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/Authorities#police|title=Authorities|website=www.suratmunicipal.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Rajkot]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajkot.nic.in/police/|title=Police | District Rajkot, Government of Gujarat | India}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Vadodara]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpvadodara.gujarat.gov.in/cpvadodara/CMS.aspx?content_id=5189|title=પોલીસ કમિશનરશ્રીની કચેરી,વડોદરા|website=cpvadodara.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Haryana Police]]===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Gurugram]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurgaon.haryanapolice.gov.in/|title=Gurugram Police, Government of Haryana|website=gurgaon.haryanapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Faridabad]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faridabad.haryanapolice.gov.in/index?aspxerrorpath=/|title=Faridabad Police, Government of Haryana|website=faridabad.haryanapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Panchkula]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://panchkula.haryanapolice.gov.in/index?aspxerrorpath=/|title=Panchkula Police, Government of Haryana|website=panchkula.haryanapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Karnataka Police]]===
{{see also|Police Commissioner of Bangalore}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|[[Commissioner of Police, Bangalore|Commissioner of Police]], [[Bengaluru]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcp.gov.in/|title=Bangalore Commissionerate of Police|access-date=2021-05-16|archive-date=2018-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202232017/http://www.bcp.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bangalore Commissionerate of Police|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/apr/30/bengaluru-police-chief-promoted-to-dgp-rank-2296625.html|url-status=live|website=Indian Express|date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603080742/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/apr/30/bengaluru-police-chief-promoted-to-dgp-rank-2296625.html |archive-date=2021-06-03 }}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Belagavi]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://belagavi.nic.in/en/police/|title=Police | District Belagavi, Government of Karnataka | India}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Hubli-Dharwad|Hubballi-Dharwad]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dharwad.nic.in/en/index.aspx|title=Dharwad district website|website=dharwad.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Kalaburagi]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://kalaburagi.nic.in/en/about-district/whos-who/|title=Who's Who | Kalaburagi District | Government of Karnataka | India}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Mangaluru]]
|[[Deputy inspector general of police#India|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mangalorecitypolice.com/about-us/|title=Mangalore City Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Mysuru]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mysore.nic.in/en/public-utility/commissioner-of-police/|title=COMMISSIONER OF POLICE | District Mysuru, Government of Karnataka | Heritage city | India}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Kerala Police]]===
{{see also|Kochi City Police|Thiruvananthapuram City Police|Thrissur City Police|Kollam City Police|Kozhikode City Police|Kannur City Police}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post {{Efn|In Kerala Police, the Commissioners of Police (CPs) are officially also known as the District Police Chiefs (DPCs) of the respective police districts.
<ref>{{cite web | title=Who is who Kollam City | url=https://kollamcity.keralapolice.gov.in/who-is-who-kollam-city }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title=Official Website of Thrissur City Police | url=https://thrissurcity.keralapolice.gov.in/message/sri-ilango-r-ips }}</ref>}}
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Inspector General of Police ([[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]]) / Deputy Inspector General of Police ([[Deputy inspector general of police#india|DIG]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvmcity.keralapolice.gov.in/|title=Thiruvananthapuram City Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Kochi City Police|Kochi]]
|Inspector General of Police ([[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]]) / Deputy Inspector General of Police ([[Deputy inspector general of police#india|DIG]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kochicity.keralapolice.gov.in/kochi-city-police/about-us/who-is-who|title=Kochi City Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Kozhikode]]
| Deputy Inspector General of Police ([[Deputy inspector general of police#india|DIG]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/kozhikode-city-police/about-us/who-is-who|title=Kozhikode City Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Kollam City Police|Kollam City]]
|Superintendent of Police ([[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kollamcity.keralapolice.gov.in/kollam-city-police/about-us/who-is-who|title=Kollam City Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Thrissur City Police|Thrissur City]]
|Superintendent of Police ([[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thrissurcity.keralapolice.gov.in/thrissur-city-police/about-us/who-is-who|title=Thrissur City Police}}</ref>

|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Kannur|Kannur City]]
|Superintendent of Police ([[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannurcity.keralapolice.gov.in/page/who-is-who|title=Kannur City Police}}</ref>
|}

===[[Madhya Pradesh Police]]===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Bhopal]]
|Inspector General of Police (IGP)
|<ref name=MP>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-commissionerate-system-notified-for-bhopal-indore/articleshow/88188562.cms|title=Madhya Pradesh: Commissionerate system notified for Bhopal, Indore|website=Times of India |date=9 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Indore]]
|Inspector General of Police (IGP)
|<ref name=MP/>
|-
|}

===[[Maharashtra Police]]===
[[File:Ocp mumbai.JPG|thumb|Office of Police Commissioner of Mumbai]]

{{see also|Mumbai Police|Nagpur Police|Pune Police}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|[[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Commissioner of Police]], [[Mumbai]]
|Director General of Police (DG){{efn|The posts of Commissioner of Police (CP) of Mumbai and DGP (Director general of police i.e. state police chief) of Maharashtra are held by two different officers, both of whom are of Director General (DGP) rank. The Mumbai CP is one of the few CPs in the country who does not report to the state DGP. Both Mumbai CP and Maharashtra DGP report to ACS (Additional Chief Secretary) of Home Department of Maharashtra, who is a senior [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer.<ref name="mahapolice.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mahapolice.gov.in/dgps-of-maharashtra/|title=DGP's Of Maharashtra | Maharashtra State Police|website=www.mahapolice.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai CP"/>}}
|<ref name="Mumbai CP">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaipolice.gov.in/#cp|title=Mumbai City Police|website=mumbaipolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Pune]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punepolice.gov.in/Senior_Officers|title=Pune City Police|website=www.punepolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Nagpur]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nagpurpolice.gov.in/|title=Nagpur Police|website=nagpurpolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Thane]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thanepolice.gov.in/|title=मुख पृष्ठ | ठाणे शहर पोलीस|website=www.thanepolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Navi Mumbai]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navimumbaipolice.gov.in/Senior_Officers|title=Senior Police Officers | Navi Mumbai Police|website=www.navimumbaipolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Nashik]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nashikcitypolice.gov.in/commissioner_speak|title=Nashik City Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[SambhajiNagar]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aurangabadcitypolice.gov.in/mission.php|title=Aurangabad City Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Mira-Bhayandar, Vasai-Virar Police|Mira-Bhayandar, Vasai-Virar (MBVV)]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbvv.mahapolice.gov.in/Senior_Officers|title=Senior Police Officers | Mira-Bhayandar, Vasai-Virar Police|website=www.mbvv.mahapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pcpc.gov.in/Senior_Officers|title=Senior Police Officers | Pimpri Chinchwad Police|website=pcpc.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Solapur]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://solapurcitypolice.gov.in/OfficersProfile|title=Solapur City Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Amravati]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amravaticitypolice.gov.in/|title=Amravati City Police|website=www.amravaticitypolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, Railways, Mumbai
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mumbairlypolice.gov.in/organizational-structure|title=Organizational Structure|website=mumbairlypolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Nagaland Police]]===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Dimapur]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://police.nagaland.gov.in/sp-co/|title=NAGALAND POLICE|website=police.nagaland.gov.in |date=25 June 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Odisha Police]]===
[[File:Commissionerate Police HQ BBS-CTC.jpg|thumb|Office of CP of Bhubaneswar-Cuttack decorated for Independence Day, 2018]]
{{main|Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Bhubaneswar]]-[[Cuttack]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bhubaneswarcuttackpolice.gov.in/|title=Police Commissionerate – We Care – We Dare}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Amritsar]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amritsarcitypolice.gov.in/|title=Amritsar Police, Punjab Police Amritsar|website=amritsarcitypolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Ludhiana]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ludhianapolice.in/|title=Welcome To Ludhiana Police Official Website|website=ludhianapolice.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Jalandhar]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jalandharpolice.gov.in|title=Jalandhar Police}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Rajasthan Police]]===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Jaipur]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaipurpolice.rajasthan.gov.in/Jaipur/pdfs/ORGANISATIONCHART.pdf|title=Jaipur Police}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Jodhpur]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/JodhpurCity/PressNote/02022012153858.pdf|title=Jodhpur City Police}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu Police]]===
{{see also|Greater Chennai Police|Coimbatore City Police}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Chennai]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chennai.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|title=Who's Who; Chennai District; India}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Coimbatore]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coimbatore.nic.in/contact-directory/|title=Contact Directory; Coimbatore District, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Madurai]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madurai.nic.in/service/tamil-nadu-police-citizen-portal/|title=Tamil Nadu Police Citizen Portal}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://salem.nic.in/directory/|title=Directory | Salem District, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Tiruppur]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/new-tirupur-commissioner-of-police-says-he-will-ensure-people-friendly-policing/articleshow/76766018.cms|title=New Tirupur commissioner of police says he will ensure people friendly policing|website=The Times of India|date=3 July 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Tirunelveli]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiruchirappalli.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|title=Who's Who | TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT, Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Avadi]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref name='avadi tambram'>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-avadi-police-commissionerates-get-new-officers-in-latest-reshuffle/articleshow/89212463.cms|title=Tambaram, Avadi police commissioner police commissionerates get new officers in latest reshuffle|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Tambaram]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref name='avadi tambram'/>
|}

===[[Telangana Police]]===
[[File:Police commissionerate.jpg|right|thumb|Police Commissionerate, Hyderabad City]]
{{see also|Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City|Cyberabad Metropolitan Police|Hyderabad City Police|Karimnagar Police Commissionerate|Nizamabad Police|Rachakonda commissionerate|Ramagundam Police Commissionerate|Siddipet Police Commissionerate|Warangal Police Commissionerate}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|[[Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City]]
|Director General of Police (DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/CommissionersMessage.html|title=Official Website of Hyderabad City Police|website=hyderabadpolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Cyberabad]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cyberabadpolice.gov.in/|title=Cyberabad Metropolitan Police|website=www.cyberabadpolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Karimnagar]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karimnagarpolice.in/|title=Karimnagar Police Commissionerate|website=www.karimnagarpolice.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
|Superintendent of Police (SP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nizamabadpolice.in/|title=Official website of Nizamabad Police|website=www.nizamabadpolice.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Khammam]]
|Superintendent of Police (SP)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khammam.telangana.gov.in/divisions/division-2-title/|title=Khammam City}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Rachakonda]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rachakondapolice.telangana.gov.in/|title=Rachakonda Police Commissionerate|website=rachakondapolice.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Ramagundam]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ramagundampolice.in/|title=Official Website of Ramagundam Police|website=ramagundampolice.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Siddipet]]
|Superintendent of Police (SP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siddipetpolice.telangana.gov.in/|title=Siddipet Police Commissionerate|website=siddipetpolice.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Warangal]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://warangalrural.telangana.gov.in/police-department/|title=Warangal Rural District}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]===
{{see also|Lucknow Police|Kanpur Nagar Police Commissionerate|Varanasi Police Commissionerate|Gautam Buddh Nagar Police Commissionerate|Page 4=|Ghaziabad Police Commissionerate|Agra Police Commissionerate|Prayagraj Police Commissionerate}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|[[Lucknow Police#Commissioners of Lucknow Police|Commissioner of Police]], [[Lucknow]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?commlko&cd=NAA0ADQANgA=|title=Uttar Pradesh Police | Police Units | Police Commissionerate Lucknow|website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kanpur Nagar Police Commissionerate|Commissioner of Police]], [[Kanpur]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?commknp&cd=NAA1ADEANgA=|title=Uttar Pradesh Police | Police Units | Police Commissionerate Kanpur | Officials|website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Agra]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi Adityanath's BIG STEP - UP's Agra, Ghaziabad, Prayagraj are commissionerate now |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/yogi-adityanaths-big-step-ups-agra-ghaziabad-prayagraj-are-commissionerate-now/ar-AA14ylZV |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?commgbngr&cd=NAA0ADYAMwA=|title=Uttar Pradesh Police | Police Units | Police Commissionerate G.B. Nagar | Officials|website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Ghaziabad]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt order issued to introduce police commissionerate in Agra, Ghaziabad & Prayagraj |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/govt-order-issued-to-introduce-police-commissionerate-in-agra-ghaziabad-26-prayagraj/ar-AA14An2f |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prayagraj Police Commissionerate]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=Police commissionerate system in Agra, Ghaziabad & Prayagraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/police-commissionerate-system-in-agra-ghaziabad-prayagraj-8290497/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Commissioner of Police, [[Varanasi]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?commvns&cd=NAA1ADIAMgA=|title=Uttar Pradesh Police | Police Units | Police Commissionerate Varanasi | Officials|website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[West Bengal Police]]===
{{see also|Kolkata Police}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Post
! scope="col" style="width: 335px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | Reference
|-
|[[Asansol–Durgapur Police Commissionerate|Commissioner of Police]], [[Asansol]]-[[Durgapur]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/|title=ASANSOL-DURGAPUR POLICE COMMISSIONERATE}}</ref>
|-
|[[Siliguri Metropolitan Police|Commissioner of Police]], [[Siliguri]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siliguripc.wbpolice.gov.in/|title=Siliguri Metropolitan Police|website=siliguripc.wbpolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Police Commissioner of Kolkata|Commissioner of Police]], [[Kolkata]]
|Additional Director General of Police (Addl.DGP){{Efn|Kolkata Police functions independently of the [[West Bengal Police]], and its Commissioner of Police reports directly to the Home and Hill Affairs Department of the Government of West Bengal. The Kolkata CP is one of the few CPs in the country who does not report to the state DGP. Both Kolkata CP and WB DGP report to ACS (Additional Chief Secretary) of Home Department of West Bengal, who is a senior [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer.<ref name="mahapolice.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mahapolice.gov.in/dgps-of-maharashtra/|title=DGP's Of Maharashtra | Maharashtra State Police|website=www.mahapolice.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai CP"/>}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/ShowContact.aspx|title=Kolkata Police|website=www.kolkatapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Howrah Police Commissionerate|Commissioner of Police]], [[Howrah]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://howrahcitypolice.in/|title=Home|website=howrahcitypolice.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chandannagar Police Commissionerate|Commissioner of Police]], [[Chandannagar]]
|Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandannagarpolice.wb.gov.in/index.php/Cpc/overview|title=Chandannagar Police Commissionerate|website=chandannagarpolice.wb.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate|Commissioner of Police]], [[Bidhannagar]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/org_profile.php|title=Welcome to Bidhannagar City Police|website=bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|Commissioner of Police]], [[Barrackpore]]
|Inspector General of Police (IG)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore City Police|website=barrackporecitypolice.in}}</ref>
|-
|}

==States and UTs without CP==
The following police forces in India do not have Police Commissionerate (i.e. Commissioner of Police or CP) system:-

===States===
* [[Arunachal Pradesh Police]]
* [[Bihar Police]]
* [[Goa Police]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh Police]]
* [[Jharkhand Police]]
* [[Manipur Police]]
* [[Meghalaya Police]]
* [[Mizoram Police]]
* [[Sikkim Police]]
* [[Tripura Police]]
* [[Uttarakhand Police]]

Among the 10 [[List of states and union territories of India by population|most populous states]] of India, only [[Bihar]] (3rd most populous) does not have CP system in any of its cities.

===Union territories===
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police]]
* [[Chandigarh Police]]
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Police]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]
* [[Ladakh Police]]
* [[Lakshadweep Police]]
* [[Puducherry Police]]

===Largest cities without CP===
Among the [[List of cities in India by population|Indian cities having population]] above 1.5 million (2011 Census), the only city which does not have CP system is [[Patna]].<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Census data | publisher=Office of the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Director general of police]]
* [[District magistrate]]
* [[Divisional commissioner]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]
* [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]]
* [[Police forces of the states and union territories of India|Police forces of India]]
* [[Police ranks and insignia of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Police ranks of India]]
[[Category:Indian police officers|*]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in India|Law enforcement in India]]

Mahendra Singh Sodha

2026-02-08T12:03:35Z

LibbyAlba221: started biography

{{Short description|Indian physicist (1932–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mahendra Singh Sodha
| image = Dr M S Sodha.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|2|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|12|1932|2|8|df=y}}
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| known_for = [[Plasma Physics]] Theory
| footnotes =
| field = [[Plasma Physics]], [[Laser Physics]]
| work_institution =
| prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] [[Padma Shri]] Hari Om Prerit S. S. Bhatnagar Award Pioneer in Renewable Energy Award Dr. K. S. Rao Memorial National Award
}}

'''Mahendra Singh Sodha''' (8 February 1932 – 12 October 2024), popularly known as '''M. S. Sodha''', was an Indian physicist specialising in [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]], [[optics]] and energy and the [[Vice-chancellor]] of [[Lucknow University]], [[Devi Ahilya University]] and [[Barkatullah University]].<ref name="INSA">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N78-0785 | title=INSA | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2015 | access-date=11 February 2015 | archive-date=11 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211194822/http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N78-0785 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SSB Prize">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=67 | title=SSB Prize | publisher=SSB Prize | date=2015 | access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> A 1974 winner of the highest Indian science award, the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], Sodha was honoured by the [[Government of India]] again in 2003 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
M. S. Sodha, born on 8 February 1932,<ref name="National Academy of Sciences, India">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=National Academy of Sciences, India |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2015 |access-date=11 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> secured his master's degree (MSc) in physics in 1951 from [[Allahabad University]] and started his career as a junior scientist by joining the Defence Science Laboratory, New Delhi, present day [[Laser Science and Technology Centre]], in 1953.<ref name="INSA" /> During the same period, he pursued his doctoral studies and obtained a doctoral degree (DPhil)<ref name="National Academy of Sciences, India" /> in 1955 from the same university.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Haneefsir">{{cite web | url=http://hanfeesir.blogspot.ae/2012/02/dr-m-s-sodha-prof-mahendra-singh-sodha.html | title=Haneefsir | publisher=Haneefsir | date=2015 | access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> He continued at DSL till 1956 and moved to the [[University of British Columbia]], Canada as a post doctoral fellow to stay there till 1958,<ref name="INSA" /> when he shifted to USA, to work as senior scientist at the [[Armour Research Foundation]], Chicago, till 1961 and then as a senior scientist and chief of physics at the [[Republic Aviation Company]], New York.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Haneefsir" /> In 1964, he returned to India and joined the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] as the professor where he rose in ranks to become the dean, head of the department and finally, a deputy director of the institution till his retirement in 1992.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Haneefsir" /> During this period, he also served as the vice chancellor of [[Devi Ahilya University]] from 1988 to 1992.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="National Academy of Sciences, India" /><ref name="Haneefsir" /> In 1992, he was appointed the vice chancellor of [[Lucknow University]] for a three-year term from 1992 to 1995 and, later, at the [[Barkatullah University]] from 1998 to 2000.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="National Academy of Sciences, India" /><ref name="Haneefsir" /> He has also served as a visiting professor at [[Drexel University]] and was a visiting professor and Ramanna Fellow of [[Lucknow University]].<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Haneefsir" /> Sodha died on 12 October 2024, at the age of 92.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physicist Mahendra Singh Sodha passes away at 92|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/legendary-physicist-and-former-lucknow-vc-mahendra-singh-sodha-passes-away/articleshow/114196806.cms |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Sodha did extensive research in the physical science disciplines of plasma and energy.<ref name="SSB Prize" /> He is credited with pioneering researches on colloidal plasmas, optics and ''Akhamanov's formulation'' and he presented papers on ''quantitative theory of image formation in layered media''.<ref name="INSA" /> His book, ''[[Microwave]] Propagation in Ferrimagnetics''<ref name="Microwave Propagation in Ferrimagnetics">{{cite book | title=Microwave Propagation in Ferrimagnetics | publisher=Plenum Press |author1=M. S. Sodha |author2=N. Srivastava | year=1981 | isbn=978-0306407161}}</ref> is reported to be the first book on the subject. He has also published 13 books<ref name="Haneefsir" /> including ''Solar Crop Drying'',<ref name="Solar Crop Drying">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDAhAQAAMAAJ | title=Solar Crop Drying | publisher=CRC Press | author=M. S. Sodha | year=1987 | pages=208 | isbn=9780849368837}}</ref> ''Solar Distillation''<ref name="Solar Distillation">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq8FPYpG2csC&q=solar+distillation+pergamon+press&pg=PA108 | title=Solar Distillation | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=M. A. S. Malik | author2=G. N. Tiwari | author3=A. Kumar | author4=M. S. Sodha | year=1982| isbn=9788122402070 }}</ref> and ''Solar Passive Building: Science and Design''<ref name="Solar Passive Building: Science and Design">{{cite book | title=Solar Passive Building: Science and Design | publisher=Pergamon Press | author=M. S. Sodha|author2= N. K. Bansal | year=1986 | pages=500 | isbn=978-0080305509}}</ref> and had edited a book, ''Sodha Reviews of Renewable Energy Resources''.<ref name="Sodha Reviews of Renewable Energy Resources">{{cite book | title=Sodha Reviews of Renewable Energy Resources | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | author=M. S. Sodha | year=1984 | pages=564 | isbn=978-0852268445}}</ref> He has also published over 500 research papers<ref name="Haneefsir" /><ref name="Kinetics of Complex Plasmas">{{cite book | title=Kinetics of Complex Plasmas | author=Mahendra Singh Sodha | series=Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics | year=2014 | volume=18 | isbn=978-81-322-1819-7 | doi = 10.1007/978-81-322-1820-3| bibcode=2014kcp..book.....S |url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/1693366}}</ref><ref name="Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Radially and Axially Nonuniform Media: Geometrical-Optics Approximation">{{cite journal | title=Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Radially and Axially Nonuniform Media: Geometrical-Optics Approximation |author1=M. S. Sodha |author2=A. K. Ghatak |author3=P. S. Malik | journal=JOSA | year=1971 | volume=61 | issue=11 | pages=1492–94 | doi=10.1364/JOSA.61.001492}}</ref> in peer reviewed journals<ref name="PubFacts">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Mahendra+Singh+Sodha | title=PubFacts Link | publisher=PubFacts | date=2015 | access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Springer Link">{{cite web | url=https://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Mahendra+Singh+Sodha%22 | title=Springer Link - M. S. Sodha | publisher=Springer | date=2015 | access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> and mentored several students for their doctoral studies.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Haneefsir" />

Sodha contributed to the establishment of divisions such as the ''Centre of Energy Studies and Research'', ''Opto-Electronics Group'' and ''Plasma Physics Group'' at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.<ref name="INSA" /> During his tenure as the vice chancellor of [[Lucknow University]] and [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]], he was instrumental in introducing self-financing as an option for academic studies<ref name="INSA" /> and reportedly played a part in the establishment of Faculty of Engineering Science at Devi Ahalya Vishavidyalaya.<ref name="Haneefsir" /> He served as the president of ''Plasma Science Society of India'' and ''Optical Society of India''.<ref name="INSA" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Sodha was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="INSA" /> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="National Academy of Sciences, India" /><ref name="Haneefsir" /> He achieved the highest Indian science award, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] for Physics in 1974.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="SSB Prize" /><ref name="Haneefsir" /> Four years later, he received ''Hari Om Prerit'' S. S. Bhatnagar Award<ref name="Haneefsir" /> followed by the ''Pioneer in Renewable Energy Award'' from the [[World Renewable Energy Network]] and [[UNESCO]] in 2002.<ref name="INSA" /> The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 2003 with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He received ''Dr. K. S. Rao Memorial National Award'' in 2004.<ref name="INSA" /> Sodha was felicitated by the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] on 21 March 2011 at the ''Honour the Mentor'' program.<ref name="Honour the Mentor">{{cite web | url=http://goldenjubilee.iitd.ac.in/?q=content/honor-mentor-prof-ms-sodha | title=Honour the Mentor | publisher=IIT Delhi | date=2015 | access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Plasma physics]]
* [[Optics]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Science}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDAhAQAAMAAJ | title=Solar Crop Drying | publisher=CRC Press | author=M. S. Sodha | year=1987 | pages=208 | isbn=9780849368837}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq8FPYpG2csC&q=solar+distillation+pergamon+press&pg=PA108 | title=Solar Distillation | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=M. A. S. Malik | author2=G. N. Tiwari | author3=A. Kumar | author4=M. S. Sodha | year=1982| isbn=9788122402070 }}
* {{cite book | title=Solar Passive Building: Science and Design | publisher=Pergamon Press | author=M. S. Sodha |author2= N. K. Bansal | year=1986 | pages=500 | isbn=978-0080305509}}
* {{cite book | title=Sodha Reviews of Renewable Energy Resources | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | author=M. S. Sodha | year=1984 | pages=564 | isbn=978-0852268445}}
* {{cite book | title=Kinetics of Complex Plasmas | author=Mahendra Singh Sodha | series=Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics | year=2014 | volume=18 | isbn=978-81-322-1819-7 | doi = 10.1007/978-81-322-1820-3| bibcode=2014kcp..book.....S |url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/1693366}}
* {{cite journal | title=Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Radially and Axially Nonuniform Media: Geometrical-Optics Approximation |author1=M. S. Sodha |author2=A. K. Ghatak |author3=P. S. Malik | journal=JOSA | year=1971 | volume=61 | issue=11 | pages=1492–94 | doi=10.1364/JOSA.61.001492}}
* {{cite book | title=Microwave Propagation in Ferrimagnetics | publisher=Plenum Press |author1=M. S. Sodha |author2=N. Srivastava | year=1981 | isbn=978-0306407161}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Mahendra+Singh+Sodha | title=PubFacts Link | publisher=PubFacts | date=2015 | access-date=11 February 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Mahendra+Singh+Sodha%22 | title=Springer Link - M. S. Sodha | publisher=Springer | date=2015 | access-date=11 February 2015}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodha, Mahendra Singh}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]

Seervi

2026-01-18T06:40:00Z

LibbyAlba221: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Rajasthani peoples]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to subtopic}}
}}

Operation Diadem

2026-01-08T23:54:16Z

LibbyAlba221: further enhanced intro per standard format and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Pivotal battle in the Italian campaign, leading to the Allied liberation of Rome}}
{{More references|date=January 2009}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Diadem
| partof = the [[Winter Line|Winter Line and the battle for Rome]] of the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]], [[World War II]]
| image = BattleforRome1944DiademPlan.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Allied plan for Operation Diadem
| date = 11 May to 4 June 1944
| place = [[Liri River|Liri Valley]], [[Italy]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| territory =
| result = Allied victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]]
{{flag|United States|1912}} {{flag|France}} {{flagicon|POL|1928}} [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Poland]] {{flagicon|CAN|1921}} [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Canada]]
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flag|Italian Social Republic}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Sidney Kirkman]] {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Geoffrey Keyes]] {{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Władysław Anders]] {{flagicon|France}} [[Alphonse Juin]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin|F. v. Senger und Etterlin]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Valentin Feurstein]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Traugott Herr]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Eberhard von Mackensen]]
| units1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]] {{flagicon|Poland}} [[II Corps (Poland)|II Corps]] {{flagicon|France}} [[French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)|CEFI]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[XIV Panzer Corps]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[LI Mountain Corps (Wehrmacht)|LI Mountain Corps]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[LXXVI Panzer Corps]] (elements)
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Italy}}
{{Campaignbox Winter Line}}
}}
'''Operation Diadem''', also referred to as the '''[[Battle of Monte Cassino#Fourth and final battle|Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino]]''' or, in [[Canada]], the '''Battle of the Liri Valley''', was an offensive operation undertaken by the [[Allies of World War II]] ([[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] and [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]]) in May 1944, as part of the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]]. ''Diadem'' was supported by air attacks called [[Operation Strangle (World War II)|Operation Strangle]]. The opposing force was the [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 10th Army]].

The object of ''Diadem'' was to break the German defenses on the Gustav Line (the western half of the [[Winter Line]]) and open up the [[Liri River|Liri Valley]], the main route to [[Rome]]. [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold Alexander]], Commander-in-Chief of the [[Allied Armies in Italy]], planned ''Diadem'' to coordinate roughly with the [[invasion of Normandy]], so that German forces would be tied down in Italy, and could not be redeployed to France.

Four corps were employed in the attack. From right to left these were the [[II Corps (Poland)|Polish II Corps]] and the [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|British XIII Corps]], of the Eighth Army, and the French Corps (including [[Morocco|Moroccan]] ''[[Goumier]]s'') and the [[II Corps (United States)|U.S. II Corps]], of the Fifth Army. The Fifth Army also controlled the [[VI Corps (United States)|U.S. VI Corps]] in the [[Battle of Anzio|Anzio beachhead]], some 60 miles northwest.

''Diadem'' was launched at 23:00 on 11 May 1944 by elements of the [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 4th Infantry Division]] and [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Indian Infantry Division]], with supporting fire from the [[1st Canadian Armoured Brigade]]. They made a successful strongly opposed night crossing of the Garigliano and Rapido rivers. This broke into the heart of the German defenses in the Liri valley against strong opposition and drew in German theater reserves, reducing pressure on the Anzio beachhead. The French Corps pushed through the mountains to the left on 14 May, supported by U.S. II Corps along the coast. On 17 May, Polish II Corps on the right attacked Monte Cassino.

When their position collapsed, the Germans fell back from the Gustav Line to the [[Hitler Line]] some 10 miles to their rear.

On 23 May, the four corps attacked the Hitler Line. On the same day, the U.S. VI Corps [[Battle of Anzio#Breakout|attacked out of the Anzio beachhead]].

The Hitler Line was breached by the [[1st Canadian Division|1st Canadian Infantry Division]]'s [[4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards]] at [[Pontecorvo]] on 23 May. The German Tenth Army was forced to retire northwestward. The U.S. VI Corps, moving northeast from Anzio, was at the point of cutting off the German line of retreat when [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark]], commander of the Fifth Army, inexplicably ordered them to turn northwest and advance on Rome instead. There is much speculation that he did this so that his Fifth Army would capture Rome ahead of the Eighth Army advancing up the Liri Valley. The German Tenth Army thus avoided being surrounded.

The Germans fought a series of delaying actions, retired to the [[Trasimene Line]], and then to the [[Gothic Line]] (identified on German maps as the "Green" Line), north of the [[Arno River]].

== Gustav line ==

In his autobiography, General [[Mark W. Clark]] describes how the [[French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)|French Expeditionary Corps (FEC)]] broke through the Gustav Line in May 1944. <blockquote>Meantime, the French forces had crossed the [[Garigliano]] (River) and moved forward into the mountainous terrain lying south of the [[Liri|Liri River]]. It was not easy. As always, the German veterans reacted strongly and there was bitter fighting. The French surprised the enemy and quickly seized key terrain including Mounts Faito Cerasola and high ground near [[Castelforte]]. The 1st Motorized Division helped the [[2nd Moroccan Infantry Division]] take key Mount Girofano and then advanced rapidly north to S. Apollinare and S. Ambrogio In spite of the stiffening enemy resistance, the 2nd Moroccan Division penetrated the Gustav Line in less than two days' fighting. The next 48 hours on the French front were decisive. The knife-wielding [[Moroccan Goumier|Goumiers]] swarmed over the hills, particularly at night, and [[Alphonse Juin|General Juin]]'s entire force showed an aggressiveness hour after hour that the Germans could not withstand. Cerasola, San Giogrio, Mt. D'Oro, [[Ausonia, Lazio|Ausonia]] and [[Esperia]] were seized in one of the most brilliant and daring advances of the war in Italy, and by May 16 the [[French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)|French Expeditionary Corps]] had thrust forward some ten miles on their left flank to Mount Revole, with the remainder of their front slanting back somewhat to keep contact with the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|8th Army]]. For this performance, which was to be a key to the success of the entire drive on Rome, I shall always be a grateful admirer of General Juin and his magnificent FEC... The 8th Army's delay made Juin's task more difficult because he was moving forward so rapidly that his right flank---adjacent to the British---constantly was exposed to counter-attacks.<ref>{{Cite book|last=W. Clark|first=Mark|title=Calculated Risk|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1950|pages=348}}</ref> </blockquote>
[[File:Goumier001.jpg|thumb|Moroccan Goumier sharpening his bayonet. Italy 1944.|left]]
In a letter to future [[List of Marshals of France|Marshal]] Juin, General Mark Clark paid tribute to the Tirailleur units and Goumiers of the CEF in particular:<blockquote>For me, it has been a deep source of satisfaction to see how the vital part played by the French troops of the [[United States Army North|Fifth Army]] throughout our Italian campaign against the common enemy has been universally acknowledged. During these long months, I have had the real privilege of seeing for myself the evidence of the outstanding calibre of the French soldiers, heirs of the noblest traditions of the [[French Army]]. Nevertheless, not satisfied with this, you and all your people have added a new epic chapter to the history of France; you have gladdened the hearts of your compatriots, giving them comfort and hope as they languish under the heavy and humiliating yoke of a hated invader. . . . With my deepest gratitude for the tremendous contribution that you have made to our joint victories, my dear General.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Mark W. Clark|url=http://www.montecassinobelvedere.fr/en/leading-figures-in-the-battle-of-belvedere/general-mark-w-clark-en/|access-date=29 March 2021|website=Monte Cassino Belvédère}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Operation Diadem order of battle]]
* [[Battle of Monte Cassino#Fourth and final battle (Operation Diadem)|Battle of Monte Cassino: Operation Diadem]]
* [[Battle of Anzio#Stalemate: planning for Operation Diadem|Anzio: Operation Diadem]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}
{{World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diadem 1944}}
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:1944 in Italy]]
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Canada]]
[[Category:May 1944 in Europe]]
[[Category:Battle of Monte Cassino]]

Arya Dhayal

2026-01-08T00:02:59Z

LibbyAlba221: new initial info basic info

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Paid contributions|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Arya Dhayal
| image = Arya Dhayal.jpg
| caption = Arya Dhayal performing live at Dublin with [[K. S. Harisankar]] Live.
| birth_name = Arya Dhayal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|10|07|df=y}}
| origin = [[Kannur, Kerala]]
| genre = [[Indian pop]], [[Folk music|folk]], indie
| occupation = musician, songwriter, playback singer
| instrument = [[Ukulele]]
| years_active = 2020–present
}}

'''Arya Dhayal''' is an Indian singer, songwriter and a playback singer born in [[Kannur|Kannur, Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Catch Up With Arya Dhayal, The Indie Musician Who Is Making A Mark |url=https://pinklungi.com/catch-up-with-arya-dhayal-the-indie-musician-who-is-making-a-mark/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=PinkLungi |language=en-US}}</ref> She gained recognition after her [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] ([[Udayaravichandrika|Udayaravitchandrika]]) and Western cover of Ed Sheeran's song "[[Shape of You]]" was shared by Bollywood celebrity [[Amitabh Bachchan]] on his Twitter (Now, [[Twitter|X]]) account.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2020-07-25 |title=Singer Arya Dhayal's videos featuring a mix of Carnatic and Western music go viral |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-arya-dhayals-videos-featuring-a-mix-of-carnatic-and-western-music-go-viral/article32190522.ece |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is also known for her musical contributions to major film like ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' and ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]].''

== Early life and education ==
Arya Dhayal was born on 7th October 1996<ref>{{cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyGjKIRyy5o/ |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> at [[Kannur|Kannur, Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-26 |title=Kannur girl's fusion music 'brightens' Amitabh Bachchan while undergoing COVID-19 treatment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Jul/26/kannur-girls-fusion-music-brightens-amitabh-bachchan-while-undergoing-covid-19-treatment-2175016.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She studied at St. Teresa's Anglo-Indian School in Kannur and at the [[Government Brennen College|Government Brennen College, Thalassery]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sreenivasan |first1=Deepthi |title=A sweet surprise {{!}} A sweet surprise |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/050816/a-sweet-surprise.html |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=5 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> She then did her postgraduation in [[Statistics]] from the [[Bharathiar University]] and later moved to [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] to pursue her postgraduation in [[Mathematics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2020-07-27 |title=Meet Arya, the fusion singer whose music brightens Amitabh's hospital days |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/meet-arya-fusion-singer-whose-music-brightens-amitabhs-hospital-days-129519 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> She has studied Carnatic music since her childhood.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-27 |title=I was blown away by the response for my music including from Big B: Arya Dhayal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/i-was-blown-away-by-the-response-for-my-music-including-from-big-b-arya-dhayal/articleshow/77181320.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dhayal uploaded a video of her recitation of a poem titled ‘Sakhavu’ (''Comrade'') in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title='നാളെയീ പീതപുഷ്പങ്ങൾ...' വീണ്ടും 'സഖാവ്' കവിത ആലപിച്ച് ആര്യാ ദയാൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/entertainment/naleyii-peetha-pushpangan-arya-dhayal-singing-sakhavu-poem-1.5623075 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2020-07-27 |title=Meet Arya, the fusion singer whose music brightens Amitabh's hospital days |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/meet-arya-fusion-singer-whose-music-brightens-amitabhs-hospital-days-129519 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Later, It created the political controversies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2019-06-14 |title=Making her own luck |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/140619/making-her-own-luck.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Following this, she started creating pop and [[Carnatic music|carnatic]] [[mashup (music)|mashups]] of popular western songs and shared them online.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monalisa |first=Monika |date=2020-11-28 |title=Rhythms and ragas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/Nov/28/rhythmsand-ragas-2228950.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020 she released a cover of [[Ed Sheeran]]’s song "[[Shape of You]]", which featured [[Udayaravichandrika|udayaravitchandrika]] and [[ukulele]] instruments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2020-07-25 |title=Singer Arya Dhayal's videos featuring a mix of Carnatic and Western music go viral |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-arya-dhayals-videos-featuring-a-mix-of-carnatic-and-western-music-go-viral/article32190522.ece |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The cover went viral on social media, and actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] posted her cover on his Twitter account during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-25 |title=Amitabh Bachchan loves this singer's version of Shape of You. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-loves-this-singer-s-version-of-shape-of-you-with-a-carnatic-twist-you-have-brightened-my-day-in-hospital/story-bxsURW5w8ztIBI4mo55LdP.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She also received substantial support from [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] and music industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-27 |title=I was blown away by the response for my music including from Big B: Arya Dhayal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/i-was-blown-away-by-the-response-for-my-music-including-from-big-b-arya-dhayal/articleshow/77181320.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-25 |title=Amitabh Bachchan loves this singer's version of Shape of You. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-loves-this-singer-s-version-of-shape-of-you-with-a-carnatic-twist-you-have-brightened-my-day-in-hospital/story-bxsURW5w8ztIBI4mo55LdP.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Same year, She released her first English single "King of My Mind" which she has written, composed and sung.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2020-11-30 |title=Singer Arya Dhayal on her new English single, 'King of My Kind' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/arya-dhayal-on-her-new-single-king-of-my-kind/article59858653.ece |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Later, She was invited to perform at [[Expo 2020|Dubai Expo 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tusing |first=David |date=2022-01-21 |title=A South Indian music festival is coming to Expo 2020: here's the line-up |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/01/21/a-south-indian-music-festival-is-coming-to-expo-2020-heres-the-line-up/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, In collaboration with [[Ministry of Women and Child Development#Organisation|Woman and Child Development of Kerala]], she released "Angane Venam" to raise awareness about the stereotypes that try to limit women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UR |first=Arya |date=2021-04-24 |title=No more compromises |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/Apr/24/no-more-compromises-2293936.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Same year, she worked with [[D. Imman]] in the song [[Udanpirappe#Music|Yenge Yen Ponmaalai]] for the film ''[[Udanpirappe]]'' which was released on 13 October 2021.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

In 2022, She sang "Yelamma Yela" for the Tamil film "''[[Yaanai]]''", starring [[Arun Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Brahmastra singer croons Baby's second single {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/brahmastra-singer-croons-babys-second-single.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>''.'' The following year, she collaborated with composer [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] on the song "Rum Pum Pum" for the film "''[[Madhuram]]''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |title=Milliblog Weeklies, Week 169 – Jan.16, 2022 – Milliblog! |url=https://milliblog.com/2022/01/15/milliblog-weeklies-week-169-jan-16-2022/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Dhayal contributed vocals to the song "[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva (soundtrack)|Deva Deva]]" in the 2022 fantasy action film ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'s'' Malayalam Version. The song also featured vocals by [[Arijit Singh]], [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] and Pritham. Directed by [[Ayan Mukerji]], the film starred [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]], and [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Deva Deva (From "Brahmastra (Malayalam)") by Pritam, Hesham Abdul Wahab, Arijit Singh & Arya Dhayal on Apple Music |date=2022-08-08 |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/music-video/deva-deva-from-brahmastra-malayalam/1640009153 |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Brahmastra singer croons Baby's second single {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/brahmastra-singer-croons-babys-second-single.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, She was invited to perform at [[Kappa TV|Kappa Original's Music Mojo Season 7]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Mojo – Season 7 |url=https://specials.mathrubhumi.com/music-mojo-s7/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=specials.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>

Later in 2023, She sang "Deva Raaja" for the [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] starring Telegu Movie "''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''" which received millions of streams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=NewsTAP |date=2023-04-04 |title=Deva Raja: Another super hit song from Baby |url=https://www.newstap.in/cinema/deva-raja-another-super-hit-song-from-baby-1470216 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=Latest: Deva Raaja from Baby hits different {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/latest-deva-raaja-from-baby-hits-different.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Featuring
!Year
!Label
|-
|Aake Thaarumaarithu (From "Oru Sarkar Ulpannam")
|Ajmal Hasbulla
|2024
|[[Think Music]]
|-
|Brochevarevarura
|
|2024
|AD Records
|-
|Paluke
|
|2023
|[[Kappa TV|Kappa Originals]]
|-
|Palavidham
|
|2023
|[[Kappa TV|Kappa Originals]]
|-
|Rum Pum Pum (From "[[Madhuram]]")
|Hesham Abdul Wahab, Nandhagopan V, Suroor Musthafa
|2023
|Appu Pathu Pappu Production House
|-
|Deva Raaja (From "[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]")
|Vijai Bulganin
|2023
|[[Sony Music Entertainment]]
|-
|Hoop Sessions (Hoop) – EP
|
|2022
|AD Records
|-
|Thallu Vandi
|
|2022
|Orange Entertainment Media
|-
|Deva Deva (From "''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (Malayalam)")
|Pritham, Hesham Abdul Wahab, Arijit Singh, Shabareesh Varma
|2022
|[[Sony Music Entertainment]]
|-
|Yelammaa Yela (From "[[Yaanai]]")
|G.V. Prakash Kumar
|2022
|Drumsticks Productions
|-
|Harichandana Malarile (Recreated Version)
|
|2021
|[[Satyam Audios|Sathyam Audios]]
|-
|Angane Venam
|
|2021
|AD Records
|-
|Zidd Hein
|Ari
|2020
|Blakkoffee Productions
|-
|Nadhi
|Anil Raveendran
|2020
|GreenTunez
|-
|Nilaanadi
|
|2020
|Vusic Records
|-
|King of my kind
|
|2020
|AD & Friends
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhayal, Arya}}
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kannur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

Panchathi

2026-01-04T08:50:34Z

LibbyAlba221: updated page

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panchathi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 623
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Panchathi ''' is a village in the [[Aranthangi block|Aranthangi]] [[revenue block]] of [[Pudukkottai district]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php?dc=22&tlkname=Arantangi&region=8&lvl=block&size=1200 |title=Village Boundary Map |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230844/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php?dc=22&tlkname=Arantangi&region=8&lvl=block&size=1200 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

== Demographics ==

As per the 2001 census, Panchathi had a total population of 623<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.voiceofbharat.org/Village_Details.aspx?ID=553761 |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217025652/http://www.voiceofbharat.org/Village_Details.aspx?ID=553761 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with 283 males and 340 females. Out of the total population 399 people were literate.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Pudukkottai district]]

{{Pudukkottai-geo-stub}}

Murugan Temple, Pazhamudircholai

2025-12-03T23:43:08Z

LibbyAlba221: Adding New Location.

{{Short description|Murugan Temple in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Solaimalai Murugan Temple
| native_name =
| image = File:Pazhamuthir solai Murugan 1.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Entrance to the temple
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10.094069|78.223445|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Madurai District|Madurai]]
| locale =
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Murugan]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Solaimalai Murugan Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], located atop a hill, in the outskirts of [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is dedicated to [[Murugan]], and is one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan|six abodes of Murugan]] (''Arupadaiveedu''). The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|format=PDF|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
As per ''[[Kanda Puranam]]'', sage [[Narada]] once visited [[Shiva]] at [[Kailasha]] and presented him with a ''[[Jnana Palam|gnana-palam]]'' (fruit of knowledge). As Murugan felt cheated after the fruit was given to Ganesha, he left Kailasha to took up abode in the [[Palani Hills]] as a hermit.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of India Myths and Legends|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|editor1-last=S.|editor1-first= Manjula|last=Bhoothalingam|first=Mathuram|year=2016|pages=48–52|isbn=978-8-123-01661-0}}</ref>

After the incident, Tamil poet [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] came to pacify Murugan. Avvaiyar could not recognise Murugan, who was in disguise. Wanting to test Avvaiyar, Murugan, who was sitting atop a [[Syzygium cumini|naaval tree]], shook the tree to offer some fruits to the poet. Pazhamurdircholai is a combination of the [[Tamil language]] words, Pazham meaning fruit, udir meaning disperse, and cholai meaning orchard. As the fruits were dispersed at the location, it became the name of the temple.<ref name="DM">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=461|title=Solaimalai Murugan Temple|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MM">{{cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/temples/2020/11/24070610/2103773/Murugan-arupadai-veedu.vpf|title=Arupadaiveedu|work=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=1 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
Earlier, only [[vel]], the divine weapon of [[Murugan]] was worshiped in the temple. Later shrines dedicated to the deities [[Ganesha]], and Murugan along with his consorts–[[Deivanai]] and Valli, were established.<ref name="DM"/><ref name="MM"/> The temple is mentioned in the [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai]]'' by [[Nakkeerar]], and post Sangam literature such as ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'' by [[Ilango Adigal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|last=Anantharaman|first=Ambjuam|publisher=East West|edition=second|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8|page=127}}</ref> [[Arunagirinathar]] composed Tamil hymns glorifying Murugan, the most notable being ''[[Tiruppukal]]'', and included hymns about the temple.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyar|first=P.V.Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA190|year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|pages=191–203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |title=Tamil literature, Volume 2, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=tiruvempavai&pg=PA105 |year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill, Leiden |location=Netherlands |isbn=90-04-04190-7| page= 217}}</ref>

{{commons category|Pazhamudircholai}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madurai]]

Subhasis Chaudhuri

2025-11-27T00:04:20Z

LibbyAlba221: done - done

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Promotional tone|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Subhasis Chaudhury
| image = Subhasis Chaudhuri.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Bahutali]], West Bengal, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Computer vision]] | [[Image processing]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[IIT Bombay]] | [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg]] | [[Technical University of Munich]] | [[University of Paris XI]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Kharagpur]] ([[BTech]]) | [[University of Calgary]] ([[Master of Engineering|ME]]) | [[University of California, San Diego]] ([[PhD]]) }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Computer vision]]
| awards = {{ublist|2001 Vikram Sarabhai Research Award | 2001 [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IETE]] [[S. V. C. Aiya|Prof. S. V. C. Aiya]] Memorial Award | 2004 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2007 [[IIT Bombay|IITB]] Prof. H.H. Mathur Excellence in Research Award | 2010 G.D. Birla Award | 2011 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-[[Reliance Industries]] Platinum Jubilee Award}}
}}
'''Subhasis Chaudhury''' (born 1 March 1963) is an Indian electrical engineer, former director at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] (IIT Bombay) and currently Chairman of the Board of Directors of [[BSE Limited]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SEBI approves Subhasis Chaudhuri's appointment as BSE governing board chairman - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/sebi-approves-subhasis-chaudhuris-appointment-as-chairman-bse-governing-board-19513376.htm |work=CNBCTV18 |date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He is a former K. N. Bajaj Chair Professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering of IIT Bombay.<ref name="Prof. Subhasis Chaudhuri at IITB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/en/employee/prof-subhasis-chaudhuri |title=Prof. Subhasis Chaudhuri on IITB |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Bombay}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri's Home Page at IITB">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sc/main/main.html |title=Chaudhuri's Home Page on IITB |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bomba}}</ref> He is known for his pioneering studies on [[computer vision]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=432 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chaudhuri,_Prof._Subhasis |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P12-1570 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> He is also a fellow of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]],<ref name="IEEE Fellows Directory">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/fellows-directory.html |title=IEEE Fellows Directory |date=2016 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2004 for his contributions to Engineering Sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
Subhasis Chaudhuri, born on 1 March 1963 at [[Bahutali]], a small village in [[Murshidabad district]], West Bengal to Santa and Nihar Kumar Chaudhuri, earned his graduate degree in Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]] in 1985.<ref name="Speakers">{{Cite web |url=http://ieee.daiict.ac.in/nascovip/speakers.htm |title=Speakers |date=2017 |publisher=Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology}}</ref> Moving to Canada, he obtained a master's degree in Electrical Engineering from the [[University of Calgary]] in 1987 and joined the [[University of California, San Diego]] for his doctoral studies from where he secured a PhD in 1990.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/wiki/faculty/sc |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay}}</ref> He returned to India the same year and started his career at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] as an assistant professor.<ref name="Subhasis Chaudhuri on PRL">{{Cite web |url=https://www.prl.res.in/~library/Hari%20Om_%202001%20CD/Biodata/SUBHASIS%20CHAUDHURI_bio.pdf |title=Subhasis Chaudhuri on PRL |date=2017 |publisher=Physical Research Laboratory}}</ref> He was promoted as an associate professor in 1994 and as a professor in 1998 and in 2005, he became the head of the department of electrical engineering, a post he held till 2008.<ref name="Chaudhuri on RIT">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rit.ac.in/icngis/subhasis.pdf |title=Chaudhuri on RIT |date=2017 |publisher=Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology}}</ref> During this period, he had three sabbaticals abroad; as a visiting professor at [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg]] (1996) and at [[University of Paris XI]] (2002–03)<ref name="Biography on IIT Patna">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitp.ac.in/ncvpripg/plenary.html |title=Biography on IIT Patna |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Patna}}</ref> and as an [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]] at [[Technical University of Munich]] (May–June 2007).<ref name="Visitors">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lmt.ei.tum.de/en/team/visitors.html |title=Visitors |date=2017 |publisher=Technical University of Munich}}</ref> He served as director of IIT Bombay from April 2019 to April 2024 <ref name="Biography on NCC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncc.org.in/ncc2010/subhasis.html |title=Biography on NCC |date=2017 |publisher=National Conference on Communications}}</ref> and holds the K. N. Bajaj Chair.<ref name="Chaudhuri's Home Page at IITB" />

Chaudhuri is married and the couple has two children. The family lives in [[Powai]], a suburb of [[Mumbai]].<ref name="NASI fellows" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:800px-Cool Kids of Death Off Festival p 146-face selected.jpg|thumb|235px|Face recognition by special software]]
Chaudhuri's work have been mainly in the areas of [[pattern recognition]], [[image processing]], and [[computer vision]].<ref name="Chaudhuri on RIT" /> He is known to have developed a number of techniques including a methodology for acquiring ''super-resolved depth map from defocus'' and is one of the pioneers of researches in ''motion-free [[Super-resolution imaging|super-resolution]]''.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> His work covered the fields of [[motion estimation]], restoration, [[computational photography]] and biomedical image analysis which has applications in [[cytology]], [[microscopy]], material science, biomedical science and pharmaceutics.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> [[Computational haptics]] is another area of his researches. He has developed several new methodologies and holds US and Indian patents for a number of them.<ref name="Listing on Justia">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/subhasis-chaudhuri |title=Listing on Justia |date=2017 |publisher=Justia Patetnts}}</ref><ref name="Listing on Patent Docs">{{Cite web |url=http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/inventor/chaudhuri-in-5/ |title=Listing on Patent Docs |date=2017 |publisher=Patent Encyclopedia}}</ref> He has documented his researches by way of several articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Chaudhuri=3ASubhasis=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Articles'' section}} Google Scholar and ResearchGate, online article repositories of scientific articles, have listed many of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=84VkdegAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/2022402779_Subhasis_Chaudhuri |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> Besides, he has co-authored six books viz. ''Motion-Free Super-Resolution'',<ref name="ChaudhuriManjunath2006">{{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Joshi Manjunath|title=Motion-Free Super-Resolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmPJ03DnfqQC|date=20 June 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-25908-6}}</ref> ''Hyperspectral Image Fusion'',<ref name="ChaudhuriKotwal2013">{{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Ketan Kotwal|title=Hyperspectral Image Fusion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3co_AAAAQBAJ|date=25 May 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-7470-8}}</ref>
''Blind Image Deconvolution: Methods and Convergence'',<ref name="ChaudhuriVelmurugan2014">{{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Rajbabu Velmurugan|author3=Renu Rameshan|title=Blind Image Deconvolution: Methods and Convergence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee2XBAAAQBAJ|date=22 September 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-10485-0}}</ref> ''Depth From Defocus: A Real Aperture Imaging Approach'',<ref name="ChaudhuriRajagopalan2012">{{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=A.N. Rajagopalan|title=Depth From Defocus: A Real Aperture Imaging Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQDaBwAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4612-1490-8}}</ref> ''Video Analysis and Repackaging for Distance Education''<ref name="RamChaudhuri2012">{{cite book|author1=A. Ranjith Ram|author2=Subhasis Chaudhuri|title=Video Analysis and Repackaging for Distance Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8L8o71FyBgMC|date=14 July 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3837-3}}</ref> and ''Ambulation Analysis in Wearable ECG''<ref name="ChaudhuriPawar2010">{{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Tanmay D. Pawar|author3=Siddhartha Duttagupta|title=Ambulation Analysis in Wearable ECG|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxhxdITUNIsC|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-1-4419-0725-7}}</ref> and edited two more, ''Perspectives and Policies on ICT in Society: An IFIP TC9 (Computers and Society) Handbook''<ref name="ChaudhuriJoshi2005">{{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Manjunath V. Joshi|title=Perspectives and Policies on ICT in Society: An IFIP TC9 (Computers and Society) Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjzlG3ZblBUC|date=9 June 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-387-25587-3}}</ref> and ''Super-Resolution Imaging''.<ref name="Chaudhuri2006">{{cite book|author=Subhasis Chaudhuri|title=Super-Resolution Imaging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzjhBwAAQBAJ|date=18 April 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-47004-2}}</ref>

Chaudhuri sat in the editorial boards of several journals including ''International Journal of Computer Vision'' of [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], ''IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence'' of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] and ''IET Computer Vision'' of [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He chaired a program at the 2005 edition of [[International Conference on Computer Vision]] (ICCV) at Beijing and served as the program chair of Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing (ICVGIP) held in 2006 at Mumbai; he also co-chaired the 2002 edition of ICVGIP.<ref name="Program Co-Chairs">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~icvgip/people.htm |title=Program Co-Chairs |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing}}</ref> He has delivered invited or plenary speeches in several conferences including the Fifth National Conference on Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition, Image Processing and Graphics (NCVPRIPG) held in December 2015 at Patna<ref name="Biography on IIT Patna" /> and has been involved in external teaching programs of IIT Bombay<ref name="Egomotion Estimation and Mapping in a Stereo Camera Setup">{{Cite web |url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~sssinha/research2.html |title=Egomotion Estimation and Mapping in a Stereo Camera Setup |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Bombay}}</ref> and other institutions.<ref name="Biography on NCC" /><ref name="What is meant by aliasing and how it can be avoided?">{{Cite web |url=http://video.co-learn.in/aaq_display/questionclip.php?qid=22 |title=What is meant by aliasing and how it can be avoided? |date=2017 |publisher=Video-co-learn}}</ref><ref name="Blind De-ghosting for Automatic Multi-exposure Compositing">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpQuuIAd_EY |title=Blind De-ghosting for Automatic Multi-exposure Compositing |date=28 October 2009 |publisher=ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009}}</ref> He serves as a member of the Council of the Indian National Science Academy,<ref name="Present Council">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/present_council.php |title=Present Council |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> the Publications Committee of International Conference on Robotics and Automation for Humanitarian Applications (RAHA 2016)<ref name="Publications Committee">{{Cite web |url=http://raha2016.org/committees/ |title=Publications Committee |date=2017 |publisher=International Conference on Robotics and Automation for Humanitarian Applications}}</ref> and the Advisory Council of the Information Technology Research Academy.<ref name="Advisory Council">{{Cite web |url=http://itra.medialabasia.in/?page_id=43 |title=Advisory Council |date=2017 |publisher=Information Technology Research Academy}}</ref> As the Dean of International Relations of IIT Bombay, he has been involved in inter-institutional cooperations;<ref name="IIT Bombay Professors Visit Houston, Seek Tie-Ups With UH, Rice">{{Cite web |url=http://india-herald.com/iit-bombay-professors-visit-houston-seek-tieups-with-uh-rice-p3195-1.htm |title=IIT Bombay Professors Visit Houston, Seek Tie-Ups With UH, Rice |date=7 November 2012 |publisher=India Herald}}</ref> spearheading the IITB's efforts to open an off-campus in New York<ref name="Mumbai’s IIT Seeks New York Campus">{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/02/14/mumbai%E2%80%99s-iit-seeks-new-york-campus/ |title=Mumbai's IIT Seeks New York Campus |date=14 February 2011 |publisher=The Wall Street Jpournal}}</ref><ref name="Guest Visits to UoM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mrt.ac.lk/web/guest-visits-uom |title=Guest Visits to UoM |date=2017 |publisher=University of Moratuwa}}</ref> and the establishment of cooperation with International Cooperation Between the Advanced Institute of Manufacturing With High-Tech Innovations (AIM-HI), Taiwan count among them.<ref name="New Milestone of International Cooperation Between the Advanced Institute of Manufacturing With High-Tech Innovations (AIM-HI) and the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay">{{Cite web |url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/new-milestone-international-cooperation-between-advanced-institute-manufacturing-with-2012661.htm |title=New Milestone of International Cooperation Between the Advanced Institute of Manufacturing With High-Tech Innovations (AIM-HI) and the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay |date=2017 |publisher=Marketwired}}</ref>

=== Selected Patents ===
*Visual Object Tracking With Scale and Orientation Adaptation<ref name="Visual Object Tracking With Scale and Orientation Adaptation">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20110142282 |title=Visual Object Tracking With Scale and Orientation Adaptation |last=V. Srikrishnan, Tadinada Nagaraj, Subhasis Chaudhuri |date=16 June 2011 |publisher=US Patent |work=Patent No. 8335348}}</ref>
*Image Object Tracking and Segmentation Using Active Contours.<ref name="Image Object Tracking and Segmentation Using Active Contours">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/8781160 |title=Image Object Tracking and Segmentation Using Active Contours |last=V. Srikrishnan, Subhasis Chaudhuri |date= 15 July 2014 |publisher=US Patent |work=Patent No. 8781160}}</ref>
*Device and Method for Automatically recreating a Content Preserving and Compression Efficient Lecture Video.<ref name="Device and Method for Automatically recreating a Content Preserving and Compression Efficient Lecture Video">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/8515258 |title=Device and Method for Automatically recreating a Content Preserving and Compression Efficient Lecture Video |last= Subhasis Chaudhuri, Aladukkam Ram Ranjith, Trupti Narendra Thete |date=20 August 2013 |publisher=US Patent |work=Patent No. 8515258}}</ref>
*System for creating a capsule representation of an instructional video.<ref name="System for creating a capsule representation of an instructional video">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/9202141 |title=System for creating a capsule representation of an instructional video |last=Subhasis Chaudhuri, A. Ranjith Ram |date= 1 December 2015 |publisher=US Patent |work=Patent No. 9202141}}</ref>
*System and method for fusing images.<ref name="System and method for fusing images">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/8884989 |title=System and method for fusing images |first1=Subhasis |last1=Chaudhuri |first2=Ketan |last2=Kotwal |first3=Shanmuganathan |last3=Raman |date=11 November 2014 |publisher=US Patent |work=Patent No. 8884989}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Chaudhuri received the Shri Hari Om Ashram Prerit Vikram Sarabhai Research Award of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] in 2011,<ref name="PRL honours scientists with awards">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/PRL-honours-scientists-with-awards/articleshow/278184.cms |title=PRL honours scientists with awards |date=11 November 2003 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> followed by the Prof. S. V. C. Aiya Memorial Award of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, the same year.<ref name="IETE Prof. S. V. C. Aiya Memorial Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iete.org/awardees2013.pdf |title=IETE Prof. S. V. C. Aiya Memorial Award |date=2013 |publisher=Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2004.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> The Prof. H.H. Mathur Excellence in Research Award of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay reached him in 2007<ref name="Prof. H.H. Mathur Excellence in Research Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/IRCC-Webpage/rnd/ResearchAwardsDetails.jsp?AwardType=NationalInstituteIITB&AwardName=Prof.H.H.MathurAward |title=Prof. H.H. Mathur Excellence in Research Award |date=2017 |publisher=Industrial Research and Consultancy Centre, IIT Bombay}}</ref> and he received the [[G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research]] from the [[K. K. Birla Foundation]] in 2010.<ref name="G. D. Birla Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/professor-subhasis-chaudhuri-of-iit-mumbai-selected-for-g-d-birla-award-for-scientific-research-1306411385-1 |title=G. D. Birla Award |date=26 May 2011 |publisher=Jagran Josh}}</ref> A year later, he was awarded the 2011 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-[[Reliance Industries]] Platinum Jubilee Award.<ref name="NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/ripja.htm |title=NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref>

Chaudhuri has received three major research fellowships in his career; starting with Swarnajayanti Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] in 2003,<ref name="Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/sjaward05-06.pdf |title=Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Science and Technology}}</ref> followed by the Alexander von Humboldt fellowship in 2007<ref name="Subhasis Chaudhuri on PRL" /> and J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] (SERB) in 2008.<ref name="Chaudhuri on RIT" /> The year 2003 brought him two more honors viz. the elected fellowships of the National Academy of Sciences, India.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> and Indian National Academy of Engineering.<ref name="Chaudhuri on INAE">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/expert-search/index.php/subhasis-chaudhuri |title=Chaudhuri on INAE |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 2005<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2011.<ref name="IEEE Fellows Directory" /> In 2012, he received the elected fellowship of the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Authored books ===
* {{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Joshi Manjunath|title=Motion-Free Super-Resolution|date=20 June 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-25908-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Tanmay D. Pawar|author3=Siddhartha Duttagupta|title=Ambulation Analysis in Wearable ECG|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-1-4419-0725-7}}
* {{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=A.N. Rajagopalan|title=Depth From Defocus: A Real Aperture Imaging Approach|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4612-1490-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. Ranjith Ram|author2=Subhasis Chaudhuri|title=Video Analysis and Repackaging for Distance Education|date=14 July 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3837-3}}
* {{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Ketan Kotwal|title=Hyperspectral Image Fusion|date=25 May 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-7470-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Rajbabu Velmurugan|author3=Renu Rameshan|title=Blind Image Deconvolution: Methods and Convergence|date=22 September 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-10485-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Amit Bhardwaj|title=Kinesthetic Perception- A Machine Learning Approach|date=2017|publisher=Springer, NY, ISBN 978-981-10-6692-4}}

=== Edited books ===
* {{cite book|author1=Subhasis Chaudhuri|author2=Manjunath V. Joshi|title=Perspectives and Policies on ICT in Society: An IFIP TC9 (Computers and Society) Handbook|date=9 June 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-387-25587-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Subhasis Chaudhuri|title=Super-Resolution Imaging|date=18 April 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-47004-2}}

=== Articles ===
* {{cite book |last1=Namboodiri |first1=V.P. |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=S. |title=2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) |chapter=Shock Filters Based on Implicit Cluster Separation |date=2005 |volume=1 |pages=82–87 |doi=10.1109/CVPR.2005.322|isbn=0-7695-2372-2 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Joshi, Manjunath V. |author2=Chaudhuri, Subhasis |title=Simultaneous estimation of super-resolved depth map and intensity field using photometric cue |journal=Computer Vision and Image Understanding |date=2006 |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.1016/j.cviu.2005.08.001}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Rajashekhara |author2=Chaudhuri, Subhasis |title=Segmentation and region of interest based image retrieval in low depth of field observations |journal=Image and Vision Computing |date=2007 |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1709–1724 |doi=10.1016/j.imavis.2006.12.020}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Srikrishnan, V. |author2=Nagaraj, T. |author3=Chaudhuri, S. |title=2008 Sixth Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics & Image Processing |chapter=Fragment Based Tracking for Scale and Orientation Adaptation |date=2008 |pages=328–335 |doi=10.1109/ICVGIP.2008.19|s2cid=15446930 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Srikrishnan, V. |author2=Chaudhuri, S. |title=Stabilization of parametric active contours using a tangential redistribution term |journal=IEEE Transactions on Image Processing |date=2009 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1859–1872 |doi=10.1109/TIP.2009.2021310|pmid=19389697 |bibcode=2009ITIP...18.1859S |s2cid=12292750 |url=http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10054/8487 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kotwal, K. |author2=Chaudhuri, S. |title=Visualization of hyperspectral images using bilateral filtering |journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing |date=2010 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=2308–2316 |doi=10.1109/TGRS.2009.2037950|bibcode=2010ITGRS..48.2308K |s2cid=6869596 |url=http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10054/8524 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Dabeer, O. |author2=Chaudhuri, S. |title=Analysis of an adaptive sampler based on Weber's law |journal=IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing |date=2011 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=1868–1878 |doi=10.1109/TSP.2010.2101071|bibcode=2011ITSP...59.1868D |s2cid=6794484 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Facial recognition system]]
* [[Super-resolution imaging]]
* [[Haptic technology]]
* [[Active contour model]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/c/Chaudhuri:Subhasis |title=Subhasis Chaudhuri on DBLP |date=2017 |publisher=DBLP Computer Science Bibliography |work=List of publications}}
* {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://www.bmva.org/bmvc/2011/proceedings/paper2/ |chapter=Object Mining for Large Video data |last=Ronak Shah, Rishabh Iyer, Subhasis Chaudhuri |date=2011 |publisher=Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference |doi=10.5244/C.25.2|title=Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2011 |pages=2.1–2.11 |isbn=978-1-901725-43-8 |s2cid=1900346 }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHc1XrNNICw |title=2011 International Forum on R&D: Session 1 - Panel Discussion |date=2011 |publisher=McMasterUTV}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhuri, Subhasis}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calgary alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, San Diego alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Paris]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology directors]]

Netcore Cloud

2025-10-18T20:13:25Z

LibbyAlba221: Created the post added tags

{{Short description|Global marketing technology company}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Netcore Cloud
| logo = Netcore Lockup On Cloud RGB.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Marketing Technology
| founded = {{Start date and age|1997|12|9}}
| founder = Rajesh Jain
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| num_employees = 1,000–5,000
| website = {{URL|https://www.netcorecloud.com}}
}}

'''Netcore Cloud''' is a marketing [[technology company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netcore Cloud Pvt Ltd |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3602654Z:IN |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=5 things about AI you may have missed today: AI-enhanced resumes, ByteDance unveils StreamVoice, more |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/5-things-about-ai-you-may-have-missed-today-ai-enhanced-resumes-bytedance-unveils-streamvoice-more-71706358848138.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=HT Tech |language=en}}</ref> Its products include a customer engagement platform, email marketing, and other tools. It was founded in 1997 as Netcore Solutions.

== History ==
Netcore Cloud was founded on December 9, 1997.<ref>Jain, Rajesh (2023). ''From Startup to SaaS Giant: The Netcore Cloud Journey''. Mumbai: TechPulse Publications.</ref> Originally known as Netcore Solutions, the company was rebranded as Netcore Cloud Pvt. Ltd. three years ago.

In 1997, Netcore started as a provider of [[End-to-end encryption|end-to-end]] [[Linux]]-based messaging, collaboration, and archiving services. By 2006, Netcore Cloud introduced MOBILITY SMS SOLUTION, an [[SMS marketing]] platform for enterprises. In 2009, the company launched an enterprise-grade [[email marketing]] platform.<ref>Sharma, Anika; Desai, Mehul (2024). ''Digital Disruption in Marketing: Innovations and Strategies from India’s Tech Leaders''. New Delhi: GlobalEdge Books.</ref>

In 2012, Netcore developed mobility voice solution, which offered [[Interactive voice response|IVR]], [[Missed call|Missed Call]], and [[Outbound dialing|Outbound Dialing]] (OBD) services. In 2015, Netcore Cloud introduced Netcore SMARTECH, a [[Cross channel (marketing)|cross-channel marketing]] automation platform.

Between 2016 and 2017, the company expanded to [[Southeast Asia]], Africa, and the United States, while also launching a new brand identity. In 2019, Netcore Cloud integrated analytics, [[chatbot]]s, AI, and [[machine learning]] into its services. In the same year, the company acquired Boxx.ai by for approximately $500,000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-07 |title=Netcore Solutions acquires Boxx.ai |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/netcore-solutions-acquires-boxx-ai/articleshow/71953959.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2020, Netcore Cloud acquired Quinto.ai and Hansel.io for undisclosed amounts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Testbook.com |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXo8EAAAQBAJ&dq=Netcore+Cloud&pg=PA43 |title=Important National and International Current Affairs July 2021: Get to know all the latest National and International Current Affairs July 2021 from this mini Ebook |date=2021-08-09 |publisher=Testbook.com |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, the company bought Unbxd.ai for approximately $100 million. In 2024, Netcore Cloud won Gold for the Innovative Customer Experience Management Solution and the Best Email Marketing Platform at the ET Martech+ 2024 Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2024 |title=Ultratech Cement wins 'MarTech brand of the year' at ET MarTech Awards 2024 |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/ultratech-cement-wins-martech-brand-of-the-year-at-et-martech-awards-2024/113675360 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=5 things about AI you may have missed today: AI-enhanced resumes, ByteDance unveils StreamVoice, more |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/5-things-about-ai-you-may-have-missed-today-ai-enhanced-resumes-bytedance-unveils-streamvoice-more-71706358848138.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=HT Tech |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-company-stub}}

History of Goan Catholics

2025-09-15T04:35:00Z

LibbyAlba221: Adding first details w/ sources

{{Short description|none}}
'''History of Goan Catholics''' recounts the history of the [[Goan Catholics|Goan Catholic]] community of the [[India]]n state of [[Goa]] from their conversion to [[Christianity]] to date.

==[[Pre-Portuguese Christianity in Goa|Pre-Portuguese era]]==
No concrete evidence has been found that Christianity prevailed in [[Goa]] before the Portuguese arrived, but it is believed that [[Bartholomew the Apostle|St. Bartholomew]], one of the twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, brought and spread the Gospel in [[Konkan]] including Goa, just as [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] had done in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[South India|Southern India]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyappapanicker|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC 263]|Ref=ayy}}</ref>

==Portuguese era==
[[Image:Se cathedral goa.jpg|200px|thumb|The [[Se Cathedral]] is a [[cathedral]] dedicated to [[Catherine of Alexandria]], located in [[Old Goa]]]]
In the 15th century, the Portuguese explored the sea route to India and [[Pope Nicholas V]] enacted the [[Papal bull]] [[Romanus Pontifex]]. This bull granted the patronage of the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia to the Portuguese (see "[[Padroado]]") and rewarded them with a trade monopoly for newly discovered areas.<ref name="Daus">{{cite book
|last =Daus
|first =Ronald
|title =Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus
|publisher =Peter Hammer Verlag
|year=1983
|location=Wuppertal/Germany
|pages=33
|isbn =3-87294-202-6|language=de}}</ref> After [[Vasco da Gama]] arrived at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] on the coast of [[Kerala]] in India in 1498, the trade became prosperous. In 1510, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] wrested Goa from the Sultan of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]] and finally established themselves in Goa.<ref>{{harvnb|Kerr|1812|Ref=kerr}}</ref> By 1544, they conquered the districts of [[Bardez]] and [[Salcette]] in Goa.<ref name="geo205">{{harvnb|George|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA205 205]|Ref=geo}}</ref> The initial converts were the native Goan women who married the Portuguese men that had arrived with Afonso de Albuquerque during the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]].<ref name="Crowley">{{cite book
|title=Conquerors: How Portugal forged the First Global Empire
|author=Roger Crowley
|date=2015
|publisher=Faber and Faber
|location=UK
}}</ref>
[[File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman and Christian Indian.jpg|thumb|Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, circa 1540]]

In 1534, the [[Archdiocese of Goa]] was established. Soon missionaries of the newly founded [[Society of Jesus]] were sent to Goa, which led to the conversion of entire villages to Christianity.{{sfn|Lach|1994|p=12}}

Many of the Goan Catholic ancestors of the present [[Mangalorean Catholics|Mangalorean Catholic]] community fled Goa because of the [[Goa Inquisition]] introduced by the Portuguese in 1560. King [[John III of Portugal]] decreed that every trace of Hindu customs be eradicated through the Inquisition. Those who refused to comply with the rules laid down by the Inquisition left Goa and settled outside the Portuguese dominion.<ref name="sf4">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=4|Ref=2}}</ref> About 7,000 of them, mostly [[Bammon]]s (Brahmins) and [[Sarodi]]s (Kshatriyas), fled [[Goa and Damaon]]. Most migrated to South Canara in what is called the "First Wave of Migration".<ref name="alan"/>
[[Image:Mangalorean catholic migration.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The path of migration of [[Goan Catholics]] towards [[South Canara]]]]

The [[War of the League of the Indies]] took place in the 1570s and ended the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] in the region. Fearing persecution, many Catholics from Goa migrated to South Canara. This migration is referred to as the "Second Wave of Migration".<ref name="alan"/>

The Scottish physician [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]] visited [[Kanara|Canara]] in 1801. In his book, ''A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar'' (1807), he stated that "80,000 Goan Christians came and settled<ref name="buc23">{{harvnb|Buchanan|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC&pg=PA23 23]|Ref=buc}}</ref> in [[South Canara]] at the invitation of the King of Bednore."<ref name="buc24">{{harvnb|Buchanan|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC&pg=PA24 24]|Ref=buc}}</ref> Later, this was identified as a probable mistake and should have read "8,000". However even this figure included the second emigration of Christians from Goa.<ref name="sf5">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=5|Ref=2}}</ref>

The attacks of the [[Maratha Empire]] on Goa, during the mid 17th century, was also a cause of migration. In 1664, [[Shivaji]], the founder of the Maratha empire, attacked [[Kudal]], a town north of Goa, and began his campaign for Goa. After Shivaji's death on 3 April 1680, his son [[Sambhaji]] ascended to the throne.<ref name="alan"/> The onslaught of Sambhaji, along the northern territories of Goa, drove many Christians from their homelands, and most of them migrated to [[South Canara]]. This migration is referred to as the "Third Wave of Migration". During the later years, 1680-1707, the migration slowed because of the Mughal-Maratha wars. Some 10,000 Christians returned to Goa.<ref name="alan">{{cite book
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
|last=Prabhu
|first=Alan Machado
|year=1999
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8}} Contents taken from [http://www.kinnigoli.com/?app=article&mode=view&uid=11 Sarasvati's Children] article, written by Joe Lobo, the President of the Goan Catholic Association in Florida. This article has been borrowed mainly from Alan Machado's above book.</ref> From the [[Bardez]] district of Goa, Jesuit priests estimated that 12,000 Christians migrated to the South of Goa between 1710–1712. A Goa Government report of 1747 recorded that around 5,000 Christians fled to South Canara from the Bardez and [[Tiswadi]] districts of Goa during the invasion of the Marathas.<ref name="alan"/> It was estimated that during the Maratha raids on Goa, about 60,000 Christians migrated to South Canara.<ref>{{harvnb|Kurzon|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC&pg=PA77 77]|Ref=den}}</ref>

==Modern era==
In 1787, inspired by the [[French Revolution]], several Goan Catholic priests, unhappy with the process of promotion within the Church and other discriminatory practices of the Portuguese, organized the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos|Pinto Revolt]] against the Portuguese. Though it was an unsuccessful revolt, it was the first open revolt against the Portuguese from within Goa. In 1843, the capital was moved to [[Panaji|Panjim]] and by the mid-18th century the area under occupation by the Portuguese expanded to Goa's present day limits. By this time the Portuguese Empire started declining and further resistance to their occupation in Goa started gaining momentum. After the rest of India gained independence in 1947 [[Portugal]] refused to relinquish Goa. On 18 December 1961, India moved in with troops and after hostilities that lasted 36 hours, forced the Portuguese administration to surrender. On 30 May 1987, Goa was elevated as India's 25th state.<ref name="dias">{{harvnb|Dias|2007|pp=2–3}}</ref>

During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and Goa, after introduction of ships by the [[London]]-based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Goan Catholics to Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture|1983|p=113|Ref=xav}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism|India}}
*[[Catholic Church in India]]
*[[Goan Catholics]]
*[[Goan Catholics under the British Empire]]
*[[History of Goa]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book
|last=Ayyappapanicker
|first=K.
|title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology
|year=1997
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|isbn=81-260-0365-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC
|access-date=2008-09-20
|ref=ayy
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Buchanan
|first=Francis
|author-link=Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
|title=A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar: For the Express Purpose of Investigating the State of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce, the Religion, Manners, and Customs, the History Natural and Civil, and Antiquities
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC
|orig-year=1807
|year=1988
|access-date=2009-03-24
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|isbn=81-206-0386-9
|ref=buc
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Baptista
|first=Elsie Wilhelmina
|title= The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein
|year=1967
|publisher=Bombay East Indian Association
|ref=bap}}
*{{cite book
|last=George
|first=K. M.
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C
|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: An Anthology: Surveys and Poems
|year=1992
|volume=I
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0
|access-date=2008-11-17
|ref=geo
}}
*{{cite book |last=Dias |first=Giselle |url=http://www.goatoronto.com/images/stories/stock/catholic-goan-research-paper.pdf |title=A search for an identity Catholic Goans;– How they fit in a predominantly Hindu India |date=May 2007 |publisher=Goan Association of Toronto, Canada |access-date=23 December 2008 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121204702/http://www.goatoronto.com/images/stories/stock/catholic-goan-research-paper.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2008}}
*{{cite book
|last=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture
|title=Indica
|volume=20
|publisher=[[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College (Bombay)]]
|year=1983
|ref=xav
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Kerr
|first=Robert
|author-link=Robert Kerr (writer)
|title=A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels
|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect05.html
|chapter=Discoveries, Navigations, and Conquests of the Portuguese in India, from 1505 to 1539
|volume=6
|year=1812
|access-date=2008-01-05
|publisher=George Ramsay and Company
|ref=kerr
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Kurzon
|first=Dennis
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC
|title=Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast
|year=2003
|publisher=Multilingual Matters
|isbn=1-85359-673-6
|access-date=2008-12-03
|ref=den
}}
* {{cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald Frederick |year=1994 |title=Asia in the making of Europe: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines |publisher=University of Chicago Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhE3sPY78s0C&pg=PA12 |isbn=978-0-226-46733-7}}
*{{cite book
|author=Paul Harding
|author2=Bryn Thomas
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmO6M63ISKYC&q=Goa
|title=Lonely Planet: Goa
|edition=3rd
|year=2003
|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications
|isbn=1-74059-139-9
|access-date=2008-09-17
|ref=Goa
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Sen
|first=Surendra Nath
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|year=1993
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLEo_DUL9XgC
|title=Studies in Indian History:Historical Records at Goa
|access-date=2008-08-24
|isbn=81-206-0773-2
|ref=Na
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Hunter
|first=William Wilson
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&dq=The+Inquisition+of+Goa&pg=PA253
|title=The Indian Empire: Its People, History, and Products
|year=2005
|isbn=81-206-1581-6
|access-date=2008-08-29
|ref=Wi
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Silva
|first = Severine
|author2 = Stephen Fuchs
|author2-link = Stephen Fuchs
|publisher = Asian Folklore Studies, [[Nanzan University]] ([[Japan]])
|url = https://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a173.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222034247/https://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a173.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2012-02-22
|format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 2.48 [[Megabyte|MB]]
|title = The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara
|year = 1965
|series = 2
|access-date = 2008-07-08
|ref = 2
|volume = 24
}}
*{{cite book
|year = 1973
|title = South Kanara District Gazetteer- People
|series = Karnataka State Gazetteer
|volume = 12
|url = http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf
|format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 2.57 [[Megabyte|MB]]
|pages = 86–125
|publisher = Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]])
|access-date = 2008-10-26
|ref = sc
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325022809/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-25
}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Goan Catholics}}
[[Category:Goan Catholics|*]]
[[Category:Social history of Goa]]
[[Category:Christianity in Goa]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]

Aditya Jassi

2025-09-10T01:23:29Z

LibbyAlba221: new initial article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{advert|date=March 2021}}

'''Aditya Jassi''' (born 21 March 1982, [[New Delhi]], [[India]]) is an Indian singer-songwriter, composer, record producer and musician.

== Biography ==
Aditya Jassi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Bollywood-music-is-fantastic-Aditya-Jassi/articleshow/8676802.cms|title=Bollywood music is fantastic: Aditya Jassi – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveindia.com/aditya/guestbook.html|title=Aditya Jassi Fame X Guest Book|website=www.liveindia.com}}</ref> was born in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]], and is the son of documentary film-makers and authors, Jaswin Jassi<ref>{{Cite web |title=An in-depth look into singer-songwriter Aditya Jassi’s watch collection |url=https://www.watchtime.in/articles/people_and_watches/1269/an-in-depth-look-into-singer-songwriter-aditya-jassi%E2%80%99s-watch-collection |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.watchtime.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveindia.com/jassi/gallery.html|title=Jaswin Jassi Gallery – Pictures – Photos|website=www.liveindia.com}}</ref> and Kiran Jassi. He initially studied in [[Air Force Bal Bharati School]], at [[Lodi Road]] in Delhi and later went to a boarding school viz. "[[Welham Boys' School]]" at Dehradun. He is an English graduate from [[Delhi University]], and pursued [[civil aviation]], while teaching music in colleges alongside as a hobby. Despite holding a private pilot license from the Delhi Flying Club, he switched several jobs- from freelance print journalist to copywriter before completing his post-graduate studies in [[Mass communication|Mass Communication]]. Thereafter, he joined Sahara News Channel as a reporter, producer and anchor. He quit his job at Sahara in 2006, to pursue music professionally. Currently, he is a singer and musician and is the frontman of a live band called "The Unplugged Project".

== Career in music==

In 2006, at the behest of his friend Dr. [[Palash Sen]] (Euphoria), Jassi auditioned for ''FAME-X'', and made it to the top ten of this reality show contest aired on Sony and SAB TV "FAME X" on [[SonyLIV|Sony]] starring Daler Mehndi, Palash Sen, Nikhil Chinappa/Rannvijay Singh/Cyrus Broacha).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/famex/contestants/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062524/http://www.sify.com/famex/contestants/|archivedate=4 March 2016|title=Fame X | Fame X TV Show | Fame Gurukul | Fame Music Contest | Singing Talent Contest | Pop Music Contest | Rock Music Content | Vocal Music Contest | X Factor|url-status=dead|date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Jassi featured in the Fame-X song Chal Udiye, featuring top ten finalists of the reality show.

He is also a playback singer, having ventured into Bollywood debuting with a song for the Jimmy Shergill and KK Menon starrer, "Strangers" in 2007, a song for "Dil Kabaddi" starring Irfan Khan, Konkona Sen in 2014.

Jassi's current live band is "The Unplugged Project". The Unplugged Project released their first original "Faasle" in the year 2019. Aditya is currently working on another album along with playing a plethora of live gigs across the world. {{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In 2020 Jassi became one of two official Indian endorsee of Fender Acoustasonic guitars in India. Jassi said, “To be honest it feels absolutely amazing because as far as Fender is concerned, it is every musician’s dream to play one, it’s like the pioneer in guitar. So for me when it happened it was quite a surreal experience and still hasn’t sunk in, it’s still that big a deal for me.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Quite A Surreal Experience For Me, Says Singer Aditya Jassi On Endorsing A Big Musical Instrument Brand |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/quite-a-surreal-experience-for-me-says-singer-aditya-jassi-on-endorsing-a-big-musical-instrument-brand-2739657.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Film career ==

After ''FAME-X'', Aditya ventured into Bollywood, debuting with the song "Yaad Aaye Who Din" for the [[Jimmy Shergill]]-KK Menon starrer ''Strangers'', released in 2007. He launched his band Ni9Ne with music producer and guitar player [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Jassi sang "Uthale Ya Phenk De" in "Dil Kabbadi" movie. He also sang "Tension Lene Ka Nahi"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/tension_lene_ka_nahin_rock.htm|title=Tension Lene Ka Nahin (Rock Mix) – टेंसन लेने का नहीं देने का|via=www.hindigeetmala.net}}</ref> in year 2009 for "Jugaad" movie.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

== ''Seven/7'' ==

The debut album ''7'' was released in 2013 via Universal Music India. the song of the week on iTunes. The album was co-produced by Vinayak Gupta and mixed by Vijay Dayal at [[Yash Raj Studios]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jassi, Aditya}}
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Delhi]]

Roman Catholic Diocese of Rourkela

2025-08-24T08:12:01Z

LibbyAlba221: rework structure per sources for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Diocese of Rourkela]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Geetaba Jadeja

2025-07-20T07:08:29Z

LibbyAlba221: Added The Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Geetaba Jayrajsinh Jadeja''' (born 1968)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Geetaba Jayrajsinh Jadeja(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GONDAL(RAJKOT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5104 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. She is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Gondal Assembly constituency in [[Rajkot district]]. She won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Gondal Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Geetaba Jayrajsinh Jadeja retains Gondal seat - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gondal-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15351631.htm |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jadeja is from [[Gondal, India|Gondal]], Rajkot district, Gujarat. She is the wife of former two time MLA [[Jayrajsinh Jadeja]]. She studied Class 10 at Mondhiba Girls High School, Gondal and passed the SSC examinations in 1985.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jadeja won from [[Gondal Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. She polled 86,062 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Shivlal Barasia of the [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Admi Party]], by a margin of 78,864 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gondal Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate GEETABA JAYRAJSINH JADEJA wins from Gondal , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/gondal-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568200 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> She first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Khatariya Arjunbhai Ghanshyambhai of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 15,397.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gondal Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Geetaba Jayrajsinh Jadeja Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/gondal-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562603.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In June 2024, her son Jyotiradityasinh, also known as Ganesh, was arrested for alleged rioting and atrocities against a scheduled caste student leader following Kshatriya-Dalit tensions which broke out in [[Rajkot]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-14 |title=As Kshatriya-Dalit tensions simmer in Rajkot, who are the Jadejas of Gondal, family in the middle of the row? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajkot-kshatriya-dalit-tensions-jadejas-gondal-9452796/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was later granted bail by the [[Gujarat High Court]] in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakkar |first=Lovina |date=2024-10-08 |title=Gujarat High Court Grants Bail To BJP MLA's Son Booked Under Atrocities Act |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/gujarat-high-court/gujarat-high-court-bail-bjp-mla-geetaba-jadeja-son-sc-st-act-271905 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2025, Ganesh Jadeja, was accused of involvement in the death of Rajkumar Jat, who went missing on 2 March 2025, following an alleged altercation with security personnel outside the residence of [[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]] MLA Geetaba Jadeja.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-12 |title=Mystery shrouds death of Bhilwara civil service aspirant in Gujarat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/mystery-shrouds-death-of-bhilwara-civil-service-aspirant-in-gujarat/articleshow/118902880.cms |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: गुजरात में हुई भीलवाड़ा के राजकुमार जाट की मौत का मामला संसद में उठा, उम्मेदाराम ने की CBI जांच की मांग |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-the-case-of-murder-of-bhilwaras-rajkumar-jat-in-gujarat-was-raised-in-parliament-ummedram-demanded-cbi-investigation-7960482 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref> His body was discovered on 4 March 2025 and Rajkumar’s father, Ratanlal, alleged that Ganesh Jadeja and his associates were responsible for his son’s death. [[Hanuman Beniwal]] and [[Ummeda Ram Beniwal|Ummedaram Beniwal]] also demanded for CBI Investigation in this case in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजकुमार जाट के मामले में पिता ने कहा-MLA के बेटे-उसके दोस्तों ने मार डाला बेटा |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/bhilwara/bhilwara-rajkumar-jat-case-father-said-mla-son-and-his-friends-killed-son/2683717 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लोकसभा में गूंजा राजकुमार जाट हत्याकांड का मामला, बाड़मेर सांसद ने की CBI जांच की मांग |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/bhilwara-rajkumar-jat-murder-in-gujarat-ummedram-demanded-cbi-investigation-in-parliament/2686814 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadeja, Geetaba}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

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Chotian, Mansa

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chotian
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = View of Village Chotian.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A view of the village Chotian
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.71996|N|75.3372|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sardulgarh tehsil|Sardulgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,263
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151506
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01659
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chotian''' (sometimes spelled as '''Chotia''') is a village in the [[Sardulgarh tehsil]] of [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]] in [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pbplanning.gov.in/districts.htm |title=Districts |publisher=}}</ref> [[Jhunir]] is the surrounding village.

==Geography==
Chotian is located 36 km towards South from District headquarters [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]],
11 km from Sardulewala and 209 km from State capital [[Chandigarh]]. Chotian's Pin code is 151506 and postal office is ''Adamke''. Alike (3 km), Mirpur Kalan (3 km), Ranjitgarh Bandran (5 km), Lohgarh (5 km) and Jhanduke (5 km) are the nearby Villages. it is surrounded by Jhunir tehsil towards North, Ratia tehsil towards East, Fatehabad tehsil towards South, Mansa tehsil towards North.
[[Ratia]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]], [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]], [[Budhlada]] and [[Sardulgarh]] are the nearby Cities to Chotian. 
This Place is in the border of the [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]] and [[Fatehabad District]].

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; hight:70%;"
!Subject
!Total
!Male
!Female
|--bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|Number of houses
|243
|
|
|-
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| Population
|1,263
|672
|591
|--bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|Children (0–6)
|115
|71
|44
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|Scheduled Caste
|538
|287
|251
|--bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|Backward class
|0
|0
|0
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|Literacy rate
|62.80%
|71.38%
|53.38%
|--bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|Workers
|474
|392
|82
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|Main workers
|472
|0
|0
|--bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|Medium workers
|2
|2
|0
|}
At the [[2001 census of India|2001 census]], Chotian had a total population of 1,172<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findvillage.in/punjab/mansa/sardulgarh/.chotian |title=Chotian Village in Mansa, Punjab | Findvillage.in |website=www.findvillage.in |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160402114844/http://www.findvillage.in/punjab/mansa/sardulgarh/.chotian |archive-date=2 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and at the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Chotian had a total population of 1,263 with 2,43 households, 672 males and 591 females.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35970-chotian-punjab.html |title=Chotian Village Population – Sardulgarh – Mansa, Punjab |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Religion ==
The population mostly follows the [[Sikhism]] with [[Hinduism]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://soki.in/chotian-sardulgarh-mansa
{{Mansa district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mansa district, India]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

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